euperipatoides kanangrensis is a species of velvet worm of the peripatopsidae family , described in 1996 from specimens collected in kanangra-boyd national park , new south wales .

it is endemic to australia .

euperipatoides kanangrensis

collection and culturing of female euperipatoides kanangrensis reid , 1996 was done as described previously ( 48 ) . in situ hybridization was carried out as described by eriksson et al . ( 49 ) .
neurogenesis in the onychophoran e . kanangrensis does not reflect the ancestral pattern of euarthropod neurogenesis .
here we show that the onychophoran nervous system is generated by the massive irregular segregation of single neural precursor cells . furthermore , we have identified homologs of the euarthropod achaete - scute , notch , and delta genes in the onychophoran euperipatoides kanangrensis and have analyzed their expression patterns in the embryonic ventral neuroectoderm . the data show that these genes are not regulated in a precise spatiotemporal pattern as in euarthropods , and thus the selection of neural precursors is distinct in the onychophoran .
in contrast , in e . kanangrensis , a large number of neural precursors segregate from the ventral neuroectoderm . the number and arrangement of neural precursors is different in each hemineuromere within the same embryo and also between embryos of the same stage . these data suggests that the neural precursors in onychophorans segregate in a random , irregular pattern ( fig . s5 a ) . if neural precursors were generated in stereotyped positions , one would expect to see a repetitive pattern in contiguous developmental stages , given the long phase of neurogenesis in e . kanangrensis .
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so far , 211 species of velvet worms have been described ( 85 of peripatidae and 126 of peripatopsidae ) , of which 191 are valid species ( 76 of peripatidae and 115 of peripatopsidae ) and 20 represent nomina dubia [ 1–9 ] . in addition to extant representatives , the record of unambiguous fossils includes four species with uncertain relationships to the extant taxa [ 10–13 ] . in the following , we provide an updated classification and a complete list of species of onychophora , which is based on oliveira et al . [ 1 ] .
velvet worms are comparable to
worms with legs
they have an obscurely segmented body with relatively small eyes . they have sensitive antennae used to find food and multiple pairs of legs with slime glands . they catch other smaller insects by entraping them with a mucus lasso . they are unique in that they give birth to live young that go through direct development to become an adult .
tropical regions in the southern hemisphere . they can most commonly be found hiding in rotting logs during the daytime .
the velvet worms are of interest to scientists who study their unique social behavior and reproductive habits .
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► cleavages are superficial and appear identical to that described in the south - african yolk - less ovoviviparous species . ► the initial positioning of the anterior to posterior axis is not fixed in the egg . ► we propose the terms anterior and posterior part of the blastopore to replace older terms . ► the expression of the gene wingless shows the position of the proctodeum . ► this study has clarified the processes that occur in stage 1 of embryonic development in onychophorans .
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m . r . s . conceived the project ; dissected , described and interpreted specimens ; and ran the phylogenetic analysis . j . o . - h . led the integration of developmental data into phylogenetic analysis and the interpretation of results . both authors contributed equally to data analysis , discussion of results and manuscript preparation .
density of scaly ornament in a hallucigeniid spine with three constituent elements ( geological survey of canada 136958 ) .
this file contains details of character coding for phylogenetic analysis , analytical methodology , and transformations implied by our most parsimonious tree .
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edited by thomas c . kaufman , indiana university , bloomington , in , and approved november 10 , 2010 ( received for review june 28 , 2010 )
the formation of neural precursors is first evident in the ventral neuroectoderm at late stage ii [ stages after walker and tait ( 33 ) ] , when the head and the first five trunk segments have formed . single cells delaminate from the neuroectoderm and form a loose basal layer between the outer ectoderm and the inner mesoderm ( fig . 1 a ) . due to the segregation of additional neural precursors , the basal layer increases to about two cells in width but does not expand further during neurogenesis ( fig . 1 b and c ) . in the basal position , the neural precursors divide to generate smaller intermediate neural precursors ( fig . 1 b ) . the latter form a second basal layer of approximately three to four cells in width , and the innermost intermediate neural precursors differentiate into neural cells . neurons extend their processes into the most basal lateral area of the developing hemi - neuromeres to form the neuropile ( fig . 1 d ) . during neurogenesis , the basal area of differentiating neurons expands , whereas the size of the neural precursor and intermediate neural precursor layers remains the same ( fig . 1 e ) . we detected segregating neural precursors in all stages of neurogenesis , indicating that the layer of segregated neural precursors is continuously replenished .
we observed scattered mitotic divisions in all layers of the developing neuromeres except for the basal layers of differentiating neural cells ( fig . 2 ) . large mitotic cells are visible in the ventral neuroectoderm that are partially aligned in longitudinal and diagonal rows ( fig . 2 a and c ) . the segregated neural precursors seem to divide equally to generate two smaller intermediate precursor cells ( fig . 2 g , inset ) . the intermediate neural precursors also proliferate , but are considerably smaller than the dividing neural precursors and neuroectodermal cells ( fig . 2 b ) .
we have analyzed the distribution of neural precursors that can clearly be identified by their position basal to the neuroectoderm , their rounded shape , and the accumulation of f - actin in the cell cortex ( fig . 2 d–g and fig . s1 ) . at early stages , the neural precursors segregate from all areas of the ventral neuroectoderm ( fig . 2 h ) . however , the formation of neural precursors becomes restricted to the center of the developing hemineuromeres during further development ( fig . 2 g and i–k ) , resulting in the generation of ganglion anlagen , which can clearly be distinguished as metameric units ( fig . 2 b and c ) . the number ( ranging from ∼60 to > 100 ) and arrangement of neural precursors is different in each developing hemineuromere within the same embryo but also between embryos of the same stage ( fig . 2 h–k ) .
( a–f ) expression pattern of ekash . light micrographs of flat preparations ( a–d ) and transverse sections ( e and f ) of embryos stained with a dig - labeled ekash probe ; anterior is toward the left in a–d , dorsal is toward the top in e and f . ( a and b ) ventral views show that ekash expression is homogeneous in the neuroectoderm . transcripts are up - regulated in segregated neural precursors ( arrows ) . circles indicate the position of the limb buds . arrowheads in b indicate the area between the neuromeres which shows low / absent levels of ekash . ( c and d ) sagittal views show that ekash is expressed at low , homogenous levels in the neuroectoderm but is strongly expressed in the segregated neural precursors ( arrows ) . arrowhead indicates the area between the developing neuromeres . ( e and f ) ekash is strongly expressed in the segregated neural precursors ( arrow in e ) and the intermediate precursors ( arrowhead in f ) . l1 to l4 , developing neuromeres of walking leg segments 1–4 ; ml , ventral midline ; ms , mesoderm ; vne , ventral neuroectoderm . ( scale bars : 100 μm in a , 100 μm in b , 50 μm in c , and 50 μm in e and f . )
( a–e ) expression pattern of ekdelta . light micrographs of flat preparations ( a–e ) and transverse sections ( e ) of embryos stained with a dig - labeled ekdelta probe ; anterior is toward the left in a–d , dorsal is toward the top in e . ( a–c ) ekdelta is strongly expressed in the ventral neuroectoderm ( arrows ) . expression is lower between the developing neuromeres ( arrowheads ) . ekdelta is expressed in the sensory organ precursors . ( d ) sagittal view of a stage ii embryo shows that ekdelta is expressed in the ventral neuroectoderm , segregated neural precursors , and mesoderm . arrowheads indicate area between segments . ( e ) at stage iv , ekdelta is expressed in the ventral neuroectoderm and segregated ( arrows ) and intermediate neural precursors ( arrowheads ) l1 to l6 , developing neuromeres of walking leg segments 1–6 ; ml , ventral midline ; ms , mesoderm ; sop , sensory organ precursors ; vne , ventral neuroectoderm . ( scale bars : a . 100 μm ; b , 50 μm ; c , 100 μm ; d , 50 μm ; and e , 50 μm . )
( a–c ) expression pattern of eknotch . light micrographs of flat preparations ( a and b ) and transverse section ( c ) of embryos stained with dig - labeled eknotch probe ; anterior is toward the left in a and c ; dorsal is toward the top in b . ( a and c ) eknotch is expressed homogenously in the ventral neuroectoderm ( arrows ) . ( b ) in addition , eknotch is expressed in the segregated ( arrow ) and intermediate neural precursors ( arrowhead ) , the neuropile and the most basal differentiating neurons ( small arrowheads ) , and the mesoderm ( small arrows ) . l1 , l9 to l11 , developing neuromeres of walking leg segments 9–11 ; ml , ventral midline ; ms , mesoderm ; vne , ventral neuroectoderm . ( scale bars : a and c , 100 μm ; b , 50 μm . )
our data demonstrate that neurogenesis in onychophorans does largely not reflect the ancestral pattern of euarthropod neurogenesis . in all four euarthropod groups , neural precursors are generated at stereotyped positions despite the differences in neural precursor formation ( npgs versus neuroblasts ) . in each hemineuromere , a fixed set of ∼30 npgs / neuroblasts segregates in a pattern that is similar in all euarthropod representatives that have been analyzed ( 35 , 36 ) ( fig . s5 b–d ) . the conservation strongly suggests that this pattern has been present in the last common ancestor of euarthropods .
we conclude that the selection of neural precursors , as well as their arrangement and number , are conserved in all four euarthropod groups , suggesting that this pattern has been present in the last common ancestor of euarthropods , although onychophorans do not share these neural characters .
second , the formation of neural precursor groups in many areas of drosophila neurogenesis strongly suggests that npgs are part of the ancestral pattern of euarthropod neurogenesis and therefore cannot be used to resolve euarthropod relationships . the pars intercerebralis and pars lateralis , for example , are part of the central neuroendocrine system in the drosophila brain and derive from npgs that invaginate and become attached to the brain primordium ( 37 ) . additional examples are the stomatogastric nervous system , which is generated by three large npgs , the bilateral invaginations of the optic primordium and the generation of large precursor groups in the developing polyclonal sensory organs of drosophila ( 38 – 40 ) .
finally , based on the following data , we suggest that the exclusive generation of neural cells from the central area of the ventral neuroectoderm of chelicerates and myriapods represents an ancestral character of arthropod neurogenesis . first , in onychophorans , this mode of neurogenesis can be observed in the ventral protocerebral primordium . in this area , the whole neuroectoderm becomes internalized and forms vesicles that have been termed hypocerebral organs . neural precursors continue to segregate from the hypocerebral organs after their invagination ( 24 ) . second , in drosophila , the embryonic procephalic neuroectoderm that generates the larval brain neuromeres generates almost exclusively neural cells . the epidermis extends over the brain primordium during head involution ( 41 ) . furthermore , fundamental differences in the formation of epidermal cells in the ventral neuroectoderm of insects and malacostracans suggest that the capacity to generate epidermal and neural cells has evolved independently in insects and crustaceans . in insects , the cells that remain in the neuroectodermal layer after segregation of the neuroblasts develop into epidermis . in contrast , in malacostracans , neuroblasts remain in the neuroectoderm and can generate both neural and epidermal cells ( 13 , 28 ) .
based on the data presented here , we suggest the following evolutionary scenario of arthropod neurogenesis . in the last common ancestor of arthropods , the nervous system was generated by a massive irregular segregation of individual neural precursor cells ( fig . s6 ) . proneural genes might have been expressed homogeneously in the whole neurogenic area to confer neural potential to all cells . we speculate that the whole neurogenic area exclusively generated neural precursors , similar to the case in chelicerates , myriapods , and the brain primordia of drosophila and onychophorans .
cell proliferation might have occurred mainly in the neuroectoderm . individual neural precursors became postmitotic , segregated from the ventral neurectoderm and directly differentiated into neural cells . this hypothesis is supported by the nature of the neural precursors in chelicerates and myriapods . in both euarthropod groups , the npgs are postmitotic and directly differentiate into neural cells after their segregation . this ancestral state has been retained in the stomatogastric nervous system of drosophila melanogaster , which is generated by neural precursors that invaginate as large groups and directly differentiate into neurons ( 38 ) . the hypothetical ancestral state is further supported by recent data on neurogenesis in an annelid ( 42 ) . annelids belong to the lophotrochozans , which are a sister group to the ecdysozoa [ e . g . , arthropods , nematodes ( 43 ) ] . in the polychaete capitella sp . i , one to several adjacent neural precursors delaminate from the procephalic neuroectoderm . the neural precursors do not divide after their delamination ; rather , they directly differentiate into neural cells . thus , subsequent stages of neurogenesis must have diverged in the lineage leading to the onychophorans , such as mitotic divisions of the segregated neural precursor cells , the evolution of intermediate neural precursors , and the generation of epidermal and neural cells from the ventral neuroectoderm .
if we assume that the presented evolutionary sequence is correct , we would have to conclude that neuroblasts have gradually evolved from npgs . there is indeed evidence from intermediate states that supports this theory . in the centipede strigamia maritima , all cells of a npg are attached to a single cell of the group rather than to the apical surface as in chelicerates and millipedes ( 14 ) . this cell expresses higher levels of delta transcripts as compared with the remaining cells of the group . thus , delta / notch signaling seems to generate single cells with distinct properties within the npgs in strigamia , although the whole group eventually invaginates and gives rise to neural cells . furthermore , in the basal insect schistocerca americana , groups of four to eight cells are selected in the ventral neuroectoderm ( 12 ) . one cell of the group , the neuroblast , delaminates , whereas the remaining cells of the group differentiate into a cap cell and sheath cells that surround the neuroblast and its lineage .
our data on onychophoran neural precursor formation contradict neither the mandibulata nor the myriochelata hypothesis . however , we suggest that the invagination of npgs and the exclusive generation of neural cells in the ventral neuroectoderm of chelicerates and myriapods represent plesiomorphic characters that cannot be used to support the myriochelata hypothesis . furthermore , the deployment of onychophoran characters for outgroup comparison has to be considered carefully . crown - group euarthropods and probable stem - group onychophorans already existed in the early cambrian period ( 46 – 48 ) . hence , the onychophoran lineage must have had a long evolutionary history diverged from the euarthropod stem lineage . therefore , extant onychophorans might not show the ancestral state of neurogenesis without modifications . indeed , our data show that the development of the nervous system in onychophorans largely does not reflect the ancestral pattern of euarthropod neurogenesis ; rather , it seems to show a mixture of derived characters and ancestral characters that have been present in the last common ancestor of arthropods but have been modified in the euarthropod lineage .
for the detection of f - actin , we used alexa phalloidin 488 ( invitrogen ) ; 2 u dissolved in 10 μl methanol was evaporated to remove the methanol and then resuspended in 200 μl pbs and added to the embryos . after 1 h , the embryos were washed in pbs and used for imaging . to detect mitotic cells , we used the polyclonal rabbit anti - alpha phospo histone 3 antibody ( sigma ) diluted 1 : 200 times in pbs with 0 . 5 % bsa and 0 . 1 % triton ×100 . antibody incubation was done as described in eriksson and budd ( 50 ) .
we thank the members of the a . s . laboratory for continuous stimulating discussions and petra ungerer for critical comments on the manuscript . we are grateful to edina balczo for excellent technical support . we thank noel tait for help with collecting animals . this work was supported by the biotechnology and biological sciences research council .
author contributions : a . s . designed research ; b . j . e . performed research ; a . s . contributed new reagents / analytic tools ; b . j . e . and a . s . analyzed data ; and a . s . wrote the paper .
data deposition : the sequences reported in this paper have been deposited in the genbank database ( accession nos . ekash , gu954550 ; ekdelta , gu954551 ; and eknotch , gu954552 ) .
early events in insect neurogenesis . i . development and segmental differences in the pattern of neuronal precursor cells
development of paraperipatus amboinensis n . sp . ( entwicklung von paraperipatus amboinensis n . sp . )
formation and differentiation of the postnaupliar germ band of diastylis rathkei ( crustacea , cumacea ) ii . differentiation and pattern formation of the ectoderm ( translated from german )
studies on the onychophora . vii . the early embryonic stages of peripatopsis , and some general considerations concerning the morphology and phylogeny of the arthropoda
neurogenesis in an annelid : characterization of brain neural precursors in the polychaete capitella sp . i
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the yellow-striped poison frog ( dendrobates truncatus ) is a species of frog in the family dendrobatidae .

it is endemic to colombia .

its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests , subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests , subtropical or tropical moist montane forests , intermittent freshwater marshes , and plantations .

yellow - striped poison frog

name : dendrobates truncatus ' ' yellow ' . commonly called the yellow striped poison dart frog , nilo poison arrow frog , or simply yellow truncatus or yellow truncs ( pronunced ' trunks ' ) in the us frog hobby .
information on the yellow - striped poison frog is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
the yellow - striped poison frog is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
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the yellow striped poison frog ( dendrobates truncatus ) is a beautiful and less common member of the iconic frog genus . this species is found amongst the leaf litter of lowland rainforest in colombia , often around streams . as with many poiso
are mostly black in color with linear yellow racing striped and white flash marks . the yellow can range from a very bright yellow to a light whitish yellow in some individuals . supplementing the diet with repashy superpig , paprika , or other similar color enhancers can result in deeper / darker yellow coloration . other color morphs of truncatus exist in the hobby , which are believed to represent separate populations from yellow truncatus .
poison dart frogs are small , colorful neotropical amphibians native to central and south america . poison dart frogs have greatly increased in popularity in recent years , and have become easy to care for , rewarding pets . josh ' s frogs , the largest breeder of poison dart frogs , breeds all of the poison dart frogs we sell at our breeding facility in owosso , mi .
history in the hobby : discovered in 1861 , dendrobates truncatus ' yellow ' have been known to the zoological community much longer than frog hobbyists in the us . yellow truncatus are realtively recent in the hobby when compared to their close relatives ( auratus , tinctorius , and leucomelas ) . a recent import from nilo , colombia consisted of yellow truncatus that were visually very similar to original imports , although the older line does not have locality data . josh ' s frogs works with the ' old line ' of dendrobates truncatus ' yellow ' , which descend from the original imports to the united states .
sexing : dendrobates truncatus ' yellow ' is not sexable until 10 - 12 months of age . male truncs tend to be smaller than females , which often appear both longer and wider . males also tend to spend more time in the open than females , and have a particular affinity for being off the ground - possibly claiming perches for calling sites . truncatus are one of the more difficult species of poison dart frogs to sex . josh ' s frogs sells 2 - 3 month old juveniles that are not sexable unless otherwise noted . for more information on sexing poison dart frogs , please visit our how - to guide on sexing poison dart frogs .
size : adult female truncatus are larger , measuring in at approximately 1 . 25 inches . male dendrobates truncatus ' yellow ' are a bit smaller , averaging about 1 inch at maturity . all of the yellow truncatus froglets josh ' s frogs sells are well started juveniles , and measure at least 3 / 4” long .
temperature : dendrobates truncatus ' yellow ' can tolerate a temperature range of 65 f to 80 f , but prefer temperatures in the low to mid 70s . temperatures over 85f are dangerous .
age : dendrobates truncatus ' yellow ' is capable of living well over 20 years in captivity under ideal conditions , although a lifespan of 10 years is more common . in the wild , it is thought that yellow truncatus may live 4 - 6 years . all truncatus for sale at josh ' s frogs are well started juveniles , and are 2 - 3 months old .
please respond to our frog shipping email , to ensure you will be there to receive the animals when they arrive . we ' ll email back to confirm after checking your local weather conditions .
josh ' s frogs does not recommend , support , or endorse mixing different populations of dart frogs as we believe this leads to weaker captive animals and nature has done a wonderful job of creating an amazing variation in color and pattern of poison dart frogs already .
fedex ' s website will display the nearest locations where you may pick up your frogs . we ' ll look up the locations for you when you call to schedule frog shipping . you do not need to check your temperature before ordering frogs - josh ' s frogs will take care of this when contacted about scheduling shipment . frog orders require contact from our customer prior to being shipped out , to ensure you will be there to receive the animals when they arrive , and to check your local weather conditions .
humidity : like most poison dart frogs , truncatus prefer a humidity range of 70 – 100 % , but can tolerate humidity down to 50 % for short periods of time if the frogs have access to water . low humidity levels , especially without access to water , can quickly be fatal .
recommended vivarium size : a 10 gallon aquarium is suitable for a single dendrobates truncatus ' yellow ' , but josh ' s frogs recommends a 20h or 18x18x18 vivarium for 1 - 4 frogs . not sure how to set up a vivarium ? please watch our video on how to set up a vivarium .
josh ' s frogs offers a 3 day health guarantee on all animals purchased from josh ' s frogs . if animal ( s ) purchased arrive in good shape but fail to thrive within 3 days , josh ' s frogs requires that pictures of the animal ( s ) and their habitat is emailed to info @ urltoken within 3 days of the animal ' s arrival . when emailing the pictures , please include relavent habitat information , such as average humidity and temperature . a josh ' s frogs representative will then contact the customer and discuss poison dart frog care . failure to meet these guidelines will void josh ' s frogs live arrival and health guarantee .
shipping for any number of frogs is just $ 39 . 99 . frogs are shipped via fedex priority overnight and are delivered by 12 : 00 pm to most locations , tuesday through friday . josh ' s frogs does not ship frogs internationally . scheduling of frog order is dependent on your availability and weather .
all frog shipments are sent via fedex priority overnight . josh ' s frogs guarantees that all frogs will arrive alive and in good health , provided that temperatures on day of arrival do not exceed 85 degrees before the frogs are delivered to home or business address , or nearest fedex location . temperatures during transit do not drop below 40 degrees for delivery to home or business address . temperatures during transit do not drop below 30 degrees for pickup at the nearest fedex location . someone is there to accept the package on first delivery attempt , or package is picked up by noon the day of arrival if package is held at a fedex location for pickup . failure to meet these guidelines will void josh ' s frogs live arrival and health guarantee .
we can ship directly to your address , as long as your local overnight low temperature is above 39f the night of shipping , and your high temperature is below 91f at noon on the day of arrival . if your overnight lows are below 40f but above 29f , josh ' s frogs can ship to your closest fedex staff location that accepts hold for pickup packages . if your high temperature is over 90f at the guarantee ' delivered by ' time ( typically 12pm ) , josh ' s frogs can ship to your closest fedex staff location that accepts hold for pickup packages . if your overnight low is below 30f , josh ' s frogs retains the right to hold frog shipping until temperatures increase due to safety concerns . we will hold the frogs at our facility for any length of time necessary to ensure that the frogs you order are received in the best of health . this policy is designed with the best interests and health of our animals at heart !
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gland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .
the value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .
a recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .
frost , d . r . 2016 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 6 . 0 ( 31 october 2016 ) . new york , usa available at : urltoken .
justification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , tolerance of a degree of habitat modification , large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .
this species is widespread on the western flank of the eastern andes , and the eastern flank of the central andes , in colombia , between 350 and 1 , 200m elevation .
it occurs in tropical humid , dry and very dry forests , on the lowest stratum of the forests , in the caribbean and andean region . the eggs are terrestrial and the adults then carry the tadpoles to temporary pools , where the tadpoles develop further . it is also known from disturbed habitats such as banana plantations , although it does require that the habitat be not entirely cleared .
this species was popular in the pet trade but is now listed by cites . it is very difficult to breed in captivity . there are no major threats to the species at present . it could be threatened by the pet trade if the cites status was lifted .
the range of the species includes at least two protected areas on the atlantic coast . it is listed on appendix ii of cites . maintaining the cites listing of this species is necessary to ensure its survival .
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this information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken
francisco josé lópez - lópez grupo de estudios en biodiversidad de anfibios y reptiles neotropicales –remphibia amphibian specialist group asg ssc iucn , species survival commision international union for nature conservation iucn . popayán calle 27 dn # 7 - 46 colombia tel : + 57 ( 092 ) 8233511 flopez @ urltoken
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if you write your email , you will be notified as soon as the product is in stock .
links of interest : status of dendrobates truncatus in the wild at the iucn redlist .
' . this blog addresses everything you need to know before purchasing dart frogs .
shipping for any number of frogs is a flat rate $ 39 . 99 . this includes postage , a box with 1
styrofoam insulation , gel packs , heat / ice packs and / or phase 22 panels if necessary . josh ' s frogs has been shipping frogs since 2004 and has shipped thousands of animals safely . we have a special contract with ups to ship live animals directly to residential addresses and guarantee live arrival as long as our live arrival conditions are met .
if frogs arrive deceased or in poor condition , josh ' s frogs requires that the customer notifies us of the condition of the animal ( s ) within 1 hour of arrival via email at info @ joshsfrogs . com , or at ( 800 ) 691 - 8178 . picture ( s ) of the animal ( s ) must be sent by 4pm est day of arrival to info @ joshsfrogs . com . failure to meet these guidelines will void josh ' s frogs live arrival and health guarantee .
green movement expedición ondas bio added text to
dendrobates truncatus
on
dendrobates truncatus ( cope , 1861 )
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clasificacion taxonomica : nombre comun : rana venenosa nombre cientifico : dendrobates truncatus reino : . . .
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the yungas tyrannulet ( phyllomyias weedeni ) is a species of bird in the family tyrannidae , the tyrant flycatchers .

it is , as suggested by its common name , restricted to humid and semi-humid forest in the yungas of north-western bolivia and far south-eastern peru .

although discovered in the early 1990s , it was only formally described in 2008 .

the yungas tyrannulet resembles the planalto tyrannulet , but has a different voice .

being recently described it has not yet been rated by birdlife international ; however , it has been suggested it should be considered vulnerable , because it occurs in low densities within a small range that is subjected to extensive habitat destruction .

yungas tyrannulet

the yungas tyrannulet is classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
information on the yungas tyrannulet ( phyllomyias weedeni ) is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
the yungas tyrannulet is rare on the east slope of the extreme southeast andes at elevations ranging between 900 - 1200 m . it also occurs in
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but is distinguished by having wing coverts broadly edged with olive - brown . the yungas tyrannulet is known to forage in the canopy of humid montane forest . also , see the
the recently described yungas tyrannulet is known solely from the lower yungas of bolivia and peru , where it is to date known from fewer than ten localities , most of them in bolivia , and the only locality in peru is extremely close to the bolivian border . it inhabits the upper canopy of evergreen foothill and lower montane forest within a relatively narrow elevational band ( 700–1200 m ) , but has also been observed in shade - coffee plantations and remnant forest . given its potentially tiny , and patchy , range , the new species is already considered to be vulnerable to extinction by birdlife international . almost nothing is known concerning its behaviour . in plumage , the yungas tyrannulet most closely resembles the planalto tyrannulet ( phyllomyias fasciatus ) .
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. the yungas tyrannulet has olive back with a grayish crown . it has a pale and thin eyebrow . the bill is black . the wing coverts are gray and broadly edged with olive - brown . the throat is grayish and grades to yellow towards the rest of the underparts . it is similar to the
vulnerable . restricted - range species : present in bolivian and peruvian lower yungas eba . estimated population small , thought to number far fewer than 10 , 000 mature . . .
fjeldså , j . & sharpe , c . j . ( 2018 ) . yungas tyrannulet ( phyllomyias weedeni ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
herzog , s . k . , kessler , m . and balderrama , j . a . ( 2008 ) a new species of tyrannulet ( tyrannidae : phyllomyias ) from andean foothills in northwest bolivia and adjacent peru . auk 125 : 265 - 276
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sacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .
this species is listed as vulnerable as it is estimated to have a small population which is declining due to habitat destruction . further surveys are needed to precisely establish the population size and trends , and the ability for the species to persist in mosaics of coffee plantations and forest .
. in bolivia , it is known from three localities in la paz department , one locality in beni department , and a further locality in cochabamba department . in peru , it is known from puno department , 1 - 1 . 5 km from the bolivian border .
. 2010 ) . the population has been estimated at well below 10 , 000 mature individuals based on low density and patchy distribution , hence the band 2 , 500 - 9 , 999 mature individuals seems appropriate . this equates to 3 , 750 - 14 , 999 individuals in total , rounded here to 3 , 500 - 15 , 000 individuals . more accurate surveys are required to precisely quantify the population size .
this species inhabits the upper canopy of evergreen andean foothill and lower montane forest . it has been observed in mosaics of shade - coffee plantations and remnant forest patches , although it is not known whether this habitat can sustain a viable population . little is known about its behaviour . it has almost always been observed in pairs , except in early march in southeast peru . foraging appears to comprise of short aerial sallies to catch flying insects
assess the population size and establish a monitoring programme to establish trends . establish ecological requirements . identify and assess threats . preserve an area of suitable habitat . conduct further surveys for this species within its altitudinal range .
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cryptic species , previously overlooked or included under p . fasciatus ; thought to be closest to p . fasciatus # r , and may eventually be found to be related to p . griseiceps . monotypic .
e andean foothill ridges in extreme se peru ( extreme se puno ) and nw bolivia ( la paz , sw beni , w cochabamba ) .
c . 11–11·5 cm . forehead to nape dark olive - grey with drab feather centres ( giving slightly mottled appearance ) ; upperparts yellow - olive , becoming slightly paler . . .
song a slightly accelerating series of 3–5 whistled notes successively dropping in pitch , . . .
upper canopy of humid and semi - humid foothill and lower montane forest , at 700–1200 m . prefers . . .
foraging appears to consist of short aerial sallies to catch flying insects . usually seen in pairs .
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highly speciose family , herein divided into nine subfamilies ( with ten tribes ) ; recent studies # r # r suggest that the first four listed ( platyrinchinae , pipritinae , tachurisinae , pipromorphinae ) are sister to rest of family , and may merit treatment as 1–4 separate families .
probably polyphyletic , as presently constituted ; objective phylogenetic analysis required , using both molecular and anatomical characters . anatomical evidence suggests that p . fasciatus ( and presumably p . weedeni ) , p . griseocapilla and p . griseiceps may be unrelated to others in genus , some or all of which might be better placed in a resurrected tyranniscus ( type of phyllomyias is p . fasciatus brevirostris ) .
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) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :
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dr joseph tobias edward grey institute department of zoology university of oxford south parks road oxford ox1 3ps united kingdom tel : + 00 44 ( 0 ) 1865 271244 joseph . tobias @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken
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ischnodemus variegatus is a species of insect in the order of true bugs known by the common name myakka bug .

it is native to central and south america .

it is also known as an introduced species in florida in the united states .

this bug is elongated in shape with an m-shaped mark at the wing-cover bases .

the female is about 7 millimeters long and the male is about 6 millimeters .

the adult can fly , but each flight is just a jump of a few meters at most , and the gravid female tends not to fly .

the adult and juvenile produce a noxious scent when disturbed .

the female lays masses of up to 38 eggs each , with an average of 12 .

the egg is about 3 millimeters long and white when freshly laid , turning red in time .

the egg mass is usually deposited near the attachment of the leaf sheath to the stem of a plant .

the eggs hatch in about 12 days .

the newly emerged nymph is about 1.5 millimeters long .

there are five instars .

the new nymphs remain in a group near their eggs , and later hide under the leaf sheaths .

there they suck sap from the plant tissues .

by the fifth instar stage , many nymphs have dispersed and become solitary .

the fifth-instar nymph is about 5.5 millimeters long .

nymphal development takes about 29 days .

the main host plant for the bug is west indian marsh grass ( hymenachne amplexicaulis ) .

the bug is occasionally able to complete its life cycle on other plants , including water paspalum ( paspalum repens ) , beaked panicgrass ( panicum anceps ) , and fire flag ( thalia geniculata ) , but this is rare .

west indian marsh grass is a semiaquatic perennial grass that forms dense stands by spreading via stolons .

it is native to tropical central and south america , where it is utilized for forage on flood-prone land .

it has occasionally been introduced to other regions as a pasture grass , such as queensland .

it was noted as an introduced species in florida by the 1970s and it is still a notorious noxious weed of wetland habitats , where its thick stands displace native flora .

in 2000 , i. variegatus was discovered feeding voraciously on the weed in myakka river state park in sarasota county , florida .

damage by the bug causes a red discoloration of the leaves , followed by browning and the death of the plant .

the bug reduces photosynthesis , growth , and biomass .

because it is efficient and host-specific , the bug has been suggested as a potential agent of biological pest control for the weed .

among the natural enemies of the bug are a scelionid wasp of the genus eumicrosoma , which is an egg parasitoid , and the entomopathogenic fungus beauveria bassiana .

this species was formerly treated as synonymous with ischnodemus oblongus .

ischnodemus variegatus

as mentioned above , both ischnodemus variegatus and hymenachne amplexicaulis now occur in florida .
the taxonomic status of this species was reviewed by slater ( 1987 ) who raised ischnodemus variegatus ( signoret ) from synonymy with ischnodemus oblongus fabricius .
figure 1 . adult female myakka bug , ischnodemus variegatus ( signoret ) . photograph by rodrigo diaz , university of florida .
figure 2 . scent gland of an adult myakka bug , ischnodemus variegatus ( signoret ) . photograph by rodrigo diaz , university of florida .
slater ja . 1987 . the taxonomic status of ischnodemus oblongus ( fabricius ) and ischnodemus variegatus ( signoret ) ( hemiptera : lygaeidae : blissinae ) . journal of the new york entomological society 95 : 294 - 297 .
the native distribution of ischnodemus variegatus includes central and south america . collection records indicate hymenachne amplexicaulis may be the only host ( baranowski 1979 , slater 1987 ) .
brambila j , santana f . 2004 . first records for ischnodemus variegatus ( hemiptera : blissidae ) in north america . florida entomologist 87 : 585 - 586 .
population outbreaks of ischnodemus variegatus during the summer produce a major stress on west indian marsh grass plants growing in poor conditions ( shallow canals ) . however , plants growing in resource rich environments ( deep floodplains , high nutrients runoff ) can sustain some damage by ischnodemus variegatus without impact on the plant ' s reproductive output ( diaz 2008 ) .
brambila j , santana f . 2004 . first records for ischnodemus variegatus ( hemiptera : blissidae ) in north america . florida entomologist 87 : 585 - 586 ( full text )
due to economic and ecological importance of grasses , scientists at the university of florida studied the host range of ischnodemus variegatus . they found that hymenachne amplexicaulis is the preferred host of ischnodemus variegatus in laboratory and field conditions . in laboratory conditions , developmental host range of ischnodemus variegatus was examined on 57 plant species across seven plant families . complete development was obtained from hymenachne amplexicaulis ( 23 . 4 % ) , compared to water paspalum , paspalum repens ( 0 . 4 % ) ; beaked panicgrass , panicum anceps ( 2 . 2 % ) ; and fire flag , thalia geniculata ( 0 . 3 % ) . in field experiments , hymenachne amplexicaulis had higher densities of ischnodemus variegatus than other species ( diaz et al . 2009 ) .
figure 10 . geographical information system map showing the predicted number of generations of the myakka bug , ischnodemus variegatus ( signoret ) , in florida . illustration by rodrigo diaz , university of florida .
diaz r . 2008 . biology , host specificity and impact of ischnodemus variegatus , a herbivore of hymenachne amplexicaulis . ph . d . thesis , university of florida , gainesville , fl . 187 pp .
damaged leaves turn dark red , due to the accumulation of anthocyanins ( a type of pigment in the host plant ) . persistent infestations eventually result in leaves turning brown and dying . feeding effects of ischnodemus variegatus diminish carbon dioxide assimilation , growth rate , photosynthetic capacity and biomass of hymenachne amplexicaulis ( overholt et al . 2004 ) . greenhouse experiments demonstrated that ischnodemus variegatus feeding damage negatively affected growth of hymenachne amplexicaulis seedlings ( diaz 2008 ) .
diaz r , overholt wa , cuda jp , pratt pd , fox a . 2009 . host specificity of ischnodemus variegatus , a herbivore of west indian marsh grass ( hymenachne amplexicaulis ) . biocontrol 54 : 307 - 321 .
figure 5 . first instar nymph of the myakka bug , ischnodemus variegatus ( signoret ) . average length is 1 . 45 mm ( ± 0 . 28 , n = 23 ) . photograph by rodrigo diaz , university of florida .
figure 6 . second instar nymph of the myakka bug , ischnodemus variegatus ( signoret ) . average length is 2 . 70 mm ( ± 0 . 39 , n = 47 ) . photograph by rodrigo diaz , university of florida .
figure 7 . third instar nymph of the myakka bug , ischnodemus variegatus ( signoret ) . average length is 3 . 06 mm ( ± 0 . 31 , n = 42 ) . photograph by rodrigo diaz , university of florida .
figure 8 . fourth instar nymph of the myakka bug , ischnodemus variegatus ( signoret ) . average length is 3 . 95 mm ( ± 0 . 32 , n = 53 ) . photograph by rodrigo diaz , university of florida .
figure 9 . fifth instar nymph of the myakka bug , ischnodemus variegatus ( signoret ) . average length is 5 . 45 mm ( ± 0 . 43 , n = 46 ) . photograph by rodrigo diaz , university of florida .
figure 3 . differences between the ventral sclerites at the tip of the abdomen of adult myakka bugs , ischnodemus variegatus ( signoret ) . female sclerites ( top ) ; male sclerites ( bottom ) . photographs by rodrigo diaz , university of florida .
figure 13 . west indian marsh grass , hymenachne amplexicaulis ( rudge ) nees ( poaceae ) , exhibiting signs of stress induced by feeding damage from the myakka bug , ischnodemus variegatus ( signoret ) . photograph by rodrigo diaz , university of florida .
overholt wa , ewe s , diaz r , morgan ec , moeri oe . 2004 . feeding effects of ischnodemus variegatus ( hemiptera : blissidae ) on photosynthesis and growth of hymenachne amplexicaulis ( poaceae ) . florida entomologist 87 : 312 - 316 .
scientists developed a temperature - dependent development model to predict the number of generations that ischnodemus variegates could complete per year at different locations in florida . in north florida , the model predicts that ischnodemus variegatus can complete two to three generations per year . in south florida , the predicted number of generations increases to four to five per year ( diaz et al . 2008 ) .
developmental time and survival of eggs as well as immature stages are affected by temperature . when ischnodemus variegatus is exposed to low temperatures from 8°c ( 46 . 4°f ) to 18°c ( 64 . 4°f ) and to a high temperature of 38°c ( 100 . 4°°f ) , low survivorship occurs . nymphs died within a few days at higher temperatures of 38°c ( 100 . 4°f ) and after weeks at lower extreme temperatures , suggesting that ischnodemus variegatus has a broader lower temperature threshold compared to the upper threshold .
ischnodemus variegatus has two natural enemies in florida : the egg parasitoid eumicrosoma sp . ( hymenoptera : scelionidae ) and the entomopathogen beauveria bassiana ( balsamo ) vuillemin ( deuteromycotina : hyphomycetes ) . the egg parasitoid was identified as a potentially accidentally introduced , non - native species for north america ( t . nuhn 2005 , personal communication ) . it attacks young and old eggs , and parasitized eggs turn black . field sampling in florida demonstrated that the impact of these natural enemies is minimal to ischnodemus variegatus populations .
nymphs : ischnodemus variegatus has five nymphal instars . instars initially remain aggregated near the site of oviposition , or egg laying . later nymphal instars migrate to tightly appressed spaces between leaves and stems . fourth and 5th instars are darker in color than early instars .
the optimal temperature range for development and survival is between 28°c ( 82 . 4°f ) and 33°c ( 91 . 4°f ) . these ideal conditions for ischnodemus variegatus development match with the weather conditions in central florida from april to october ( diaz et al . 2008 ) .
in 2000 , the
myakka bug ,
ischnodemus variegatus ( signoret ) ( hemiptera : blissidae ) , was first reported causing severe damage to hymenachne amplexicaulis at myakka river state park , sarasota county , florida ( brambila and santana 2004 ) . ischnodemus variegatus was identified as a new record for the continental united states by the florida department of agriculture and consumer services ( fdacs ) ( halbert 2000 ) . research was conducted by university of florida scientists on the biology , host specificity , and potential impact for this newly introduced , exotic insect species .
figure 4 . egg mass of the myakka bug , ischnodemus variegatus ( signoret ) , on culm of the west indian marsh grrass hymenachne amplexicaulis . the eggs are 2 . 97 mm in length ( ± 0 . 13 , n = 25 ) . photograph by rodrigo diaz , university of florida .
diaz r , overholt wa , cuda jp , pratt pd , fox a . 2008 . temperature - dependent development , survival , and potential distribution of ischnodemus variegatus ( hemiptera : blissidae ) , a herbivore of west indian marsh grass . annals of the entomological society of america 101 : 604 - 612 .
the influence of ischnodemus variegatus feeding on photosynthesis and growth of the invasive semi - aquatic grass , hymenachne amplexicaulis , was investigated in field and greenhouse environments . in the field , carbon dioxide assimilation of infested plants was approximately 35 % less than that of non - infested plants , and the rate of assimilation was related to i . variegatus density . the relative growth rate of infested plants in the greenhouse was 77 % of that of non - infested plants , and biomass of infested plants was significantly less than for non - infested plants 79 days after infestation . the value of i . variegatus as a fortuitous biological control agent of h . amplexicaulis is discussed . view this article in bioone
west indian marsh grass , hymenachne amplexicaulis rudge ( nees ) ( poaceae ) , is an emergent wetland plant that is native to south and central america as well as portions of the caribbean , but is considered invasive in florida usa . the neotropical bug , ischnodemus variegatus ( signoret ) ( hemiptera : lygaeoidea : blissidae ) was observed feeding on h . amplexicaulis in florida in 2000 . to assess whether this insect could be considered as a specialist biological control agent or potential threat to native and cultivated grasses , the host specificity of i . variegatus was studied under laboratory and field conditions . developmental host range was examined on 57 plant species across seven plant families . complete development was obtained on h . amplexicaulis ( 23 . 4 % survivorship ) , paspalum repens ( 0 . 4 % ) , panicum anceps ( 2 . 2 % ) and thalia geniculata ( 0 . 3 % ) . adults survived 1 . 6 times longer and laid 6 . 6 times more eggs on h . amplexicaulis than the other species . oviposition on suboptimal host species was positively related to i . variegatus density under multiple choice conditions . results from field experiments indicated that h . amplexicaulis had higher densities of i . variegatus than other species . spill - over to suboptimal hosts occurred in an area where h . amplexicaulis was growing in poor conditions and there was a high density of i . variegatus . thus , laboratory and field studies demonstrate that i . variegatus had higher performance on h . amplexicaulis compared to any other host , and that suboptimal hosts could be colonized temporarily .
slater ja , wilcox db . 1969 . a revision of the genus ischnodemus in the neotropical region ( hemiptera : lygaeidae : blissinae ) . miscellaneous publications of the entomological society of america 6 : 199 - 238 .
baranowski rm . 1979 . notes on the biology of ischnodemus oblongus and i . fulvipes with descriptions of the immature stages ( hemiptera : lygaeidae ) . annals of the entomological society of america 72 : 655 - 658 .
members of the genus ischnodemus are characterized by elongate , parallel sided bodies , closed fore coxal cavities , terete ( cylindrical ) antennae , a straight apical ( tip ) margin , and a forewing membrane with a distinctive morphological texture ( i . e . the clause and corium are well differentiated ) ( slater and wilcox 1969 ) . slater ( 1976 ) classified this genus as a ' type i ' body shape which includes species with elongate , slender body shape that is usually slightly flattened . the ' type i ' body shape is advantageous for insects living on the stems of grasses .
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west indian marsh grass , hymenachne amplexicaulis ( rudge ) nees ( poaceae ) , is a robust , stoloniferous , semiaquatic , perennial grass native to the neotropics ( tropical central and south america ) . this perennial grass is considered valuable forage in its native range ( tejos 1978 , enriquez - quiroz et al . 2006 ) . it reproduces from stolons or seeds in areas with fluctuating water levels and can survive long periods of flooding , but only persists along the edges of permanent deep water ( tejos 1980 ) . west indian marsh grass is especially adapted to low lying fresh water wetlands and flood plains containing high nutrient and sediment influx ( csurches et al . 1999 ) .
in the 1970s and 1980s , hymenachne amplexicaulis began invading wetlands in florida ( langeland and craddock - burks 1998 ) . although the introduction pathway of this grass into florida is uncertain , intentional introduction into florida is possible due to its high forage value ( antel et al . 1998 , diaz et al . 2009 , kibbler and bahnisch 1999 ) . hymenachne amplexicaulis , a florida exotic pest plant council category i invasive plant , competitively displaces native vegetation in wetland areas due to its aggressive growth patterns during the rainy season ( diaz et al . 2009 , fleppc 2009 ) .
in 1988 , hymenachne amplexicaulis was released in queensland for use as
ponded pasture
( csurhes 1999 ) .
laboratory and field observations indicate the 1st through 4th instars are typically found in aggregations while 5th instars and adults are often observed exploring as individuals . if nymphs or adults are disturbed , they secrete a strong odor from the scent glands located in the thorax and abdomen ( diaz et al . 2008 ) .
adults : females ( 7 . 23 mm in length , ± 0 . 56 , n = 28 ) are larger than males ( 6 . 05 mm in length , ± 0 . 22 , n = 49 ) and both genders have a distinctive
m
pattern at the base of the hemelytra . female sclerites ( hardened plates ) at the ventral , or top side , tip of the abdomen are triangular in shape . the last sclerites of males are more rounded .
adult flying is restricted to short hops of a few meters or less . gravid females mostly walk , possibly due the large size of their abdomens ( diaz et al . 2008 ) .
eggs : the egg length is approximately 3 mm ( 0 . 1 inches ) . eggs are laid in masses ( averaging 12 eggs per mass , with a range of 1 to 38 ) between the leaf sheath and the culm ( or stem of the plant ) , preferentially near the node . newly deposited eggs are white and older eggs turn bright red ( diaz et al . 2008 ) .
average total development time from egg to adult is 40 days . eggs take an average of 12 days to hatch at 30 . 5° c ( 86 . 9°f ) . the nymphal stage reaches adulthood in an average of 29 days at 30 . 5° c ( 86 . 9°f ) . the preoviposition period is about seven days at 28°c ( 82 . 4°f ) ( diaz et al . 2008 ) . females lay their eggs in tight spaces between the leaf sheath and the stem . when the eggs hatch , the 1st instar nymph remains together near the site of emergence ( diaz et al . 2008 ) .
figure 11 . monoculture of west indian marsh grass , hymenachne amplexicaulis ( rudge ) nees ( poaceae ) , at myakka river state park , sarasota county , florida . august 2003 . photograph by rodrigo diaz , university of florida .
the seasonal cycle of hymenachne amplexicaulis in florida begins in spring during seed germination and new shoot growth . increases in the water level as well as favorable day - length and temperature in the summer allow the grass to grow aggressively . maximum biomass for hymenachne amplexicaulis is reached by late summer . later in the fall , short days trigger flower production ( tropical weeds research centre 2006 ) . during winter , some parts of the grass die , but the stolons and seeds remain dormant underwater until spring . based on herbarium specimens collected in the native range , a predictive model of the potential distribution of hymenachne amplexicaulis in florida was created suggests that its northern limit in florida will be alachua county .
figure 12 . model prediction of climate suitability for west indian marsh grass , hymenachne amplexicaulis ( rudge ) nees ( poaceae ) , in florida , using herbarium specimens from new york and missouri botanical gardens . illustration by rodrigo diaz , university of florida
antel npr , werger mja , medina e . 1998 . nitrogen distribution and leaf area indices in relation to photosynthetic nitrogen efficiency in savanna grasses . plant ecology 138 : 63 - 75 .
csurhes sm , mackey ap , fitzsimmons l . ( june 1999 ) . hymenache ( hymenachne amplexicaulis ) in queensland . queensland department of employment , economic development and innovation . ( 6 february 2013 ) .
enriquez - quiroz jf , quero - carrillo ar , hernandez - garay a , garcia - moya e . 2006 . azuche , hymenachne amplexicaulis ( rudge ) nees , forage genetic resources for floodplains in tropical mexico . genetic resources and crop evolution 53 : 1405 - 1412 .
fleppc . ( fall 2009 ) . florida exotic pest plant council 2009 list of invasive species . florida exotic pest plant council . ( 6 february 2013 ) .
halbert se . ( october 2000 ) . entomology section . trilogy 39 ( 5 ) . fdcas - division of plant industry .
kibbler h , bahnish lm . 1999 . physiological adaptations of hymenachne amplexicaulis to flooding . australian journal of experimental agriculture 39 : 429 - 435 .
langeland ka , craddock - burks k . 1998 . identification and biology of non - native plants in florida ' s natural areas . university press of florida , gainesville . 165 pp .
nuhn t . 2005 . personal communication . usda agricultural research service . museum specialist . systematic entomology laboratory . washington , dc .
slater ja . 1976 . monocots and chinch bugs : a study of host plant relationships in the lygaeid subfamily blissinae ( hempitera : lygaeidae ) . biotropica 8 : 143 - 165 .
tejos mr 1978 . effect of age on the productivity of paja de agua grass ( hymenachne amplexicaulis ( rudge ) nees ) in a controlled flooding savannah . agronomia tropical 28 : 613 - 626 .
tejos mr . 1980 . production of water straw grass ( hymenachne amplexicaulis ( rudge ) nees ) during a savanna period . congreso venezolano zootecnia guanare ( venezuela ) p . 24 .
tropical weeds research centre . ( august 2006 ) control methods and cases studies , hymenachne amplexicaulis . queensland department of natural resources , minas and water . urltoken ( 6 february 2013 ) .
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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
first collected in the us in sarasota co . , fl on 9 / 21 / 2000
disclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .
contributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .
we express our gratitude to dennis giardina and mike barry , florida panther preserve , for collection and identification of grasses . diana cordeau , jackie markle , brittany evans , yordana valenzuela , brianne schobert , freddy soza , douglas gonzalez , veronica manrique , fabian diaz and larry markle provided great support during the data collection . paul benshoff and diane donaghy from myakka river state park provided support during the development of this project . several grasses were identified by mark a . garland at fdacs , dpi - gainesville . two anonymous reviewers provided useful comments . the university of florida - institute of food and agricultural sciences , florida department of environmental protection and the charlotte harbor national estuary program provided financial support for the project .
with descriptions of the immature stages ( hemiptera : lygaeidae ) . ann entomol soc am 72 : 655–658
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schoonhoven lm , van loon jja , dicke m ( 2005 ) insect - plant biology . oxford university press , oxford , uk
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( rudge ) nees ) in a controlled flooding savannah . agronomia tropical 28 : 613–626
united states department of agriculture ( usda ) , animal and plant inspection service ( aphis ) , plant protection and quarantine ( ppq ) ( 2000 ) reviewer’s manual for the technical advisory group of biological control agents of weeds : guidelines for evaluating the safety of candidate biological control agents . 224 pp
van klinken rd ( 2000 ) host specificity testing : why we do it and how can we do it better ? in : r . van driesche , t . heard , a . mcclay , & r . reardon ( eds . ) , proceedings : host specificity testing of exotic arthropod biological control agents : the biological basis for improvement in safety . forest service , morgantown , west virginia , pp 54–68
wapshere aj ( 1989 ) a testing sequence for reducing rejection of potential biological control agents for weeds . ann appl biol 114 : 515–526
wunderlin rp , hansen bf ( 2004 ) atlas of florida vascular plants . [ s . m . landry and k . n . campbell ( application development ) , florida center for community design and research . ] institute for systematic botany , university of south florida , tampa . available via .
william a . overholt , sharon m . l . ewe , rodrigo diaz , eric c . morgan , onour e . moeri
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