the far eastern curlew ( numenius madagascariensis ) is a large shorebird most similar in appearance to the long-billed curlew , but slightly larger .

it is mostly brown in color , differentiated from other curlews by its plain , unpatterned brown underwing .

it is not only the largest curlew but probably the world 's largest sandpiper , at 60 – 66 cm ( 24 – 26 in ) in length and 110 cm ( 43 in ) across the wings .

the body is reportedly 565 – 1,150 g ( 1.246 – 2.535 lb ) , which may be equaled by the eurasian curlew .

the extremely long bill , at 12.8 – 20.1 cm ( 5.0 – 7.9 in ) in length , rivals the bill size of the closely related long-billed curlew as the longest bill for a sandpiper .

the far eastern curlew spends its breeding season in northeastern asia , including siberia to kamchatka , and mongolia .

its breeding habitat is composed of marshy and swampy wetlands and lakeshores .

most individuals winter in coastal australia , with a few heading to south korea , thailand , philippines and new zealand , where they stay at estuaries , beaches , and salt marshes .

during its migration the far eastern curlew commonly passes the yellow sea .

it uses its long , decurved bill to probe for invertebrates in the mud .

it may feed in solitary but it generally congregates in large flocks to migrate or roost .

its call is a sharp , clear whistle , cuuue-reee , often repeated .

as of 2006 , there are an estimated 38,000 individuals in the world .

formerly classified as least concern by iucn , it was found to have been rarer than previously believed and thus its status was updated to vulnerable in the 2010 iucn red list of threatened species .

in australia its status under the epbc act is critically endangered .

far eastern curlew

the far eastern curlew is also known as the eastern curlew , the australian curlew , the sea curlew and just plain curlew . it is the largest migratory wading bird in the world .
far eastern curlew : largest curlew , very long , decurved bill , longest of any shorebird . dark brown with heavily streaked
the far eastern curlew is classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
information on the far eastern curlew ( numenius madagascariensis ) is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
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the eastern curlew is the largest curlew , with a much longer bill and legs than the similar whimbrel , numensius phaeopus . the call of the eastern curlew is distinctive and the long bill is obvious in flight .
eastern curlew ( department of environment and heritage protection ( dehp ) , 2013q ) [ database ] .
eastern curlew . adult ( possibly immature ) . miranda , june 2010 . image © duncan watson by duncan watson
the far eastern curlew has a large breeding range of 727 , 000 square kilometers . it breeds in marshes and open bogs in eastern russia , and parts of mongolia and northeastern china . it winters in estuaries and other coastal habitats in eastern asia , the philippines , indonesia , and australasia , and has been recorded as a vagrant in alaska . this species is threatened by destruction of important tidal mud flats used during migration and on wintering grounds and has shown recent declines because of this . the far eastern curlew has an estimated population of 20 , 000 - 49 , 999 individuals and a conservation rating of endangered .
threatened species of the northern territory - eastern curlew , numenius madagascariensis ( ward , s . , 2012h ) [ information sheet ] .
2011 ) and was recently uplisted as critically endangered in australia . the east asian - australasian flyway partnership far eastern curlew task force is developing an international single species action plan for the species with range states , partners and research organisations within the flyway ( m . carey
the eastern curlew is one of 20 birds that the australian government has prioritised resource allocation to support the species recovery effort . the australian government plays an important role in building international cooperation to conserve migratory birds and is a member of the east - asian – australasian flyway partnership . five projects are helping to restore eastern curlew habitat through the national landcare programme . actions to protect eastern curlew will benefit many other migratory shorebirds including the bar - tailed godwit .
calls given from ground while chasing an eurasian curlew . same bird as xc194375 exact location
the eastern curlew is australia’s largest shorebird and a long - haul flyer . it is easily recognisable , with its long , down - curved bill . the eastern curlew takes an annual migratory flight to russia and north - eastern china to breed , arriving back home to australia in august to feed on crabs and molluscs in intertidal mudflats . it is extremely shy and will take flight at the first sign of danger .
far eastern curlew : this species breeds in northeastern asia and siberia , wintering in australia , new zealand , and new guinea . it very rarely wanders to the aleutian islands and pribilof islands of alaska and southwestern british columbia in the spring . it is found along wetlands , beaches , lakeshores , and salt marshes .
riegen , a . c . 2013 [ updated 2017 ] . eastern curlew . in miskelly , c . m . ( ed . ) new zealand birds online . urltoken
numenius madagascariensis ( eastern curlew ) : species management profile for tasmania ' s threatened species link ( threatened species section ( tss ) , 2014sz ) [ state action plan ] .
the eastern curlew is found on intertidal mudflats and sandflats , often with beds of seagrass , on sheltered coasts , especially estuaries , mangrove swamps , bays , harbours and lagoons .
flock of eastern curlews leaving the mudflats of roebuck bay , commencing their northern migration .
eastern curlews breed in marshy , boggy habitat in eastern mongolia , north - east china and eastern siberia . in the non - breeding season they are mainly found on mudflats in northern and eastern australia . in new zealand , curlews are found in small numbers on major harbours and estuaries from parengarenga in the far north to awarua bay in southland , with strongholds at manukau harbour and farewell spit . they have been recorded as vagrants on north meyer island ( kermadec islands ) , and on chatham , stewart and campbell islands .
the eastern curlew eats mainly small crabs and molluscs . foraging by day and night , it is slow and deliberate , stalking slowly on sandy and muddy flats , picking from the surface or probing deep with its long bill .
the eastern curlew is widespread in coastal regions in the north - east and south of australia , including tasmania , and scattered in other coastal areas . it is rarely seen inland . it breeds in russia and north - eastern china . on passage , they are commonly seen in japan , korea and borneo . small numbers visit new zealand .
the eastern curlew is the largest wader in new zealand , and has the longest bill of any wader at around 20 cm in length . it is a regular summer visitor to new zealand but now in very small numbers , with probably fewer than 10 each summer since the mid 2000’s , and usually at only a handful of sites . the eastern curlew is confined to the east asian - australasian flyway ( eaaf ) , with a global population estimated to be c . 20 , 000 and declining .
van gils , j . , wiersma , p . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . far eastern curlew ( numenius madagascariensis ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
similar species : in the new zealand region only whimbrel and bristle - thighed curlew are possible confusion species . both are smaller with shorter decurved bills and boldly streaked crowns . eurasian curlew has occurred once in australia and is distinguished by its extensive white rump and lower back and whiter underparts .
the eastern curlew is the largest wader that visits australia , with a very long down - curved bill . the female ' s bill is usually longer than the male ' s and averages 185 mm in length . it is a bulky , dark - streaked brown wader , with a long neck and legs . when flying , the barred flight feathers are visible , lighter under the wings and dark above . they are wary birds , quick to take flight . their wing beats are slow and deliberate , unlike the rapid beats of the whimbrel . other names are curlew and australian or sea curlew .
53–66 cm ; 390–1350 g , male averaging 110 g lighter than female ; wingspan 97–110 cm . largest curlew with very long , heavy bill ; female has longest bill of . . .
eastern curlews mainly eat crabs and small molluscs on the non - breeding grounds . they usually break crabs legs off first before swallowing the legs and body . no new zealand data .
the eastern curlew is a long distance migrant , making non - stop flights from east and north australia direct to east asia , from taiwan northwards to major mudflat staging sites of the yellow sea . from there , the curlews fly directly to their breeding grounds . southward migration follows a similar route and legs . they reach new zealand from september to november and leave in march and april . eastern curlews are very wary birds , and are difficult to approach . in new zealand they may be solitary , associate with other curlews , or join with bar - tailed godwits .
eastern curlews are the largest of all the world’s shorebirds , and call their call , a mournful ‘cuuuurrlew’ , ringing out beautifully across vast coastal wetlands . their impressive bill , which is characteristic of the species , is used to probe the mud and dig up crabs , their main food source in australia . sadly , its down - curved shape also mimics the decline of australia’s migratory shorebirds . the eastern curlew occurs only in our flyway , and about 75 per cent of the world’s curlews winter in australia , so we have a particular responsibility to protect coastal wetlands for them and the smaller shorebirds that live in their shadow .
dann , p . ( 2014 ) . prey availability , and not energy content , explains diet and prey choice of eastern curlews numenius madagascariensis in southern australia . ardea . 102 ( 2 ) : 213 - 224 .
eastern curlews breed in the northern hemisphere on swampy moors and boggy marshes . both sexes have similar plumage , with the males using their haunting calls and display flights to attract a mate and defend their territory . the nest is a shallow depression lined with grass .
although not considered endangered , populations of the red knot in eastern north america have been steeply falling because of over harvesting of the horseshoe crab ; the eggs of which serve as their main food source during a critical migration stop - over in the delaware bay .
eastern curlews breed from early may to late june . nests typically contain 4 eggs and are placed on small mounds in swampy ground . incubation is shared by both sexes . chicks leave the nest soon after hatching and feed themselves on insects and other small invertebrates .
sandpipers , phalaropes and allies occur in a wide variety of aquatic habitats that include mudflats , beaches , shores of ponds , lakes and rivers , and marshes although two members of the family , the long - billed curlew and upland sandpiper , are grassland birds . most members of this family breed in the extensive wetlands of the arctic tundra , utilizing other wetland habitats during migration and winter .
the eastern curlew is an enormous wader with very long heavily decurved bill . the head and neck are streaked dark - brown , there is a thin white eye - ring , and the chin and throat are whitish . the upperparts are brown with pale olive - brown edging , the rump is brown , and the tail is greyish - brown with narrow dark banding . the underparts are dark brownish - buff , paler towards the vent , with fine dark - brown streaking turning to thicker arrow - shaped streaks on the flanks . the underwings are whitish , but appear darker due to the fine dark barring . the sexes are alike ( apart from females being larger with longer bills ) ; juveniles are similar , but with with back feathers neatly edged and notched with white , and with finer streaks on the underparts .
the global population of eastern curlews was estimated at 38 , 000 in 2006 but is known to be declining . based on winter counts in australia , the population is now likely to number around 20 , 000 . annual declines between 1992 and 2008 averaged 2 . 4 % in moreton bay , queensland , a wintering stronghold . numbers in new zealand were regularly in the mid 40s during the 1980s but now fewer than 10 occur annually , with only 1 or 2 overwintering .
the eskimo curlew plays a role similar to that of the enigmatic and controversial ivory - billed woodpecker . a historically common bird , by the start of the twentieth century , it became very rare due to overhunting . since then , unlike other shorebird species that were also heavily hunted , it has not recovered and might be extinct . a sliver of hope is kept alive , though , by documented sightings in the 1960’s , undocumented sightings since then , and the fact that it breeds and winters in very remote areas .
eastern curlews are classed as endangered by iucn . like most waders migrating along the eaaf , particularly for those using coastal wetlands in china and korea , they are under serious threat from staging habitat loss , due mostly to reclamation and human based development and disturbance . breeding grounds and most wintering sites are probably more secure although hunting and other disturbance maybe a factor on the breeding grounds , particularly in russia . human disturbance at southern wintering grounds in australia are also of concern . curlews are more susceptible to disturbance than most waders .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
turbott , e . g . 1990 . checklist of the birds of new zealand . ornithological society of new zealand , wellington .
63 cm . largest wader in new zealand . greyish brown and buff streaked body ; very long downcurved bill ( 19 cm ) .
benstead , p . , butchart , s . , calvert , r . , derhé , m . , ekstrom , j . , harding , m . , symes , a . , ashpole , j , north , a . , wheatley , h .
this species has been uplisted to endangered as new information suggests it is undergoing a very rapid population decline which is suspected to have been primarily driven by habitat loss and deterioration in the yellow sea region . further proposed reclamation projects are predicted to cause additional declines in the future
is a particularly important stopover site on northward and southward migration . it has been recorded as a passage migrant in
. in prep . ) . in 2015 , the australian government listed the species as critically endangered under australia ' s national environmental law ( m . carey
wetlands international ( 2006 ) estimated the global population at c . 38 , 000 individuals , although a more recent update now estimates the population at 32 , 000 individuals ( wetlands international 2015 ) . it is therefore placed in the band 20 , 000 - 49 , 999 individuals .
. in prep . ) suggests that the species has declined much more rapidly than was previously thought ; with an annual rate of decline of 0 . 058 equating to a loss of 81 . 7 % over three generations . loss of habitat at critical stopover sites in the yellow sea is suspected to be the key threat to this species and given that it is restricted to the east asian - australasian flyway , the declines in the non - breeding population are thought to be representative of the global population .
local - scale declines have also been reported : the species has been declining steadily in australia , at a rate of 2 . 4 % annually in moreton bay between 1992 and 2008 ( wilson
2011 ) ; c . 5 % annually in victoria between 1980 and 2010 ( d . rogers
2012 ) ; by over 65 % in tasmania since the 1950s ( reid and park 2003 ) ; and by 40 % across 49 australian sites between c . 1983 and c . 2007 ( d . rogers
2011 ) . declines seem equally worrying in north - western australia ( d . rogers
2012 ) . furthermore , the population at saemangeum ( south korea ) has decreased by 32 . 6 % ( c . 1 , 800 birds ) between 2006 and 2008 due to the reclamation of tidal flats ( moores 2006 , moores
2008 ) . although these sites only represent a proportion of the wintering and stopover populations , threats are widespread and are projected to cause population declines in the future ( d . rogers
2009 ) . given that more reclamation is proposed within the yellow sea , with widespread threats elsewhere on the flyway , it is assumed that these declines will continue .
the species breeds on open mossy or transitional bogs , moss - lichen bogs and wet meadows , and on the swampy shores of small lakes ; in the non - breeding season it is essentially coastal , occurring at estuaries , mangrove swamps , saltmarshes and intertidal flats , particularly those with extensive seagrass ( zosteraceae ) meadows . it often roosts in salt - marshes , behind mangroves , or on sandy beaches ( del hoyo
its diet on breeding grounds includes insects , such as larvae of beetles and flies , and amphipods . berries are also consumed during the autumn migration . in non - breeding areas it feeds on marine invertebrates , preferentially taking crabs and small molluscs but also feeding on other crustaceans and polychaete worms ( del hoyo
1996 ) . this migratory wader nests from early may to late june , often in small colonies of 2 - 3 pairs , with an average clutch size of four eggs . it probably delays maturity longer than most shorebirds , perhaps not breeding until 3 - 4 years old ( del hoyo
. 2014 ) . this scale of habitat loss is predicted to continue owing to growing populations around the yellow sea . it is difficult to ascertain whether declines seen at reclaimed sites such as saemangeum represent true declines , or whether the birds have simply been displaced ( moores
2009 ) , but the former seems more probable , given the huge scale of habitat loss in the yellow sea . wetland degradation in the yellow sea may affect the species where it stages on migration ( bamford
2010 ) . further threats may include disturbance at the nesting and feeding sites ( taylor & bester 1999 in conservation advice 2015 ) , direct persecution throughout its range , and a decrease in the availability of food due to pollution at stopover points in south korea . furthermore , females probably tend to migrate further south to southern australian wetlands which are more threatened than those in northern australia ( del hoyo
cms appendix i and ii . the species was accepted as a concerted action species under cms in november 2014 ( anon . 2014 ) . population trends are being monitored in australia as part of birdlife australia ' s shorebirds 2020 programme . the species is included in the action plan for australian birds 2010 ( garnett
identify key stopover areas and work with governments along the east asian - australasian flyway to prevent destruction / reclamation of important staging sites . continue to monitor population trends . restore reclaimed wetland sites . campaign to stop shorebird hunting in asian countries . legally protect it in all range states . survey the breeding grounds for potential threats . the proposal for listing as a species for concerted action under cms stated that conservation actions were needed to : 1 ) protect staging habitat and manage habitat in the yellow river delta and remaining habitat at yala jiang and other sites in the yellow sea ; 2 ) manage shellfisheries at key sites to benefit the species ( leyrer
. 2014 ) . the australian government ' s approved conservation advice states that the protection of roosting and feeding sites in australia should be maintained and improved and the requirements of the species should be incorporated into coastal planning . important sites should also be managed to reduce disturbance when the species is present , and to identify and reduce the threat of invasive species ( conservation advice 2015 ) .
map edited : changed mongolian range from breeding to passage . adjusted breeding range . eoo updated .
( amended version of 2016 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t22693199a118601473 .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
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for information to assist regulatory considerations , refer to policy statements and guidelines , the conservation advice , the listing advice and / or the recovery plan .
recovery plan not required , as the approved conservation advice for the species provides sufficient direction to implement priority actions and mitigate against key threats .
epbc act policy statement 3 . 21 - industry guidelines for avoiding , assessing and mitigating impacts on ebbc act listed migratory shorebird species
( great barrier reef marine park authority ( gbrmpa ) , 2011 ) [ admin guideline ] .
( bamford m . , d . watkins , w . bancroft , g . tischler & j . wahl , 2008 ) [ information sheet ] .
( hansen , b . d . , r . a . fuller , d . watkins , d . i . rogers , r . s . clemens , m . newman , e . j . woehler & d . r . weller , 2016 ) in effect under the epbc act from 29 - may - 2017 . [ information sheet ] .
shorebirds ( department of environment and heritage protection ( dehp ) , 2013bi ) [ internet ] .
the action plan for australian birds 2010 ( garnett , s . , j . szabo & g . dutson , 2011 ) .
listed as endangered ( global status : iucn red list of threatened species : 2017 . 1 list )
the distribution shown is generalised from the departments species of national environmental significance dataset . this is an indicative distribution map of the present distribution of the species based on best available knowledge . some species information is withheld in line with sensitive species polices . see map caveat for more information .
the threatened species strategy webpage includes information on what is being done to support the species recovery effort .
for the most current information relating to the species and to assist with regulatory considerations , refer to its conservation advice . further information may be available in the epbc act policy statement ( department of the environment 2015 ) or recent research ( bamford et al . 2008 ; dann 2014 ; hansen et al . 2015 ; hua et al . 2015 ; li et al . 2016 ; melville et al . 2016 ) .
bamford m . , d . watkins , w . bancroft , g . tischler & j . wahl ( 2008 ) . migratory shorebirds of the east asian - australasian flyway : population estimates and internationally important sites . canberra , act : department of the environment , water , heritage and the arts , wetlands international - oceania . available from : urltoken .
department of the environment ( 2015w ) . epbc act policy statement 3 . 21 - industry guidelines for avoiding , assessing and mitigating impacts on ebbc act listed migratory shorebird species . canberra , act : commonwealth of australia . available from : urltoken .
hansen , b . d . , p . menkhorst , p . moloney & r . h . loyn ( 2015 ) . long - term declines in multiple waterbird species in a tidal embayment , south - east australia . austral ecology . 40 ( 5 ) : 515 - 527 .
hua , n . , k . tan , y . chen & z . ma ( 2015 ) . key research issues concerning the conservation of migratory shorebirds in the yellow sea region . bird conservation international . 25 ( 1 ) : 38 - 52 .
li , x . , x . zhang , x . xu , s . lv , y . zhao , d . chen , c . hou , b . chen & g . yang ( 2016 ) . bird diversity in the buffer zone of the largest coastal nature reserve of china and conservation implications . pakistan journal of zoology . 48 ( 4 ) : 1193 - 1199 .
melville , d . s . , y . chen & z . ma ( 2016 ) . shorebirds along the yellow sea coast of china face an uncertain future - a review of threats . emu . 116 ( 2 ) : 100 - 110 .
australian government department of the environment and heritage ( agdeh ) ( 2006f ) . wildlife conservation plan for migratory shorebirds . canberra , act : department of the environment and heritage . available from : urltoken . in effect under the epbc act from 25 - feb - 2006 . ceased to be in effect under the epbc act from 15 - jan - 2016 .
commonwealth of australia ( 2000b ) . list of migratory species ( 13 / 07 / 2000 ) . f2007b00750 . canberra : federal register of legislative instruments . available from : urltoken .
commonwealth of australia ( 2000c ) . declaration under section 248 of the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 - list of marine species . f2008b00465 . canberra : federal register of legislative instruments . available from : urltoken .
commonwealth of australia ( 2007h ) . environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 - listed migratory species - approval of an international agreement . f2007l02641 . canberra : federal register of legislative instruments . available from : urltoken .
department of the environment , water , heritage and the arts ( dewha ) ( 2009bc ) . draft background paper to epbc act policy statement 3 . 21 . canberra , dewha . available from : urltoken .
garnett , s . , j . szabo & g . dutson ( 2011 ) . the action plan for australian birds 2010 . csiro publishing . available from : urltoken .
epbc act email updates can be received via the communities for communities newsletter and the epbc act newsletter .
this database is designed to provide statutory , biological and ecological information on species and ecological communities , migratory species , marine species , and species and species products subject to international trade and commercial use protected under the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 ( the epbc act ) . it has been compiled from a range of sources including listing advice , recovery plans , published literature and individual experts . while reasonable efforts have been made to ensure the accuracy of the information , no guarantee is given , nor responsibility taken , by the commonwealth for its accuracy , currency or completeness . the commonwealth does not accept any responsibility for any loss or damage that may be occasioned directly or indirectly through the use of , or reliance on , the information contained in this database . the information contained in this database does not necessarily represent the views of the commonwealth . this database is not intended to be a complete source of information on the matters it deals with . individuals and organisations should consider all the available information , including that available from other sources , in deciding whether there is a need to make a referral or apply for a permit or exemption under the epbc act .
citation : department of the environment ( 2018 ) . numenius madagascariensis in species profile and threats database , department of the environment , canberra . available from : urltoken . accessed tue , 10 jul 2018 06 : 11 : 44 + 1000 .
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e siberia , from upper reaches of r nizhnyaya tunguska e through verkhoyansk mts to kamchatka , and s to ne mongolia , extreme ne china ( ne heilongjiang ) and ussuriland . winters in japan , e china and taiwan s to indonesia and new guinea , but most migrate to australia and a few reach new zealand . never recorded in madagascar .
breeds in open mossy or transitional bogs , moss - lichen bogs and wet meadows , and on swampy shores . . .
diet on breeding grounds includes insects , such as larvae of beetles and flies , and amphipods . during autumn migration berries also . . .
poorly known . nests early may to late jun . often in small colonies of 2–6 pairs , with densities of up to 5·6 individuals / km . . .
long - distance migrant ; moves , generally in small flocks , along coasts of kuril is , sakhalin , . . .
endangered . formerly considered near threatened . listed as critically endangered in australia given evidence that species has perhaps declined by c . 80 % in last 30 years . . .
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blue - gray legs , feet . eats crustaceans , marine worms , insects , larvae , invertebrates . strong steady flight , rapid wing beats . flies in straight line or v formation .
during courtship the males attract females through their calls and their dances . the males flutter their wings , leaping up to 10 - 15 metres off the ground and trilling as they do .
named
numenius madagascariensis
by linnaeus in 1766 , it appears that the famous biologist mistakenly confused madigascar with macassar . the more appropriate name would be numenius macassariensis .
a group of curlews has many collective nouns , including a
curfew
,
game
,
head
,
salon
, and
skein
of curlews .
the gulls , plovers , sheathbills of the antarctic , predatory skuas , and sandpipers are five of the nineteen families in the taxonomic order charadriiformes ( pronounced kah - rah - dree - ih - for - meez ) .
sandpipers , phalaropes and allies are in the scolopacidae ( pronounced skoh - loh - pay - suh - dee ) family , a group of ninety - one species of wading birds in twenty - one genera occurring nearly worldwide .
fifty - four species of sandpipers , phalaropes , and allies in ten genera have occurred in the south pacific . twenty - eight species of sandpipers , phalaropes , and allies in eleven genera have occurred in palau . all of these species are migrants .
in north america , sixty - five species of sandpipers , phalaropes and allies in eighteen genera have occurred . included among these birds are the large , long - billed godwits and curlews , the harlequin - like ruddy turnstone , and a variety of sandpiper species .
sandpipers , phalaropes and allies are known for their affinity for the water’s edge . the sanderling is known for its habit of running on beaches to pursue and retreat from waves in its attempt to remain at the very edge of the water .
sandpipers , phalaropes and allies range from the sparrow - sized “peeps” to the heron - sized curlews . in general , they have plump bodies , short tails , longish necks with small heads , and long , pointed wings for fast , long distance flight . leg length varies among species although most have fairly long legs suited for wading . sandpipers also demonstrate a wide variety of bill sizes and shapes that reflect different feeding behaviors ; there are species with short , stubby bills , thin medium length bills , long , thin bills , and decurved bills .
aside from the ruddy turnstone with its striking black , white , and orange plumage with red legs and bill , most sandpipers are plumaged in browns , gray , white , and black although dark red - orange colors are also shown by the breeding plumages of dowitchers and the red knot . in most species , these colors are combined for handsome , intricate patterns that act as camouflage and attract mates in the breeding season . during the winter , most species molt into drab gray and white plumages .
most members of this family are migrants , several species flying to south america for the winter .
the majority of sandpipers , phalaropes and allies occur in flocks outside of the breeding season . they can often be seen foraging in mixed flocks for a variety of invertebrates and crustaceans , each species searching for food in a different manner or in different habitats . for example the least sandpiper probes just below the mud at water’s edge , dowitchers probe deep into the mud further out in the water , and the greater yellowlegs chases small fry with its bill held below the surface of the water .
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voice : a bubbling song ker ker - ee - ker - ee when disturbed .
no birds banded overseas have been seen in new zealand and none has been banded here .
del hoyo , j . ; elliott , a . ; sargatal , j . ( eds ) . 1996 . handbook of birds of the world . vol . 3 , hoatzin to auks . lynx edicions , barcelona .
hayman , p . ; marchant , j . ; prater , a . j . 1986 . shorebirds ; a n identification guide to waders of the world . christopher helm , london .
higgins , p . j . ; davies , s . j . j . f . ( eds ) 1996 . handbook of australian , new zealand and antarctic birds . vol . 3 , snipe to pigeons . oxford university press , melbourne .
ornithological society of new zealand ( unpublished national wader counts 2003 - 2012 ) .
robertson , h . a ; baird , k . ; dowding , j . e . ; elliott , g . p . ; hitchmough , r . a . ; miskelly , c . m . ; mcarthur , n . ; o’donnell , c . f . j . ; sagar , p . m . ; scofield , r . p . ; taylor , g . a . 2017 . conservation status of new zealand birds , 2016 . new zealand threat classification series 19 . wellington , department of conservation . 27 p .
sagar , p . m . ; shankar , u . ; brown , s . 1999 . distribution and numbers of waders in new zealand , 1983 - 1994 . notornis 46 : 1 - 43 .
a very large bulky wader with a very long heavily decurved bill , head and neck streaked dark brown , thin white eye - rings , and whitish throat . the upperparts are brown with pale olive - brown edging and the underparts are dark brownish - buff , paler towards the vent , with fine streaking grading to thicker arrow - shaped streaks on the flanks .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : numenius madagascariensis . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .


the dark sleeper , odontobutis obscura , is a species of freshwater sleeper native to china , japan , and korea .

this species can reach reach up to 25 cm ( 9.8 in ) in length .

this is a commercially important species .

dark sleeper

dark sleeper : a novel ( a . . . has been added to your cart
ffxiv arr : dark sleeper fishing location - upper hathoeva river - orcz . com , the video games wiki
urltoken dark sleeper : a novel ( a western lights novel ) ( 9780441007301 ) : jeffrey e . barlough : books
low center of gravity weight setting and bottom fins keep dark sleeper upright as it moves through structure , for a naturally appealing approach .
dark sleeper is an odd duck of a novel , a weird tales - style story told in the form of a dickens pastiche .
the compact profile and boot - tail design of the dark sleeper swimbait make it ideal for bottom contact applications . but unlike many swimbaits , the dark sleeper ' s unique dorsal - fin shields the hook - point , making this presentation virtually weedless - - perfect for targeting transitions where bass . . .
in these species the eggs are defended most strongly , and feeding territories have also been reported for some of them ( the dark sleeper and the common freshwater goby ) .
jeffrey barlough ' s ' dark sleeper ' is a masterpiece . barlough weaves his prose delicately and powerfully . this is a book that doesn ' t turn up often anymore .
the dark sleeper swimbait was developed to target fish holding to bottom structure , with overwhelming realism and enticing paddle - tail action . with a soft fin that shields the top hook on both sides , dark sleeper is designed for stealthy , life - like deployment as a bottom - bouncing swimbait . in addition to camouflaging the top hook design , the fins also gently deflect potential snags , allowing dark sleeper to crawl through gnarly structure . soft fin material compresses instantly for sure hooksets , collapsing out of the way to drive metal home .
though you find this book categorized under science fiction , you shouldn ' t expect any spaceships . ' dark sleeper ' is a complex work of realistic fantasy , and only the first in a . . .
a small freshwater fish originally from the eastern continent of othard . it is said that the first dark sleeper was introduced to eorzea by an exiled lalafellin prince who wished to once again experience the luxuries of his homeland .
the dark sleeper is built for contact , delivering key bites with its bottom - bouncing , snag - less design , and alluring tail - kick . supple paddle - tail design kicks into gear even at slow , crawling retrieve speeds tall top fins hide the hook point to camouflage and . . .
barlough is a breath of fresh air . well written dark fanstasy and horror that is also original is a rarity but he succeeds on both accounts splendidly .
we have a fifth album on itunes “cowboy chronicles” which takes us in a dark alt / country direction , particularly in the songs “buck duane” and “shot from the grave” .
dark sleeper is an original 3 piece band with adrian argo on drums and graham gorrie on guitar / vocals and richie williams on bass and backing vocals . performing an extensive collection of original songs in se queensland and nth new south wales , australia . songs range from bluesy / folk / rock to latin and reggae . appearing regularly at markets around brisbane and occasional functions and bars .
in the fog - enshrouded city of salthead , metaphysics professor titus tiggs and dr . daniel dampe investigate a series of strange , impossible sightings - from phantom ships and ghosts to creatures long extinct . what they uncover is an ancient , mystical evil intent on destroying every person in the town . written in a style reminiscent of 19th century authors like charles dickens and thomas hardy , with tantalizing elements of science fiction and dark fantasy , jeffrey e . barlough ' s dark sleeper draws the reader into a complicated plot featuring dozens of fascinating characters and culminating in a surprising and unforgettable climax .
the ghosts of a long - dead youth and a drowned sailor , together with the appearance of a rabid , doglike creature , portend ominous events near the isolated city of salthead . asked to investigate the peculiar happenings , renowned metaphysicist titus tiggs and his associate , dr . daniel dampe , uncover an ancient evil bent on the destruction of the town . barlough combines the witty detail of dickensian fiction with the insidious terror of lovecraftian horror in an atmospheric tale of dark imaginings that belongs in most horror collections . copyright 2000 reed business information , inc .
asia : china , japan ( ref . 559 ) and korea ( ref . 41509 ) .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 17 . 5 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 11344 )
pectoral fin short , not reaching below second dorsal fin origin . lower end of opercular papillae group 17 not continuous to group 19 ( ref . 41509 ) .
takes up life at the bottom right after hatching ; spends its whole life in freshwater .
masuda , h . , k . amaoka , c . araga , t . uyeno and t . yoshino , 1984 . the fishes of the japanese archipelago . vol . 1 . tokai university press , tokyo , japan . 437 p . ( text ) . ( ref . 559 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5039 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01122 ( 0 . 00692 - 0 . 01819 ) , b = 3 . 15 ( 3 . 01 - 3 . 29 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 2 ±0 . 5 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : low , minimum population doubling time 4 . 5 - 14 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate to high vulnerability ( 47 of 100 ) .
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a good portion of bass feeding activity takes place on or near the bottom ; crawfish and all sorts of baitfish make use of the lower water column for cover , shade , cool water and feeding opportunities . a jig and swimbait are . . .
edwin evers , the 2016 bassmaster classic champion , hails from oklahoma , which is decidedly jig country , and about 1 , 400 miles east of swimbait central . nevertheless , he’s experimented extensively as swimbaiting culture has vaulted into the mainstream of the tournament scene , and . . .
this page was last modified on 13 june 2017 , at 05 : 17 .
- patch release patch 4 . 35 patch 4 . 31 under the moonlight patch 4 . 25 rise of a new sun patch 4 . 15 patch 4 . 11 the legend returns patch 4 . 05 patch 4 . 01 stormblood patch 3 . 56 patch 3 . 55b patch 3 . 55a the far edge of fate patch 3 . 45 soul surrender patch 3 . 35 revenge of the horde patch 3 . 25 the gears of change patch 3 . 15 as goes light , so goes darkness patch 3 . 07 patch 3 . 05 patch 3 . 01 heavensward patch 2 . 55 patch 2 . 51 before the fall patch 2 . 45 dreams of ice patch 2 . 38 patch 2 . 35 defenders of eorzea patch 2 . 28 patch 2 . 25 through the maelstrom patch 2 . 16 patch 2 . 15 a realm awoken halloween 2013 a realm reborn final fantasy xiv 1 . 0 - results sorting id name slot equipment level item level rarity stack size price sell price sell hq salvage materia slots pvp rank cooldown aetherial reduce can hq reducible level is pvp is untradable is reducible is legacy is dated is crest worthy is desynthesizable is projectable is dyeable is convertible is indisposable is collectable last updated verified on lodestone patch attributes - results order descending ascending
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- patch release patch 4 . 35 patch 4 . 31 under the moonlight patch 4 . 25 rise of a new sun patch 4 . 15 patch 4 . 11 the legend returns patch 4 . 05 patch 4 . 01 stormblood patch 3 . 56 patch 3 . 55b patch 3 . 55a the far edge of fate patch 3 . 45 soul surrender patch 3 . 35 revenge of the horde patch 3 . 25 the gears of change patch 3 . 15 as goes light , so goes darkness patch 3 . 07 patch 3 . 05 patch 3 . 01 heavensward patch 2 . 55 patch 2 . 51 before the fall patch 2 . 45 dreams of ice patch 2 . 38 patch 2 . 35 defenders of eorzea patch 2 . 28 patch 2 . 25 through the maelstrom patch 2 . 16 patch 2 . 15 a realm awoken halloween 2013 a realm reborn final fantasy xiv 1 . 0 - results sorting id name level cost cast range cast time recast time class job type can target self can target party can target friendly can target hostile is aoe is pvp patch - results order descending ascending
- patch release patch 4 . 35 patch 4 . 31 under the moonlight patch 4 . 25 rise of a new sun patch 4 . 15 patch 4 . 11 the legend returns patch 4 . 05 patch 4 . 01 stormblood patch 3 . 56 patch 3 . 55b patch 3 . 55a the far edge of fate patch 3 . 45 soul surrender patch 3 . 35 revenge of the horde patch 3 . 25 the gears of change patch 3 . 15 as goes light , so goes darkness patch 3 . 07 patch 3 . 05 patch 3 . 01 heavensward patch 2 . 55 patch 2 . 51 before the fall patch 2 . 45 dreams of ice patch 2 . 38 patch 2 . 35 defenders of eorzea patch 2 . 28 patch 2 . 25 through the maelstrom patch 2 . 16 patch 2 . 15 a realm awoken halloween 2013 a realm reborn final fantasy xiv 1 . 0 - results sorting id name recipe level stars craft level durability quick synth craftsmanship quick synth control required craftsmanship required control status required item required material point quality durability difficulty max work patch - results order descending ascending
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publisher : ace books ; ace trade ed . edition ( september 1 , 2000 )
it was great logging into amazon a few years ago and discovering . . .
a long time ago i picked this up and started looking for other novels . at the time i only had book 2 to look forward to . it was great logging into amazon a few years ago and discovering that more were written
the problem with your typical fantasy novel is that it ' s so . . . typical . the quest , the young man or lady with unusually strong powers , the evil bad guy ( or girl - let ' s be . . .
one of the impacts of twentieth century culture on the art of novel writing has been an increased emphasis on the importance of plot .
i felt distinctly cheated after reading this book . i liked the characters and i liked the main theme , but i think the problem was that i expected the two to interact in some way . . .
it seems as though mr . barlough is more in love with he english language as spoken in the 1800s than he is devoted to the developement of his plot .
this is one of the more unique novels that i have encountered in the last year . it has element of alternate history and science / fiction fantasy , but is equally a mystery in the . . .
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can you believe the nerve , this goblin fisherman said i wouldn ' t be able to outfish him even if he were blindfolded ! well , i took the bet , of course ! we keepers of the moon do not take insults lying down , especially if they ' re true ! since he won ' t be able to see a thing , you can prove him wrong .
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misophrioida is an order of copepods , containing the following families : misophriidae boxshall & jaume , 2000 palpophriidae boxshall & jaume , 2000 speleophriidae boxshall & jaume , 2000

misophrioida

kento furui added the japanese common name
ミソフリア目
to
misophrioida
.
tree of life web project . 2002 . misophrioida . version 01 january 2002 ( temporary ) .
sp . nov . , a new copepod ( misophrioida ) from an anchialine cave in the adriatic sea . mar biol res 4 : 304–312
gen . et spec . nov . ( copepoda : misophrioida ) from an anchihaline lava pool on lanzarote , canary islands . stygologia 4 : 138–154
walter , t . c . & boxshall , g . ( 2018 ) . world of copepods database . misophrioida . accessed at : urltoken ; = 22597 on 2018 - 07 - 09
jaume d , boxshall ga , humphreys wf ( 2001 ) new stygobiont copepods ( calanoida ; misophrioida ) from bundera sinkhole , an anchialine cenote in north - western australia . zool j linn soc 133 : 1–24
walter , t . c . & boxshall , g . ( 2018 ) . world of copepods database . misophrioida . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 22597 on 2018 - 07 - 09
boxshall ga , zylinski s , jaume d , iliffe tm , suárez - morales e ( 2014 ) a new genus of speleophriid copepod ( copepoda : misophrioida ) from a cenote in the yucatan , mexico with a phylogenetic analysis at the species level . zootaxa 3821 : 321–336
order misophrioida carapace - like extension from the head covers the first segment bearing a swimming leg ; heart present in some ; no eyes ; antennule with up to 27 segments ; fifth leg biramous ; marine . order mormonilloida antennule with 3 or 4 long segments and long setae ; fifth leg absent ; …
gurney , r . ( 1933 ) . british fresh - water copepoda . iii . cyclopoida . ray society , london 384pp . , figs . 1196 - 2061 . [ details ]
martin , j . w . , & davis , g . e . ( 2001 ) . an updated classification of the recent crustacea . science series , 39 . natural history museum of los angeles county . los angeles , ca ( usa ) . 124 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
integrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
html public
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urltoken
martin , j . w . , & davis , g . e . ( 2001 ) . an updated classification of the recent crustacea . science series , 39 . natural history museum of los angeles county . los angeles , ca ( usa ) . 124 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors
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; geniculate in males ; peduncle and flagellum indistinguishable ; exopod well developed , whip - like , with 23 - 27 articles .
; endopod with 3 articles . mandible biramous , or uniramous ; palp present , or absent . maxillipeds , 2 pairs , or 1 pair ; uniramous .
. thorax and abdomen differentiated , boundary between fourth and fifth pedigerous somites ( podoplean tagmosis ) .
; biramous ; non - phyllopodous ; undifferentiated ( simple ) ; each article joined by intercoxal sclerite ; anterior peraeopods ( swimming legs ) with 1 robust seta on outer margin of exopod article 1 . abdomen with 5 somites ( or fewer ) . epimera absent . pleopods absent . uropods well developed , 1 pair , positioned terminally or subterminally ; rami absent ; subrectangular to subquadrate , or whip - like . telson absent .
. metamorphic . embryos carried in paired or single sacs attached to first abdominal somite .
cite this publication as : lowry , j . k . ( 1999 onwards ) . ' crustacea , the higher taxa : description , identification , and information retrieval . ' version : 2 october 1999 . urltoken .
this is a directory page . britannica does not currently have an article on this topic .
dog , ( canis lupus familiaris ) , domestic mammal of the family canidae ( order carnivora ) . it is a subspecies…
animal , ( kingdom animalia ) , any of a group of multicellular eukaryotic organisms ( i . e . , as distinct from…
kento furui added the japanese common name
ミソフリア科
to
misophriidae
.
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mclaughlin et al . 2005 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : crustaceans . american fisheries society special publication 31
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
this article is registered in zoobank under urn : lsid : zoobank . org : pub : cf6e6599 - 0eaa - 45b2 - a217 - 7bf658b240c9 .
i would like to thank branko jalžić from the croatian natural history museum ( zagreb ) and members of the croatian biospeleological society in zagreb for collecting the material on which this work was based . many thanks go to dr . sc . nikola tvrtković for his supported investigations of anchialine caves along the eastern adriatic coast . i would also like to thank geoff a . boxshall and the anonymous reviewers for their suggestions on the improvement of this paper .
bishop re , humphreys wf , cukrov n , žic v , boxshall ga , cukrov m , iliffe tm , kršinić f , moore ws , pohlman jw , sket b ( 2015 ) ‘anchialine’ redefined as a subterranean estuary in a crevicular or cavernous geological setting . j crustacean biol 35 : 511–514
boxshall ga ( 1987 ) three new genera and five new species of misophrioid copepods ( crustacea ) from anchialine caves on indo - west pacific and north atlantic islands . zool j linn soc 91 : 223–252
boxshall ga ( 1989 ) colonization of inland marine caves by misophrioid copepods . j zool 219 : 521–526
boxshall ga , halsey sh ( 2004 ) an introduction to copepod diversity . the ray society , london , 966 pp
boxshall ga , iliffe tm ( 1986 ) new cave - dwelling misophrioids ( crustacea : copepoda ) from bermuda . sarsia 71 : 55–64
boxshall ga , iliffe tm ( 1990 ) three new species of misophrioid copepods from oceanic islands . j nat hist 24 : 595–613
boxshall ga , jaume d ( 2000 ) discoveries of cave misophrioids ( crustacea : copepoda ) shed new light on the origin of anchialine faunas . zool anz 239 : 1–19
cuculić v , cukrov n , kwokal ž , mlakar m ( 2011 ) distribution of trace metals in anchialine caves of adriatic sea , croatia . estuar coast shelf sci 95 : 253–263
huys r , boxshall ga ( 1991 ) copepod evolution . the ray society , london , 468 pp
jaume d , boxshall ga ( 1996a ) a new genus and two new species of cave - dwelling misophrioid copepods from the balearic islands ( mediterranean ) . j nat hist 30 : 989–1006
jaume d , boxshall ga ( 1996b ) the persistence of an ancient marine fauna in mediterranean waters : new evidence from misophrioid copepods living in anchihaline caves . j nat hist 30 : 1583–1595
jaume d , boxshall ga , iliffe tm ( 1998 ) two new genera of misophrioid copepods ( crustacea ) from an anchihaline cave in the bahamas . j nat hist 32 : 661–681
gen . et sp . nov . , a new copepod ( calanoida , stephidae ) from an anchialine cave in the adriatic sea . j plank res 27 : 607–615
—a new genus and species of calanoid copepod ( calanoida , ridgewayiidae ) from an anchialine cave on the croatian adriatic coast . mar biol res 1 : 281–289
krstulović n , šolić m , šantić d , maršić - lučić j , ordulj m , šestanović s ( 2013 ) microbial community structure in two anchialine caves on mljet island ( adriatic sea ) . acta adriat 54 : 183–198
sket b ( 1996 ) the ecology of anchihaline caves . trends ecol evol 11 : 221–225
žic v , truesdale vw , cuculić v , cukrov n ( 2011 ) nutrient speciation and hydrography in two anchialine caves in croatia : tools to understand iodine speciation . hydrobiologia 677 : 129–148
the root of the current tree connects the organisms featured in this tree to their containing group and the rest of the tree of life . the basal branching point in the tree represents the ancestor of the other groups in the tree . this ancestor diversified over time into several descendent subgroups , which are represented as internal nodes and terminal taxa to the right .
you can click on the root to travel down the tree of life all the way to the root of all life , and you can click on the names of descendent subgroups to travel up the tree of life all the way to individual species .
for more information on tol tree formatting , please see interpreting the tree or classification . to learn more about phylogenetic trees , please visit our phylogenetic biology pages .
boxshall , g . a . and d . jaume . 1999 . on the origin of misophrioid copepods from anchialine caves . crustaceana 72 : 957 - 963 .
boxshall , g . a . and d . jaume . 2000 . discoveries of cave misophrioids ( crustacea : copepoda ) shed new light on the origin of anchialine faunas . zoologischer anzeiger 239 : 1 - 19 .
huys , r . and g . a . boxshall . 1991 . copepod evolution . the ray society , london .
martin , j . w . and g . e . davis . 2001 . an updated classification of the recent crustacea . natural history museum of los angeles county science series 39 . los angeles , ca .
each tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life . the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches , that is , subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .
for a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .
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parent taxon : podoplea according to j . w . martin and g . e . davis 2001