eosqualiolus is an extinct genus of sharks in the family dalatiidae .

it was described by sylvain adnet in 2006 , and the type species is e. aturensis , which existed during the middle eocene of what is now france .

a new species , e. skrovinai , which existed in what is now slovakia during the miocene period , was described by charlie j. underwood and jan schlogl in 2012 , and named in honour of michal škrovina .

e. skrovinai was described from 14 fossil teeth ; 9 upper and 5 lower , some of which were partial and some were complete .

eosqualiolus

miocene squaliform sharks eosqualiolus and squaliodalatias teeth from . . . | download scientific diagram
fig . 6 . miocene squaliform sharks eosqualiolus and squaliodalatias teeth from cerová section in malé karpaty , slovakia . a–g . eosqualiolus skrovinai sp . nov . a . snm z 27455 , bed 8–9 , lower tooth in labial ( a 1 ) and lingual ( a 2 ) views . b . holotype , snm z 27456 , bed 14 , lower tooth in labial ( b 1 ) and lingual ( b 2 ) views . c . snm z 27457 , bed 8–9 , lower tooth in labial ( c 1 ) and lingual ( c 2 ) views . d . snm z 27458 , bed 14 , lower tooth in labial ( d 1 ) and lingual ( d 2 ) views . e . snm z 27459 , bed 20–21 , upper tooth in labial ( e 1 ) and lingual ( e 2 ) views . f . snm z 27460 , bed 17–18 , upper tooth in labial ( f 1 ) and lingual ( f 2 ) views . g . snm z 27461 , bed 8–9 , upper tooth in labial ( g 1 ) and lingual ( g 2 ) views . h . squaliodalatias sp . , snm z 27462 , bed 8–9 , lower tooth in labial ( h 1 ) and lingual ( h 2 ) views .
teeth assigned to the species eosqualiolus skrovinai from the early miocene cerová−lieskové locality . ( a ) lower tooth in labial ( a₁ ) and lingual ( a₂ ) views . ( b ) lower tooth in labial ( b₁ ) and lingual ( b₂ ) views . ( c ) lower tooth in labial ( c₁ ) and lingual ( c₂ ) views . ( d ) lower tooth in labial ( d₁ ) and lingual ( d₂ ) views . ( e ) upper tooth in labial ( e₁ ) and lingual ( e₂ ) views . ( f ) upper tooth in labial ( f₁ ) and lingual ( f₂ ) views . ( g ) upper tooth in labial ( g₁ ) and lingual ( g₂ ) views . underwood & schlogl ( 2012 ) .
sampling of latest burdigalian ( miocene ) silty clays from the malé karpaty mountains in the slovakia revealed a deep−water , low diversity shark fauna . the fauna is dominated by teeth of very small squaliform sharks , including two new species , eosqualiolus skrovinai sp . nov . and paraetmopterus horvathi sp . nov . the generic composition of the squaliform fauna is more similar to that known from the eocene than that of today , suggesting a post–early miocene faunal turnover within this clade , at least locally . nectobenthic , non squaliform sharks are rare , but include the new sawshark species pristiophorus striatus sp . nov . , while minute teeth of an enigmatic taxon described here as nanocetorhinus tuberculatus gen . et sp . nov . probably indicate the presence of a previously unrecorded planktivore . the unusual composition of the fauna , with the complete absence of taxa known to be of medium to large size , suggests an unusual , and probably very stressed , palaeoenvironment .
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key words : squaliformes , dalatidae , etmopteridae , pristiophorus , sharks , miocene , slovakia , paratethys .
charles j . underwood [ c . underwood @ urltoken ] , department of earth and planetary science , birkbeck , malet street , london wc1e 7hx , uk ; jan schlogl [ schlogl @ urltoken ] , department of geology and palaeontology , faculty of natural sciences , comenius university , mlynská dolina g1 , bratislava 842 15 , slovakia .
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† protosqualus sigei ( cappetta , 1977 ) locality : st . dizier / wissant , france cen . : westfalen , germany
† squalus alsaticus ( andreae , 1892 ) oligocen locality : gellik , belg . ; espenhein , germany ; szczein , poland ; france ;
† squalus crenatidens ( arambourg , 1952 ) paleogén locality : khouribga , morocco ; ypr . : stafford county , va
† squalus huntensis ( case & capetta , 1997 ) locality : hunt co . ,
† squalus serriculus ( jordan & hannibal , 1923 ) miocen locality : kern co . , ca ; ishikawa , japan
† centrophoroides latidens ( davis , 1887 ) locality : san . / maast . : europe , sahel alma , lebanon
† centrophoroides worlandensis ( case , 1987 ) locality : worland , washakie co .
† isistius triangulus ( probst , 1879 ) upper miocen locality : venezuela ; plio . : beaufort co .
† squaliolus schaubi ( smith & radcliffe , 1912 ) miocen locality : s . france ; tortona , n . italy ; gumma , japan
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compagno , leonard j . v . / hamlett , william c . , ed . , 1999 : checklist of living elasmobranchs . sharks , skates , and rays : the biology of elasmobranch fishes . 471 - 498 .
eschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ; van der laan , r . ( eds ) . ( 2017 ) . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . electronic version .
nelson , joseph s . , 1994 : null . fishes of the world , third edition . xvii + 600 .
van der laan , r . ; eschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ( 2014 ) . family - group names of recent fishes . < em > zootaxa . < / em > 3882 ( 1 ) : 1 - 230 .
van der land , j . ; costello , m . j . ; zavodnik , d . ; santos , r . s . ; porteiro , f . m . ; bailly , n . ; eschmeyer , w . n . ; froese , r . ( 2001 ) . pisces , < b > < i > in < / i > < / b > : costello , m . j . < i > et al . < / i > ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . < i > european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , < / i > 50 : pp . 357 - 374
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sharks appear in the fossil record between 450 and 420 million years ago ( all possible specimens older than 420 million years old are fragmentary and disputed ) , and have been important marine ( and in the carboniferous and permian , freshwater ) predators ever since . they form an important part of the marine fossil record in many areas , and are occasionally used for stratigraphy ( dating rocks ) , though often they are usually only represented by their teeth , which are mineralized and grown and shed throughout their lives , rather than their skeletons , which are comprised entirely of cartilage , and consequently have poor preservational potential .
in a paper published in the journal acta palaeontologica polonica on 12 january 2012 , charles underwood of the department of earth and planetary science at birkbeck college and jan schlogl of the department of geology and paleontology at comenius university describe a collection of deepwater shark ' s teeth from the cerová−lieskové locality in the malé karpaty mountains in slovakia . this is a claypit noted for a broad range of vertebrate and invertebrate fossils from the early miocene of the central paratethys sea . these fossils are thought to be important , as while shark teeth are well represented in the fossil record , deepwater sharks are relatively poorly known .
ten incomplete specimens are referred to the genus galeus ( sawtooth catsharks ) , though not assigned to any species . these are small specimens , the largest being about 0 . 7 mm . the genus galeus first appears in the fossil record in the early miocene of france , and is widespread in the atlantic and pacific today .
teeth assigned to the genus galeus from the early miocene cerová−lieskové locality . ( a ) anterolateral tooth in labial ( a₁ ) and lingual ( a₂ ) views . ( b ) anterolateral tooth in labial view . ( c ) posterior tooth in labial view . ( d ) anterior tooth in labial view . ( e ) anterolateral tooth in labial view . ( f ) a nterolateral tooth in labial view . underwood & schlogl ( 2012 ) .
a single , 2 . 2 mm , broken tooth is assigned to the genus squatina ( angel sharks ) . modern angel sharks are found globally in tropical and temperate seas ; most species are restricted to shallow waters , though one species , the sand devil ( squatina dumeril ) is known to migrate seasonally into deep water . angle sharks are flattened sharks resembling skates and rays ( to which they are not closely related ) and living on the sea bottom . angel sharks are considered to belong to a separate order ( squaliformes ) which first appears in the fossil record in the late jurassic , with members of the modern genus ( squatina ) known from the middle cretaceous .
partial tooth assigned to the genus squatina from the early miocene cerová−lieskové locality . underwood & schlogl ( 2012 ) .
three oral and one incomplete rostral teeth ( rostral teeth are projections on the side of the snout of a sawshark or sawfish ) are referred to the genus pristiophorus ( five - gilled sawsharks ) , and assigned to a new species , pristiophorus striatus . sawsharks resemble sawfish ( which are also sharks ) , but are found in deepwater , while the sawfish are shallow - water dwellers . the two groups are not closely related , sawfish being related to skates and rays ( batoidea ) . the oldest sawsharks appear in the lart cretaceous of the lebanon , about 85 million years ago , modern sawsharks are found in the indian and pacific oceans as well as the caribbean , though their fossil record suggests they were more widely distributed for much of the tertiary .
teeth assigned to the species pristiophorus striatus from the early miocene cerová−lieskové locality . ( h ) l ateral tooth in labial ( h₁ ) , occlusal ( h₂ ) , and basal ( h₃ ) views . ( i ) partial rostral tooth in lateral view . ( j ) a nterior tooth in labial ( j₁ ) , occlusal ( j₂ ) , and basal ( j₃ ) views . ( k ) lateral tooth in labial ( k₁ ) and basal ( k₂ ) views . underwood & schlogl ( 2012 ) .
a large number ( 236 ) of teeth are assigned to the genus squaliolus ( pygmy sharks or deep - sea dogfish ) , and tentatively to the species squaliolus schaubi , a species previously described from the miocene of france . modern pygmy sharks are small deepwater species with specialized organs that house bioluminescent bacteria . they are a form of kitefin shark ( dalatiidae ) , a group that first appear in the fossil record in the early cretaceous of germany .
teeth tentatively assigned to the species squaliolus schaubi from the early miocene cerová−lieskové locality . ( a ) l ower tooth in labial ( a₁ ) and lingual ( a₂ ) views . ( b ) lower tooth in labial ( b₁ ) and lingual ( b₂ ) views . ( c ) l ower posterior tooth in labial ( c₁ ) and lingual ( c₂ ) views . ( d ) male lower tooth in labial view . ( e ) lower symphyseal tooth in labial ( e₁ ) and lingual ( e₂ ) views . ( f ) lower tooth in labial ( f₁ ) and lingual ( f₂ ) views . u pper tooth in labial ( g₁ ) and lingual ( g₂ ) views . ( h ) upper tooth in labial ( h₁ ) and lingual ( h₂ ) views . ( i ) u pper tooth in labial ( i₁ ) and lingual ( i₂ ) views . ( j ) upper tooth in labial view . ( k ) upper tooth in la bial ( k₁ ) and lingual ( k₂ ) views . ( l ) upper posterior tooth in labial ( l₁ ) and lingual ( l₂ ) views . underwood & schlogl ( 2012 ) .
, which is named after michal škrovina , described as the first person to encourage jan schlogl in to pursue an interest in palaeontology .
, though not assigned to a species due to its poor condition . fossils assigned to this genus have previously been found from the late cretaceous of lithuania and the eocene of france .
tooth assigned to the genus squaliodalatias from the early miocene cerová−lieskové locality . in labial ( h₁ ) and lingual ( h₂ ) views . underwood & schlogl ( 2012 ) .
( lantern sharks in the family etmopteridae ) , small , deepwater sharks with light producing organs , found more - or - less globally today . the earliest known lantern sharks are from the eocene of france .
teeth assigned to the genus etmopterus from the early miocene cerová−lieskové locality . ( a ) l ower tooth in labial ( a₁ ) and lingual ( a₂ ) views . ( b ) lower tooth in labial ( b₁ ) and lingual ( b₂ ) views . ( c ) l ower posterior tooth in labial ( c₁ ) and lingual ( c₂ ) views . ( d ) lower tooth in labial ( a₁ ) and lingual ( a₂ ) views . ( e ) lower tooth in labial ( e₁ ) and lingual ( e₂ ) views . ( f ) lower tooth in labial view . ( g ) u pper tooth in labial ( g₁ ) and lingual ( g₂ ) views . underwood & schlogl ( 2012 ) .
( rasptooth dogfish ) , a second type of lantern shark . the genus is previously known from a single modern species from the pacific and some teeth from the eocene of france .
teeth tentatively assigned to the genus miroscyllium from the early miocene cerová−lieskové locality . ( h ) lower symphyseal tooth in la bial ( h₁ ) and lingual ( h₂ ) views . ( i ) lower tooth in labial ( i₁ ) and lingual ( i₂ ) views . ( j ) lower lateral tooth in labial ( j₁ ) and lingual ( j₂ ) views . ( k ) lower tooth in labial ( k₁ ) and lingual ( k₂ ) views . underwood & schlogl ( 2012 ) .
teeth assigned to the species paraetmopterus horvathi from the early miocene cerová−lieskové locality . ( a ) lower tooth in labial ( a₁ ) and lingual ( a₂ ) views . ( b ) lower tooth in labial ( b₁ )
and lingual ( b₂ ) views . ( c ) lower tooth in labial ( c₁ ) and lingual ( c₂ ) views . ( d ) lower tooth in labial ( d₁ ) and lingual ( d₂ ) views . ( e ) lower tooth in labial ( e₁ ) and lingual ( e₂ ) views . ( f ) lower tooth in labial ( f₁ ) and lingual ( f₂ ) views . ( g ) upper anterior tooth in labial ( g₁ ) and lingual ( g₂ ) views . ( h ) upper tooth in la bial ( h₁ ) and lingual ( h₂ ) views . ( i ) upper tooth in labial ( i₁ ) and lingual ( i₂ ) views . ( j ) upper tooth in la bial ( j₁ ) and lingual ( j₂ ) views . underwood & schlogl ( 2012 ) .
a single tooth is assigned to the family somniosidae ( sleeper sharks ) , a widespread group of sharks that first appear in the fossil record in the late cretaceous of germany .
tooth assigned to the family somniosidae from the early miocene cerová−lieskové locality . in labial ( k₁ ) and lingual ( k₂ ) views . underwood & schlogl ( 2012 ) .
( butterfly rays ) . modern butterfly rays are typically shallow water species , often found in brackish estuarine waters . the genus has a sparse fossil record , but is known from the palaeocene of india , spreading around europe , the middle east and africa in the eocene and reaching the americas in the oligocene .
tooth assigned to the genus gymnura from the early miocene cerová−lieskové locality . in occlusal ( i₁ ) and basal ( i₂ ) views . underwood & schlogl ( 2012 ) .
, of uncertain affinities , but considered to probably be a neoselachian ( the group that includes all extant sharks , skates and rays ) . the genus name
teeth assigned to the species nanocetorhinus tuberculatus from the early miocene cerová−lieskové locality . ( a ) tooth in labial ( a₁ ) and lingual ( a₂ ) views . ( b ) tooth in labial ( b₁ ) and lingual ( b₂ ) views . ( c ) tooth in labial ( c₁ ) and lingual ( c₂ ) views . ( d ) tooth in labial ( d₁ ) and lingual ( d₂ ) views . ( e ) tooth in labial ( e₁ ) and lingual ( e₂ ) views . ( f ) tooth in labial ( f₁ ) and lateral ( f₂ ) views . ( g ) tooth in labial ( g₁ ) and lingual ( g₂ ) views . ( h ) tooth in labial ( h₁ ) and lingual ( h₂ ) views , detail ( h₃ ) . underwood & schlogl ( 2012 ) .
while the majority of these sharks belong either to extant genera or extant families , the assemblage is on the whole closer to the deepwater sharks of the eocene than to modern shark assemblages , suggesting that there has been more turnover in deepwater shark populations since the miocene than between the eocene and the miocene . one remarkable feature of this assemblage is the small size of all the sharks present ; based upon the available material underwood & shlogl estimate that none of the sharks were more than 40 cm in length , though they do not offer any hypothesis as to why this was the case .
see also a new species of eagle ray from the northwest pacific , a hybodont shark from the middle permian of northern arizona , fossil tapeworm eggs from the permian , satellite tracking manta rays off the coast of mexico and new species of catshark from the galapaagos .
studied palaeobiology & evolution at the university of portsmouth , geosciences via the open university & ecology and conservation at christchurch university , canterbury . have worked in wildlife based tourism , mineral exploration , development , conservation , education & environmental chemistry . occasionally write articles for papers and magazines .
dolichothele mottai & dolichothele camargorum : two new species of tarantula from brazil and bolivia .
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selenium , arsenic and molybdenum in the bowland shale and related deposits in england , wales and ireland .
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the european hare ( lepus europaeus ) , also known as the brown hare , is a species of hare native to europe and parts of asia .

it is among the largest hare species and is adapted to temperate , open country .

hares are herbivorous and feed mainly on grasses and herbs , supplementing these with twigs , buds , bark and field crops , particularly in winter .

their natural predators include large birds of prey , canids and felids .

they rely on high-speed endurance running to escape from their enemies ; having long , powerful limbs and large nostrils .

generally nocturnal and shy in nature , hares change their behaviour in the spring , when they can be seen in broad daylight chasing one another around in fields .

during this spring frenzy , they sometimes strike one another with their paws ( " boxing " ) .

this is usually not competition between males , but a female hitting a male , either to show she is not yet ready to mate or as a test of his determination .

the female nests in a depression on the surface of the ground rather than in a burrow , and the young are active as soon as they are born .

litters may consist of three or four young and a female can bear three litters a year , with hares living for up to twelve years .

the breeding season lasts from january to august .

the european hare is listed as being of least concern by the international union for conservation of nature because it has a wide range and is moderately abundant .

however , populations have been declining in mainland europe since the 1960s , at least partly due to changes in farming practices .

the hare has been hunted across europe for centuries , with more than five million being shot each year ; in britain , it has traditionally been hunted by beagling and hare coursing , but these field sports are now illegal .

the hare has been a traditional symbol of fertility and reproduction in some cultures , and its courtship behaviour in the spring inspired the english idiom mad as a march hare .

european hare

currently , european hares are limited to south - eastern australia ' s temperate climate that replicates the climate of the european hares cool european origins .
schai - braun s , hackländer k . home range use by the european hare (
marboutin e , peroux r . survival pattern of european hare in a decreasing population .
vaughan n , lucas ea , harris s , white pcl . habitat associations of european hare
( 2003 ) : population dynamics in european hare : breeding parameters and sustainable harvest rates .
history of the brown hare ( hare - preservation - trust . co . uk )
hackländer k , arnold w , ruf t . postnatal development and thermoregulation in the precocial european hare (
hansen k ( 1992a ) reproduction in european hare in a danish farmland . acta theriol 37 : 27–40
( 1965 ) : studies on the european hare . ix . helminth fauna in the annual cycle .
of hare found close to farmland and open forests worldwide . the hare is a very adaptable
lindlöf b ( 1978 ) aggressive dominance rank in relation to feeding by european hare . viltrevy 10 : 145–158
lindlöf b ( 1978 ) aggressive dominance rank in relation to feeding by european hare . viltrevy 10 : 146–157
( 2007 ) : actual health state of european brown hare from hunting grounds of south - western slovakia .
bonino , n . , a . montenegro . 1997 . reproduction of the european hare in pantagonia , argentina .
the european hare grows to about 50 – 70 centimetres and has a tail length of 7 – 11 centimetres .
lamarque f , barratt j , moutou f . principle diagnoses for determining causes of mortality in the european hare (
hillgrove , a 1981 , studies of the european brown hare ( lepus capensis l . ) , la trobe university school of agriculture . jurasovic , anton date unknown , hunting european brown hare , viewed 11th november 2009 at url : urltoken
raczynski j . studies on the european hare . v . reproduction . acta theriol . 1964 ; 919 : 305–352 .
edwards pj , fletcher mr , berny p . review of the factors affecting the decline of the european brown hare ,
have even noticed the hare . the hare then hops very quickly , in a similar way to a
hackländer k , tataruch f , ruf t . the effect of dietary fat content on lactation energetics in the european hare (
is a huge pest , with introduction resulting in agricultural disaster ( dragg , 1974 ; bonino and montenegro , 1997 ) . other common names for the european hare : common hare , brown hare ( caillol and meunier , 1989 ; poli
the european hare was introduced to australia in the late 1830s in tasmania , although this initial attempt to establish wild populations failed .
grigera de , rappoport eh ( 1983 ) status and distribution of the european hare in south america . j mamm 64 : 163–166
grigera d , rapoport e ( 1983 ) status and distribution of the european hare in south america . j mamm 64 : 163–166
the european hare or brown hare ( lepus europaeus ) is a species of hare native to northern , central and western europe and western asia . the european hare is a mammal adapted to temperate open country . it is related to the rabbit , which is in the same family but a different genus . the european hare breeds on the ground rather than in a burrow and relies on speed to escape . in comparison to the rabbit , it is larger in size , has longer ears and longer legs .
gavier - widen d . european brown hare syndrome . in : gavier - widen d , duff jp , meredith a , editors .
hamill r . m , doyle d , duke e . j . spatial patterns of genetic diversity across european subspecies of the mountain hare ,
frylestam b ( 1976 ) effect of cattle grazing and harvesting of hay on density and distribution of a european hare population . in : pielowski z , pucek z ( eds ) ecology and management of european hare populations . proceedings of the international symposium , poznan , 1974 , pp 199–203
broekhuizen , s . , f . maaskamp . 1980 . behaviour of does and leverets of the european hare ( lepus europaeus ) whilst nursing .
smith rk , jennings nv , robinson a , harris s . conservation of european hares
ty - book ti - taxonomic status of the european hare in ontario / ur - urltoken pb - royal ontario museum , cy - toronto : py - 1954 n1 - cover title . au - peterson , randolph l . au - royal ontario museum . kw - european hare kw - ontario er -
lepus europaeus ( brown or european hare ) ; two adults , feeding in a field margin . wykeham , north yorkshire , england . may , 2011 .
grigera de , rapoport eh , 1983 . status and distribution of the european hare in south america . journal of mammalogy , 64 : 163 - 166 .
pépin d ( 1986 ) spring density and daytime distribution of the european hare in relation to habitat in an open field agrosystem . z säugetierk 51 : 79–86
reid n , 2011 . european hare ( lepus europaeus ) invasion ecology : implication for the conservation of the endemic irish hare ( lepus timidus hibernicus ) . biological invasions , 13 ( 3 ) : 559 - 569 . urltoken
chroust k . dynamics of coccidial infection in free living and cage - reared european hares .
stories , however , cast the fox as an evil agent of possession . european tricksters include
stott p , 2008 . comparisons of digestive function between the european hare ( lepus europaeus ) and the european rabbit ( oryctolagus cuniculus ) : mastication , gut passage , and digestibility . mammalian biology , 73 ( 4 ) : 276 - 286 pp .
smaller hares native to southern europe previously regarded as european hares have been divided as a separate species in recent years , including the broom hare in northern spain .
from apperances in aesop ' s fables to alice in wonderland , the european hare ' s widespread range has made it into a cultural icon throughout many nations .
schmidt nm , asferg t , forchhammer mc . long - term patterns in european brown hare population dynamics in denmark : effects of agriculture , predation and climate .
european hares are generally shy mammals , however , their behaviour changes in springtime . many are seen in broad daylight chasing one another in meadows . this behaviour appears to be competitions between the male european hares to attain dominance which allows them more access to breeding female european hares .
the european hare is declining in europe due to changes in farming practices . its natural predators include the golden eagle and carnivorous mammals like the red fox and wolf .
valencak t , arnold w , tataruch f , ruf t . high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids in muscle phospholipids of a fast runner , the european brown hare (
, with hares being able to move at speeds of around 45mph . the strong hind legs of the hare , combined with the large feet of the hare give the hare the ability to run so quickly . the hare is also able to jump over large distances with great ease .
krupka j , dziedzic r ( 1976 ) determination of digestibility coefficients of feeds ingested by european hares . in : pielowski z , pucek z ( eds ) ecology and management of european hare populations . proceedings of the international symposium , poznan , 1974 , pp 101–103
, are generally smaller than european continental individuals which commonly reach 3 . 8 - 4 kg (
the study was funded by the european commission directorate general for health and consumers and the iarc .
the male european hare is called a ' jack ' while the female is called a ' jill ' . offspring under one year are referred to as ' leverets ' .
lepus europaeus ( brown or european hare ) ; close view of an adult , feeding in a field margin . wykeham , north yorkshire , england . may , 2011 .
pépin d , angibault jm ( 2007 ) selection of resting sites by the european hare as related to habitat characteristics during agricultural changes . eur j wildl res 53 : 183–189
( 1 ) hare dl , toukhsati sr , johansson p , jaarsma t . depression and cardiovascular disease : a clinical review . european heart journal 2013 november 25 . (
syrjälä p , nylund m , heinikainen s , 2005 . european brown hare syndrome in free - living mountain hares ( lepus timidus ) and european brown hares ( lepus europaeus ) in finland 1990–2002 . journal of wildlife diseases , 41 ( 1 ) : 42 - 7 .
try and get a hare that has been hung only but not frozen . although both are delicious the unfrozen hare delivers a better taste and texture .
long - term ultrasonographic evaluation and characterisation of embryonic and foetal development as well as embryonic mortality , experimental investigations of superfoetation , ultrasound - guided biopsy techniques in european brown hare .
anonymous ( 1979 ) convention on the conservation of european wildlife and natural habitats . council of europe , strasbourg
smith rk , harris s , jennings nv . a quantitative analysis of the abundance and demography of european hares
smith rk , jennings nv , harris s . a quantitative analysis of the abundance and demography of european hares
bonino n , cossíos d , menegheti j , 2010 . dispersal of the european hare , lepus europaeus in south america . folia zoologica , 59 ( 1 ) : 9 - 15 .
chiari m , ferrari n , giardiello d , avisani d , zanoni m , alborali g , et al . temporal dynamics of european brown hare syndrome infection in northern italian brown hares (
chiari m , ferrari n , giardiello d , avisani d , zanoni m , alborali gl , et al . temporal dynamics of european brown hare syndrome infection in northern italian brown hares (
hare - bell ,
so called because it grows in thickets haunted by hares ;
hare - parsley
, because it is eaten by hares .
bill oddie tries a bit of hare whispering to get closer to his subject .
according to jewish tradition , the hare is among four mammals deemed not kosher .
cornwall’s white hare warns the fisherfolk of tempests when not haunting a faithless lover .
the european hare ' s , or brown hare’s , fur coat is brown - russet , and its underside is white . it resembles a rabbit , but has a larger body , longer hind legs , and longer , black - tipped ears . its adult length from its head to its rump is between 52 and 59 . 5 centimeters , according to arkive initiative . the european hare’s 8 - to 12 - centimeter tail is black on its upper surface , and white underneath . on average , a mature european hare weighs 3 to 4 kilograms , according to the mammal society ( ms ) . these hares ' irises are golden , and their pupils black .
european hares can cause significant damage when gnawing the bark of young trees and shrubs . european hares also chew off the stems of young trees , damaging or killing the plant . hares can cause severe damage to revegetation sites .
ultrasonographic characterisation of prenatal development in european brown hares ( lepus europaeus pallas , 1778 ) : an evolutionary approach .
poli , a . , m . nigro , d . gallazi , g . sironi , a . lavazza . 1991 . acute hepatosis in the european brown hare ( lepus europaeus ) in italy .
in finland the hare must never be called
bad
during the hunting season .
it appears that the hare was once a common embodiment of the corn - spirit .
and the princess who solves the riddles does so by the help of a hare .
( 1990 ) : some remarks on the prevalence and species composition of hare coccidia .
, as is nanabozho , the hare , who in the southeast is called rabbit .
although european hares are not considered a major pest to agriculture , there have been times in the past where hare density has been high . for example , in the 1930s and 1940s when land in the mallee region of victoria was being cleared for farming , european hare density became very high . this example along with others suggests that hares will look to make use of land recently cleared of tree cover .
page a , kirkpatrick w , massam m , 2008 . european hare ( lepus europaeus ) risk assessment for australia . western australia , australia : department of agriculture and food , 1 - 21 pp .
european hares are prone to several different types of parasites and disease which cause a higher proportion of deaths than predators .
the hare also appears in folk tales . in african folk tales , the hare is a trickster ; some of the stories about the hare were retold among african slaves in america , and are the basis of the brer rabbit stories . many cultures , including the indian and japanese , see a hare in the pattern of dark patches in the moon . one of aesops fables tells the story of ' the tortoise and the hare ' .
hewson r ( 1991 ) mountain hare / irish hare . in : corbet gb , harris s ( eds ) the handbook of british mammals . blackwell , oxford , pp 161–167
fromsejer p ( 1992 ) critical factors in the population dynamics of brown hare . in : polish hunting association ( eds ) zajac hare , international symposium , czempin , pp 139–142
lavazza a , guberti v , ferri m , zanni ml , poglayen g , nardin a et al ( 1997 ) epidemiology of european brown hare syndrome ( ebhs ) in modena province ( north italy ) . in : proceedings of the 4th international congress of the european society for veterinary virology . edinburgh , uk , pp 34–37
dora e . grigera , eduardo h . rapoport ; status and distribution of the european hare in south america , journal of mammalogy , volume 64 , issue 1 , 28 february 1983 , pages 163–166 , urltoken
lepus europaeus the european brown hare share the order lagomorpha with the rabbit , but is physically larger and has black - tipped ears and longer legs . both were introduced from the united kingdom to australia by early settlers for sport and recreational hunting . hares live above ground in ‘forms’ or ‘scrapes’ and in their native habitat in the uk and europe they are at the point of extinction . this is due to european brown hare syndrome virus ( like rabbit calici but hare specific ) and generations of hunting pressure .
since it is a nocturnal animal , the european hare feeds at night . during the day , it spends its time in a small depression it digs in the ground within long grass , and these are referred to as
form
. european hares are also generally solitary , except for when they come together for mating . still , there are certain instances when european hares may band together in clusters when feeding , according to the mammal society . to evade predators like foxes , coyotes , owls , wildcats or hawks , the european hare relies on its sharp senses . if threatened , these animals will usually opt to run away , sometimes achieving speeds of up to 70 kilometers an hour ( 43 miles per hour ) . though the european hare is usually quiet , it occasionally makes low grunts , as well as shrills when caught or injured , according to animal diversity .
kronfeld n , shkolnik a . adaptation to life in the desert in the brown hare (
smiddy p ( 1994 ) hare species in co cork . ir nat j 24 : 417–418
tapper s , yalden d ( 2010 ) the brown hare . the mammal society , southampton
the timing of crops and their growth is critical for farmland wildlife such as the hare .
the rise and fall of the brown hare in wales ( ccw . gov . uk )
goszczynski j , waseilewski m . predation of foxes on a hare population in central poland .
van wieren se , wiersma m , prins hht . climatic factors affecting a brown hare (
david l . hare ( with tiny jaarsma , peter johansson , samia r . toukhsati )
novaro aj , capurro af , travaini a , funes mc , ravinovich je ( 1992 ) pellet - count sampling based on spatial distribution : a case study of european hare in patagonia . ecol aust 2 : 11–18
smith rk , jennings nv , tataruch f , hackländer k , harris s . vegetation quality and habitat selection by european hares
bray y , marboutin e , péroux r , ferron j . reliability of stained placental - scar counts in european hares .
populations of european hares ( lepus europaeus ) have experienced a dramatic decline throughout europe in recent decades . european hares are assumed to prefer weeds over arable crops , and weed abundance was reduced by the intensification of agriculture . therefore , modern agriculture has been blamed as a major factor affecting european hare populations . however , it is questionable whether european hares select weeds at all , as previous studies had major methodological limitations . by comparing availability and use of plants with chesson’s electivity index , we investigated whether the european hare actually feeds selectively on different plants in arable land . food availability and use were dominated by cultivated crops ( e . g . winter wheat , spring barley and sugar beet ) . diet selection analysis revealed that in autumn and winter , european hares predominantly preferred cultivated crops ( winter wheat ) and food items provided by hunters ( tubers of sugar beet and carrot ) . in spring and summer , apart from soy , only weeds ( e . g . clover and corn poppy ) were positively selected , especially after cereal crops were harvested . we suggest that the decline in european hare populations throughout europe was facilitated by the decrease in weed abundance . wildlife - friendly set - asides in arable land have the potential to reconcile the european union’s common agricultural policy with wildlife conservation .
as an herbivore , the european hare grazes on young grass shoots , herbs , and agricultural crops . it also nibbles on the bark of young trees and bushes , according to the wildlife trusts . in the winter period , the european hare feeds on twigs , buds , shrub bark , small trees , and young fruit tree bark , according to animal diversity ( ad ) . since its nocturnal , it primarily feeds at night . during feeding , two to three adults can eat as much vegetation as one sheep . the european hare re - ingests its green , soft fecal pellets , a practice called coprophagia , in efforts to maximize nutrient extraction from their diets .
bern convention ( 1979 ) convention on the conservation of european wildlife and natural habitats . bern convention , council of europe , strasbourg
hare flanking sequence 1 was pcr amplified using platinum pfx ( invitrogen ) according to manufacturer’s instructions and primers forward gt464 5′ - gtgttagagagttagaagcag - 3′ and reverse rel13 5′ - ccccttatatacagtttctagaggc - 3′ . for hare flanking sequence 2 primers were forward gt469 5′ - ggcacttatcacgcagaagtg - 3′ and reverse gt460 5′ - gtttacagcgtctgagggtccc - 3′ . hare pol sequence was amplified using primers rel9 and rel2rev as described above . hare gag sequence was amplified using the primers forward rel1fwd 5′ - tgttagggaaccattcacagagaaagtaattg - 3′ and reverse hare seq + 2045 5′ - ccccctaggtttacctttaaggtagg - 3′ . hare env sequence was amplified using the primers forward rel5fwd 5′ - acctttgaacaaaacaggggagtccaaatagggtagggacaagaaaag - 3′ and reverse rel5rev 5′ - aagcatacaagaaccatacaaaatattgctcc - 3′ . pcr amplifications were repeated on dna extracted from a kidney cell line derived from a european brown hare ( a gift from jean francois vautherot ) .
lincoln , g . 1974 . reproduction and march madness in the brown hare , lepus europaeus .
; and it is customary in many parts of the country
to place a figure of the hare among the easter eggs , when given as a present , either a hare in a basket of eggs , or a small figure of a hare in one of the fancy eggs
.
tapper sc , barnes rfw . influence of farming practice on the ecology of the brown hare (
david l . hare , samia r . toukhsati , peter johansson , tiny jaarsma ; depression and cardiovascular disease : a clinical review , european heart journal , volume 35 , issue 21 , 1 june 2014 , pages 1365–1372 , urltoken
oberle also concludes that the hare which lay the particoloured easter eggs was sacred to the same goddess .
the fact that many plants are named after the hare may also , as oberle thinks , have a mythological significance ; though the origin of such names as
hare - bell
and
hare - parsley
appears sufficiently explained in hone ' s table - book upon other grounds . [ 78 ]
the story of ' jack ' and ‘jill’ : a female brown hare finding a suitable male match .
half human half hare figure sculptures by sophie ryder displayed outside the pump rooms and abbey in bath .
giannoulis t , stamatis c , tsipourlianos a , mamuris z , 2017 . mitogenomic analysis in european brown hare ( lepus europaeus ) proposes genetic and functional differentiation between the distinct lineages . mitochondrial dna part a . 18 : 1 - 8 .
the weight of a full grown adult hare varies between 2 . 5 and 6 . 5 kilograms . because of its longer legs , it can run at speeds of up to 70 kilometres per hour . european hares are herbivores and their diet consists of grasses and herbs during summer months and changes to twigs and bark in the winter . the european hare is known as a pest to orchard farmers as it also feeds upon buds of young orchard trees during the end of winter .
the european hare ( lepus europaeus ) has declined throughout its native range but invaded numerous regions where it has negatively impacted native wildlife . in southern sweden , it replaces the native mountain hare ( l . timidus ) through competition and hybridisation . we investigated temporal change in the invasive range of the european hare in ireland , and compared its habitat use with the endemic irish hare ( l . timidus hibernicus ) . the range of the european hare was three times larger and its core range twice as large in 2012–2013 than in 2005 . its rate of radial range expansion was 0 . 73 km year −1 with its introduction estimated to have occurred ca . 1970 . both species utilised improved and rough grasslands and exhibited markedly similar regression coefficients with almost every land cover variable examined . irish hares were associated with low fibre and high sugar content grass ( good quality grazing ) whilst the invader had a greater tolerance for low quality forage . european hares were associated with habitat patch edge density , suggesting it may be more suited to using hedgerows as diurnal resting sites than the irish hare . consequently , the invader had a wider niche breadth than the native but their niche overlap was virtually complete . given the impact of the european hare on native species elsewhere , and its apparent pre - adaption for improved grasslands interspersed with arable land ( a habitat that covers 70 % of ireland ) , its establishment and range expansion poses a significant threat to the ecological security of the endemic irish hare , particularly given their ecological similarities .
the european hare is native to great britain and central and western europe . it’s also found in parts of the middle east and central asia . within these territories , it inhabits agricultural cropland or grasslands in temperate and open habitats , as well as in pastures bordered by hedgerows and woodlots , according to animal diversity . the international union for conservation of nature ' s ( iucn ' s ) 2008 red list of threatened species classified the european hare as a species of
least concern
among . nonetheless , its population is in decline in certain areas due to poaching , intensification of commercial agriculture within their habitats , diseases such as the european hare syndrome and tularaemia , and changes in cropping regimes which affect their food sources .
four species of nematodes , six species of coccidian , liver flukes and two species of dog tapeworms are all internal parasites that infect european hares in australia . several species of external parasites have also been observed on european hares in australia including the european rabbit flea ( spilopsyllus cuniculi ) the stickfast flea ( echidnophaga myrmecobii ) , the lice ( haemodipsus setoni and haemodipsus lyriocephalus ) , and the mite ( leporacarus gibbus ) .
small group of hares of russian origin reported on islets of oahu but by 1963 this could not be confirmed . probably confusion with european rabbits
pépin d , cargnelutti b ( 1994 ) individual variations of daily activity patterns in radiotracked european hares during winter . acta theriol 39 : 399–409
a marked increase in serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase four days after inoculation in a hare that died ; a more moderate , transient increase in a hare that survived . ( b22 . 30 . w17 )
) . we probed hind3 cut genomic dna from 2 rabbit cell lines ( sirc , erep ) and a european brown hare with radioactively labelled dna derived by pcr from rabbit genomic dna . the southern blot revealed the presence of multiple insertions in the rabbit genome and at least 5 insertions in the hare genome . next , we sought relik orthologues in the
additionally single disease incidents were found during necropsy . these included an approximately walnut - sized abscess in the mammary gland area of one adult female hare , a suppurative bronchitis in a sub - adult male hare , and a moderate pyometra with multiple cysts in an adult female hare . these altered organs were sampled for bacteriology .
roedenbeck ia , voser p . effects of roads on spatial distribution , abundance and mortality of brown hare (
the european hare is an opportunistic feeder and as well as grazing predominately on grasses , it will also consume crops , such as vegetables , lucerne and cereal crops . this can cause significant economic loss to land owners that have european hares on or adjacent to their land . hares can travel significant distances , so the potential for one animal to cause widespread damage to plants is relatively high . european hares can also be a problem in forestry , ornamental or fruit producing plantations as they can gnaw back the bark of young trees and vines .
the brown or european hare ( l . europaeus ) is a highly adaptable medium - sized mammal , commonly 3 . 8 - 4 kg in weight with the exception of some individuals reaching 5 kg , although there is much regional and sexual . . .
popescu f , hackländer k , arnold w , ruf t . effects of season and reproductive state on lipid intake and fatty acid composition of gastrointestinal tract contents in the european hare . j comp physiol b . 2011 ; 181 : 681–689 . pmid : 21328065
severe leucopaenia evident at 24 hours post inoculation in a hare which developed severe disease ; in a hare which survived , a more modest , temporary reduction in leucocyte count was recorded . ( b22 . 30 . w17 )
@ book { bhl111741 , title = { taxonomic status of the european hare in ontario / } , copyright = { not provided . contact contributing library to verify copyright status . } , url = urltoken note = urltoken - - - cover title . } , publisher = { toronto : royal ontario museum , } , author = { peterson , randolph l . and royal ontario museum . } , year = { } , pages = { 20 } , keywords = { european hare | ontario | } , }
hackländer k , zeitlhofer c , ceulemans t , suchentrunk f . continentality affects body condition and size but not yearly reproductive output in female european hares (
in other parts of germany there are traces of a similar tradition . thus , the children in south germany are told that a hare lays the pasche eggs , and a nest is made for the hare to lay them in
freitas , h . 2006 natural hybridization between the iberian hare ( lepus granatensis ) and the brown hare ( l . europaeus ) in northern iberian peninsula . msc thesis , faculdade de ciências do porto , porto , portugal .
, as hares spend most of their time resting and foraging for food . the hare mainly eats plant matter ( grass being one of the favourite foods of the hare ) but hares also eat seeds , vegetables and fruit in
. we have already noticed the very old and close connection between the hare and the moon . a large category of hare - myths have arisen out of the supposed likeness of the spots upon the moon ' s face to the figure of a hare . the story of the hare offering himself as a meal to the hungry buddha , who in return translated him to the moon , is well known , and occurs with many variations in eastern legend .
pikula , j . , beklova , m . , holesovska , z . and treml , f . 2004 . ecology of european brown hare and distribution of natural foci of tularaemia in the czech republic . acta veterinaria brno 73 ( 2 ) : 267 - 273 .
the european hare , lepus europaeus , is a well known sight across the open fields of the uk . with the mating season just beginning and running from january all the way until august we are likely to see this usually shy and nocturnal lagomorph much more frequently .
caravaggi a , leach k , santilli f , rintala j , helle p , tiainen j , bisi f , martinoli a , montgomery wi , reid n , 2017 . niche overlap of mountain hare subspecies and the vulnerability of their ranges to invasion by the european hare ; the ( bad ) luck of the irish , biological invasions , 19 ( 2 ) : 655 - 674 pp
posch r ( 2012 ) use of selective media for direct isolation of francisella tularensis from european brown hares . university of veterinary medicince , vienna ; master thesis
published on behalf of the european society of cardiology . all rights reserved . © the author 2013 . for permissions please email : journals . permissions @ urltoken
suchentrunk f , willing r , hartl gb . on eye lens weights and other age criteria of the brown hare (
pierpaoli m , riga f , trocchi v , randi e . species distinction and evolutionary relationships of the italian hare (
the story of a ' jill ' , a female brown hare , finding her suitable male match ' jack ' .
belovsky ge ( 1984 ) moose and snowshoe hare competition and a mechanistic explanation from foraging theory . oecologia 61 : 150–159
how to allure the hare .
facsimile of a miniature in the manuscript of phoebus ( fifteenth century ) .
suchentrunk f , willing r , hartl gb . on eye lens weights and other age criteria of the brown hare (
cowan dp , 2004 . an overview of the current status and protection of the brown hare ( lepus europaeus ) in the uk ; a report prepared for european wildlife division . london , uk : department for environment , food and rural affairs , 1 - 30 pp . urltoken
eec 43 / 92 ( 1992 ) directive on the conservation of natural habitats of wild fauna and flora . official journal of the european union l 206 , 7
frölich k , wisser j , schmüser h , fehlberg u , neubauer h , grunow r , et al . epizootiologic and ecologic investigations of european brown hares (
‘ coffee drinking and mortality in 10 european countries ’ by gunter , m . j . et al , is published in the journal annals of internal medicine .
like the rabbit , the hare ' s hind limbs are longer than its front limbs . the fur of the european hare has a flecked appearance , made up of tan , black and white hairs , ruddy brown or grey above and white below . this allows the hare to blend in well with dry grass . like rabbits , hares have 28 teeth with the lower tooth rows being closer together than the upper rows . in the upper jaw , the hare has two pairs of continuously growing , enamel covered upper incisors ; the front long pair has a cutting edge , while the peg teeth located behind these do not have a cutting edge . at birth , the hare has three sets of incisors , but the outer pair is lost soon after birth .
levänen r , kunnasranta m , pohjoismäki j , 2015 . abundance and distribution of hare hybrids in finland . in : angerbjörn a , dalén l , elmhagen b , werdelin l ( eds ) proceedings of the 7th european congress of mammalogy . stockholm university , stockholm , 54 pp .
lamarque , f . , barrat , j . and moutou , f . 1996 . principal diagnoses for determining causes of mortality in the european brown hare ( lepus europaeus ) found dead in france between 1986 and 1994 . gibier faune sauvage 13 ( 1 ) : 53 - 72 .
european hares are herbivorous , eating grasses , herbs , and field crops during summer . during winter european hares feed on twigs , buds , shrub bark , small trees , and young fruit tree bark . they also commonly re - ingest their green , soft fecal pellets . this is known as coprophagia . two or three adult
european hares are widespread throughout europe , where they are called common hares . european hares have done well in north america , with population numbers quickly rising to the current density . in ontario population density has been as high as 100 per square mile , and has leveled to about 25 per square mile ( bansfield , 1974 ; dragg , 1974 ) . in recent decades there have been outbreaks of increased mortality due to disease , particularly in europe . this syndrome includes acute hepatosis , enteritis , nephrosis , general jaundice , congestion , and hemorrhage of internal organs , and has been called european brown hare syndrome ( poli
thulin c . g , jaarola m , tegelstrom h . the occurrence of mountain hare mitochondrial dna in wild brown hares .
the role of vuk . s . karadzic in the history of serbian nationalism ( in the context of european linguistics in 1 . 1 / 2 19 . century )
the hare has given rise to local place names , as they can often be repeatedly observed over many years in favored localities . an example in scotland is ' murchland ' , the scots for a hare being
murchen
( warrack 1986 ) .
neumann f , schai - braun s , weber d , amrhein v ( 2011 ) european hares select resting places for providing cover . hystrix it j mamm 22 : 291–299
also appear to have abstained from eating this animal . in india hare ' s meat was specially permitted by the laws of manu
hart s . d , kropp p r , hare r . d . performance of male psychopaths following conditional release from prison .
european hares are usually quiet animals . they make low grunts from time to time and
guttural
calls from the doe ( female ) to her leverets . it has been suggested that european hares grind their teeth as an alarm call . they also emit a shrill call when hurt or caught ( peterson , 1966 ; bansfield , 1974 ) .
citation : schai - braun sc , reichlin ts , ruf t , klansek e , tataruch f , arnold w , et al . ( 2015 ) the european hare ( lepus europaeus ) : a picky herbivore searching for plant parts rich in fat . plos one 10 ( 7 ) : e0134278 . urltoken
in some parts of ayrshire the cutting of the last corn is called ' cutting the hare ' , and in germany the name for the last sheaf is ' the hare ' . in east prussia they say that the hare sits in the last patch of standing corn , and must be chased out by the last reaper .
the reapers hurry with their work , each being anxious not to have to
chase out the hare
; for the man who does so—that is , who cuts the last corn—is much laughed at . at birk , in transylvania , when the reapers come to the last patch , they cry out ,
we have the hare .
at aurich an expression for cutting the last corn is
to cut off the hare ' s tail
.
he is killing the hare ,
is commonly said of the man who cuts the last corn in germany , sweden , holland , france , and italy . in norway , the man who is thus said to
kill the hare
, must give
hare ' s blood
, in the form of brandy , to his fellows to drink . [ 83 ]
3 . the leading motive of both processions is a hare . in the one case , the hare is followed to the mayor ' s house , where a feast is eaten . whether this feast originally comprised hare ' s flesh , i have not been able to ascertain , though , from an entry in the chamberlains ' accounts , it appears that at one easter hunting a great many hares were caught , [ 107 ] and these would presumably be used for the mayor ' s banquet . at hallaton , the hare is carried in procession ( sometimes in the shape of hare - pies , sometimes also mounted on a pole ) from the parson ' s house to a sacred spot on the boundary of the parish , where the feast of hare - pies is eaten .
in holtzmann ' s german mythology she is also referred to as the goddess of dawn . [ 15 ]
the easter hare is unintelligible to me
, he adds ,
but probably the hare was the sacred animal of ostara .
[ 16 ]
the hare’s geographical limits in australia are limited to the south east of the continent and tasmania . individual range is 5 - 50 hectares ( rabbit is 5 hectares ) . the hare is very mobile and will range far to seek out the ‘best’ food sources .
pallas ) in agricultural areas of northern germany . in : hofer h , arnold w ( eds ) the decline in european hares , international symposium , berlin , 18–22 april 2001
1620 , april 2 . thos . fulnety solicits the permission of lord zouch , lord warden of the cinque ports , to kill a hare on good friday , as huntsmen say that those who have not a hare against easter must eat a red herring .
the brown hare is widespread throughout central and western europe , including most of the uk , although it is absent from the northwest and western highlands in scotland , where the species is replaced by the mountain hare ( lepus timidus ) ( 5 ) . it is likely that the romans introduced the brown hare to britain , as there are no records of this species before roman times ( 5 ) .
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broekhuizen s , maaskamp f , 1981 . annual production of young in european hares ( lepus europaeus ) in the netherlands . journal of zoology , 193 : 499 - 516 pp .
alves p . c , melo - ferreira j , branco m , suchentrunk f , ferrand n , harris d . j . evidence for genetic similarity of two allopatric european hares (
add the hare pieces back to the pot and pour in the wine or ale with the juice and peeled rind of half a lemon .
hares hide and can accelerate to high speed when disturbed or threatened . when approached , the hare will remain still in its form until the predator is within 1 - 2 metres . the hare will then break cover and sprint away at high speed . a hare will confuse predators by doubling back on its tracks to leave a disarrayed trail . this will often involve a large leap sideways to break its scent trail .
another example of possible erroneous taxonomic inferences due to phylogenetic assessments based only on mtdna is found in the arctic hare complex . this complex includes
if few town - based people are fortunate enough to see a hare in the wild , there can be no britons unfamiliar with its appearance . today hare mythology has extended and the hare motif is to be found on fabric , wallpaper , cushions , lampshades and ties ; it has been used as a letterhead , a heraldic device and in the design of stock pins , cuff - links , brooches and charms for bracelets .
valencak t , tataruch f , ruf t . peak energy turnover in lactating european hares : the role of fat reserves . j exp biol . 2009 ; 212 : 231–237 . pmid : 19112142
in hare mythology , the hare is a creature with pagan , sacred and mystic associations , by turns benign , cunning , romantic or , most famously , in its march courtship rituals , mad . it is largely silent , preferring to feed at night or , in summer , as the last light fades from the day , a shadowy existence which adds to its mysteriousness in hare mythology . in alison uttley’s little grey rabbit stories the character of hare is superior and strutting , occasionally pernickety , always aloof – a rendering for children of the animal’s natural reserve as well his appropriateness as a denizen of that world of aristocratic entitlement evoked by sackville - west . for example , it is hare who keeps grey rabbit up to scratch in the matter of housekeeping : “where’s the milk , grey rabbit ? ” asked hare . “we can’t drink tea without milk . ”
in western brittany the peasants , not many years ago ,
could hardly endure to hear the hare ' s name
. [ 51 ]
( 2 ) the hare portends a fire . there are reports of this superstition from south northamptonshire [ 60 ] and from ely , [ 61 ] and also from hungary . [ 62 ] in the wheal vor mine the appearance of a hare presages a fatal accident . [ 63 ]
,
will i say as to the commendation of the hare , and of the defence of the hunter ' s toyle , that no one beast , be it never so great , is profitable to so many and so divers uses in physicke as the hare and partes thereof .
and to the instances there collected by mr . black i may add a belief of the ancient romans , that eating hare ' s flesh for
in china , the hare appears , as in kaffirland , as the guardian of the wild beasts , and defends the lamb from the wolf .
gortazar c , millan j , acevedo p , escudero ma , marco j , fernandez luco dde , 2007 . a large - scale survey of brown hare lepus euroapeus and iberian hare l . granatensis populations at the limit of their ranges . wildlife biology , 13 : 244 - 250 .
hughes m , montgomery wi , prodöhl p ( 2006 ) population genetic structure and systematics of the irish hare . environment and heritage service , belfast
european roe deer , european brown hare and guinea pigs are kept and bred in an area of about 4ha . a small number of arctic hare , marmots , sheep , goats and donkeys are kept as well for comparative studies . the frs consists of several semi - natural enclosures of different sizes and cages allowing observation , capture and handling of individuals . furthermore , the frs offers the infrastructure needed for maintenance and modern animal husbandry , i . e . examination and residence rooms . three animal keepers and two animal keeper apprentices are continuously working at the frs . we offer the opportunity for taking a gap year as a volunteer in the environmental sector ( freiwilliges ökologisches jahr ) .
fickel , j . , schmidt , a . , putze , m . , spittler , h . , ludwig , a . , streich , w . j . and pitra , c . 2005 . genetic structure of populations of european brown hare : implications for management . journal of wildlife management 69 ( 2 ) : 760 - 770 .
the brown hare is britain’s fastest land mammal . propelled by those powerful hind legs which define its shape as surely as its long , black - tipped ears , the hare has been known to run at speeds exceeding 40mph . added to its shyness , this astonishing turn of speed accounts for the apparent elusiveness of the hare . sighted only rarely in some areas for much of the year , it retains a mystique long forfeited by rabbits .
european hares have become an important and challenging game animal , especially in north america . the meat is said to be white and delicious ( william and whitaker , 1943 ; bansfield , 1974 ) .
valencak t , ruf t . energy turnover in european hares is centrally limited during early , but not during peak lactation . j comp physiol b . 2009 ; 179 : 933–943 . pmid : 19533150
thanks for taking time to summarise this . i agree that hare taxonomy is a real pigs - ear at the moment , and its often virtually impossible to distinguish the species in the field based on current morphological descriptions . i don’t know much about hares in other areas , but i agree that on the african continent there are probably only three species : l . capensis ( cape hare ) , l . starcki ( starck’s hare ) , and what i call l . victoriae ( scrub hare or african savanna hare ) , which is part of the l . saxatilis complex . the problem is that even the cape and scrub hares can be fiendishly difficult to tell apart – unless you can find a dead one and examine their teeth .
european hares , lepus europaeus , exhibit an interesting reproductive phenomena known as superfetation , whereby a late pregnancy female can mate , ovulate , and be impregnated and thus have two litters of different ages in her uterus at one time ( smith 2004 ) . the european hare also has an elaborate courtship pattern involving large mating groups that aggregate , from which animals pair off , and are faithful and live together for about one month ( smith 2004 ) . there is an extended courtship ritual , followed by brief copulation ( less than ten seconds ) .
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using game bag records and county mammal reports , past changes in the numbers of hares in britain are described . there appears to have been a widespread decline in hare numbers following the introduction of the ground game act 1880 , with declines occurring even earlier in parts of the west , where hare numbers have shown little signs of recovering thereafter . in central and eastern areas , hare numbers increased at various rates up to the second world war .
place in a plastic bag the flour , powdered ginger , large pinch of salt and hare pieces . twist the top of plastic bag closed with some air trapped inside and shake bag around . oh ! do choose a strong bag or prepare to witness the hare bolt in a puff of white .
the adult hare is a medium sized mammal , about the size of a domestic cat , with considerable plasticity in size and fur coloration . it has distinctive long ears and hind legs and large hind feet which produce a typical hare footprint in snow . brown hares from england , often referred to as
like rabbits , caecotrophy ( the reingestion of faecal material from the caecum ) is a behaviour that is used by european hares in order to gain the maximum amount of nutrients from their food as possible .
european hares are mainly solitary animals except during mating season . they are crepuscular and nocturnal , mostly foraging at night ( between 7 p . m . and 7 a . m . ) . european hares remain active all year round . during the day they crouch in a depression called a ' form ' , partially concealed with their back showing ( bansfield , 1974 ) . european hares posess an excellent sense of sight , smell , and hearing . upon detection of a predator , european hares will run to escape , and can dodge and change direction quickly if needed . they are very fast and have been clocked at up to 35 mph ( about 60 kph ) running in a straight line . they will also dive into streams if needed as they are decent swimmers ( william and whitaker ; bansfield , 1974 ) .
in teutonic myth , the earth and sky goddess holda , leader of the wild hunt , was followed by a procession of hares bearing torches . although she descended into a witch - like figure and boogeyman of children’s tales , she was once revered as a beautiful , powerful goddess in charge of weather phenomena . freyja , the headstrong norse goddess of love , sensuality , and women’s mysteries , was also served by hare attendants . she traveled with a sacred hare and boar in a chariot drawn by cats . kaltes , the shape - shifting moon goddess of western siberia , liked to roam the hills in the form of a hare , and was sometimes pictured in human shape wearing a headdress with hare’s ears . eostre , the goddess of the moon , fertility , and spring in anglo–saxon myth , was often depicted with a hare’s head or ears , and with a white hare standing in attendance . this magical white hare laid brightly colored eggs which were given out to children during spring fertility festivals - - an ancient tradition that survives in the form of the easter bunny today .