acanthopleura is a genus of chitons in the family chitonidae .

in this genus the girdle is spiny or spiky .

it has eight described species at present .

acanthopleura

worms - world register of marine species - acanthopleura brevispinosa ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1840 )
acanthopleura spiniger ( sowerby , 1840 ) ( the nominal species is a synonym of acanthopleura gemmata ; the sw indian ocean records refer to a . brevispinosa ; red sea records to a . vaillantii ( see kaas et al . 2006 ) )
ferreira , a . j . 1986 ,
a revision of the genus acanthopleura guilding , 1829 ( mollusca : polyplacophora )
, veliger , vol . 28 , pp . 221 - 279
( the nominal species is a synonym of acanthopleura gemmata ; the sw indian ocean records refer to a . brevispinosa ; red sea records to a . vaillantii ( see kaas et al . 2006 ) )
( of acanthopleura haddoni winckworth , 1927 ) strack h . l . ( 1993 ) the polyplacophora of the red sea . journal of the malacological society of australia 14 : 1 - 40 . [ 30 october 1993 ] [ details ]
( of acanthopleura spiniger ( sowerby , 1840 ) ) leloup , e . ( 1981 ) . chitons de tulear , reunion , maurice et tahiti . bull . inst . r . sci . nat . belg . ( biologie ) 53 ( 3 ) : 1 - 46 . [ details ]
( of acanthopleura haddoni winckworth , 1927 ) richmond , m . ( ed . ) ( 1997 ) . a guide to the seashores of eastern africa and the western indian ocean islands . sida / department for research cooperation , sarec : stockholm , sweden . isbn 91 - 630 - 4594 - x . 448 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
lyons , w . g . and f . moretzsohn . 2009 . polyplacophora ( mollusca ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 569–578 in felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico–origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . [ details ]
description distinctive , large species with dimpled plate margins and a dark girdle of conspicuous spicules , up to 7 cm . habitat : . . .
description distinctive , large species with dimpled plate margins and a dark girdle of conspicuous spicules , up to 7 cm . habitat : littoral fringe rock surfaces . distribution : western indian ocean ( richmond , 1997 ) . [ details ]
taylor , j . d . ( 1971 ) . intertidal zonation at aldabra atoll . phil . trns . roy . soc . lond . b . 260 , 173 - 213 [ details ]
kaas p . ( 1996 ) . chitons ( mollusca : polyplacophora ) from the seychelles with description of a new species . zoologische mededelingen . 70 ( 25 ) : 367 - 375 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of chiton brevispinosus g . b . sowerby ii , 1840 ) petit , r . e . ( 2009 ) . george brettingham sowerby , i , ii & iii : their conchological publications and molluscan taxa . zootaxa . 2189 : 1–218 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
leloup , e . ( 1981 ) . chitons de tulear , reunion , maurice et tahiti . bull . inst . r . sci . nat . belg . ( biologie ) 53 ( 3 ) : 1 - 46 . [ details ]
( of chiton gemmatus blainville , 1825 ) blainville h . m . d . de ( 1825 ) . oscabrion , chiton , pp . 519 - 555 , in : dictionnaire des sciences naturelles ( f . cuvier , ed . ) , vol . 36 . levrault , strasbourg & paris , & le normant , paris . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 544 [ details ]
description similar to a . brevispinosa but with shorter spicules and a brown girdle with lighter bands . habitat : upper littoral rocks . . .
description similar to a . brevispinosa but with shorter spicules and a brown girdle with lighter bands . habitat : upper littoral rocks and cliffs . distribution : indo - pacific ( richmond , 1997 ) . [ details ]
richmond , m . ( ed . ) ( 1997 ) . a guide to the seashores of eastern africa and the western indian ocean islands . sida / department for research cooperation , sarec : stockholm , sweden . isbn 91 - 630 - 4594 - x . 448 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
zenetos , a . ; gofas , s . ; verlaque , m . ; cinar , m . ; garcia raso , j . ; bianchi , c . ; morri , c . ; azzurro , e . ; bilecenoglu , m . ; froglia , c . ; siokou , i . ; violanti , d . ; sfriso , a . ; san martin , g . ; giangrande , a . ; katagan , t . ; ballesteros , e . ; ramos - espla , a . ; mastrototaro , f . ; ocana , o . ; zingone , a . ; gambi , m . ; streftaris , n . ( 2010 ) . alien species in the mediterranean sea by 2010 . a contribution to the application of european union’s marine strategy framework directive ( msfd ) . part i . spatial distribution . mediterranean marine science . 11 ( 2 ) : 381 - 493 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
zenetos , a . ; meric , e . ; verlaque , m . ; galli , p . ; boudouresque , c . ; giangrande , a . ; cinar , m . ; bilecenoglu , m . ( 2008 ) . additions to the annotated list of marine alien biota in the mediterranean with special emphasis on foraminifera and parasites . mediterranean marine science . 9 ( 1 ) : 119 - 165 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
katsanevakis , s . ; bogucarskis , k . ; gatto , f . ; vandekerkhove , j . ; deriu , i . ; cardoso a . s . ( 2012 ) . building the european alien species information network ( easin ) : a novel approach for the exploration of distributed alien species data . bioinvasions records . 1 : 235 - 245 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
strack h . l . ( 1993 ) the polyplacophora of the red sea . journal of the malacological society of australia 14 : 1 - 40 . [ 30 october 1993 ] [ details ]
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m . de kluijver , g . gijswijt , r . de leon & i . da cunda
humann , p . , 1992 . reef creature identification - florida caribbean bahamas , ( ed . n . deloach ) . new world publications , inc . , paramount miller graphics , inc . , jacksonville , florida .
sorry , there are no other images or audio / video clips available for this species .
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
gmelin , j . f . [ 1791 ] . caroli a linné , systema naturae . tom . i . pars vi . - pp . 3021 - 3910 . lipsiae . ( beer ) .
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besides starfish , the intertidal zones of marine parks are inhabited with various kinds of marine life . chiton is one of the odd ones which may draw your attention .
have you ever wondered how the chiton may generate such a strong adhesion force to the rock surface ? in fact , when it is about to attach onto a surface , its feet clamp down tightly against the substratum while the inner margin is raised . the vacuum area created enables the chiton to grip the substratum with great tenacity . it takes a great deal of effort to dislodge the chiton and it may cause injury to the chiton .
if you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .
ashby , e . 1928 ,
notes on a collection of chitons ( polyplacophora ) from the capricorn group , queensland
, transactions of the royal society of south australia , vol . 52 , pp . 167 - 173 pl . 12
smith , e . a . 1884 ,
mollusca . pp . 34 - 116 , 487 - 508 , 657 - 659 , pls 4 - 7
, report on the zoological collections made in the indo - pacific ocean during the voyage of the h . m . s . ' alert ' 1881 - 2 , british museum trustees , printed by taylor & francis , london
rochebrune , a . t . de 1882 ,
diagnoses d ' espèces nouvelles de la famille des chitonidae ( premier supplément )
, bulletin de la société philomathique de paris , ser . 7 , vol . 6 , pp . 190 - 197
sowerby , g . b . ii 1840 ,
descriptions of some new chitons
, magazine of natural history , ser . ns , vol . 4 , no . suppl . , pp . 287 - 294 pl . 16
leloup , e . 1937 ,
diagnoses de six nouvelles espèces d ' amphineures polyplacophores de la region indo - pacifique
, bulletin du musée royal d ' histoire naturelle du belgique , vol . 13 , no . 38 , pp . 1 - 3
blainville , h . m . d de 1825 ,
oscabrelle . oscabrion
bergenhayn , j . r . m . 1933 ,
die loricaten von prof . dr . sixten bocks expedition nach japan und den bonin - inseln 1914
, kongliga svenska vetenskaps - academiens nya handlingar , stockholm , vol . 12 , pp . 1 - 58 pls 1 - 3
ang , e . z . 1967 ,
loricates of the philippines
, natural and applied science bulletin , university of the philippines , vol . 20 , pp . 383 - 464 pls 1 - 21
adams , a . 1855 ,
descriptions of two new genera and several new species of mollusca , from the collection of hugh cuming , esq .
, proceedings of the zoological society of london , vol . 1855 , no . 23 , pp . 119 - 124
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : d0e08d25 - a843 - 4eb2 - be86 - 45bea52e4e62
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : be175671 - 98cc - 4264 - 9b71 - 1501b3396dce
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 390525
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the “charles darwin foundation for the galapagos islands” , in french “fondation charles darwin pour les îles galapagos” , association international sans but lucratif ( “aisbl” ) , has its registered office located at drève du pieuré 19 , 1160 brussels , and is registered under the trade registry of brussels under the number 0409 . 359 . 103 .


the kerguelen tern ( sterna virgata ) is a tern of the southern hemisphere .

this seabird mainly breeds colonially in the kerguelen islands , as its common name implies .

however , smaller colonies are also found in the prince edward islands ( i.e. prince edward and marion ) and crozet islands .

the total number of individuals is from 3,500 – 6,500 birds , although there is no recent data from the main colony at kerguelen .

these birds do not inhabit kerguelen proper , instead nesting on islets free of feral cats .

during bad weather , they are known to abandon their colonies .

kerguelen terns are among the least-ranging of all typical terns .

they generally do not reach far into the seas near their breeding grounds .

these birds eat fish and marine invertebrates , especially those found in beds of the seaweed macrocystis spp .

they sometimes also hunt insects on land and catch fish from rivers on kerguelen .

there are two subspecies : s. v. mercuri ( voisin , 1971 ) – crozet and prince edward islands s. v. virgata ( cabanis , 1875 ) – kerguelen island

kerguelen tern

is sister to elegant tern , not sandwich tern of europe ( efe et al . 2009 , collinson et al 2017 ) ;
aspects of the breeding and feeding of kerguelen and antarctic terns at the kerguelen islands by p . m . sagar
the kerguelen tern is sedentary and remains all year round in vicinity of the breeding islands . the flight is fast and graceful .
calls and songs : sounds by xeno - canto the kerguelen tern utters high - pitched screams . while foraging , it produces churrs and squeaks .
introduction : the kerguelen tern occurs only on four islands in the indian ocean , and has very restricted range . this species is one of the rarest terns in the world . very similar to the antarctic tern ( s . vittata ) , which is present in the same range , the kerguelen tern has darker plumage and the species can be differentiated in the field by the greyish underwing ( white in s . vittata ) . the kerguelen tern defends aggressively it nest , including eggs and / or chicks , against larger seabirds and even humans .
cabanis , 1875 – kerguelen is ( reported breeding on heard i erroneous ) .
the introduction of salmonid fish into rivers on kerguelen has provided a new source of food .
kerguelen tern and antarctic tern are probably competing on their breeding islands , and coexistence of these closely related species has involved a parallel reduction of clutch size and the displacement of the laying period . competition for the limited food resources is reduced and allows both species to feed the chicks . ( weimerskirch & stahl – 1988 )
protection / threats / status : the kerguelen tern has reduced range and small population . the main threat probably comes from hard weather conditions and strong winds that reduce the food sources and the breeding success . predation by skuas still occurs on the islands , but exotic predators have been eradicated from the islands , except a large population of feral cats on kerguelen . the global population is estimated at 3 , 500 / 6 , 500 individuals , equivalent to 2 , 300 / 4 , 300 mature individuals . this population appears to be stable . but currently , the kerguelen tern is classified as near threatened
the kerguelen tern is colonial nester and breeds two months before the antarctic tern . the colonies include up to 30 pairs , but some of them breed solitary . the nests are widely scattered , about 35 - 38 metres apart . the displays are similar to that of s . vittata , and include aerial displays and courtship feeding by male to female . they are generally monogamous .
subspecies and range : the kerguelen tern has two subspecies . s . v . mercuri occurs on prince edward and marion islands , and on crozet islands . this race has more restricted grey area on forehead in non - breeder birds , and some subtle differences on the bare parts . s . v . virgata ( described above ) is found on kerguelen islands .
habitat : the kerguelen tern is not exclusively marine , and also frequents inland freshwaters . it can be found near ponds , marshes and beaches of all islands . it breeds on flat ground with sparse vegetation on rocky or volcanic islands , on cliff tops , near rivers and sometimes close to beach . the non - breeding birds feed in the vicinity of the islands .
the kerguelen tern adult has smoky - grey upperparts , including the uppertail - coverts , whereas the rump is white . the tail is greyish with grey outer streamers . the underparts are smoky - grey too , but the undertail - coverts are mostly white . the underwing is grey with narrow , black trailing edge on the primaries . on the head , forehead , crown and nape are black . cheeks and moustachial area are white and contrast strongly with the black above , and the grey of chin and throat below . the bill is deep red . the eyes are dark brown . legs and webbed feet are bright orange ( crozet ) and dull red ( kerguelen ) .
gochfeld , m . , burger , j . & garcia , e . f . j . ( 2018 ) . kerguelen tern ( sterna virgata ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
31 cm . very dark , small tern . adult overall very dark grey with black cap and narrow white cheek stripe separating black cap from grey neck . non breeding adult has grizzled forehead and paler underparts . immature heavily barred buff on mantle and has all brown cap .
behaviour in the wild : the kerguelen tern feeds on both aquatic and terrestrial invertebrates , according to the season . at sea , it feeds on fish , crustaceans and molluscs caught by plunge - diving and contact - dipping . they forage in flocks of up to 20 birds on inshore waters or by walking on kelp . on land , it feeds on earthworms , insects and spiders found in the vegetation , taken both on the ground and in flight . flocks may contain up to 50 individuals . they can be aggressive towards each other while feeding , displacing another by flying towards it while churring .
1988 , thibault and guyst 1993 ) . the south african population is listed in the regional red data book as critically endangered [ taylor and wanless 2015 ] , due to the apparent loss of the prince edward island population . there are no recent counts from the main breeding area on kerguelen ( v . bretagnolle
the non - breeding adult has dull reddish bill ( crozet ) or black ( kerguelen ) . the forehead becomes white by february while the bird is moulting during the incubation . the juvenile is finely vermiculated grey , brown and buff , with broad pale and dark bars . it is similar to the juvenile s . vittata .
2009 ] and no breeding observed in 2011 [ taylor and wanless , 2015 ] ) , crozet islands ( french southern territories ) ( 150 - 200 pairs over 1980 - 1982 ) and kerguelen islands ( also french southern territories ) ( 1 , 000 - 2 , 000 pairs during 1982 - 1985 ) . the total population is estimated at 3 , 500 - 6 , 500 individuals ( jouventin
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del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
from which it differs by being darker , smaller with shirt wings and tail and with much shorter , weaker and spikey shaped bill .
anderson , o . , butchart , s . , moreno , r . , o ' brien , a . , shutes , s . , stattersfield , a . , taylor , j . , van der merwe , n .
this species is listed as near threatened owing to its small population . it is not thought to be undergoing a decline at present , but any indication of a decline would result in the species being reclassified as threatened .
1999 ) and thus population trends are unknown , but it is assumed that the species is not undergoing any significant decline .
the total population has been estimated at 3 , 500 - 6 , 500 individuals , roughly equivalent to 2 , 300 - 4 , 300 mature individuals .
the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of any significant threats .
. egg - laying commences in mid - october , and continues until january , with a peak in breeding from early november to mid - december . one or two eggs are laid . the incubation period is 24 days , followed by a fledging period of 31 - 39 days and then 20 days of dependence ( del hoyo
inhabits predator - free islets around the main island and therefore predation is not considered a major threat ( t . micol
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ioc _ names _ file _ plus - 8 . 2g : 8 . 2
and terns are embedded among the gulls in a monophyletic clade ; separation of the families rynchopidae and sternidae would render the gull family laridae paraphyletic relative to these other two groups ( baker et al . 2008 )
red sea , indian ocean east through the pacific to hawaiian is . and easter i .
clipperton i . ( off w mexico ) and cocos i . ( off w costa rica )
marcus ( japan ) and n marshall is . ( micronesia ) to nw hawaiian is .
henderson , easter , and sala y gómez is . ( west of chile )
may be a basal noddy ( baker et al . 2007 , ödeen et al . 2010 , cibois et al . 2016 ) ; so
white noddy
if confirmed ? see yeung et al . 2009 re taxonomy of pacific ocean subspecies
seychelles and mascarene is . to the central pacific ( except ranges of next two ssp . )
eu , af : iberian pen . through the middle east to pakistan and india ; mauritania , senegal and gambia
n and ne australia , new caledonia , loyalty is . ( sw pacific )
red - billed gull originally split by schodde et al . 1983 , sibley & monroe 1990 , burger & gochfeld 1996 , and given et al . 2005 , but now lumped by h & m4 , hbw alive , gill et al . 2010 .
by some ( h & m4 , hbw / bli ) based on pons et al . 2005 poorly resolved phylogeny
genetically distinct short - billed gull previously split from common / mew gull ( aou sibley 1996 , zink et al 1995 , olsen & larsson 2003 , bna ) . bna makes the point that zink’s paper only looked at mtdna differences between
is needed to round out the picture and because some have proposed ( e . g . s & m , 1990 ) that the species break might be between
) has long been a controversial taxon . critical review favors treatment as subspecies of iceland gull
( sangster et al . 2005 ) ; recognized by bou , but not by aou
as ssp following collinson et al . 2008 , yésou ( dutch birding 24 : 271 - 298 , 2002 )
( sangster et al . 2005 , aou 2007 ) ; recognized by bou , aou . this species retains the english name yellow - legged gull of the former , unsplit species . .
as subspecies following collinson , j . m . , parkin , d . t . , knox , a . g . , sangster , g . , and l . svensson . 2008 . species boundaries in the herring and lesser black - backed gull complex . british birds 101 ( 7 ) : 340 - 363 .
e china to w , n and e australia , ryukyu and tuamotu is .
w and n australia and new guinea through lord howe , norfolk and kermadec is and the s pacific to easter i .
bonin is . ( japan ) to the hawaiian is . south to kiritimati ( line is . )
sa : coastal peru and se brazil to tierra del fuego , falkland is .
stewart , snares , auckland , bounty , antipodes , campbell and macquarie is .
( aou 2000 , bou / sangster et al . , 2004 , chu et al . 2009 )
frans josef land ( russia ) to st . lawrence i . ( alaska )
na , ma : channel is . ( california , usa ) and islands off w baja california ( mexico )
scripps ' s murrelet is split from guadalupe [ xantus ' s ] murrelet ( sibley and monroe 1993 , nettleship 1996 , birt et al . 2012 , nacc 2011 - 14 - c )
sandgrouse ( pterocliformes ) are sister to the malagasy mesites ( hackett et al . 2008 , jarvis et al . 2014 , prum et al . 2015 ) .
sympatric with s . vittata , but different phenology and feeding niche . race mercuri separated principally on basis of more restricted grey area on forehead ( non - breeders ) and bare - part differences , but distinctions subtle ; species often treated as monotypic . two subspecies recognized .
33 cm ; wingspan 71 cm . forehead to nape black ; upperparts , including uppertail - coverts , smoky grey , with contrasting white rump ; outer tail streamers grey , tail greyish ; . . .
calls include a harsh
chittick
and a long drawn out
keeeaaar
.
rocky , volcanic islands . breeds on sparsely vegetated flat ground , either cliff tops or river flats . . .
fish , crustaceans , molluscs , earthworms , insects and spiders . diet changes seasonally from mainly crustaceans in sept , fish in nov , insects . . .
virtually unstudied . returns to colony in sept , and begins laying mid - oct , continuing until jan ; peak breeding early nov to mid - dec , 2 . . .
not globally threatened . currently considered near threatened , and previously , vulnerable . the global population has been estimated at 3 , 500–6 , 500 individuals . . . .
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sometimes treated as including one or more of the genera onychoprion , sternula , gelochelidon , hydroprogne , chlidonias and thalasseus .
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this map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : sterna virgata . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
current time at palmer station , antarctica : current temperature : cold . damn cold .
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reproduction of this species : the laying occurs between mid - october and january , with peak in early november to mid - december . the nest is placed on the ground , often on slopes above the beach or near the high tide line , occasionally well inland . it is a scrape made with stones and twigs , and lined with plant material such as moss and grass .
the female lays 1 - 2 eggs and both adults incubate during 24 days . the chicks are brooded for five days . then , they leave the nest but they hide in vegetation and rocks near the nest . they fledge 31 - 39 days after hatching , but they still depend on adults for food for about 3 weeks .
a complete guide to antarctic wildlife by hadoram shirihai and illustrated by brett jarrett - edited by guy m . kirwan - alul . a press oy , finland - isbn 9519894705
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
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english - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers


chersadaula ochrogastra is a moth of the oecophoridae family .

it was described by meyrick in 1923 .

it is found in new zealand .

the wingspan is 17 mm for males and 16 mm for females .

the forewings are light-brownish , irregularly tinged with rosy-pink , and sprinkled with grey-whitish and dark fuscous .

the hindwings are dark grey , but lighter towards the base .

larvae have been found under stones .

chersadaula ochrogastra

monotypic and endemic . the ♂ genitalia show affinity with the chloradelpha group of borkhausenia , the chief difference being that in c . ochrogastra meyr . the harpes are clothed outwardly with long hair - scales .
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head loosely haired ; ocelli posterior ; tongue developed . antennae ¾ , in ♂ evenly ciliated , basal joint moderate , without pecten . labial palpi rather long , recurved , second joint thickened with appressed scales , terminal joint about half second , slender , acute . maxillary palpi very short , filiform . posterior tibiae rough - scaled above . forewings 1 b furcate , 2 and 3 stalked from angle , 7 and 8 stalked , 7 to costa , 11 from middle ; in ♀ half - aborted , pointed . hindwings in ♂ 1 , elongate - ovate , cilia ¾ ; 3 and 4 connate , 5–7 nearly parallel ; in ♀ half - aborted , very short , lanceolate .
♀ 16 mm . abdomen yellow - ochreous , grey on sides and praeanal segment , anal segment whitish . forewings broad - lanceolate , apex strongly and narrowly produced , pointed ; colour and markings nearly as in ♂ , but basal third more whitish , angularly prominent in disc , a stronger blackish mark between second discal and tornus . hindwings rather broad - lanceolate , less than half length of forewings and about half as broad : cilia grey - whitish .
breaker bay , wellington ; bred in november from larvae found under stones on the coast in september ; two examples . the female must be incapable of flight—probably an adaptation to a shelterless and windy coast .
♂ 26 mm . head and thorax grey suffused with white except shoulders . palpi white , second joint sprinkled with blackish , and with a black subapical
ring , terminal joint with black median band . abdomen grey , segmental margins whitish , anal tuft ochreous - whitish . forewings elongate , posteriorly rather dilated , costa slightly arched , apex obtuse , termen nearly straight , oblique ; grey suffusedly irrorated with white , tinged here and there with ochreous ; a small grey basal patch , edge sprinkled with blackish , acutely angulated on fold ; small blackish spots on costa at ⅓ and ⅗ ; stigmata blackish , plical beneath first discal , second discal represented by a small transverse spot from which a blackish streak runs nearly to first , a blackish dot between and above first and second discal ; an obscure angulated subterminal shade of whitish suffusion ; a marginal series of small blackish - grey spots round posterior part of costa and termen : cilia whitish with two grey shades . hindwings grey ; cilia as in forewings .
ben lomond , lake wakatipu , in forest at 2 , 000 ft . , january ; one example .
♂ 19 mm . head and thorax rosy - fuscous . palpi light rosy partially suffused with fuscous . abdomen pale - greyish tinged laterally with rosy , anal tuft whitish - ochreous . forewings elongate , moderate , costa moderately arched , apex obtuse , termen slightly rounded , somewhat oblique ; 2–4 approximated , 7 to apex ; rosy - lilac - brownish , costal edge ferruginous ; stigmata small , indistinct , dark fuscous , plical beneath first discal ; an obtusely angulated subterminal series of indistinct short interneural dark - fuscous dashes : cilia rosy mixed with light grey . hindwings light grey ; cilia light rosy .
takapuna , auckland , january ; one example . next to liochroa , which , however , has ochreous - whitish hindwings .
[ read before the nelson philosophical society , 30th june , 1926 ; received by editor , 2nd july , 1926 ; issued separately , 10th august , 1927 . ]
family oecophoridae is numerically a very important one among new zealand micro - lepidoptera , its members comprising about one - third of the whole of the tineoidea . this predominence is chiefly due to the large genus
which , in turn , accounts for nearly forty per cent . of the oecophoridae . other fairly large genera are
( 19 species ) , which has several representatives in australia . the remaining forms are divided among about twenty genera and constitute either small endemic groups or are outliers of genera more common elsewhere . at least two species ,
stt . , are semi - domestic in habits and have undoubtedly been accidentally introduced by man .
the male genitalia of the family have been dealt with , in part , in previous publications . these are as follows : —
“list of new zealand species of borkhausenia ( oecophoridae : lepidoptera ) , including new species . ” trans . n . z . inst . , vol . 56 , p . 399 . this article figures the male genitalia of 47 species of the genus .
“new zealand lepidoptera : notes and descriptions . ” trans . n . z . inst . , vol . 56 , p . 387 . gives figures of the male genitaia of borkhausenia affinis philp . , b . terrena philp . , euchersadaula tristis philp . , e . lathriopa ( meyr . ) , leptocroca scholaea ( meyr . ) , l . asphaltis ( meyr . ) , l . variabilis philp . , l . vacua philp . and barea ambigua philp .
“the genitalia of the genus gymnobathra . ” trans . n . z . inst . vol . 57 , p . 716 . figures the male genitalia of all species except g . philadelpha meyr . , g . thetodes meyr . and g . sarcoxantha meyr .
“new zealand lepidoptera : notes and descriptions . ” trans . n . z . inst . , vol . 57 , p . 703 . figures the male genitalia of borkhausenia marcida philp . and b . paula philp .
a general description of the male genitalia in each genus follows , with keys to the species in the larger groups . these keys , with
the figures , will probably be found sufficient for species determination without detailed descriptions . from want of material the genera aochleta ( one species ) and philobota ( two species ) have had to be omitted .
only a single straggler , s . orthophanes meyr . , is found in new zealand . the male genitalia are of fairly normal oecophorid type , the chief modification being the long narrow basally - projecting process ( saccus ) of the vinculum . the uncus is of moderate length and is opposed by a normal gnathos , the apical projection of which is directed caudally . the harpes are irregularly oblong and divided into a cucullus and sacculus , the latter being the more strongly chitinised and having its apex overlapping the former .
the world - wide house - frequenting species , s . lacteella schiff . is the only form found in new zealand . the tegumen , with its uncus and gnathos , resembles that of the preceding species . the harpes are of simple leaf - like type , with the ventral margin forming apically a free curved lobe . it is doubtful if such a lobe , which occurs frequently among the oecophoridae , can be regarded as the homologue of the sacculus , a part which rather seems to be the result of an apical splitting of the harpe . as in the preceding species , the vinculum is produced in a cephalic direction , but is here very broad and scoop - like . the juxta consists of two long tapering lobes springing from the basal plate . the unusual development of the vinculum and juxta is probably related to the corresponding development of the aedeagus , which is both stout and long , reaching almost from the base of the vinculum to the apex of the harpe .
montotypic and endemic . the genitalia resemble those of some species of gymnobathra ; barea dinocosma meyr . and b . ambigua philp . also exhibit the same type . the uncus is apically dilated and bears some spiny areas near its abruptly truncate apex .
the genus is characterised by the feeble development of the tegumen and uncus , the anal tube frequently projecting beyond the apex of the latter . the gnathos is absent . the harpes , in a few instances , are divided into sacculus and cucullus , but in outline do not depart much from the oecophorid type . on the inner side near the base is a process which takes a variety of forms in the different species . it is probably a development of the editum , which in borkhausenia and other related genera consists only of a slight fold
( lettering : a , male genitalia , lateral view ; b , harpe—inner view ; c , aedeagus—in some instances the juxta is included ; d , juxta , ventral view ; e , vinculum ; f , uncus , in some instances showing the gnathos also ; g , tegumen , dorsal view ; h , transtilla ; i , apex of gnathos . )
clothed with a few short hairs . the juxta invariably mainly consists of a pair of processes , which may range from a blunt protuberance , as in i . epiphanes meyr . to a long and irregular cone , as in i . peroneanella walk . the aedeagus , in most instances , has an elaborate armature of spines , which may be short or long , single or arranged in rows or groups . in view of the specialisation of the other parts the absence of the gnathos and the weakness of the uncus may be considered to be also the result of specialisation .
the male genitalia of i . acmonias philp . differ little , if at all , from those of i . picarella walk . and the former species may be only a large race of the latter . i have not found , however , any intermediate
meyr . i , seventh segment , showing pouch containing brush of long hair - scales ; j , dorsal view of paired pouches on seventh segment ; k , a pouch everted , forming a finger - like process carrying a brush of radiating hairs .
individuals and it is advisable , for the present , to recognise the two species . of i . manubriata meyr . , i . planetella huds . and i . copiosella walk . i have not been able to obtain material for dissection .
the single new zealand representative ( l . vagata meyr . ) of this genus is remarkable for the reduction of the tegumen , which is very small in comparison with the normal sized harpes . the gnathos is present , but is very weakly chitinised . a ⊥ - shaped transtilla connects the upper basal angles of the harpes , an organ not usually present in the family . a structure on the seventh tergite probably has relation to the genitalia . it is a paired organ , situated caudally on the dorso - lateral region , and is in the form of a pouch filled with long hair - scales . this pouch can be everted , when it becomes a truncate finger - like process with the long hairs standing out in all directions , though most numerous round the apex . the eighth segment is largely membranous , there being only a narrow chitinised strip in a median position on the sternite .
this genus closely approaches borkhausenia in genitalia characters . the gnathos is strongly developed , the uncus finger - like from a lateral view and the harpes with both cucullus and sacculus , or cucullus only . the aedeagus is a simple tubular organ , enclosing a slender spine - like penis and supported beneath by a small shield - shaped or rounded concave juxta .
six of the eighteen species have not been available for dissection and t . phaeoptila meyr . proves , on examination , to belong to izatha .
only one species , e . chloratma meyr . , of this small australian genus is known from new zealand . the genitalia of the male approach those of trachypepla .
the male genitalia in atomotricha display , in some cases , very striking specific differences . in others , however , the differences are not of sufficient importance to warrant specific distinction . it is possible that a . versuta meyr . , a . chloronota meyr . and a . sordida butl . may be only forms of one widely spread species ; they cannot be separated by definite genitalia characters . a . exsomnis , meyr . , though nearer than any of the other species examined to this group , is at once distinguished by the broad uncus and altogether differently shaped gnathos . so far there is no departure from the more simple oecophorid types , but the remaining two forms , which are all i have been able to examine , are extremely specialised . in a . isogama meyr . the uncus is divided into two elongate paddle - shaped blades , from near the base of each of which a long process projects above the gnathos . the gnathos is strongly developed and the front of the ring is curved prominently upward . the harpes are much narrowed apically where they are cleft into two portions . a . ommatias meyr . is somewhat of the same type , but the uncus is divided into two depressed rounded flat oblique plates , the lateral arms being
smaller and nearer the gnathos than in a . isogama ; the frontal process of the gnathos is also much shorter . the apical fissure of the harpes in a . isogama is here represented by a wide indentation .
there being considerable doubt as to the validity of several of the species , no key is at present attempted .
of the three new zealand species of this genus , two , b . dinocosma meyr . and b . ambigua philp . , have genitalia of the gymnobathra type ; the remaining species , b . confusella walk . , approaches more nearly to some forms of borkhausenia . the harpes , however , exhibit a character not found in the latter genus , the ventral fold being free at its apex and developing into a pointed process . there is also a somewhat similar process beyond , arising from the dorsal area and projecting slightly over the ventral margin .
the single new zealand species , e . zophoessa meyr . , of this extensive genus shows the normal characters of the family , with the exception that a fairly well - developed a - shaped transtilla is present .
this australian genus has one representative , o . austrina meyr . in new zealand . the uncus and gnathos are of normal type , but the harpes exhibit some unusual features . the ventral margin is very strongly chitinised and the fold within , in addition to a free apical lobe , has a pointed process at about ⅓ from base . the aedeagus is dilated at its apex and obliquely truncate ; basally it passes imperceptibly into the ductus ejaculatorius .
the only new zealand representative of this large australian genus is p . acroxantha meyr . , a comparatively recent addition to our lepidopterous fauna . the male genitalia of this species do not differ greatly from those of gymnobathra as far as the vinculum , tegumen and harpes go , but the rounded gnathos and peculiar juxta are distinctive .
a monotypic and endemic genus . the uncus has almost disappeared and consists only of a rounded prominence behind the base of the gnathos . the gnathos itself is highly specialised , the frontal plate taking the form of a scoop - like expansion , outwardly thickly covered with backwardly directed short spines . the harpes are broad , apically truncate , and with a small thumb - like projection beyond the middle of the ventral margin . the aedeagus is rather short and stout .
a small endemic genus containing three species . the uncus and gnathos are of the same type as those of the preceding genus , but the harpes are more normal in shape . reference to the figures will show the very distinctive characters of the aedeagus and juxta . no difficulty will be found in separating p . profunda meyr . and p . carnifex butl . , but a male of p . clarkei philp . has not been available for dissection .
the single new zealand species , c . bifasciella walk . , of this south american genus is characterised by the peculiar bifid and laterally expanded uncus . the gnathos is rather weak with the frontal plate upcurved ; the harpes are of simple leaf - like type .
the outstanding feature of the male genitalia of the two new zealand species of this genus is the complete absence of the uncus , the long anal tube being protected by a tuft of hair springing from the dorsal surface of the tegumen . the gnathos is very highly specialised . from near the apex of each lateral arm arises a racket - shaped organ of the same nature as the single structure of proteodes . the harpes are simple in type and the cephalic margin of the vinculum is deeply and widely excised .
of the six new zealand species of cryptolechia two have not been available for examination . of the remaining four , three , c . apocrypta meyr . , c . compsotypa meyr . and c . liochroa meyr . form a related group , but the fourth , c . semnodes meyr . differs very considerably . the group just referred to is characterised by the absence of the gnathos , the development of processes on the inner surface of the harpes , the reduction of the vinculum to a narrow band and the strongly curved aedeagus . in c . liochroa the curving of the aedeagus is carried so far that the base and apex almost meet .
in c . semnodes the harpes are simple , but the gnathos is present ; it consists of a pair of thin lateral arms and a broad flat frontal plate covered with minute spines .
monotypic and endemic . the genitalia of l . leucocentra meyr . approach nearer to the type of barea dinocosma meyr . than to any of the new zealand representative of the oecophoridae .
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turbinaria patula , commonly known as disc coral , is a species of colonial stony coral in the family dendrophylliidae .

it is native to the indo-pacific region , being found in the eastern indian ocean , northern australia , the south china sea and the western pacific ocean .

it is a zooxanthellate coral that houses symbiont dinoflagellates in its tissues .

it is an uncommon species and the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) has rated it as a " vulnerable " species .

turbinaria patula

what type of species is turbinaria patula ? below , you will find the taxonomic groups the turbinaria patula species belongs to .
which photographers have photos of turbinaria patula species ? below , you will find the list of underwater photographers and their photos of the marine species turbinaria patula .
how to identify turbinaria patula marine species ? below , you will find the list of main identification criteria and physical characteristics of marine species turbinaria patula . for each identification criteria , the corresponding physical characteristics of marine species turbinaria patula are marked in green .
turbinaria patula . great barrier reef , australia . showing colony overgrowing t . mesenterina .
information on turbinaria patula is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
where is turbinaria patula found in the world ? below , you will find the list and a world map of the geographic distribution where the marine species turbinaria patula can be found .
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turbinaria patula . great barrier reef , australia . colony with polyps extended . . mary stafford - smith .
turbinaria patula . norfolk island , coral sea . a large colony where the characters of the species are well developed . charlie veron .
which taxonomic groups does the genus turbinaria belong to and what are the different turbinaria species ? below , you will find the taxonomic groups the genus turbinaria belongs to and the taxonomic tree with all the different species .
which are the most common photographed turbinaria species ? below , you will find the list of species commonly photographed by underwater photographers .
( of turbinaria robusta bernard , 1896 ) bernard h ( 1896 ) . the genus turbinaria , the genus astraeopora . catalogue of the madreporarian corals in the british museum ( natural history ) 2 : 1 - 106 , pls . 1 - 33 . [ details ]
a new patch coral area has been recorded first time during a recent survey by suganthi devadason marine research insti - tute ( sdmri ) reef research team ( rrt ) in the northern region of palk bay near thamodharanpattinam fishing village which is about 70 km away from pamban . among the four species recorded in the patch coral area , turbinaria patula is a new record for the palk bay and has been listed as vulnerable in iucn red list . the current findings provide an insight in to more new coral patches and probably new species in palk bay which are to be explored yet .
( of turbinaria cupula ehrenberg , 1834 ) cairns , s . d . , 2001 . a generic revision and phylogenetic analysis of the dendrophylliidae ( cnidaria : scleractinia ) . smith . cont . zool . 615 : 75 pp . , 14 pls . , 3 figs . [ details ]
( of turbinaria fungiformis michelin , 1841 ) cairns , s . d . , 2001 . a generic revision and phylogenetic analysis of the dendrophylliidae ( cnidaria : scleractinia ) . smith . cont . zool . 615 : 75 pp . , 14 pls . , 3 figs . [ details ]
( of turbinaria bankae giebel , 1861 ) cairns , s . d . , 2001 . a generic revision and phylogenetic analysis of the dendrophylliidae ( cnidaria : scleractinia ) . smith . cont . zool . 615 : 75 pp . , 14 pls . , 3 figs . [ details ]
( of gemmipora patula dana , 1846 ) veron , j . e . n . , pichon , m . ( 1980 ) . scleractinia of eastern australia – part iii . family agariciidae , siderastreidae , fungiidae , oculinidae , merulinidae , mussidae , pectinidae , caryophyllidae , dendrophylliidae . australian institute of marine science monograph series . 4 : 1 - 459 . [ details ]
( of gemmipora patula dana , 1846 ) dana , j . d . ( 1846 - 1849 ) . zoophytes . united states exploring expedition during the years 1838 - 1842 . lea and blanchard , philadelphia . 7 : 1 - 740 , 61 pls . ( 1846 : 1 - 120 , 709 - 720 ; 1848 : 121 - 708 , 721 - 740 ; 1849 : atlas pls . 1 - 61 ) . [ details ]
( of turbinaria cupula ehrenberg , 1834 ) ehrenberg , c . g . ( 1834 ) . beiträge zur physiologischen kenntniss der corallenthiere im allgemeinen , und besonders des rothen meeres , nebst einem versuche zur physiologischen systematik derselben . abhandlungen der königlichen akademie der wissenschaften , berlin . 1 : 225 - 380 . , available online at urltoken ; : int = 00000243 [ details ]
( of turbinaria robusta bernard , 1896 ) veron , j . e . n . , pichon , m . ( 1980 ) . scleractinia of eastern australia – part iii . family agariciidae , siderastreidae , fungiidae , oculinidae , merulinidae , mussidae , pectinidae , caryophyllidae , dendrophylliidae . australian institute of marine science monograph series . 4 : 1 - 459 . [ details ]
dana , j . d . ( 1846 - 1849 ) . zoophytes . united states exploring expedition during the years 1838 - 1842 . lea and blanchard , philadelphia . 7 : 1 - 740 , 61 pls . ( 1846 : 1 - 120 , 709 - 720 ; 1848 : 121 - 708 , 721 - 740 ; 1849 : atlas pls . 1 - 61 ) . [ details ]
hoeksema , b . w . ; cairns , s . ( 2018 ) . world list of scleractinia .
cairns , s . d . ; hoeksema , b . w . & van der land , j . ( 2007 ) . as a contribution to unesco - ioc register of marine organisms . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
cairns , s . d . , 2001 . a generic revision and phylogenetic analysis of the dendrophylliidae ( cnidaria : scleractinia ) . smith . cont . zool . 615 : 75 pp . , 14 pls . , 3 figs . [ details ]
veron , j . e . n . , pichon , m . ( 1980 ) . scleractinia of eastern australia – part iii . family agariciidae , siderastreidae , fungiidae , oculinidae , merulinidae , mussidae , pectinidae , caryophyllidae , dendrophylliidae . australian institute of marine science monograph series . 4 : 1 - 459 . [ details ]
veron jen . ( 2000 ) . corals of the world . vol . 1–3 . australian institute of marine science and crr , queensland , australia . [ details ]
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
in the indo - west pacific , this species is found in the central indo - pacific , tropical and sub - tropical australia , south china sea , and the oceanic west pacific .
there is no species specific population information available for this species . however , there is evidence that overall coral reef habitat has declined , and this is used as a proxy for population decline for this species . this species is particularly susceptible to bleaching , disease , and other threats and therefore population decline is based on both the percentage of destroyed reefs and critical reefs that are likely to be destroyed within 20 years ( wilkinson 2004 ) . we assume that most , if not all , mature individuals will be removed from a destroyed reef and that on average , the number of individuals on reefs are equal across its range and proportional to the percentage destroyed reefs . reef losses throughout the species ' range have been estimated over three generations , two in the past and one projected into the future .
the age of first maturity of most reef building corals is typically three to eight years ( wallace 1999 ) and therefore we assume that average age of mature individuals is greater than eight years . furthermore , based on average sizes and growth rates , we assume that average generation length is 10 years , unless otherwise stated . total longevity is not known , but likely to be more than ten years . therefore any population decline rates for the red list assessment are measured over at least 30 years .
it is found on inshore reefs and shallow rocky foreshores of subtropical locations . they form plates of over 1 m in diameter . this species is found from 7 - 20 m .
all corals are listed on cites appendix ii . parts of the species’ range fall within marine protected areas . recommended measures for conserving this species include research in taxonomy , population , abundance and trends , ecology and habitat status , threats and resilience to threats , restoration action ; identification , establishment and management of new protected areas ; expansion of protected areas ; recovery management ; and disease , pathogen and parasite management . artificial propagation and techniques such as cryo - preservation of gametes may become important for conserving coral biodiversity .
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colonies are usually irregularly folded , unifacial , upright fronds with long tubular corallites strongly inclined towards the colony margins . corallites have elliptical openings , and average 5 millimetres diameter .
taxonomic note : source reference : veron ( 2000 ) . taxonomic reference : veron and pichon ( 1980 ) . additional identification guide : veron ( 1986 ) .
© 2011 - 2012 australian institute of marine science and crr cc by - nc 3 . 0
classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
this information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken
charlie ( j . e . n ) veron j . veron @ urltoken urltoken
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this species is affected by global climate change . to learn about climate change and the species that are affected , visit our climate change pages .
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hello , i have a pagoda cup coral . it appears to be doing well since i bought it 4 mo . ago . i have it under 260 total watts . in moderate crosswise flow . i spot feed it once a week and add a
reef stew
( abundant with life ~ phytoplankton , brine shrimp , rotifers , copepods , nannochloropsis , tetraselmis , and isochyrsisto ) to my tank bi - weekly . it has what looks like white excrement coming from it ' s tissue . it appears in tiny white pin size dots , kinda looks like cotton . i have seen it before , but it went away . this time there is more of it . what ' s going on ? ~ tia
pagoda regularly will let off a slime coat to clean themselves . just have good flow on it to blow it off .
you know me , im jiddy from rapid city . thats in s . dakota , no its a state , by mn . the one with mt . rushmore ! hidden content
well , once again the
stuff
is gone . i ' m positive it ' ll show back up , i ' m just trying to figure this coral out
i have one as well , and haven ' t ever seen what you describe . sorry i am not more helpful . i have pretty good alternating flow directed across at mine from my seaswirl , so it may be that i don ' t see it because it gets blown away . my experience with this coral is that it needs more flow and more direct feeding than i originally thought . in fact i sold the mother colony to les because it was struggling in my tank . the piece i kept was in a higher location , with more flow and easier to reach with the turkey baster , and it is super super happy now .
thanks guys ! i ' m setting up a 115 in the next month for the inhabitants of my 55 . i am going with a closed loop powered by a super squirt and iwaki . flow is definately in the fore front of the whole project . bc , how often do you direct feed ? what are signs of this coral in stress ? other than the pin point cotton like things there is tons of new tissue and polyp growth on my pagoda .
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depth range based on 87 specimens in 1 taxon . water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 33 samples . environmental ranges depth range ( m ) : 1 - 28 temperature range ( °c ) : 21 . 407 - 26 . 803 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 088 - 0 . 923 salinity ( pps ) : 34 . 975 - 35 . 635 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 4 . 573 - 5 . 058 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 081 - 0 . 201 silicate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 900 - 3 . 672 graphical representation depth range ( m ) : 1 - 28 temperature range ( °c ) : 21 . 407 - 26 . 803 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 088 - 0 . 923 salinity ( pps ) : 34 . 975 - 35 . 635 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 4 . 573 - 5 . 058 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 081 - 0 . 201 silicate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 900 - 3 . 672 note : this information has not been validated . check this * note * . your feedback is most welcome .
this species is uncommon except in subtropical localities . there is no species specific population information available for this species . however , there is evidence that overall coral reef habitat has declined , and this is used as a proxy for population decline for this species . this species is particularly susceptible to bleaching , disease , and other threats and therefore population decline is based on both the percentage of destroyed reefs and critical reefs that are likely to be destroyed within 20 years ( wilkinson 2004 ) . we assume that most , if not all , mature individuals will be removed from a destroyed reef and that on average , the number of individuals on reefs are equal across its range and proportional to the percentage destroyed reefs . reef losses throughout the species ' range have been estimated over three generations , two in the past and one projected into the future . the age of first maturity of most reef building corals is typically three to eight years ( wallace 1999 ) and therefore we assume that average age of mature individuals is greater than eight years . furthermore , based on average sizes and growth rates , we assume that average generation length is 10 years , unless otherwise stated . total longevity is not known , but likely to be more than ten years . therefore any population decline rates for the red list assessment are measured over at least 30 years . see the supplementary materialfor further details on population decline and generation length estimates .
all corals are listed on cites appendix ii . parts of the species range fall within marine protected areas . recommended measures for conserving this species include research in taxonomy , population , abundance and trends , ecology and habitat status , threats and resilience to threats , restoration action ; identification , establishment and management of new protected areas ; expansion of protected areas ; recovery management ; and disease , pathogen and parasite management . artificial propagation and techniques such as cryo - preservation of gametes may become important for conserving coral biodiversity .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
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mathews , g . raj , k . diraviya rajesh , s . kumar , p . dinesh edward , j . k . patterson
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whether mature individuals of a species are colonial , solitary or either colonial or solitary ( both ) .
the typical local abundance of species when found on the great barrier reef , australia . data were extracted from textual descriptions in veron ( 1996 ) by diaz and madin ( 2011 ) .
scleractinian corals collected during 1998 from dampier archipelago , western australia jane k . griffith
note : id to be confirmed for corals collected during da3 / 99 expedition .
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supplied as
slack - smith , s . m . & marsh , l . m .
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : acd34fd5 - 6371 - 41a4 - 96ae - 8d9b4047ad28
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 05a85c13 - 2d93 - 4190 - 949a - 08760ced9628
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 4647863b - 760d - 4b59 - aaa1 - 502c8cdf8d3c
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 3dc64238 - 278c - 40c6 - b5c9 - 5172f31f1dcb
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 46772087 - 1328 - 4a98 - 9769 - 423f28f75fec
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 0710191f - ca8e - 4dc5 - b601 - 105da15d9adb
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 6726a12e - 6e01 - 4f65 - a977 - 9d4e947f4ab4
slack - smith , s . m . & marsh , l . m .
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