rasbora is a genus of fish in the family cyprinidae .

they are native to freshwater habitats in south and southeast asia , as well as southeast china .

a single species , r. gerlachi , is only known from an old specimen that reputedly originated from africa ( cameroon ) , but this locality is considered doubtful .

they are small , up to 17 cm ( 6.7 in ) long , although most species do not surpass 10 cm ( 4 in ) and many have a dark vertical stripe .

several species are regularly kept in aquariums .

as a common english name , " rasbora " is used for many species in the genus rasbora , as well as several species in genera brevibora , boraras , megarasbora , metzia , microdevario , microrasbora , rasboroides , rasbosoma , sawbwa , trigonopoma and trigonostigma .

some of these related genera were included in the genus rasbora in the past .

in a 2007 analysis , rasbora was found to not be a monophyletic assemblage .

however boraras and trigonostigma were determined to be monophyletic .

rasbora

if you are looking to introduce some rasbora into your aquarium fish tank , we have a collection of stunning rasbora fish available online .
justification : rasbora rasbora is a widely distributed fish which breeds easily . there are no major threats to this species and so assessed as least concern .
type species : phycocharax rasbora , new species , by monotypy and original description .
there’s a reason many rasbora and related families are so small — and it’s evolutionary .
s1 table . characters states of all characidae species analyzed herein plus phycocharax rasbora , new genus .
much of the confusion abounds simply because the name rasbora is an eastern indian word that describes a fish .
etymology : from the bengali word “rasbora” , the common name of the fish rasbora rasbora ( hamilton ) . rasbora is a generic name encompassed a great radiation of small cyprinids from southeastern asia , including the species currently allocated in the genus trigonostigma [ 21 ] , which possess a dark triangular blotch on body sides very reminiscent in shape and position similarly as found in the new species . gender masculine . a noun in apposition .
rasbora kalochroma is a big boy and needs a larger home . at 10cm / 4” in total length and , with a habit of displaying between males , this rasbora does much better in a tank of at least 120cm / 4’ in length .
map of tapajós and xingu rivers and adjoining areas , indicating distribution and type - locality ( square ) of phycocharax rasbora .
it also means that there are many fish trading as rasbora that do not make the grade , even though common names suggest otherwise . examples of ' fraudboras ' include the asian rummynose ( sawbwa resplendens ) , the galaxy rasbora ( danio margaritatus ) as well as microrasbora species .
what is the true rasbora ? just as in the film epic many will make a claim and create even more confusion . nathan hill investigates .
phycocharax rasbora , holotype , mzusp 119843 , 29 . 1 mm sl , male ; mzusp 115341 , 25 . 3 mm sl , paratype , female .
crucially with clown rasbora , the tank needs to be covered as they are prone to launching themselves at first fright . surface cover and floating plants will often help .
the beauty of the clown rasbora biotope is that you can have so many more fish in their tank and they are naturally found with a wealth of other species .
so after much wonderful feedback i will only be getting some rasbora ( mosquito ) in my soon to be purchased 10 gallon fish tank . but i was wanting to know if i could get maybe 6mosquito and 6 emerald eye ( or 8 of both but space may be too small ) or just keep to 10 - 12 mosquito rasbora
although some of them are more slow stream dwellers , the biotope habitat of a peaty swamp is acceptable to the mosquito rasbora and makes for an interesting and unusual project .
if the scientific name boraras urophthalmoides sounds like an anagram of rasbora , it’s because it is . boraras represent truly tiny members of the rasbora grouping and are among some of the most shy . however , given their fiercely bright coloration , they have a large fan base . i’d guess that they are one of the uk’s most popular biotope fish .
newer fishkeepers tend to be greeted by names that conflict from store to store . older fishkeepers will fondly recall species that used to be rasbora now belonging under some other heading .
igarapé do arnaldo , a tributary of rio braço norte , near braço norte hydroelectric dam , guarantã do norte , mato grosso , brazil , type - locality of phycocharax rasbora .
phycocharax rasbora , mzusp 119843 , paratype , 29 . 1 male ( a ) and mzusp 115313 , paratype , 26 . 4 mm sl , female ( b ) , immediately after collection .
mosquito rasbora work best as a species - only shoal , due to their timid nature and small size . it’s quite easy for them to end up in the belly of a normally peaceful tank mate .
rasbora , at least those species commonly called rasboras , seem victims of a taxonomic gold rush , where researchers rush east , jam flags into species old and new , then ruminate over their exact biological origins .
along with other rasbora species , they will also happily co - exist with the icy - eyed brevibora dorsiocellata , some puntius species , chocolate gourami , and even some betta , such as b . pugnax .
rasbora daniconius occurs in the mekong , chao phraya and salween basins , the northern malay peninsula , and westwards to the indus and sri lanka . in indonesia , this species is known from borneo and sumatra .
the harlequin ( trigonostigma heteromorpha ) has been a long - standing favourite in the trade and the rasbora most fishkeepers are likely to keep . they tolerate a wide range of water conditions , are attractive and active .
they struggle to get past 15mm / 0 . 7” in length , which is why mosquito rasbora are appearing in so many nanos , although if kept in too small a set - up you can expect rivalry between males .
of the more than five dozen species of rasbora , the harlequin is arguably the most popular of them all . often referred to as a red rasbora , the body is a reddish copper color which is accented by a striking black wedge covering the rear half of the body , like a characteristic black
pork chop
shaped patch . the distinguishing triangular patch begins near the dorsal fin and comes to a point near the base of the caudal fin .
the harlequin rasbora is a shoaling fish , it should be kept in schools of 8 to 10 individuals . since the fish is rather peaceful , it makes a good community fish . schools of larger numbers make for a beautiful display .
males are more slender than females and exhibit a rounded extension at the bottom edge of the distinctive black wedge covering the posterior of the fish . the black wedge on females is perfectly straight . the female harlequin rasbora is also larger than the male .
citation : ohara wm , mirande jm , de lima fct ( 2017 ) phycocharax rasbora , a new genus and species of brazilian tetra ( characiformes : characidae ) from serra do cachimbo , rio tapajós basin . plos one 12 ( 2 ) : e0170648 . urltoken
super tiny , extremely vibrant , and outgoing , the chili rasbora is an ideal inhabitant for a nano tank . they are one of my absolute favorites and a must have for any nano enthusiast . boraras brigittae - chili rasbora ph : 4 - 7 temperature - 68 - 82 hardness : 2 - 10 dkh adult size : . 7″ maximum behavior : shoaling , keep in groups larger than 6 diet : micropredator , takes prepared foods well compatability : small and timid , does best with other small peaceful fish or invertebrates urltoken urltoken
it’s not uncommon to see shoals of harlequin rasbora ( trigonostigma heteromorpha ) used to devastating effect among thick beds of dense green foliage in the aquarium . aside the often gin - clear tint of aquascape water , such tanks aren’t far off being ideal for these fish .
ecological notes : phycocharax rasbora was collected primarily in dammed portions of the rio braço norte . contrasting from other tributaries of the rio tapajós basin , which are primarily clearwaters rivers , the rio braço norte is a blackwater tributary of the rio teles pires . in the site of occurrence of p . rasbora was build a small hydroelectric dam ( pch braço norte iv ) , and apparently the reservoir condition promoted the proliferation of algae . as consequence of the damming , the species thrived and can be considered as highly abundant at the dammed portion of the rio braço norte . in addition , p . rasbora seems to be uncommon in the lotic stretch of rio braço norte downstream of the dam , where only three specimens were collected . the type locality of the p . rasbora , the igarapé do arnaldo , is a small tributary which was flooded during the damming of river , presenting muddy substrate with a great amount of decomposed organic matter with undergrowth marginal vegetation formed by grasses ( fig 4 ) . in this area , phycocharax rasbora was the most abundant species with 77 % of all specimens collected . the section of the rio braço norte downstream the dam present sandy bottom with pebbles and rocks . phycocharax rasbora occurs syntopically at braço norte reservoir with other characiformes species , such as cyphocharax cf . spilurus ( curimatidae ) , leporinus friderici ( anostomidae ) , serrapinus aff . micropterus , astyanax aff . bimaculatus ( characidae ) , hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus ( erythrinidae ) , gymnotiformes , as gymnotus diamantinensis ( gymnotidae ) , and cichliformes , i . e . , aequidens sp . and apistogramma sp . ( cichlidae ) . although little abundant downstream the dam , p . rasbora was found co - occurring with the following characiformes : leporinus desmotes ( anostomidae ) , hemiodus quadrimaculatus ( hemiodontidae ) , astyanax aff . bimaculatus , bryconops sp . , jupiaba polylepis , jupiaba paranatinga , moenkhausia hasemani , serrapinnus aff . micropterus ( characidae ) , and with a single species of siluriformes , hypostomus sp . ( loricariidae ) .
distribution : phycocharax rasbora is so far known only from its type locality at upper rio braço norte , a right - bank tributary of the rio peixoto de azevedo , part of rio teles pires drainage , rio tapajós basin ( fig 5 ) . the rio braço norte drains the serra do cachimbo at northern mato grosso state , brazilian amazon .
phylogenetic analysis : the analysis gave relatively divergent hypotheses , especially by instabilities of some taxa whose relationships are not in the scope of this paper . however , in a broad range of values of k between 5 . 9 and 23 . 5 , most parsimonious trees ranging from 2750 to 2869 steps ( ci = 0 . 138–0 . 144 , ri = 0 . 652–0 . 669 ) , results are stable concerning the new taxon . in that range of parameters , phycocharax rasbora is recovered as the sister species of [ paracheirodon axelrodi ( schultz ) + hyphessobrycon elachys weitzman ] ( fig 6 ) . although far from conclusive , the clade recovered by p . rasbora disclosed positive gc value , suggesting a well - supported relationship . in most analysis the clade composed of phycocharax rasbora , paracheirodon axelrodi and hyphessobrycon elachys is sister group of clade formed by hyphessobrycon loweae + h . vanzolinii . it is worth noting that this latter clade is relatively little supported compared with its sister clade ( i . e . p . rasbora , p . axelrodi and h . elachys ) . the single synapomorphy found for the phycocharax clade is the abrupt expansion of the maxilla ventrally to the maxillary teeth ( character 107 , state 1 ) . the section of the phylogenetic tree where phycocharax is included , with clade supports and obtained synapomorphies provided ( fig 6 ) . the complete phylogenetic hypothesis including clade supports is available in s1 fig .
justification : rasbora daniconius is assessed as least concern due to its wide distribution , ability to occupy a variety of habitats and the lack of any known major widespread threats . it is only fished locally and thus harvesting does not appear to be a threat to the species over its entire range , and it is a common species in at least one area of its range .
the anal - fin dimorphism observed in phycocharax rasbora , with males possessing a straight distal margin or almost so , is similar to the found in some species of hyphessobrycon durbin , primarily h . bifasciatus ellis , h . heliacus moreira , landim & costa , h . igneus miquelarena , menni , lópez & casciotta , h . kayabi teixeira , lima & zuanon , h . loweae costa & géry , h . peugeoti ingenito , lima & buckup , and h . procyon pastana & ohara [ 27 , 28 ] . between the two hyphessobrycon species examined herein , h . bifasciatus and h . loweae , just this latter was herein recovered as close related to phycocharax rasbora . however , the referred clade includes both species that exhibit sexual dimorphism as those that not .
harlequins are among the more difficult species to breed , however , spawning may be achieved if you provide the proper conditions . select young specimens and condition them with live foods such as daphnia and mosquito larvae prior to the spawning attempt . harlequin rasbora differ from other popular rasboras in the aquarium when it comes to breeding . while other rasboras are egg - scattering spawners , harlequin rasboras are egg layers .
technically , one could quibble that only those fish within the rasbora genus could be classed as such . however , some of us prefer a broader definition that sees numerous genera all carrying the title , so i’ll take the stance of many keepers in classing fish from several genera under the honorary title including , but by no means limited to , fish such as trigonostigma , boraras , and rasboroides all considered to be rasborin fish .
the black triangular blotch on posterior flank portion of the phycocharax is unique among the characids , but a similar - shaped blotch is present in hemigrammus pulcher . in contrast , h . pulcher is easily distinguished from phycocharax rasbora by having , as well as the remaining hemigrammus species , two rows of premaxillary teeth ( vs . single row ) . in addition , the premaxillary teeth of the new taxon are relatively compressed and distally expanded , while those of h . pulcher are relatively cylindrical with parallel lateral margins . furthermore , h . pulcher was obtained by phylogenetic analysis in a clade along with h . haraldi géry and h . aguaruna lima , correa & ota ( fig 6 ) , corroborating the hypothesis that h . pulcher belongs to the hemigrammus ocellifer ( steindachner ) species group [ 29 , 30 ] and , therefore , different from p . rasbora .
fish hobbyists love the harlequin rasbora—it has a beautiful metallic color and it is easy to care for . a large school makes an aquarium vivid and vibrant with movement . this is a great fish for a smaller - sized community tank , and its at peace with most . it is a smaller fish , so keep it with like - sized fish . larger fish might be attracted by its shimmer and make a meal out of it .
phycocharax rasbora was collected during the rainy seasons ( april 2012 ; february 2014 ) and a dry season ( august 2015 ) . males and females presented gonads well developed in both seasons . oocytes with different sizes are present in the gonads , suggesting that females present multiple spawning , as well as several other small characids ( e . g . [ 19 , 20 ] ) . stomach contents of ten examined specimens contained mainly algae and vegetal matter .
the harlequin rasbora is a native of malaysia , singapore , sumatra , and southern thailand . it inhabits streams and waters that are characterized principally by low mineral content , high concentrations of dissolved humic acids , which is typical of water found flowing through peat swamp forests . the waterlogged soils of these forests inhibit the complete decay of leaf litter and result in the formation of peat , which leaches humic acids . these conditions resemble those found on in the blackwater habitats of south america .
water temperature is not critical , however , the ideal range is 74 to 78 f ( 23 to 26 c ) . the ph of the water should be slightly acidic , in the range of 6 . 0 to 6 . 5 . an aquarium intended to house harlequin rasboras should be planted with live plants , with some open areas for swimming provided between stands of plants such as cryptocoryne species , these being among the plants that inhabit the harlequin rasbora ' s native waters .
phylogenetic relationships of the new taxon were supported only by a few characters in many analysis performed here . in most analysis , phycocharax rasbora was recovered as the sister group of paracheirodon axelrodi plus hyphessobrycon elachys , in a clade that also includes hyphessobrycon loweae and hyphessobrycon vanzolinii . the uncertainty about the phylogenetic relationships of the new taxon , in addition to its unique combination of characters , lead us to erect a new monotypic genus in the characidae . the erection of a new generic name when there is a stable and well - supported sister - group relationship with some available genera is undesirable in most cases , mainly when the candidates are morphologically similar . however , in this particular case , neither the phylogenetic relationships are stable or even well supported , nor the candidate genera are similar enough to include this new taxon under a common diagnosis .
numbers above branches denote gc values ; negative values are not shown . synapomorphies . a : 243 ( 0 ) ; b : 68 ( 1 ) , 180 ( 1 ) , 253 ( 0 ) , 307 ( 0 ) ; c : 285 ( 0 ) ; d : 158 ( 1 ) , 224 ( 0 ) , 246 ( 0 ) ; e : 29 ( 1 ) , 65 ( 0 ) , 138 ( 1 ) ; f : 107 ( 1 ) ; g : 294 ( 0 ) , 365 ( 1 ) ; h : 331 ( 1 ) ; i : 141 ( 0 ) , 163 ( 1 ) ; j : 246 ( 0 ) , 325 ( 0 ) ; k : 93 ( 1 ) , 347 ( 1 ) ; l : 20 ( 1 ) , 29 ( 1 ) , 45 ( 0 ) ; m : 91 ( 0 ) , 235 ( 1 ) ; n : 293 ( 0 ) , 314 ( 1 ) ; o : 333 ( 1 ) ; p : 180 ( 1 ) ; q : 126 ( 1 ) , 182 ( 0 ) ; r : 164 ( 1 ) ; s : 29 ( 1 ) , 148 ( 0 ) , 307 ( 0 ) , 347 ( 0 ) ; t : 247 ( 0 ) , 370 ( 2 ) ; u : 96 ( 1 ) , 141 ( 1 ) , 163 ( 0 ) . autapomorphy of p . rasbora : 350 ( 1 ) .
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you can keep it with any fish as long it’s not large and a predator .
it will not nip at or quarrel with any other species . some potentially good tankmates may include cardinal tetras , neon tetras , dwarf gouramis , bettas , small barbs , danios , other small rasboras , and cory catfish .
rasboras are a true freshwater fish and are never seen in brackish waters . they prefer the lowland waters of southeastern asia , where the water is soft and acidic . harlequins prefer an environment with areas of dense vegetation , an open area for swimming , a dark substrate , and subdued lighting .
harlequins make excellent community fish and will not nip at or quarrel with any other species .
rasboras are undemanding when it comes to diet ; they will readily accept flake , dried , frozen and live foods . a varied diet will ensure that digestive problems or susceptibility to disease do not occur .
when spawned in groups , keep two males for every female . hobbyists intent upon simulating natural conditions as closely as possible may choose to filter the aquarium water over peat , thus replicating the humic acid concentrations found in the fish ' s native waters , though this is not absolutely necessary if the basic water chemistry parameters ( no higher than 4 dh hardness , ph around 6 . 4 ) are correctly maintained . optimum water temperatures are between 76 and 80 degrees f . you will need cryptocorynes or similar broad - leafed plants in the breeding tank .
once you prepare the breeding tank , introduce the breeding stock late in the day . spawning will usually being in the morning and is initiated by the male dancing and trembling before the female . this spawning behavior is intended to direct the female beneath a suitable plant for depositing the eggs . you may see the male nudging the sides of the female and rubbing his belly against her back in an effort to move her to the spawning location .
when ready to spawn , the female will turn upside down and rub her belly against the underside of a leaf , signaling the male to join her . the male will approach her while continuing to tremble , then wrap himself around her body and fertilize the eggs as they are released . six to 12 eggs are laid at a time . the fertilized eggs rise and adhere to the underside of the leaves . over the course of one to two hours , as many as 300 eggs may be laid . although , 80 to 100 is more typical .
when spawning is complete , remove the breeding stock from the aquarium , as they will consume the fry once they hatch . in water temperatures of about 80 degrees f , the eggs will hatch in approximately 24 hours . the fry is translucent , remain attached to the leaf upon which the eggs were laid for another 12 to 24 hours , during which time the yolk sac is absorbed . once this process is completed , the fishes become free - swimming , and at this stage , require very finely sized food such as live infusoria for a period of seven to 14 days , after which the fry are able to feed upon newly hatched brine shrimp .
if infusoria are unavailable , commercially prepared foods for an egglayer fry may also be used . young harlequin rasboras reach sexual maturity in approximately six to nine months .
say hello to one of those complicated groups of fish where historically there seem to be more arguments over names than there are actual species .
rasboras are cyprinids , that huge group carrying everything from huge koi carp to dinky paedocypris , and much in between . characteristically , rasboras are noted for not having any of the distinctive barbels associated with cyprinid fishes .
rasboras , true or otherwise , are superb aquarium inhabitants and lend themselves to some stunning biotope set - ups .
their typically small size , combined with only limited shyness and shoaling behaviour , makes them stunning additions to many communities , although their water chemistry requirements sometimes prevent them being kept this way .
the tiny boraras species , as well as bearing spectacular colours , require only small systems in which to thrive and are dominating nano tanks and micro - biotopes these days , despite the occasional high price for such a small fish . but when you see one of these close up you’ll be hooked — and you’ll soon be dusting off that old 45 x 25 x 25cm / 18 x 10 x 10” tank .
different species frequent different tank levels , many capitalising on the mid - water layer .
all are easy to feed , with every species adapting to flake foods and life in captivity superbly . they retain their ravenous instincts , despite aquarium life , and dashes of live food always create frenzied activity in the tank at mealtimes .
anything goes , but daphnia , small bloodworms , glassworms , wingless fruit flies , and even insects such as garden ants will never be refused by these fish .
it’s thought there are two species of this fish , depending on the presence of an orange spot on the anal fin , but whichever harlequin you pick up will be rewarding .
wild harlequins are a scarce find nowadays , and the vigilant or purist might want to avoid colourful morphs , such as the blacks and blues you can see around . good harlequins are available in the shops but , like so many mass - farmed fish , there can be runts .
these fish go well in a community , but to see them at their best , try to create a biotope , or perhaps a species - only tank .
found across indonesia , sumatra and thailand , they usually live in acidic but not deeply blackened streams , and sometimes peaty swamps . those streams tend to have a yellowed tinge , and this is something the home aquarist would want to replicate if possible .
decoration is easy and ideally there should be plenty of it . ample pieces of bogwood should litter a sandy base , and that sand should be fine and dark , such as aquarium - grade silica .
leaf litter can be added and will help to release tannins into the water . alder cones may also be used , but be sparing as they can be quite powerful in releasing acid .
these fish prefer softer , acidic waters and although they can cope in a neutral or slightly alkaline community tank , it’s worth remembering that some pathogens fare better in alkaline waters . aim for a ph of between 5 . 0 and 7 . 0 , with a hardness of below 12°dh .
set the temperature somewhere between 22 - 25°c / 72 - 77°f to recreate wild conditions and keep water flow light . harlequins do not thrive in high , rushing water flows and may actively avoid areas in the tank where they get buffeted .
planting works well with harlequins , especially thick beds of cryptocoryne and java fern . don’t be shy about going bonkers with numbers of plants and the harlequins will love you !
to really promote their confidence , add floating plants to the tank . even a handful of duckweed will encourage them to be more brazen .
they only grow to 5cm / 2” as adults but do enjoy being in shoals , so it’s worth thinking of a tank no less than 60cm / 2’ long , with at least 12 harlequins .
these fish are peaceful with everything , but to keep things region authentic , opt for tank mates like acanthopthalmus loaches , puntius species like p . pentazona , or maybe even chocolate gouramis .
clowns prefer more flow , although the water should still be stained with tannins . to this effect , it’s worth considering adding alder cones to a external canister filter , or some peat supplementation if these aren’t available . tannins will help to bring out the red colours of the fish , which can be a washed - out orangey - yellow when kept in water that’s too clear .
unlike with harlequins , planting should be confined to the backs and sides of the tank and ample swimming space should be left in the middle where males will show off to each other . cryptocoryne is a good choice , but dense , bushy plants , like thick mats of java moss , are appreciated . the fish will often be seen ‘rubbing’ themselves in it .
acclimatisation is essential and they are easily shocked as a result of changes in water quality . as imports go , they are riskily high on mortality , which is why they are not as commonly seen as other species .
when adding them to your tank , try to match water parameters to the transport water , but don’t be too surprised if they pale , pant , and rest on the tank base on arrival .
there’s confusion about numbers to keep . some maintain that due to their pugnacious attitude towards each other , low numbers are best . however , it’s generally accepted that these are shoalers and should be kept in groups of 12 or more .
in the wild , these fish get everywhere . from streams and rivers , through pools and lakes , and into rice paddies and even ditches on the side of the road , these are a surprisingly versatile fish that should be given the chance to shine .
aim for a lowish ph between 6 . 0 and 6 . 5 . a hardness level somewhere about 6°dh seems to suit . given a temperature of about 25 - 28°c / 77 - 82°f and access to plenty of live foods and carotenoid rich dry foods , these are fish you’ll quickly come to adore .
b . urophthalmoides inhabit truly acidic waters . in fact , they’re the archetypal swamp dweller , relishing blackened water , low light levels and relentless acid .
acidity and blackness should be high . keepers like to use heavy leaf litter , especially oak and beech leaves , combined with spindly pieces of bogwood , such as the sumatran driftwood from unipac , and low lighting levels .
some keepers don’t even opt for an aquarium light , instead using a small low wattage table lamp . although some plants like java fern might tolerate this , it could be wiser to go for a coating of floating plants instead . these fish are from regions of overhanging foliage and natural light is quite alien .
water chemistry should be completely soft and acidic . a ph value as low as 4 . 0 will be shrugged off , along with hardness levels of zero to 10°dh . aim for a ph of between 5 . 5 and 6 . 5 .
they don’t do well in nitrogenous wastes , so ensure that any tank is established prior to adding the fish .
water flow should be negligible and a tank of b . urophthalmoides is the perfect excuse to dig out that old biofoam 45 air - driven filter , and an air pump .
however , if wanting to keep them with another species , consider the equally timid parosphromenus varieties of tiny liquorice gourami . although you’ll not see too much of either species , you’ll be ecstatic when they do make an appearance through that deep red water .
the fish have gradually become smaller , it is suspected , through environmental pressures .
all miniaturised fish inhabit slow moving or static bodies of water , often devoid of sources of nutrition , such as the conditions you might find in a boggy , peaty swamp .
this evolutionary niche loses its advantage anywhere that water flow is strong and nutrition widely available .
usually , a miniaturised fish will be stunted and small , but perfectly formed .
however some fish , like paedocypris — the world’s smallest — stops short of forming fully adult organs . instead it retains a simplified , or truncated body in which even the skeleton isn’t fully developed .
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asia : mekong , chao phraya and meklong basins ; also from northern malay peninsula .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 12 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 30857 )
has 1 / 2 4 scale rows between the dorsal - fin origin and the lateral line ; a conspicuous , narrow , black longitudinal stripe along the sides , widening into a diamond - shaped blotch on the caudal peduncle ( ref . 27732 ) . scale margins outlined by reticulated dark pattern ; black tips on caudal lobes present or absent ; lateral line complete ( ref . 12693 ) .
associated with clear , usually shallow and moderately flowing streams ( ref . 27732 ) . occur near the surface in small to medium - sized streams in upland areas . individuals from high - gradient upland streams have a much darker stripe and often black tips on the caudal fin lobes . feed probably on exogenous insects ( ref . 12693 ) . spawning sites are found in rivers and ponds ( ref . 33813 ) . mature adults probably breed during the rainy season . not seen in the markets , but occasionally imported in the aquarium trade ( ref . 12693 ) .
rainboth , w . j . , 1996 . fishes of the cambodian mekong . fao species identification field guide for fishery purposes . fao , rome , 265 p . ( ref . 12693 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00537 ( 0 . 00245 - 0 . 01178 ) , b = 3 . 06 ( 2 . 87 - 3 . 25 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 2 ±0 . 40 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 27 of 100 ) .
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barbhuiya , a . h . , juffe bignoli , d . , rema devi , k . r . , dahanukar , n . & chaudhry , s .
is known from the gangetic provinces and assam in india ; also present in bangladesh , myanmar , pakistan and thailand .
there is no information on the population and its trends for this species . more research is needed to investigate the population structure and trends .
the species is found in swamps and marshy areas . an attractive little purple - and - orange creature , it spawns readily but , if left to its own devices , will cannabilise its eggs .
this species attains a length of 13 cm . because of its beauty and hardiness , it has proved popular in small aquarium . it is also used for human consumption at a local level .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
mukerji , 1935 was first described from darna river in upper godavari river basin , deolali , nasik district , maharashtra state , india ( hora and mukerji 1935 ) . the species is valid as
rema devi , k . r . , gopalakrishnan , a . , arunachalam , m . , shrikant , j . , johnson , j . a . , rahul , k . & molur , s .
is distributed in maharashtra , karnataka and gujrat with localized threats to some populations . however , the species is assessed as least concern .
. 2004 ) . it is currently known only from darna river in upper godavari river basin , deolali , nasik district , maharashtra state , india ( hora and mukerji 1935 , hora and misra 1937 , jayaram 1999 , menon 1999 ) . extensive surveys in the other tributaries of upper godavari river have not reveled this species indicating that the species is restricted to darna river ( s . jadhav pers . comm . ) . the species is also recorded from baroda ( now vadodara ) in gujarat ( ranade 1953 ) and mula - mutha river of krishna river system ( kharat
, however , the population seems to be declining and it is rarely found in its type locality ( s . jadhav pers . comm . ) .
is recorded from rivers and hill streams and it has a maximum length of 8 . 5 cm total length ( menon 1999 ) . the habitat of this fish , in its type locality , is threatened by organic pollution , agricultural pollution and introduced fishes ( n . dahanukar pers . obs . ) .
but it is caught by local fishermen and sold in the local market . it is also suggested as a good aquarium fish ( talwar and jhingran 1991 , mercy
is recorded is threatened by organic pollution , agricultural pollution , introduced fishes and heavy harvesting ( n . dahanukar pers . obs . ) .
, however , site protection is suggested for conservation of this threatened species . research is needed to understand population trends , life history , ecology and threats to this species .
r . daniconius is reported to be common in the muthurajawela wetland sanctuary , sri lanka , but likely to have a variable abundance over its range .
r . daniconius is a benthopelagic and potamodromous species . it occurs in a variety of habitats : ditches , ponds , canals , streams , rivers and inundated fields , but is primarily found in sandy streams and rivers . it is also found in brackish waters . it sometimes forms large schools .
this fish is often harvested with other smaller fish as food , locally , and for use in poultry feed . when they are small they can make attractive aquarium fish , and thus are captured for the aquarium trade .
threats to this species and its habitat are unknown at present , although it is collected for the aquarium trade and for poultry food but the scale does not appear to be causing a decline in the population .
there are no conservation measures currently known to be in action at habitat or species level .
freshwater ; benthopelagic ; ph range : 6 . 5 - 7 . 0 ; dh range : ? - 10 . tropical ; 20°c - 26°c ( ref . 2060 )
asia : mekong , chao phraya and mae khlong basins , malay peninsula to borneo , java and sumatra in indonesia .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 12 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 6398 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 2 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 7 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 5 . preserved color yellowish brown with silvery sheen , darker dorsally ; scales margined by brown lines or dots . 12 - 13 scales between nape and dorsal . lateral line complete reaching caudal ; 9 ( rarely 8 ) scale rows between lateral lines over middle of caudal peduncle . origin of dorsal between tip of snout and caudal ; least depth of caudal peduncle 1 . 9 - 2 in its length . maxillary not reaching eye . thin lips , upper moderately protractile ; lower sometimes with external projecting knob at symphysis , fitting the notch on upper one .
occurs mainly in rivers and enters flooded fields ( ref . 12975 ) . feeds on algae ( ref . 12975 ) .
doi , a . , 1997 . a review of taxonomic studies of cypriniform fishes in southeast asia . jap . j . ichthyol . 44 ( 1 ) : 1 - 33 . ( ref . 26580 )
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 0 ±0 . 00 se ; based on food items .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 23 of 100 ) .
just get one type . they won ' t school together and this tank isn ' t big enough for 2 good sized schools .
discover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership – a perfect fit for your research every time .
a new genus and species of characid fish is described from rio braço norte , a tributary of rio teles pires , tapajós basin , mato groso , brazil . the new taxa can be diagnosed from the remaining characids by a unique combination of characters that includes the presence of a single row of relatively compressed premaxillary teeth , large teeth with four to nine cusps on premaxillary and dentary , absence of pseudotympanum , incomplete lateral line with 7–13 pored scales , sexually - dimorphic males with distal margin of anal fin approximately straight , and presence of a nearly triangular and horizontally elongated blotch from the posterior half of the body to caudal peduncle . the most parsimonious phylogenetic hypothesis , using morphological data , recovered the new genus and species in a clade including paracheirodon axelrodi and hyphessobrycon elachys .
copyright : © 2017 ohara et al . this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
data availability : all relevant data are within othe paper and its supporting information files .
funding : part of the type series was collected during an expedition funded by the south american characiformes inventory ( fapesp 2011 / 502827 , urltoken ) . the authors are supported by fapesp ( wmo : grant # 2013 / 22473‒8 ; fctl : grants # 2011 / 51532‒7 and 2013 / 20936‒0 ) , conicet ( jmm : pip‒0301 ) , and foncyt ( jmm : pict 2011‒0992 ) . a travel by the second author to zuec was funded by fapesp [ grant # 2011 / 51532‒7 ,
systematics of tetras ( genera hemigrammus , hyphessobrycon , thayeria , parapristella and bryconella ) , with emphasis on the species from northern cis - andean south america
] . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .
the characidae is one of the richest families among bony fishes , and depending of the alternative proposals followed [ 1 , 2 ] , the family comprise between 1 , 100 to over than 1 , 200 species [ 3 ] . although much advance to understand the relationships within characidae family has been accomplished , it still constitutes in an unsettled issue . a stable classification of the characidae is still far to be established , given the great diversity and complexity of the family and the lack of comprehensive analysis combining morphological and molecular data [ 4 ] . many members of the characidae have low variation either in molecular data [ 2 ] as in morphological [ 5 , 6 ] , and most deep relationships within the family are incongruent between different analysis or have low support .
during recent ichthyological field surveys in the northern of the brazilian state mato grosso , was discovered from the rio braço norte , a tributary of the rio teles pires ( serra do cachimbo , rio tapajós basin ) , an attractively - colored characid tetra that proved to be not assignable to any previously known genus . the new taxon is described herein due to its unusual combination of single row of compressed premaxillary teeth , pseudotympanum absent , and sexual dimorphism with males exhibiting a straight distal margin of the anal fin , while females present the more generalized condition among characids ( i . e . , an anal fin with a distinct anterior lobe ) . in addition , the new taxon shows a remarkable color pattern with a large and elongated triangular blotch extending along middle flanks from vertical through the base terminus of dorsal fin to the caudal peduncle end . such blotch is similar in shape and position to the one present in the neotropical characid hemigrammus pulcher ladiges and the asian cyprinids of the genus trigonostigma kottelat & witte . the aim of the present study is to describe this new taxon , assigned herein to a new genus , due to both phylogenetic position and unique combination of characters .
phylogenetic relationships of the new taxon among characids were assessed by parsimony using tnt software [ 11 ] following the characters of mirande [ 1 , 10 ] and mirande et al . [ 12 , 13 ] . thirty - five additional species were included to the dataset to evaluate possible close relatives to the new taxon or to check its possible inclusion in some genus already known , as well as to have a most comprehensive framework within the characidae phylogeny . the coding of the new taxon plus 212 species analyzed herein are included in s1 table and the dataset is available online at morphobank [ 14 , 15 ] . the complete list of 387 characters analyzed herein , with comments on those added ( two new ) or modified ( 15 ) from mirande et al . [ 12 ] , is provided as s2 appendix .
as in the mentioned papers ( i . e . [ 1 , 10 , 12 , 13 ] ) , analysis were performed under extended implied weighting [ 16 , 17 ] in a broad range of values of k ( concavity constant ) . differing from previous contributions , the phylogenetic analysis in a broad range of values of k was herein performed only to evaluate the possible relationships and generic assignments of the new taxon , rather than to reach to some general phylogenetic hypothesis for the family . support was calculated with symmetric resampling and results are expressed as gc values according to goloboff et al . [ 18 ] .
the electronic edition of this article conforms to the requirements of the amended international code of zoological nomenclature , and hence the new names contained herein are available under that code from the electronic edition of this article . this published work and the nomenclatural acts it contains have been registered in zoobank , the online registration system for the iczn . the zoobank lsids ( life science identifiers ) can be resolved and the associated information viewed through any standard web browser by appending the lsid to the prefix “ urltoken ” . the lsid for this publication is : urn : lsid : zoobank . org : pub : d0fd20e4 - d2eb - 4e52 - 9094 - ddfe45ee0be0 . the electronic edition of this work was published in a journal with an issn , and has been archived and is available from the following digital repositories : pubmed central , lockss .
urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 27e0cd39 - ad63 - 4d08 - be0f - 60670b17406f
, holotype , mzusp 119843 , 29 . 1 mm sl , male ; mzusp 115341 , 25 . 3 mm sl , paratype , female .
, medial view of left side ; premaxilla , 29 . 8 mm sl ; dentary and maxilla , 29 . 1 mm sl , paratypes , both mzusp 115341 .
, mzusp 119843 , paratype , 29 . 1 male ( a ) and mzusp 115313 , paratype , 26 . 4 mm sl , female ( b ) , immediately after collection .


neorossia leptodons is a species of bobtail squid native to the southwestern pacific ocean , from new south wales ( 32 ° 08 ′ s 153 ° 07 ′ e ) to south australia ( 33 ° 58 ′ s 131 ° 22 ′ e ) .

it lives at depths from 130 to 1,110 m. n. leptodons exhibits sexual dimorphism .

females grow to 77.5 mm in mantle length ( ml ) , while males are not known to exceed 42 mm ml .

the type specimen was collected in the great australian bight , south australia ( 37 ° 18.81 ′ s 138 ° 36.3 ′ e to 37 ° 17.76 ′ s 138 ° 35.01 ′ e ) .

it is deposited at the museum of victoria in melbourne .

neorossia leptodons

gps coordinates of neorossia leptodons , australia . latitude : - 32 . 1333 longitude : 153 . 1167
neorossia leptodons occurs off australia ranging from new south wales to south australia ( reid and jereb 2005 ) .
figure . viscera of neorossia caroli . drawing modified from boletzky ( 1971 , p . 966 , fig . 1d ) .
n . leptodons exhibits sexual dimorphism . females grow to 77 . 5 mm in mantle length ( ml ) , while males are not known to exceed 42 mm ml .
reid , a . 1991 . taxonomic review of the australian rossiinae ( cephalopoda : sepiolidae ) , with a description of a new species , neorossia leptodons , and redescription of n . caroli ( joubin , 1902 ) . bulletin of marine science , 49 ( 3 ) ( 1991 ) : 748 - 831 . ( fig . 24a , b , p . 800 )
boltezky , s . v . 1971 . neorossia n . g . pro rossia ( allorossia ) caroli joubin , 1902 , with remarks on the generic status of semirossia steenstrup , 1887 ( mollusca : cephalopoda ) . bulletin of marine science , 21 ( 4 ) : 964 - 969 .
geographical variation in the morphological characters of australian rossiinae were examined using principal component analysis ( pca ) , multivariate analysis of variance ( manova ) , discriminant function analysis ( dfa ) , analysis of variance ( anova ) and latitudinal and longitudinal regression analyses . the results show that morphological differences occur between populations of rossia from the north west shelf ( w . a . ) and populations from eastern and southern australia . evidence from these analyses suggest that these two populations are genetically distinct , the north west shelf specimens belonging to a possible new species , described as r . sp . 1 , the eastern and southern australian specimens identified as r . australis berry , 1918 and redescribed on the basis of new material . that all the latter specimens belong to a single species is further supported by electrophoretic evidence . a new species of neorossia , n . leptodons , is identified and described , differing from the only described representative of this genus , n . caroli ( joubin , 1902 ) , in the shape of the radular teeth . the two species were also shown to differ using multivariate statistical techniques . n . caroli is redescribed from the holotype and additional material . in addition , specimens of neorossia from southeastern australia are compared electrophoretically with r . australis . it was found that members of these two genera differed for 66 % of loci .
yes , it ' s a cephalopod ! this squid and other cephalopods are featured in the cephalopod pages maintained at the national museum of natural history , department of invertebrate zoology ! see the following links for more information on cephalopods .
cephalopods in action . this is a multimedia appendix to published papers , that features video clips of cephalopods filmed from submersibles . included are :
the list of species featured in the videos , arranged as a taxonomic list , only relevant taxa included .
introducing an interactive key to the families of the decapodiformes . try this , it ' s exciting !
expedition journals from the search for the giant squid off new zealand , 1999 .
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typical mantle - length 50 mm . lives in offshore waters in midwater . native . endemic to southeastern and southwestern australia ( nsw , tas , vic , sa and wa ) .
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has been assessed as data deficient as very little is known about this species . further research is recommended before an accurate assessment can be made .
this small species has a very wide depth range ( 130 to 1 , 110 m in depth ) ( reid and jereb 2005 ) . females attain a larger body size ( up to 77 . 5 mm in mantle length ) compared to males ( up to 42 mm in mantle length ) ( reid and jereb 2005 ) . members of the subfamily rossiinae are bottom living species that typically bury in soft sediments during the day , and emerge at night to feed ( norman 2003 ) .
this species is of no current interest to fisheries ( reid and jereb 2005 ) .
basic research is required on this species to elucidate its distribution , population size and life history characteristics .
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the root of the current tree connects the organisms featured in this tree to their containing group and the rest of the tree of life . the basal branching point in the tree represents the ancestor of the other groups in the tree . this ancestor diversified over time into several descendent subgroups , which are represented as internal nodes and terminal taxa to the right .
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each tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life . the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches , that is , subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .
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taxonomic review of the australian rossiinae ( cephalopoda : sepiol . . . : ingenta connect
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eupithecia shirleyata is a moth in the geometridae family .

it is found in southern california and arizona .

the wingspan is about 23 mm .

adults are on wing from the end of november to late march or even early april .

eupithecia shirleyata

this species in known from san diego . compare with locbf5723 - 15 , taken at torrey pines , in bold bin bold : aaf9455 . ( e . shirleyata is smaller but references omit measurements . ) references here . edit - wikipedia has ws = 23 mm for shirleyata and 22–26 mm for subapicata . packard ( 1876 ) has subapicata at 1 . 12
( ~ 28 mm )
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 29684 genus : eupithecia species : shirleyata sex : location : montara , mcnee ranch county : san mateo collector : v . albu coll _ date : mar 21 97 . . . more
revision of the north american species of the genus eupithecia ( lepidoptera , geometridae ) james h . mcdunnough . 1949 . bulletin of the american museum of natural history 93 ( 8 ) .
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 16619 genus : eupithecia species : interruptofasciata sex : location : inverness county : marin collector : r . h . leuschner coll _ date : jul 14 66 . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 28261 genus : eupithecia species : intricata taylorata sex : location : golden gate park county : san francisco collector : r . m . brown coll _ date . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5869 genus : eupithecia species : macrocarpata sex : location : berkeley county : alameda collector : r . h . leuschner coll _ date : in july specimen . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 545 genus : eupithecia species : absinthiata sex : f location : inverness park county : marin collector : j . powell coll _ date : sep 19 98 specimen . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5882 genus : eupithecia species : acutipennis sex : location : berkeley county : alameda collector : r . l . langston coll _ date : mar 24 62 specimen . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5865 genus : eupithecia species : maestosa maestosa sex : location : 2135 ca . st berkeley county : alameda collector : f . sperling coll _ date : sep . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 3034 genus : eupithecia species : ravocostaliata sex : m location : inverness park county : marin collector : j . powell coll _ date : feb 4 95 speci . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5875 genus : eupithecia species : tripunctaria sex : location : berkeley county : alameda collector : j . powell coll _ date : apr 12 61 specimen _ lo . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 7999 genus : eupithecia species : nevadata nevadata sex : location : las trampas reg park county : contra costa collector : r . m . brown coll _ date . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 16622 genus : eupithecia species : purpurissata sex : location : inverness county : marin collector : r . h . leuschner coll _ date : apr 7 60 specime . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 33651 genus : eupithecia species : agnesata sex : location : stebbins cold cyn res . county : solano collector : j . debenedictis coll _ date : apr 4 . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 16601 genus : eupithecia species : karenae sex : location : inverness county : marin collector : wm . patterson coll _ date : oct 16 98 specimen _ loc . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 7990 genus : eupithecia species : annulata sex : location : kensington county : contra costa collector : r . l . langston coll _ date : nov 8 96 specim . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 2067 genus : eupithecia species : bryanti sex : m location : point molate , richmond county : contra costa collector : j . powell coll _ date : apr 10 . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5884 genus : eupithecia species : graefii graefii sex : location : piedmont pines , ne oakland county : alameda collector : p . d . hurd coll _ date : . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 29679 genus : eupithecia species : perfusca perfusca sex : location : costanea cg county : san mateo collector : v . albu coll _ date : sep 2 2007 s . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5883 genus : eupithecia species : subapicata sex : location : berkeley county : alameda collector : j . powell coll _ date : mar 19 61 specimen _ loc : . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5881 genus : eupithecia species : gilvipennata sex : location : berkeley , 2135 calif . st . county : alameda collector : f . sperling coll _ date : ma . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5886 genus : eupithecia species : implorata sex : location : berkeley county : alameda collector : r . h . leuschner coll _ date : feb 21 55 specimen _ . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5878 genus : eupithecia species : macdunnoughi sex : location : strawberry cyn county : alameda collector : j . a . powell coll _ date : mar 3 61 spec . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5879 genus : eupithecia species : cognizata sex : location : berkeley county : alameda collector : r . h . leuschner coll _ date : feb 21 55 specimen _ . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5867 genus : eupithecia species : longipalpata sex : location : 2135 ca . st berkeley county : alameda collector : f . sperling coll _ date : oct 12 96 . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 7996 genus : eupithecia species : scabrogata sex : location : kensington county : contra costa collector : r . l . langston coll _ date : mar 24 97 spe . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 33652 genus : eupithecia species : rindgei sex : location : stebbins cold cyn res . county : solano collector : j . debenedictis coll _ date : 1989 - 9 . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 16623 genus : eupithecia species : mystiata sex : location : inverness county : marin collector : coll _ date : in may 71 specimen _ loc : url : http . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 20852 genus : eupithecia species : multiscripta sex : location : diamond mtn county : napa collector : j . powell coll _ date : may 21 - 23 93 specime . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 3033 genus : eupithecia species : mutata ( columbrata ) sex : m location : inverness ridge county : marin collector : c . e . griswold coll _ date : may . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 16602 genus : eupithecia species : columbiata sex : location : inverness county : marin collector : w . r . bauer coll _ date : mar 13 47 specimen _ loc . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 16618 genus : eupithecia species : lachrymosa georgii sex : location : red hill county : marin collector : w . r . bauer coll _ date : may 2 47 specim . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5871 genus : eupithecia species : unicolor sex : location : berkeley county : alameda collector : r . l . langston coll _ date : nov 13 62 specimen _ lo . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5877 genus : eupithecia species : sierrae sex : location : 2135 ca . st berkeley county : alameda collector : f . sperling coll _ date : sep 18 96 spec . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5876 genus : eupithecia species : rotundopuncta sex : location : berkeley ( s of uc campus ) county : alameda collector : r . l . langston coll _ date : . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5874 genus : eupithecia species : bivittata sex : location : berkeley county : alameda collector : j . powell coll _ date : jun 4 55 specimen _ loc : u . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5866 genus : eupithecia species : subvirens sex : location : 2135 ca . st berkeley county : alameda collector : f . sperling coll _ date : sep 5 96 spe . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5868 genus : eupithecia species : sabulosata sex : location : albany county : alameda collector : r . a . belmont coll _ date : may 22 71 specimen _ loc . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 16632 genus : eupithecia species : cestata sex : location : inverness county : marin collector : r . h . leuschner coll _ date : apr 7 60 specimen _ loc . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 20856 genus : eupithecia species : appendiculata sex : location : spring mtn county : napa collector : w . r . bauer coll _ date : aug 12 47 specimen _ . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 16614 genus : eupithecia species : behrensata sex : location : mill valley county : marin collector : h . b . leech coll _ date : may 1 58 specimen _ lo . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5870 genus : eupithecia species : placidata sex : location : oakland county : alameda collector : w . r . bauer coll _ date : oct 17 45 specimen _ loc : . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5880 genus : eupithecia species : segregata sex : location : berkeley ( s of uc campus ) county : alameda collector : r . l . langston coll _ date : apr . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 7993 genus : eupithecia species : zelmira sex : location : clayton county : contra costa collector : r . m . brown coll _ date : mar 11 72 specimen _ lo . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 1888 genus : eupithecia species : olivacea sex : m location : berkeley county : alameda collector : r . l . langston coll _ date : mar 11 63 specimen _ l . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 20863 genus : eupithecia species : plumasata sex : location : spring mtn , st helena county : napa collector : r . h . leuschner coll _ date : dec 29 8 . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 16629 genus : eupithecia species : gilata sex : location : mill valley county : marin collector : h . b . leech coll _ date : feb 27 52 specimen _ loc : . . . more
a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .
the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .
the author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by
, +
and the number of omitted authors .
attribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .
all diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .
created by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .
photographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .
ferris , c . d . , 2018 . geometridae : larentiinae : eupitheciini ( part ) . lepidoptera of north america , part 14 . contributions of the c . p . gillette museum of arthropod diversity colorado state university ( over 116 color plates of adult moths w / genitalia - accessed 3 / 9 / 2018 )
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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
disclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .
contributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .
ws : 22 - 26 mm according to wikipedia . packard ( 1876 ) has it as 1 . 12
( ~ 28 mm )
is smaller and the pale subapical costal is reduced to nearly obsolete . range : az .
is smaller and temds to have duller wing colloration . range : southern ca .
guenee , m . a . 1857 , uranides et phalentites . tome 2 . histoire naturelle des insectes . spécies général des lépidoptères . 10 : 331
packard , a . s . 1876 . a monograph of the geometrid moths or phalaenidae of the united states . report of the united states geological survey of the territories . 10 : 62 ; pl . 8 , fg . 11
contributed by jason d . roberts on 17 may , 2008 - 2 : 08pm additional contributions by steve nanz , maury heiman , randy hardy last updated 6 november , 2016 - 5 : 35am
was this sent in to bold ? none of the examples so far have dna results back .
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
compiled from kelly richers ' california moth specimen database . kelly has been compiling the database since 1996 from literature sources , museum collections , and ( i believe ) novel collections . these lists are probably not comprehensive ( if such a thing is possible for such a diverse group of organisms ) , but given kelly ' s dedication and the degree of sampling in the state , it ' s probably pretty close at the state and regional level , and approaching that degree at the county level , and thus i have marked them as comprehensive on inat . all errors are my own , and if you find any , please let me know .
many of the names in the cmsd have not bee included in the inat lists i ' ve created . i have tried to import every name from the catalogue of life , bugguide , and ubio , so any names that are still missing are not present in those sources . i have also tried to manually check the remainder against urltoken , i ' ve tried to manually add any taxa that have a species page on mpg , and i ' ve checked for simple misspellings of the kind the google can catch . for the remainder , here are some of the reasons the names are missing :
taxonomic ambiguity : sometimes a name was clearly in use in the past but i can ' t tell how it maps to a current name .
many names in the cmsd have specific epithets that exist in other , unrelatd genera , e . g .
acrolophus inquinatus ,
which may be mistaken entry for hellinsia inquinatus . i have not included these names in an effort to minimize assumptions about the collectors ' intents .
a full listing of all the names i was not able to import can be found here .
source : richers , k . ( 2015 ) . california moth specimen database . essig museum of entomology , berkeley , ca . accessed 24 22 2015 . ( link )
check lists for individual taxa that live here , e . g .
birds of san francisco bay area
.
file should be in the following format : taxon name , description , occurrence status , establishment means . csv should not contain a header row . allowed occurrence status values : present , common , uncommon , irregular , doubtful , absent allowed establish means values : native , endemic , introduced
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