betta albimarginata is a species of betta endemic to the island of borneo , where it is only found in the indonesian province of kalimantan timur .

it inhabits the shallows ( 5 to 10 cm ( 2.0 to 3.9 in ) ) of forest streams amongst vegetation and debris along the shores .

this species grows to a length of 2.8 cm ( 1.1 in ) .

it is a mouthbrooding species .

betta albimarginata

maggie whitson marked
file : betta albimarginata 060311 . jpg
as trusted on the
betta albimarginata kottelat & ng , 1994
page .
maggie whitson marked
file : betta albimarginata maennchen . jpg
as trusted on the
betta albimarginata kottelat & ng , 1994
page .
maggie whitson marked
file : betta albimarginata 060311 7 . jpg
as trusted on the
betta albimarginata kottelat & ng , 1994
page .
maggie whitson marked
file : betta albimarginata 060311 8 . jpg
as trusted on the
betta albimarginata kottelat & ng , 1994
page .
maggie whitson marked
file : betta albimarginata 060311 1 . jpg
as trusted on the
betta albimarginata kottelat & ng , 1994
page .
this forum is for all discussions of betta fish . let ' s see some pictures of your beautiful betta . be sure to tell us your betta ' s name and talk about it ' s personality . our friendly betta keepers are always eager to see new threads about bettas . so don ' t be shy , start a new thread about your betta , with your betta questions , betta breeding , and other betta stories .
i’ve got a new mouthbrooding betta – now what ? michael hellweg . 2003 .
original wild betta imbellis premium quality for sell now . if interesting , please pm
how to build infusoria free cultre , easy ,
for baby fries .
betta fries
similar species would be channoides . note , there has been discussion about breaking albimarginata into 3 species based upon their local data .
albimarginata males normally are more intensely colored then females . females tend to have a washed out male look . females ovaries might be visible via spotlighting .
betta albimarginata can be housed in pairs , species tanks , and community tanks . pairs can be housed in a 10 gallon tank , groups should be housed in a 20 gallon tank or larger . pairs should be given cover such as caves and plants . in a pair or species situation it is possible that fry could be discovered in the tanks . for best results remove a brooding male .
albimarginata is a paternal mouthbrooder and the male incubates from 10 to 15 days with 12 days being very consistent . incubation time can vary with water temperature . females normally initiate spawning . normally between 3 to 40 fry are released .
not critical , albimarginata is very tolerant of water chemistry and thrives in almost any type of water as long as it is clean and well filtered however soft acidic water is best . they should be kept at cool to mid 70s f .
current grow out / breed tanks waiting to cycle . i will wait a good two to three weeks before adding any betta . right now all of my stock are in a ten gallon , and two three gallons .
copyright ©2004 - 2007 international betta congress inc . all rights reserved . the ibc & ibc - smp logo used on these pages are the registered property of the ibc inc . and can not be used without permission . for questions in regards to this website , contact the smp chairperson last update :
i just happened to be near my lfs and thought i ' d drop in . they ' ve had a pair of wild caught betta albimarginata that i ' ve had my eye on for a month , but i couldn ' t bring myself to pay 80 bucks for this pair ( they weren ' t the greatest ) . when i went in today the rotting corpse of the female was on the bottom of the 2 gallon tank they were in ( she must have been dead at least three days ) and the male was next . he is painfully thin ( they were trying to feed just flake ) . so although i shouldn ' t have i paid 30 bucks to take the male . i hope some live blackworms and some time in a good sized tank ( the ten gallon ) will whip him back into shape and i can add a touch more wild genes to my stock . i think he was way too expensive for a dying fish ( talked down from 40 ) , but i couldn ' t just leave him there to die . i love these guys too much .
here are some questions i ' ve gotten along the way and my answers . q : how long from when the eggs hatch to the point the male spits out the babies ? i ' m asking because i ' m at the point where i can see the babies wiggling through his gills . a : if you see wriggling when it first starts you ' ve got two to three days till he spits them out . the moment i spot eyeballs i move my male into a breeder net ( not a box , the slots in the boxes are too big and the babies slip out ) . once they are spat out the male will only remember them for a day or so . . . and then they will become lunch . so if you want high yield you need to keep babies and parents apart . i had one male spit out too early and all the babies had egg yolk sacs ( it was his second batch ) so i placed them in a cup of water with java moss and they just laid in the moss , three days later they were free swimming ! if you catch them mating or you notice that one day he eats and the next day he doesn ' t , mark that date on the calandar since that they tend to hold for 12 - 15 days ( although i had one dad hold on for 22 days ) and that way you don ' t have worry about spotting wriggling you can just place them in the breeder net on the 11th day . q : what is their adult size ? a : a little over two inches . q : are these passive betta ? a : yes , in fact they do best in schools . they are peaceful to community fish although a regular betta splendid may beat up on them . q : what is the smallest take size ? a : i have heard of people keeping them in two gallons , i suggest at least 10 for adults . q : do they jump ? a : yup . q : how much do you sell them for ? a : i sell full adult sexed pairs for 45 $ . single adult female for 25 . single adult male for 30 ( so just buy the pair . . . giggle ) . sub - adult unsexed single for 20 $ with discounts on schools of 4 or more . 4 unsexed for 75 , 6 unsexed for 100 .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en
kottelat , m . and ng , p . k . l . 1994 . [ 56 ]
sungei sanul , trib . of sungei tikung , sungei sebuku basin , kalimantan timur , borneo .
cmk 9549 ( 4 ) , mzb 5897 ( 1 ) , rom uncat . ( 1 ) , zrc 35121 - 22 ( 2 )
occurs in forest streams with moderate current , in shallow water ( 5 - 10 cm deep ) in plant roots and leaf litter along the shores . [ 126 ]
latin ; albus meaning white and margo meaning margin in allusion to the white margin on the fins .
last modification submitted by gerald griffin 02 . 10 . 08 ( mm . dd . yy )
eitjes overgeven schitterend , beetje lang maar aan het eind komt er een ander mannetje ff buurten dat is ook mooi om te zien wat er dan gebeurt .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
urltoken
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =
/ manual / evidences
> more . . . < / a > < / p >
help pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .
you are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .
< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the ‘basket’ to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > the annotation score provides a heuristic measure of the annotation content of a uniprotkb entry or proteome . this score < strong > cannot < / strong > be used as a measure of the accuracy of the annotation as we cannot define the ‘correct annotation’ for any given protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / annotation _ score ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this indicates the type of evidence that supports the existence of the protein . note that the ‘protein existence’ evidence does not give information on the accuracy or correctness of the sequence ( s ) displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ existence ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this section provides any useful information about the protein , mostly biological knowledge . < p > < a href = ' / help / function _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
component of the ubiquinol - cytochrome c reductase complex ( complex iii or cytochrome b - c1 complex ) that is part of the mitochondrial respiratory chain . the b - c1 complex mediates electron transfer from ubiquinol to cytochrome c . contributes to the generation of a proton gradient across the mitochondrial membrane that is then used for atp synthesis .
< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system , without manual validation . < / p > < p > < a href =
/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000256
> more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the ‘function’ section provides information relevant to cofactors . a cofactor is any non - protein substance required for a protein to be catalytically active . some cofactors are inorganic , such as the metal atoms zinc , iron , and copper in various oxidation states . others , such as most vitamins , are organic . < p > < a href = ' / help / cofactor ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > the < a href =
urltoken
> gene ontology ( go ) < / a > project provides a set of hierarchical controlled vocabulary split into 3 categories : < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ ontology ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > uniprotkb keywords constitute a < a href =
urltoken
> controlled vocabulary < / a > with a hierarchical structure . keywords summarise the content of a uniprotkb entry and facilitate the search for proteins of interest . < p > < a href = ' / help / keywords ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this section provides information about the protein and gene name ( s ) and synonym ( s ) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / names _ and _ taxonomy _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the < a href =
urltoken
> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides an exhaustive list of all names of the protein , from commonly used to obsolete , to allow unambiguous identification of a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ names ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the < a href =
urltoken
> names and taxonomy < / a > section indicates the name ( s ) of the gene ( s ) that code for the protein sequence ( s ) described in the entry . four distinct tokens exist : ‘name’ , ‘synonyms’ , ‘ordered locus names’ and ‘orf names’ . < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > information which has been imported from another database using automatic procedures . < / p > < p > < a href =
/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000313
> more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the < a href =
urltoken
> names and taxonomy < / a > section indicates if the gene coding for the protein originates from the hydrogenosome , the mitochondrion , the nucleomorph , different plastids or a plasmid . the absence of this section means that the gene is located in one of the main chromosomal element ( s ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / encoded _ on ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the < a href =
urltoken
> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides information on the name ( s ) of the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / organism - name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the < a href =
urltoken
> names and taxonomy < / a > section shows the unique identifier assigned by the ncbi to the source organism of the protein . this is known as the ‘taxonomic identifier’ or ‘taxid’ . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ identifier ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the < a href =
urltoken
> names and taxonomy < / a > section contains the taxonomic hierarchical classification lineage of the source organism . it lists the nodes as they appear top - down in the taxonomic tree , with the more general grouping listed first . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ lineage ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this section provides information on the location and the topology of the mature protein in the cell . < p > < a href = ' / help / subcellular _ location _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the < a href =
urltoken
> ' subcellular location ' < / a > section describes the extent of a membrane - spanning region of the protein . it denotes the presence of both alpha - helical transmembrane regions and the membrane spanning regions of beta - barrel transmembrane proteins . < p > < a href = ' / help / transmem ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain ( s ) present in a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / family _ and _ domains _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the < a href =
urltoken
> family and domains < / a > section describes the position and type of a domain , which is defined as a specific combination of secondary structures organized into a characteristic three - dimensional structure or fold . < p > < a href = ' / help / domain ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system , without manual validation . < / p > < p > < a href =
/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000259
> more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the ‘family and domains’ section provides information about the sequence similarity with other proteins . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ similarities ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry . it also includes information pertinent to the sequence ( s ) , including < a href =
urltoken
> length < / a > and < a href =
urltoken
> molecular weight < / a > . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequences _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the < a href =
urltoken
> sequence < / a > section indicates if the < a href =
urltoken
> canonical sequence < / a > displayed by default in the entry is complete or not . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > the checksum is a form of redundancy check that is calculated from the sequence . it is useful for tracking sequence updates . < / p > < p > it should be noted that while , in theory , two different sequences could have the same checksum value , the likelihood that this would happen is extremely low . < / p > < p > however uniprotkb may contain entries with identical sequences in case of multiple genes ( paralogs ) . < / p > < p > the checksum is computed as the sequence 64 - bit cyclic redundancy check value ( crc64 ) using the generator polynomial : x < sup > 64 < / sup > + x < sup > 4 < / sup > + x < sup > 3 < / sup > + x + 1 . the algorithm is described in the iso 3309 standard . < / p > < p class =
publication
> press w . h . , flannery b . p . , teukolsky s . a . and vetterling w . t . < br / > < strong > cyclic redundancy and other checksums < / strong > < br / > < a href =
urltoken
> numerical recipes in c 2nd ed . , pp896 - 902 , cambridge university press ( 1993 ) < / a > ) < / p >
< p > this subsection of the ‘sequence’ section is used for sequence fragments to indicate that the residue at the extremity of the sequence is not the actual terminal residue in the complete protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / non _ ter ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence ( s ) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds ( 100 % , 90 % and 50 % ) based on their membership in uniprot reference clusters ( < a href =
urltoken
> uniref < / a > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / similar _ proteins _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than uniprotkb . < p > < a href = ' / help / cross _ references _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this section provides general information on the entry . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ information _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section provides a mnemonic identifier for a uniprotkb entry , but it is not a stable identifier . each reviewed entry is assigned a unique entry name upon integration into uniprotkb / swiss - prot . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section provides one or more accession number ( s ) . these are stable identifiers and should be used to cite uniprotkb entries . upon integration into uniprotkb , each entry is assigned a unique accession number , which is called ‘primary ( citable ) accession number’ . < p > < a href = ' / help / accession _ numbers ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section shows the date of integration of the entry into uniprotkb , the date of the last sequence update and the date of the last annotation modification ( ‘last modified’ ) . the version number for both the entry and the < a href =
urltoken
> canonical sequence < / a > are also displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ history ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section indicates whether the entry has been manually annotated and reviewed by uniprotkb curators or not , in other words , if the entry belongs to the swiss - prot section of uniprotkb ( < strong > reviewed < / strong > ) or to the computer - annotated trembl section ( < strong > unreviewed < / strong > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =
/ help / sequence - searches
> more . . < / a > < / p >
we ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe’s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .
to view links or images in signatures your post count must be 10 or greater . you currently have 0 posts .
fry care : albi fry are fairly hardy . however , there are a few things they hate . number one : large water changes . never change more than 10 % of their water , and don ' t change their water for the first month . when i move them from the breeder net to the fry tank i take an airline hose and drip acclimate them to the fry tank for over an hour , after that i float them for fifteen minutes to make sure the temp is the same before moving them . in a perfect world the male would be in the fry tank and you ' d move him and not them . . . but i don ' t have enough tanks to do this . do not use breeding boxes , the slits are too large . use a breeding net . do not raise them in the net , there is not enough circulation and they get caught under the plastic frame and die . my first batch of f1 day one ( note the box . . . i lost nearly this whole batch into the tank ) f1 one week later ( belly full of food ) : f1 three weeks later ( albi grow slow , 4 - 6 months to reach adult ) : f1 five weeks old : f1 two months old : f1 two months old showing male colours :
fry food : i feed live micro / walter / banana worms that i have in one big culture . easy to care for worms , just place them in a container ( with lid ) with some wet oatmeal and a sprinkle of yeast . to collect the worms spray water onto of the oatmeal and sides of container the night before , next morning they will be up on the sides and you can rub them off with a q - tip . i also feed fresh hatched brine shrimp . all live food for a few weeks then i start introducting frozen daphina , and cyclopseze . later crushed micro wafers by hikari . adults / sub - adults get frozen , hikari , and live blackworms . i feed small amounts twice a day .
fry tank : my current fry tank is a bare bottom picotope stuffed with pellia with a few pieces of slate ( they like to hang out on the slate ) . there is a small hob filter with a sponge over the intake .
new born f1 i lost this whole batch to a 50 % water change . learned a hard lesson with that one .
this is what happens if you have too much space for your fry tank . these two are the same age . these guys were in a ten gallon and since these are wait and grab predators they tend to stay in once place and wait for food to come to them . which is why i now raise them in a three gallon till they are 1 / 2 inch .
f2 in a row ! i ' ve since removed the sand . i ' ve made a lot of mistakes along the way , but i ' ve finally gotten to a point where i seem to sort of know what i ' m doing . i currently have 18 fry . five adults . eight sub - adults . i have seven diffrent blood lines from swaping albi with other breeders . in about six months i should be a fully established breeder . i welcome questions ! i spent nearly an hour on the phone with a guy who had just brought home a pair only to find that the male was already holding .
speedie 408 just sent me a pic of a pair of albi that they are breeding . . . that just happen to be my babies ! ebichua let them borrow them for breeding . i ' m so proud .
looks like you ' re getting a really nice setup going ! congrats on all the fry ! and best of luck with that rescued male . . . hopefully he pulls through . i ' d pp any equipment that you put in that tank with him , though . it ' d be horrible if he brought something in that took out any of the rest of your stock .
in order to be able to post messages on the the planted tank forum forums , you must first register . please enter your desired user name , your email address and other required details in the form below .
please enter a password for your user account . note that passwords are case - sensitive .
occurs in forest streams with moderate current , in shallow water ( 5 - 10 cm deep ) in plant roots and leaf litter along the shores .
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !
the most chatters online in one day was 17 , 09 - 12 - 2012 . no one is currently using the chat .
i ' ve macrostoma tastes on a veiltail budget .
if i drew it it ' d look like a monkey eating a horsradish on the moon or something
you need camera help ! ! ! ! they aren ' t much in the looks department .
hahaha , yes i do . but in my defense , they moved . alot . and the fry were sooooo tiny .
it is hard to see , but i love that picture of the two looking out from the cleft in the rocks . their little faces look like turtles !
haha , they are hard to see . very small fish , crappy camera . i do however have a few new shots of some . here is a male showing off . i believe he was flaring or possibly brooding . i cannot remember . two males , establishing dominancy .
lol photographing wild bettas of any species seems nearly impossible . i can never seem to get decent shots of mine . i take 50 pictures and i get two where you can actually see the fish .
in order to be able to post messages on the aquarium forum forums , you must first register . please enter your desired user name , your email address and other required details in the form below .


lachesis acrochorda is a venomous pitviper species found in panama , colombia , ecuador .

it was formerly considered synonym of lachesis stenophrys .

its common name is chocoan bushmaster .

lachesis acrochorda

key words : snake venom , lachesis , lachesis acrochorda , enzyme - linked immunosorbent assay .
snake venomics across genus lachesis . ontogenetic changes in the venom composition of lachesis stenophrys and comparative proteomics of the venoms of adult lachesis melanocephala and lachesis acrochorda .
no one has contributed data records for lachesis acrochorda yet . learn how to contribute .
affinity purification of rabbit igg anti - l . acrochorda without anti - b . asper crossreactivity
the authors thank prof . bruno lomonte ( instituto clodomiro picado , costa rica ) for identification of peaks of lachesis acrochorda venom ( la sf ) .
snake venomics across genus lachesis . ontogenetic changes in the venom composition of lachesis stenophrys and comparative proteomics of the venoms . . . - pubmed - ncbi
the anti - l . acrochorda igg purified by several affinity chromatography steps was highly specific . the sandwich elisa reactivities for known concentrations of l . acrochorda , b . asper , b . schlegelii and p . nasutum whole venoms are shown in figure 1 . concentrations of 2 . 0 ng / ml of l . acrochorda venom gave measurable absorbance signals . no cross - reactivity was observed with other venoms evaluated in the concentration range of 3 . 9 to 1000 ng / ml . ( p < 0 . 01 ) . similar results were observed using b . atrox and c . d . cumanensis venoms ( data not shown ) . higher quantities of l . acrochorda venoms produced dose - dependent absorbance values . similar results were obtained when known concentrations of lachesis venom were put in pooled human serum from healthy individuals ( data not shown ) .
in the present work the specific igg used in the elisa was employed in affinity chromatography to isolate a specific fraction of lachesis acrochorda venom that did not cross - react with b . asper venom ( i . e . la sf ) . the main components present in this fraction were identified as a lectin and a metalloproteinase .
geographical variation in the venom composition of the different lachesis species may explain differences in the frequency and type of clinical features observed ( 8 ) . lachesis genera are frequently distributed in the same regions inhabited by bothrops genus ( 3 ) . the lack of treatment for lachesis bites is still a health problem in some regions , since some clinical observations suggest that bothrops antivenoms are not efficacious at neutralizing lachesis toxins ( 9 ) . thus , as reported by jorge et al . ( 4 ) , patients bitten by lachesis muta muta snakes may die or have persistently incoagulable blood after being treated with bothropic / crotalic antivenoms .
hohmeister , a . ( 2004 ) der zentralamerikanische buschmeister ( lachesis stenophrys cope 1876 ) im terrarium . : reptilia ( münster ) 9 ( 50 ) : 56 - 62
distinguishing between bothrops and lachesis bites depends on the identification of the snake or on enzyme immunoassay diagnosis . enzyme linked immunosorbent assay ( elisa ) is a method that has been demonstrated to be efficient for the detection of snake venom ( 10 , 11 ) . thus , the aim of the present study was to develop an enzymatic immunoassay as a basis for immunodiagnostic envenomations caused by lachesis .
5 . silva j . accidentes humanos por las serpientes de los géneros b othrops y lachesis . mem inst butantan . 1980 / 81 ; 44 - 5 : 403 - 23 . [ links ]
24 . heneine lg , catty d . species - specific detection of venom from snakes of the bothrops and lachesis genera . toxicon . 1993 ; 31 ( 5 ) : 591 - 603 . [ links ]
16 . diniz mr , oliveira eb . purification and properties of a kininogenin from the venom of lachesis muta ( bushmaster ) . toxicon . 1992 ; 30 ( 3 ) : 247 - 58 . [ links ]
envenomations by lachesis spp . are characterized by severe coagulopathy with fibrinogen depletion , edema , hemorrhaging , pain and necrosis which may result in permanent sequelae or even death ( 4 ) . these symptoms are very similar to those of bothrops asper and b . atrox , whereas such distinctive symptoms as profuse sweating , nausea , vomiting , abdominal cramps , diarrhea and hypotension may not be manifested by all victims of lachesis bites ( 4 - 7 ) .
the data were subject to non - parametric statistical analysis . results are presented as mean ± standard error . significant differences between observed absorbance values of l . acrochorda and other venoms were determined by the kruskal - wallis test . a mann - whitney u test was used to determine the detection limit by comparing absorbances at each concentration of all venoms . differences were considered significant at p < 0 . 05 .
15 . aragón - ortíz f , brenes - brenes jr , gubensek f . characterization of a lectin - like protein isolated from lachesis muta snake venom . rev biol trop . 1989 ; 37 ( 1 ) : 79 - 83 . [ links ]
19 . fuly al , de miranda al , zingali rb , guimarães ja . purification and characterization of a phospholipase a 2 isoenzyme isolated from lachesis muta snake venoms . biochem pharmacol . 2002 ; 63 ( 9 ) : 1589 - 97 . [ links ]
colombini et al . ( 14 ) showed considerable antigenic cross - reactivity between b . asper / atrox and lachesi s venoms . however , they showed by using species - specific monoclonal antibodies that some molecules were particular to l . m . muta venom in some regions . several proteins had been reported from lachesis species such as a lectin - like dimer protein , with molecular mass of 28 kda , isolated from l . muta venom ( 15 ) . an acidic kininogenin from lachesis muta venom was purified and shown to be a highly stable serine protease with a molecular mass of 27 . 9 kda , and capable of releasing bradykinin from bovine kininogen ( 16 ) . giovanni - de - simone et al . ( 17 ) isolated a kalikrein - like protein from lachesis muta rhombeata from brazil with a molecular mass of 32 kda . several reports about phospholipases a 2 have been published ( 18 - 20 ) . sanchez et al . ( 21 ) identified a serine proteinase of 33 kda , denoted lv - pa , from lachesis muta muta venom ; this toxin selectively converts plasminogen into plasmin in vitro . lv - pa , detected at the rate of 1 . 5 ng of venom per assay , was used to develop a specific elisa to detect lachesis muta muta venom ( 13 ) .
13 . felicori lf , chavez - olortegui c , sánchez ef . specific identification of lachesis muta muta snake venom using antibodies against the plasminogen activator enzyme , lv - pa . toxicon . 2005 ; 45 ( 6 ) : 803 - 06 . [ links ]
6 . bolaños r , rojas o , ulloa flores ce . biomedical aspects of 4 cases of snake bites by lachesis muta ( ophidia : viperidae ) in costa rica . rev biol trop . 1982 ; 30 ( 1 ) : 53 - 8 . [ links ]
7 . otero r , tobón gs , gómez lf , osorio rg , valderrama r . bites from the bushmaster ( lachesis muta ) in antioquia and chocó , colombia . report of five accidents . toxicon . 1993 ; 31 ( 2 ) : 158 - 9 . [ links ]
14 . colombini m , fernandes i , cardoso df , moura - da - silva am . lachesis muta muta venom : immunological differences compared with bothrops atrox venom and importance of specific antivenom therapy . toxicon . 2001 ; 39 ( 5 ) : 711 - 9 . [ links ]
18 . fuly al , machado ol , alves ew , carlini cr . mechanism of inhibitory action on platelet activation of a phospholipase a 2 isolated from lachesis muta ( bushmaster ) snake venom . thromb haemost . 1997 ; 78 ( 5 ) : 1372 - 80 . [ links ]
11 . chavez - olortegui c , lopes cs , cordeiro fd , granier c , diniz cr . an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay ( elisa ) that discriminates between bothrops atrox and lachesis muta muta venoms . toxicon . 1993 ; 31 ( 4 ) : 417 - 5 . [ links ]
purified igg anti - l . acrochorda - not b . asper was labeled with biotin according to the instructions of the manufacturer ( sigma - aldrich , usa ) . briefly , 2 mg of igg was diluted in 1 ml of carbonate buffer , ph 9 . 6 , and mixed with 100 µl of biotin ( 2 . 2 mg / 1 ml dmso ) . the mixture was incubated at room temperature for four hours . biotin - igg conjugate was separated from free biotin by dialysis against pbs .
plates of 96 wells ( nunc inc . , usa ) were coated overnight at 4ºc with 100 µl of igg per well at 100 µg / ml . the anti - l . acrochorda - not b . asper was diluted in 50 mm carbonate / bicarbonate buffer , ph 9 . 6 . the plates were then washed five times with washing buffer ( pbs ph 7 . 2 : 0 . 12 m nacl , 0 . 04 m sodium phosphate and 0 . 05 % tween 20 ) . the remaining binding sites were blocked with pbs ph 7 . 2 , containing bovine serum albumin 1 % for two hours at 37ºc ( 100 µl / well ) . afterwards , the plates were washed again five times with washing buffer . next , different concentrations ( 2 up to 1000 ng / ml ) of l . acrochorda , b . asper , b . schlegelii and p . nasutum venoms in sample buffer ( pbs and bovine serum albumin 1 % ) were added to the plates ( 100 µl / well ) and incubated for one hour at 37ºc .
4 . jorge mt , sano - martins is , tomy sc , castro sc , ferrari ra , ribeiro la , et al . snakebite by the bushmaster ( lachesis muta ) in brazil : case report and review of the literature . toxicon . 1997 ; 35 ( 4 ) : 545 - 54 . [ links ]
21 . sanchez ef , santos ci , magalhaes a , diniz cr , figueiredo s , gilroy j , et al . isolation of a proteinase with plasminogen - activating activity from lachesis muta muta ( bushmaster ) snake venom . arch biochem biophys . 2000 ; 378 ( 1 ) : 131 - 41 . [ links ]
22 . otero r , furtado mf , gonçalves c , núñez v , garcía me , osorio rg , et al . comparative study of the venoms of three subspecies of lachesis muta ( bushmaster ) from brazil , colombia and costa rica . toxicon . 1998 ; 36 ( 12 ) : 2021 - 7 . [ links ]
snakebite is a common and frequently devastating environmental and occupational pathology , especially in rural areas of tropical developing countries ( 1 ) . according to the national health institute of colombia , 3405 snakebite cases occurred in the country during 2009 , of which 3 . 2 % were induced by verrugoso ( lachesis spp . ) ( 2 ) .
8 . pardal pp , sousa sm , monteiro mr , fan hw , cardoso jl , frança fo , et al . clinical trial of two antivenoms for treatment of bothrops and lachesis bites in the north eastern amazon region of brazil . trans r soc trop med hyg . 2004 ; 98 ( 1 ) : 28 - 42 . [ links ]
20 . damico dc , lilla s , de nucci g , ponce - soto la , winck fv , novello jc , et al . biochemical and enzymatic characterization of two basic asp49 phospholipase a 2 isoforms from lachesis muta muta ( surucucu ) venom . biochim biophys acta . 2005 ; 1726 ( 1 ) : 75 - 86 . [ links ]
23 . sanz l , escolano j , ferretti m , biscoglio mj , rivera e , crescenti ej , et al . snake venomics of the south and central american bushmasters . comparison of the toxin composition of lachesis muta gathered from proteomic versus transcriptomic analysis . j proteomics . 2008 ; 71 ( 1 ) : 46 - 60 . [ links ]
cnbr - activated sepharose 4b was incubated overnight at 4ºc with l . acrochorda venom ( 5 mg / ml gel ) dissolved in 1 ml 0 . 1 m nahco 3 , and 0 . 5 m nacl , ph 8 . 3 ( binding buffer ) . the gel was later treated with 0 . 2 m glycine and incubated at room temperature for two hours . the gel was washed sequentially with binding buffer and 0 . 1 m acetate buffer , ph 4 . 0 . ten milliliters of the prepared affinity matrix was suspended in pbs , ph 7 . 2 , and later packed in a chromatography column ( 12 x 1 . 5 cm ) . previously obtained unbound protein solution was loaded into the column and washed with pbs . the proteins bound to the column were eluted with 0 . 1 m glycine - hcl buffer , ph 3 . 0 . the bound fraction was collected into tubes containing 0 . 5 m tris , ph 8 . 8 ( 0 . 5 ml tris / 4 ml solution ) . the fraction was dialyzed against distilled water , lyophilized , and conserved at - 20ºc until use . this fraction was denominated
igg anti - l . acrochorda - not b . asper
.
9 . bard r , de lima jc , de sa neto rp , de oliveira sg , dos santos mc . inefficacy of bothropic antivenin in the neutralization of the coagulation activity of lachesis muta muta venom . report of a case and experimental confirmation . rev inst med trop são paulo . 1994 ; 36 ( 1 ) : 77 - 81 . [ links ]
17 . giovanni - de - simone s , aguiar as , gimenez ar , novellino k , de moura rs . purification , properties , and n - terminal amino acid sequence of a kallikrein - like enzyme from the venom of lachesis muta rhombeata ( bushmaster ) . j protein chem . 1997 ; 16 ( 8 ) : 809 - 18 . [ links ]
cnbr - activated sepharose 4b was incubated overnight at 4ºc with igg anti - l . acrochorda - not b . asper ( 5 mg / ml gel ) dissolved in 1 ml 0 . 1 m nahco 3 , and 0 . 5 m nacl , ph 8 . 3 ( binding buffer ) . the gel was later treated with 0 . 2 m glycine and incubated at room temperature for two hours . the gel was washed sequentially with binding buffer and 0 . 1 m acetate buffer , ph 4 . 0 . ten milliliters of the prepared affinity matrix was suspended in phosphate buffer ( 0 . 02 m pbs ph 7 . 2 ) and later packed in a chromatography column ( 12 x 1 . 5 cm ) . the venom of l . acrochorda ( 20 mg / 2 ml ) was loaded in the column and washed with pbs . proteins bound to column were eluted with of 0 . 1 m glycine - hcl , buffer ph 3 . 0 . the bound fraction was collected into tubes containing 0 . 5 m tris ph 8 . 8 ( 0 . 5 ml tris / 4 ml solution ) . the fraction was dialyzed against distillated water , lyophilized , and conserved at - 20ºc until use . this fraction was denominated
l . achrochorda specific fraction
( la sf ) .
one rabbit ( female 1 . 8 to 2 kg body mass ) was subcutaneously ( sc ) immunized with 1 ml containing 0 . 5 mg / ml of the l . acrochorda venom emulsified in complete freund ' s adjuvant . after 20 days , the animal was sc injected with 1 . 0 mg / ml of venom in incomplete freund ' s adjuvant . two venom boosters of 2 . 0 and 3 . 0 mg , each diluted in incomplete freund ' s adjuvant , were injected at 20 - day intervals . blood was collected from the rabbit one day before immunization ( preimmune sera ) and ten days after the last booster dose . the serum was separated and stored at - 20ºc until use .
hyperimmune sera produced against l . acrochorda venom were used for the purification of rabbit igg by means of a protein a sepharose column ( amersham biosciences ab , sweden ) . three milliliters of rabbit hyperimmunized sera was loaded into the column . the column was washed with 0 . 12 m nacl , 0 . 04 m sodium phosphate and ph 7 . 2 buffer ( pbs ) . the bound protein was eluted with 0 . 1 m glycine - hcl buffer , ph 3 . 0 . the fraction containing total igg was collected into tubes containing 0 . 5 m tris , ph 8 . 8 ( 0 . 5 ml tris / 4 ml solution ) . the fraction was dialyzed against pbs , and conserved at 4ºc until use .
plates were washed five times with washing buffer , and then 100 µl / well of biotinylated ig g anti - l . acrochorda - not b . asper ( diluted in sample buffer 1 : 100 ) was added and incubated for one hour at 37ºc . after washing , streptavidine ( sigma , usa ) diluted in sample buffer ( 1 : 1000 ) was added and incubated for one hour at 37ºc . immediately after washing , 100 µl / well of abts ( sigma , usa ) diluted in citrate 0 . 1 m , ph 5 . 0 , containing 30 % hydrogen peroxide was added and incubated for 30 minutes at 37ºc while protected from light . subsequently , the absorbance was obtained at 405 nm in an elisa plate reader ( awareness technology , usa ) . serum samples from people not bitten were included as controls . the assay was repeated six times in duplicate .
the number of species increased from 10 , 711 to 10 , 793 , i . e . an increase of 82 species . 66 new species have been described , 9 species have been revalidated from synonymy and 16 subspecies were elevated to full species . . .
over the past 4 months , the number of species increased from 10 , 639 to 10 , 711 .
the number of species has grown from 10 , 544 in the may release to now 10 , 639 ( + 95 species ) .
overall , 212 new taxa have been added or changed their status or name .
the reptile database is a taxonomic database that provides basic information about all living reptile species , such as turtles , snakes , lizards , and crocodiles , as well as tuataras and amphisbaenians , but does not include dinosaurs .
currently there are more than 10 , 000 species and an additional 2 , 700 subspecies . this is making reptiles the largest vertebrate group after fish ( ~ 25 , 000 species ) and birds ( ~ 10 , 000 species ) , and significantly larger than mammals ( ~ 5 , 000 species ) or amphibians ( ~ 6 , 000 species ) .
the reptile database provides taxonomic information for the catalogue of life and the encyclopedia of life . our taxonomic information has also been used by genbank and many other resources and is the only comprehensive reptile database on the web .
the reptile database can be used to find all species within a certain geographic area ( e . g . all snakes of egypt ) . its collection of more than 2 , 500 images allow users to identify a species or at least get an idea how the species or genus may look like . more than 30 , 000 references provide a guide to further information .
this database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
warning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .
madrigal m 1 , sanz l , flores - díaz m , sasa m , núñez v , alape - girón a , calvete jj .
instituto clodomiro picado , facultad de microbiología , universidad de costa rica , san josé , costa rica .
format summary genbank genbank ( full ) fasta asn . 1 xml insdseq xml tinyseq xml feature table accession list gi list gff3
finds sub - sequences or patterns in the sequence and highlights the matching regions . the tool works with standard single letter nucleotide or protein codes including ambiguities and can match prosite patterns in protein sequences . more . . .
finds sub - sequence or patterns in the sequence and highlights the matching region . the tool works with standard single letter nucleotide or protein codes including ambiguities and can match prosite patterns in protein sequences . more . . .
< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =
/ manual / evidences
> more . . . < / a > < / p >
help pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .
you are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .
< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the ‘basket’ to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =
/ help / sequence - searches
> more . . < / a > < / p >
we ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe’s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .
b . asper venom was coupled to cnbr activated sepharose 4b . for this , cnbr - activated sepharose 4b ( amersham biosciences ab , sweden ) was incubated overnight at 4ºc with b . asper venom ( 5 mg / ml gel ) dissolved in 1 ml 0 . 1 m nahco 3 , and 0 . 5 m nacl , ph 8 . 3 ( binding buffer ) . the gel was later treated with 0 . 2 m glycine and incubated at room temperature for two hours . the gel was washed sequentially with binding buffer and 0 . 1 m acetate buffer , ph 4 . 0 . ten milliliters of the prepared affinity matrix was suspended in pbs , ph 7 . 2 , and later packed in a chromatography column ( 12 x 1 . 5 cm ) . the fraction of total igg was loaded into the column and washed with pbs . unbound protein was collected with pbs , ph 7 . 2 . the fraction was dialyzed against pbs , and conserved at 4ºc until use .
the whole venoms or the fraction la sf was analyzed by sds - polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis ( sds - page ) using 12 % acrylamide gels ( 12 ) . respective samples of 40 µg were separated under non - reducing conditions and the gels were stained with coomassie brilliant blue r - 250 . molecular weight markers were run in parallel .
two milligrams of the fraction la - sf was dissolved in 200 µl of 0 . 1 % trifluoroacetic acid ( tfa ) , centrifuged for five minutes at 13 , 000 rpm , and loaded into a c 18 column ( 250 x 4 . 6 mm , 5 µm particle ; teknokroma , spain ) using an agilent 1200 chromatograph ( usa ) . elution was performed at 1 ml / minute by applying a gradient towards solution b ( acetonitrile , containing 0 . 1 % tfa ) as follows : 5 % b for five minutes , 5 - 15 % b for ten minutes , 15 - 45 % for 60 minutes , and 4570 % b for 12 minutes . absorbance was monitored at 215 nm , and fractions were manually collected and dried in a vacuum centrifuge ( savant , usa ) for subsequent characterization .
the major fractions obtained were separated by sds - page under reducing conditions , using 12 % gels . protein bands were excised from coomassie blue r - 250 - stained gels and subjected to reduction with dithiothreitol and alkylation with iodoacetamide . this was followed by in - gel digestion with sequencing grade bovine trypsin on an automated processor ( progest digilab , usa ) , according to the manufacturer ' s instructions . the resulting peptide mixtures were analyzed by maldi - tof - tof mass spectrometry on an applied biosystems 4800 - plus instrument ( usa ) . the resulting spectra were analyzed using proteinpilot v . 4 ( absciex , usa ) to identify proteins using the uniprot / swissprot database ( 20100622 ) and the paragon ® algorithm method , at a confidence level of 99 % .
2 . heredia m . informe anual de accidente ofídico . instituto nacional de salud . colombia : sivigila - subdirección de vigilancia y control en salud pública ; 2009 . [ links ]
3 . campbell ja , lamar ww . the venomous reptiles of the western hemisphere . ithaca , ny : cornell university press ; 2004 . 436 - 47 p . [ links ]
10 . theakston rd . the application of immunoassay techniques , including enzyme - linked immunosorbent assay ( elisa ) , to snake venom research . toxicon . 1983 ; 21 ( 3 ) : 341 - 52 . [ links ]
12 . laemmli uk . cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage t4 . nature . 1970 ; 227 ( 5259 ) : 680 - 5 . [ links ]
25 . brunda g , sashidhar rb , sarin rk . use of egg yolk antibody ( igy ) as an immunoanalytical tool in the detection of indian cobra ( naja naja naja ) venom in biological samples of forensic origin . toxicon . 2006 ; 48 ( 2 ) : 183 - 94 . [ links ]
correspondence to : vitelbina nuñez rangel programa de ofidismo / escorpionismo , universidad de antioquia medellín , colombia phone : 574 219 65 35 email : vitelbina . nunez @ urltoken .
received : september 8 , 2011 . accepted : december 20 , 2011 . abstract published online : january 25 , 2012 . full paper published online : may 31 , 2012 . conflicts of interest : the authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest . financial source : universidad de antioquia ( codi project ) , and colciencias ( project 1115 - 459 - 21441 and programa de jóvenes investigadores ) provided the financial grants for this project . ethics committee approval : the present study was approved by the ethics committee of antioquia university , medellin , colombia .
caixa postal 577 18618 - 000 botucatu sp brazil tel . / fax : + 55 14 3814 - 5555 | 3814 - 5446 | 3811 - 7241 jvat @ urltoken
our website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .
campbell , jonathan a . and william w . lamar ( 2004 ) the venomous reptiles of the western hemisphere , 2 vols . : comstock ( cornell university press ) , ithaca , ny , 962 pp . [ review in science 305 : 182 ]
carrera , c . et al . ( 2009 ) guía de campo de los pequeños vertebrados del distrito metropolitano de quito ( dmq ) . : publicación miscelánea n° 5 . serie de publicaciones del museo ecuatoriano de ciencias naturales ( mecn ) – fondo ambiental del mdmq . 1 - 89 pp . imprenta nuevo arte . quito - ecuador .
castro , f . ; ayerbe , s . ; calderón , j . j . & cepeda , b . ( 2005 ) nuevo registro para colombia de bothrocophias campbelli y notas sobre b . colombianus y b . myersi ( serpentes : viperidae ) . : novedades colombianas 8 ( 1 ) : 57 - 64
castro - herrera , f . & vargas - salinas , f . ( 2008 ) anfibios y reptiles en el departamento del valle del cauca , colombia . : biota colombiana 9 ( 2 ) : 251 - 277
garcia , e . ( 1896 ) los ofidios venenosos del cauca . métodos empíricos y racionales empleados contra los accidentes producidos por la mordedura de esos reptiles . : cali : librería colombiana , xv + 102 pp .
general shape very large in length , moderately stout bodied snake with a short tail and laterally compressed tail spine . can grow to a maximum of over 3 . 00 metres . head is somewhat broad and elliptical when viewed from above and distinct from neck . eyes are moderately small with vertically elliptical pupils . snout not elevated . dorsal scales are broad with rounded apices and lack apical pits . mid dorsals have prominent knob - like keels , the height of these keels decrease laterally with the first 3 to 5 scale rows being smooth . distal 13 to 18 subcaudals finely divided into 4 or 5 rows of spine - like scales .
habitat elevations up to about 1600 metres in tropical moist to tropical wet forest .
description : first aid for bites by viperid snakes likely to cause significant local injury at the bite site ( see listing in comments section ) .
treatment summary bites likely to cause major local & systemic effects , require urgent assessment & treatment . admit all cases . antivenom important therapy . iv fluids important , avoid hypovolaemic shock .
general approach to management all cases should be treated as urgent & potentially lethal . rapid assessment & commencement of treatment including appropriate antivenom ( if indicated & available ) is mandatory . admit all cases .
antivenom therapy antivenom is the key treatment for systemic envenoming . multiple doses may be required .
address : calzada de tlalpan no . 4687 toriello guerra c . p . 14050 mexico , d . f . ,
( cc by - sa 3 . 0 ) , or the attribution - noncommerical - sharealike
( cc by - nc - sa 3 . 0 ) , or the attribution - share alike
( gpl3 . 0 ) , or in the public domain ( pd ) , as shown in the caption to the image displayed on www . toxinology . com .
copyright 2001 - 2018 toxinology , wch . all rights reserved . best viewed in 800x600 resolution or higher .