valvata cristata is a species of minute freshwater snail with an operculum , an aquatic gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family valvatidae , the valve snails .

valvata cristata

valvata ( valvata ) cristata o . f . müller , 1774 · accepted , alternate representation
worms - world register of marine species - valvata ( valvata ) cristata o . f . müller , 1774
planorbis carinatus , anisus sp . , valvata cristata , valvata nowshahrensis sp . n . , hippeutis complanatus .
the new species can be distinguished from valvata piscinalis by its larger umbilicus and from valvata cristata by its higher spire .
valvata ( valvata ) o . f . müller , 1773 represented as valvata o . f . müller , 1773
valvata cristata , anisus sp . , valvata nowshahrensis sp . n . , pseudobithynia mazandaranensis sp . n . , hippeutis complanatus .
worms - world register of marine species - valvata cristata o . f . müller , 1774
this species has possibly been depicted by mansoorian ( 1994 ) and confused with valvata cristata .
valvata ( valvata ) cristata o . f . müller 1774 - flat valve snail : : : : molluscireland : : land and freshwater molluscs
pseudobithynia mazandaranensis sp . n . , planorbis carinatus , anisus sp . , valvata cristata , hippeutis complanatus
life cycle of valvata cristata o . f . müller , 1774 ( gastropoda : heterobranchia ) in the laboratory
anderson , r . , ( 2016 ) . valvata ( valvata ) cristata o . f . müller 1774 . [ in ] molluscireland . urltoken accessed on 2018 - 07 - 09 .
hans - martin braun added the german common name
flache federkiemenschnecke
to
valvata cristata o . f . müller , 1774
.
hans - martin braun added the english common name
crested valve shell
to
valvata cristata o . f . müller , 1774
.
common valve snail ( valvata piscinalis ) . picture : © alexander mrkvicka , vienna .
( of valvata ( valvata ) cristata o . f . müller , 1774 ) de jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) . ( 2012 ) . fauna europaea . version 2 . 5 . web service . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of valvata ( valvata ) cristata o . f . müller , 1774 ) welter - schultes , f . w . ( 2012 ) . european non - marine molluscs , a guide for species identification . planet poster editions , göttingen . page ( s ) : 42 [ details ]
valvata nowshahrensis sp . n . a shell b ventral view on the umbilicus c head with penis in situ .
bithynia mazandaranensis sp . n . , planorbis carinatus , anisus sp . , valvata nowshahrensis sp . n . , hippeutis complanatus .
planorbis carinatus , anisus sp . , valvata nowshahrensis sp . n . , pseudobithynia mazandaranensis sp . n . , hippeutis complanatus .
considering the photo provided by mansoorian ( 1994 ) , he probably confused this species with valvata nowshahrensis sp . n . ( see below ) .
the prosobranch molluscs of iran . a theodoxus fluviatilis ( operculum see fig . 3d ) b bithynia ( bithynia ) ejecta ( syntype zmz 524006 , iraq , samava , ex coll . mousson , photo : e . neubert ) c melanoides tuberculatus d thiara scabra e melanopsis sp . f melanopsis costata g farsithyra farsensis h sarkhia kermanshahensis , i : pseudamnicola saboori k pseudamnicola zagrosensis l pseudobithynia irana m pseudobithynia zagrosia n valvata cristata .
a common valve snail ' s ( valvata piscinalis ) head . note the frontal part of the foot , the long snout and the feather gill ! picture : © alexander mrkvicka , vienna ( urltoken ) .
( of valvata ( valvata ) cristata o . f . müller , 1774 ) wenz , w . ( 1923 - 1930 ) . fossilium catalogus i : animalia . gastropoda extramarina tertiaria . w . junk , berlin . vol . i : 1 - 352 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . ii : 353 - 736 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . iii : 737 - 1068 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . iv : 1069 - 1420 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . v : 1421 - 1734 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . vi : 1735 - 1862 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . vii : 1863 - 2230 pp . ( 1926 ) , vol . viii : 2231 - 2502 pp . ( 1928 ) , vol . ix : 2503 - 2886 pp . ( 1929 ) , vol . x : 2887 - 3014 pp . ( 1929 ) , vol . xi : 3015 - 3387 pp . ( 1930 ) . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 2 465 [ details ]
habitat and distribution : the common valve snail needs much oxygen , avoids humus compounds and so is threatened by the eutrophication of many waters due to over - fertilisation . often it remains dug into the sandy or muddy ground with only its tentacles and the feather gill showing . the valve snail then produces a flow of water for its respiration and nutrition . also , valvata piscinalis can be found crawling on water plants and wood .
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the first record of the cosmopolitan slug deroceras laeve ( o . f . müller , 1774 ) ( gastropoda : pulmonata : agriolimacidae ) in bhutan
distribution of monacha claustralis ( rossmässler , 1834 ) and m . cartusiana ( o . f . müller , 1774 ) ( eupulmonata : hygromiidae ) in central european and balkan countries : new data
this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4 . 0 international license .
müller , o . f . ( 1774 ) . vermium terrestrium et fluviatilium , seu animalium infusoriorum , helminthicorum , et testaecorum , non marinorum , succincta historia . havniæ ( copenhagen ) & lipsiæ ( leipzig ) , heineck & faber . 1 : 1 - 136 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 198 [ details ]
ziegelmeier , e . ( 1966 ) . die schnecken ( gastropoda prosobranchia ) der deutsche meeresgebiete und brackigen küstengewässer [ the gastropoda prosobranchia from the german seas and brackish coastal waters ] . helgol . wiss . meeresunters . 13 : 1 - 66 [ subsequent publication ] ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
de jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) . ( 2012 ) . fauna europaea . version 2 . 5 . web service . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
wenz , w . ( 1923 - 1930 ) . fossilium catalogus i : animalia . gastropoda extramarina tertiaria . w . junk , berlin . vol . i : 1 - 352 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . ii : 353 - 736 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . iii : 737 - 1068 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . iv : 1069 - 1420 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . v : 1421 - 1734 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . vi : 1735 - 1862 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . vii : 1863 - 2230 pp . ( 1926 ) , vol . viii : 2231 - 2502 pp . ( 1928 ) , vol . ix : 2503 - 2886 pp . ( 1929 ) , vol . x : 2887 - 3014 pp . ( 1929 ) , vol . xi : 3015 - 3387 pp . ( 1930 ) . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 2 465 [ details ]
welter - schultes , f . w . ( 2012 ) . european non - marine molluscs , a guide for species identification . planet poster editions , göttingen . page ( s ) : 42 [ details ]
müller , o . f . 1774 . vermivm terrestrium et fluviatilium , seu animalium infusoriorum , helminthicorum , et testaceorum , non marinorum , succincta historia . volumen alterum . - pp . i - xxxvi [ = 1 - 36 ] , 1 - 214 , [ 1 - 10 ] . havniæ & lipsiæ . ( heineck & faber ) .
shell flat , small , transparent , upper side slightly depressed , 3 - 3 . 5 whorls , aperture circular , umbilicus wide and open , more than 1 / 3 of shell diameter .
frequently in lakes , creeks , springs and ponds , rarely in temporary waters . prefers eutrophical habitats with rich vegetation , muddy substrate , well oxygenated water , tolerates up to 0 . 5 % salt , exceptionally also in subterranean waters . in switzerland in up to 1500 m altitude . in poland copulation takes 1 - 2 hours and begins in spring , it is repeated various times , eggs ( 0 . 2 - 0 . 3 mm ) are deposited in cocoons containing 1 - 4 eggs , attached to aquatic plants , juveniles ( diameter 0 . 32 - 0 . 43 mm , 0 . 5 - 0 . 8 whorls ) hatch after 8 - 11 days at 24 - 20°c ( 25 days at 12°c ) , 2 mm size and 2 whorls are reached after 180 days in the laboratory , female maturity is reached at slightly more than 2 mm diameter , at 2 . 9 mm the gonads of almost all snails contain oocytes , in lifetime some 50 cocoons containing 150 eggs are laid , life span 1 - 3 years in the laboratory .
threatened by habitat destruction due to pollution and drainage . declined around london . endangered in tirol and albania , vulnerable in switzerland , nordrhein - westfalen / hessen and austria .
references : germain 1931 : 676 , falkner 1990 : 120 , bodon et al . 1995 : 44 , turner et al . 1998 : 91 , kerney 1999 : 27 , myzyk 2002 ( life cycle ) , glöer 2002 : 186 , dhora 2004 : 141 , welter - schultes 2012 : 42 ( range map ) .
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corresponds to a report on the basis of at least one observation proved within a period of 10 years ( 20 years for little - known invertebrates ) preceding the year and no presumption of extinction since obtaining the last data nor doubt on reproductive and implemented nature of this population . for migratory species , the presence indicated concerns areas of reproduction .
the last reliable sighting is older than 10 years compared to the reference date , no recent specific research and no presumption of extinction from that date [ vertebrates , invertebrates and plants well studied ( rhopalocera , grasshoppers , dragonflies . . . ) ] ;
the last reliable observation being older than 20 years , no recent specific research and no presumption of extinction from that date [ poorly known taxa : fungus , many invertebrates . . . ] .
this point covers the absence , more difficult by nature to demonstrate than presence . this status is based on one or more of the following criteria :
this status must be assigned to a department in which the presence of the species is casual .
particular case of absence due to a proven extinction less than a half century ago ( older disappearances are treated as
no probable or definite
) .
in the state of knowledge , we can not comment on the presence or absence in the current department . this is the default status when not comprised in one of the previous categories or whenever there is doubt .
warning : the data available reflects the progression status of knowledge or the availability of the inventories . it should never be considered as comprehensive .
national inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .
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a small operculate shell forming a flattened coil . colour yellow - brown . animal with a feathery external gill . found in clear , weedy waters of small size .
found across the whole of mainland europe and siberia to the pacific . distribution type : eurasian wide temperate ( 65 ) .
scattered across central areas of ireland north to loughs neagh and erne . disappears towards the south - west , west and north - west .
found in clear weedy habitats of relatively small size and minimal flow i . e . drains , floodplain marshes , margins of larger lakes , fens
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blå punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och övriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch . kan innehålla observationer som inte är validerade . kartan uppdateras var fjärde vecka .
i det avancerade verktyget kan man söka ut och få fram artlistor , t ex arter i ett visst län , i en viss biotop , substrat , som påverkas av en hotfaktor , eller som är knutna till en sk värdart , t ex trädet alm . dessa kan även kombineras .
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söka fram arter som är rödlistade , lever i småvatten och som påverkas negativt av igenväxning .
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the distribution of this species from the north of western siberia and the altai mountains to the okhotsk sea , transbaikalia and the chita region of russia . they also list the clecom database as mentioning this species inhabiting norway , sweden and finland ( falkner
( 2009 ) , with a distribution of northern europe and siberia to the okhotsk sea basin . the authors
has been considered as valid , and with a full distribution across northern europe to north western siberia and the okhotsk sea basin .
has been assessed as least concern . this species is widely distributed throughout northern europe and russia to the altai mountains and northwestern siberia . further research is needed regarding the threats and conservation measures in place for this species .
. 2009 ) . it inhabits still and slow running tundra water , and in norway prefers ph around 7 . 5 - 9 . 5 ( welter - schultes 2009 ) .
there are no species - specific conservation measures in place for this species . further research is required into this species ' population status and threats .
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müller , otto f . 1774 . vermium terrestrium et fluviatilium , seu , animalium infusoriorum , helminthicorum et testaceorum , non marinorum , succincta historia , volumen alterum . heineck et faber , havniae et lipsiae . : i–xxxvi + 1–214 .
international commission on zoological nomenclature . opinion 335 addition to the official list of generic names in zoology of the names of thirty - four non - marine genera of the phylum mollusca . opinions and declarations rendered by the international commission on zoological nomenclature 10 ( 2 ) , 45 - 76 ( 1955 )
müller , o . f . ( 1774 ) . vermium terrestrium et fluviatilium , seu animalium infusoriorum , helminthicorum , et testaecorum , non marinorum , succincta historia . < em > havniæ ( copenhagen ) & lipsiæ ( leipzig ) , heineck & faber . < / em > 1 : 1 - 214 .
welter - schultes , f . w . ( 2012 ) . european non - marine molluscs , a guide for species identification . planet poster editions , göttingen .
wenz , w . ( 1923 - 1930 ) . fossilium catalogus i : animalia . gastropoda extramarina tertiaria . w . junk , berlin . vol . i : 1 - 352 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . ii : 353 - 736 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . iii : 737 - 1068 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . iv : 1069 - 1420 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . v : 1421 - 1734 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . vi : 1735 - 1862 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . vii : 1863 - 2230 pp . ( 1926 ) , vol . viii : 2231 - 2502 pp . ( 1928 ) , vol . ix : 2503 - 2886 pp . ( 1929 ) , vol . x : 2887 - 3014 pp . ( 1929 ) , vol . xi : 3015 - 3387 pp . ( 1930 ) .
ziegelmeier , e . ( 1966 ) . die schnecken ( gastropoda prosobranchia ) der deutsche meeresgebiete und brackigen küstengewässer [ the gastropoda prosobranchia from the german seas and brackish coastal waters ] . < i > helgol . wiss . meeresunters . 13 < / i > : 1 - 66 < i > [ subsequent publication ] < / i >
de jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) . ( 2012 ) . fauna europaea . version 2 . 5 . web service .
valve snails are very small fresh water snail , equipped with a special feather - like type of gill the can extend from their pallial cavity . possibly to clean this feather gill , valve snails also have a thread - like appendage at their disposal , the pallial tentacle . this as well they extend from their pallial cavity . the exact function of the pallial tentacle , however is not yet known .
as only native prosobranch snail the valve snails are hermaphrodites . they have long tentacles at their head , which is prolonged to form a snout or proboscis . the valve snails ' foot is flat , forked in the front and rounded at the back .
valve snails feed on detritus , decaying organic material . they themselves are an important food source for fish , which is why valve snails in german also are called roach snails or tench snails .
dimensions : h : 3 - 5 mm ; w : 4 - 5 mm ; n : 3 - 5 . ( abbreviations ) .
the bay of the schlei at the east coast of schleswig - holstein , north germany .
( 2006 ) in the austrian wallersee lake , the common valve snail especially prefers muddy substrates . there it was not found on stones . in schleswig - holstein , northern germany , it was found in the schlei , a brackish water branch of the baltic sea , with a prevailing salinity of 0 . 05 % ; the maximal tolerable salinity of the species is estimated to be 0 . 4 % .
covers europe and western asia , where it usually is common . in some places , populations are in decline because of water pollution and may even be disappeared entirely . in austria therefore the species is classified vulnerable ( vu ) . in alpine lakes and fast - flowing streams , there is a flatter subspecies with a wider umbilicus , the alpine valve snail ,
1853 ) . it may grow a little larger than the normal form , with a shell height of 5 . 5 mm and a width of 6 . 3 mm .
, r . a . ( 2006 ) : der wallersee und seine wassermollusken . nachrichtenblatt der ersten vorarlberger malakologischen gesellschaft , rankweil . vol . 14 , pp . 20 - 39 (
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2 department of biology , faculty of sciences , university of montenegro , cetinjski put b . b . , 81000 podgorica , montenegro
this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license 3 . 0 ( cc - by ) , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
considering the geographical position of iran , a rich fauna of freshwater snails could be expected . a high level of endemism and a diverse mixture of palaearctic and paleotropical elements are characteristic of the iranian freshwater fauna ( pešić and saboori 2007 ) .
the checklist of the freshwater snail fauna of iran was compiled using published records and original data . the data from all publications were brought to the presently accepted state of taxonomy following subba rao ( 1989 ) ( for asian fauna ) , brown ( 1994 ) ( for african fauna ) and glöer ( 2002 ) ( for the european fauna ) , and papers published thereafter . species referred to in postgraduate theses and scientific meetings are no formal publications and are consequently not considered herein .
during the field work , freshwater snails were collected by hand netting , sorted on the spot and preserved in 75 % alcohol . the data and locations of the sampling sites , where the junior author collected in 2005 , 2007 and 2011 are listed in appendix 1 . in the section ‘new records’ collecting site abbreviations derive from the geographical database pešić . the type material will be deposited in the zoological museum hamburg ( zmh ) , germany . further , we had the opportunity to revise material of some iranian freshwater snails deposited in the collections of the natural history museum basel ( nmb – forcart’s collection ) , zoological museum berlin ( zmb ) and natural history museum vienna ( nhmw – edlauer’s collection ) .
not all species could be identified due to the sparsity of specimens and the non - characteristic shells , especially of small hydrobioid snails . furthermore , the caspian sea fauna is not considered in the present paper . the order of families follows bouchet and rocroi ( 2005 ) .
map of iran with dots showing the collection localities ( corresponding to the sampling site numbers in appendix ) . the total number of freshwater mollusc species collected from each province are as follows ( in parentheses ) : bushehr ( 1 ) , fars ( 15 ) , gilan ( 12 ) , hormozgan ( 13 ) , isfahan ( 10 ) , kerman ( 15 ) , hermanshah ( 4 ) , khorasan ( 5 ) , khuzestan ( 14 ) , lorestan ( 6 ) , markazi ( 5 ) , mazandaran ( 21 ) , qom ( 1 ) , seistan and baluchestan ( 16 ) , semnan ( 1 ) , teheran ( 5 ) , west azarbayjan ( 1 ) , yazd ( 6 ) , zanjan ( 1 ) .
a–c neritina mesopotamica d–e neritina euphratica f–g neritina schlaeflii a shell ( syntype ) b lable c operculum d shell ( syntype , zmz 528916 , irak , samava , photo : eike neubert ) e operculum of neritina euphratica from euphrates f shell ( syntype , zmz 529679 , persian gulf , island ghaes , photo : eike neubert ) g operculum of neritina schlaeflii from shatt al - arab - fao region .
zoological museum berlin ( zmb ) , “ neritina ( neritaea ) anatolica var . mesopotamica , ras el ain , mesopot . hausknecht” .
the height of the largest shell of the examined syntypes from zoological museum berlin was 7 mm .
in his identification key described shell of this species as being 14 mm high . considering his photos (
khuzestan province ( chu et al . 1968 , massoud and hedayeti - far 1979 ) .
remark . according to the original description ( martens 1874 ) this species is characterized by the presence of denticulated border of the columella , and should be ascertained to the genus neritina .
this speciesis characterized by a small shell with 6 mm in height and a small spire . the boder of the columella is straight and not denticulated . the operculum has a rib which is attenuated at its basis , the peg is thick and strong and split in two parts (
a–c theodoxus pallida ( from edlauer’s collection , nhmw 75000 / e / 50824 ) a shell with corroded apex b label of edlauer’s collection c apophysis of theodoxus pallida d apophysis of theodoxus fuiviatilis ( from ir79 ) .
sarkhia sarabensis nov . sp . a shell b , c penis in situ .
( all mentioned as theodoxus doriae issel ) : kerman ( issel 1863 , martens 1874 , biggs 1937 ) ; gilan , mazandaran and lorestan province ( mansoorian 2000 ) .
fars province : ir13 - 07 [ 3 ex . ] ; ir14 - 07 [ 2 ex . ] ; khorrasan province : ir76 - 05 [ 1 ex ] ; ir 64 - 05 [ 1 ex . ] ; ir78a - 05 [ 2 ex . ] ; ir79 - 05 [ 1 ex . ] ; hormozgan province : ir 17 - 11 [ 5 ex . ]
melanopsis sp . , radix sp . , planorbis intermixtus , farsithyra farsensis , physella acuta .
martens ( 1879 ) synonymised theodoxus doriae , the species reported by issel ( 1863 ) from s iran , with theodoxus fluviatilis . later on , mansoorian ( 2000 ) described the operculum of theodoxus doriae , which has only a rib , no peg . however , the shell illustrated by mansoorian ( 1994 ) agrees well with theodoxus fluviatilis . thus we follow martens’ ( 1879 ) synonymisation of theodoxus doriae with theodoxus fluviatilis . our samples revealed onlythe presence of theodoxus fluviatilis .
w - to central - palaearctic . theodoxus fluviatilis has been considered by many authors to be an exclusively european species ( see e . g . zhadin 1952 , glöer 2002 ) . but bourguignat ( 1864 ) , brown ( 1994 ) and van damme ( 1984 ) mentioned it from nw africa ( morocco , algeria ) . records of this species in turkey ( yıldırım 1994 ) , and in iran , confirm its wide distribution . however , it does not occur in siberia ( vinarski , pers . comm . ) .
kerman province ( biggs 1971 ) ; mazandaran province ( eichwald 1838 , eliazian et al . 1979 ) .
this species has been described from the caspian sea . according to the original description ( eichwald 1838 ) this species is very distinct from the other theodoxus spp . mentioned here .
nhmw 75000 / e / 50824 , “ theodoxus pallidus dunker” persien , brackiger quellsee , 500 m , nördl . vom niris - see , leg . starmühlner 1949 .
starmühlner and edlauer ( 1957 ) provide a detailed description of the anatomy of this species but did not consider the operculum , the most important diagnostic feature . on the other hand , as figured in starmühlner and edlauer ( 1957 ) , the receptaculum seminis and the bursa copulatrix differ in length ( while being of equal length in theodoxus fluviatilis ) .
khuzestan province ( chu et al . 1968 , massoud and hedayeti - far 1979 , mansoorian 1994 , 2001 ) , mazandaran province ( mansoorian 2000 ) .
according to ramakrishna and dey ( 2007 ) this species is widely distributed on the indian subcontinent .
kerman province ( martens 1874 ) ; khuzestan province ( prashad 1921 , chu et al . 1968 , as melanopsis nodos a : massoud and hedayeti - far 1979 , mansoorian 2001 ) .
fars province : ir13 - 07 [ 23 ad . , 25 juv . ] .
melanopsis doriae ( from edlauer‘s collection , nhmw 750000 / e / 50801a ) : shell .
kerman province ( issel 1863 , martens 1874 , biggs 1936 , 1937 , starmühlner and edlauer 1957 , 1961 , 1965 ) ; fars province ( starmühlner and edlauer 1957 ) ; yazd province ( starmühlner and edlauer 1957 ) ; khuzestan province ( mansoorian 1994 , 2001 ) ; mazandaran province ( starmühlner and edlauer 1957 , mansoorian 2000 ) ; gilan province ( starmühlner and edlauer 1957 ) ; bushehr province ( starmühlner and edlauer 1957 ) .
hormozgan province : ir17 - 11 [ 2 ex . ] ; ir19 - 11 [ 1 ex . ] .
nhmw “ melanopsis doriae issel” persien , kerman , aus teilweise eingestürztem kanal , leg . starmühlner 1949 / 50 .
showing differences in the nervous system . furthermore they found differences in some features of the opercula between these species , and showed a strong morphological plasticity of the shells ( see :
, plate 1 : figs g’ , g’’ , g’’’ and h’ , h’’ ) . re - examintion of
kerman province ( as melanopsis variabilis : martens 1874 ) ; seistan and baluchistan province ( as melanopsis deserticola : annandale and prashad 1919 ) ; isfahan and yazd provinces ( biggs 1937 ) ; fars province ( as melanopsis buccinoidea variabilis : starmühlner and edlauer 1957 , as melanopsis praerosa : starmühlner 1961 ) ; khuzestan province ( chu et al . 1968 , as melanopsis praerosa : massoud and hedayeti - far 1979 , manssorian 2001 ) .
mazandaran province : ir02 - 05 [ 11 ad . , 48 juv . ] ; khorrasan province : ir64 - 05 [ 12 ad . , 39 juv . ] ; ir79 - 05 [ 3 ad . , 4 juv . ] ; ir78a - 05 [ 8 ad . , 15 juv . ] ; ir78c - 05 [ 2 ex . ] ; fars province : ir17 - 07 [ 2 ex ] ; hormozgan province : ir19 - 11 [ 21 ex . ] .
galba truncatula , theodoxus fluviatilis , planorbis intermixtus , grossuana sp . , farsithyra farsensis .
figure 8 . the molluscs of brackish waters . a ecrobia grimmi b heleobia dalmatica c ecrobia grimmi from edlauer‘s collection ( nhmw , “ hydrobia acuta ” 75000 / e / 60453 ) d cerithidea cingulata .
hormozgan province : ir14 - 11 [ 21 ad . , 6 juv . ] ; ir - 20 - 11 [ 10 ex . ] .
seistan and baluchestan province ( as melanoides scabra var . elegans : annandale and prashad 1919 ) ; isfahan province ( as melanoides scabra : biggs ( 1937 ) ; hormozgan province ( starmühlner and edlauer 1957 ) .
hormozgan province : ir08 - 11 [ 13 ex . ] ; ir17 - 11 [ 2 ex . ] .
type species . melanoides fasciolata olivier , 1804 = nerita tuberculata o . f . müller , 1774 .
seistan and baluchestan province : ir8a - 11 [ 5 juv . ] , ir8 - 11 [ 18 ex . ] . hormozgan province : ir10 - 11 [ 3 ex . ] , ir17 - 11 [ 10 ad . , 9 juv . ] , ir18 - 11 [ 1 ad . , 8 juv . ] , ir19 - 11 [ 2 ex . ] .
kerman province ( as melania tuberculata : issel 1863 ) , martens 1874 , biggs 1936 , 1937 , starmühlner and edlauer 1957 ) ; seistan and baluchestan province ( as melanoides pyramis , melanoides tigrina : annandale and prashad 1919 , biggs 1937 ) ; hormozgan province ( biggs 1937 , starmühlner and edlauer 1957 ) , ( as melania tuberculata : starmühlner ( 1961 ) ; isfahan province ( biggs 1937 ) ; yazd province ( starmühlner and edlauer 1957 , as melania tuberculata : starmühlner 1965 ) ; khuzestan province ( chu et al . 1968 , mansoorian 2001 ) ; south iran ( manssorian 1994 ) ; fars province ( starmühlner and edlauer 1957 ) : mazandran province ( starmühlner and edlauer 1957 , mansoorian 2001 ) .
the species melanoides pyramis and melanoides tigrina , which have been mentioned by annandale and prashad ( 1911 ) from seistan and baluchistan , have been listed by westerlund ( 1886 ) as subspecies . however , due to the high morphological plasticity of melanoides tuberculatus and in absence of any geographical seperation of these taxa , we list all melanoides taxa under melanoides tuberculatus .
mazandaran province ( mansoorian 2000 ) ; gilan and lorestan province ( mansoorian 2000 ) .
the euro - siberian species bithynia tentaculata ( linnaeus 1758 ) has often been mentioned from iran , turkey and greece . however , this species could not be found in greece ( glöer et al . 2010 ) and probably does not occur in turkey . the southern distribution border of this species lies possibly in n bulgaria ( georgiev pers . comm . ) . an analysis of the specimens from nmb published by forcart ( 1935 ) as bithynia tentaculata shows that these specimens represent bithynia forcarti sp . n . ( see below ) . thus , bithynia tentaculata most probably does not occur in iran and has been confused with bithynia forcarti sp . n . or possibly with bithynia mazandaranensis sp . n . ( see below ) .
urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 8a83711b - 797d - 4d86 - 99d5 - 72f217b14a89
bithynia forcarti sp . n . a shell , frontal view b shell , lateral view .
( nmb 11517a ) : shell height 7 . 5 mm , width 5 . 6 mm .
mazandaran province , tschalekuti ( nmb 11517a , 26 ex . ) , geniste d . babul ( nmb 11517b , 1 ex . , nmb 11571c , 10 ex . )
the whitish shell is conical with 5 . 5 whorls , which are convex with a deep suture and a small and acute apex . the convex whorls are flattened at the suture . the umbilicus is open . the aperture is ovate , angled at the top . the margin of the aperture is , from lateral view , slightly sinuated . the surface is smooth with fine growth lines . shell height 5 . 5 – 7 . 5 mm , width 5 . 0 – 5 . 6 mm .
due to theshape of the aperture ( angled at the top ) , bithynia forcarti sp . n . resembles bithynia mazandaranensis sp . n . ( see below ) . however , from the latter species it can be easily distinguished by the stepped whorls .
urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 5a63d216 - b630 - 4808 - 8b2d - 0f77e3eae287
shell of bithynia starmuehlneri sp . n . a frontal view b lateral view c juvenile shell with operculum .
nhmw ( 50940 ) : shell height 10 . 3 mm , width 5 . 6 mm .
the whitish shell is elongated conical with 6 . 5 whorls , which are convex with a deep suture and a small and acute apex . the umbilicus is open . the aperture is ovate . the margin of the aperture is , from lateral view , straight . the surface is smooth with fine growth lines . shell height 8 . 2 – 10 . 3 mm , width 4 . 6 – 6 . 4 mm .
this slim species isthe largest bithynia sp . known in iran . it can be easily distinguished from the other bithynia spp . by the larger dimensions of elongated shell with the stepped whorls and the not angled aperture .
this species has been misidentified by starmühlner and edlauer ( 1957 ) with bithynia troschelii .
urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 22d0892e - 8670 - 4131 - 9149 - 0f77c007bb94
bithynia mazandaranensis sp . n . a , b shell c operculum d detail of the shell surface .
mazandaran province , nowshahr city , pond near caspian sea , 51°31 ' e , 36°38 ' n , 18 june 2005 .
( zmh 79369 ) : shell height 8 . 0 mm , width 5 . 0 mm .
the horn - coloured shell is conical with 5 . 5 whorls , which are slightly convex with a clear suture and an acute apex . the umbilicus is closed . the aperture is ovate , angled at the top . the margin of the aperture is , from lateral view , sinuated . the surface bears a lattice structure . shell height 8 . 0 mm , width 5 . 0 mm , aperture height 3 . 6 mm .
probably this species formerly ( e . g . , mansoorian 2000 ) was confused with bithynia tentaculata . because we had only an empty shell of this species , we do not know if it belongs to the genus bithynia or pseudobithynia , so our generic assignment is tentative . to address this question , anatomical studies of more specimens are necessary .
probably due to the small size of this species , biggs ( 1937 ) assigned this species belongs to the genus amnicola , although mousson ( 1874 ) described it as a bythynia , and pointed out that the operculum is characteristic for bythinia and different from amnicola ( syn . to pseudamnicola ) . furthermore , biggs ( 1937 ) found his species in the mountains , while the original description of bithynia ejecta comes from the lowland , indicating the biggs’s species is not conspecific with bithynia ejecta and probably represents an undescribed species .
north iran ( caspian sea ) – eliazian et al . ( 1979 ) .
this species could not be found in any of the neighbouring countries of iran . eliazian et al . ( 1979 ) don’t mention the source that led to their identification . the record and taxonomic status of this species is questionable and needs new confirmation .
seistan and baluchestan province ( as amnicola sistanica : annandale and prashad 1919 ) .
annadale and prashad ( 1919 ) described this species as amnicola ( alocinma ) sistanica and depicted the penis morphology . due to the presence of a penial appendix this species is ascertained to the genus bithynia . the members of the genus pseudamnicola ( formerly amnicola ) have no penial appendix .
iran ; known only from the locus typicus ( dasht arzhan village , shiraz to kazerum road ) .
hormozgan province : ir14 - 11 [ 12 ad . , 20 juv . ] .
previously only known from the brackish part of rivers along the coast of croatia ( radoman 1983 ) .
probably this species has been confused with one of the following species ( ecrobia grimmi , heleobia dalmatica ) , so all former records of this species in iran are questionable . the record for this species is kept until the original material of biggs could be studied .
from the mixomesohaline lake sawa ( iraq ) was possibly transported by migrating birds from the caspian sea . the identification of our material of
was confirmed by using molecular techniques ( martin haase pers . communication ) . an analysis of the specimens from nhmw published by
in russia it is listed as turkmenamnicola raddei ( kantor et al . 2009 ) .
urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : d2e680d0 - aac4 - 45df - 954a - 28d553ec957f
markazi province , ashtian to arak road ( ca . 5 km after ashtian city , ashtian county ) , 50°01 ' e , 34°34 ' n , ca . 1800 m asl . , 21 june 2005 .
( zmh 79370 ) : shell height 2 . 6 mm , width 1 . 9 mm .
the whitish shell is conical with 4 . 5 whorls , which are separated by a clear suture . the surface is glossy and finely striated . the apex is blunt , the umbilicus is closed , the aperture is ovate and pointed at the top . shell height 2 . 4–2 . 6 mm , width 1 . 9 mm .
we had only shells with dried tissue at our disposal . since the penis morphology could not be examined , the assignment to the genus pseudamnicola is provisional .
urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 31bfcb62 - be86 - 43ce - a888 - b0562cc2740e
shell conical . penis broad at the basis , distal part with a bulbous and acute penis tip .
the new genus appears to be close to pseudamnicola , but can easily be distinguished by the unique morphology of the penis with bulbous and acute apex ( vs . a broad elongated triangular penis in pseudamnicola ) .
urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 8edd45ad - 46f2 - 4bc8 - a7be - 73b44bbcdf6d
kaskakia khorrasanensis sp . n . a shell b penis in situ c–d penis ( c : dorsal view , d : ventral view ) .
khorrasan province , kaskak stream in kaskak village , 59°10 ' e , 35°25 ' n , ca . 1800 m asl . , 11 june 2005 .
( zmh 79372 ) : shell height 2 . 5 mm , width 1 . 9 mm .
the yellowish shell is conical to globular with 5 . 5 whorls , which are slightly convex and separated by a clear suture (
) . the whorls increase rapidly with a prominent body whorl . the surface is glossy and finely striated . the apex is acute , the aperture is ovate and angled at the top , the umbilicus is closed . shell height 2 . 3–2 . 5 mm , width 1 . 8–1 . 9 mm .
the mantle and head are black . the penis is broad at the basis and tapered at the distal end (
urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 4ac287dc - 4e88 - 4043 - ba17 - 880e84883276
shell elongated conical . penis simple , broad at the basis and tapered at the distal end , with a black pigmentation mark . the tentacles are cylindrical .
) , with a black pigmentation mark ( vs . broad and elongated triangular penis ) , and the presence of broad cylindrical tentacles ( slim cylindrical tentacles ) will separate the new genus from
urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : f7fbd536 - 0970 - 4b9b - a0ac - eaf9e7c91c72
kermanshah province , sarabe–sahne ( = sarabe – bede – sarkh ) city , stream , 27 june 2005 .
( zmh 79374 ) : shell height 5 . 9 mm , width 2 . 3 mm .
the yellowish shell is elongated conical with 6 . 5 whorls , which are slightly convex and separated by a deep suture . the aperture is oval with a sharp periostome , the umbilicus is closed . the surface is dull . shell height 5 . 9 mm , width 2 . 3 mm .
this species has originally been placed in the genus pseudamnicola . however , due to the characteristic shape of the penis and the tentacles it is transfered to sarkhia gen . n .
starmühlner and edlauer ( 1957 ) originally described this species as frauenfeldia elburensis . however , the genus name frauenfeldia is preoccupied , and thus , the species of this genus have been re - assigned to belgrandiella , boleana , graziana and sarajana ( radoman 1983 ) . due to the shape of the aperture in original description ( see starmühlner and edlauer 1957 ) we affiliate this species to the genus belgrandiella .
iran , only known from the locus typicus ( gelandoah , 60 km ne of tehran ) .
sistan and baluchestan province ( source lake gomun ) – “ erythropomatiana erythropomatia ” starmühlner and edlauer ( 1957 ) .
most probably , starmühlner and edlauer ( 1957 ) misidentified this subterranean species , known only from its type locality in slovenia , far away from iran . the comparison with the description of hauffenia erythropomatia by radoman ( 1983 ) shows that these species are not conspecific as the umbilicus seems to be broader in later species compared with the species depicted by starmühlner and edlauer ( 1957 ) . unfortunately this species could not be found in edlauer’s collection in nhmw ( anita eschner , pers . comm . ) . the record for this species is kept until specimens from the original locality could be studied .
kerman province ( as bythinia uzielliana : issel 1866 , martens 1874 ) , as hydrobia uzielliana : biggs ( 1936 , 1937 ) , ( as pseudamnicola uzelliana : starmühlner and edlauer ( 1957 ) , ( as pseudamnicola uzelliana : starmühlner ( 1961 , 1965 ) ; fars province ( as pseudamnicola uzelliana : starmühlner and edlauer ( 1957 ) , ( as pseudamnicola uzelliana : starmühlner and edlauer ( 1961 , 1965 ) .
schütt ( 1973 ) classified this species in the genus gangetia and introduced the new subgenus iranothyra schütt , 1973 . mansoorian ( 1994 ) reported gangetia uzielliana with some doubts . however , his species clearly differs from the topotype of gangetia uzielliana illustrated by schütt ( 1973 ) . most probably , the species recorded by mansoorian ( 1994 ) under this name represents an undescribed new species ( glöer and pešić 2009 ) .
farsithyra farsensis ( from edlauer’s collection , nhmw “ pseudamnicola uzielliana ” 75000 / e / 50795 ) : a–b shell .
nhmw“ pseudamnicola uzelliana issel” , persien , stark salziger tümpel , südl . von yest ( = yesd ) , leg . starmühlner . nhmw 60 . 459 “ bulimus badiella “ , lake taschk , 07 . 07 . 1956 leg . löffler .
from many sampling sites in yazd province . an analysis of one lot from the edlauer collection ( nhmw ) with the specimens from yazd province shows that these specimens (
mazandaran province : ir01 - 05 [ 6 ex . ] . tehran province : ir48 - 05 [ 2 ex . ] .
urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 944e6ee3 - b23c - 43fb - a305 - 882a4d4cf3d9
mazandaran province , nowshahr city , pond near the caspian see , 51°31 ' e , 36°38 ' n , 18 june 2005 .
( zmh 79376 ) : shell diameter 3 . 3 mm , height 2 . 3 mm .
( zmh 79377 ) : 2 specimens from type locality ; [ 2 ex . ] , kermanshah province : ir105 - 05 .
the yellowish shell is translucent with 3 circular whorls . the umbilicus is wide , and the first whorl is visible through the umbilicus . the surface is glossy with very fine ribs . shell diameter 3 . 2–3 . 3 mm , height 2 . 3 mm .
urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 83575f59 - e417 - 44d3 - 8f6d - a5db45ea2b21
a–b acroloxus pseudolacustris sp . n . : shell c–d acroloxus lacustris ( from hamburg , germany ) : shell .
gilan province , ir82 - 05 , bandar anzali lagoon , 49°27 ' e , 37°26 ' n , 16 june 2008 .
( zmh 79378 ) : shell length 4 . 0 mm , width 2 . 0 mm , height 0 . 9 mm .
2 ex . , nmb 11516a “ acroloxus lacustris ” zwischen nika und aschref , 10 m ü . m . , drs . a . erni & r . buxtorf leg . 22 . x . 1931 .
the oval limpet shell is transparent . the apex is blunt and bent to the left side (
sp . with a blunt apex is known ( vinarski , pers . comm . ) .
an analysis of the two specimens from forcart’s collection ( nmb 11516a ) identified as acroloxus lacustris from mazandaran province shows that these specimens belong to acroloxus pseudolacustris sp . n .
the lymnaeidae of iran . a radix persica ( ir27 - 07 ) b–d radix bactriana ( b ir03 - 05 c ir87 - 05 d ir88 - 05 e ir91 - 05 ) f radix persica ( ir107 - 05 ) g radix iranica ( ir89 - 05 ) h radix sp . i radix sp . k galba truncatula ( ir62 - 05 ) l galba schirazensis .
kerman province – “ limnaea auricularia var . persica” issel ( 1865 ) , “ limnaea auricularia var . persica” martens ( 1874 ) ; seistan and baluchestan province ( as limnaea auricularia var . persica : annandale and prashad 1919 ) ; isfahan province ( as lymnaea persica : biggs 1937 ) .
khuzestan province ( mansoorian 2001 ) ; mazandaran , gilan and lorestan provinces ( starmühlner and edlauer 1957 ) , isfahan province ( starmühlner 1965 ) .
seistan and baluchestan province ( annandale and prashad 1919 ) ; kerman province ( starmühlner and edlauer 1957 ) .
markazi province : ir03 - 05 [ 1 ex ] , ir87 - 05 [ 9 ex . ] , ir88 - 05 [ 3 ex . ] , ir89 - 05 [ 2 ex ] , ir91 - 05 [ 3 ex . ] ; khorasan province : ir67 - 05 [ 1 ex . ] , ir79 - 05 [ 1 ex . ] .
seistan and baluchistan province ( annandale and prashad 1919 ) , azarbayjan province ( starmühlner and edlauer 1957 ) , khuzestan province ( chu et al . 1968 , massoud and hedayeti - far 1979 , as lymnaea auricularia gedrosiana : mansoorian 2001 ) , n iran ( annandale 2000 ) .
seistan and baluchestan province ( annandale and prashad 1919 ) ; isfahan province ( starmühlner and edlauer 1957 ) .
iraq ( euphrates , as limnaea hordea : mousson 1874 ) ; iran : seistan and baluchestan province .
qom , tehran and gilan provinces ( martens 1874 ) ; kerman province ( biggs 1937 ) .
this species has been described from the danube ( germany ) and most probably does not occur in iran . according to subba rao ( 1989 ) radix lagotis is a synonym of radix peregra ( syn . to radix labiata ) . however , recently schniebs et al . ( 2011 ) clearly showed that radix lagotis and radix labiata are distinct species .
( mentioned as radix peregra f . canalifera ) : n iran ( caspian sea ) ( eliazian et al . 1979 ) ; kerman province ( starmühlner and edlauer ( 1957 ) ; fars province ( starmühlner and edlauer 1957 ) ; yazd province ( starmühlner and edlauer 1957 ) ; kermanshah province ( starmühlner and edlauer 1957 ) , starmühlner ( 1965 ) .
radix labiata is a species which prefers springs and is distributed in m – and s europe and the balkans ( glöer 2002 ) .
seistan and baluchestan province ( as limnaea truncatula : annandale and prashad 1919 ) ; north iran ( caspian sea ) ( as lymnaea truncatula : eliazian et al . 1979 ) ; manzandaran province ( forcart 1935 ) ; gilan , mazandaran and lorestan province ( mansoorian 2000 ) ; kerman province ( starmühlner and edlauer 1957 , biggs 1937 ) ; tehran province ( starmühlner and edlauer 1957 ) ; khuzestan province ( mansoorian 2001 , chu et al . 1968 , massoud and hedayeti - far 1979 ) ; isfahan province ( biggs 1937 ) ; semnan province ( starmühlner 1961 ) ; hormozgan province ( starmühlner 1965 ) .
khorasan province : ir63 - 05 [ 22 ex . ] ; ir66a - 05 [ 1 ex . ] ; ir77 - 05 [ 1 ex . ] .
fars province ( küster 1862 ) ; gilan province ( bargues et al . 2010 ) .
kerman province ( martens 1874 ) ; isfahan province ( martens 1874 ) ; qazvin and e azarbayjan provinces ( starmühlner and edlauer 1957 ) ; gilan , mazandaran and lorestan provinces ( eliazian et al . 1979 ) ; n iran ( mansoorian 2000 ) .
the recent insights on the distribution of stagnicola palustris show that it is a northern european / siberian species . most probably , the species reported from iran as stagnicola palustris represents an undescribed species ( see below ) .
stagnicola sp . ( from forcart’s collection , nmb 11518b “ stagnicola palustris ” ) : shell .
material examined : 35 ex . , nmb 11518b “ stagnicola palustris “zw . nika und aschref , dr . erni & buxtorf 1934 ; 3 ex . , nmb 11518a “iran , prov . mazandaran . meschhediser , geniste am rechten ufer des babul ca . 300 m s der mündung , - 26 m meereshöhe . leg . 23 . 8 . 1931 & don . 1935 drs . a . erni & r . buxtorf” .
spp . are very variable , it is not possible to identify or eventually describe this specis as new to science without anatomical studies .
khuzestan province ( chu et al . 1968 , massoud and hedayeti - far 1979 , mansoorian 1994 , 2001 ) ; gilan province ( mansoorian 2000 ) .
the planorbis spp . of iran . a planorbis carinatus b planorbis intermixtus c indoplanorbis exustus .
northern iran ( as planorbis planorbis : mansoorian 2000 ) ; mazandaran province ( as planorbis planorbis : eliazian et al . 1979 , mansoorian 2000 ) ; fars province ( as planorbis planorbis : forcart 1935 , starmühlner and edlauer 1957 ) ; isfahanprovince ( glöer and pešić 2010 ) ; yazd province ( as planorbis persicus , planorbis subangulatus : biggs 1937 , 1971 , starmühlner and edlauer 1957 ) ; gilan province ( as anisus ( gyraulus ) intermixtus : starmühlner and edlauer 1957 ) ; khuzestan province ( as planorbis planorbis , planorbis planorbis submarginatus : starmühlner and edlauer 1957 , as planorbis planorbis : biggs 1971 ) ; markazi province ( chu et al . 1968 , massoud and hedayeti - far 1979 , mansoorian 2001 , glöer and pešić 2010 ) .
mazandaran province : ir01 - 05 [ 11 ex . ] ; markazi province : ir51 - 05 [ 11 ex . ] ; ir87 - 05 [ 3 ex . ] ; ir88 - 05 [ 7 ex . ] ; ir91 - 05 [ 5 ex . ] ; ir93 - 05 [ 1 ex . ] ; khorasan province : ir66 - 05 [ 10 ex . ] ; ir67 - 05 [ 2 ex . ] ; ir68 - 05 [ 5 ex . ] ; ir78a - 05 [ 2 ex . ] ; ir78b - 05 [ 7 ex . ] ; fars province : ir02 - 07 [ 2 ex . ] ; ir07 - 07 [ 2 ex . ] ; ir26 - 07 [ 9 ex . ] ; ir27 - 07 [ 3 ex . ] .
the species planorbis planorbis and planorbis intermixtus can only be distinguished by the number of prostate diverticula ( glöer and pešić 2010 ) . all planorbis spp . collected in iran have been anatomically studied and no planorbis planorbis could be found . thus we list the old records from iran under planorbis intermixtus .
in addition , planorbis subangulatus philippi , 1844 and planorbis persicus ancey , 1900 have been mentioned from iran ( ancey 1900 , biggs 1937 ) . both species have been described on the basis of the shells , the morphology of which falls within variability of planorbis intermixtus . thus we list these species under planorbis intermixtus .


melanella acicula is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family eulimidae .

this species is one of many species known to exist within the genus , melanella .

melanella acicula

search for ' melanella acicula ' returned 3 matching records . click on one of the taxon names listed below to check the details . [ new search ] [ direct link ]
melanella aciculata gould , a . a . in sowerby , g . b . ii , 1866 : tuamotus ( lapsus )
( of melanella aciculata [ sic ] ) warén a . ( 2011 ) . checklist of eulimidae . pers . com . [ details ]
( of melanella iredalei ( laseron , 1955 ) ) warén a . ( 2011 ) . checklist of eulimidae . pers . com . [ details ]
( of melanella pisorum ( pilsbry , 1917 ) ) warén a . ( 2011 ) . checklist of eulimidae . pers . com . [ details ]
to ansp malacology collection ( from synonym eulima pisorum pilsbry , 1917 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 22 publications ) ( from synonym eulima vitrea a . adams , 1854 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 3 publications ) ( from synonym melanella aciculata [ sic ] ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 4 publications ) to biological information system for marine life ( bismal ) to encyclopedia of life to usnm invertebrate zoology mollusca collection ( from synonym stilifer acicula gould , 1849 )
warén , a . ( 1984 ) . a generic revision of the family eulimidae ( gastropoda , prosobranchia ) . journal of molluscan studies . suppl 13 : 1 - 96 . page ( s ) : 56 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of eulima vitrea a . adams , 1854 ) warén , a . ( 1984 ) . a generic revision of the family eulimidae ( gastropoda , prosobranchia ) . journal of molluscan studies . suppl 13 : 1 - 96 . page ( s ) : 56 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of cuspeulima iredalei laseron , 1955 ) warén a . ( 2011 ) . checklist of eulimidae . pers . com . [ details ]
( of eulima pisorum pilsbry , 1917 ) warén a . ( 2011 ) . checklist of eulimidae . pers . com . [ details ]
( of leiostraca aciculata [ sic ] ) warén a . ( 2011 ) . checklist of eulimidae . pers . com . [ details ]
( of leiostraca aciculata [ sic ] ) sowerby ii , g . b . ( 1866 ) . monograph of the genus leiostraca . in : conchologia iconica . vol 15 , pl . 1 - 3 and unpaginated text . l . reeve & co . , london . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : pl . 2 , fig . 11 [ details ]
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padanon ( pandakan ) island is situated at the far end of the caubian plateau , between hilutungan and olango island . there is a small village of fishermen at the western end of the island , the eastern end has a superb sand flat which is a heaven at low tide for sight viewers and beach lovers . a fee to go on land is asked . the channel between pandanon island and the islands in front ( part of bohol ) is shallow . pipe point is situated on the bohol side of the channel .
none . boats from mactan can bring you there , but they will charge a premium .
in front of the village we could not dive because the villagers claimed it a sanctuary . we suspect they wanted money . tiger point , on the other side of the channel is great diving for naturalists , very ugly when it comes to recreational diving . there is a huge flat at 6 m with mud - sand and coral boulders , full of shells , mainly bivalves . then a small drop - off to 16 - 18 m deep where a kilometers wide sand and mud flat starts .
very plentifull : shells , soft corals , hard corals , gorgonians , nudibranches , crabs , anemones and other things . typical for mud bottoms . nighttime dives are spectacular in marine life .
can be violent . one one occasion we came out several kilometer form the boat .
© 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc .
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cook islands islands : rr = rarotonga , mg = mangaia , at = ‘ātiu , mk = ma‘uke , mt = miti‘āro , ak = aitutaki , pl = palmerston , pn = penrhyn , mn = manuae , tk = takūtea , tn = tongareva ( ts = tongaleva spoken , tw = tongareva written , they say
el
but write
r
) , mh = manihiki , rk = rakahanga , pk = pukapuka , ns = nassau , sw = suwarrow . after a polynesian name : ^ = orthography query . countries and other : fij = fiji , wt = wallis & futuna , sam = samoa , ton = tonga , niu = niue , ck = cook islands , ckm = cook islands māori , fp = french polynesia , aus = australs , soc = societies , tah = tahiti , tua = tuamotus , mqs = marquesas , mng = mangareva , pit = pitcain group , eas = easter island , haw = hawai‘i , nz = new zealand , nzm = new zealand māori
mccormack , gerald ( 2007 ) cook islands biodiversity database , version 2007 . 2 . cook islands natural heritage trust , rarotonga . online at http : / / cookislands . bishopmuseum . org .
copyright © 2007 ( july ) the cook islands natural heritage trust , all rights reserved . copyright & use policy
description : shell large , long and slender . spire usually slightly bent at early whorls , then straight or weakly convex in outline . whorls very weakly convex , suture well defined . scars from position of outer lip infrequent , one located about 2 whorls before aperture on large specimens . aperture moderately elongate , less than one - quarter of shell length , inner lip slightly reflected over base . outer lip convex in profile , with very shallow sinus at top . shell colourless - transparent or translucent white , polished , glossy .
distribution : indo - west pacific . in eastern australia , occurs from the tropics southwards to sydney , nsw .
habitat : parasitic externally on several species of holothurians ( sea cucumbers ) . common in queensland , rare in nsw .
fig . 1 : heron island , qld . on stichopus variegatus ( c . 134350 ) .


hirculops cornifer , the highbrow rockskipper , is a species of combtooth blenny found in the western indian ocean .

this species reaches a length of 6 centimetres ( 2.4 in ) sl .

this species is the only known member of its genus .

hirculops cornifer

justification : in the persian gulf , hirculops cornifer is only known from a single record off jana island , saudi arabia . hirculops cornifer occurs on coral and rocky reefs and likely in the sea grass beds . hirculops cornifer is not utilized . large - scale effects of coastal development throughout the region likely negatively impact this species . there are no known species - specific conservation measures in place for hirculops cornifer . however , there are several marine protected areas within its distribution , including the jubail marine wildlife sanctuary , where hirculops cornifer has been recorded . oceanographic data suggests that a rescue effect through the strait of hormuz is negligible . hirculops cornifer likely qualifies for least concern ; however , further records are needed in order to provide an accurate assessment of this species conservation status , therefore , hirculops cornifer is listed as data deficient .
hirculops cornifer occurs in the western indian ocean , from pondoland ( south africa ) to the seychelles , including the red sea and the persian gulf ( randall 1995 ) . single records of hirculops cornifer have been found from northwestern india ( lal mohan 1968 ) and indonesia ( de beaufort and chapman 1951 ) .
there are no known species - specific conservation measures in place for hirculops cornifer . however , there are several marine protected areas within its distribution , including the jubail marine wildlife sanctuary , where h . cornifer has been recorded ( krupp and almarri 1996 ) .
there are no known species - specific conservation measures in place for hirculops cornifer . however , its distribution includes several marine protected areas , especially off of the east coast of africa ( world database of protected areas 2010 ) .
in the persian gulf , hirculops cornifer is known only from a single record off jana island , saudi arabia ( bernice pauahi bishop museum ) ( accessed through the fishnet2 portal , www . fishnet2 . net , 2013 - 11 - 05 ) .
population information for hirculops cornifer is limited for the persian gulf . h . cornifer is known only from a single record off jana island , saudi arabia ( bernice pauahi bishop museum ) ( accessed through the fishnet2 portal , www . fishnet2 . net , 2013 - 11 - 05 ) . oceanographic data suggests that a rescue effect through the strait of hormuz is negligible .
hirculops cornifer is a demersal , marine species that is found in tropical climates . h . cornifer is found on shallow rocky and coral reefs and likely occurs in the sea grass beds in the persian gulf ( j . williams pers . comm . 2013 ) . h . cornifer has an oviparous life cycle , exhibits distinct pairing , and produces demersal , adhesive eggs ( breder and rosen 1966 ) . the maximum recorded standard length ( sl ) is 6 . 0 cm male / unsexed ( springer 1986 ) .
{ author1 , author2 . . . } , ( n . d . ) . hirculops cornifer ( rüppell , 1830 ) . [ online ] india biodiversity portal , species page : { name of species field } available at : urltoken [ accessed date jul 9 , 2018 ] .
in the persian gulf , substantial sea bottom dredging , resulting in changes of water flow and sedimentation rates , for industrial , infrastructure - based , and residential and tourism development along the coast have caused deterioration in most benthic habitats ( sheppard et al . 2010 ) . it is not known whether or not hirculops cornifer is directly affected by this coastal development , but due to the large - scale of coastal development throughout the persian gulf and given h . cornifer ' s habitat preferences , it ' s likely h . cornifer is impacted negatively in some parts of the region .
hirculops cornifer is a demersal , marine species that is found on shallow rocky and coral reefs in tropical climates ( j . t . williams pers . comm . 2009 ) . maximum standard length for this species is 6 . 0 cm or 60 mm male / unsexed ( springer 1986 ) . this species has an oviparous life cycle , exhibits distinct pairing , and produces demersal , adhesive eggs ( breder and rosen 1966 ) .
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
eschmeyer , w . n . ( ed . ) . 2014 . catalog of fishes . updated 27 august 2014 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 27 august 2014 ) .
smith - vaniz , w . f . & williams , j . t .
justification : global assessment : this is a widespread species . it is not known whether human activities affect the global population , but in some parts of its range it may be impacted . it it known to occur in marine protected areas in parts of its range . currently it is listed as least concern . the persian gulf regional assessment : this species is known from a single record off saudi arabia and likely occurs in the sea grass beds in the gulf . it is not known whether or not this species is directly affected by current coastal development throughout the persian gulf . given this species ' habitat preferences , it ' s likely impacted negatively in some parts of the region . current data suggests a stable population so , this species likely qualifies for least concern . however , further records are needed , therefore this species is listed as data deficient .
this species is common and locally abundant throughout most of its range ( g . allen pers . comm . 2009 ) . oceanographic data suggests that a rescue effect through the strait of hormuz is negligible .
substantial sea bottom dredging , resulting in changes of water flow and sedimentation rates , for industrial , infrastructure - based , and residential and tourism development along the coast have caused deterioration in most benthic habitats ( sheppard et al . 2010 ) . for example , large number of desalination plants on the coast of the persian gulf leads to localized increases in temperature and salinity ( q . alghawzi , d . feary , and s . hartmann pers . comm . 2014 ) . it is not known whether this species is directly affected by this coastal development , but due to the large - scale of coastal development throughout the persian gulf and given this species ' habitat preferences , it ' s likely to be impacted negatively in some parts of the region .
smith - vaniz , w . f . & williams , j . t . 2014 .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
froese , r . and d . pauly . editors . 2011 . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . < a href = ' urltoken ' target = ' _ blank ' > www . fishbase . org , version ( 10 / 2011 ) . < / a >
froese , r . and d . pauly . editors . 2013 . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . ; urltoken version ( 12 / 2013 ) .
a general description , with any kind of information about the taxon . its main goal is summarize the most relevant or attractive characteristics of this taxon to the general public .
springer , v . g . 1986 blenniidae . p . 742 - 755 . in m . m . smith and p . c . heemstra ( eds . ) smiths & quot ; sea fishes . springer - verlag , berlin .
dark spot between membranes of 1st 2 dorsal spines ; females with spotted anal fin , uniformly dusky in males ; body banded and spotted ; 2 dusky spots anterior to pelvic fins .
breder , c . m . and d . e . rosen 1966 modes of reproduction in fishes . t . f . h . publications , neptune city , new jersey . 941 p .
defines and describes life history of a living organism , meaning the course of obligatory developmental transformations in an organism from fertilised zygote to maturity . it includes stages through which an organism passes , ie , metamorphosis , instars , gametophyte / embryophyte , and , transitions from sessile to mobile forms . also discusses timing , though morphology of each form would be better placed in the field for morphology .
describes average size , max , range ; type of size ( perimeter , length , volume , weight . . . ) .
general description of the sites where the species is found ( ecosystem , forest , environment or microhabitat ) . includes realm ( e . g terrestrial etc ) and climatic information ( e . g boreal ) ; also includes requirements and tolerances ; horizontal and vertical ( altitudinal ) distribution . also includes information referring to territorial extension of the individual or group in terms of its activities ( feeding , mating , etc . ) , associated mostly to vertebrates .
western indian ocean : red sea south to pondoland , south africa . likely at seychelles .
enumerates geographic entities where the taxon lives . covers ranges , e . g . , a global range , or a narrower one ; may be biogeographical , political or other ( e . g . , managed areas like conservencies ) ; endemism ; native or exotic . does not include altitudinal distribution , which is covered under habitat .
2006 iucn red list of threatened species . www . iucnredlist . org . downloaded july 2006 .
describes the likelihood of the species becoming extinct in the present day or in the near future . population size is treated under population biology , and trends in population sizes are treated under trends . however , this is the preferred element if an object includes all of these things and details about conservation listings .
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froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
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eupithecia silenicolata is a moth in the family geometridae .

it is found from southern europe ( southern france , central italy and the balkan peninsula ) and morocco to western asia ( turkey , russia and the caucasus ) , iran and pakistan .

in the north , the range extends to southern switzerland , austria and northern italy .

the wingspan is about 22 mm .

adults are on wing from may to june and again from july to august in two generations per year .

the larvae feed on silene species which are related to silene nutans , especially silene paradoxa .

the species overwinters in the pupal stage .

eupithecia silenicolata

eupithecia silenicolata zengoensis ssp . nova ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) . linneana belgica , 711 : 406 - 410 , 1979
habitat : eupithecia silenicolata inhabits light open and partly grazed forests ( quercus ) with embedded grasslands and loamy embankments with open ground where the larval host plant finds optimal growing conditions .
remarks : eupithecia silenicolata ioccurs in southern europe ( southern france . central italy , the balkans ) and the western asia ( e . g . turkey , russia , the caucasus ) . there are also records from morocco . in the north eupithecia silenicolata is distributed in the southern and parts of the central alps ( southern switzerland , austria , northern italy ) .
new eupithecia species from south america lepidoptera geometridae nouveaux eupithecia damerique du sud lepidoptera geometridae . miscellanea entomologica , 512 : 55 - 65 , 1987
eupithecia inturbata new for the netherlands lepidoptera geometridae eupithecia inturbata nieuw voor nederland lepidoptera geometridae . entomologische berichten ( amsterdam ) . september ; 619 : 130 - 131 , 2001
additional information on the first estonian record of eupithecia distinctaria lepidoptera , geometridae lisateavet liivatee - pisivaksiku eupithecia distinctaria esmasleiu kohta lepidoptera , geometridae . lepinfo . juuni ; 13 : 7 , 2002
the expansionist eupithecia sinuosaria eversm has now reached north ticino lepidoptera geometridae der arealerweiterer eupithecia sinuosaria eversm hat nun auch den nordtessin erreicht lepidoptera geometridae . entomologische berichte luzern . september ; 49 : 155 - 156 , 2003
on the characteristics of some new or already known eupithecia males from south america lepidoptera geometridae sur les particularites propres aux males de quelques eupithecia damerique du sud nouveaux ou deja connus lepidoptera geometridae . miscellanea entomologica , 512 : 41 - 54 , 1987
observations on geometrid moths 10 lepidoptera , geometridae a new subspecies of eupithecia impurata hubner , 1813 blutenspanner - beobachtungen 10 lepidoptera , geometridae eine neue unterart von eupithecia impurata hubner , 1813 . dortmunder beitraege zur landeskunde , 23 : 39 - 46 , 1989
life cycle : the pupa hibernates . i found larvae in mid - july 2007 ( and also in 2011 and 2012 ) in northern greece in about 1000m above sea level . according to literature , eupithecia silenicolata has two generations with moths from may to june and july to august . probably there is only a partial second generation due to the phenology of the larval host plant .
eupithecia pernotata enictata new subspecies from southern finland lepidoptera geometridae larentiinae . notulae entomologicae 64 ( 2 ) : 54 - 56 , 1984
new eupithecia species and subspecies from asia and north africa lepidoptera geometridae . acta zoologica academiae scientiarum hungaricae 23 ( 1 - 2 ) : 227 - 236 , 1977
new species and subspecies of geometrid moths of the genus eupithecia curt . ( lepidoptera , geometridae ) from caucasus and transcaucasia . trudy zoologicheskogo instituta , 291 : 101 - 110 , 2001
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host plants : the larvae feed on silene species that are related to silene nutans . apparently the species is particularly found at silene paradoxa , where i found it in northern greece together with caterpillars of hadena adriana .
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e . s . zengoensis ssp . nov . , a geometrid moth from southern hungary ( mt . mecsek area ) , is described . morphological , phenological , ecological and zoogeogrpahical considerations are included .
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austria , bulgaria , hungary , greece , italy , corsica , romania , slovakia , france , yugoslavia .
rf regions : west caucasus , middle - volzhsky , sredneobskaya , south ural .
austria , bulgaria , hungary , greece ( mainland ) , italy ( mainland ) , corsica , macedonia , romania , russia , slovakia , france ( mainland ) , yugoslavia .
[ 10 ] de jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) ( 2011 ) fauna europaea version 2 . 4 ( faunaeur . org )
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curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .
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