causeyella youngsteadtorum , youngsteadt 's cave millipede , is a ghostly white millipede , first collected in 1976 by norman and jean youngsteadt , but not recognized as a new species until 2003 .

it has been found in seven caves in boone and searcy counties in arkansas .

causeyella youngsteadtorum

figures 27–29 . sems of causeyella youngsteadtorum . 27 , gonopods , ventral view . 28 , gonopod fimbriate branch . 29 , gonopod tips , oblique lateral view . scale lines as labelled .
the milliped family trichopetalidae , part 1 : introduction and genera trigenotyla causey , nannopetalum n . gen . , and causeyella n . shear , w . a . 2003 . zootaxa .
figures 27–29 in the milliped family trichopetalidae , part 1 : introduction and genera trigenotyla causey , nannopetalum n . gen . , and causeyella n . gen . ( diplopoda : chordeumatida , cleidogonoidea )
figures 27–29 in the milliped family trichopetalidae , part 1 : introduction and genera trigenotyla causey , nannopetalum n . gen . , and causeyella n . gen . ( diplopoda : chordeumatida , cleidogonoidea ) | zenodo
arkansas is home to nineteen species of endemic millipedes ; however , some of these species need to be re - described and may contain synonyms ( same species with multiple scientific names ) . they include abacion wilhelminae ( shelley , mcallister , and hollis ) , boraria profuga ( causey ) , causeyella causeyae ( shear ) , causeyella youngsteadtorum ( shear ) , cleidogona arkansana ( causey ) , eurymerodesmus compressus ( causey ) , eurymerodesmus newtonius ( chamberlain ) , eurymerodesmus polkensis ( causey ) , eurymerodesmus pulaski ( causey ) , nannaria davidcauseyi ( causey ) , nannaria depalmai ( causey ) , okliulus beveli ( causey ) , petaserpes bikermani ( causey ) , tiganogona glebosa ( causey ) , tiganogona ladymani ( causey ) , tiganogona moesta ( causey ) , tiganogona steuartae ( causey ) , and trigenotyla parca ( causey ) .
abacion wilhelminae is endemic to rich mountain in polk county . boraria profuga is found within the ouachita mountains uplift and is probably endemic to that physiographic region . causeyella causeyae is a cave - dwelling millipede that is eyeless and unpigmented ; it occurs within the ozark mountains of arkansas . causeyella youngsteadtorum is also endemic to the ozarks of arkansas , occurring in newton , boone , and searcy counties . cleidogona arkansana is known only from the type locality in dallas county . eurymerodesmus compressus is known from union county . eurymerodesmus newtonius occurs in benton , newton , and washington counties . eurymerodesmus polkensis occurs in montgomery , polk , and scott counties . eurymerodesmus pulaski is known from saline and pulaski counties . nannaria davidcauseyi is known from newton county , and nannaria depalmai is known from carroll county . okliulus beveli is known only from union county . petaserpes bikermani ( causey ) produces a defensive secretion that smells like camphor . tiganogona glebosa occurs in washington county , tiganogona ladymani occurs in clay county , tiganogona moesta occurs in carroll and washington counties , and tiganogona steuartae occurs only in sebastian county . trigenotyla parca occurs primarily in caves and is known from carroll county .
due to their affinity for dark , moist habitats , millipedes are often found within cave systems or mines . these can include rare species that are found only within caves ( troglobites ) and more common surface species . some rare millipedes found in caves include the genus causeyella , which is found only within cave systems in the ozarks , and tingupa pallida , known from caves in randolph and sharp counties . another common cave millipede is cambala minor , which is not a true troglobite but does have a lightly colored body and is eyeless .
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there have been around 7 , 000 species of millipedes ( sometimes spelled millipeds ) described scientifically , with a projected estimate of possibly 80 , 000 total species occurring around the globe . around 900 species have been described from the united states and canada . however , the family parajulidae , the largest group from north america , has not been studied thoroughly , suggesting that numerous more species exist in north america . arkansas has a diverse array of millipede species . some of them are fairly common , while others are rare .
millipedes—their name meaning “thousand feet”—make up a group of invertebrates ( lacking a backbone ) in the phylum arthropoda . within the arthropoda phylum , millipedes belong in the subphylum myriapoda , which includes four classes : chilopoda ( centipedes ) , diplopoda ( millipedes ) , paurapoda ( paurapods ) , and sumphyla ( symphylans ) . of the four classes , most people are familiar with the centipedes and the millipedes .
the class diplopoda has three unique characteristics : aflagellate spermatozoa , the presence of four or more apical sensory cones on each antenna , and the diplosegment condition . millipedes can be found as they move slowly through dark , moist habits , such as under logs , beneath stones , and within leaf litter . when disturbed , they commonly roll up into a ball to protect their legs and head from predators . they are herbivores , mainly eating dead plant material .
millipedes have two main body types : a primarily cylindrical body form , such as in the family parajulidae , or the dorsoventrally flattened body types , such as in the family eurymerodesmidae . a millipede’s head consists of a clump of simple eyes on each side and a pair of antennae , mandibles , and maxillae . a millipede’s body has between twenty - five and 100 segments with either a single or double row of feet on each segment , giving the illusion of a thousand feet ( although millipedes only have up to 750 legs ) . the seventh segment appendages are often specialized into copulatory organs called gonopods . many species of millipedes can be identified only by using morphological characteristics when viewing the male copulatory structures . millipedes breathe through structures called spiracles . each abdominal segment contains two spiracles , which open into air chambers connected to tracheal tubes . after millipedes mate , females lay eggs and guard them . hatchlings hatch from eggs and have only a few pairs of legs . each time they molt ( shed their exoskeleton ) , they gain more segments and legs .
a very common species of millipede in arkansas is pseudopolydesmus pinetorum ( bollman ) . this species has a flattened body and is a brownish color . other common millipedes include the families parajulidae and eurymerodesmidae . a few genera of millipedes within arkansas are rather colorful , with yellow and orange markings on the body segments , such as in apheloria , auturus , and eurymerodesmus . one species occurring within arkansas , narceus americanus , is a very large millipede with a brownish body with orange and green markings along the periphery of the segments . brachycebe lecontei is a millipede that has a pink body .
published collections of millipedes date back to the late 1800s . in 1888 , charles h . bollman published the “preliminary checklist of the myriapoda of arkansas , with descriptions of new species” in entomologica americana . dr . nell bevel causey , who held a faculty position at the university of arkansas ( ua ) in fayetteville ( washington county ) , authored numerous species and genera , many of which are endemic to arkansas . much of the knowledge of millipede species occurring in arkansas can be contributed to this early work . other diplopodologists who have contributed to the knowledge of millipedes are william a . shear and richard l . hoffman . as recent research conducted in arkansas by rowland m . shelley and chris t . mcallister has increased the known species and distributional limits within the state , there is not a current comprehensive species list for arkansas .
some millipede species in arkansas , such as euryurus leachii ( koch ) , are typically more commonly found on the eastern side of the mississippi river but do occur within the state . yet , others , such as abacion texense ( loomis ) , are more commonly found in the central portion of the united states but do occur east of the mississippi river .
of potential concern to cave ecosystems is the exotic and invasive greenhouse millipede oxidus gricilus , which can be quite common in some cave systems . this species , however , is not limited to cave environments , and the potential harm this exotic millipede might bring to native fauna is not known at this time . native environments , especially cave systems , can be very fragile and susceptible to threats from exotic species of wildlife .
millipedes , especially arkansas’s species , are essentially harmless to humans , as they lack structures to bite , pinch , or sting . however , when handled , millipedes often emit defensive secretions . these secretions are generally harmless , but some people can develop skin and eye problems after contact . millipedes that emit defensive secretions often exhibit aposematic coloration ( colors warning about defensive secretions ) .
in general , millipedes can be found wherever the habitat is moist . they play an integral ecological role , as they are important in nutrient recycling of plant material . they fragment this plant material ( detritus ) , increasing microbial breakdown and soil nutrient cycling . they are more commonly seen in the spring and fall months of the year when the temperatures are not too hot or too cold and there is ample moisture in the ground . during certain times of the year ( such as in the fall months when temperatures and moisture levels align ) , large numbers of millipedes can be seen moving about . although arkansas is home to some rare and even endemic millipedes , many species are easily encountered just by flipping logs , rocks , or other debris .
for additional information : hopkin , s . p . , and h . j . read . the biology of millipedes . oxford , uk : oxford university press , 1992 .
mcallister , c . t . , c . s . harris , r . m . shelley , and j . t . mcallister iii . “millipeds ( arthropoda : diplopoda ) of the ark - la - tex . i . new distributional and state records for seven counties of the west gulf coastal plain of arkansas . ” journal of the arkansas academy of science 56 ( 2002 ) : 91–94 . online at urltoken ( accessed march 3 , 2015 ) .
mcallister , c . t . , and h . w . robison . “millipeds ( arthropoda : diplopoda ) of the ark - la - tex . v . new distribution records for select taxa in arkansas , oklahoma , and texas . ” southwestern naturalist 56 , no . 3 ( 2011 ) : 422–426 .
mcallister , c . t . , h . w . robison , m . b . connior , and l . c . thompson . “millipeds ( arthropoda : diplopoda ) of the ark - la - tex . vi . new geographic distributional records from select counties of arkansas . ” journal of the arkansas academy of science 67 ( 2013 ) : 87–93 . online at urltoken ( accessed march 3 , 2015 ) .
mcallister , c . t . , r . m . shelley , and j . t . mcallister iii . “millipeds ( arthropoda : diplopoda ) of the ark - la - tex . ii . distributional records for some species of western and central arkansas and eastern and southeastern oklahoma . ” journal of the arkansas academy of science 56 ( 2002 ) : 95–98 . online at urltoken ( accessed march 3 , 2015 ) .
——— . “millipeds ( arthropoda : diplopoda ) of the ark - la - tex . iii . additional records from arkansas . ” journal of the arkansas academy of science 57 ( 2003 ) : 115–121 . online at urltoken ( accessed march 3 , 2015 ) .
robison , h . , c . mcallister , c . carlton , and g . tucker . “the arkansas endemic biota : an update with additions and deletions . ” journal of the arkansas academy of science 62 ( 2008 ) : 84–96 . online at urltoken ( accessed march 3 , 2015 ) .
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anarsia crassipalpella is a moth of the gelechiidae family .

it was described by legrand in 1966 .

it is found on the seychelles ( aldabra ) .

anarsia crassipalpella

anarsia crassipalpella legrand , 1966 ; mém . mus . hist . nat . paris ( a ) 37 : 78
anarsia chiangmaiensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54
anarsia conica ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54
anarsia lewvanichae ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55
anarsia melanoplecta ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55
anarsia procera ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56
anarsia spatulana ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56
anarsia eleagnella kuznetsov , 1957 ; zool . zhurn . 36 ( 7 ) : 1096
anarsia ulneongensis park & ponomarenko , 1996 ; korean j . ent . 26 : 343
anarsia asymmetrodes park , 2014 ; ent . res . 44 : 18 ; tl : baengnyeongdo
anarsia callicosma janse , 1960 ; moths s . afr . 6 ( 2 ) : 214
anarsia pinnata meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 69
anarsia pustulata janse , 1949 ; moths s . afr . 5 ( 1 ) : 32
anarsia ulneongensis ; ueda , 2010 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 61 : 275
anarsia amegarta meyrick , 1933 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 12 ) : 360 ; tl : java
anarsia hippocoma meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 429 ; tl : queensland
anarsia sibirica ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56 ; [ fe ]
anarsia vinsonella viette , 1957 ; mém . inst . sci . madagascar ( e ) 8 : 163
anarsia altercata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54
anarsia amegarta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54
anarsia eburnella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54
anarsia ephippias ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54
anarsia epotias ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55
anarsia eutacta meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 163 ; tl : java , pekalongan
anarsia eutacta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55
anarsia geminella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55
anarsia halimodendri ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55
anarsia libanoticella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55
anarsia longipalpella rebel , 1907 ; denksch . akad . wiss . wien . 71 ( 2 ) : 124
anarsia melanchropa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55
anarsia nuristanella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55
anarsia omoptila ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56
anarsia sthenarota ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56
anarsia veruta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56
anarsia aleurodes meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 502 ; tl : mesopotamia , museyib
anarsia altercata meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 148 ; tl : bengal , pusa
anarsia ephippias meyrick , 1908 ; ent . mon . mag . 44 : 197 ; tl : pusa , bengal
anarsia euphorodes meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 503 ; tl : china , shanghai
anarsia inserta [ sic , recte incerta ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55
anarsia luticostella chrétien , 1915 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 84 : 332 ; tl : biskra
anarsia nigrimacula janse , 1949 ; moths s . afr . 5 ( 1 ) : 29 ; tl : umkomaas
anarsia reciproca meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 10 ) : 300 ; tl : madras , coimbatore
anarsia retamella chrétien , 1915 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 84 : 331 ; tl : gafsa
anarsia sthenarota meyrick , 1926 ; sarawak mus . j . 3 : 153 ; tl : mt murud , 6500ft
anarsia triglypta meyrick , 1933 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 12 ) : 354 ; tl : pusa , bihar
anarsia veruta meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 148 ; tl : bengal , pusa
anarsia didymopa meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 583 ; tl : bengal , pusa
anarsia epotias meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 583 ; tl : bengal , pusa
anarsia idioptila meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 582 ; tl : bengal , pusa
anarsia mitescens meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 299 ; tl : barberton
anarsia sagmatica meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 582 ; tl : bengal , pusa
anarsia albibasella janse , 1963 ; moths s . afr . 6 ( 3 ) : 253 ; tl : sw . africa
anarsia amalleuta meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 298 ; tl : three sisters
anarsia anthracaula meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 512 ; tl : new hebrides , efate
anarsia beitunica li & zheng , 1997 ; acta zool . hung . 43 ( 2 ) : ( 121 - 132 )
anarsia bimaculata ponomarenko , 1989 ; ent . obozr . 68 ( 3 ) : 635 ; tl : gomotaezhnoe , primorskii krai
anarsia choana park , 1995 ; tropical lepid . 6 ( 1 ) : 61 ; tl : taipei co . , taiwan
anarsia decora li & zheng , 1997 ; acta zool . hung . 43 ( 2 ) : ( 121 - 132 )
anarsia elongata park , 1995 ; tropical lepid . 6 ( 1 ) : 64 ; tl : taichung co . , taiwan
anarsia eximia li & zheng , 1997 ; acta zool . hung . 43 ( 2 ) : ( 121 - 132 )
anarsia largimacularis li & zheng , 1997 ; acta zool . hung . 43 ( 2 ) : ( 121 - 132 )
anarsia magnibimaculata li & zheng , 1997 ; acta zool . hung . 43 ( 2 ) : ( 121 - 132 )
anarsia melanchropa meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 281 ; tl : india , dehra dun
anarsia novitricornis li & zheng , 1997 ; acta zool . hung . 43 ( 2 ) : ( 121 - 132 )
anarsia omoptila meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 147 ; tl : s . india , coimbatore
anarsia sibirica park & ponomarenko , 1996 ; acta zool . hung . 42 ( 1 ) : 78 ; tl : novosibirsk
anarsia squamerecta li & zheng , 1997 ; acta zool . hung . 43 ( 2 ) : ( 121 - 132 )
anarsia balioneura meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 79 ; tl : rhodesia , umtali
anarsia eburnella christoph , 1887 ; in romanoff , mém . lépid . 3 : 122 , pl . 5 , f . 14
anarsia libanoticella amsel , 1967 ; beitr . naturk . forsch . südwdtl . 26 ( 3 ) : 21 ; tl : lebanon
anarsia sciotona meyrick , 1927 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 12 ) : 353 ; tl : cape colony , east london
anarsia spartiella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56 ; [ fe ]
anarsia spicata meyrick , 1918 ; ann . transv . mus . 6 ( 2 ) : 21 ; tl : transvaal , pretoria
anarsia subfulvescens meyrick , 1918 ; ann . transv . mus . 6 ( 2 ) : 21 ; tl : natal , umkomaas
anarsia acaciae walsingham , 1896 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1896 : 278 ; tl : sw . arabia , aden
anarsia anisodonta diakonoff , 1954 ; verh . k . akad . wet . amst . ( 2 ) 50 ( 1 ) : 14
anarsia arachniota meyrick , 1925 ; bull . soc . ent . egypte 9 ( 1 - 3 ) : 210 ; tl : egypt
anarsia carbonaria meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 299 ; tl : barberton , waterval onder
anarsia chaonella park , 1995 ; tropical lepid . 6 ( 1 ) : 61 ; tl : taiwan , tapei co . , taihoku
anarsia incerta ueda , 1997 ; trans . lepid . soc . japan 48 ( 2 ) : 80 ; tl : ryukyus , japan
anarsia permissa meyrick , 1926 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 23 : 331 ; tl : sw . africa , windhoek
anarsia triaenota meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 169 ; tl : gooty
anarsia citromitra meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 80 ; tl : portuguese east africa , magude
anarsia geminella amsel , 1967 ; beitr . naturk . forsch . südwdtl . 26 ( 3 ) : 18 ; tl : herat , afghanistan
anarsia nigricana park , 1991 ; jpn . j . ent . 59 ( 3 ) : 494 ; tl : suweon , gyunggi prov .
anarsia vectaria meyrick , 1918 ; ann . transv . mus . 6 ( 2 ) : 21 ; tl : natal , sarnia ; umkomaas
anarsia aspera park , 1995 ; tropical lepid . 6 ( 1 ) : 57 ; tl : taiwan , orchid is . , 4km sw hungta
anarsia isogona meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 169 ; tl : nilgiris , 3500ft
anarsia melanoplecta meyrick , 1914 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 4 ) : 774 ; tl : pusa , bengal
anarsia pensilis meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 168 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon
anarsia sagittaria meyrick , 1914 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 4 ) : 774 ; tl : pusa , bengal
anarsia nimbosa meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 300 ; tl : three sisters , pretoria , waterval onder
anarsia nimbosa ; meyrick , 1921 , ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 79 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]
anarsia acerata meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 169 ; tl : n . coorg , 3500ft
anarsia acrotoma meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 169 ; tl : n . coorg , 3500ft
anarsia lechriosema bradley , 1982 ; j . nat . hist . 16 ( 3 ) : 375 ; tl : norfolk i . , mt bates , 290m
anarsia stylota meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 168 ; tl : maskeliya and patipola , ceylon
anarsia semnopa meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 79 ; tl : rhodesia , umtali ; portuguese east africa , magude
anarsia tortuosella amsel , 1967 ; beitr . naturk . forsch . südwdtl . 26 ( 3 ) : 19 ; tl : chingi , salt range , w pakistan
anarsia psammobia falkovitsh & bidzilya , 2003 ; proc . zool . mus . kiev nat . taras shevchenko univ . 1 ( 1 ) : ( 113 - 147 )
anarsia tricornis meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 168 ; tl : maskeliya , perdeniya and haldamulla , ceylon
anarsia arsenopa meyrick , 1920 ; in alluaud & jeannel , voyage afr . orientale , ins . lép . 2 : 72 ; tl : british east africa , nairobi forest
anarsia epiula meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 418 ; tl : sydney , new south wales
anarsia gajiensis park & ponomarenko , 1996 ; acta zool . hung . 42 ( 1 ) : 75 ; tl : mt gaji - san , gyungnam prov . , korea
anarsia leucophora meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 417 ; tl : broken hill , new south wales
anarsia ovula ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56 ; park & bae , 2018 , zootaxa 4399 ( 2 ) : ( 272 - 280 )
anarsia paraisogona ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56 ; park & bae , 2018 , zootaxa 4399 ( 2 ) : ( 272 - 280 )
anarsia protensa park , 1995 ; tropical lepid . 6 ( 1 ) : 60 ; tl : taiwan , nantou co . , mei - feng , 30km s tayuling , 2200m
anarsia tortuosa ; ueda , 1997 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 48 ( 2 ) : 90 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56
anarsia halimodendri christoph , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 12 ( 3 ) : 297 , ( 4 ) pl . 8 , f . 69 ; tl : turkmenistan
anarsia inculta walsingham , 1891 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1891 ( 1 ) : 112 , pl . 5 , f . 49 ; tl : bathurst , gambia
anarsia nigricana ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55 ; bae , lee & park , 2014 , ent . res . 44 : 19 ( list )
anarsia nuristanella amsel , 1967 ; beitr . naturk . forsch . südwdtl . 26 ( 3 ) : 19 , pl . 6 , f . 1 ; tl : nuristan , afghanistan
anarsia silvosa ueda , 1997 ; trans . lepid . soc . japan 48 ( 2 ) : 88 ; tl : japan , honshu , oita pref . , shonai town , shiramiz
anarsia minutella ; sattler , 1976 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 34 ( 2 ) : 140 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ]
anarsia stepposella ponomarenko , 2002 ; far east . ent . 115 : 2 ; tl : russia , tuva republic , 50°44 ' n 93°08 ' e , east tannu ola mts , irbitei , 1000m
anarsia taurella bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 134 , pl . 5 , f . 14 ; tl : guadalcanal , honiara
anarsia ulmarata bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 134 , pl . 5 , f . 15 ; tl : guadalcanal , honiara
anarsia phortica meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 167 ; tl : maskeliya , kegalle , haldamulla and undugoda , ceylon ; n . coorg ; kuching , borneo
anarsia malagasyella viette , 1968 ; bull . mens . soc . linn . lyon 37 ( 2 ) : 89 ; tl : madagascar , env maroantsetra , forest station farankaraina , route navana , km 16 , 5 , antoroka valley , 100m
anarsia choana ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54 ; ueda , 2010 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 61 : 272 ; park & bae , 2018 , zootaxa 4399 ( 2 ) : ( 272 - 280 )
anarsia molybdota meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 417 ; tl : toowoomba , queensland ; sydney , new south wales ; gisborne , victoria ; carnarvon , perth and york , west australia
anarsia bimaculata ; park , 1991 , jpn . j . ent . 59 ( 3 ) : 496 ; ueda , 1997 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 48 ( 2 ) : 86 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54 ; ponomarenko , park & bae , 2006 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 9 ( 2 ) : 113
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kenya , rift valley , lake baringo , 1000 m , 01 . v . 2003 , leg . d . j . l . agassiz .
bengtsson b . a . 2014 . the afrotropical scythrididae . - esperiana memoir 7 : 1–361 .
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
larva on ( in seed pods ) acacia edgworthii , a . farnesiana walsingham , 1896 , proc . zool . soc . lond . 1896 : 279
ananarsia acerata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 50
ananarsia acrotoma ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51
ananarsia aleurodes ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51
larva on albizzia sp . ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54
chelaria antisaris meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 297 ; tl : barberton
ananarsia arachniota ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51
ananarsia aspera ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51
chelaria austerodes meyrick , 1918 ; ann . transv . mus . 6 ( 2 ) : 22 ; tl : transvaal , pretoria
ananarsia belutschistanella amsel , 1959 ; stuttgart . beitr . naturk . 28 : 33 ; tl : baluchistan , iran
ananarsia belutschistanella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51
japan , korea , primorye , china ( jilin ) . see [ maps ]
larva on maackia amurensis ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54
chelaria bipinnata meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 200 ; tl : gifu , japan
ananarsia bipinnata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51
larva on elaeagnus multiflora , e . umbellata , acer ginnala , quercus sp . ueda , 1997 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 48 ( 2 ) : 83
nothris centrospila turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 165 ; tl : qeensland , brisbane
ananarsia didymopa ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51
romania , s . ukraine , seeu , altai , transcaucasia , turkmenistan , kazakhstan , afghanistan . see [ maps ]
ananarsia eleagnella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51
ananarsia elongata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51
larva on arachis hypogaea ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54
chelaria eriozona meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 80 ; tl : british s . e . africa , bela vista ; portuguese east africa , magude
ananarsia euphorodes ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 52
ananarsia gajiensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 52 ; bae , lee & park , 2014 , ent . res . 44 : 19 ( list )
guiera bradley , 1969 ; bull . ent . res . 59 ( 1 ) : 79
larva on halimodendron eichvaldii ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55
ananarsia idioptila ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 52
s . india , laos , china ( zhejiang , yunnan ) , taiwan , japan . see [ maps ]
larva on schima sp . ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 52
ceu , seu , asia minor , n . africa , syria , caucasus , transcaucasia , afghanistan , china , india , australia , . . . . see [ maps ]
larva on prunus spp . , p . avium , p . spinosa , p . domestica , p . insititia
larva on prunus spinosa , malus spp . , amerniaca spp . , persica spp . , cerasus spp . , amygdalus spp . , acer tataricum ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 52
nothris minutella turati , 1929 ; boll . lab . zool . portici 23 : 124 , f . 4
larva on glycine max park , 1991 , jpn . j . ent . 59 ( 3 ) : 495
larva on cajanus indicus meyrick , 1918 , exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 147
s . india , ceylon , laos , thailand , shanghai , taiwan , queensland . see [ maps ]
gelechia patulella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 635 ; tl : ceylon
larva on prunus salicina , nephelium sp . ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 52
ananarsia pensilis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 52
s . india , ceylon , thailand , laos , borneo . see [ maps ]
ananarsia protensa ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53
larva on elaeagnus pungens ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53
ananarsia reciproca ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53
ananarsia sagittaria ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53
ananarsia sagmatica ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53
chelaria sciograpta meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 80 ; tl : transvaal , pretoria
larva on ( in fruit ) mimusops capensis meyrick , 1927 , exot . microlep . 3 ( 12 ) : 353
seu , ceu , sw . siberia , transbaikalia , libya , asia minor , mongolia . see [ maps ]
larva on sarothamnus scoparius , genista tinctoria , lembotropis nigrans , ulex spp . ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56
ananarsia stylota ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53
chelaria tortuosa meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 165 ; tl : matale , ceylon
ananarsia tortuosella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53
ananarsia triaenota ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53
ananarsia triglypta ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53
larva on inga dulcis ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56
[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013
sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
microlepidoptera from the solomon islands . additional records and descriptions of microlepidoptera collected in the solomon islands by the rennell island expedition 1953 - 54
microlepidoptera of new guinea , results of the third archbold expedition ( american - netherlands indian expedition 1938 - 1939 ) . part iv
voyage de ch . alluaud et r . jeannel en afrique orientale ( 1911 - 1812 ) . résultats scientifique . insectes lépidoptères . 2 . microlepidoptera in alluaud & jeannel ,
in la faune entomologique de i ' ile de lar réunion . lépidoptères ( excepté les tordeuses et les géométrides )
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
walsingham thomas de grey & hampson g . f . 1896 . on moths collected at aden and in somaliland . - proceedings of the zoological society of london 1896 ( 1 ) : 257–283 , pl . 10 .
walsingham thomas de grey 1891a . african micro - lepidoptera . - transactions of the entomological society of london 1891 ( 1 ) : 63–132 , pls . 3–7 .
janse a . j . t . 1963 . the moths of south africa . vi . gelechiadae . - — 6 ( 3 ) : 241–284 , pls . 130–138 .
meyrick e . 1913b . descriptions of south african micro - lepidoptera . iv - annals of the transvaal museum 3 ( 4 ) : 267–336 .
meyrick e . 1920a . voyage de ch . alluaud et r . jeannel en afrique orientale ( 1911–1912 ) . résultats scientifiques . insectes lépidoptères ii . microlepidoptera . - — : 35–120 .
meyrick e . 1921b . descriptions of south african micro - lepidoptera . - annals of the transvaal museum 8 ( 2 ) : 49–148 .
janse a . j . t . 1960 . the moths of south africa . vi . gelechiadae . - — 6 ( 2 ) : 145–240 , pls . 33–129 .
clarke j . f . g . 1955 . catalogue of the type specimens of microlepidoptera in the british museum ( natural history ) , described by edward meyrick . vol . 2 . stenomidae , xylorictidae , copromorphidae . - — 2 : 1–531 ; pls . 1–263 .
legrand h . 1966 . lépidoptères des îles seychelles et d ' aldabra . - mémoires du muséum national d ' histoire naturelle ( a ) 37 ( 1965 ) : 1–210 , pls . 1–16 .
agassiz d . j . l . & bidzilya o . v . 2016 . gelechiidae ( lepidoptera ) bred from acacia in kenya with description of eight new species . - annals of the ditsong national museum of natural history 6 : 116–145 .
strand e . 1913g . katalog der äthiopischen tineina . - archiv für naturgeschichte 79 ( a ) ( 2 ) : 38–115 .
meyrick e . 1911c . descriptions of south african micro - lepidoptera . . - annals of the transvaal museum 3 ( 1 ) : 63–83 .
bradley j . d . 1969 . two new species of lepidoptera reared from galls on guiera senegalensis in northern nigeria . - bulletin of entomological research 59 ( 1968 ) : 77–80 .
rebel h . 1907a . lepidopteren aus südarabien und von der insel sokotra . - denkschriften der österreichischen akademie der wissenschaften , wien 71 ( 2 ) : 31–130 , pl . 1 .
viette p . 1968g . descriptions de nouvelles espèces de microlépidoptères de madagascar et de l ' île marion . - bulletin mensuel de la société linnéenne de lyon 37 ( 2 ) : 83–91 .
janse a . j . t . 1949a . the moths of south africa . v . gelechiadae . - — 5 ( 1 ) : 1–60 , pls . 1–32 .
meyrick e . 1926a . new south african microlepidoptera . - annals of the south african museum 23 ( 2 ) : 325–351 .
meyrick e . 1918a . descriptions of south african micro - lepidoptera . - annals of the transvaal museum 6 ( 2 ) : 7–59 .
viette p . 1957d . lépidoptères ( excepté les tordeuses et les géométrides ) . – in : la faune entomologique de l ' ile de la réunion . i . - mémoires de l ' institut scientifique de madagascar ( e ) 8 : 137–226 , pls 1–4 .


synaptula lamperti is a species of sea cucumber in the family synaptidae in the phylum echinodermata , found on coral reefs in the indo-pacific region .

the echinoderms are marine invertebrates and include the sea urchins , starfish and sea cucumbers .

they are radially symmetric and have a water vascular system that operates by hydrostatic pressure , enabling them to move around by use of many suckers known as tube feet .

sea cucumbers are usually leathery , gherkin-shaped animals with a cluster of short tentacles at one end .

they live on the sea bottom .

synaptula lamperti

frédéric ducarme marked
file : synaptula lamperti ( sea cucumber ) . jpg
as trusted on the
synaptula lamperti heding 1928
page .
this worm - like creature is actually a sea cucumber ( synaptula lamperti ) .
enchanted world of lyra - lampert’s sea cucumber ( synaptula lamperti ) . . . .
have a fact about synaptula lamperti ? write it here to share it with the entire community .
have a definition for synaptula lamperti ? write it here to share it with the entire community .
nick hope added the english common name
lampert ' s sea cucumber
to
synaptula lamperti heding 1928
.
giant barrel sponge , xestospongia testudinaria . the surface is covered with lampert ' s holothurians or sea cucumbers , synaptula lamperti
soft coral ( dendronephthya klunzingeri ) on sponge covered with synaptid sea cucumbers ( synaptula lamperti ) . papua new guinea .
lampert´s sea cucumber ( synaptula lamperti ) on sponge , night dive , long beach dive site , manado , sulawesi , indonesia .
frédéric ducarme marked
file : synaptula lamperi ( sea cucumber ) on plakortis sp . ( chicken liver sponge ) . jpg
as trusted on the
synaptula lamperti heding 1928
page .
synaptula lamperti is not the primary subject of the video clip ; the primary subject is xestospongia testudinaria ( barrel sponge ) . coral sea , duration 17 seconds
sea cucumbers , synaptula lamperti on sponge , komodo archipelago islands , komodo national park , indonesia , pacific ocean date : 23 . 07 . 08 ref : zb777 _ 11
the striking dark - striped white body of synaptula lamperti makes an attractive picture against the colored background of the sponges on which they are exclusively found . ( photo by robert fenner )
close - up of the pinnate feeding tentacles of synaptula lamperti . like most of the apodid cucumbers , one of the attractions of these animals for aquarists is that these feather - like feeding tentacles are in almost constant motion . ( photo by robert fenner )
citation :
lampert ' s sea cucumbers , synaptula lamperti ~ marinebio . org .
marinebio conservation society . web . accessed monday , july 9 , 2018 . < urltoken > . last update : 3 / 20 / 2014 3 : 15 : 15 pm ~ contributor ( s ) : marinebio
frick , j . e . 1998 . evidence of matrotrophy in the viviparous holothuroid echinoderm synaptula hydriformis . invertebrate biology 117 : 169 - 179 .
caption : lambert ' s worm sea cucumbers ( synaptula lamperti , white ) on a giant barrel sponge ( xestospongia testudinaria ) . this small white sea cucumber lives in groups . it is always found in association with a host sponge . it feeds by sifting organic matter from the surface of the sponge . this appears to do the sponges no harm . photographed in komodo , indonesia .
also known as synapta lamperti , tripang , synaptid sea cucumber , sponge synaptid , worm sea cucumber , sea worm , wormfish , sponge sea cucumber , medusa worm cucumber , pygmy snake sea cucumber , toothpaste holothurian , banded white sea cucumber .
research synaptula lamperti » barcode of life ~ bioone ~ biodiversity heritage library ~ cites ~ cornell macaulay library [ audio / video ] ~ encyclopedia of life ( eol ) ~ esa online journals ~ fishbase ~ florida museum of natural history ichthyology department ~ gbif ~ google scholar ~ itis ~ iucn redlist ( threatened status ) ~ marine species identification portal ~ ncbi ( pubmed , genbank , etc . ) ~ ocean biogeographic information system ~ plos ~ siris ~ tree of life web project ~ unep - wcmc species database ~ worms
although most of the synaptid cucumbers occur in relatively low density around coral reefs , synaptula species can be quite dense on some sponges . this makes them easy to collect , but they are not suitable for the reef aquarium . ( photo by robert fenner )
it is reported that , for the first time , prochloron cells were found associated with an animal other than a colonial ascidian - namely , a synaptid holothurian , snaptula lamperti . this occurance brings into question the supposedly obligate nature of the association of this problematic algae with didemnids and their allies .
( of synaptula membrana heding , 1928 ) heding , s . ( 1928 ) . papers from dr . th . mortensen ' s pacific expedition 1914 - 16 . xlvi . synaptidae . vidensk . medd . naturh . foren . kjob . 85 : pp . 105 - 323 . [ details ]
( of synaptula purpurea heding , 1928 ) heding , s . ( 1928 ) . papers from dr . th . mortensen ' s pacific expedition 1914 - 16 . xlvi . synaptidae . vidensk . medd . naturh . foren . kjob . 85 : pp . 105 - 323 . [ details ]
although attractive to look at , you should resist any urge to purchase a species of synaptula because most feed by mopping tiny particles of organic detritus and secretions from the surface of living sponges . without the correct sponge species on which to live , they are doomed to a slow death by starvation in your aquarium . ( photo by robert fenner )
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all - in - all , however , despite how fascinating these animals are , unless you are confident of the identification of the animal , can provide suitable conditions for the animal to feed , and are willing to live with the potential drawbacks of keeping one of these animals in an aquarium , they are not really recommended for keeping in any aquarium .
was recently asked to provide some more information about medusa worms in one of the forums , and while searching the web to provide some links , i realized that there is very little information out there about the biology and aquarium care of these fascinating animals . so , i decided that i would take this opportunity to write a column about one of my favorite critters to try to provide some information about these interesting animals .
bohadaschia spp . live on open sandy rubble zones where it feeds on organic detritus and benthic microalgae mopped from the sediments by it ' s palmate feeding tentacles . it rarely buries itself in the sand , but occasionally collects tiny stones and pieces of algae to camouflage itself . ( photo by julian sprung )
the distinctive bright ocelli ( false eye spots ) covering the body of this bohadaschia spp . may serve as warning coloration to predators that these cucumbers are capable of expelling sticky defensive threads together highly toxic chemicals to protect themselves . these defensive threads , known as cuverian tubules are extruded in response to extreme stress , and although this cucumber is quite attractive , it is also one of the most toxic species that could quickly wipe out an entire aquarium if stressed . ( photo : julian sprung )
the primary problem with getting any of these animals , however , is that you cannot identify them by yourself , and will therefore have no idea of which species you are buying . that leaves you with no option but to trust your supplier about its care and requirements . that is easier for some people than others , and depending on how reliable and knowledgeable your supplier is you may be able to obtain a generalist detritivore that will thrive in a well - established reef aquarium . if , however , you simply purchase an animal at random , there are more specific feeders than generalists in this group . therefore , you have a fair to excellent chance that you will get a species that is a highly specific feeder , and for which you may have no way to provide food . for this reason i generally recommend that people avoid buying one of these animals unless they can first determine what they feed upon .
this is an important distinction , because even if you are fortunate enough to get a generalist feeder , unless you have a well established tank with plenty of fine organic detritus upon which the animal can feed , it is likely to starve to death . these animals are certainly poorly suited to non - reef aquaria or even traditional berlin - style reef tanks that are maintained with a bare or only slightly covered bottom , and from which detritus is regularly removed . like most marine invertebrates , these animals are capable of going for long periods of time without food . many marine invertebrates can withstand several months or more of starvation , during which time they slowly shrink while digesting their internal organs . depending on the species in question , its initial condition when brought into captivity , and how often it manages to locate a suitable food source within the aquarium , many marine invertebrate species could take more than a year before they succumb to starvation .
their
half - filled baggie
look is deceptive , however , because the animals are the fastest and most active of the sea cucumbers , and are capable of rapidly crawling around the aquarium , or quickly withdrawing into a crevice when disturbed . the standard feeding behavior of reef - dwelling synaptids is to anchor about 1 / 3 of the body into some secure hole , and then extend the anterior 2 / 3 of the body to feed ( they can do the water balloon trick with only part of their body if they want to ) . if something disturbs the animal , it can rapidly contract a set of muscles that run the length of the body to pull itself back into that hidey - hole and avoid being eaten . the problem , however , is that those anchor ossicles may be laying across some of your other invertebrates ( such as a coral , for example ) , and when the cucumber retracts , it simply tugs those ossicles free of whatever it was previously anchored upon - - this can dislodge and / or cause damage to the soft tissue of whatever the cuke was lying on at the time . obviously this is a potential concern to aquarists who want their corals and rock - work to remain in place and undamaged . . .
all - in - all , however , despite how fascinating these animals are , unless you are confident of the identification of the animal , can provide suitable conditions for the animal to feed , and are willing to live with the potential drawbacks of keeping one of these animals in an aquarium , they are not really recommended for keeping in any aquarium . if you have a well - established reef tank , and you take adequate precautions to protect any pump intakes and / or overflow drains , and can locate one of the generalist detritivores that are suitable for the aquarium , i think that these animals make a fantastic addition to a reef tank , because they are both active and fascinating to watch .
brusca , r . c . , and g . j . brucsa . 1990 . invertebrates . sinauer associates , inc , sunderland , mass .
chao , s . - m . , c . - p . chen , and p . s . alexander . 1995 . reproductive cycles of tropical sea cucumbers ( echinodermata : holothurioidea ) in southern taiwan . marine biology 122 : 289 - 295 .
cunningham , p . , and p . goetz . 1996 . venomous & toxic marine life of the world . pisces books , houston , tx .
delbeek , j . c . , and j . sprung . 1994 . the reef aquarium , vol . 1 . ricordea publishing , coconut grove , fl .
fenner , b . 2000 . gad - zooks cukes ! sea cucumbers : not a pretty picture . wetwebmedia . urltoken
frey , d . g . 1951 . the use of sea cucumbers in poisoning fishes . copeia : 175 - 176 .
hammond , l . s . 1982a . analysis of grain - size selection by deposit - feeding holothurians and echinoids ( echinodermata ) from a shallow reef lagoon , discovery bay , jamaica . marine ecology progress series 8 : 25 - 36 .
hammond , l . s . 1982b . patterns of feeding and activity in deposit - feeding holothurians and echinoids ( echinodermata ) from a shallow back - reef lagoon , discovery bay , jamaica . bulletin of marine science 32 : 549 - 571 .
hammond , l . s . , and c . r . wilkinson . 1989 . exploitation of sponge exudates by coral reef holothuroids . journal of experimental marine biology and ecology 94 : 1 - 10 .
hendler , g . , j . e . miller , d . l . pawson , and m . k . porter . 1995 . sea stars , sea urchins , and allies : echinoderms of florida and the caribbean . smithsonian institution press , washington dc .
kuznetsova , t . a . , n . i . kalinovskaya , a . i . kalinovskii , and g . b . elyakov .
structure of synaptogenin b , the artifact aglycone of the glycosides of the sea cucumber synapta maculata . khimiya prirodnykh soedinenii 5 : 667 - 670 .
martínez , m . a . 1989 . holothuroideos ( echinodermata , holothuroidea ) de la region nororiental de venezuela y algunas dependencias federales . boletin insitutto oceanografico universidad de oriente cumana 28 : 105 - 112 .
michael , s . undated online article . sea cucumbers . aquarium fish magazine ht urltoken
pawson , d . l . 1986 . phylum echinodermata . pp . 522 - 541 in w . sterrer , ed . marine fauna and flora of bermuda : a systematic guide to the identification of marine organisms . john wiley & sons , new york , ny .
ponomarenko , l . p . , a . i . kalinovsky , o . p . moiseenko , and v . a . stonik . 2001 . free sterols from the holothurians synapta maculata , cladolabes bifurcatus and cucumaria sp . comparative biochemistry and physiology part b : biochemistry & molecular biology 128b : 53 - 62 .
ruppert , e . e . , and r . d . barnes . 1994 . invertebrate zoology . saunders college publishing , harcourt brace jovanovich publishers , orlando , fl .
ruppert , e . e . , and r . fox . 1988 . seashore animals of the southeast : a guide to common shallow - water invertebrates of the southeastern atlantic coast . university of south carolina press , columbia , sc .
smith , g . n . , jr . 1971a . regeneration in the sea cucumber leptosynapta . i . the process of regeneration . journal of experimental zoology 177 : 319 - 330 .
smith , g . n . , jr . 1971b . regeneration in the sea cucumber leptosynapta . ii . the regenerative capacity . journal of experimental zoology 177 : 331 - 342 .
sprung , j . 2001 . invertebrates : a quick reference guide . sea challengers , danville , ca .
toonen , r . 2002 . aquarium science : the captive breeding of tropical reef species for the aquarium trade , with specific attention to long - term planktotrophic larvae . tropical fish hobbyist # 557 : 66 - 72 .
wilkens , p . ( translated by k . wood & d . hagner ) 1998 . death in a colorful package . aquarium frontiers online may : urltoken
copyright © 2002 - 2018 by pomacanthus publications , llc , all rights reserved .
sea cucumbers , class holothuroidea : with body shapes ranging from spherical to long and worm - like , bizarre rings of tentacles circling a non - descript head - end , these slow - moving , drab to brightly colored and marked invertebrates are well - known at least by sight , by most aquarists .
unfortunately they have a dark side . like many other spiny - skinned animals , sea cucumbers should only be tried in captivity with knowledge , trepidation and utmost vigil . the reasons for my cautioning are offered here , as well as notes on general selection and care for the still curious .
sea cucumbers make up the class holothuroidea of the
spiny - skinned - animal
phylum echinodermata . other living classes comprise the familiar sea urchins , sand dollars , sea - and brittle stars and the crinoids , aka sea lilies and feather stars . holothuroids are the odd - class out in being secondarily non - radial appearing ; often looking like strange ornamental sausages , some translucent , others opaque and warty . cucumber - like !
there are some 900 described species , almost exclusively marine , distributed worldwide . sea cucumbers are a
component of the deep sea fauna . most are black , brown or olive in color , but many brilliant colored and patterned species are encountered . they range in size to barely over an inch ( @ 3 cm . ) end to end to over a meter in length .
genus actinopyga :
toothed sea cucumbers
, named for the series of five teeth ringing their anus .
actinopygia agassizii , the five - toothed sea cucumber . have five square teeth surrounding the anus . short , knobby podia on back , sides . brown to yellow on top , lighter colored sides . bahamas pic .
actinopygia lecanora bronn 1860 , white - rumped sea cucumber . indo - west pacific . here in s . leyte 2013
actinopyga mauritiana ( quoy & gaimard 1833 ) , the white - spotted sea cucumber , loli ( hawaiian ) . frequently found in surgy , seaward , shallow water settings , holding on firmly to the rocky substrate with their tube feet . to twelve inches . hawai ' i pic .
astichopus multifidus , the furry sea cucumber . white to brown and white bodied numerous pointed podia , circled in white . to 16 inches in length . cozumel 2016
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bohadschia argus jager 1833 , the ocellated sea cucumber . western indian ocean ; madagascar , seychelles to sri lanka . pacific ocean ; malay archipelago to south pacific islands . needs large quarters than captivity allows . to two feet in length . one in moorea , french polynesia , in fiji and n . sulawesi .
euapta sp . family synaptidae . five rows of bulbous bumps on cylindrical translucent body . here on a sponge in mabul , malaysia
heding , s . ( 1928 ) . papers from dr . th . mortensen ' s pacific expedition 1914 - 16 . xlvi . synaptidae . vidensk . medd . naturh . foren . kjob . 85 : pp . 105 - 323 . [ details ]
katja schulz added an association between
video
and
xestospongia testudinaria ( lamarck , 1815 )
.
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rowe , f . w . e . in rowe , f . w . e . & gates , j . 1995 ,
echinodermata
, ed . wells , a . ( ed . ) , zoological catalogue of australia . vol . 33 , csiro australia , melbourne
heding , s . g . 1928 ,
synaptidae
, videnskabelige meddelelser fra dansk naturhistorisk forening i kjøbenhavn , vol . 85 , pp . 105 - 323 figs 1 - 69 pls 2 - 3
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : d6d36ad4 - 20ea - 48d2 - ba82 - c7c2e9cf35b1
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : dc725ce0 - d808 - 4f1b - b104 - 0ae9b4d6c821
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 352328
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for all at last returns to the sea — to oceanus , the ocean river , like the everflowing stream of time , the beginning and the end .
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range : western pacific ocean : indonesia , papua new guinea , philippines , and micronesia .
natural environment : inhabits expose inner and outer slopes and feeds on diatoms and substances removed from sponges , and is seen between the depths of 3 - 65 feet ( 1 - 20 m ) .
sticky to the touch and feeds on detritus and organic matter , which is sifted from the substrate .
even though they do not contain any harmful toxins , they usually perish within a few months in most captive situations , as they cannot get a sufficient amount of food .
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in its prochloron res . 8 p ( see n84 - 20113 10 - 51 )
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kristin holds a master of science degree in aquatic tropical ecology attained at the university of bremen in germany . her main interests focus on the evaluation of coral reef ecosystems health and impact assessment for developing concepts and methodologies for the sustainable utilization and conservation of tropical aquatic ecosystems . in her master’s thesis she investigated the distribution and expansion rate of corallimorpharians within the zanzibar channel in collaboration with the leibniz center for tropical marine ecology and the institute of marine sciences in tanzania . her recent work focused on modeling coral coverage within the gbr based on cyclone events and coral reef imagery annotation and assessment at the university of queensland within the catlin seaview survey project . within the global reef expedition 2014 kristin will support the benthic coral reef group in assessing coral reef health and detrimental impacts on corals within indo pacific reefs .
this ‘halgerda batangas’ nudibranch ( sea slug ) almost looks more like a sponge than a sea slug .
researcher renee carlton hard at work studying the effect of ocean acidification on corals .
here is one animal that we often find on our dives called the blue sea star ( linckia laevigata ) .
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small , white , worm - like ( sort of why they’re sometimes called medusa worm ) , and utterly cute .
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