the konye ( konia eisentrauti ) is a critically endangered species of fish in the family cichlidae .

it is endemic to lake barombi mbo , a crater lake in western cameroon .

it is threatened because of pollution and sedimentation due to human activities , and potentially also by large emissions of carbon dioxide ( co ₂ ) from the lake 's bottom ( compare lake nyos ) .

this species can reach a length of 9.3 centimetres ( 3.7 in ) tl .

konye

miss oni also recalled telling konye about the attack . konye replied : ‘omg . can’t believe it . ’
the konye council was created in 1977 following presidential degree n° 77 / 203 of june 29 1977 . it went operational in july 1978 with headquarters in konye .
mitigating , sally o’neill qc said konye had a ‘difficult domestic upbringing’ and felt remorse .
information on the konye is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
there is no comfortable hotel in konye urgench . it is better to stay overnight at dashoguz .
the konye is classified as critically endangered ( cr ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
mary konye , 22 , of canning town , allegedly attacked ms oni because she had called her ugly .
the woman , a neighbour of konye’s who did not want to be named , taught konye when she was a pupil at st joachim’s catholic primary school in custom house said she had been shocked to hear the verdict .
he told reporters that witnesses had testified in court that konye planned the attack over the course of two years .
there are sensitive zones in konye municipality . dikome , konye , kokaka , matoh , ikiliwindi have swamps . mbakwa supe has flood zones and landslide areas . kurume has steep slopes . these areas have been abandoned by the inhabitants .
during her trial , the jury heard that konye pretended to give oni a shoulder to cry on following the attack .
he added that the attack might have been driven by jealousy and that konye displayed signs of a ‘stalking behavioural disorder’ .
konye , who was convicted in january , looked straight ahead from the dock and showed no reaction as she was sentenced .
konye sub division is made up of 36 villages with the main ethnic groups being bakundu , bafaw , mbonge and balong .
the judge said konye had been
deliberately untruthful
during the trial after she admitted throwing the acid following her conviction .
during her trial , the jury heard that konye pretended to give ms oni a shoulder to cry on following the attack .
the court heard the pair fell out when miss oni said konye looked like a disfigured character from the horror film wrong turn .
judge david radford told konye the consequences of her
deliberate
and
wicked act
had been
devastating to miss oni
.
yesterday konye , of canning town , east london , finally admitted throwing the acid after maintaining throughout the trial that miss oni attacked herself .
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acid attacker mary konye was “lovely in school” and came from a “very humble” family , a former teacher has told the barking and dagenham post .
judge radford told konye : ‘the consequences of your deliberate and wicked act have been devastating for miss oni , causing her terrible pain and physical injury .
cctv image of konye ( in the foreground ) trailing miss oni . she hurled the acid in her face shortly before arriving at her home in dagenham
konye sub division is rich with the following mineral resources stones for the extraction of gravel at baduma and mbakwa supe , pouzzolane along the road to eboko bajou from the konye market , sand along the villages of baduma , kokaka , ngolo bolo , dikomi etc , but the exploitation is very minimal .
there is no public transport in konye urgench . the sights of konye urgench are spread over the town . a taxi to the most distant monuments ( turabeg khanym mausoleum , sultan tekesh mausoleum , kyrk molla and il - arslan mausoleum ) and back will cost about us $ 2 including waiting time .
the false allegations referred to by ms oni were konye ' s claims in her defence case that the victim wanted to gain media publicity from the attack .
cctv footage captured konye , who was found guilty in january , secretly following the victoria ' s secret shop assistant home from work while wearing a veil .
konye has touristic sites such as the viaduct at mbakwa supe , - mobombe waterfall in mbakwa supe , the hammock bridge in konye and ndoi , the bembembe rock at ibemi , the njoke water fall at ibemi , the etana’s river in mbu and itoki , the caves at itoki , the relies at itoki .
konye will be sentenced for the attack on dagenham woman naomi oni on march 7 . judge david radford yesterday told her to expect a substantial custodial sentence .
oni previously told the court that konye was aware of how much of an impact piper ' s ordeal had on her after watching a television documentary about it .
mary konye , 22 , wore an islamic veil that hid her face to stalk and attack naomi oni on her way home from work in the early hours .
konye is also host of decentralized government institutions like the sub divisional officer , sub delegation of basic education , sub delegation of agriculture , forestry , and livestock .
a cctv image issued by the metropolitan police of mary konye disguised in a niqab following naomi oni home before she attacked her with acid . photograph : metropolitan police / pa
cctv footage obtained by police after the attack showed konye in a niqab following oni as she left work at the westfield shopping centre in stratford at about 11 . 30pm .
konye , of canning town , east london , denied throwing or casting a corrosive fluid with intent to burn , maim , disfigure , disable or do grievous bodily harm .
she added that konye was an
immature 22 - year - old
with a possible personality disorder and had been threatened by other inmates while in prison awaiting sentencing .
cctv footage obtained by police after the attack showed konye in a niqab following ms oni as she left work at the westfield shopping centre in stratford at about 11 . 30pm .
ms oni previously told the court that konye was aware of how much of an impact ms piper ' s ordeal had had on her after watching a television documentary about it .
following konye ' s conviction in january , detective chief inspector dave whellams said it had been a
serious , horrible offence which required a degree of planning and calculation
.
business student mary konye , 22 , attacked naomi oni , a victoria ' s secret shop assistant , over a
trivial , insignificant
argument after following her home from work .
the pair , who had been friends since secondary school , fell out in april 2011 when oni allegedly accused konye of texting her boyfriend and called her an
ugly monster
.
the pair , who had been friends since secondary school , fell out in april 2011 when ms oni allegedly accused konye of texting her boyfriend and called her an
ugly monster
.
konye used the
implausible
excuse that it had been oni who planned the incident because she wanted
fame and fortune and to sell her story to the paper
, police said .
cocoa contributes 75 % of the total income of the sub division and in households . but due to an outbreak of the black pod disease cocoa production quantity and quality has dropped in konye .
her lawyer sally o ' neill qc told the court konye has since admitted throwing the acid following her conviction but maintained she did not intend to cause injury to ms oni ' s face .
the town was called gurgandzh from the 10th century ad onwards and is now called konye urgench ( old urgench ) , as the inhabitants moved to modern urgench in uzbekistan in the 17th century .
valuable timber has always been exploited from the konye forest for local use but more for exportation . the natural vegetation cover in konye municipality has similar characteristics to that of the dense equatorial rain forest , harboring a wide range of varieties of natural resources including fauna and flora . concurrently , the type of farming method experienced in this village has changed some part of the forest into a savannah type
konye urgench was built on the crossing of two major caravan routes from the south to the volga in the northwest and from the west to china in the east . from the 1st century ad onwards konye urgench was an important trade center on the northern silk road leading to the caspian sea and russia . around 1000 emir mamun unified the country of khwarezm [ 1 ] and made konye urgench its capital . in the 10th cent . urgench was the capital of the powerful khwarezm state which occupied the whole area of the amu darya [ 2 ] delta in northern turkemnistan and western uzbekistan .
konye ' s lawyer sally o ' neill qc told the court she had admitted throwing the acid since her conviction but claims she did not intend to cause injury to ms oni ' s face .
her lawyer sally o ' neill qc told the court konye has since admitted throwing the acid , following her conviction , but maintained she did not intend to cause injury to oni ' s face .
konye used the
implausible
excuse that it had been ms oni who planned the incident because she wanted
fame and fortune and to sell her story to the paper
, police said .
konye urgench museum in the modern dash mosque ( us $ 1 , 8am to 1pm , 2pm to 4pm closed tue ) . some rooms contain ethnographic exhibits including a pottery workshop and carpet looms .
konye , who hung her head and wept quietly as he spoke , will be expected to serve at least two - thirds of her 12 - year term , but could be freed after eight years .
judge david radford , who sentenced konye to 12 years at london ' s snaresbrook crown court today , said the consequences of her
deliberate
and
wicked act have been devastating to miss oni
.
description : the ancient cities of merv and konye - urgench inspire visions of caravans plodding along the ancient silk road , while the haunting beauty of the karakum desert and other quirky natural phenomena are equally mesmerising .
the jury heard that , the day after the attack , konye sent a mobile phone message to oni , who was in hospital receiving treatment , saying :
omg , i can ' t believe it .
the judge said konye had been
deliberately untruthful
during the trial , after she admitted throwing the acid following her conviction . a letter of remorse she had since written was
utterly belated
, he added .
the jury heard that , the day after the attack , konye sent a mobile phone message to ms oni , who was in hospital receiving treatment , saying :
omg , i can ' t believe it .
description : east kilbride g74 3ya . tel . 01355 247471 . charity no . . . we extend a very warm welcome to fr . michael konye who will be working in st . leonard’s during the . . .
konye has a surface area of 1101 km2 with 57 inhabitants per km2 . it has an estimated population of 62 . 892 inhabitants giving an increase of 40 . 663 % as compared to the 2005 national census statistics which estimate its population at 44 . 771 inhabitants . from the total population , are men ( 31 . 3 % ) , women ( 30 . 3 % ) , adolecent ( 25 % ) children ( 13 . 5 % ) . . konye being a cosmopolitan municipality harbors indigenes from different ethnic tribes . the population of konye is constantly fluctuating , as there is constant movement of people in and out of the village , during and after the farming season .
oni said she regretted ever being friends with konye .
it was bad enough believing it was a random attack . knowing mary planned this is beyond belief . i don ' t trust people in the same way any more .
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konye urgench became one of the centers of the islamic world and was called
the heart of islam
and
the capital of thousand wise men
. great scholars as al biruni ( abu reikhan biruni ) [ 3 ] and avicenna ( abu ali ibn sina ) [ 4 ] lived here . after its conquest by the mongols in the 13th century , the city became an important trade center again . the famous arabic traveller ibn batuta [ 5 ] described konye urgench as the ' biggest among the turkish cities with broad streets and splendid bazaars ' . the main part of the magnificient monuments in konye urgench were built during the reign of kutlug timur and his wife tyurabek - khanym . in the 14th century the city was destroyed by the troups of timur [ 6 ] .
judge david radford , who sentenced konye at london ' s snaresbrook crown court , said the consequences of her
deliberate [ and ] wicked act have been devastating to miss oni
. he added that it was a premeditated and callous plan to burn and disfigure the victim .
konye is located along the kumba – mamfe road in , meme division , in the south - west region of cameroon . it is bounded in the north by nguti council , the south by kumba council , the east by tombel council and in the west by dikome balue .
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the vast majority of the world ' s cocoa is produced in smallholdings between 2 - 4 hectares , like those around konye . cocoa farming , the cause of much deforestation in west africa , may now be one answer to saving what ' s left of the natural forests .
konye is a forest area municipality and hunting is an important and widespread activity . although the regulations governing hunting are not respected , hunting is professionally done . most hunters catch birds ( partridge ) and trap rodents ( rats , porcupine ) and their harvest is used for family consumption .
the bakundu originated from the congo basin around the 17th century and settled in beboka in ndian division . they migrated from beboka due to its hilly nature which made crop cultivation difficult for them and discovered the different bakundu villages such as ( itoki , konye , kumbe , wone , mbakwa supe ,
the mighty congo basin rainforest is spread across five countries and is rivalled only by the amazon in its vastness . the cameroonian village of konye is within the western reaches of the congo basin , and is home to around 1 , 000 inhabitants dependent on both cocoa and the forest for their livelihoods .
in konye , farmers are benefitting from joining konafcoop . the cooperative sells in bulk direct to customers and can negotiate better prices for the farmers . through farmer field schools they learn to regenerate the land by diversifying what they grow , working with the forests natural ability to create healthy ecosystems that balance nutrients and pest / disease control measures .
in livestock , people in the geographical area of konye municipality practice the traditional breeding of poultry , small ruminants and pigs . the breeding of cattle is not developed in the town . the absence of a livestock market , the lack of fish farming , unconventional breeding of livestock and inadequate veterinary services are limitations to the modernization of livestock which is a source of income in the municipality . konye municipality is not so much rich in waterways condusive for fishing . the mungo river is almost the only one that allows some people to fish as a secondary activity and make income that contributes to the survival of their families . fishery products are mostly sold on the local market . the fish species
kutlug timur mínaret was begun in the 11th century and finished in the 14th century unter kutlug timur . it was the minaret of the main mosque in konye urgench . with a height of 60 meters , it is the highest minaret in central asia . the minaret is divided by 18 belts with an ornament and 3 belts with kufi inscriptions .
il - arshan mausoleum is konye urgench ' s oldest surviving monument . it contains the grave of il arslan [ 8 ] , the father of sultan tekish . the dome in the form of a tent and the facade of the monument with a pattern of bricks are the first of this type and were the prototype for similar buildings in samarkand .
nedjameddin kubra mausoleum was built in the 14th century it is considered as the holiest place in konye urgench . nedjameddin kubra lived in the 12th / 13th centuries . he was born in khiva and became a famous religious teacher known as ' designer of saints ' . he left several treatises on mystic experiences , founded an important sufic order and was killed by the mongols .
konye is made up of 36 villages with the main ethnic groups being bakundu , bafaw , mbonge and balong . but due to it fertile soil and hospitality it has invited many strangers from different ethnicity such as the bayangi’s , bikom’s , meta’s , and nigerians . it is worth nothing that the bafaw and the balong are the minority with six and one villages respectively , while the mbonge and bakundu have 17 and 15 villages respectively .
the bakundu , bafaw , balong , mbonge are the main dialects spoken in konye . traditional dishes are mekere na donga ( plantains and peper ) , mberibi ( coco leaf with bush meat soup ) . their traditional attire is sanja and white shirt or jumper and kaba for women . the chief wears sanja , white shirt and a red cap with the feather of a parrot , while the traditional heads wears sanja , white shirt , a black cap with the feather of a cock .
our band of sleepy travellers has had a very early morning flight from ashgabat to dashoguz in turkmenistans far north east . our bleary eyed departure and comfort along the way was courtesy of a very spiffy , efficient and modern but not ostentatious airport and a very efficient and modern state airline . top marks turkmenistan ! we are here to visit the great historic capital of the khorazem empire , konye urgench which is 100km to the north of dashoguz . konye urgench was the lynch pin of trade , religious study and intellectual endeavour on the northern most branch of the silk road in ancient times . it suffered badly at the hands of successive invaders and is now a ruin . as a consequence turkmen have a very jaundiced view of arabs , mongols and uzbeks . most especially the latter since the mongol - uzbek timur or tamerlane as he is known in the west came calling four times before totally destroying the city and ploughing the ground with salt . he was a tyrant typical of his time but now is an uzbek national hero .
the following animal species are significantly found in konye : mammals bushpig ( potamochoerus porcus ) , antelope ( antilocapra americana ) , monkey ( cercopithedae ) , porcupine ( erethison dorsatum ) , deer ( odocoileus hemionus ) , catarh beef , ) , ruminants cutting grass ( thryonomyidae ) , rat mould ( rattus rattus ) , squirrel ( rodentia sciurus ) , reptiles ( snakes ) , livestock ( goats , sheep , pigs , fowls , rabbits snails ) the trend of rare species reduces as you move away from the enclave forest areas towards more settlement zones .
sorry to say that the aral sea is no more and the mighty amu darya river will die the death of a thousand cuts if mr okhunabanaev’s relatives continue to siphon off its water to ‘flood irrigate’ tens of thousands of hectares of cotton . if you live in the middle of a desert it doesn’t pay to take water for granted . that lesson was learned at ancient konye urgench and at more than 500 other cities of antiquity that relied on the fickle course of the amu darya . in these parts a river can be here today and gone tomorrow .
sultan tekish mausoleum is the mausoleum of sultan tekish [ 7 ] , shah of khorezm in the 12th century , who conquered a huge territory from the aral sea the the persian gulf and from what is today iran to the pamir . this mausoleum is one of the few monuments in konye urgench surviving from pre - mongol times . the dome was richly decorated with blue tiles and geometrical patterns . the mausoleum was 30 meters high and serves both as a lighthouse in the desert and as a symbol of authority ( as it stood high above ordinary houses ) .
as the farmers bring their cocoa together , they are able to sell at better prices , therefore each farmer who belongs to a cooperative earns more money selling to the cooperative than a farmer who sells independebntly to other buyers , so that is an advantage we gain as members of the cooperative . because of the cooperative we are able to influence the situation . i would say that konye community is relatively better in terms of forest management because today we train farmers to know that even we have to cultivate cocoa we have to also allow other trees to stay as canopies for this cocoa and also to check the ecosystem to protect the cocoa and also to increase their revenue because when you harvest cocoa and you harvest other crops from the other economic trees you are able to make more money so this is a practice we are implementing today in order to save the forest .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
critically endangered b1ab ( iii ) + 2ab ( iii ) ver 3 . 1
brummett , r . , mbe tawe , a . n . , dening touokong , c . , reid , g . m . , snoeks , j . staissny , m . , moelants , t . , mamonekene , v . , ndodet , b . , ifuta , s . n . b . , chilala , a . , monsembula , r . , ibala zamba , a . , opoye itoua , o . , pouomogne , v . , darwall , w . & smith , k .
a lower guinea endemic , only known from lake barombi - mbo , cameroon .
konia eisentrauti it feeds on algae , small insects and fish eggs ( lamboj 2004 ) . it is also a kleptoparasite of freshwater crabs ( dominey and snyder 1988 ) . this species is a ovophilic mouth - brooder with both sexes as possible incubator ( lamboj 2004 ) . it is a benthopelagic species .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
africa : endemic to lake barombi - mbo , cameroon ( ref . 81260 ) .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 9 . 3 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 4984 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 15 - 16 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 10 - 11 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 8 - 9 ; vertebrae : 29 . diagnosis : profile of the snout evenly decurved , descending to a nearly horizontal mouth ; narrow interorbital space ( 24 - 27 % head length ) ( ref . 53940 , 53949 ) . lower jaw not , or only slightly inclined from the horizontal ; lower pharyngeal jaw only slightly longer than wide ( ref . 81260 ) . dentigerous area of lower pharyngeal bone longer than anterior blade in young and of characteristic shape , with a narrow anterior apical portion ( ref . 53949 ) . blade of lower pharyngeal bone 0 . 7 - 0 . 95 times median length of toothed area ; 3 regular rows of teeth ; upper series of black blotches parallel to dorsal outline ; black band of uneven width extending from opercular spot to anterior part of caudal peduncle ; posterior end of caudal peduncle with vertical blotch meeting its fellow over top ; fins colorless ; tilapia mark absent ( ref . 53940 ) .
feeds on algae , small insects and fish eggs ( ref . 52307 ) . also kleptoparasite of freshwater crabs ( ref . 53950 ) . ovophilic mouthbrooder with both sexes as possible incubator ; from aquarium observations : a few days prior to spawning , both partners remain close together for much of the time ; the genital papilla of the female is clearly visible immediately before spawning and is much broader and larger than the male ' s ; females are normally more successful than males when it comes to brooding the fry ; when mouthbrooding , which ends about 3 weeks post - spawning , the specimens are relatively shy and prefer to lie silently near the bottom in secluded areas ; once free swimming , juveniles normally do not return to the parent ' s mouth again ( ref . 52307 ) .
male or female carries the egg in the mouth ( ref . 52307 , ref . 13614 ) . a few days prior to spawning , both partners remain close together for much of the time ; the genital papilla of the female is clearly visible immediately before spawning and is much broader and larger then the male ' s ; females normally more succesfull in brooding the fry ; specimens are relatively shy and prefer to lie silently near the bottom in secluded areas when mouthbrooding , which ends about three weeks post - spawning ; once free swimming , the fry normally does not return to the parent ' s mouth ( ref . 52307 ) .
lamboj , a . , 2004 . the cichlid fishes of western africa . birgit schmettkamp verlag , bornheim , germany . 255 p . ( ref . 52307 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 7500 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01514 ( 0 . 00700 - 0 . 03275 ) , b = 2 . 97 ( 2 . 80 - 3 . 14 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 6 ±0 . 45 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 11 of 100 ) .
a woman who threw acid in the face of a friend while wearing a veil as a disguise has been jailed for 12 years .
naomi oni , 22 , suffered burns to her face and chest in the attack near her home in dagenham , east london , in december 2012 .
in a victim impact statement , ms oni said she had at times felt suicidal since the attack due to her appearance .
it was a
premeditated and callous
plan to
burn and disfigure
her victim , he added .
this careful , premeditated criminality was planned against a person who reasonably believed you were a true friend ,
the judge said .
following the sentencing , lawyer mitesh patel read a statement on ms oni ' s behalf , where she said :
my family and i have been forced to put up with false allegations about my character , including the false allegation that i had done this to myself
.
in the statement she said the effects of these allegations had been
devastating
and the
negative and false publicity
resulted in some people
distancing themselves from me during my hour of need
.
ms oni needed skin grafts and has suffered permanent scars to her leg , chest , stomach and arms and was almost blinded in one eye .
in the impact statement , read to the court by prosecutor gareth patterson , ms oni said she found it very difficult to live with her physical appearance and was now
paranoid and scared
about being outdoors alone .
ms oni said that before the attack she was a
confident
young woman .
all this changed that day i was struck with acid and my life was turned upside down ,
she said . she added it was now a
battle to get by each day
.
ms oni said :
i ' m reminded what i look like every day i look in the mirror or see the reaction on people ' s faces .
the whole traumatic experience has changed my life . at times i felt suicidal and thought about ending it all .
on being attacked by someone who had been a friend since secondary school , ms oni said :
it was bad enough believing it was a random attack . knowing mary planned this is beyond belief .
i don ' t trust people in the same way any more .
the reason for this incident will always be shrouded in some doubt and mystery ,
the lawyer said .
theresa may names a new uk foreign secretary after boris johnson quits over her brexit strategy .
a woman who threw acid in the face of her friend while disguised by a muslim veil has been jailed for 12 years .
oni was left scarred for life after suffering serious burns on her face and chest following the incident in dagenham , east london , on 30 december 2012 .
oni , 22 , who did not attend the sentencing , said in a statement to the court that she considered killing herself after being
violated
by her
evil
attacker .
delivering his sentence , judge radford said :
this careful , premeditated criminality was planned against a person who reasonably believed you were a true friend .
radford said oni ' s life had been
ruined
along with her trust in friends .
in a statement read to the court by prosecutor gareth patterson , oni said she was now
paranoid and scared
about being outdoors alone .
the victim told the court that , before the attack , she was a confident young woman with a job she enjoyed .
all this changed that day i was struck with acid and my life was turned upside down ,
she said . it was now a
battle to get by each day
after being permanently disfigured , she added .
oni said she had suffered permanent scars to her leg , chest , stomach and arms and was almost blinded in one eye . she faces further reconstructive surgery and must wear a silicon face mask which makes it difficult to breathe , the court heard .
oni said :
i ' m reminded what i look like every day i look in the mirror or see the reaction on people ' s faces . the whole traumatic experience has changed my life .
oni said her mother , who was in court for the hearing , had kept her going but their relationship was sometimes
strained
after they had been forced to move into a hostel .
she added :
people often stare at me . some ask what happened to my face . i ' m still scared of being attacked again .
the victim lost her hair and eyelashes , and required skin graft surgery to cover her burns .
it is thought to have been a copycat attack mimicking the one suffered by model and tv presenter katie piper , who was badly scarred and left blind in one eye in an assault arranged by her ex - boyfriend , daniel lynch , in 2008 .
the reason for this incident will always be shrouded in some doubt and mystery ,
o ' neill said .
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the foreign secretary quits , telling theresa may
needless self - doubt
is leading to
semi - brexit
.
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number of refugees accepted into the u . s . falls below the rest of the world combined for the first time since 1980
a ‘callous and wicked’ student was sentenced to 12 years in jail yesterday for throwing acid in her childhood friend’s face .
sentencing her , judge david radford said the ‘deliberate and wicked act’ was ‘devastating’ .
he said it was a ‘premeditated , evil and callous’ copy of the acid attack on presenter katie piper .
in a statement , miss oni , 22 , said : ‘my attacker’s sentence will end but i have to live with my injuries and disabilities for the rest of my life .
' the world only sees my scars that have been left , but i have mental scars that will stay with me forever . ’
she continues to claim that miss oni asked her to do it so she could enjoy ‘fame and fortune’ like miss piper .
the result of your offence , as you must have foreseen , was life - changing injuries .
‘this was wholly premeditated criminality against a person who reasonably believed that you were her true friend . ’
he said she had not shown any genuine remorse and had ‘ruined [ miss oni’s ] trust in anyone who she believed to be a friend , that friendship being so wilfully betrayed by you’ .
snaresbrook crown court heard she was ‘obsessed’ with miss oni , from dagenham , east london , and envied her looks .
miss oni described how , going home from her job at lingerie shop victoria’s secret , she got off at her bus stop and felt a ‘presence’ before turning to see someone in a niqab , or veil .
she felt a ‘massive splash’ as the acid was thrown at her , disfiguring her face , dissolving her hair and eyelashes and burning her tongue as she screamed .
describing how she felt , she said : ‘why has this happened to me ? i work hard . am i ugly ? no one’s going to marry me now . ’
miss oni added : ‘i just had my bandages removed and it was the first time i saw my face after surgery and i broke down .
‘i was crying on the phone to her and she was on the phone to me telling me don’t worry . ’
in a victim impact statement , miss oni said her life had been ‘completely turned upside down’ .
each day was a ‘challenge and a battle’ , she said , adding : ‘it is difficult to live with my physical appearance .
' iam very conscious of it and am reminded of what i look like every day when i see my reflection or the reaction on people’s faces . ’
she said she had trouble eating and sleeping , adding : ‘i lie awake at night for hours on end , reliving the incident in my head . ’
detective chief inspector dave whellams said : ‘the court recognised the extent of the injuries and trauma it has caused the victim and we are very pleased . ’
bottleneck of 700 , 000 migrants wait in libya to cross the . . .
' prostitutes , orgies , group sex - all of it ' : ex - wife of . . .
' we know where you live ' : angry protesters confront mitch . . .
police find the body of a missing four - month - old boy near . . .
the fashion designer ' s $ 24million party pad that no one . . .
' you broke your girl ' s heart ' : car racing legend craig . . .
money launderer caught with £250 , 000 cash in bin bags in . . .
don ' t kill the army of ants and wasps invading your home . . .
sydney tower skywalk was ' shut down due to unsafe winds ' . . .
selena gomez is seen with same mystery man she was with in may . . . after news her ex justin bieber is engaged to hailey baldwin
khloe kardashian reveals she stopped breast - feeding daughter true . . . three months after giving birth
giuliana rancic takes a hike with bill . . . as the couple vacation with friends ahead of her return to e ! news
khloe kardashian shows off neon sign in true ' s nursery . . . as she reveals it ' s kris jenner ' s handwriting
ciara and husband russell wilson dance as they head to south africa for their honeymoon . . . two years after wedding
rapper del the funky homosapian falls off stage during gorillaz set . . . but he reassures fans he ' s ' alright ' as he recovers in hospital
makeup artist joyce bonelli reaches out to the kardashian clan on instagram . . . after the famous family ' fire ' and unfollow her on social media
daddy daycare ! jared kushner takes kids back to d . c . after weekend in new jersey - as ivanka dons a short dress for visit to a nyc asphalt company
sofia richie , 19 poses in a bikini top just after scott disick ' s ex kourtney kardashian , 39 , did the same . . . and fans call her out for it
naomi campbell wows in flamboyant feathered gown . . . while ashley graham sizzles in plunging lace dress as they walk in dolce & gabbana show in italy
naya rivera sells her five - bedroom la home for a cool $ 3 . 55 million after finalizing her divorce from ryan dorsey
mel b ' is unable to pay her back taxes amid ongoing divorce battle with stephen belafonte . . . as it ' s estimated the pair owe up to $ 650k ' to the irs
kylie jenner rocks curve - clinging attire as she shows off body . . . and considers going back to blonde
dakota johnson dons striped wrap dress in la . . . after calling co - star chris hemsworth ' spectacular '
cardi b hits back at troll who mocked her baby shower . . . as she shows off naked baby bump for photoshoot
buy your own celebrity hideaway ! castle adored by michael douglas and jack nicholson goes on sale for $ 5 . 2m ( and even comes with treehouse )
ant - man and the wasp soars to $ 76 million on opening weekend . . . beating its prequel by $ 19 million
liam payne and cheryl split : carefree 1d star returns to stage for first time since break - up . . . as he poses happily with his backing dancers in france
tristan thompson goes house hunting alone as he checks out $ 2m property in la with its own basketball court . . . just minutes from khloe ' s mansion
chris hemsworth kicks off filming for the star - studded men in black spin - off as he cuts a sharp figure in london . . . 21 years after the first film hit screens
jill zarin admits she ' s ready to date again after being spotted with handsome businessman . . . following beloved husband bobby ' s death
dj khaled cancels wireless performance due to ' travel issues ' just hours before his slot . . . as fans rage over his ' vacation ' snap
13 reasons why villain justin prentice says he ' s not bothered by social media trolls . . . and that getting attacked online means he ' s doing his job as an actor
' she didn ' t get those from me ' : kylie jenner says daughter stormi has dad travis scott ' s lips . . . as star reveals her breasts are ' three times the size ' post - baby
kevin hart celebrates 39th birthday in las vegas . . . nearly a year after sin city cheating scandal
dakota fanning joins michael b . jordan in voice cast of western anime series gen : lock
' i regret making it public ' : guy pearce is remorseful for asserting his former co - star kevin spacey was ' handsy ' with him on the set of l . a . confidential
iconic movie home where molly ringwald ' s sixteen candles was filmed finally sells for $ 1 . 135 million after two years on market
kendra caldwell duggar struggles through labor on counting on . . . before welcoming baby garrett
why madonna dated only toyboys and why , as she pushes 60 , she ' s finally got bored with them . . . by the writer who knows her best
brooklyn beckham and squeeze lexy panterra get cozy at london club . . . enraging ex tallia storm
yolanda hadid ' splits from boyfriend matt minnis ' . . . less than a year after david foster divorce
brooklyn beckham utilises his camera skills at wireless festival . . . after his debut photography book was slammed by fans
justin bieber is the perfect gentleman as he handles the bags . . . while crop top - clad hailey baldwin struts alongside
' i just don ' t want stuff ' kim kardashian doesn ' t buy her kids gifts to avoid spoiling them and sticks to a household budget . . . but says kanye is the ' biggest shopper '
joanna gaines shares husband chip ' s unique birth tradition . . . as he cradles newborn son crew
kylie jenner gushes baby stormi is ' changing every week ' and ' has cutest personality ' . . . as new mom admits to binge watching the handmaid ' s tale
lena dunham says she was ' really smart ' to date ex jack antonoff . . . after posting nude selfie
tom brady shows no mercy as he takes on gisele and his cancer - survivor mom in dodgeball . . . with a ' no crying ' rule
lauren conrad ' s son liam takes a handful of cake . . . as proud mom ' celebrates one year with our little guy '
khloe kardashian ' anxious but eager ' as she gets back to work for the first time since true ' s birth . . . and her alarm goes off at 4 . 35am
nia vardalos ' divorce filing . . . as duo split following 25 years of marriage
kendall jenner boats in sheer dress . . . after snuggling up to her nba beau ben simmons at khloe kardashian ' s party
keyshia cole announces pregnancy on instagram . . . as boyfriend niko khale posts beach pic of couple
anthony bourdain leaves majority of his $ 1 . 2m estate - which was rumored to be worth at least $ 16m - to 11 - year - old daughter ariane
ben affleck ' s $ 19m la mansion is surrounded by moving trucks . . . as it ' s revealed girlfriend lindsay shookus plans to spend more time on west coast
beaming kate gazes lovingly at sleeping prince louis as she and william attend his christening in their . . .
troubled actor jonathan rhys meyers is detained at lax after getting into a ' drunken fight with his wife and . . .
jamie oliver reveals the best way to organise your fridge - as he shares his tips for how you can avoid . . .
lesbian couple are charged with neglect after they ' repeatedly gave young son marijuana for good behavior . . .
american man who posed as a saudi prince to try and buy a stake in a miami hotel was busted when the . . .
' we only knew each other between action and cut ' : robin wright breaks her silence on kevin spacey ' s sexual . . .
final four thai cave boys and coach are in ' good health ' but must remain trapped underground for at least . . .
rescued thai cave boys face a lifetime of trauma from their ordeal as traumatic memories could trigger fear . . .
frantic parents of rescued thai cave boys have not been told which children have been saved – as teammates . . .
three men will be executed over the infamous gang - rape and murder of a female student , 23 , on a delhi bus in . . .
hollywood hostage actor who lost his eye , had nose and tongue slit , and was ' deprived of a member of his . . .
handcuffed harvey weinstein pleads not guilty to new rape charges , then shares a laugh with his lawyer after . . .
mesmerising maps reveal record - breaking temperatures across the world as the earth experiences ' one of the . . .
couple arrested after their four - year - old son accidentally shots himself between the eyes could face ten . . .
number of refugees accepted into the u . s . falls below the rest of the world combined for the first time . . .
revealed : the four warning signs you could be heading for divorce - including critcising your partner ' s . . .
historically bad : orioles ' chris davis on pace to finish with the lowest qualifying batting average ever , . . .
' he was my son ! ' devastated father sobs as he is detained by police moments after his two - year - old . . .
here comes aunt meghan ! duchess of sussex looks elegant in an olive green shift dress by ralph lauren as she . . .
here come the godparents ! kate and william are joined by childhood friends - including guy pelly - and the . . .
fit for a prince ! louis becomes the eighth royal baby to wear the historic honiton lace christening robe on . . .
' i hope he stays like this ' : kate and the archbishop of canterbury share a joke about sleeping louis as she . . .
blue for a boy ! george and charlotte both wear the shade for their little brother louis ' christening as the . . .
such a perfect princess ! cute charlotte steals the show again with her royal wave - and a very polite . . .
pregnant pippa looks glowing in a very appropriate shade of baby blue - as she joins her parents and brother . . .
it ' s a hat trick for mcqueen ! kate repeats the look she chose for george and charlotte ' s christenings in . . .
may will not face a vote of no confidence . . . for now : pm warns furious tory brexiteers at showdown meeting that sacking her would mean handing corbyn the keys to no 10
' hi . i ' m linda o ' keefe . . . 45 years ago today , i disappeared and my killer was never found ' : police tweet as the 11 - year - old girl who was murdered in 1973 in a bid to publicize the cold case
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it has an undulating topography of hills on the northern and western side and level lands in the south and eastern side .
the climate falls within the equatorial climate ( cameroon type ) with an annual rainfall of 3000mm - 4000mm . it is characterized by the wet and dry season , the dry season last from november to february , while the rainy season extends from march to october . the average annual temperature is 27 ° c .
it has characteristic soft black , red , stony , sandy soil which is heavily leached during heavy rains . the soil is fertile for the production of cocoa and food crops .
in addition , the district is watered , the mungo , mengeh , moke , nyale , are rivers that run through its frame and physical space . in addition , many other rivers , streams , springs waterfalls are visible at the village level .
the vegetation is mainly forest , characterized with cocoa , timber , rubber , palms and fruit trees . it also consists of vast wetland areas consisting mainly of mangroves and a vast expanse of cocoa farms . the fauna appears to have suffered a lot of pressure . indeed , despite the almost permanent presence of the forest , the animals are difficult to see . they are far from residential areas , given the reduction in their living space by logging and agriculture .
the principal mineral resource identified in the area is sand . it is found in all the villages along river , baduma , dikomi , kokaka , and bolo moboka . access is free but the use is loosely coordinated , very traditional . wood is abundant in the forest areas covering many villages of the council space . the villagers use it as firewood or for construction . loggers , usually illegal , make intensive use , contributing to a strong degradation of forest cover . however , forest also provides non - timber products , including njansa , bush peper , colanut , and bamboo . it is found at mbonge meteke , kokaka , itoki , upper ifanga , mwangala . access is free but it is under exploited .


cladoxycanus is a monotypic genus of moths belonging to the hepialidae family .

it consists of only one species , cladoxycanus minos , which is endemic to new zealand .

cladoxycanus

genus : cladoxycanus dumbleton , 1966 . n . z . j . sci . 9 : 942 [ key ] , 948 .
cladoxycanus dumbleton , 1966 ; n . z . jl sci . 9 ( 4 ) : 942 ( key ) , 948 ; ts : porina minos hudson
cladoxycanus minos ; [ nhm card ] ; dugdale , 1994 , fauna of new zealand 30 : 52 ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 852 ( list )
cladoxycanus ( hepialidae ) ; [ nhm card ] ; dugdale , 1994 , fauna of new zealand 30 : 51 ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 852 ( list )
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type - species : porina minos hudson , 1905 . trans . proc . n . z . inst . 37 : 357 , pl . 22 fig . 5 . [ bhl ]
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= ; dugdale , 1994 , fauna of new zealand 30 : 52 ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 852 ( list )
nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 ghostmoths of the world : a global inventory and bibliography of the exoporia j . nat . hist . 34 : 823 - 878
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
monotypic . member of clade comprising old world genera with oxycanus - type venation . relative size of the truellum in the male genitalia appears to be unique in the hepialidae .
forests and open country moss bogs . adults mostly fly in autumn ( april - may ) , with some also occuring through the winter ( june - august ) .
if you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .
scott , r . r . ; emberson , r . m . 1999 : handbook of the new zealand insect names : common and scientific names for insects and alllied organisms . bulletin of the entomological society of new zealand 12 : 100pp
explore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .
find out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .
did you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .
the atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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nomenclator zoologicus . a list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of linnaeus , 1758 to the end of 2004 . digitised by ubio from vols . 1 - 9 of neave ( ed . ) , 1939 - 1996 plus supplementary digital - only volume . urltoken ( as at 2006 ) .


homoptera is a suborder of order hemiptera that is considered by some taxonomists to be paraphyletic , and therefore deprecated ( obsolete ) .

it was therefore split into the suborders sternorrhyncha , auchenorrhyncha , and coleorrhyncha .

the earlier work was based on nuclear dna , but more recent phylogenetic analysis using mitochondrial dna suggest that homoptera may be a monophyletic group after all , a sister group of heteroptera .

the cause of the disparity in the analyses is suggested to be the long branch attraction effect in phylogenetic analysis , due to rapidly evolving dna regions .

the homoptera include the aphids , scale insects , cicadas , and leafhoppers , which all have sucking mouthparts .

homoptera

closely related to heteroptera . ( heteroptera and homoptera are suborders of order hemiptera )
the insect suborder homoptera includes cicadas , hoppers , psyllids , whiteflies , aphids and scale insects . here are a few facts about insects belonging to the suborder homoptera :
and have commercial value . most members of the homoptera fall into one of two large groups ; the
male and female ( with scale cover ) san jose scale ( quadraspidiotus perniciosus ; order homoptera ) .
the order homoptera is divided into a number of families . some families containing important agricultural pests are :
all homoptera are exclusively plant feeders and some species have been used in the biological control of weeds .
occurs in most groups of homoptera , with males and females often coloured differently . for example , the male leafhopper
adults are the largest of homoptera and do serious damage to trees by boring into them to lay their eggs .
historically the homoptera were a suborder of the hemiptera ( true bugs ) . they were characterised by the uniform structure of their wings .
design by oleg ko
homoptera ,
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however , recent studies on the genetic relationship between the groups within the homoptera has shown that they are more distinct than previously thought . as a result , the suborder homoptera should no longer be used and the insects within it have been reclassified in to three new suborders :
two large groups of homoptera are ( 1 ) the cicadas and leafhoppers , and ( 2 ) the aphids , scale insects and mealybugs .
the invertebrates that transmit virus diseases resembling viruses are primarily homoptera , acarina ( excluding spider mites ) , thysanoptera and some orthoptera , hemiptera and coleoptera .
homoptera are among the most abundant herbivores found in terrestrial habitats . many species are pests of cultivated plants . aphids and leafhoppers are important carriers of plant diseases .
the name homoptera , derived from the greek
homo -
meaning uniform and
ptera
meaning wings , refers to the uniform texture of the front wings .
the hemiptera and homoptera are large orders of insects with too many species to cover in this book . below are examples of a few of the more commonly encountered species .
honeydew , an excretory product that is rich in sugars and amino acids , is produced by many species of homoptera . other animals use honeydew as a source of food .
dna evidence shows a close relationship to the hemiptera , so that eventually the homoptera may be once again grouped together with the hemiptera as they have been under heteroptera earlier .
cicadellidae ( leafhoppers ) - - this is the largest family of homoptera and includes many pests of cultivated plants . leafhoppers are important carriers of plant diseases - - especially mycoplasmas .
‘this is common in many insect groups , most notably the hemiptera / homoptera ( waterstriders , planthoppers and aphids ) , coleoptera and , orthoptera ( crickets and grasshoppers ) . ’
a photograph of the froghopper cercopis vulnerata - this insect would previously have been placed in the suborder homoptera but is now in the suborder auchenorrhyncha . photograph by richard bartz licensed under creative commons .
‘this has since been found to be a wolbachia - induced trait in a wide diversity of arthropod orders , including acarina , coleoptera , homoptera , hymenoptera , isoptera , lepidoptera , and orthoptera . ’
‘around the outside lights i ' m still seeing antlions and owlflies along with an assortment of small carabid beetles , tiny homoptera , crickets , grasshoppers and occasionally a large dragonfly spends the night . ’
cicadidae ( cicadas ) - - nymphs live underground where they feed on the roots of trees and shrubs . adults are the largest members of the homoptera . males produce loud songs to attract a mate .
‘diets of little brown myotis and eastern pipistrelles were highly diverse , consuming an even proportion of six orders of insects including coleoptera , hemiptera , lepidoptera , homoptera , diptera , hymenoptera , and tricoptera . ’
all members of the suborder homoptera have piercing / sucking mouthparts and feed by withdrawing sap from vascular plants . the proboscis is shorter than that found in true bugs ( suborder heteroptera ) , and it emerges near the ventral posterior margin of the head capsule ( opistognathous ) . although some homoptera are secondarily wingless , the majority have membranous or uniformly textured wings that fold tent - like over the body at rest .
‘to date , 10 insect orders , homoptera , heteroptera , lepidoptera , coleoptera , hymenoptera , diptera , odonata , isoptera , orthoptera , and dictyoptera , have been recorded to be hosts of cordyceps species . ’
the term ' homoptera ' should now only be used as a popular term for plant - feeding hemiptera ( for example : aphids , leafhoppers , whiteflies etc . ) and should not be used to refer to a suborder .
…scaly excreta of coccids ( homoptera ) on tamarisk or larch trees is the source of manna in the sinai desert . coccids were once the source of the crimson dye kermes . the cochineal , or carmine , from dactylopius scale insects found…
is sometimes included within the hemiptera , even though they lack the toughened areas on the first pair of wings . some entomologists group both hemiptera and homoptera within the group heteroptera ; others use the name heteroptera for what we have called the hemiptera and use hemiptera for the heteroptera . confused ? so are we . anyway , the homoptera have the dubious distinction of being probably the most destructive insects of all . they include aphids , leafhoppers , cicadas , and scale insects : 45 , 000 species in all .
…or rhynchota ) , with two suborders homoptera and heteroptera separated traditionally by texture and resting position of the forewings and by the apparent origin of the beak . other entomologists , while recognizing the proximity of relationship between these two groups , consider that the relationship is of superorder value and that features separating…
although homoptera species are distributed throughout the world , the relative numbers of individual species vary in a given locale . only one cicadid species is known in great britain , and fewer than 12 in all of europe . however , more than 200 cicadid species are known in north america , and about 180 in australia .
the homoptera are close relatives of the hemiptera and also have piercing - sucking mouthparts . in contrast to the hemiptera , homopteran mouthparts arise further back on the underside of the head . those forms that have wings have ones that are uniform in structure , hence their name , homoptera , meaning “samewing . ” also unlike the hemiptera , these insects hold their wings roof - like over their backs . all are plant feeders and most have incomplete metamorphosis . many families within this order have very strange and complex life cycles with both sexual and asexual generations , winged and wingless generations , as well as individuals with much reduced , highly specialized structures .
the homoptera includes a large number of different forms ranging in size from the usually microscopic coccidae to the large tropical lantern bugs ( fulgoridae ) and the cicadas , which may attain 5 cm . in length and with a wing expanse of 10 cm . with the cicadas are the leafhoppers , treehoppers and froghoppers , all active insects .
…adult or immature heteroptera and homoptera ( the true bugs and other plant - sucking insects ) . many insects , especially lepidopterans , are specialists , feeding only on a specific species , genus , or family of plants . on the other hand , orthopterans ( grasshoppers , katydids , crickets , and roaches ) can be more indiscriminate feeders . mammalian herbivores include spiny rats , …
homoptera , order of plant - feeding insects with membranous wings and piercing , sucking mouthparts . they are closely related to the true bugs . about 45 , 000 species are known . among the most familiar are the aphids , cicadas , leafhoppers , and scale insects . the range of size and shape of homopterans is great . most undergo incomplete metamorphosis . there are usually two pairs of wings . many species are destructive to crops and orchards .
in most of the homoptera , a portion of the digestive system is modified into a filter chamber . this structure allows the insects to ingest and process large volumes of plant sap . excess water , sugars , and certain amino acids bypass most of the midgut and are shunted directly into the hindgut for excretion as honeydew . only a small volume of filtered plant sap passes through the midgut for digestion and absorption . many species of ants are attracted by the honeydew and provide care and protection for the homopterans in exchange for the honeydew they excrete .
) . the female digs a burrow in well drained soil , stings a cicada until it ceases to struggle , places it in the bottom of the burrow , lays her eggs on the cicada , covers the burrow , and dies . the larvae develop on the cicada , remain in the burrow until the following spring or summer , and emerge as adult wasps . other wasps also burrow in the soil and provision their burrows with one or more kinds of homoptera , particularly leafhoppers , planthoppers , or treehoppers . aphid wasps use the same method of provisioning their nests , while squareheaded wasps usually use leafhoppers of one species to provision burrows in decomposed wood .
, or lacewing larva , a chrysopid with mandibles like the ladybird larva . however , instead of chewing the aphids , the aphidlion larva inserts its mandibles into the body of the aphid and sucks fluids through a channel or groove on the inside of its mandible . green winged adult aphidlions lay eggs in aphid colonies , placing them on stalks , so that when the young larvae hatch , there is an adequate food supply nearby . most larvae of the chamaemyiids ( i . e . , aphidflies ) feed on aphids , scale insects , and mealybugs . the larvae of drosophila known as pomace flies , are predacious on mealybugs and other small homoptera , and the larvae of a few gall midges ( i . e . , cecidomyiids ) prey on aphids and scale insects . certain diptera have parasitic larvae that feed on the internal tissues of homopterans including certain scale insects , leafhoppers , and planthoppers . some moth larvae are parasites of fulgorids , while other larvae are internal parasites of female gall - like coccids of the genus
plants . many homopterans cause injuries or destruction to plants , including fruit trees and grain crops , and can be vectors of plant diseases . a few provide secretions or other products that are
inch ) in length . there are certain species of cicadas in borneo and java , however , that are 8 cm ( 3 . 1 inches ) long with wingspreads of 20 cm ( 7 . 9 inches ) . the large
can attain this size also . on the other hand , some of the tiniest scale insects are only 0 . 5 mm ( 0 . 02 inch ) in length .
the abundance of any species in a given environment depends upon the biotic potential of the insect , the abundance of the food plant , and other factors favourable for development of large populations . certain species never reproduce in excessive numbers , while others , considered pests , produce many offspring . insect species that feed on available crops or other plants present in quantities sufficient to support them normally develop large populations ; for example , the oyster shell scale ( lepidosaphes ulmi ) on fruit trees and ornamentals ; the greenbug ( toxoptera graminum ) on wheat ; and the potato leafhopper ( empoasca fabae ) on potatoes , beans , and alfalfa . grape leafhoppers ( erythroneura ) frequently develop large populations that result in heavy plant losses .
homopterans , because all species feed on sap sucked from plants , often cause injuries or destruction to the plants that nourish them . when such plants are cultivated crops ( e . g . , grains or fruit trees ) or valued ornamentals , the economic loss resulting from infestations is severe . in addition , some homopteran species act as vectors of virus - and bacteria - caused diseases of their plant hosts . the check exerted upon insect pests by other insects is an important mechanism of natural control of populations . predacious insects feed on small , weak species ; parasitic insects live on or in a host and feed at its expense . aphids , for example , are parasitized principally by members of the hymenoptera ; two important aphid predators are ladybird beetles and lacewings . pests also may be controlled by chemical and biological methods ( e . g . , development of resistant plants , as with european grapevines ) .
the homopterans are responsible for injuring numerous plants of economic importance . cicadas or dogday harvestflies , sometimes mistakenly called locusts , are well - known pests that have an annual life cycle . they are characterized by their large size and the strident song of the male . periodical cicadas emerge every 13 or 17 years in
, swarm in trees , mate , and lay eggs in green twigs . permanent damage to
slits ; when the weakened twigs mature into fruit - bearing limbs , they break under the weight of the fruit , and the crop is lost . failures of this sort can be avoided by not planting young fruit trees in years of
leafhoppers cause various types of plant injury by interfering with the normal physiology of the plant . the
of the potato leafhopper , for example , causes leaf cell hypertrophy that impairs transport of sugars . the resulting sugar accumulation in the leaves destroys chlorophyll and causes the leaves to turn brown and die . this injury , termed “hopper burn , ” can result in complete loss of a
crop if not controlled . another type of injury is caused by leafhoppers that feed upon plant mesophyll tissue . in addition to removing excessive amounts of sap , these insects also destroy the plant’s chlorophyll , resulting in yellow spots on the leaves , which eventually turn yellow or brown .
reduce growth and foliage function and cause formation of grapes that are inferior in size , colour , flavour , and sugar content . plants also are injured when insects lay eggs in green twigs . the egg punctures of several leafhoppers and treehoppers reduce the flexibility of plant limbs . plant stunting and severe curling of leaves occur when the leafhopper
growth . this leafhopper also feeds on alfalfa and causes leaves to turn yellow and drop off . in the same way , aphids and mealybugs cause leaf curling on potatoes and many ornamental plants , and the potato psyllid feeds on potato leaves and causes curling and yellowing known as “potato yellows . ”
the froghoppers , often called spittlebugs because immature stages live in spittlelike masses , feed on a variety of plants . one important species , the
and causes severe stunting that can result in loss of up to 50 percent of a crop . scale insects , unless parasitized , produce enormous populations on green twigs , young limbs , leaves , and fruit ; when tree bark or shrubs become encrusted with one or more layers of scales , the entire plant often dies . damage is caused to
by the rosy apple aphid . females of the third seasonal generation remain on the apple leaves until after small apples have formed . many aphids crawl onto these tiny apples and puncture them causing dimpling of the fruit and normal incision of tiny apples . the cluster of apples , known as aphid apples , are small and gnarled .
( sooty mold ) grows in each droplet . the apples become black spotted and are no longer marketable . many other homopterans also produce honeydew , with
on twigs in tropical and subtropical regions . the lac is refined and used in preparing
secreted by aphids and scale insects are used in candlemaking , medicines , and candies .
for the children of israel . the females produce large quantities of honeydew that solidify in thick layers on plant leaves in arid regions . this sugarlike material , still collected by natives of arabia and iraq , is considered a great delicacy . the term manna often refers to plant products also . certain species of scale insects produce a gum that was used as
by tribes of north american indians . female root - inhabiting scale insects ( species of
) enclose their bodies in gold and bronze coloured wax cysts that are used in strings of beads . certain colour patterns and designs of the forewings of tropical species of leafhoppers and planthoppers have been used in artwork by various peoples . for many generations the mexican indians have used a black , white , and red colour design in their art . the design is that of the forewings of a brilliantly coloured
the scales of several species of scale insects , including the old world kermes and new world cochineal , have been used to produce red dyes for clothing , foods , and medicines and in emulsions to colour film .
generally , homopterans are bisexual , with mating occurring prior to the production of eggs . however , individual life cycles vary in length and complexity .
is simple or gradual , with immature stages resembling adults except that the latter usually have wings . the life cycles of most homopterans are short . a typical example is the common
, which has one generation a year . eggs are laid in late summer on stems or sheaths of host plants and hatch the following spring . over the next 4 to 6 weeks , the larvae develop into adults and begin producing eggs that will overwinter .
the life cycle of three species of periodical cicadas is the longest known for insects , lasting 17 years . in the temperate zone enormous numbers of orange - winged adults emerge in spring , when male “singing” to attract females for mating can be extremely loud . after mating , using her strong ovipositor , the female cuts deeply into green twigs and through the harder wood of deciduous trees where she inserts 12 to 14 eggs through drilled slots into each of two chambers separated by a thin partition of wood . the female drills slots until she has deposited a total of 400 to 600 eggs . injury to these trees can be severe , with branches usually dying beyond the point of egg insertion . although eggs may be deposited in some 75 different kinds of trees or shrubs , the females prefer hickory , oak , apple , peach , pear , and grape .
magicicada , the genus containing the 13 - and 17 - year cicadas of eastern north america .
) have cycles that involve passing the winter as eggs inserted in apple twigs . other leafhoppers , however , such as
, winters as an adult in desert areas and produces an early spring generation on desert plants . as desert plants become unfavourable for feeding , the leafhoppers migrate to available cultivated plants where from one to four summer generations are produced . when the crop is harvested or the plants become unfavourable for feeding , the leafhoppers return to desert plants . although definite alternation of desert and cultivated host plants occurs in this life cycle , no specific plant serves as a primary or secondary host . plant selection by migrating leafhoppers is determined largely by the amount of rainfall and succulence of both wild and cultivated plants . while most species have one generation a year , a few have two or three . the life cycle of planthoppers and fulgorids is similar to that of leafhoppers , while the pear psylla ,
the whiteflies , common on citrus trees and in greenhouse plants , do not survive winter out of doors in the north but produce several generations a year in the south . the metamorphosis of whiteflies varies from the typical gradual form . in the first instar ( interval between molts ) the young are active , wingless forms and are usually called larvae . during three subsequent instars , the immature insects become sessile and scalelike and are called nymphs . during these three instars , internal wing development occurs . the molt from last larval instar to pupa occurs inside the last larval skin , which forms a puparium . at this point , whitefly metamorphosis is essentially complete .
the scale insects also have modified life cycles . for example , the oyster shell scale , lepidosaphes ulmi , typically passes the winter as an egg beneath a secreted scale covering , whereas the san jose scale quadraspidiotus perniciosus produces living young . in either case newborn young , called crawlers , leave the scale covering to search for food . after a few days they molt , losing their legs , antennae , and anal spines , and retaining poorly developed eyes . they secrete a hard scale about their soft bodies , insert their mouthparts into a plant , and remain sessile . as the females mature , they increase in size , enlarging the scale covering periodically , but do not change form or develop wings .
young males also have a crawler stage but become sessile and inactive after the second molt , passing through a more complete metamorphosis beneath the scale covering . the last preadult instar has two external wings and is called the pupa . adult males have two wings and two small knobs or halteres where the second pair of wings would normally develop . some males have three pairs of eyes . adult males seek out wingless females , concealed beneath the scale covering , and mate with them . as many as three males may mate simultaneously with one female .
reproduction is bisexual among the homopterans , although asexual reproduction occurs in the aphids , in a few primitive leafhoppers , and possibly in species whose life cycles are not known in detail . an unusual situation occurs in the normally hermaphroditic cottony cushion scale icerya purchasi , in which both male and female sexual organs are present in one individual and the eggs of any individual may be fertilized by its own sperm .
in the auchenorrhyncha , eggs are laid by the female , who uses an egg - laying structure , the ovipositor , to insert eggs into plant tissue . in the sternorrhyncha ( e . g . , aphids ) the female places her eggs on the surface of the plant . the eggs of scale insects are retained in the body of the female or remain under the scale covering if separated from the female . in mealybugs and certain “cottony” scales , eggs are extruded from the body and remain in a mass enclosed by waxy plates or shreds . in most homopterans , each female produces a few hundred eggs . exceptions occur in some scale insects ( e . g . , cottony maple scale ) where a female may lay 5 , 000 eggs .
growth is gradual and is accompanied by periodic molting . the nymphal stages , or instars , between egg and adult usually number five in leafhoppers and related species . wings , if present , develop when the fifth instar molts and the adult emerges .
, a species common on cane , is orange , and the female is milk white . size and form also vary between males and females . the male marsh leafhopper
is not only a different colour than the female but also only half as long . in treehoppers the
( the dorsal sclerite of the prothorax ) often is so different in shape and size between the two sexes that they appear to be two species . examples of this are
in appearance that previous knowledge is necessary to associate two sexes of the same species . most homopterans lack defense mechanisms , however , one
every insect lives in a habitat defined by specific physical , chemical , and biological conditions . if these conditions are changed sufficiently , the insect cannot survive and will either migrate to available acceptable conditions or perish . temperature and humidity are important climatic factors in determining geographical regions and local habitats of specific homopterans . the distribution of homopterans is influenced also by conditions that favour distribution of host plants .
plant distribution is determined largely by rainfall - evaporation ratios ; insects with specific host relationships occur in the same regions where the plants are found . other climatic factors may limit the insect to a smaller range within the host plant range ; for example , selection of food plants by the desert species of
depends on the abundance of rainfall during one season . host plants of a given species may be closely related , as legumes on which eggs are deposited and adults live ; or the life cycle may be divided between alternate unrelated host plants . the fact that most species are specific in their plant relationships determines habitats such as swamp , marsh , bog , meadow , prairie , desert , deciduous or
moisture or humidity relationships also affect the habitats of homopterans . the eggs of most auchenorrhynchans are deposited in tender plant stems or in the undersides of leaf ribs or veins . thus , the incubation period is passed in saturated humidity . after hatching , the nymphs feed on the undersurface of the leaf and remain in high relative humidity since most of the stomata , through which transpiration occurs , are on the undersurface . a reduction in relative humidity due to reduced transpiration can destroy large field populations . certain leafhopper and fulgorid species , although they are not adapted for aquatic life , can live on plants and produce normal populations under conditions of periodic tidal submergence , even in cold waters .
insect galls , abnormal growths of plant tissue , are caused usually by the mechanical or chemical stimulus of egg laying in plant tissue and by subsequent activities of the hatching young . the young usually live and feed inside the gall and complete their development before emerging . some 60 species of homopterans , including aphids , psyllids , and coccids , cause plant galls , although aphids are responsible for a majority of them . galls frequently seen on foliage include aphid leaf galls , caused by the grape phylloxera phylloxera vitifoliae ; the leaf petiole gall of poplar , caused by the aphid pemphigus populitransversus ; and the elm cockscomb gall on elm leaves , caused by the aphid colopha ulmicola . different species cause the formation of different types of plant galls .
or use them to provision their nests . colonies of aphids and scale insects are prey for several kinds of ladybird beetles . female beetles lay their eggs on leaves or twigs where aphids are feeding . when the beetle eggs hatch , the larvae feed upon the homopterans in the colony using chewing mandibles . one larva of
can consume 300 aphids in a two week developmental period , while the adult female devours several thousand aphids in her three month life . certain species of flower flies or syrphids also commonly lay their eggs on leaves or twigs where colonies of aphids are feeding . the hatching larvae thrust their piercing mouth structures into the bodies of the aphids and devour them by extracting
among the hymenoptera , certain wasps are parasites of planthoppers , leafhoppers , and treehoppers . the larvae of dryinid wasps develop internally in the host although part of the body of the larva protrudes from the body of the host , forming a saclike structure between the abdominal and thoracic segments . most encyrtid
are parasites of aphids , scale insects , and whiteflies . the female eulophid wasp develops as a parasite of scale insects , while the male , developing as a hyperparasite , attacks parasites of the scale insects ( often females of its own species ) . the thamid wasps have habits similar to those of the eulophids in that both parasitize scale insects and whiteflies or are hyperparasites of chalcid wasps that parasitize homopterans .
. they paralyze homopterans by stinging them , then store them in burrows , lay eggs , and rear young using the homopterans as food . best known of these is the large
many species of adult and young aphids are subterranean and feed on the roots of plants . in some species the alternate food plant is no longer used , and the aphids no longer develop wings . some entire colonies spend years below the surface of the soil ; other species spend most of each year underground ; and a few species appear above ground , locate a new host plant , and immediately seek roots . the woolly aphid can live indefinitely on the roots of apple trees but can exist only part of the year on elm , the alternate host . the
strawberry root louse has a sexual cycle in which eggs are laid , but these aphids are dependent upon ants for survival . the ants not only care for the eggs in their nests but they also carry the young aphids from plant to plant . in some subterranean aphids the sexual cycle , and with it the egg - laying stage , has disappeared entirely . subterranean aphids have no predators and few parasites . other root feeders are young cicadas , certain young cercopids , some cixiid nymphs of the fulgorids , and immature stages of a few leafhoppers .
the homopterans and heteropterans , here classified as separate orders , sometimes are considered as suborders of an order hemiptera . both groups have piercing - sucking mouthparts ; for this reason , they are thought to be closely related to each other . some entomologists , however , consider distinguishing features other than the mouthparts…
insect , ( class insecta or hexapoda ) , any member of the largest class of the phylum arthropoda , which is itself the largest of the animal phyla . insects have segmented bodies , jointed legs , and external skeletons ( exoskeletons ) . insects are distinguished from other arthropods by their body , which is divided into three major regions : …
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among the larger and more familiar representatives of this order are the cicadas . these musical insects are prevalent during the summer months and are usually first heard during the hot dry days of june before the monsoons . most of us are probably familiar with the song , a loud buzzing noise emanating from a tree or shrub . males sing to attract mates and can be very hard to locate since they usually stop singing as you approach their perch . an observant person is probably more familiar with the brown husks of exoskeleton left by nymphs when they emerge as adults . there are several species of cicadas in the sonoran desert region , with one of the most common species at lower elevations being the apache cicada ( diceroprocta apache ) . adults emerge in june , feed on plant sap , mate , and insert their eggs just under the surface of plant stems . these eggs hatch , and the larvae drop to the ground and dig into the soil to feed on the roots of various plants . in their underground homes , nymphs live and feed for 3 or more years before emerging as adults .
females , like most other homopterans , have incomplete metamorphosis , but males pupate within a tiny silken cocoon before emerging as adults .
cochineals’ claim to fame is that their bodies contain a substance called carminic acid that produces a beautiful red dye . native peoples from the southwest , mexico , and south america harvested these insects for the dye . europeans discovered the dye when conquering the new world and the valuable product made many of them rich . up to that time , most red dyes came from plant material . cochineal , however , not only produced a superior red hue , but also withstood the effects of sun and washing much better than did the plant - derived dyes . cochineal dye fell out of favor with the advent of synthetic dyes developed in the mid 1800s . however , it is making a comeback , as the more subtle hues of natural dyes are regaining popularity . it is also currently being used as a food and pharmaceutical dye , particularly since many of the synthetic food dyes have proven to be toxic . look for cochineal or carmine on the labels of pink - and red - colored foods and medicines at the grocery store .
other familiar homopterans are the aphids or plant lice . most of us have encountered large groups of these little creatures feasting on the fleshy stems of herbaceous plants in the spring and summer . these tiny insects have very interesting and complex life cycles . most species survive the winter as eggs and then hatch into females in the spring . these new females then begin to reproduce asexually on their host plants—which differ depending on the species of aphid—forming small colonies of clones . in many species , the colony eventually produces winged forms that fly off to a second host plant ( sometimes a completely different plant species ) and continue to reproduce . when fall approaches , winged forms migrate back to the original species of host plant and produce both males and females which mate and lay the overwintering eggs . an easy - to - recognize species that occurs in our area is the milkweed aphid , aphis nerii . these beautiful aphids are bright yellow with black legs and antennae ; they are found on various species of milkweed in the spring and summer months .
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it is difficult to generalize about the biology of these insects . cicadas are the largest members of the suborder . as nymphs , they live underground and feed on the roots of trees and shrubs . some species complete development in as little as four years , but others have a 13 - or 17 - year life cycle . in contrast , the aphids are tiny , soft - bodied insects with multiple generations per year . many species have complex life cycles involving more than one host plant . winged and wingless forms of the same species may develop at different times of the year . asexual reproduction ( parthenogenesis ) is common and males are unknown in some species . the scale insects are even more specialized . during much of their life cycle , they remain immobile , living beneath an impervious cover of wax or cuticle that they secrete over themselves . legs and antennae often disappear after the first molt . only newly hatched nymphs and adult males bear any resemblence to other insects . females grow to sexual maturity , mate , produce offspring , and die without ever leaving their protective cover .
membracidae ( treehoppers ) - - ecologically similar to leafhoppers , these insects have a large pronotum that extends over most of the body . they often resemble thorns or small twigs .
cercopidae ( spittlebugs or froghoppers ) - - nymphs live on plant stems and produce a frothy defensive secretion around themselves . adults are similar to leafhoppers in size and general appearance .
fulgoridae ( planthoppers ) - - this is one of eleven families classified as planthoppers ( superfamily fulgoroidea ) . these insects are ecologically similar to leafhoppers and treehoppers . many species are oddly shaped and cryptically colored .
psyllidae ( psyllids or jumping plant lice ) - - small , aphid - like insects with 3 - segmented beaks and 10 segmented antennae . many species are covered with a woolly layer of wax .
aleyrodidae ( whiteflies ) - - body and wings of adults are covered with a white powdery wax . nymphs attach to the undersides of leaves and become immobile , resembling scale insects .
aphididae ( aphids , plantlice ) - - second largest family in the suborder homptera . many of these insects are pests of cultivated plants . aphids are considered the most important carriers of viral plant diseases .
coccidae ( soft scale insects ) - - this is one of 17 families that make up the superfamily coccoidea ( scale insects and mealybugs ) . most species are sedentary during most of their life cycle and secreate a protective covering over their bodies . these insects are among the most common pests of cultivated plants .
a scale insect , laccifer lacca , is the source of natural shellac . the insect lives on various fig trees in the tropics .
dactylopius coccus , the cochineal insect , is the source of a bright red dye formerly used in the textile industry . it is a scale insect that lives on prickly pear cacti .
aphids in the subfamily pemphiginae are gall - makers . the galls are usually open at one end so the insects can come and go freely .
the ground pearls ( family margarodidae ) are a group of scale insects that live on plant roots . in some tropical species , the females form large wax cysts , often bronze or gold in color , that people collect and use as beads .
several groups : cicadas , hoppers , psyllids , whiteflies , aphids , scale insects .
simple metamorphosis . in whiteflies it resembles a comple metamorphosis because the last nymphal instar does not move and looks like a pupa .
many species produce honeydew . sometimes ants that feed on honeydew will protect the insects .
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most people tend to call anything with lots of legs a
bug .
however , to an entomologist , a
bug
is one of the 35 , 000 or so species of the order hemiptera .
means
half wing
and refers to the fact that part of the first pair of wings is toughened and hard , while the rest of the first pair and the second pair are membranous . hemipterans also have modified piercing and sucking mouthparts ; some suck plant juices and are plant pests , while others can bite painfully .
both hemiptera and heteroptera go back to the permian , and are fairly well - known as fossils . the picture at the top of the page depicts a group of aquatic hemipterans , i . e . water bugs , from the
carpenter , f . m . 1992 . treatise on invertebrate paleontology . part r . arthropoda 4 , volume 3 : superclass hexapoda . geological society of america and university of kansas , boulder , colorado and lawrence , kansas .
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a group of true bugs comprising those in which the forewings are uniform in texture . plant bugs such as aphids , whitefly , scale insects , and cicadas belong to this group .
modern latin ( plural ) , from homo - ‘equal’ + greek pteron ‘wing’ .
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ie . , having a 17 - year cycle . the eggs are injected into holes in twigs of trees , and the nymphs hatching from them fall to the ground into which they burrow to feed on the roots . after about 17 years of nymphal growth a stage resembling a pupa is passed through before emergence of the adult ( derived and updated from
plant lice ( aphididae ) are noted for their wide distribution and for their rapid reproduction , and transparent wings . the tarsus is 2 - jointed , that of the coccidae being 1 - jointed . wax - secreting cornicles are located dorsally on the abdomen .
in the coccidae the reproductive phenomena are of much economic importance . a comparatively simple life cycle is that of
as eggs , which are laid in the autumn by fertilized females . in spring these eggs give rise to wingless viviparous parthenogenetic females . a variable number of these parthenogenetic generations is passed through in the summer , then winged parthenogenetic females appear that migrate to another host plant ( the bean
from these there now appear oviparous females to copulate with winged males , that are migrants from the secondary host plant , the bean .
fertilized eggs are laid in autumn that give rise to wingless viviparous parthenogenetic females .
these then give rise to winged migrant parthenogenetic females and wingless parthenogenetic viviparous females .
some of these give rise to winged viviparous females that in turn give rise to wingless oviparous females .
the notorious pest of vineyards , the life cycle is more complicated and involves migrations between root and stem of the host plant . the reproductive capacity of these insects is extraordinary but is kept down by the number of enemies they possess .
the cyclical reproductive phenomena in aphids leads to important questions relating to the differences between sexual and parthenogenetic individuals , and to the environmental conditions determining the occurrence of these phases in any life cycle .
fertilized eggs produce only parthenogenetic females . these multiply by diploid parthenogenesis , i . e . the eggs retain the full complement of chromosomes and are not capable of fertilization . eventually there come individuals capable of bearing sexual forms ,
the sexual forms arising from these produce haploid germ cells that have undergone normal reduction . fertilization then will restore diploid parthenogenesis . sexual differences are indicated in the chromosomes ; the female of
has six , of which two are sex chromosomes ; the male only five , one only being a sex chromosome . however , sexual reproduction leads only to the production of parthenogenetic females and
to males and females in equal numbers , as might be expected . this appears to be due to the fact that in the maturation of sperms , those with only two chromosomes die . fertilization is always between sperms and ova each with three chromosomes , of which in each case two are normal chromosomes
the capacity of females with six chromosomes to produce male offspring with only five is due to the fact that in the maturation of male - producing parthenogenetic eggs , reduction in the number of chromosomes only affects the sex ( x ) chromosomes , one remaining in the egg , the other going to the polar body . in this way a parthenogenetic female with six chromosomes , i . e . 4 +
gives rise to males with only five , i . e . 4 + x ( derived and updated from
they have membranous or leathery wings , but it is possible to trace venation to the base .
the mouthparts are beak - like and appear to arise from the front legs .
the cicada has the longest life cycle of any insect , and there is a great diversity in dwelling places .
are noted for their high - pitched call , which is made only by the male and is used to attract females .
all cicadas have a rather broad head and prominent eyes with three glossy , beadlike ocelli between .
they feed on herbaceous plants and some species have different hosts in different parts of the life cycle .
for example , oak in springtime , goldenrod in summer and oak again in autumn .
this is beat up and mixed with air by action of the hind legs .
these insects become free living as adults when they resemble some leafhoppers very closely , but can be distinguished by having spines on the apex of the hind tibia . .
feed on plants in all stages and many are very economically important pests . these insects are characterized by long , slender wings , which are held roof - like above their body .
they are very active as jumpers due to their enlarged tibia , and the nymphs are agile and can run sideways . the hind legs have a double row of spines and not a single circular row as in spittlebugs .
, which have a virus incubation period that can last a year or more . the beet leafhopper migrates and transmits
the toxic effect is not only from their saliva but also due to their feeding on the vascular parts of plants ( xylem and phloem ) .
they have complex life histories with winged and wingless forms and one or more hosts .
they prefer to feed mostly on tender shoots of rapidly growing plants , but will also feed at other sites even on the roots .
besides causing direct injury to plants some species are also able to transmit plant viruses , which occur on their mouthparts as contaminants .
when dropping onto plants various molds grow on it , which will damage plants .
ants will care for aphids and extract honeydew from them by caressing them with their antennae .
if the winter host is a tree the alternate host will often be an herbaceous plant .
if conditions become crowded on the alternate host , winged generations may be produced , which are all females .
these fly to another plant that may be the same or a different species of herbaceous plant .
in the autumn , there is a migration back to the winter host plant .
also in autumn the female may produce several generations on the reinvaded winter host .
she may mate with the male and then go through an egg - laying phase that overwinters .
are primarily tropical and subtropical insects that secrete a wax covering over their body , which protects them from external environmental conditions .