glyceridae is a family of polychaete worms .

they are commonly referred to as beak-thrower worms or bloodworms .

they are bright red , segmented , aquatic worms .

the proboscis worm glycera is sometimes called bloodworm .

the glyceridae are ferocious epi - and infaunal polychaetes that prey upon small invertebrates .

they are errant burrowers that build galleries of interconnected tubes to aid in catching their prey .

glyceridae

keywords : glyceridae , glycera , hemipodia , new species , new occurrence , brazil .
palavras - chave : glyceridae , glycera , hemipodia , espécie nova , nova ocorrência , brasil .
goniadidae , glyceridae and nephtyidae , comparison of specific characteristics in the genus hemipodus , p . 81
savigny , 1818 ( polychaeta : glyceridae ) en la península ibérica . clave taxonómica y nuevos datos sobre
goniadidae , glyceridae and nephtyidae , comparison of specific characteristics in the genus hemipodus , p . 81 .
goniadidae , glyceridae and nephtyidae , comparison of specific characteristics in the genus hemipodus , p . 81 | dpla
savigny , 1818 ( annelida : polychaeta : glyceridae ) . ophelia 54 ( 1 ) : 29 - 49 .
böggemann , m . 2002 . revision of the glyceridae grube 1850 ( annelida : polychaeta ) . abh . senckenberg . naturforsch . ges . 555 : 1 - 249 .
the results of the cladistic analysis support a sister group relationship between goniadidae and glyceridae . both taxa are monophyletic as well as the three genera glycera , glycerella and hemipodia within the glycerids .
böggemann , m . ( 2002 ) . revision of the glyceridae grube 1859 ( annelida : polychaeta ) . abhandlungen der senckenbergischen naturforschenden gesellschaft . 555 : 1 - 249 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
the marine proboscis worm glycera ( class polychaeta , family glyceridae ) is sometimes called bloodworm . g . dibranchiata is found along the eastern coast of north america . it grows to 37 centimetres ( about 15 inches ) in length .
hartman , o . 1938 . descriptions of new species and new generic records of polychaetous annelids from california of the families glyceridae , eunicidae , stauronereididae and opheliidae . univ . calif . pub . zool . , 43 : 93 - 112 .
read , g . ; fauchald , k . ( ed . ) ( 2018 ) . world polychaeta database . glyceridae grube , 1850 . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 952 on 2018 - 07 - 09
o ' connor , b . d . s . 1987 . the glyceridae ( polychaeta ) of the north atlantic and mediterranean , with descriptions of two new species . j . nat . hist . 21 ( 1 ) : 167 - 189 .
rizzo , a . e . & steiner , t . m 2006 . família glyceridae . in : manual de identificação dos invertebrados marinhos da região sudeste - sul do brasil . 1 ed . são paulo : editora da universidade de são paulo , 2006 , v . 1 : 165 - 172 .
gilbert , k . 1984 . family glyceridae grube , 1850 . in taxonomic guide to the polychaetes of the northern gulf of mexico ( j . m . uebelacker & p . g . johnson ) . vittor & associates , inc . mobile , alabama , p . 32 - 1 to 32 - 26 .
more than 4000 specimens from all over the world were studied and measured , and the 42 valid species are described and illustrated in detail . a list of all taxa together with their synonyms and an identification key for all glyceridae known to this date are also presented . addionally all available biological and ecological data from the literature are listed .
o estudo sistemático das espécies da família glyceridae é parte de um amplo programa de inventariamento e determinação de parâmetros abióticos para conservação e uso sustentável da biodiversidade marinha ao largo da costa sudeste e sul do brasil . o material estudado foi coletado desde a região entremarés de praias arenosas até a plataforma interna ( < 50 m prof . ) na costa norte de são paulo , e da plataforma externa ao talude superior ( profundidades entre 60 e 808 m ) desde a costa sul do rio de janeiro até a o sul do rio grande do sul ( 22° s - 34° 40 ' s ) . as descrições de algumas espécies foram ampliadas , com a adição de novos e importantes caracteres taxonômicos , principalmente relacionados às papilas proboscidiais . uma chave de identificação para as espécies de glicerídeos da região sudeste e sul do brasil é fornecida . oito espécies de glyceridae foram identificadas : glycera americana leidy 1855 ; glycera brevicirris grube 1870 ; glycera dibranchiata ehlers 1868 ; glycera lapidum quatrefages 1866 ; glycera oxycephala ehlers 1887 ; glycera tesselata grube 1863 ; hemipodia californiensis ( hartman 1938 ) ; hemipodia simplex ( grube 1857 ) ; além de uma espécie previamente desconhecida de glycera .
the aim of this study is to describe and illustrate species of glyceridae that were collected during projects to develop essential information for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity off the brazilian coast . eight species of glycerids were identified : glycera americana leidy 1855 ; glycera brevicirris grube 1870 ; glycera dibranchiata ehlers 1868 ; glycera lapidum quatrefages 1866 ; glycera oxycephala ehlers 1887 ; glycera tesselata grube 1863 ; hemipodia californiensis ( hartman 1938 ) and hemipodia simplex ( grube 1857 ) . a new species , glycera boeggemanni , is described and keys for identification of the species of glycera and hemipodia from this region are supplied .
fauchald , k . ( 1977 ) . the polychaete worms , definitions and keys to the orders , families and genera . natural history museum of los angeles county : los angeles , ca ( usa ) , science series . 28 : 1 - 188 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
long , slender worms with numerous segments , appearing even more numerous because they are further subdivided by annular constrictions . the body is rounded throughout , often red , pink , or flushed with pink anteriorly . the anterior end bears small , elongated , tapering and multiannulate
glycerids are carnivores burrowing actively in clean or muddy sand . when swimming , the body is thrown into spiral undulations ; they may coil up tightly when disturbed . some species deliver a bite , which is said to resemble a bee - sting .
fauchald , k . & g . rouse , 1997 . polychaete systematics : past and present . zoologica scripta , 26 ( 2 ) : 71 - 138 .
hayward , p . j . & j . s . ryland , 1990 . the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe . clarendon press , oxford .
uschakov , p . v . , 1955 . polychaete worms of the far - eastern seas of the ussr . keys to the fauna of the ussr , 56 : 1 - 443 .
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instituto de biologia  ib , zoologia , universidade estadual de campinas  unicamp , cp 6109 , cep 13083 - 970 , campinas , sp , brazil , e - mail : tatims @ urltoken , http : / / www . ib . urltoken /
taxonomic studies of several species of glycera and hemipodia ( = hemipodus ) from the brazilian coast have been carried out by nonato & luna ( 1970 ) , orensanz & gianuca ( 1974 ) , rullier & amoureux ( 1979 ) , nonato ( 1981 ) , and lana ( 1984 ) . in addition , amaral & nonato ( 1996 ) published keys for identification of families and genera of polychaetes from brazil and amaral et al . ( 2006a ) a catalogue of polychaete species from brazil . until now , 17 species and all three genera are mentioned for the brazilian coast , but some of them were synonymized by böggemann ( 2002 ) .
the examined material are from different programs , sampled in southern and southeastern brazil ( 22° s  34°40 ' s ) :
fauna de praia
( sandy beach fauna ) , in the intertidal zone of 13 beaches along the são sebastião channel ( state of são paulo ) ;
revizee / score sul bentos
( program of available of the sustainable potential of the living resources of the exclusive economic zone - eez ) , in depths from 60 to 808 m , between ilha grande bay ( rio de janeiro state ) and tramandaí city ( rio grande do sul state ) ; and
biota / fapesp - bentos marinho
( benthic marine biodiversity in the state of são paulo ) , in intertidal sandy beaches and rocky shores and non - consolidated sublittoral ( 50 m depth ) , in the northern são paulo state . the specific methodology to each program can be found , respectively , in amaral et al . ( 2003 ) , amaral et al . ( 2004 ) and amaral et al . ( 2006b ) .
the nomenclature used for taxonomic features is based on böggemann ( 2002 ) . semipermanent slides were mounted with a substance containing glycerin as the main component . measurements and line drawings were made using zeiss optical microscopy and stereomicroscopy . scanning electron microscope observations were made at the laboratório de microscopia eletrônica , instituto de biologia , universidade estadual de campinas ( unicamp ) , with jeol jsm - 5800 lv ® equipment , after osmium washing , alcohol battery , critical - point drying with balzers cpd 30 ® ( 37 °c temperature and 70 urltoken 2 pressure ) equipment and coating with 44 nm gold . the material examined was deposited at the museu de história natural ( mhn - unicamp ) under the abbreviations zuec - bpo ar or zuec - bpo st . others abbreviations used in the material examined : vfs ( very fine sand ) , fs ( fine sand ) , cs ( coarse sand ) .
additional material from bmnh ( the natural history museum , london , uk ) , hzm ( zoologisches institut und zoologisches museum der universität hamburg , germany ) , smf ( senckenbergmuseum , frankfurt am main , germany ) , ssm ( swedish museum of natural history , sweden ) , zmb ( museum für naturkunde der humboldt universität zu berlin , germany ) , zmuc ( zoological museum , university of copenhagen , denmark ) was examined as well .
1 . mid - body chaetigers with two prechaetal and one postchaetal lobes ; branchiae absent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - mid - body chaetigers with two prechaetal and two postchaetal lobes ; branchiae present or absent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2 . prechaetal lobes of about same length ; ailerons with slightly arched bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . glycera oxycephala - notopodial prechaetal lobes distinctly shorter than neuropodial lobes ; ailerons with slight dent in pointed triangular bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . glycera lapidum
3 . ailerons with deeply incised bases ; branchiae absent ; digitiform proboscideal papillae ( type 1 ) ( figure 4d ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - ailerons with triangular or rounded triangular bases ; branchiae present , conical proboscideal papillae ( type 1 ) ( figure 1b ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4 . papillae ( type 1 ) with straight , median , longitudinal ridge only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . glycera tesselata - papillae ( type 1 ) with 6 - 20 transverse ridges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . glycera brevicirris
5 . one retractile branchia per parapodium ; ailerons with triangular bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 - two branchiae per parapodium ( situated dorsally and ventrally on parapodial bases ) ; ailerons with rounded triangular bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . glycera dibranchiata
6 . papillae ( type 1 ) with 2 ridges ; branchiae bush - like . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . glycera americana - papillae ( type 1 ) with 5 - 6 ridges ; branchiae with up to six rami . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . glycera boeggemanni
glycera americana leidy 1855 : 147 - 148 , pl . 11 , figs . 49 - 50 ; nonato & luna 1970 : 71 - 72 , fig . 26 ; orensanz & gianuca 1974 : 11 ; nonato 1981 : 103 - 104 ( unpublished thesis ) ; temperini 1981 : 28 - 29 ( unpublished thesis ) ; lana 1984 : 92 - 94 , figs . 84 - 85 ( unpublished thesis ) ; böggemann 2002 : 65 - 66 , figs . 88 - 90 .
type material : glycera heteropoda hartmann - schröder 1962 , holotype , hzm p - 15330 , chile , penco , 2 . i . 1958 ; glycera jucunda kinberg 1865 , syntype , ssm type 6042 , brazil , rio de janeiro harbor , r / v eugenie 1851 - 53 , 7 . 28 m ; syntype , ssm type 6043 , brazil , rio de janeiro harbor , r / v eugenie 1851 - 53 , 7 . 28 m ; glycera laevis kinberg 1865 , syntype , ssm type 6030 , brazil , cabo frio , 22° 30 ' s and 40° 55 ' w , r / v eugenie 1851 - 53 , 36 - 55 m ; syntype , ssm type 6031 , brazil , cabo frio , 22° 30 ' and s 40° 55 ' w , r / v eugenie 1851 - 53 , 36 - 55 m ; syntype , ssm type 6040 , brazil , cabo frio , 22° 30 ' s and 40° 55 ' w , r / v eugenie 1851 - 53 , 36 - 55 m ; syntype , ssm type 6041 , brazil , cabo frio , 22° 30 ' s and 40° 55 ' w , r / v eugenie 1851 - 53 , 36 - 55 m .
description ( based on additional material ) : complete specimens measuring from 110 to 230 mm long , 0 . 6 to 3 . 8 mm wide , with 51 - 257 chaetigers . coloration yellowish . brown pigment may be present on prostomial rings , lobes and parapodial cirri . conical prostomium with 9 - 12 rings ( figure 1a , f ) ; two specimens ( ar 497 ) with prostomium longer than in others . nuchal organs dorsolaterally on basal ring . proboscideal papillae of two types ( figure 1g ) : type 1 . numerous conical papillae anteriorly smooth , posteriorly with two u - shaped ridges ( figure 1b , i ) and type 2 . isolated , broader papillae without ridges ( figure 1c , j ) . aileron with triangular base , interramal plate present ( figure 1d ) . branchiae retractile , bush - like when completely developed and everted , starting from about 15 th to 26 th parapodia and located dorsally on posterior side of parapodial bases ( figure 1e , h ) . mid - body segments bi - annulate . first two parapodia uniramous , with a prechaetal and a postchaetal lobe . following parapodia biramous with two triangular to digitiform prechaetal lobes of about same length , and two shorter postchaetal lobes , anteriorly rounded , posteriorly triangular , of about same length or neuropodial slightly shorter than notopodial ( figure 1e , h ) . dorsal cirrus from third parapodium , conical to oval , inserted on body wall slightly above parapodial base . ventral cirrus from first parapodium , triangular to digitiform , slightly shorter than postchaetal lobes , in posterior parapodia slender to elongated ( figure 1e , h ) . last parapodia short and slender . pygidial cirrus elongated , as long as last ten parapodia . simple capillary notochaetae and compound spinigerous neurochaetae .
remarks : the specimens examined by böggemann ( 2002 ) have branchiae located in more anterior chaetigers , between 7 and 22 . glycera cirrata grube 1857 [ partim ] , glycera laevis kinberg 1865 , glycera jucunda kinberg 1865 , glycera edentata hansen 1882 , and glycera incerta hansen 1882 described from specimens collected off rio de janeiro were synonymized under glycera americana by böggemann ( 2002 ) . this species has been recorded off the brazilian coast mainly in ecological studies ( amaral et al . 2006a ) , and it has been often mistaken for other congeneric species .
distribution : atlantic coasts of north and south america , pacific coasts of south america ; brazil ( alagoas , sergipe , rio de janeiro , são paulo , paraná and rio grande do sul ) . from intertidal region to 120 m depth ; in this study , g . americana was collected from 5 . 3 to 157 m .
type material : holotype zuec bpo - ar581 ( 23° 44 . 154 ' s and 45° 02 . 007 ' w , caraguatatuba , sta . 21i , 22 . iv . 2001 , 36 . 1 m ) ; paratype zuec bpo - ar496 ( 23° 53 . 026 ' s and 45° 30 . 386 ' w , são sebastião , sta . 28i , 17 . v . 2001 , 25 . 6 m ) .
remarks : glycera boeggemanni n . sp . differs from glycera robusta ehlers 1868 , its nearest species , mainly in possessing branchiae retractile , up to six branchial rami , in g . boeggemanni n . sp . , whereas in g . robusta the branchiae are non - retractile , blister - like ; in both species branchiae are located at base on the parapodia . glycera boeggemanni n . sp . is found in southwest atlantic , and g . robusta in the western and eastern pacific ocean .
distribution : brazil ( são paulo : caraguatatuba and são sebastião ) . from 25 to 36 m depth .
etymology : the species is named after markus böggemann , because of his important work and publications on polychaetes , especially glycerids .
glycera brevicirris grube 1870 : 61 - 62 ; böggemann 2002 : 44 - 47 , figs . 34 - 36
type material : glycera brevicirris , syntype , zmb q . 4304 , coll . grube .
additional material : 1 specimen : sta . 6652 , 25° 51 ' 04
s and 45° 47 ' 30
w , 206 m , 15 . xii . 1997 ( zuec bpo - ar20 , preserved for sem ) .
distribution : western and eastern atlantic , gulf of mexico , caribbean sea , red sea , indian ocean , indo - pacific , central pacific basin , east pacific coasts . this study enlarges the distribution of this species , whose southern limit was the gulf of mexico , to south america ( brazil , são paulo ) . from intertidal zone to 1118 m ( böggemann 2002 ) ; in this study , g . brevicirris occurred at 206 m .
glycera dibranchiata ehlers 1868 : 670 - 702 , pl . 24 , figs . 1 , 3 - 8 , 10 - 28 ; böggemann 2002 : 53 - 54 , figs . 58 - 60 .
remarks : the branchiae of specimen zuec - bpo - st111 did not present the fibrous muscular appearance of other specimens ; rather , each branchia had a large number of gametes , with the lower branchia almost more inflated ( figure 8 f ) . in some parapodia of this specimen , the branchiae were empty , only the external cuticle remaining . the beginning of the branchiae did not vary much , besides the size differences of the specimens . böggemann ( 2002 ) mentioned 14 - 17 prostomial rings , branchiae starting from parapodium 13 to 21 , and conical proboscideal papillae of type 1 with 4 - 8 ridges , and of type 2 with 3 - 6 ridges . a small specimen had the aileron with the outer ramus more curved ( figure 6d ) .
distribution : western and eastern coasts of north and central america and coast of southern brazil ( são paulo ) . from intertidal zone to 403 m ; in this study , g . dibranchiata was found from the intertidal zone to 24 m .
glycera lapidum quatrefages 1866 : 187 - 188 ; parra et al . 1995 : 57 ; böggemann 2002 : 37 - 40 , figs . 19 - 21 .
distribution : mainly in temperate zones and sometimes in tropical seas . this is the first record of this species in brazil ( from são paulo to rio grande do sul ) ; it had been previously recorded in the south atlantic ( argentina ) . from intertidal to 3947 m depth ; in this study , g . lapidum occurred from 60 to 500 m .
glycera oxycephala ehlers 1887 : 121 - 123 , pl . 41 , figs . 7 - 11 ; parra et al . 1995 : 53 - 59 , figs 1 - 3 ; böggemann 2002 : 40 - 41 , figs . 22 - 24 .
glycera cf . oxycephala lana 1984 : 94 - 95 , figs . 86 - 87 .
material examined : 18 specimens : sta . 6658 , 25° 11 ' 89
s and 47° 08 ' 09
w , 157 m , 16 . xii . 1997 ( zuec - bpo - ar17 , 11 ) ; sta . 6672 , 26° 27 ' 75
s and 44° 30 ' 351
w , 165 m , 11 . i . 1998 ( zuec - bpo - ar18 , 1 ) ; sta . 123i , 23° 29 ' 101
s and 44° 59 ' 171
w , 24 . 9 m , amf ( zuec - bpo - ar515 , 1 ) ; sta . 209i , 23° 46 ' 731
s and 45° 13 ' 790
w , 12 m , af ( zuec - bpo - ar521 , 1 ) ; sta . 206i , 23° 34 ' 936
s and 45° 16 ' 764
w , 3 m , am ( zuec - bpo - ar525 , 1 ) ; sta . 167i , 23° 31 ' 220
s and 44° 54 ' 718
w , 44 . 5 m , am ( zuec - bpo - ar528 , 1 ) ; sta . 45i , 23° 22 ' 420
s and 44° 53 ' 135
w , 12 m , af ( zuec - bpo - ar591 , 1 ) ; no number , paranaguá bay , sta . 6110b ( 1 ) .
additional material : south africa , lambert ' s bay st . lam . 26 , 32° 04 . 90 ' s , 18° 17 . 50 ' e , 18 . i . 1957 , 27 m , sand with shells and rocks ( bmnh 1963 . 1 . 79 , 1 ) ; kuwait , salimiyah and mena abdullah , intertidal , sand ( bmnh 1971 . 45 , 1 )
distribution : in temperate zones and tropical seas ; brazil ( são paulo and paraná ) . from intertidal zone to 2951 m depth ; in this study , g . oxycephala occurred between 3 to 165 m .
glycera tesselata grube 1863 : 41 - 42 , pl . 4 , figs 4 , 4a ; böggemann 2002 : 47 - 48 , figs 37 - 39 .
type material : glycera tesselata , syntype , zmb q . 4339 , neresine , lussin piccolo , croatia , grube coll .
additional material : 17 specimens : sta . 6763 , 23° 08 ' 07
s , 41° 00 ' 84
w , 101 m , 1 . iii . 1998 ( zuec - bpo - ar563 , 1 ) ; zmb q . 4340 ( italy , lesina , 15 ) ; zmb 6560 ( bismarck archipelago , ralun , 24 . xi . 1896 , 1 ) .
remarks : böggemann ( 2002 ) mentioned 8 - 9 prostomial rings , branchiae absent , and digitiform proboscideal papillae with straight , median , longitudinal ridge . it differs from g . brevicirris , the other congeneric species found in brazil , in the digitiform proboscideal papillae ; g . tesselata has only one straight , median , longitudinal ridge , whereas g . brevicirris has about 6 - 20 transverse ridges . our specimen has a dorsal cirrus near the parapodial base , differing from that mentioned by böggemann ( 2002 : 48 ) for this species , i . e . , inserted on the body wall far from the parapodial base mainly on anterior part of the body .
distribution : northwestern and northeastern atlantic , gulf of mexico , caribbean sea , mediterranean sea , red sea , south coasts of africa , indo - pacific , northwestern pacific . this is the first occurrence of the species in brazil ( rio de janeiro ) . from 2 to 4066 m depth ; in this study , g . tesselata occurred at 101 m .
1 . proboscideal papillae of type 1 digitiform with up to 9 - 40 ridges ; all dorsal and ventral cirri rounded to oval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . hemipodia californiensis - proboscideal papillae of type 1 conical only with straight , median , longitudinal ridge ; oval ventral cirri on anterior and median chaetigers , elongated and conical cirri on posterior chaetigers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . hemipodia simplex
hemipodus olivieri orensanz & gianuca 1974 : 11 - 13 , figs 5 , 8 and 9 ; lana 1984 : 91 , figs 82 - 83 .
remarks : böggemann ( 2002 ) mentioned 8 - 10 prostomial rings , proboscideal papillae of type 1 with 9 - 40 ridges , and of type 2 with 7 - 15 ridges . according to böggemann ( 2002 ) , hemipodus olivieri orensanz & gianuca 1974 is synonymous with hemipodia californiensis . this species is similar to hemipodia pustatula ( friedrich 1956 ) in relation to the proboscideal papillae and anterior parapodia . however , h . pustatula has the prechaetal lobe of the posterior chaetiger much more slender and thinner , and the ventral cirrus slender , triangular to digitiform and longer than the postchaetal lobe . besides this , h . pustatula has a small digitate distal process on the prechaetal lobes starting from the mid - body ; such a process is absent in h . californiensis . the smallest specimen examined here is in agreement with the description of juveniles of h . olivieri ( = h . californiensis ) . the largest specimens described by these authors ( 115 mm long ) correspond to the adults described here , but the prechaetal lobes on posterior chaetigers are slightly longer in our specimens . this difference may be due to specimen sizes , because the smaller the specimen , the more elongated is the prechaetal lobe . the same appears to be true for the rings of the proboscideal papillae ; i . e . , the larger the specimen , the higher the number of rings . several specimens from 35 mm long had gametes inside the coelomic cavity .
distribution : west coast of america , from california to peru , southeastern coasts of south america . from intertidal zone to 100 m depth ; common in the intertidal zone of fine - sand beaches in são paulo state .
hemipodia simplex  böggemann 2002 : 79 - 81 , figs 127 - 129 .
type material : holotype , zmuc pol - 393 , valparaíso , callao , 21 . ix . 1841 .
additional material : 13 specimens : sta . 688b , 07 . ix . 1995 , 23° 46 ' 40 . 80
s and 45° 23 ' 59 . 43
w , são sebastião , pontal da cruz beach , intertidal ( zuecbpost119 , 1 ) ; sta . 63a , 07 . viii . 1995 , 23° 47 ' 51 . 94
s and 45° 23 ' 57 . 62
w , são sebastião , porto grande beach , intertidal ( zuecbpost117 , 1 ) ; sta . 62b , 07 . viii . 1995 , 23° 47 ' 51 . 94
s and 45° 23 ' 57 . 62
w , são sebastião , porto grande beach , intertidal ( zuecbpost118 , 2 ) ; sta . 200i , 23° 30 ' 564
s and 45° 08 ' 340
w , 5 . 4 m , vfs ( zuecbpoar509 , 5 ) ; sta . 116i , 23° 26 ' 193
sand 44° 58 ' 650
w , 19 . 8 m , vfs ( zuecbpoar520 , 1 ) ; sta . 193i , 23° 31 ' 542
s , 45° 06 ' 573
w , 9 m , cs ( zuecbpoar535 , 1 ) ; sta . 91i , 23° 24 ' 366
s and 45° 51 ' 431
w , 16 . 6 m , am ( zuecbpoar557 , 1 ) ; sta . 92i , 23° 24 ' 010
s and 44° 50 ' 902
w , 21 . 6 m , am ( zuecbpoar571 , 1 ) .
remarks : böggemann ( 2002 ) mentioned 7 - 9 prostomial rings for the species . according to grube ( 1857 ) , the type locality of this species is valparaiso ( chile ) and callao ( peru ) . the original description is not very detailed , however , reexamination of the holotype revealed its characteristics in detail . böggemann ( 2002 ) compared specimens identified as hemipodus rotundus by nonato ( 1981 ) from ilha grande bay ( rio de janeiro ) and verified that it is similar to hemipodia simplex , as our specimens are also .
distribution : cold and warm temperate zone , west and east coasts of north and south america , bay of bengal , east coast of australia , seas around new zealand . from intertidal zone to 137 m depth ; in brazil , h . simplex occurred from the intertidal zone to 22 m .
amaral , a . c . z . , denadai , m . r . , turra , a . & rizzo , a . e . 2003 . intertidal macrofauna in brazilian subtropical tide - dominated sandy beaches . j . coast . res . 35 : 446 - 455 .
amaral , a . c . z . , lana , p . c . , rizzo , a . e . , steiner , t . m . , pardo , e . v . , santos , c . s . g . , carvalho , a . c . , wagner , m . f . r . , garrafoni , a . s . , brasil , a . c . s . , ribeiro , z . , nogueira , j . m . m . , abbud , a . , rossi , m . & fukuda , m . 2004 . filo annelida classe polychaeta . in biodiversidade bêntica da região sul - sudeste da costa brasileira . revizee score sul bentos . ( amaral , a . c . z . & c . l . d . b . rossi - wongtschowski , eds ) são paulo : ulhôa cintra ed . p . 114 - 125 .
amaral , a . c . z . & nonato , e . f . 1996 . annelida polychaeta : características , glossário e chaves para famílias e gêneros da costa brasileira . editora da unicamp , unicamp , campinas .
amaral , a . c . z . , nallin , s . a . h . & steiner , t . m . 2006a . catálogo das espécies dos annelida polychaeta do brasil .
amaral , a . c . z . , rizzo , a . e . & arruda , e . p . ( orgs . ) 2006b . manual de identificação dos invertebrados marinhos da região sudeste - sul do brasil . vol . i . são paulo : edusp ed . 287p .
augener , h . 1934 . viii polychaeten aus den zoologischen museen von leiden und amsterdam . iv . ( schluss ) . zoologische mededeelingen uitgegeven door ' s rijks museum van natuurlijke historie te leiden , 17 ( 1 - 2 ) : 67 - 160 .
ehlers , e . 1868 . die borstenwürmer ( annelida chaetopoda ) nach systematischen und anatomischen untersuchungen dargestellt . verlag von wilhelm engelmann , erster band , leipzig . p . 1 - 748 .
ehlers , e . 1887 . reports on the results of dredging , under the direction of l . f . pourtalès , during the years 1868 - 1870 , and of alexander agassiz , in the gulf of mexico ( 1877 - 78 ) , and in the caribbean sea ( 1878 - 79 ) , in the u . s . coast survey steamer blake
, lieut . com . c . d . sigsbee , u . s . n . , and commander j . r . bartlett , u . s . n . , commanding . xxxi . report on the annelids . memoirs of the museum of comparative zoölogy at harvard college , cambridge , massachussets , v . 15 , p . 1 - 335 .
fauchald , k . 1977 . polychaetes from intertidal areas in panama , with a review of previous shallow - water records . smith . contr . zool . 221 : 1 - 81 .
grube , e . 1857 . annulata örstediana . enumeratio annulatorum , quae in itinere per indiam occidentalem et americam centralem annis 1845 - 1848 suscepto legit cl . a . s . örsted , adjectis specibus nonnullis a cl . h . kröyero in itinere ad americam meridionalem collectis ( fortsaetelse ) . videnskabelige meddelelser fra den naturhistoriske forening i kjöbenhavn , 158 - 186 , kjöbenhavn .
grube , e . 1863 . beschreibung neuer oder wenig bekannter anneliden . archiv für naturgeschichte , jahrgang 29 , 1 : 37 - 69 , pls . 4 - 6 , berlin .
grube , e . 1870 . bemerkungen über die familie der glycereen . jahres - bericht der schlesischen gesellschaft für vaterländische cultur , 47 : 56 - 68 , breslau .
hartman , o . 1968 . atlas of the errantiate polychaetous annelids from california . allan hancock foundation . university of southern california , los angeles , caliofrnia , 828p .
lana , p . c . 1984 . anelídeos poliquetas errantes do litoral do estado do paraná . tese de doutorado , universidade federal do paraná , paraná . 275p .
leidy , j . 1855 . contributions towards a knowledge of the marine invertebrata fauna , of the coasts of rhode island and new jersey . jornal of the academy of natural sicences of philadelphis , 3 ( 2 ) : 135 - 152 , plates 10 - 11 : philadelphia .
nonato , e . f . 1981 . contribuição ao conhecimento dos anelídeos poliquetas bentônicos da plataforma continental brasileira , entre cabo frio e o arroio chui . tese de doutorado , universidade de são paulo , são paulo , 246p .
nonato , e . & luna , j . a . c . 1970 . anelídeos poliquetas do nordeste do brasil . i - poliquetas bentônicos da costa de alagoas e sergipe . bol . inst . oceanogr . s . paulo 19 : 57 - 130 .
orensanz , j . m . & gianuca , n . m . 1974 . contribuição ao conhecimento dos anelídeos poliquetas do rio grande do sul , brazil . i . lista sistemática preliminar e descrição de três novas espécies . com . mus . ci . pucrgs 4 : 1 - 37 .
parra , s . , rodríguez , c . v . , lópez - jamar , e . & o ' connor , b . d . s . 1995 . contribución al conocimiento del género
quatrefages , a . de 1866 . histoire naturelle des annelés marins et d ' eau douce . annélides et géphyriens .  librairie encyclopédique de roret , 3 vols . , and atlas with pls . 1 - 20 , paris .
rullier , f . & amoureaux , l . 1979 . annélides polychaètes . annales de i ' institut océanographique monaco 55 : 145 - 206 .
temperini , m . t . 1981 . sistemática e distribuição dos poliquetos errantes da plataforma continental brasileira entre as latitudes de 23° 05 ' s e 30° 00 ' s . dissertação de mestrado , instituto oceanográfico , universidade de são paulo , 89p .
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urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 515a9c82 - 8820 - 4288 - 8165 - dff86f38424a
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : f4ec0eea - 71b5 - 4237 - 91cf - a527bad36333
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 7c9b15d5 - e658 - 4062 - 875d - 22f462cd3d54
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 260139
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parapodia have both notopodia and neuropodia in glycera , or lack notopodia apart from the dorsal cirrus in hemipodus .
the large , pallid pink glycera ovigera schmarda , 1861 is recognisable in life from the multiple branching of delicate retractile gills behind the mid - body parapodia . prior new zealand reports of glycera americana leidy , 1855 are most likely g . ovigera or other species . in glycera lamelliformis mcintosh , 1885 the retractile parapodial gills are long and cylindrical . otherwise the glycera species are distinguished by a combination of the relative lengths of the parapodial lobes , the morphology of the proboscis papillae , and the structure of accessory supports called ailerons on the proboscis . these features can be either difficult to observe or subject to interpretation . glycera tesselata grube , 1863 has only long , slender , proboscis papillae . hemipodus simplex ( grube , 1856 ) has flattened papillae and has been recorded widely . glycerids rarely occur on rocky shores but pale hemipodus species , probably hemipodus simplex , occurs under intertidal stones in harbours .
glycera ovigera diagnosis from key of böggemann & fiege , 2001 . 1 - 1 proboscidial papillae without terminal fingernail structure . 2 - 2 two postchaetal lobes ( in mid body ) . 7 - 2 ailerons with interramal plate . 11 - 2 proboscidial papillae with up to 3 ridges . 18 - 2 postchaetal lobes of about same length ( in mid body ) . 20 - 1 prechaetal lobes of about same length . branchiae retractile . 21 - 2 postchaetal lobes both slender triangular . 23 - 1 branchiae retractile , bush - like , dorsally on post side parapodial bases . 24 - 2 . proboscidial papillae with y - shaped ridge in combination with 1 - 3 vertical ridges apically ( americana has 2 ridges ) .
glycera lamelliformis diagnosis from key of böggemann & fiege , 2001 . 1 - 2 proboscidial papillae with terminal fingernail structure . 26 - 1 parapodia of mid - body with two slender triangular postchaetal lobes of about same length . 27 - 2 proboscidial papillae with short stalk and without ridges on nail ; ailerons with triangular base ; blister - like branchiae dorsally on parapodial bases .
glycera benhami diagnosis from key of böggemann & fiege , 2001 . 1 - 1 proboscidial papillae without terminal fingernail structure . 2 - 2 two postchaetal lobes at least from parapodia of mid - body . 7 - 1 ailerons with deeply incised base ; both postchaetal lobes short , rounded ; branchiae absent . 8 - 1 prechaetal lobes of about same length ; digitiform proboscidial papillae present . 9 - 1 digitiform proboscidial papillae with straight , median , longitudinal ridge . 10 - 2 digitiform proboscidial papillae with additional single terminal u - shaped ridge .
sands and sandy muds , and ( less commonly ) crevice - dwelling . glycera ovigera is the commonest intertidal species . glycera lamelliformis is subtidal .
other species reported in the new zealand region were glycera lamellipodia knox , 1960 , glycera knoxi kirkegaard , 1995 , hemipodus ellesmerensis knox , 1960 , hemipodus digitifera knox , 1960 , all known from single specimens . böggemann analysed niwa collection and reported the fauna to be : glycera benhami böggemann and fiege , 2001 , glycera capitata örsted , 1842 , glycera knoxi kirkegaard , 1995 , glycera lamelliformis mcintosh , 1885 , glycera lapidum quatrefages , 1866 , glycera onomichiensis izuka , 1912 , glycera ovigera schmarda , 1861 , glycera russa grube , 1870 , hemipodus simplex ( grube , 1857 ) , hemipodus australiensis knox and cameron , 1971 .
( böggemann 2002 ) ( hilbig 1994a : p197 - 214 , f6 . 1 - 6 ) , ( kirkegaard 1995 : p26 , f13 ) , ( knox 1960a : p134 - 136 , f220 - 231 ) , ( knox 1960c : p219 - 232 , f1 - 27 ) , ( mcintosh 1885 : p347 - 349 , p42 . 9 - 10 , 22a . 11 ) , ( o ' connor 1987 : p167 - 189 , f1 - 16 ) , ( schmarda 1861 : p95 , p30 . 239 ) . ( full citations at family pages literature cited list . )
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research zoologist , curator of worms , department of systematic biology , invertebrate zoology section , national museum of natural history , smithsonian institution , washington , d . c . 20560 , usa
read , g . & fauchald , k . ( 2013 ) . world polychaeta database . accessed through world register of marine species at : urltoken
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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dog , ( canis lupus familiaris ) , domestic mammal of the family canidae ( order carnivora ) . it is a subspecies…
horse , ( equus caballus ) , a hoofed , herbivorous mammal of the family equidae . it comprises a single species , …
polychaetes can be separated into two large orders , errantia and sedentaria , based on the development of the anterior appendages and life habits . errant polychaetes are active swimmer or crawler while sedentary polychaetes are burrowers or tube dwellers .
usually filter - or deposit - feeders ( i . e . consume sediment )
since the 1970 ' s , about 100 species of sedentary polychaetes have been reported from hong kong ( shin 1998 ) . they belong to 81 genera and 24 families . of these , 46 genera were not determined to species level due to the lack of taxonomic expertise and 17 species of sedentary polychaetes were described as new to science from hong kong ( shin 1998 ) . these new species were scoloplos tumidus ( orbiniidae ) ; poecilochaetus hystricosus , p . spinulosus , p . tricirratus ( poecilochaetidae ) ; prionospio saccifera ( spionidae ) ; polycirrus dodeka , p . multus , p . quadratus , rhinothelepus occabus , streblosoma duplicata , thelepus opinus , t . pulvinus , eupolymnia umbonis , lanice auricula , lomia bandera , longicarpus nodus and terebella copia ( terebellidae ) .
the sedentary polychaetes have its prostomium , proboscis and eyes reduced or absent . most of them live in tubes constructed by themselves in the mud or sand of the ocean bottom . the tubes are straight or u - shaped with two openings . the glands on the ventral surfaces of the segments secrete the tube - forming materials . the tubes may be calcareous , membranous , simple mucus - lined burrows , or composed of sand grains and other foreign materials cemented together .
the sedentary polychaetes are not active swimmers as errant polychaetes , so the tubes are important for protecting them from predators and catching prey . any disturances of predator or prey in the surrounding water can be transmitted to the tube . through the opening of the tube , the tube dwellers can get the clean and oxygenated water above the mud and sand .
many tube dwellers are beautiful with colours such as red , pink , green or iridescent . their parapodia are usually small and short , or with rows of hooklike setae for gripping the sides of the tube . their anterior part are greatly elaborated for feeding and respiration . the sabellids and serpulids have prostomial tentacles developed to form a branchial crown of feather - like processes called radioles . the peristomial tentacles of terebellids are long , filamentous and extensile . the food is brought by beating of cilia in a groove running along each filament .
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the seasonal distribution of the polychaete genus glycera was studied , especially in relation to the textural characteristics of sediments along the south - west kerala coast of india . statistical analysis pointed towards the preference of glycera sp . in sediments rich in silt , clay , sand and organic carbon relating to their role as an indicator of organic enrichment .
objective selection of sensitive species indicative of pollution - induced change in benthic communities . i . comparative methodology
metal concentrations in sediment and in whole tissue of the benthic polychaete glycera longipinnis collected along the southwest coast of india were analysed . relative seasonal accumulation of metals ( cu , pb , cr , ni , zn , cd , hg ) was studied by categorising the habitat as less polluted or highly polluted based on metal contamination routed through industrial and urban sources . the metal content . . . [ show full abstract ]
spatial and temporal variations in concentration of dissolved metals viz . copper ( cu ) , lead ( pb ) , chromium ( cr ) , nickel ( ni ) , zinc ( zn ) , cadmium ( cd ) and mercury ( hg ) in surface waters of southwest coast of india were studied . concentrations of metals showed an aberration both temporally and spatially . seasonal average concentrations of the analyzed metals followed the order zn > ni > cu > pb . . . [ show full abstract ]
the relationship between the hydrochemical characteristics and phytoplankton chlorophyll in coastal pollution monitoring surveys , establishes a basis for understanding the trophic state of coastal waters in accordance with nutrient enrichment routing to progress in capture fishery . on the other hand , the zooplankton ( including ichthyoplankton ) grazing and its abundance can be understood from . . . [ show full abstract ]


bell 's sparrow ( artemisiospiza belli ) is a medium-sized sparrow of the western united states and northwestern mexico .

it used to be placed in the genus amphispiza , but recent evidence suggested it be placed in its own genus .

four populations are resident to the west : subspecies canescens breeds in south-central california , the dark nominate subspecies belli in the california coast ranges and part of the western slope of the sierra nevada south to about 29 ° n in baja california , the equally dark subspecies clementeae limited to san clemente island , and subspecies cinerea in western baja california from 29 ° n to 26 ° 45 ′ n .

the aou now considers bell 's sparrow a separate species , formerly grouped with the sagebrush sparrow , and together previously known as the sage sparrow .

bell 's sparrow is difficult to separate in the field from the sagebrush sparrow .

both species measure about 6 in ( 15 cm ) long and weigh approximately 16.5 g ( 0.58 oz ) .

in general , with bell ’s sparrow the malar is darker than the head while on the sagebrush it is about the same shade of darkish gray .

bell ’s sparrow also has a thicker malar strip than sagebrush .

the amount a streaking on the back as well as the shade of the mantle may also be used to separate the two , but this is affected by wear on the feathers .

bell 's also has little or no white in the tail , but this field mark alone may not be diagnostic .

bell 's sparrows are indeed often tied to sagebrush habitats , although they can also be found in brushy stands of saltbush , chamise , and other low shrubs of the arid west .

the subspecies a. b. clementeae has been listed as threatened since 1977 .

the species ' common name and binomial ( belli ) refer to john graham bell .

bell ' s sparrow

taxonomy can be confusing , even for the experts . in the nineteenth century all the “sage” sparrows from the rocky mountains west to the pacific coast were known as bell’s sparrow , although ornithologists noted there were several regional forms . by 1910 they had split bell’s sparrow into the two distinct species we know today , but a revision in 1957 lumped them together as the sage sparrow . in 2013 they were split back into two species , now known as the sagebrush sparrow and bell’s sparrow .
the oldest known bell’s sparrow was at least 9 years , 3 months old when it was recaptured and re - released at a california banding station .
contrast between the head and the malar stripe , along with the strength of the malar seems to be one of the most reliable fields marks . on bell’s sparrow the malar is darker than the head while on sagebrush it is about the same shade . bell’s sparrow also has a thicker malar strip than sagebrush .
nina , both of those would be sagebrush sparrow . bell’s in winter hasn’t been recorded east of phoenix and sagebrush is the only one that breeds in az .
bell’s sparrow is more local in arizona than in california and the reverse is true of sagebrush sparrow . bell’s sparrow does not breed in arizona , but sagebrush sparrow does breed in the great basin portion of california . both species winter in the salton sink , but like the the lcrv the status of each has yet to be worked out . the status of sagbrush sparrow as a migrant ( and possibly in winter ) in the mojave desert is largely unknown . within the arizona portion of the mohave desert at places such as the sacramento valley it appears to be largely sagebrush sparrow ( again see comments on id below ) . bell’s sparrow has been found east to phoenix in arizona , but how regular is it east of the lcrv ?
song ' s and calls from a group of three bell ' s sparrows . the birds were chasing each other through the saltbush and sagebrush . call quality a , song quality c .
the bell’s sparrow is a neat , gray - headed sparrow emblematic of california’s coastal sage and chaparral . they also occur in baja california , the mojave desert , and on san clemente island , california ( a federally threatened subspecies ) . like the very similar sagebrush sparrow , these birds spend much of their time foraging for insects and seeds on the ground underneath shrubs . in spring males sing a fast mix of trills and chips from the tallest perches they can find .
pair of bell ' s sparrow , one singing , the other one non - vocal . this pair was visiting saltbush ( atriplex sp . ) and sagebrush ( artimesia sp . ) , inspecting the bush , and then moving on .
– interior sc california ( s san joaquin valley , inyo region , and s & w edges of mojave desert ) and adjacent w nevada ; non - breeding also w to sw california , e to s nevada and w arizona , and s to ne baja california .
bell’s sparrow at quail hollow in parker strip ca on 19 jan 2013 . note the thin back streaking that is hard to see and the thick dark malar stripe . same individual as the next photo . copyright ( c ) 2013 david vander pluym
amount of white in the tail has been cited as a field mark for sagebrush vs nominate bell’s . though it is variable the amount of white ( sagebrush ) vs buffy ( bell’s ) in the outermost rectrices may be of some use . another field mark that if useful would likely be difficult to use in the field .
caution is warranted as we learn about identification of the two species , and for the time being it may be best to leave most birds on the winter grounds as “sage” sparrow or use the modifier presumed / probably . that being said with practice i think most individuals are identifiable in the field . check out this photo of a bell’s sparrow and this one of a sagebursh sparrow posted online . notice the head color in both individuals and despite the photo of the sagebrush sparrow looking like it has a darker head , the contrast between the head and the malar is minimal . the bell’s sparrow shows a strong contrast between the malar and the head . notice also the amount of streaking on the back of each individual ; this characteristic , though , needs further evaluation and should be used possibly only as a supporting characteristic . robert royse’s webpage has a nice selection of both species ( along with nominate bell’s sparrow ) , though more location data would be useful to assure yourself that they couldn’t have been a different taxa than that listed . i also recommend checking out this urltoken post on the identification by song . finally birding is fun has a nice review of the split .
– california on w slopes of c sierra nevada ( s to mariposa county ) and coastal ranges ( from trinity county and shasta county ) s to extreme nw mexico ( nw baja california s to c . 29° n ) .
given that sagebrush and bell’s were once considered to be one species , differences between habitat preferences on their wintering grounds are not well - studied . regional conservation plans that might consider conservation strategies for sage sparrows’ wintering habitat were likely written before the taxonomic split , and just as many listers found themselves with only an unsatisfying sagebrush / bell’s sparrow on their lists after the split , the species themselves are left with a similarly unsatisfying , generic conservation strategy .
initial impressions suggest that bell’s sparrow winters farther east than was generally expected . in absence of detailed field study of multiple markings mentioned by pyle above , we encourage observers to report their observations of wintering individuals as bell’s / sagebrush sparrow ( sage sparrow ) from pima , pinal , and maricopa counties in arizona , as well as in counties in western arizona and southeastern california . careful scope viewing is highly recommended , and one’s impressions of important field markings are definitely impacted by lighting conditions in the field . we have found that it may take me an hour to achieve good looks at only a small fraction of the many wintering artemisiospiza one might find at a location . further , we suggest observers photograph these whenever possible throughout the species’ ranges , and it is always useful to describe the vegetation where you find birds .
birders of the arid southwest have been experiencing headaches this winter , and it is not just dehydration . the recent aou split ( here ) of sage sparrow into two distinct species , bell’s sparrow ( artemisiospiza belli ) and sagebrush sparrow ( a . nevadensis ) , has led to an outbreak of head - shaking and hand - wringing on blogs , listservs , identification discussion groups , and even reviewer discussion groups in the region . chris mccreedy of point blue conservation science provides us with an overview of the challenges and the field work being done to supply some answers .
song described as “tweesitity - slip tweesitity - slip swer” . call a short , bell - like . . .
presumed bell’s sparrow at quail hollow in parker strip ca on 19 jan 2013 . another look at the same individual where you can better see the thick dark malar extending up to the bill , strongly contrasting with the rest of the head . note also again the thin back streaking that is hard to see . copyright ( c ) 2013 david vander pluym
bell ' s sparrow pair reported between mile markers 7 . 1 and 7 . 2 on blue ridge road in mix canyon . the habitat was chamise and manzanita chaparral mixed with oak woodland . male sparrow immediately perched high and visible in shrub when playback was called and began singing . female hid in shrub nearby . all bird species were singing in the early morning chorus ( wrentits , spotted towhees and california thrashers most prominent ) . weather was sunny , clear with a light breeze .
i haven’t explored the blythe area south enough in winter to give good sites there but check urltoken for good locations there . the parker strip is likely your best bet for sage sparrows in california , as along the river there are still nice patches of suaeda . good spots to check include the brush areas around quail hollow day use area and the crossroads campground . i’ve had birds matching bell’s sparrow at both spots ( but see below on problems of identification ) . on the arizona side your best bets are probably pintail slough on the havasu nwr where i’ve also had birds matching bell’s . i’ve had them once in the parker valley and it is likely still worth checking , but that area has lost a lot of habitat to agriculture which is typically unsuitable for sage sparrow . kohen ranch in the bill williams river nwr is another site i have had the species and is worth the hike in winter to check out . interestingly these areas all have a lot of atriplex ( saltbush ) which bell’s sparrow breeds in , perhaps there is some ecological partitioning on the wintering grounds ?
sage sparrow is a terrestrial inhabitant of arid lands including desert with sagebrush and saltbush , open slopes with juniper and pinyon , and chaparral with sagebrush , greasewood , baccharis , and cactus . it inhabits elevations from sea level to about 2000 m . adults have a gray head and white eye ring , a white dot over the lores , black and white malar and sub - malar ( moustache ) stripes , white underparts with a dark breast spot . resemble immature black - throated sparrow ( amphispiza bilineata ) but lack that species’ white supercilium . sage sparrow is widespread in the western u . s . ( races nevadensis and canescens ) , nesting as far north as washington , eastward to wyoming and colorado , and west to california . birds of the western u . s . ( except coastal california ) migrate southward as far south as sonora and chihuahua , mexico . the distinctive race belli of western california ( bell’s sparrow ) nests southward into baja california norte . it is slightly smaller ( length 14 . 5 cm ) and has a smaller bill . it has a darker gray head , a broader black moustache stripe , and is richer brown on the mantle , wings , flanks , and tail . in the central portion of the baja peninsula , bell ' s sparrow is replaced by the similar but paler race cinerea .
by now i am sure that most everyone has heard about the split of sage sparrow into ( at present ) two species : bell’s sparrow ( artemisiospiza belli ) and sagebrush sparrow ( a . nevadensis ) , two names i think are appropriate or at least i can’t think of anything else better . bell’s has multiple subspecies within it and for the purposes of this blog post , all mention of bell’s sparrow refers to a . b . canescens . it is interesting to note that this split is not without its detractors and it is well worth reading the proposal , as well as the literature cited . especially worth reading is patten and unitt 2002 ( claims that canescens is not a valid taxa and should be lumped with nevadensis ) and cicero and johnson 2006 ( which is a rebuttal to the prior paper’s claims ) . really it is a good idea to read over all proposals you have an interest in , as well as any of the publications you can get your hands on ( important parts of which can be left out of the proposals ) . read it and decide for yourself if you agree with the committee decision ! i know i don’t always agree with the decisions , but after reading the material present and committee comments , i can at least usually understand the rationale behind it . anyway i’m getting way off the topic of sage sparrows .
tell congress and the department of the interior to uphold the country ' s most important bird protection law .
( c . h . townsend , 1890 ) – c baja california ( s to 26° n ) .
rising , j . ( 2018 ) . bell ' s sparrow ( artemisiospiza belli ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
prominence of a supercilium has been cited , but this seems to be variable as well , a complete lack of any pale area in the supercilium may be only found in bell’s , but this could be nearly impossible to tell without a bird in the hand .
same individual as xc382447 and xc382448 . the bird was making this call and hopping between sagebrush ( artemesia sp . ) in a rectangular pattern . it was unclear whether the bird was agitated with my presence , or the presence of other nearby bell ' s sparrows .
13·7–15·7 cm ; 12·7–16·8 g . a medium - sized sparrow , with long tail often held cocked . nominate race has head and nape brownish - grey , . . .
the reason ? it is quite difficult to tell the two species apart in the field ( read here for an excellent summary by peter pyle of some apparent differences in plumage ) . many contend that it is currently impossible to separate the two taxa in the field for a majority of individuals – and perhaps all of them . despair deepens due to the inclusion of the ‘mojave’ subspecies of sage sparrow ( a . b . canescens ) within bell’s sparrow and not with sagebrush . ‘mojave’ canescens are intermediate in appearance . plus , the canescens wintering distribution appears to overlap heavily with sagebrush in southeastern california , southern arizona , and northwest mexico .
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as with many inconspicuous sparrows , the best way to find bell’s sparrows is to look for them in the early morning during the breeding season , when males perch out in the open on tall shrubs and sing for your attention . at other times they may be considerably harder to find . just be aware that in the right habitat—particularly in coastal sagebrush in southern california—these sparrows are fairly numerous . they tend to forage on the ground and scurry rather than fly between patches of shrub cover . patient watching and listening either for the sounds of foraging or for this bird’s bell - like tink call will help you find them .
) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :
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the main reason for this post is that the lcrv is one of the few places were both species can occur . this can present a great opportunity to study each species , as well as for listing with the lcrv being one of the best places for bell’s sparrow in arizona , as well as sagebrush in california . within the lcrv , though , both taxa are reported to occur , but it is not known the exact status of each species . we have not seen many “sage” sparrows in the lcrv , but rosenberg et al 1991 reports that they have a preference for inkweed / iodine weed ( suaeda torreyana ) which is found in alkaline soils and is a localized habitat we do not visit very often . i know this winter though i will be spending more time in it !
this entry was posted in birding locations , havasu nwr , high desert , identification , imperial county , la paz county , lcrv , mohave county , san bernardino county , species profiles , uncategorized and tagged arizona , california , lcrv , mojave desert , sage sparrow , salton sink . bookmark the permalink .
formerly considered part of the same species as the sagebrush sparrow , this bird is locally common in sage scrub habitat near the california coast and locally in open habitats of the interior . it is often seen running about on the ground , with its longish tail cocked up above the level of its back ; when perched up on a shrub , it twitches its tail in a down - up motion like a phoebe .
we hope to have analysis of this month’s work completed by the summer of 2014 , and if additional proposals are successful , we are looking forward to adding more sites in arizona and along an east - west transect across southern california during the winter of 2014 - 2015 . if you are interested in volunteering in the field next season , we need you ! our volunteers enable us to increase capture rates and have made our project a success in arizona . please contact chris mccreedy .
given how new this split is and given the wide range of opinions as to how identifiable in the field the two taxa are , the following paragraph on identification should be considered tentative and in need of further evaluation . the papers used to split the two have cited morphological differences in the form of size , but little on plumage . one thing that is known is that both species molt before they reach the wintering grounds , so once present in the lcrv they should be at their freshest . below i will review some of the field marks i have seen mentioned . currently measurements are considered to be the most reliable way to identify the two species , i think however that the two are identifiable in the field though identification may be difficult especially when the two are worn in summer . the head / malar contrast of birds in the lcrv do seem to differ from those just east of there and some unscientific looking at photos online i am able to identify the majority of birds correctly . at this point i should note that of the field marks discussed below , patten and unitt 2002 only used measurements ( which they did find largely differed ) , mantle shade , and presence of back streaking . things like malar / head contrast were not evaluated . i should also mention that though hybridization appears to be rare ( hence why they were split ) my understanding is that it does occur .
head coloration may be useful , but i think how dark the head is can be difficult to judge and it is better to use the contrast between the head and the malar . i’ve also seen mention of the darkness of the auriculars , but this seems to be variable .
back streaking and mantle shade : both the amount and the boldness of streaking on the back may be useful , but there appears to be overlap , possibly only extremes may be identified using this field mark , or it may be useful in conjunction with other field marks . it may also be more useful when they are fresh as photos online of birds on the wintering grounds seem to have a more noticeable difference than photos from the breeding grounds . some fresh birds do seem to differ in mantle shade , but again it seems to be wear related and a lot of overlap .
primary projection maybe be useful as well , as the wing length measurements differ between the two . however this can be difficult to use in the field and needs further examination .
underpart streaking and coloration has been cited as a field mark , but this seems to be variable and i haven’t noticed any real difference looking at photos .
it may take a while to fully figure out the field marks of these two species , but i think we will come to a better understanding of identification . remember how impossible other splits were thought to be ( like cackling goose ) ? i don’t think this is going to be a “western” flycatcher type split , but one that with time we will come to better understand . course i could always be wrong only time will tell !
literature cited : rosenberg , k . v . , et al . 1991 . birds of the lower colorado river valley . the university of arizona press , tuscon , az .
birder biologists currently living and working in the lower colorado river valley . when not out in the field i spend a lot of my time reading and writing about birds . i have always been drawn to areas under birded and species that we know little about .
david , thank you for a detailed post concerning this split . this will be a challenge at first , but as you pointed out , i think it will become easier to discern the differences over time , especially if a person gets out there and observes them as frequent as possible . thanks again !
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as with various other species along california coast , may be vulnerable to loss of habitat . the endemic race on san clemente island , california , is endangered .
coastal sage scrub , chaparral ; in winter , also deserts . found year - round in unique sage scrub habitat on the california coastal slope and foothills . in the interior , also breeds in saltbush , chamise , and other low shrubs of arid flats . in winter some spread eastward into open flats and deserts with scattered brush .
forages mostly on the ground , picking up items from the soil or from plant stems , sometimes scratching with its feet . also does some feeding up in low bushes . when not nesting , may forage in small flocks .
3 - 4 , sometimes 2 - 5 . bluish white to pale blue , variably spotted or blotched with brown , gray , and black . incubation lasts about 13 - 16 days .
probably both parents feed the nestlings . young leave the nest about 9 - 11 days after hatching . often 2 broods per year , sometimes 3 .
mostly seeds and insects . feeds on many insects , especially in summer , including grasshoppers , beetles , true bugs , and others , also spiders . also eats many seeds of weeds , grasses , and shrubs . young are fed mostly insects .
male returns to same nesting territory each year , defends it by singing from a raised perch . nest site is usually in low shrub , less than 4 ' above the ground . sometimes placed on the ground under a shrub . nest is a bulky open cup , made of twigs , sticks , lined with fine dry grass , weeds , sometimes animal hair .
populations west of the sierra in california are mostly permanent residents . those from the interior are more migratory , with some spreading eastward into arizona in winter .
audio © lang elliott , bob mcguire , kevin colver , martyn stewart and others .
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tell congress to oppose a harmful rider that threatens sage - grouse and other wildlife .
from a broader perspective , each of these species winter in a part of the continent that is projected to be much hotter and drier in the future due to climate change . they winter in arid scrub habitats that respond dramatically to rainfall – and to lack thereof . diminishing seed crops on their wintering grounds due to drought may decrease survival rates and individuals’ condition upon return to their breeding grounds .
given a lack of resolution in the species’ field identification , how can we survey birds to inform land managers and owners on how best to conserve these taxa ? point blue conservation science ( formerly prbo ) is currently in the field in southwestern arizona , hoping to shed as much light as possible on these identification , distribution , and habitat questions . with support from arizona field ornithologists and a cadre of amazing volunteers , we captured individuals at sites near phoenix , yuma , and lake havasu city during the first half of february 2014 . we took measurements on as many of the previously - noted potential differences in field marks and morphology as we could find in the literature and online , have added a few of our own , assessed the appearance of some of these features in different lighting conditions , at different distances and with different optics , and explored apparent differences in habitat preferences between the two species . dr . adrienne kovach ( university of new hampshire ) has offered her assistance to help us ground our captures’ field identification with confirmation of individuals’ sex and species via dna analysis .
previously considered conspecific with a . nevadensis . race canescens , very similar in appearance to a . nevadensis and possibly hybridizing with it where ranges meet , has been thought perhaps to represent a separate species ; alternatively , canescens may simply reunite present species and a . nevadensis ; research needed . race cinerea intergrades with nominate in nc baja california . race clementeae should perhaps be subsumed into nominate . four subspecies provisionally recognized .
generally in dry chaparral and coastal sage scrub , inland valleys , and lower foothills . . . .
variety of animal and plant items . generally seeds and other vegetable matter . young fed with insects . forages principally on or near . . .
) , or mid - apr to mid - may through early jun ( nominate ) . probably monogamous . singing and territory . . .
far n populations of nominate race migratory ; insular populations resident . some nominate birds . . .
not globally threatened . classified as “declining” in the usa ( yellow watchlist priority species for conservation ) . san clemente race
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formerly included in a broader emberizidae . recent phylogeny # r has recovered evidence of eight major clades within this newly recognized grouping : ( i ) melospiza and allies ; ( ii and iii ) melozone , atlapetes , pipilo and allies , which form two sister - clades ; ( iv ) zonotrichia , junco and allies ; and ( v–viii ) all other species , which form a polytomy at base of tree , but can be split into ( a ) arremon , ( b ) spizella , amphispiza , chondestes and calamospiza , ( c ) peucaea , arremonops , ammodramus and rhynchospiza , and finally ( d ) two genera that have often been placed in thraupidae , oreothraupis and chlorospingus .
until recently included in amphispiza , but molecular work indicates that these species are members of a well - resolved clade of “grassland” sparrows that includes pooecetes , oriturus , passerculus , melospiza and xenospiza , as well as several species formerly treated in ammodramus .
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frontal , lateral , and dorsal views of an adult perched on sage singing with others singing near by .
upper big tujunga canyon road mile 2 . 5 , san gabriel mountains , los angeles county , california
recorded at a range of about 10 meters in chaparral dominated by chamise . this area burned extensively during the station fire in 2009 .
equipment : sony pcm - m10 recorder , sennheiser me62 microphone , and a telinga 22 inch parabola . edits : trimmed and normalized to - 3 db . minor handling noise and a distant car are also audible .
recorded at a range of about 15 meters in chaparral dominated by chamise . this area burned extensively during the station fire in 2009 .
equipment : sony pcm - m10 recorder , sennheiser me62 microphone , and a telinga 22 inch parabola . edits : trimmed and normalized to - 3 db .
recorded in an area of extensive chamise bushes that are regenerating after the station fire from 2009 .
equipment : sony pcm - m10 recorder and a sennheiser me67 microphone . edits : trimmed and normalized to - 3 db .
blue ridge road between mile markers 7 . 1 and 7 . 2 , solano county , california
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
four scenes of adults perched on sage singing . april 2009 , lockwood valley , ventura county , california , usa .
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