junonia ansorgei , or ansorge 's leaf butterfly , is a butterfly in the nymphalidae family .

it is found in cameroon , the eastern part of the democratic republic of the congo , southern ethiopia , uganda , western kenya , western tanzania and zambia .

it is generally found in dense forests .

junonia ansorgei

junonia ansorgei ( rothschild , 1899 ) = kallima ansorgei rothschild , 1899 = kallima incerta grünberg , 1908 = kamilla ansorgei .
junonia ansorgei ; ypm ent 412397 ; africa ; belgian congo ; mt . hoyo ; sidney a . hessel ; 1960 - 04 - 03
junonia ansorgei ; ypm ent 412395 ; africa ; belgian congo ; beni , ituri forest ; sidney a . hessel ; 1960 - 04 - 01
ent . 412395 : junonia ansorgei digital image : yale peabody museum of natural history ; photo by p . shamble , 2011 metadata updated : 7 mar 2018 03 : 16 : 45
melanitis ansorgei ; ypm ent 407406 ; africa ; belgian congo ; beni , ituri forest ; gowan c . clark ; 1947 - 05
melanitis ansorgei ; ypm ent 407403 ; africa ; belgian congo ; beni , ituri forest ; gowan c . clark ; 1947 - 08
melanitis ansorgei ; ypm ent 814194 ; africa ; belgian congo ; beni , ituri forest ; ( now democratic republic of the congo ) ; gowan c . clark
melanitis ansorgei ; ypm ent 407405 ; africa ; belgian congo ; beni , ituri forest ; ( now democratic republic of the congo ) ; gowan c . clark
? junonia evarete ssp . ; lamas , ms , [ nl4a ] , # 2053j
? junonia evarete ssp . ; neild , ms , [ nl4a ] , # 2053k
junonia hierta hierta ; [ bmp ] : 160 , pl . 23 , f . 10
junonia atlites atlites ; [ bmp ] : 159 , pl . 23 , f . 7
junonia almana javana ; [ bmp ] : 160 , pl . 23 , f . 9
junonia wallacei distant , 1883 ; rhopalocera malayana : 95 , pl . 11 , f . 3 - 4
junonia swinhoei butler , 1885 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 5 ) 16 : 309
junonia livia fruhstorfer , 1912 ; ent . rundschau 29 ( 2 ) : 15 ; tl : bolivia , illimani
junonia orithya sumatrana fruhstorfer , 1906 ; wiener ent . ztg 25 ( 10 ) : 358 ; tl : sumatra
junonia orithya baweana fruhstorfer , 1906 ; wiener ent . ztg 25 ( 10 ) : 358 ; tl : bawean
junonia orithya minusculus fruhstorfer , 1906 ; wiener ent . ztg 25 ( 10 ) : 359 ; tl : sumba
junonia orithya orthosia ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 210
junonia orithya kuehni ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 210
junonia orithya saleyra ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 210
junonia orithya kontinentalis ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 210
junonia atlites acera ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 209
junonia erigone gardineri ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 210
junonia timorensis kucil ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 210
junonia hedonia intermedia ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 209
junonia hedonia teurnia ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 209
junonia orithya var . neopommerana ribbe , 1898 ; dt . ent . z . iris 11 ( 1 ) : 116
= junonia hedonia intermedia ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 209
junonia orithya metion fruhstorfer , 1906 ; wiener ent . ztg 25 ( 10 ) : 358 ; tl : n . borneo
junonia almana battana fruhstorfer , 1906 ; wiener ent . ztg 25 ( 10 ) : 353 ; tl : sulawesi , patunuang
junonia lemonias lemonias ; [ bor ] , 277 ; [ bmp ] : 159 , pl . 23 , f . 8
junonia iona grose - smith , 1894 ; novit . zool . 1 ( 2 ) : 349 ; tl : new guinea
junonia albicincta butler , 1875 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1875 ( 1 ) : 5 ; tl : queensland
junonia terea ; [ bk ] , 347 , pl . 49 , f . 609 ; [ wahlberg ] ; [ afrl ]
junonia timorensis ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 210 ; [ wahlberg ]
? junonia nigralis forbes , [ 1929 ] ; j . n . y . ent . soc . 36 ( 4 ) : 312
junonia orithya wallacei ; [ bor ] , 278 ; [ bmp ] : 160 , pl . 23 , f . 11 - 12
junonia erigone leucophora fruhstorfer , 1903 ; dt . ent . z . iris 15 ( 2 ) : 313 ; tl : trobriand is .
junonia orithya celebensis ; [ bor ] , 278 ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 210
junonia oenone oenone ; [ bafr ] , 228 ; [ bk ] : 345 , pl . 49 , f . 601 ; [ afrl ]
junonia hierta cebrene ; [ bafr ] , 228 ; [ bk ] : 345 , pl . 49 , f . 602 ; [ afrl ]
junonia westermanni suffusa ; [ bafr ] , 228 ; [ bk ] : 345 , pl . 49 , f . 603 ; [ afrl ]
junonia natalica natalica ; [ bafr ] , 230 ; [ bk ] , 347 , pl . 49 , f . 608 ; [ afrl ]
junonia almana battana ; [ bor ] , 279 ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 209
precis erigone himera fruhstorfer , 1915 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 746 ( repl . junonia tristis miskin , 1891 )
junonia evarete lima forbes , [ 1929 ] ; j . n . y . ent . soc . 36 ( 4 ) : 315 ; tl : peru
junonia vestina c . & r . felder , [ 1867 ] ; reise fregatte novara , bd 2 ( abth . 2 ) ( 3 ) : 398
junonia iphita horsfieldi ; [ bor ] , 279 ; [ mrs ] , 580 ; [ bmp ] : 159 , pl . 23 , f . 3
junonia gregorii butler , [ 1896 ] ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1895 : 726 , pl . 42 , f . 7 - 8
junonia antigone c . & r . felder , [ 1867 ] ; reise fregatte novara , bd 2 ( abth . 2 ) ( 3 ) : 398
junonia orithyia [ sic ] var . novae guineae hagen , 1897 ; jarhb . nass . ver . nat . 50 : 85 ; tl : german new guinea
junonia artaxia ; [ bafr ] , 230 ; [ bk ] : 346 , pl . 49 , f . 604 ; [ wahlberg ] ; [ afrl ]
junonia hedonia ; [ bor ] , 278 ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 209 ; [ wahlberg ]
junonia sophia infracta ; [ bafr ] , 229 ( text ) ; [ bk ] , 346 , pl . 49 , f . 605 ; [ afrl ]
junonia chorimene ; [ bafr ] , 231 ; [ bk ] : 347 , pl . 49 , f . 607 ; [ wahlberg ] ; [ afrl ]
junonia erigone ; [ bor ] , 277 ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 210 ; [ wahlberg ]
junonia genoveva vivida forbes , [ 1929 ] ; j . n . y . ent . soc . 36 ( 4 ) : 311 ; tl : guyana , surinam
junonia villida ; [ bor ] , 277 ; [ wahlberg ] ; vane - wright & tennent , 2011 , syst . biodiv . 9 ( 4 ) : 290
junonia asterie var . nikobariensis felder , 1862 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 12 ( 1 / 2 ) : 482 ; tl : nicobar
junonia ( kallimini ) ; [ madl ] ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 208 ; [ nl4a ] , 251
junonia asterie var . sumbae doherty , 1891 ; j . asiat . soc . bengal 60 pt . ii ( 2 ) : 172 ; tl : sumba ; sumbawa ?
junonia constricta c . & r . felder , [ 1867 ] ; reise fregatte novara , bd 2 ( abth . 2 ) ( 3 ) : 400 ; tl : bogota
junonia incarnata c . & r . felder , [ 1867 ] ; reise fregatte novara , bd 2 ( abth . 2 ) ( 3 ) : 400 ; tl : colombia
junonia evarete evarete ; brown & mielke , 1967 , j . lep . soc . 21 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) : 98 ; [ wahlberg ] ; [ nl4a ] , # 2053a
junonia atlites ; [ bor ] , 278 ; [ mrs ] , 579 ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 209 ; [ wahlberg ]
precis erigone f . celebensis butler , 1901 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 8 : 214 ( preocc . junonia orithya celebensis staudinger , 1888 ) ; tl : celebes
junonia evarete ; [ nacl ] , # 4442 ; [ bcr ] : 180 , pl . 28 , f . 14 ; [ ecul ] ; [ opler ] ; [ nl4a ] , # 2053
junonia hedonia ida ; [ bmp ] : 159 , pl . 23 , f . 2 ; [ bor ] , 278 ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 209
junonia coenia ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 24 ; [ nacl ] , # 4440 ; [ opler ] ; [ wahlberg ] ; [ nl4a ] , # 2052
junonia vestina livia ; [ wahlberg ] ; [ nl4a ] , # 2055b ; benyamini , ugarte , shapiro , mielke , pyrcz & bálint , 2014 , bol . mus . nac . hist . nat . chile 63 : 20 ( list )
junonia oenone ; wood - mason & de nicéville , 1881 , j . asiat . soc . bengal 49 pt . ii ( 4 ) : 227 ; moore , [ 1881 ] , lepid . ceylon 1 ( 2 ) : 42 , pl . 22 , f . 3 , 3a ; [ wahlberg ] ; [ afrl ]
junonia lemonias ; moore , 1878 , proc . zool . soc . lond . 1878 ( 4 ) : 828 ; moore , [ 1881 ] , lepid . ceylon 1 ( 2 ) : 41 , pl . 21 , f . 3 , 3a ; [ bor ] , 277 ; [ mrs ] , 579 ; [ wahlberg ]
junonia almana ; moore , 1878 , proc . zool . soc . lond . 1878 ( 4 ) : 828 ; wood - mason & de nicéville , 1881 , j . asiat . soc . bengal 49 pt . ii ( 4 ) : 227 ; [ bor ] , 279 ; [ mrs ] , 577 ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 209 ; [ wahlberg ]
junonia orithya ; moore , 1878 , proc . zool . soc . lond . 1878 ( 4 ) : 828 ; moore , [ 1881 ] , lepid . ceylon 1 ( 2 ) : 41 , pl . 22 , f . 1a - b ; [ bor ] , 278 ; [ mrs ] , 578 ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 210 ; [ wahlberg ] ; [ afrl ]
s . usa , california , maryland , kansas , bermuda , mexico , . . . ? . see [ maps ]
432x343 ( ~ 36kb ) usa : ann arbor , michigan , may 1999 , photo © christopher a . rickards
1300x1034 ( ~ 163kb ) usa : n . shore of shasta lake , siskiyou co . , ca , 29 . 7 . 2005 , photo © markku savela
1300x1017 ( ~ 187kb ) underside usa : n . shore of shasta lake , siskiyou co . , ca , 29 . 7 . 2005 , photo © markku savela
1400x1095 ( ~ 260kb ) upperside usa : lepsoc field trip to patagonia region , santa cruz co . , arizona , 2 . 8 . 2005 , photo © markku savela
1104x780 ( ~ 163kb ) upperside usa : alabama , 4 . 5 . 2003 , photo © vitaly charny
967x1081 ( ~ 121kb ) underside usa : alabama , 4 . 5 . 2003 , photo © vitaly charny
1400x1050 ( ~ 174kb ) upperside usa : alabama , 12 . 8 . 2004 , photo © vitaly charny
1265x1126 ( ~ 183kb ) underside usa : alabama , 16 . 8 . 2004 , photo © vitaly charny
2048x1360 ( ~ 317kb ) upperside usa : alabama , 15 . 10 . 2005 , photo © vitaly charny
400x463 ( ~ 31kb ) usa , texas , grapevine , 15 - 18 . 6 . 1996 , photo © tero piirainen
hispaniola , puerto rico , trinidad , guatemala , costa rica , panama . see [ maps ]
papilio genoveva cramer , [ 1780 ] ; uitl . kapellen 4 ( 25 - 26a ) : pl . 290 , f . e , f ; tl : surinam
madagascar , tropical africa ( dry ) , arabia , india , ceylon , burma , new guinea , n . australia . see [ maps ]
1024x768 ( ~ 111kb ) male female funaura , iriomote , ryukyu , japan , 4 - 95 , photo © s . shuichi haupt
1024x768 ( ~ 64kb ) upperside male funaura , iriomote , ryukyu , japan , 4 - 95 , photo © s . shuichi haupt
larva on justicia procumbens , j . micrantha , lepidagathis prostrata , ipomoea batatas , antirrhinum majus , striga asatica [ mrs ] , antirrhinum , thunbergia alata [ baur ] , hygrophila [ bmp ]
larva on angelonia salicariifolia , antirrhinum sp . , buchnera linearis , asystasia gangetica , a . scandens , hypoestes floribunda , hygrophila salicifolia , justicia sp . , pseuderanthemum variabile , p . sp . , rostellularia adscendens glaucoviolacea , thunbergia alata k . l . & l . e . dunn , 1991 , review austr . butts . ( 1 - 4 ) : ( 120 - 140 )
larva on acanthus , asystasia , barleria , brunoniella , hygrophila , hypoestes , justicia , lepidagathis ? , pseuderanthemum , rostellularia , ipomoea , engelastrum , plectranthus , plantago , angelonia , antirrhinum , buchnera , misopates , scrophularia , striga , thunbergia vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 210
orithya patenas ( fruhstorfer , 1912 ) ( precis [ ? ] ) ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 523 ; tl : ceylon
precis orithya hainanensis fruhstorfer , 1912 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 522
1172x885 ( ~ 128kb ) upperside male thailand , chon buri province , pattaya environs , ko lan island , ruderal vegeation at a roadside . 15th january 2006 , photo © oleg kosterin
orithya leucasia ( fruhstorfer , 1912 ) ( precis ) ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 523 ; tl : luzon
orithya celebensis staudinger , [ 1888 ] ² ; in staudinger & schatz , exot . schmett . 1 ( 10 ) : 98 , ( 8 ) pl . 37
precis orithya eutychia fruhstorfer , 1912 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 523
orithya palea ( fruhstorfer , 1912 ) ( precis ) ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 524
precis orithya madagascariensis ab . punctella strand , 1915 ; arch . naturgescb . 80 a ( 10 ) : 105
larva on hygrophila sp . [ pbsa ] , barleria , convolvulus , lippia , plantago [ bk ]
orithya saleyra ( fruhstorfer , 1912 ) ( precis ) ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 524 ; tl : saleyer
iunonia orithya kontinentalis martin , 1920 ; tidschr . ent . 63 : 157 ; tl : n . celebes
orithya marcella ( hulstaert , 1923 ) ( precis ) ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 9 ) 12 ( 68 ) : 232 ; tl : new guinea
precis orithya cheesmani riley , 1925 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 9 ) 15 : 151
vanessa epiclelia boisduval , 1833 ; faun . ent . madagascar , lépid . : 44 , pl . 7 , f . 3
australia , tasmania , samoa , solomon is . , new hebrides . see [ maps ]
= ; vane - wright & tennent , 2011 , syst . biodiv . 9 ( 4 ) : 290
larva on plantago , centaurium australis , antirrhinum , convolvulus valsinoidi , verbena [ baur ] , paspalum dilatatum , portulaca oleracea , centaurium minus , c . spicatum , evolvulus alsinoides , verbena bonariensis , v . sp . , antirrhinum sp . , russelia equisetiformis , veronica repens , plantago lanceolata , p . spp . , goodenia sp . , scaevola aemula , arctotheca calendula , epaltes australis , ruellia spp . ? k . l . & l . e . dunn , 1991 , review austr . butts . ( 1 - 4 ) : ( 120 - 140 )
india , ceylon , burma , cambodia - w . china , s . china , andaman , nicobar . see [ maps ]
ab . demaculata ( neustetter , 1916 ) ( precis ) ; dt . ent . z . iris 30 ( 2 - 3 ) : 99
769x513 ( ~ 188kb ) upperside thailand , krabi 24 . 12 . 2003 - 7 . 1 . 2004 , photo © olli vesikko
753x957 ( ~ 98kb ) underside thailand , chanthaburi , khao - kitchakut national park , the park at the headquarters . 4th january 2006 , photo © oleg kosterin
713x867 ( ~ 72kb ) underside thailand , chanthaburi , khao - kitchakut national park , the park at the headquarters . 4th january 2006 , photo © oleg kosterin
689x765 ( ~ 81kb ) upperside thailand , chanthaburi , khao - kitchakut national park , the park at the headquarters . 4th january 2006 , photo © oleg kosterin
753x641 ( ~ 57kb ) upperside cambodia , siem reap , angkor wat . 8th january 2006 , photo © oleg kosterin
967x834 ( ~ 78kb ) upperside cambodia , siem reap , angkor wat . 8th january 2006 , photo © oleg kosterin
681x857 ( ~ 59kb ) underside cambodia , siem reap , angkor wat . 8th january 2006 , photo © oleg kosterin
: pl . 150 , f . 16 ( text only ) [ missp . of
1112x1069 ( ~ 504kb ) female ethiopia , amhara , a blue nile right bank at the bridge of the road addis ababa - bahir dar , 1100 m a . s . l . 31st july 2012 , photo © oleg kosterin
precis magna evans , 1926 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 31 ( 3 ) : 715
precis westermanni suffusa rothschild & jordan , 1903 ; novit . zool . 10 ( 3 ) : 513 ; tl : kikuyu escarpment
precis westermanni splendens schmidt , 1921 ; dt . ent . z . iris 35 ( 1 / 2 ) : 34
rhodesia , moçambique , angola - e . africa , w . kenya ( lake victoria ) . see [ maps ]
moçambique ? , madagascar , comoro , mascarene , astove . see [ maps ]
ceylon , s . india , c . india , himalayas , ne . india , burma , sumatra , w . china , s . china . see [ maps ]
precis iphita ab . pullus murayama , 1961 ; tyô to ga 11 ( 4 ) : 57 , f . 8 , 13 ; tl : poli , formosa
769x514 ( ~ 115kb ) upperside thailand , krabi 24 . 12 . 2003 - 7 . 1 . 2004 , photo © olli vesikko
precis iphita pluviatilis fruhstorfer , 1900 ; berl . ent . zs . 45 ( 1 / 2 ) : 22 ; tl : malabar ; ceylon
606x800 ( ~ 158kb ) underside thailand , phuket , a bank of a pond at a road 1 km ne of khao sai tan kliang mt . , 18th february 2009 , photo © oleg kosterin
869x800 ( ~ 236kb ) underside thailand , phuket , the khao phra theo national park , the lower reaches of bang pae brook . 19th february 2009 , photo © oleg kosterin
precis hopfferi möschler , 1872 ; stettin ent . ztg 33 ( 7 - 9 ) : 337 ; tl : silhet
precis iphita tosca fruhstorfer , 1900 ; berl . ent . zs . 45 ( 1 / 2 ) : 22 ; tl : sumatra ; borneo
precis iphita var . ( ? ) adelaida staudinger , 1889 ; dt . ent . z . iris 2 ( 1 ) : 51 ; tl : palawan
precis iphita cebara fruhstorfer , 1912 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 517
larva on hemigraphis alternata , hygrophila salicifolia k . l . & l . e . dunn , 1991 , review austr . butts . ( 1 - 4 ) : ( 120 - 140 ) , blechum , hemigraphis , hygrophila , ruellia vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 209
precis seitzi corbet , 1937 ; proc . r . ent . soc . lond . ( b ) 6 ( 5 ) : 100
precis hedonia apollonia fruhstorfer , 1906 ; wiener ent . ztg 25 ( 10 ) : 351 ; tl : sumbawa , flores
precis hellanis c . & r . felder , [ 1867 ] ; reise fregatte novara , bd 2 ( abth . 2 ) ( 3 ) : 402 , n . 601
precis hedonia numana fruhstorfer , 1912 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 518 ; tl : obi
precis hedonia thero fruhstorfer , 1912 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 518
aru , kai , misool , waigeu , northern territory , cape york - brisbane , west irian - papua , bismarck archipelago , solomon is .
papilio zelima fabricius , 1775 ; syst . ent . : 492 ; tl : nova hollandia
larva on hygrophila salicifolia dunn , 1995 , victorian ent . 25 ( 5 ) : ( sankowsky , 1975 )
precis hedonia admiralitatis rothschild , 1915 ; novit . zool . 22 ( 2 ) : 203 ; tl : manus , admiralty islands
precis hedonia iwasakii matsumura , 1915 ; ent . mag . kyoto 1 ( 2 ) : ?
precis hedonia parvipuncta howarth , 1962 ; the natural history of the rennell and bellona is . ( 4 ) : 70
precis hedonia kangeana kalis , 1933 ; tijdschr . ent . 76 ( 1 - 2 ) : 57 ; tl : tambajangan , kangean
uganda , w . tanzania , kenya ( highlands ) . see [ maps ]
zaire , angola - uganda , ethiopia , kenya , tanzania , malawi , n . zambia
precis tereoides butler , 1901 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 8 : 211 ; tl : e . africa
precis terea fumata rothschild & jordan , 1903 ; novit . zool . 10 ( 3 ) : 518 ; tl : gillet mtns
natal , swaziland , transvaal , moçambique , rhodesia , malawi , zambia , s . zaire , angola , coast ( e . tanzania , e . kenya )
vanessa goudoti boisduval , 1833 ; faun . ent . madagascar , lépid . : 45 , n . 5 , pl . 7 , f . 1
natal , zululand , swaziland , transvaal , moçambique , rhodesia - kenya . see [ maps ]
precis natalica var . schmidti knoch , 1927 ; int . ent . z . 21 : 24
natal , mozambique , rhodesia , zambia , malawi , tanzania , e . kenya , c . kenya
precis natalica angolensis rothschild , 1918 ; novit . zool . 25 : 345 ; tl : angola
senegal - sudan , ugdanda , w . kenya , ethiopia . see [ maps ]
1180x918 ( ~ 228kb ) ethiopia , amhara , lake hayk bank . 7th august 2012 , photo © oleg kosterin
874x910 ( ~ 211kb ) ethiopia , amhara , lake hayk bank . 7th august 2012 , photo © oleg kosterin
1224x918 ( ~ 264kb ) ethiopia , amhara , lake hayk bank . 7th august 2012 , photo © oleg kosterin
1072x920 ( ~ 291kb ) ethiopia , amhara , hayk town environs . 6th august 2012 , photo © oleg kosterin
1082x1109 ( ~ 294kb ) underside ethiopia , amhara , a rapidous brook , blue nile right tributary just upstream the bridge of the road addis ababa - bahir dar , 1100 m a . s . l . 1st august 2012 , photo © oleg kosterin
ne . india , himalayas ( foot ) , peninsular india ( wetter regions ) , ceylon , burma . see [ maps ]
640x480 ( ~ 115kb ) upperside thailand , krabi 24 . 12 . 2003 - 7 . 1 . 2004 , photo © olli vesikko
larva on asteracantha longifolia , barleria , alternanthera philoxeroides , hygrophila lancea , h . salicifolia [ mrs ] , asteracantha , barleria , blechum , hygrophila , justicia , nelsonia , pseuderanthemum , strobilanthes , achyranthes , alternanthera , oryza , lindernia , phyla vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 209
precis atlites acera fruhstorfer , 1912 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 519 ; tl : celebes
ceylon , india , burma , malaysia , java , sumatra , formosa , philippines , hong kong , andaman , nicoban . see [ maps ]
precis almana asterie ab . liquefactus murayama , 1961 ; tyô to ga 11 ( 4 ) : 57 , f . 17 , 23 ; tl : poli , formosa
680x878 ( ~ 52kb ) thailand , chon buri province , a small pool at the lake at bang phra . 1st february 2005 , photo © oleg kosterin
1031x880 ( ~ 89kb ) underside thailand , chon buri province , a small pool at the lake at bang phra . 1st february 2005 , photo © oleg kosterin
larva on acanthaceae [ bow ] , asteracantha longifolia , hygrophila lancea , barleria spp . , osbeckia spp . , alternanthera philoxeroides , vandellia ciliata , v . anagallis , antirrhinum majus , plantago asiatica , p . major [ mrs ] , acanthus , asteracantha , barleria , blechum , hemigraphis , hygrophila , ruellia , strobilanthes , alternanthera , mimosa , gloxinia , osbeckia , ludwigia , plantago , antirrhinum , bonnaya , ilysanthes , lindernia , mimulus , lippia , phyla , stachytarpheta ? vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 209
ceylon , himalayas , assam , bengal , s . india , c . india , saurashtra , burma . see [ maps ]
711x594 ( ~ 126kb ) upperside thailand , chon buri province , pattaya , a chain of muddy pools behind the chain of hitels along the jomtien beach . 25th january 2005 , photo © oleg kosterin
1098x906 ( ~ 123kb ) underside thailand , chon buri province , pattaya environs , ko khram island , a spiny bamboo forest at a beach . 2nd february 2005 , photo © oleg kosterin
993x829 ( ~ 108kb ) underside thailand , chon buri province , pattaya , a small grassy swamp with cattail and reed , surrounded by trees , at the jomtien beach , between b . o . guesthouse and jomtien metro condotel , 15th january , 2006 , photo © oleg kosterin
precis lemonias vaisya fruhstorfer , 1912 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 520
precis lemonias aenaria fruhstorfer , 1912 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 520
precis expansa butler , 1883 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1883 : 367 ; tl : larat
precis erigone tegea fruhstorfer , 1912 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 521
precis erigone wetterensis strand , 1916 ; lepidoptera niepeltiana ( 2 ) : 7 , pl . 14 , f . 5 ; tl : wetter i .
timorensis cibota ( fruhstorfer , 1912 ) ( precis ) ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 521 ; tl : sumba i .
precis adulatrix fruhstorfer , 1905 ; berl . ent . zs . 49 ( sb ) : 7 ; tl : sumba
precis hedonia teurnia fruhstorfer , 1912 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 518
? obscurata ball , 1932 ² ; bull . soc . ent . belg . 72 : 54
cameroons - uganda , zaire , uganda , tanzania , w . kenya , ethiopia . see [ maps ]
kallima cymodice ; [ bow ] : pl . 104 , f . 12 ( spell . ? )
kallima cymododoce var . lugens schultze , 1912 ; ent . rundsch . 29 ( 14 ) : 92 ; tl : kamerun
precis africana richelmann , 1913 ; int . ent . z . 7 : 106
precis schmiedeli fiedler , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 53 ; tl : kamerun
checklist of afrotropical papilionoidea and hesperoidea ; compiled by mark c . williams , 7th ed . ( 2008 ) ( april 2007 ) ;
butterflies of north america . 2 . scientific names list for butterfly species of north america , north of mexico .
[ ² ] this may require parentheses or not . i don ' t have the necessary information for this taxon .
lépidoptéres des provinces chinoises sé - tchouen et kam recueillis , en 1893 , par m - r g . n . potaine in romanoff ,
an updated list of the butterflies of chile ( lepidoptera , papilionoidea and hesperioidea ) including distribution , flight period and conservation status . part i , comprising the families : papilionidae , pieridae , nympalidae ( in part ) and hesperiidae . describing a new species of hypsochila ( pieridae ) and a new subspecies of yramea modesta ( nymphalidae )
lepidoptera aus dem amazonasgebiete und aus peru gesammelt von dr . douglas melin und dr . abraham roman
list of lepidoptera collected by mr . h . o . forbes in the islands of timor laut
on a collection of lepidoptera made at manipur and on the borders of assam by dr . george watt
on lepidoptera recently collected in british east africa by mr . g . f . scott elliot
the butterflies of the malay peninsula . fourth edition revised by j . n . eliot with plates by bernard d ' abrera
the genera of diurnal lepidoptera , comprising their generic characters , a notice of their habitats and transformations , and a catalogue of the species of each genus ; illustrated with 86 plates by w . c . hewitson
review of australian butterflies : distribution , life history and taxonomy . pushlished by authors , melbourne
reise der österreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b . von wüllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . band 2 . abtheilung 2 . lepidoptera . rhopalocera
- 120 , ( inhalts - verz . ) 1 - 9 ( pl . 1 - 74 ) , ( felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ) , ( 5 ) : pl .
rhopalocera bazilana . verzeichniss der von w . doherty auf der insel bazilan gesammelten tagfalter
( 1 ) : 3 - 4 ( 1 january ) , ( 3 ) : 18 - 19 ( 14 january ) , ( 4 ) : 26 - 27 ( 21 january ) , ( 5 ) : 34 - 35 ( 28 january ) , ( 6 ) : 42 - 43 ( 4 february ) , ( 7 ) : 51 ( 11 february ) , ( 9 ) : 66 - 67 ( 25 february ) , ( 10 ) : 74 ( 3 march ) , ( 11 ) : 83 ( 10 march ) , ( 12 ) : 90 - 91 ( 17 march ) , ( 14 ) : 106 - 107 ( 31 march ) , ( 15 ) : 114 - 115 ( 7 april ) , ( 16 ) : 122 - 123 ( 14 april ) , ( 17 ) : 130 - 131 , 4 figs . ( 21 april ) , ( 18 ) : 139 - 140 ( 28 april ) , ( 19 ) : 146 - 147 ( 5 may ) , ( 20 ) : 154 - 155 ( 12 may ) , ( 22 ) : 170 - 171 ( 26 may ) , ( 23 ) : 177 - 179 ( 2 june ) , ( 24 ) : 186 - 187 ( 9 june ) , ( 25 ) : 195 - 196 ( 16 june ) , ( 26 ) : 202 - 203 ( 23 june ) , ( 27 ) : 210 - 211 ( 30 june ) , ( 28 ) : 218 - 219 ( 7 july ) , ( 30 ) : 235 ( 21 july ) , ( 31 ) : 242 - 244 ( 28 july ) , ( 32 ) : 251 - 252 ( 4 august ) , ( 33 ) : 259 - 260 ( 11 august ) , ( 34 ) : 267 - 268 ( 18 august ) , ( 35 ) : 274 - 275 ( 25 august ) , ( 36 ) : 282 - 283 ( 1 september ) , ( 37 ) : 291 ( 8 september ) , ( 38 ) : 299 - 300 ( 15 september ) , ( 39 ) : 306 - 307 ( 22 september ) , ( 40 ) : 314 - 315 ( 29 september )
verzeichniss der von herrn dr . theodor koch - grünberg am oberen waupes 1903 - 1905 gesammelten rhopaloceren mit besprechung verwandter arten
biologia centrali - americana . rhopalocera . vol . 1 . ( 1879 - 1886 )
from new guinea ( parts i - iii ) - made by mr . w . doherty at humboldt bay , dutch new guinea , and in neighbouring islands , in the museum of the honourable walter rothschild at tring , with descriptions of new species
lépidoptéres de madagascar . in vinson . voyage a madagascar au couronnement de radama ii . in vinson ,
illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies selected chiefly from the collections of w . wilson saunders and william c . hewitson
lepidoptera of the congo . being a systematic list of the butterflies and moths collected by the american museum of natural history congo expedition together with descriptions of some hitherto undescribed species
sammlung exotischer schmetterlinge , vol . 2 ( [ 1819 ] - [ 1827 ] )
systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum clases , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , symonymis , locis . tomis i . 10th edition
systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , . . . . editio duocecima reformata . tom . 1 . part ii .
note on a collection of lepidoptera from s . e . new guinea in blue book ,
a list of the lepidopterous insects collected by mr . ossian limborg in upper tenasserim , with descriptions of new species
lepidopteren von den samoainseln . in : botanische und zoologische ergebnisse einer wissenschaftlichen forschungsreise nach den samoainseln , dem neuguinea - archipel und den salomonsinseln von märz bis dezember 1905
list of the butterflies collected in arabia by captain r . e . cheesman , with a description of one new subspecies
on the lepidoptera in the tring museum sent by mr . a . s . meek from the admiralty islands , dampier and vulcan islands
neue afrikanische pierididen und nymphalididen gesammelt von herrn prof . dr . j . vosseler
neue rhopaloceren aus ost afrika . ergebnisse der nyassa - see - un kenya - gebirgs - expedition der hermann und elise geb . heckmann - wentzel - stiftung
rhopalocera africae australis ; a catalogue of south african butterflies : comprising descriptions of all the known species . . .
notes on butterflies collected by j . h . bowker , esq . , in basuto - land , south africa ; with descriptions of some new species
south - african butterflies : a monograph of the extra - tropical species . vol . 1
contribution à l ' étude des lépidoptères d ' abyssinie ( pt . 1 , rhopalocères )
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
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© 2016 , butterfly conservation society , ghana - african butterfly research institute - icom ltd .
( new for mbogi , male f . alcippina but with an unusual amount of black on the hws )
well , there you go ! if you ' d like to see photos of any of the non - illustrated species , let me know , i ' ll be glad to post them over the next few days . and thanks to anyone able to help me with those few ids !
thank you tom for sharing i would like to see the cymothoe herminia when you have time . . . a + , michel
tom , i ' d like to understand your photography system . you have perfect pictures and i can guess some
threads
(
fil
en francais ) behind the specimens . do you use photoshop ( or another software ) to work on your pictures or do you really obtain this perfectly white background ?
i would like to see the cymothoe herminia when you have time . . .
here you go ! one of my favourite species . too bad about the strange tear at the base of the fw . . . though it leaves me wondering how it might have happened ?
you have perfect pictures and i can guess some
threads
(
fil
en francais ) behind the specimens .
the whole process is really simple actually . you can see my set - up in a previous post here :
first , i followed advice given and am using the manual white balance setting on my camera ( this makes post - processing a lot easier ) .
second , i ' ve switched from white thread to clear fishing line . clear fishing line is almost invisible behind lighter coloured specimens , whereas the white thread created noticeable lines in the images .
since i don ' t have a stand to hold my camera steady , i usually snap 3 to 5 pictures of each side of a specimen , then once transferred to my computer , sort through them to pick out the clearest / sharpest results .
unfortunately , this method does not immediately give the pure white background . usually , i get a light greyish - blue background , but after a bit more white balancing ( if needed ) , and slight brightening ( if needed ) , i use photoshop ' s wand and lasso tools to cut out the background and replace it with white .
your picture of the falcuna specimen has disappeared which was one that i was going to try and help you to identify .
in the meantime i have narrowed down the pentila to possibly p umangiana aurivillius . there seems to be several subspecies of this and berger suggests two might be in the ituri area ssp : umangiana aurivillius and ssp : connectens hulstaert , although the latter is listed as south and east of ituri so this may be your specimen . i have taken a picture of the relevant drawer in my collection which may be of assistance though i do not have a specimen from kivu . p umangiana is in column 8 .
for anyone interested further in this very attractive genus of butterflies this is the second drawer showing further species , again they are all from various countries in africa .
the falcuna reappeared for a brief time and after a quick look it may be a male of f orientalis bwamba stempffer and bennett . see f orientalis orientalis bethune - baker in column 3 .
i think your id is possible ( marginal / submarginal hw verso markings are good matches ) . though , i do have a specimen of
from haut - uele and the verso hw is not this heavily marked . . . in fact , it ' s quite close to
subspecies . . . though given their ranges that doesn ' t quite make sense .
i have narrowed down the pentila to possibly p umangiana aurivillius . there seems to be several subspecies of this and berger suggests two might be in the ituri area ssp : umangiana aurivillius and ssp : connectens hulstaert , although the latter is listed as south and east of ituri so this may be your specimen .
. the verso hw pattern seems to match , while all the other similar species i ' ve looked at have an extra row of black dots .
could be found in close proximity in ituri . in his plate the nominate is just so lightly marked compares to
. . . it doesn ' t make sense to me . at any rate , from the picture you ' ve posted and berger ' s plate , it would seem to me that the closest ( at least visually ) is actually ssp .
. this would be entirely out of range . . . and would only work if
this morning b aurora , m continua and another one are missing , but the falcuna photo is present . this situation changes each time i log on , nearly always one or two of this post of yours is absent , strange !
there always seems to be a degree of variability in lesser known species probably because fewer specimens are available compared to larger more showy species . as more collecting is carried out in new collecting zones then surely a better picture of what is what will emerge . the latest revision of celaenorrhinus is a case in point , and even then there are those who would want to argue that this is not complete ! will we ever know for certain ?
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urltoken
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curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .
species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .


goniobranchus splendidus is a species of colourful sea slug , a dorid nudibranch , a marine gastropod mollusc in the family chromodorididae .

the specific epithet splendida means splendid in reference to the colouring , because this nudibranch has large red spots on a white background , a yellow line at the mantle edge , and magenta rhinophores .

goniobranchus splendidus

goniobranchus splendidus , photographed by professor steve smith off nelson bay nsw in 2016 .
goniobranchus splendidus nudibranch ' s red spots vary across populations , but the yellow rim is present in all individuals .
wilson , ng , winters , ae & cheney , kl ( 2016 ) . tropical range extension for the temperate , endemic south - eastern australian nudibranch goniobranchus splendidus ( angas , 1864 ) . diversity 8 : 16
wilson ng , winters ae , cheney kl . tropical range extension for the temperate , endemic south - eastern australian nudibranch goniobranchus splendidus ( angas , 1864 ) . diversity . 2016 ; 8 ( 3 ) : 16 .
wilson , n . g . ; winters , a . e . ; cheney , k . l . tropical range extension for the temperate , endemic south - eastern australian nudibranch goniobranchus splendidus ( angas , 1864 ) . diversity 2016 , 8 , 16 .
wilson , nerida g . ; winters , anne e . ; cheney , karen l . 2016 .
tropical range extension for the temperate , endemic south - eastern australian nudibranch goniobranchus splendidus ( angas , 1864 ) .
diversity 8 , no . 3 : 16 .
epoxygoniolide - 1 ( 1 ) , possessing spiroepoxide lactone , enal , and masked dialdehyde functionalities , has been characterized from the conspicuously patterned mollusc goniobranchus splendidus . its relative configuration was investigated by spectroscopic analyses , molecular modeling , and density functional theory calculations . the biosynthesis of 1 may involve rearrangement of a diterpene . . . [ show full abstract ]
this study reports the isolation and characterisation of six new metabolites with ' gracilin ' - type carbon skeletons and of aplytandiene - 3 from the australian nudibranch goniobranchus splendidus . the structure of gracilin g is revised , and the c - 6 configuration deduced by comparison of calculated 3jc / h values with values measured using the exside pulse sequence . a lactone isolated from . . . [ show full abstract ]
using the gonibranchus splendidus in their study , they observed that the nudibranch displays a consistent yellow brim around a white body with red spots . it is found in the southern great barrier reef to new south wales . the colour and pattern of the red spots vary significantly across populations , but the yellow rim is the common factor .
three new norditerpenes ( 1 , 6 , and 7 ) and four diterpenes ( 2 - 5 ) with extensively rearranged carbon skeletons have been characterized from australian nudibranchs . the relative configuration of the cyclopropyl - containing verrielactone ( 1 ) from goniobranchus verrieri was suggested by spectroscopic analysis at 500 mhz informed by a combination of molecular modeling and dft calculations . the . . . [ show full abstract ]
t . 12 = ser . 3 : t . 4 ( 1864 ) - journal de conchyliologie . - biodiversity heritage library
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citation : johnson rf , gosliner tm ( 2012 ) traditional taxonomic groupings mask evolutionary history : a molecular phylogeny and new classification of the chromodorid nudibranchs . plos one 7 ( 4 ) : e33479 . urltoken
editor : jonathan h . badger , j . craig venter institute , united states of america
copyright : © 2012 johnson , gosliner . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
funding : this work was supported by the california academy of sciences , the university of california santa cruz - department of ecology and evolutionary biology , the national science foundation deb 9978155 and deb 0329054 to tg , and an encyclopedia of life rubenstein fellowship to rj . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .
a . ‘phylogenetic scenario’ for the chromodorid genera modified from [ 5 ] , [ 26 ] . b . morphological phylogeny of generic representatives for the chromodorididae [ 13 ] . c . combined 16s and coi phylogram of the chromodorididae from [ 27 ] . d . combined 16s and coi phylogram of the chromodorididae and cadlinidae from [ 28 ] . rudman ' s ‘ chromodoris group’ in red , ‘ hypselodoris group’ in blue , cadlinella in yellow , diversidoris ( not included in [ 5 ] , [ 13 ] , [ 26 ] ) , cadlina in grey and other dorids in black .
new collections ( from this contribution and [ 28 ] in blue . genbank specimens in red . size of circle represents number of specimens collected in each region . specimen details in supplementary table s1 ) .
the goals of this contribution are : ( 1 ) generate a phylogeny that tests the species level relationships of the chromodorid nudibranchs and confirms the monophyly of the chromodorididae , ( 2 ) assess the phylogenetic validity of the chromodorid genera , and ( 3 ) propose a new classification for the chromodorid nudibranchs that reflects their relationships .
most of our samples were collected especially for molecular work and were preserved accordingly , either in 95 % etoh , sed buffer ( saturated nacl solution with edta and dmso ) or frozen . in addition to the specimens collected specifically for molecular study , we were also able to use museum material that was , either preserved in 70–75 % etoh or the original fixation method is unknown .
the cleaned , pcr products were copied and labeled with fluorescently dye - terminators ( big dye 3 . 1 abi ) in 10 µl reactions . each reaction contained 0 . 5–2 µl of cleaned pcr product , 1 . 63 µl of 5× reaction buffer , . 5 µl of primer ( 10 mm stock ) , 0 . 5 µl–0 . 75 µl of big dye and water to 10 µl . these reactions were run on a perkin elmer 9600 - geneamp pcr system or a biorad mycycler™ thermocycler ( software version 1 . 065 , bio - rad laboratories ) . the resulting labeled , single stranded dna was precipitated by addition of 2 . 5 µl of edta and sequential washing and pelleting in ( centrifuge details ) with 100 % and then 70 % etoh . the pelleted dna was denautured for two minutes at 94°c in 13–15 µl of hidi formamide ( applied biosystems ) . the denatured , labeled dna fragments were sequenced in both directions on the abi 3100 and 3130 genetic analyzer in the center for comparative genomics ( formerly the osher laboratory for molecular systematics ) at the california academy of sciences .
we assembled , edited and removed primer strands from forward and reverse strands for each gene fragment sequenced using sequencher ( ver . 4 . 7 . genecodes corporation ) and genious 3 . 0 - 5 . 3 . 3 ( biomatters ) . we aligned the coi sequences by eye and translated the base pair data into amino acids to using macclade 4 . 08 [ 46 ] to confirm alignment accuracy . we aligned 16s sequences with muscle [ 47 ] . we then further optimized the alignments by eye using both macclade [ 46 ] and genious 3 . 0 - 5 . 3 . 3 ( biomatters ) .
we tested for saturation or multiple substitutions at the same site by plotting the absolute number of transitions and transversions at each codon position ( 1 st , 2 nd , 3 rd ) for coi and at each base pair for 16s against both uncorrected p distance and log det using paup [ 48 ] and excel ( plots not shown ) .
sequence data for both genes was not obtained for every specimen we studied . we worked with two main data sets , because we wanted to test the effect of missing data on the resulting phylogeny : the two data sets were : 1 ) combined 16s and coi for specimens with sequence data for both genes , 2 ) all 16s and coi data for all specimens ( table s1 . ) both of these data sets were analyzed both including and excluding variable characters in the 16s alignment . for all of these analyses we used doris kerguelensis as the outgroup .
the sequenced coi fragment is 658 base pairs ( bp ) long . the edited 16s sequences are 531 bp long . the combined data sets with gaps introduced for alignment are 1189 base pairs long . all sequences are available from genbank coi ( jq727822–jq727914 ) , 16s ( jq727689–jq727821 ) and aligned data matrices are available upon request from the corresponding author . excluded variable 16s regions are identified as character sets in all nexus files . saturation was not found in the 16s fragment or the first or second positions of the coi fragment . there is slight saturation in the third position transitions in the coi data set ( not shown ) . the third positions were included in the bayesian analysis as the partitioning allows the parameters of this position to be estimated separately and the inclusion of the third positions did not change the resulting trees . the recommended model of evolution ( aic form mr . model test ) was used to set parameters in mr . bayes for each partition . the resulting best - fit model of evolution for each partition using the aic selection from mr . modeltest ver . 2 [ 78 ] were coi 1 st : gtr + g , coi 2nd : trn + i + g , coi 3 rd : gtr + i + g and 16s : gtr + i + g . these models correspond to the following settings in mr . bayes ; all partitions set to nst = 6 and rates = invgamma except for the coi second codon position partition which was set rates = gamma .
the figured trees are the resulting consensus phylograms from the bayesian analyses ( figures s1 , s2 ) . all posterior probabilities are shown above the branches on the bayesian phylograms . tree topology was not altered with the inclusion or exclusion or the 16s fragment ' s variable regions ( see figure s2 for comparison of trees with and without variable regions ) . the resulting phylogenetic hypotheses for each dataset are summarized below . we will discuss relationships in terms of posterior probabilities .
coi and 16s combined analysis : including only specimens with data for both genes ( figure s1 ) .
this data set included 244 individual chromodorids , representing 157 species , four species of actinocyclidae , four other dorids . the outgroup was doris kerguelensis .
tree is the same bayesian phylogram as figured in s3a . all specimens , both genes and all characters included .
tree is the same bayesian phylogram as figured in s3a . all specimens , both genes and all characters included . blue = indo - pacific , red = atlantic and caribbean , gold = eastern pacific , green = sister group , black = outgroups . dark grey = solely eastern pacific and atlantic clades . light grey = primarily indo - pacific clades with eastern pacific members .
the two species of cadlinella included here , cadlinella ornatissima and cadlinellla subornatissima form a clade and are sister to the rest of the chromodorid species ( pp = 1 . 00 ) . these findings support previous results [ 27 ] , [ 28 ] and rudman ' s evolutionary scenario [ 5 ] , [ 26 ] . the widespread indo - pacific genus , cadlinella is an enigmatic taxon . it has at different times been considered it own separate family [ 64 ] , a part of the cadlininae [ 65 ] and a member of the chromodoridinae / chromodorididae [ 26 ] , [ 66 ] .
cadlina burnayi ortea , 1988 [ 68 ] = t . nobilis [ 69 ]
the only two species of tyrinna : t . evelinae and t . nobilis are included here . tyrinna is always monophyletic ( pp = 1 . 00 ) . after the split from cadlinella , this clade is poorly - supported as the sister group to the main group of chromodorids ( pp = 0 . 83 ) . rudman [ 26 ] suggested that tyrinna , cadlinella and cadlina form a basal grade of primitive chromodorids . cadlina had been shown not to be a chromodorid [ 28 ] , but our results support rudman ' s suggestion that tyrinna and cadlinella are basal to the rest of the chromodorids . muniain et al [ 70 ] and schrödl and millen [ 71 ] extensively reviewed the morphology of the two species in this clade .
verconia verconis is well supported as part of a clade that includes n . haliclona , n . laboutei , n . romeri and n . simplex ( pp = 1 . 00 ) . noumea varians , n . purpurea and n . norba form a well - supported clade ( pp = 1 . 00 ) that is not part of a name bearing clade , but is one branch of the polytomy that includes the ‘noumea sensu stricto’ and the branch leading to the rest of the family ( pp = 0 . 88 ) . the monotypic genus verconia is nested within the noumea clade as suggested by rudman [ 75 ] and weakly supported as the sister species to another south australian species , n . haliclona , as found in the preliminary results shown by turner & wilson [ 27 ] .
type species : doris xantholeuca ehrenberg , 1831 [ 76 ] = g . pallida ( by subsequent designation )
the glossodoris clade ( pp = 1 . 00 ) includes species g . pallida and g . rufomargninata . in an important , but often overlooked detailed examination of the relationships of the species classified in the genus glossodoris , rudman identified five subgroups of this genus based on morphology [ 77 ] . the species in this glossodoris clade were considered by rudman [ 77 ] to be members of the ‘ glossodoris pallida subgroup’ . this clade also includes two species he did not include in any subgroup , g . cincta and g . hikuerenesis .
lissodoris odhner , 1934 [ 80 ] . type species : l . mollis odhner , 1934 ( = c . aureomarginata cheeseman , 1881 [ 86 ] ( by monotypy )
casella h . & a . adams , 1858 : 57 [ 84 ] . type species : c . gouldii h . & a . adams , 1858 [ 84 ] ( by monotypy )
species included in the glossodoris atromarginata subgroup [ 77 ] are recovered in this clade , with the addition of g . sedna and digidentis kulonba ( pp = 0 . 95 ) .
this name will be used for all eastern pacific and atlantic species of chromodoris and glossodoris ( except glossodoris sedna ) . these species form a polytomy including glossodoris baumanni and three clades of atlantic and eastern pacific chromodorids .
chromodoris clenchi , c . norrisi and c . sphoni ( pp = 1 . 00 )
chromodoris krohni , c . luteorosea and c . purpurea ( pp = 0 . 78 )
these exclusively eastern pacific and atlantic clades do not form a monophyletic group , but we will provisionally name all of these species ‘felimida’ . this is the most conservative choice , the choice that requires the fewest name changes and is the least disruptive pending further information and broader taxon sampling .
the ardeadoris clade includes both species of ardeadoris : a . egretta and a . scottjohnsoni , five species of glossodoris ( g . averni , g . pullata , g . rubroannulata , g . tomsmithi and glossodoris undaurum ) and noumea angustolutea ( pp = 1 . 00 ) . . based on their analysis , turner and wilson [ 27 ] suggested that with more sampling it would be come clear if ardeadoris should be synonmized with glossodoris . by sampling more broadly within the family , we found the converse . four species of glossodoris and noumea angustolutea need to be included within ardeardoris because they are strongly supported as part of the clade including ardeadoris egretta and not the type species of glossodoris . three of the species , g . averni , g . undaurum and g . rubroannulata , found in this clade were part of rudman ' s glossodoris sedna subgroup [ 77 ]
this clade includes all of the black - lined species of chromodoris and chromodoris aspersa ( pp = 1 . 00 ) . this clade was identified by , both wilson & lee [ 17 ] and turner & wilson [ 27 ] , as the planar spawning or black - lined chromodoris clade . all of the members of this clade lay flat egg masses .
type species : diversidoris aurantionodulosa rudman , 1987 [ 89 ] ( by original designation ) .
the diversidoris includes , diversidoris aurantionodulosa , two yellow species of noumea , n . crocea and n . flava , and a new species from moorea , french polynesia - chromodoridae biocode 2937 ( pp = 0 . 95 ) .
the miamirinae clade includes all of the species currently classified as ceratosoma , durvilledoris , hypselodoris , mexichromis , pectenodoris , risbecia , thorunna and two species of digidentis ( pp = 1 . 00 )
this clade was first predicted by rudman [ 26 ] based on morphological similarities and then confirmed by rudman & berquist ' s [ 5 ] finding that all of the species in this clade feed exclusively on sponges of the family dysideaidae , although they assumed all of the genera to be monophyletic . miamirinae bergh 1891 is the oldest appropriate and available subfamily or family name for this clade . the remaining six genera ; miamira , ceratosoma , felimare , mexichromis , thorunna and hypselodoris make up the miamirinae .
the miamira clade includes the following species ( as currently classified ) ceratosoma alleni , ceratosoma magnificum , ceratosoma miamiranum , ceratosoma sinuatum . miamira is part of a grade with ceratosoma . the morphological phylogeny of species of ceratosoma and classified as miamira and orodoris , that was used as justification for their synonomy , predicted a sister group relationship between species of miamira and ceratosoma alleni [ 93 ] . our results confirm that c . alleni is more closely related to species of miamira , but do not find support for synonymy of miamira and ceratosoma . although , it is possible this relationship will be recovered with further sampling and by including molecular markers that will help resolve basal branches on the phylogeny .
the ceratosoma clade includes c . amoenum , c . gracillimum , c . ingozi , c . tenue , c . trilobatum and a new species . ( pp = 1 . 00 )
the felimare clade includes all eastern pacific , atlantic and mediterranean species of hypselodoris and two species of mexichromis , m . porterae and m . kempfi from the eastern pacific and caribbean respectively ( pp = 1 . 00 ) . both gosliner and johnson [ 13 ] and alejandrino and valdés [ 31 ] hypothesized a sister group relationship between the indo - pacific and eastern pacific / atlantic species of hypselodoris . turner and wilson [ 27 ] did not recover that relationship , but instead found the same relationships shown here .
this clade includes the type species of mexichromis , m . antonii , known only from the eastern pacific and the three included species of durvilledoris , d . lemniscata , d . pusilla and d . similaris , the two described species of pectenodoris , p . aurora and p . trilineata and all of the indo - pacific species currently considered mexichromis , m . festiva , m . macropus , m . mariei and m . mutituberculata ( pp = 1 . 00 ) . there are two well - supported clades within the mexichromis clade . the clade including mexichromis antonii and the species of durvilledoris is sister to the clade including pectenodoris and indo - pacific mexichromis . these clades could be given two names , but it is much less disruptive and confusing to maintain the name mexichromis for all clade members . the clade including p . aurora and p . trilineata can be called the ‘ pectenodoris ’ clade of mexichromis .
the thorunna clade includes all species of thorunna and two species of digidentis , d . arbutus and d . perplexa . all of species currently classified as thorunna are found in the indo - pacific and the species of digidentis are limited to southern australia . as suggested by rudman [ 26 ] , the only species within thorunna with mantle glands , t . australis and the species of digidentis ( all of which have mantle glands ) form a clade .
this clade includes all of the indo - pacific species of hypeslodoris and risbecia ( pp = 1 . 00 ) .
species of risbecia s . s forms a well - supported clade nested within hypselodoris and can be referred to as the risbecia clade of hypselodoris . risbecia aplogema is not part of this risbecia clade and was previously considered a species of hypselodoris . including all of the members of the risbecia and hypselodoris bullocki clade in risbecia is not an option because this would render hypsleodoris paraphyletic . the second clade includes , h . bennetti , h , maritima , h . bertschi , h . paulinae , h . kaname , h . bollandi , h . obscura , h . infucata , h . zephrya and one or two new species . the third clade includes h . reidi , h . krakatoa , h . jacksoni and one new species . this clade was also recovered in gosliner & johnson ' s [ 13 ] morphological phylogeny of hypselodoris .
in future contribtuions , we will work out synapomorphies for the clades identified here , but because of the amount of homoplasy and number of incomplete descriptions , this is a huge undertaking and not appropriate here .
in summary , with the most comprehensive sampling of chromodorid species to date , we confirmed that the chromodorids are monophyletic and are sister to the monophyletic actinocyclids . we also found that the majority , 12 / 14 non - monotypic traditional genera , were not monophyletic or make another clade paraphyletc . seven traditional genera , ceratosoma , chromodoris , digidentis , glossodoris , hypselodoris , mexichromis , noumea are non - monophyletic and three ( durvilledoris , pectenodoris , risbecia ) are monophyletic but render another genus paraphyletic . both ardeadoris and thorunna are made paraphyletic by nested members of other genera ( noumea , glossodoris and digidentis ) . the two monotypic genera , diversidoris and verconia are nested within clades . only tyrinna and cadlinella are monophyletic and without disruption to any other clades ( figure 3 , s1 , s2 ) . the classification proposed here and discussed at length above renames clades and is more consisitent with evolutionary history ( figure s3 ) .
the most speciose chromodorid genera : chromodoris , glossodoris and hypselodoris were originally created to describe indo - pacific species . it wasn ' t until some time after these names were created that previously described , similar , brightly colored cryptobranch dorid species found in the eastern pacific , western atlantic and mediterranean were added to these genera [ 1 ] , [ 26 ] , [ 65 ] , [ 95 ] , [ 102 ] , [ 103 ] . in mexichromis the opposite is true . the type species , mexichromis antonii , was described from the eastern pacific and indo - pacific species were included later included in this genus [ 26 ] , [ 95 ] . other eastern pacific “ mexichromis ” are shown here to belong to felimare .
this new classification clarifies our view of biogeographic patterns in the chromodorid nudibranchs . instead of taxonomy obscuring patterns of diversification in this group , this taxonomy reflects and reinforces evolutionary history . it gives us a much better framework for exploring evolutionary questions .
the electronic version of this document does not represent a published work according to the international code of zoological nomenclature ( iczn ) , and hence the nomenclatural acts contained in the electronic version are not available under that code from the electronic edition . therefore , a separate edition of this document was produced by a method that assures numerous identical and durable copies , and those copies were simultaneously obtainable ( from the publication date noted on the first page of this article ) for the purpose of providing a public and permanent scientific record , in accordance with article 8 . 1 of the code . the separate print - only edition is available on request from plos by sending a request to plos one , public library of science , 1160 battery street , suite 100 , san francisco , ca 94111 , usa along with a check for $ 10 ( to cover printing and postage ) payable to “public library of science” .
table of specimens used in this study . specimens used in this study listed by family . the names in this table reflect current classification not proposed classification ( new names are listed in the text ) . abbreviations are as follows : casiz = california academy of sciences , sam = south australian museum , wam = western australian museum , am = australian museum , zsm = zoologische staatssammlung münchen , sio - bic = scripps institute of oceanography , biocode = moorea biocode project .
new classification of the chromodorididae with synonyms . generic names and type species in bold and the most recent genus membership follows . listing order follows phylogeny .
bayesian consensus phylogram including all specimens with data for both genes . posterior probabilities are listed above branches . doris kerguelensis is the outgroup . this phylogram is the consensus of 50 , 000 , 000 generations with trees sampled every 1000 generations with a burnin of 25 % . data was partitioned by gene and by codon position .
bayesian consensus phylograms including all specimens . a . phylogram resulting from the inclusion of all characters b . phylogram resulting from excluding hard to align characters . doris kerguelensis is the outgroup . these phylograms are the consensuses of 50 , 000 , 000 generations with trees sampled every 1000 generations with a burnin of 25 % . data was partitioned by gene and by codon position . dotted lined indicate areas of disagreement .
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do these subject areas make sense for this article ? click the target next to the incorrect subject area and let us know . thanks for your help !
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upper : shiprock , port hacking , sydney , new south wales , 3m , march 1982 . lower : shiprock , port hacking , sydney , new south wales , december 1982 , on food sponge . photos : bill rudman .
there are many red and orange - spotted species of chromodorid in new south wales and southeastern australia . i have discussed this example of mimicry on a separate page .
references : • rudman , w . b . ( 1983a ) the chromodorididae ( opisthobranchia : mollusca ) of the indo - west pacific : chromodoris splendida , c . aspersa and hypselodoris placida colour groups . zoological journal of the linnean society 78 : 105 - 173 . • rudman , w . b . ( 1991 ) purpose in pattern : the evolution of colour in chromodorid nudibranchs . journal of molluscan studies , 57 , ( t . e . thompson memorial issue ) : 5 - 21 .
it usually takes about 3 months before the first slugs show up and they are always austraeolis ornata and jorunna sp 1 . plocamopherus imperialis then arrives on the main sea wall and dendrodoris denisoni and dendrodoris fumata show up further upstream . sometimes aplysia spp also arrive . it is always after these species establish that chromodorids appear about half a kilometre up river and always on the same rock wall . chromodoris geometrica , chromodoris daphne , chromodoris cf reticulata and hypselodoris obscura all appear about the same time and what is curious is that they are often large animals with almost no juveniles seen , and i have always had a thorough search before hand .
if no slugs survive after a flood ( chromodorids definitely dont ) how do these species re - establish . the odd animal may come in on weed but the regularity of their arrival seems to indicate that they must have at least a short planktonic stage and can only establish once their food source is present . i have no qualification to make any assumption but i believe that my observation is correct so i would appreciate your opinion
we basically need to know a lot more about the lifecycles of the nudibranchs and of the food organisms - algae , sponges , hydroids , bryozoans etc - before we can say much more about how nudibranchs re - establish themselves at certain places after catastrophes . it is a very interesting - if very complicated topic .
dear bill , in answer to your question :
i wondered if two sponge species were interwoven , but i suspect the bluish regions are paler parts of the chelonaplysilla - perhaps where the slug has been feeding . i would be interested in your comments . do you perhaps have a photo showing the join between blue and darker regions more clearly ?
we have another photo of each nudibranch and sponge in the previous message . the two we sent in showed the mouth everted and indicated feeding better than the ones we didn ' t send . here are the two other photos . we think what you are seeing is not two sponges but the hills and hollows of the sponge making shadows and light . we will keep looking for chromodoris daphne feeding and see if we can come up with some photos that clear up the puzzle .
locality : the pipeline , nelson bay , port stephens and fly point , port stephens - great lakes marine park , port stephens , 5metres , new south wales , australia , pacific ocean , 09 january 2009 & 10 january 2009 , sandy silty bottom with sponges , ascidians , gorgonias , soft corals , hydroids and seaweed . length : 30 mm . photographer : leanne and david atkinson .
i think these extra photos have cleared up the puzzle quite well . some sponges change colour in different parts of the same colony - certainly parts that are shaded are often much paler or almost colourlesss . it seems as though chelonaplysilla violacea can range in colour from deep violet to dull blue to a reddish colour and also to a pale straw colour . one of the distinguishing features of chelonaplysilla is its incorporation of small sand grains into its tissue which can usually be seen in c . violacea , in the granular appearance of the honeycomb - like surface of the colony . interestingly your lower photo shows part of the honeycomb layer [ c ] being hidden by a smooth layer with raised conical papillae more typical of the related genera darwinella . if i had seen the smooth section only i wouldn ' t have thought of it as chelonaplysilla .
as i have often said , sponges are notoriously difficult to identify externally , and one of the reasons for this is that we don ' t have a good idea of the variability of living colonies . although this is not a ' sponge forum ' our growing collection of ' nudibranch food ' photos is increasing our knowledge in both fields of biology .
hi bill and everyone ! so chromodoris daphne is the hot topic . . . i won ' t go into feeding but will go into egg masses and mating . this species is fairly common here and is typically a botton dweller . in all the dive we have seen it , it has been crawling along the silty sandy bottom . it has been found intertidally and at the mooloolaba rock wall / ledges , which is a shore dive and old woman island and the local reefs . i collected a couple to see if they would lay eggs and walla . . . two animals laid egg masses together at the same time and then went right back to mating ! i could not believe my eyes .
locality : mooloolaba , sunshine coast , intertidal down to 20 m , sthn queensland , australia , pacific ocean , 20 january 2009 . length : 15 - 25 mm . photographer : gary cobb .
hi bill , we found these chromodoris daphne feeding on a black sponge on two recent dives , one at fly point and the other at the pipeline . these dive sites are at opposite ends of nelson bay beach . there is some discussion on where to find these nudibranchs in an earlier message by dez paros . we usually find these nudibranchs in less than 12 metres in the zone where there is a mixture of seaweed and sponges .
locality : the pipeline , nelson bay , port stephens and fly point , port stephens - great lakes marine park , port stephens , 5 metres , new south wales , australia , pacific ocean , 09 january 2009 & 10 january 2009 , sandy bottom sponges , bryozoans , soft corals , hydroids and ascidians . length : 30 mm . photographer : leanne and david atkinson .
to accompany leanne & david atkinson ' s message [ # 18549 ] , here is another record of chromodoris daphne feeding .
locality : shiprock , port hacking , sydney , new south wales , australia . 7 m . 20 december 1982 , many specimens , 20 - 35 mm long on food sponge . coll : g . avern . am c137068 . photos : bill rudman .
many specimens were found , all on a large empty beer bottle which was completely covered in a colony of the purple darwinellid sponge chelonaplysilla violacea .
hi bill , we came across this chromodoris daphne we think was feeding and thought it might be of interest .
locality : little beach , fly point marine reserve port stephens , 8 metres , nsw australia , pacific , 12th november 2006 , sandy bottom scattered sponges , kelp , ascidians soft corals and gorgonias . length : 40 mm . photographer : leanne & david atkinson .
the upper shot shows the sponge , the damage where feeding has occurred and a mucus trail to the chromodoris daphne . the lower shot quite clearly shows the mouth everted . water temperature was 19 degrees celcius . there didn ' t seem to be any other messages or information about its food on the site . regards , leanne & david atkinson
dear leanne & david , this is a very valuable addition to our knowledge . i have added a couple of closeups to show the damage and sponge structure in more detail . the sponge is a darwinellid , and i suspect a species of chelonaplysilla but will need to check with prof . bergquist . your mention about no feeding information on the site for this species surprised me as i thought i had photos of it on a discarded beer bottle which was covered in the purple sponge chelonaplysilla violacea . on checking i have only a very cursory reference on the fact sheet so i have prepared a fuller message to accompany your record .
it ' s very good to have some confirmatory observations - and interesting from the sponge point of view as well because we still have a lot to learn about how many species of chelonaplysilla there are .
dear bill , we were thrilled to find this chromodoris daphne laying eggs on our last dive . sadly we were still learning to use our newly housed digital camera and badly overexposed the shots showing the eggs coming out . it was definitely laying these eggs and not just crawling over them . locality : fly point marine reserve port stephens , 5 metres , new south wales , australia , pacific ocean , 18 . 03 . 2006 , sandy bottom seaweed with scattered sponges and kelp . length : 25 mm . photographer : leanne & david atkinson .


charopa is a genus of air-breathing land snails , terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family charopidae .

charopa is the type genus of the family charopidae .

charopa

worms - world register of marine species - charopa e . von martens , 1860
karin mahlfeld added text to
brief summary
on
charopa coma ( gray 1843 )
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significant find : the ' charopa lafargei ' was found in the northernmost part of gunung kanthan in ipoh .
species charopa novoguineensis l . soós , 1911 accepted as pilsbrycharopa kobelti ( boettger , 1908 ) ( junior synonym )
species charopa descendens i . rensch , 1937 accepted as sinployea descendens ( i . rensch , 1937 ) ( original combination )
species charopa novopommerana i . rensch , 1937 accepted as sinployea novopommerana ( i . rensch , 1937 ) ( original combination )
species endodonta ( charopa ) vortex r . murdoch , 1897 accepted as geminoropa vortex ( r . murdoch , 1897 ) ( original combination )
species charopa nigrofusca e . a . smith , 1896 accepted as pilsbrycharopa nigrofusca ( e . a . smith , 1896 ) ( original combination )
species charopa rotumana e . a . smith , 1897 accepted as sinployea rotumana ( e . a . smith , 1897 ) ( original combination )
“we named this species charopa lafargei after lafarge , whose declared goals for biodiversity include minimising and avoiding damage to important habitats , ” the report said .
found by two malaysians in 2011 , charopa lafargei is only 1 . 4mm tall and takes its name after lafarge , which is currently mining the limestone hill gunung kanthan .
heliosia charopa turner , 1904 ( arctiidae : lithosiinae ) , female - qld , townsville , 11 . oct . 1901 , f . p . dodd leg . ( anic ) .
arina charopa ( blr ) ' 15 corbeil tournament all around / tournoi de corbeil concours général 15 . 533 ( diff : 7 . 6 / ex : 7 . 933 ) rank : 9th
“these adapted species often occur confined to a single hill or a small group of hills , and are found nowhere else in the world . charopa lafargei may be such a species , ” he said .
vermeulen , j . j . and marzuki , m . e . 2014 . ' charopa ' lafargei ( gastropoda , pulmonata , charopidae ) , a new , presumed narrowly endemic species from peninsular malaysia . basteria 78 ( 1 - 3 ) : 31 - 34 .
‘charopa’ lafargei spec . nov . is described . it is apparently restricted to the isolated limestone hill gunung kanthan in peninsular malaysia . the hill is scheduled for quarrying by the lafarge malaysia cement company , which has a high likelihood of resulting in the extinction of the species .
( of patula ( charopa ) e . von martens , 1860 ) gottschick , f . ( 1911 ) . aus dem tertiärbecken von steinheim a . a . jahreshefte des vereins für vaterländische naturkunde in württemberg . 67 , 496 - 534 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 501 [ details ]
obis indo - pacific molluscan database . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of simplicaria mousson , 1890 ) bank , r . ( 2017 ) . classification of the recent terrestrial gastropoda of the world . last update : july 16th , 2017 . [ details ]
a leg injury ruled her out of the 2016 world cup event in minsk , belarus . ( beatricevivaldi . com , 20 may 2016 ) she injured her leg in january 2015 . ( passion , beauty and grace are rhythmic gymnastics facebook page , 19 jan 2015 )
winning a silver medal in the team event at the 2014 world championships in izmir , turkey . ( ctv . by , 10 aug 2014 ; sportpanorama . by , 28 sep 2014 )
north , south , chatham and stewart islands ( with distributional gap from southern westland across to mid - canterbury , most of otago and southland and western fiordland ) .
litter dweller in a wide range of habitats including drier , open and more modified habitats .
distribution north , south , chatham and stewart islands ( with distributional gap from . . .
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3 . 5 miles sw of sungei siput , 4°46’53 . 58”n , 101°7’15 . 99”e ( leg . m . e .
ery on the last whorl . radial ribs predominant , c . 30 on the
of whorls up to 4 1 / 2 , height aperture c . 0 . 5 mm ; width aper -
list of threatened species . version 2013 . 2 . < www . iucnredlist . org > .
, 2014 . lafarge biodiversity strategy : 1 - 10 . lafarge , paris .
iucn 2013 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2013 . 2 .
inventorise the rich mollusc faunas of varied depositional environments of nw borneo , covering miocene to recent environments ranging from estuarine to mid shelf .
notes on the non - marine molluscs of the island of borneo 5 . the genus diplommatina ( gastropoda proso . . .
notes on the non - marine molluscs of the island of borneo 8 . the genus arinia ; additions to the gener . . .
notes on the non - marine molluscs of the island of borneo 6 . the genus opisthostoma ( gastropoda proso . . .
a new land snail , arinia ( notharinia ) micro ( caenogastropoda : cyclophoroidea : diplommatinidae ) , from . . .
a new snail species of the family diplommatinidae is described from perak , western peninsular malaysia . arinia ( notharinia ) micro , new species , differs from known congeners by its remarkably smaller shell . it is among the smallest land snails in the world with a mean shell height of 0 . 85 mm and mean shell width of 0 . 35 mm . the shell has tight radial ribbed whorls ( except for the smooth . . . [ show full abstract ]
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apparently this species is restricted to the isolated limestone hill gunung kanthan in peninsular malaysia . the hill lies close to the limestone quarry 3 . 5 miles southwest of sungei siput ( 4°46’53 . 58”n , 101°7’15 . 99” ) .
there are no data on population trends , as the species was recently described .
found on leaf litter at the base of a limestone cliff at the northern extremity of the hill .
the primary limestone forest in this area was previously in proximity to a nearby hindu temple , providing some influence on forest management but the cement company lafarge malaysia is currently in negotiation with the various temples around the hill to use the habitats for quarrying hence the continued presence of the forests and adjacent temples is not guaranteed , as when quarrying starts , the forests will be logged , and hence the habitats will be lost , and the adjacent regions will suffer from dust pollution . the forest habitat is also being possibly being degraded by the presence adventitious oil palm seedlings from the adjacent plantations which may continue to impact the original forest habitat .
there are no species - specific conservation actions in place for the mollusc . the changes in land management may adversely affect the habitats of this species .
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ipoh : a new species of snail has been discovered in perak and named after the cement company quarrying the hill it was found on .
published in a scientific journal by the netherlands malacological society on aug 17 , the report said the snail was found on the hill’s northern region .
“on a species level , it is uniquely identified among west malaysian charopidae by its conical shell and high , lamella - shaped radial ribs , ” the report , co - authored by dutch taxonomist jaap van vermuelen and malaysian mohammad effendi marzuki , said .
it added that the snail was found on leaf litter at the base of a limestone cliff and termed as “presumed narrowly endemic” , meaning that it was found only in a small area and that more surveys needed to be done to be sure .
speaking to the star via e - mail , vermuelen said the snail was discovered by mohammad and liew thor seng , a biologist currently based at universiti malaysia sabah .
description : shell minute , spire flat or slightly sunken . protoconch smooth , about 1¼ whorls , first ½ whorl sloping downwards . teleoconch of about 3½ rounded whorls , smooth apart from fine , dense axial growth ridges . aperture nearly circular , outer lip simple , thin . umbilicus widely open . shell transparent becoming opaque white with age .
distribution : endemic to australia : port stephens , nsw , southwards and around southern australia , to shark bay , wa , including tasmania .
habitat : specimens are from intertidal and shallow subtidal rock and algal washings , and from beach washup . common .
remarks : the anatomy of this species was described in detail by ponder ( 1990 ) .
figs . 1–3 : st helens point , tasmania ( c . 213600 ) . the dried animal is inside the shell , and the operculum is visible in the aperture .
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