paramormyrops hopkinsi is a species of freshwater electric fish .

it was discovered in the ivindo river in gabon , in western africa by dr. carl d. hopkins of cornell university .

it lives in a tropical climate .

paramormyrops hopkinsi

brienomyrus hopkinsi from the ivindo river in gabon ( photo : c . hopkins ) .
barbus camptacanthus ( bleeker , 1863 ) . photo & copy ; carlhopkins brienomyrus hopkinsi photo & copy ; carl . hopkins
brienomyrus hopkinsi nov . sp . du nord du gabon ( pisces , teleostei , mormyridae ) p . 49 , fig . 1 .
the biodiversity of freshwater fish in gabon rainforests , one hundred years after mary h . kingsley
from : kingsley , m . h . ( 1899 ) west african study . mcmillian , london .
below are three of the species of fishes collected by mary kingsley in 1895 , described and named after her by albert günther in 1896 .
reference : günther , a . ( 1896 ) . report on a collection of reptilesand fishes made by miss m . h . kingsley during her travels on the ogowe riverand in old calabar . annals and magazine of natural history , ser . 6 17 , 261 - 285 .
download reprint of the günther ' s article as reprinted in mary kingley ' s book ( * . pdf format , you will need ) .
jean - daniel m ' bega working in rocky pools in upper ivindo river , february 6 , 1998 photo : j . p . sullivan
sébastian lavoué showing high densities of mormyrid fishes from cast net samples from the upper ivindo river . january 27 , 1998 . photo : j . p . sullivan .
right : jean hervé mve launches a cast net from the pirogue on the ivindo river .
department of neurobiology and behavior w263 seeley g . mudd hall cornell university ithaca , new york 14853
research in this lab concerns the neural basis of animal communication , including studies of mechanisms of signal generation , signal localization , and signal recognition in the context of species recognition . our focus is on communication in the electrosensory modality of fish .
( 4 ) systematics of a group of endemic species of mormyrid fishes in the genus brienomyrus from gabon .
( 5 ) evolution and ontogeny of electrogenesis . collaboration with the gabon cenarest : research request
( 6 ) fieldwork : a survey of the freshwater fishes of gabon , 100 years after the explorations of mary h . kingsley .
greek , para = near + greek , mormyros = a fish ( sparus sp ) ( ref . 45335 )
africa : ivindo river in gabon , and ntem river in cameroon ( ref . 81635 ) .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 15 . 6 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 81635 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 17 - 19 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 24 - 26 . a slender , laterally compressed body ( ref . 81635 ) . dorsal profile of the head is downward sloping and concave or straight ; snout is v - shaped from above ( ref . 81635 ) . both anal and dorsal fins terminate at about the same level ( ref . 81635 ) . the fish is dark chocolate - brown overall , lighter on the belly ; the fins are dark brown ( ref . 81635 ) .
hopkins , c . d . , s . lavoué and j . p . sullivan , 2007 . mormyridae . p . 219 - 334 . in m . l . j . stiassny , g . g . teugels and c . d . hopkins ( eds . ) the fresh and brackish water fishes of lower guinea , west - central africa . volume i . collection faune et flore tropicales 42 . institut de recherche pour le développement , paris , france , muséum national d’histoire naturelle , paris , france , and musée royal de l’afrique centrale , tervuren , belgium . 800 pp . ( ref . 81635 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5005 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01318 ( 0 . 00609 - 0 . 02852 ) , b = 2 . 84 ( 2 . 66 - 3 . 02 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 2 ±0 . 3 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( assuming fec < 5 , 000 ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 18 of 100 ) .
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brummett , r . , mbe tawe , a . n . , dening touokong , c . , reid , g . m . , snoeks , j . staissny , m . , moelants , t . , mamonekene , v . , ndodet , b . , ifuta , s . n . b . , chilala , a . , monsembula , r . , ibala zamba , a . , opoye itoua , o . , pouomogne , v . , darwall , w . & smith , k .
justification : the ntem population is threatened by a planned deep river port and iron mine with the associated infrastructure . the population on the lower ivindo is threatened by iron mining . the aoo is estimated less than 2 , 000 km² . the species is currently only known from three localities .
a lower guinea endemic common in the ivindo river of gabon , the type locality . it is also reported from the lower ntem river of cameroon , although it is considered rare .
the ntem population is threatened by a planned deep river port and iron mine with the associated infrastructure . the population on the lower ivindo is threatened by iron mining .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
africa : ivindo river in gabon and ntem river in cameroon ( ref . 81635 )
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ivindo river , near makokou , gabon , western africa . holotype : mrac 84 - 34 - 1 . paratypes : mrac 84 - 34 - 2 and 3 ( 2 ) .
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hureau , j . - c . , 1991 . la base de données gicim : gestion informatisée des collections ichthyologiques du muséum . p . 225 - 227 . in atlas préliminaire des poissons d ' eau douce de france . conseil supérieur de la pêche , ministère de l ' environnement , cemagref et muséum national d ' histoire naturelle , paris .
anonymous , 1997 . fish registrations within the museum database of the vertebrate section of the royal museum for central africa . mrac , tervuren , belgium .
eschmeyer , w . n . ( ed . ) , 1998 . catalog of fishes . special publication , california academy of sciences , san francisco . 3 vols . 2905 p .
kamdem toham , a . and g . g . teugels , 1998 . diversity patterns of fish assemblages in the lower ntem river basin ( cameroon ) , with notes on potential effects of deforestation . arch . hydrobiol . 141 ( 4 ) : 421 - 446 .
teugels , g . g . and c . d . hopkins , 1998 . morphological and osteological evidence for the generic position of mormyrus kingsleyae in the genus brienomyrus ( teleostei : mormyridae ) . copeia 1998 ( 1 ) : 199 - 204 .
anonymous , 1999 . fish collection database of the natural history museum , london ( formerly british museum of natural history ( bmnh ) ) . natural history museum , london ( formerly british museum of natural history ( bmnh ) ) .
anonymous , 2002 . fish collection database of the american museum of natural history . american museum of natural history , central park west , ny 10024 - 5192 , usa .
hanel , l . and j . novák , 2002 . ? eské názvy zivo ? ich ? v . ryby a ryboviti obratlovci ( pisces ) 3 . , maloústí ( gonorhynchiformes ) - máloostní ( cypriniformes ) . národní muzeum ( zoologické odd ? lení ) , praha .
hopkins , c . d . , s . lavoué and j . p . sullivan , 2007 . mormyridae . p . 219 - 334 . in m . l . j . stiassny , g . g . teugels and c . d . hopkins ( eds . ) the fresh and brackish water fishes of lower guinea , west - central africa . volume i . collection faune et flore tropicales 42 . institut de recherche pour le développement , paris , france , muséum national d’histoire naturelle , paris , france , and musée royal de l’afrique centrale , tervuren , belgium . 800 pp .
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leptasterias hexactis is a species of starfish in the family asteriidae , commonly known as the six-rayed star .

it is found in the intertidal zone of the western seaboard of the united states .

it is a predator and is unusual among starfish in that it broods its eggs and young .

leptasterias hexactis

c . michael hogan changed the thumbnail image of
image of leptasterias hexactis
.
population genetics and systematics of the leptasterias hexactis ( echinodermata : asteroidea ) species complex .
› leptasterias sp . ' haplotype c ' › leptasterias sp . ' haplotype g ' › leptasterias sp . i - 281 › leptasterias sp . i - 285 › leptasterias sp . lsu # i - 303
leptasterias hylodes . five rayed species of leptasterias . photo used with permission from aaron baldwin .
hans - martin braun added the english common name
six - rayed star
to
leptasterias hexactis ( stimpson , 1862 )
.
c . michael hogan marked the classification from
species 2000 & itis catalogue of life : april 2013
as preferred for
leptasterias hexactis ( stimpson , 1862 )
.
leptasterias katherinae . polar species of leptrasterias . photo used with permission from aaron baldwin .
references harbo , r . m . ( 1999 ) . whelks to whales : coastal marine life of the pacific northweest . madeira park , bc : harbour publishing . p . 136 . leptasterias hexactis ( stimpson , 1862 ) . marine biodiversity of british columbia . accessed 02 / 10 / 2013 . mcfadden , m . , helmstetler , h . and cowles , d . ( 2005 ) . leptasterias hexactis ( stimpson , 1862 ) . invertebrates of the salish sea . rosario beach marine laboratory . accessed 10 / 02 / 2013 . authors and editors of page chanda brietzke and brian starzomski ( 2013 ) .
leptasterias aequalis . skeletal ossicles of aequalis are on the top or abdactal side of the sea star in distinct radial rods . photo used with permission from aaron baldw
small leptasterias may be confused with juveniles of pisaster ochraceus or evasterias troschelii , which occasionally have six arms . p . ochraceus has a single spine on each adambulacral , with a cluster of pedicellariae at the base but not on the spine . leptasterias has one or two spines per plate with a cluster of pedicellariae on the spine itself . e . troschelii has pedicellariae on the adambulacrals but an arm - to - disc ratio of 5 . 0 - 7 . 6 and six similar rows of spines between the superomarginals and the furrow , made up of two inferomarginals and four oral intermediates . leptasterias has no more than two oral intermediates .
the alaskan peninsula to the juan de fuca strait , puget sound and the strait of georgia . the small brooding forms of leptasterias are commonly found on rocky shores under rocks , in crevices and in mussel beds ; larger specimens are found subtidally .
( of asterias hexactis stimpson , 1862 ) stimpson , w . ( 1862 ) . on new genera and species of starfishes of the family pycnopodidae ( asteracanthion mueller & troschel ) . proceedings of the boston society of natural history . 8 : 261 - 273 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 272 [ details ]
members of the leptasterias hexactis complex have six arms 4 to 8 cm long , each with a distinct carinal row whose plates bear one to three spines apiece . this group of sea stars has arm - to - disc ratios ranging from 3 . 3 to 5 . 4 . it generally appears to have short stubby arms with an obvious row of light coloured spines down the centre of the arm and widely spaced capitate , dorsolateral spines irregularly arranged in a loose reticulate pattern . the superomarginals have one or two spines , rarely three , and the inferomarginals two . the oral intermediates are usually in a single well - developed series extending beyond half the arm , but never two rows . the adambulacrals have one or two spines , with clusters of crossed pedicellariae on their distal sides .
( of leptasterias aequalis var . compacta verrill , 1914 ) verrill , a . e . ( 1914 ) . monograph of the shallow - water starfishes of the north pacific coast from the arctic ocean to california . harriman alaska series : us national museum 14 : 1 - 408 pp . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 130 [ details ]
( of leptasterias aequalis var . concinna verrill , 1914 ) verrill , a . e . ( 1914 ) . monograph of the shallow - water starfishes of the north pacific coast from the arctic ocean to california . harriman alaska series : us national museum 14 : 1 - 408 pp . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 132 [ details ]
referring to the six arms . ) . green , black , brown , or red , sometimes mottled . disk moderate - sized with 6 fairly broad arms ; spines on upper surface dense and mushroom - shaped . rarely do we find these at race rocks exceeding 15 cm in length .
habitat : on rocky shores . we frequently find these when doing intertidal studies or when diving in shallow water at race rocks . range british columbia to s . california .
echinoderms have a few important aspects in common . they have bony ossicles in their body . they have a water - vascular system which pumps water through the madroporite . they also have small jaws that are supported by the water - vascular system . and they have tube feet which they use to attach to objects , for protection , as well as to obtain food . they have radial symmetry and most can regenerate lost limbs .
this file is provided as part of a collaborative effort by the students of lester b . pearson college
stimpson , w . ( 1862 ) . on new genera and species of starfishes of the family pycnopodidae ( asteracanthion mueller & troschel ) . proceedings of the boston society of natural history . 8 : 261 - 273 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 272 [ details ]
( of asterias vancouveri perrier , 1875 ) perrier , e . ( 1875 ) . révision de la collection de stellérides du museum d’histoire naturelle de paris . paris , reinwald . 384 p . , available online at urltoken ; _ esc = y page ( s ) : 64 [ details ]
classification from species 2000 & itis catalogue of life : april 2013 selected by c . michael hogan - see more .
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author =
kwast , { k . e . } and foltz , { d . w . } and stickle , { w . b . }
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two six ray stars found on a rock in the lower intertidal on calvert island . photo by chanda brietzke .
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mah , c . l . ( 2014 ) world asteroidea database . accessed through : world register of marine species at urltoken
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five or more arms . at least one adambulacral is fused into an adoral carina . the adambulacrals are wider than their length . crossed and straight pedicellariae are present , the former usually in dense tufts around the spines . the aboral skeleton is meshlike . the tube feet are arranged in four rows .
click on the image below to view an expanded illustration for this taxon . if more than one illustration is available for a species ( e . g . , two subspecies may be illustrated ) then links to the separate images will be provided below .
bc ministry of environment : bc species and ecosystems explorer - - the authoritative source for conservation information in british columbia .
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disclaimer : the information contained in an e - fauna bc atlas pages is derived from expert sources as cited ( with permission ) in each section . this information is scientifically based . e - fauna bc also acts as a portal to other sites via deep links . as always , users should refer to the original sources for complete information . e - fauna bc is not responsible for the accuracy or completeness of the original information .
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widdows , j . , d . k . phelps and w . galloway : measurement of physiological condition of mussels transplanted along a pollution gradient in narragensett bay . mar . environ . res .
woodland , d . j . and s . c . cairns sensitivity of population energy efficiency indices to differences in mortality rates . oecologia ( berl . )
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plioviverrops is an extinct genus of terrestrial carnivore of the family hyaenidae , endemic to southern europe during the late miocene subepoch ( 11.6 — 5.3 mya ) existing for approximately 6.3 million years .

plioviverrops

el linaje de
plioviverrops
prosperó y dio origen a descendientes con patas más largas y mandíbulas más puntiagudas , similar al aspecto tomado por los cánidos en américa del norte .
the lineage of
plioviverrops
prospered , and gave rise to descendants with longer legs and more pointed jaws , a direction similar to that taken by canids in north america .
= = = auge y desaparición de hiénidos similares a perros = = = los descendientes de
plioviverrops
alcanzaron su apogeo hace 15 millones de años , con más de treinta especies identificadas .
= = = rise and fall of the dog - like hyenas = = = the descendants of
plioviverrops
reached their peak 15 million years ago , with more than 30 species having been identified .
however , other hyaenids soon spread into europe and began spending more time on the ground . the first known european hyaenid was plioviverrops orbignyi , a small critter that has been called a
mongoose - like insectivore / omnivore .
plioviverrops was specialized for eating insects , rather than the wider diet of protictitherium . its claws couldn ' t retract , and it probably spent most of its time on the ground rather than in trees , like this angolan slender mongoose . it lived from 17 million to 5 . 3 million years ago , - - basically all through the miocene epoch .
shortly after the plioviverrops genus evolved , other hyaenids began getting bigger ( along with changes in their teeth ) , as the warm forests and woods of the early miocene epoch opened up into grasslands and open forests with definite seasons . around 10 million years ago , some hyaenids evolved into
running hyenas
who were better adapted to running down their prey like wolves than to crushing bones and scavenging ; others became more like small wolves or jackals , pursuing a scavenging and rodent - hunting lifestyle . finally , between 6 and 7 million years ago , some became fairly slow , bone - crushing animals ( although the spotted hyena can run reasonably fast ) .
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hyaenid
is the proper term for any member of the hyena family ( the hyaenidae ) , including the aardwolf .
only four species of hyaenids still live today , but paleontologists know of at least 69 species from fossils . i cannot hope to describe them all here , so this is kind of a rough overview .
with their heavy jaws and sloping backs , modern hyenas may look vaguely
primitive ,
but in fact the first hyaenid that scientists can recognize as such dates back only between 18 and 17 million years ago - - the early miocene epoch . by that time , horses already had three toes instead of five and cats were recognizable , if only barely .
of course , the ancestors of hyaenids must have separated from those of other carnivores millions of years before . maybe they looked - - and lived - - much like genets such as this small - spotted genet , living in trees much of the time and eating almost anything , including fruit and insects . most of the world was then covered with tropical or subtropical forests , with only a few areas of grassland .
at any rate , that first known hyena is protictitherium gaillardi , which still basically looked like a genet or civet . it could retract its claws like a cat and spent much if not most of its time in the trees . its diet may have been birds , small mammals and even insects .
there were several species of protictitherium after p . gaillardi . even though they were quite primitive , they managed to survive in the trees above their more advanced kin for millions of years , at last dying out between 5 . 3 and 4 . 2 million years ago .
belong ) . they evolved larger and heavier teeth , but we know very little about them , because as yet we have only fragmentary skulls , jaws and teeth of them .
one of the most extreme bone - crushers that ever evolved was adcrocuta eximia which lived in greece , austria and spain a bit more than 9 million years ago . with its thick , short legs , it was not a good runner - - but it was a good bone - crusher and may have thus lived mainly by scavenging , even more so than any modern hyena .
three hyena genera took up running down prey for a living : chasmaporthetes , lycyaena and hyaenictis . they had a long reign as important predators . chasmaporthetes crossed the bering land bridge during the pliocene to enter north america , where it evolved a new species , chasmaporthetes ossifragus - - the only native hyaenid that north america ever had . it did not die out until the first ice ages began , in the pleistocene - - perhaps a victim of the climate changes that also triggered the growth of the great ice sheets .
by the end of the miocene , hyaenids apparently ran into problems . we don ' t know why for sure , but competition with the canids ( wolves , foxes , jackals and other wild
dogs
) may have been part of it . the canids evolved in north america , but they entered eurasia seven million years ago and began to diversify . between three and four million years ago - - the pliocene - - the first wolf - sized canids arrived . whatever the cause , the entire hyaenid family almost died out in europe , except for a few running hyenas like chasmaporthetes and a giant version of the spotted hyena , called the
cave hyena
.
two known genera of hyenas explored a whole new ecological niche - - tongxinictis and tungurictis . they may have been evolving to become like modern civets . their teeth lost all ability to crush bone . but apparently this unique direction didn ' t work out , because they seem to have been rare and soon became extinct .
the aardwolf , a termite - eating hyaenid , must have split off from other hyaenids very early , because its weak jaws and feeble teeth are so different . but there are no hyaenid fossils that seem related . oddly , its coat is colored just like the striped hyena ' s . this may mean the coat coloring is a very old one for hyenas and was shared by the earliest hyaenids .
by the time the climate had truly warmed after the last ice age , perhaps 10 , 000 years ago , only today ' s four species of hyaenids still survived . of them all , only the striped hyena still ranges outside of africa . even the giant cave hyena of europe became extinct . the hyaenid family appears to be in a state of irreversible decline , though the surviving species may well persist and evolve for millions of years longer if humans do not exterminate them .
the hyaenid specialist group ' s page on ancient hyenas , which is more up to date .
koepfli kp , jenks sm , eizirik e , zahirpour t , van valkenburgh b , wayne rk . molecular systematics of the hyaenidae : relationships of a relictual lineage resolved by a molecular supermatrix . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 2006 mar 31 ; 38 ( 3 ) : 603 - 20 . ( what are these strange numbers and letters ? )
turner a , antón m . evolving eden : an illustrated guide to the evolution of the african large - mammal fauna . columbia university press ; 2004 .
wang x , tedford rh , antón m . dogs : their fossil relatives and evolutionary history . columbia university press ; 2010 .
werdelin l , solounias n . the evolutionary history of hyaenas in europe and western asia during the miocene . bernor , raymond louis , volker fahlbusch , and hans - walter mittmann , in the evolution of western eurasian neogene mammal faunas . columbia university press , 1996 .
angolan slender mongoose - - wikimedia commons , original photo taken by hans hillewaert and released under the creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 unported license .
this is a subsite of wearesites , robin m . weare ' s personal website . all contents copyright robin m . weare except where otherwise noted . all rights reserved .
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. . . 1 . 0 ma , france ) and untermassfeld ( ca . 1 . 0 , germany ) , among others ( turner et al . , 2008 ; palmqvist et al . , 2011 and references therein ) . the well - calibrated last appearance of this species is precisely layer evt7 of the vallparadís section ( fig . 5i ; ca . . . .
. . . during the late pleistocene cave hyenas were the main non - anthropic accumulators of bone remains in caves ( fosse , 1997 ; diedrich , 2014 ) . as a consequence of its activity , hundreds of accumulations have been documented in european caves ( fosse , 1997 ; fosse et al . , 1998 ; diedrich and žák , 2006 ; turner et al . , 2008 ; fourvel , 2012 ; diedrich , 2014 ; fourvel et al . , 2014 ) . in the late pleistocene of the iberian peninsula , the cave hyena was a common element in large mammal assemblages , being recorded from numerous sites ( varela , 2011 ) . . . .
. . . the cave hyena enjoyed notable success , becoming a ubiquitous taxon in european faunal associations of the late pleistocene from the urals to the iberian peninsula ( figure 15 , appendix 7 ) ( carrión et al . , 2006 , stuart andlister , 2014 ) . some authors hold that there are anatomical differences that are not sufficient for making a taxonomic distinction between individuals from the eurasian pleistocene and those from africa ( turner et al . , 2008 ) . results of studies of ancient dna of these fossil remains suggest that the populations of european spotted hyena are a subset of the african population and not a distinct species ( rohland et al . , 2005 ) . . . .
. . . in the last years , actuo - taphonomic studies show that crocuta crocuta seldom creates large accumulations of bones despite having the ability . on the contrary , it is thought that the cave hyena made large accumulations of bones during the late pleistocene throughout europe ( turner et al . , 2008 ; see references in diedrich , 2014 ; fosse , 1997 ; fourvel , 2012 , fourvel et al . , 2015 ) . therefore , apart from the morphological differences between c . spelaea and c . crocuta , ethological differences might exist as well . . . .
. . . given the lack of these diagnostic features of the type species of the genus , the inclusion of this species in hyaenictis is questionable ( being here referred to as ? hyaenictis wehaietu ) . hyaenictis has been classically included in the cursorial hyaenid ecomorphotype ( werdelin and solounias 1996 ; turner et al . 2008 ) , given the lack of the typical durophagous adaptations of adcrocuta . in this paper , we describe a new skull with associated mandible and atlas from the late vallesian of the vallès - penedès basin that , based on the retention of p1 and m2 , as well as the reduced m1 metaconid , is attributed to hyaenictis . . . .
. . . overall , the dentition of ips62078 is more slender ( it displays relatively narrower premolars ) than adcrocuta eximia ( see solounias 1990 , 1991 ; turner et al . 2008 ) . ips62078 further differs from a . eximia in the larger p4 protocone , the presence of a p3 mesial accessory cusp , the longer and tricuspid m1 talonid ( instead of bicuspid , as adcrocuta lacks the hypoconulid ) , and the retention of m2 . . . .
. . . the dentition of the described specimen also does not resemble that of chasmaporthetes , which is characterized by more slender and trenchant premolars with well - developed distal accessory cusps , as well as several more derived features that are absent in hyaenictis spp . ( turner et al . 2008 ) . thus , ips62078 differs from chasmaporthetes ( see kurtén and werdelin 1988 ; werdelin and solounias 1991 ; werdelin and turner 1996 ; antón et al . 2006 ; tseng et al . 2013 ) in the presence of p1 , the relatively broader cheek teeth , the less developed accessory cusps in the premolars , the mesial and distal accessory cusps of the premolars aligned with the main cusp ( instead of lingually tilted ) , the presence of metaconid ( even if vestigial ) , the tricuspid m1 talonid ( chasmaporthetes lacks the hypoconulid and sometimes the hypoconid ) , and the presence of m2 . . . .
. . . according to the ecological opportunity hypothesis , this will be more likely if the immigrant has a substantially different ecology ( e . g . using otherwise unexploited resources ) , or if the continent is poor of species with similar ecologies . for instance , a phylogenetic study suggests that rat snakes ( colubridae : tribe lampropeltini ) underwent an explosive diversification in north america after migrating from eurasia through the bering land bridge [ 14 ] . this pattern is interpreted as the outcome of the colonization of a continent where ecological opportunities were plentiful , since the existing diversity of snakes in north america at the time of immigration was relatively low [ 14 ] . . . .
. . . for instance , a phylogenetic study suggests that rat snakes ( colubridae : tribe lampropeltini ) underwent an explosive diversification in north america after migrating from eurasia through the bering land bridge [ 14 ] . this pattern is interpreted as the outcome of the colonization of a continent where ecological opportunities were plentiful , since the existing diversity of snakes in north america at the time of immigration was relatively low [ 14 ] . likewise , a phylogeny of muroid rodents suggests that a rapid radiation characterized by a burst in speciation rates , followed the arrival to south america [ 15 ] . . . .
. . . their biochronological significance remains , however , relatively limited since their presence in western europe covers a large timeframe . pachycrocuta brevirostris appeared in europe at the beginning of the late villafranchian ( olivola fu / mnq18 , e . g . turner et al . , 2008 ; rook and martínez - navarro , 2010 ) and disappeared at the beginning of the middle galerian , perhaps as a result of the arrival of crocuta ( palombo et al . , 2008 ) . panthera onca gombaszoegensis and canis mosbachensis are present in western and central europe respectively from mnq18 and mnq19 and up to the late galerian ( e . g . . . .
. . . pachycrocuta brevirostris appeared in europe at the beginning of the late villafranchian ( olivola fu / mnq18 , e . g . turner et al . , 2008 ; rook and martínez - navarro , 2010 ) and disappeared at the beginning of the middle galerian , perhaps as a result of the arrival of crocuta ( palombo et al . , 2008 ) . panthera onca gombaszoegensis and canis mosbachensis are present in western and central europe respectively from mnq18 and mnq19 and up to the late galerian ( e . g . . . .
. . . hunting ( or cursorial ) hyenas were the last ecomorphotype to become extinct , being substituted by canids during the pliocene , after the dispersal of the latter into the old world by the end of the miocene ( werdelin and turner 1996a , b ; turner et al . 2008 ) . three out of the four extant hyaenids belong to the bone - cracking ecomorphotype : crocuta crocuta ( erxleben , 1777 ) , hyaena hyaena ( linnaeus , 1758 ) , and parahyaena brunnea ( thunberg , 1820 ) . . . .
. . . more recently , studies on the internal cranial anatomy of hyaenids relied on extant taxa ( holekamp et al . 2007a ; arsznov et al . 2010 ; sakai et al . 2011 ) , so that the brain morphology of extinct bone - cracking hyenas remains undescribed . here , with the aid of ct - scans , we describe the internal cranial morphology ( frontal sinuses and brain ) of the extinct bone - cracking hyena pliocrocuta perrieri , which is the most common hyena in late pliocene to early pleistocene mammalian faunas from europe ( turner et al . 2008 ) . we analyze three complete crania of this hyaenid species from the iberian peninsula , whose external morphology was previously described by vinuesa et al . ( 2014 ) . . . .
. . . alan . cooper @ urltoken 1 these authors contributed equally to this work . types and fill a surprisingly wide range of ecological niches , and their presence is a useful indicator of ecosystem health ( turner et al . 2008 ) . among the four extant species , the spotted hyena , which is the sole member of the genus crocuta , has attracted considerable evolutionary and systematic interest due to having a social system similar to that of many primates , in contrast to other gregarious carnivores ( watts & holekamp 2007 ; diedrich 2008 ; turner et al . 2008 ) . . . .
. . . this diversity was even greater during the quaternary , when hyenids were also present , and the extant carnivore fauna was much more widespread than it is today . however while the evolution of the large african and european terrestrial carnivore guild has had considerably attention ( turner , 1990 ; turner and antón , 1996 , 1998 ; werdelin and lewis , 2005 , 2013 ; turner et al . , 2008 ) , this is less true of asia and southeast ( se ) asia in particular . southeast asia , especially the sundaic and indochinese parts of the indomalayan realm ( encompassing the area from southern china in the north to java in the south , sumatra in the west and borneo and the philippines in the east ; fig . . . .
. . . the earliest record of this species is from the pliocene of europe , ca 5 . 3e3 . 4 ma ( turner et al . , 2008 ) . in se asia its earliest record is kao pah nam , thailand ( recorded as crocuta sp . ) , a currently undated , but probably middle pleistocene , site . . . .
our research during the last 20 years has been chiefly concerned with aspects of the evolution of miocene - pliocene carnivora . areas of particular interest include the functional anatomy and systema…
[ more ]
as an international research team , we strive to understand the anatomy and paleoecology of the once widespread fossil ailurids ( red pandas ) .
i ' m involved in projects concerning rri and public engagement in science . one of these is nano2all and another is sparks . the projects synenergene is just ended .
new viverrid , felid , mustelid and amphicyonid fossils from the lothidok formation of west turkana .
recent studies have found regularities in the pattern of distribution of dental parameters such as canine or carnassial length among sympatric carnivores . these regularities are taken to be indicative of community - wide character displacement . this study documents similar patterns in late miocene and earliest pliocene hyaenids from several localities in eurasia and africa . statistical tests . . . [ show full abstract ]
the topotypic material of the giant late miocene hyaenid allohyaena kadici kretzoi is described . new data on the deciduous dentition shows unambiguously that a . kadici is a hyaenid and not a percrocutid as reported by some previous authors . a . kadici is compared to the large hyaenids adcrocuta eximia and crocuta crocuta . these comparisons show that a . kadici has a mixture of primitive . . . [ show full abstract ]
sabre - toothed felids , the machairodontines , have attracted much attention among palaeontologists for many decades , not only because of their spectacular morphology but also because they are a striking example of convergent evolution that is most probably linked to strong selective pressures . in this paper we provide a summary of the changing interpretations of their functional anatomy and . . . [ show full abstract ]
functional anatomy of the forelimb in promegantereon * ogygia ( felidae , machairodontinae , smilodonti . . .
we examine the functional anatomy of the forelimb in the primitive sabre - toothed cat promegantereon ogygia in comparison with that of the extant pantherins , other felids and canids . the study reveals that this early machairodontine had already developed strong forelimbs and a short and robust thumb , a combination that probably allowed p . ogygia to exert relatively greater forces than extant . . . [ show full abstract ]
“earliest zanclean age for the colombacci and uppermost di tetto formations of the « latest messinian » northern apennines : new palaeoenvironmental data from the maccarone section ( marche province , italy ) ” by popescu et al . ( 2007 ) geobios 40 ( 359–373 )
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we review the larger pattern of appearance of the hyaenidae in europe and outline their part in the turnover of the guild of larger carnivora that occurs across the miocene–pliocene boundary . the earliest record of the family is in mn4 , although the patchy nature of the earliest records makes it difficult to be certain about the continent of origin . there is a clear pattern of morphological evolution over that long timespan , from the earliest viverrid - and herpestid - like forms through dog - like and more cursorial taxa to the larger , bone - crunching animals of the later miocene and the pliocene–pleistocene epochs . miocene dog - like hyaenas may indicate that social hunting had emerged by that time , while the appearance of larger species means that hyaena - accumulated bone assemblages may potentially occur in any late miocene to pleistocene locality .
nous révisons le modèle d’apparition des hyaenidae en europe et nous soulignons leur rôle dans le renouvellement des communautés de grands carnivores au cours du miocène et du pliocène . le premier enregistrement de cette famille est situé dans la mn4 , même si la rareté des premiers enregistrements ne permet pas d’établir avec certitude leur continent d’origine . il existe un modèle clair d’évolution morphologique pendant cette période , des premières formes apparentées aux viverridés et aux herpestidés en passant par des formes de type dog - like et des taxons plus cursoriaux , jusqu’aux grands animaux broyeurs d’os du miocène terminal et du plio - pléistocène . les hyènes miocènes qualifiées de dog - like peuvent indiquer que la chasse sociale , en groupe , ait émergé à cette époque , alors que l’apparition des espèces de grande taille signifie que les hyènes accumulatrices de vestiges osseux , ont pu potentiellement exister dans les localités du miocène terminal au pliocène .
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view nexus file : hyaenidae _ werdelin _ & _ solounias _ 1991 . nex
werdelin , l . and n . solounias . 1991 . the hyaenidae : taxonomic systematics and evolution . fossils and strata 30 : 1 - 104 .
( 7926 ) l . werdelin and n . solunias 1991 . the hyaenidae : taxonomy , systematics , and evolution fossils and strata 30 : 1 - 104
( 53093 ) p . j . wagner and g . f . estabrook 2014 . trait - based diversification shifts reflect differential extinction among fossil taxa proceedings of the national academy of sciences 111 ( 46 ) : 16419 - 16424
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( de bonis et al . , 2005 ) ? ] | | - - †
carroll , r . l . , 1988 : vertebrate paleontology and evolution . –w . h . freeman and company , new york , 1988 , 698
carroll , r . l . , 1988 : appendix . 594 - 648 in carroll , r . l . , 1988 : vertebrate paleontology and evolution . –w . h . freeman and company , new york , 1988 , 698
de bonis , l . , peigné , s . , likius , a . , mackaye , h . t . , vignaud , p . & brunet , m . , 2005 : hyaenictitherium minimum , a new ictithere ( mammalia , carnivora , hyaenidae ) from the late miocene of toros - menella , chad . –comptes rendus de l ' académie des sciencies , paris : palevol : vol . 4 , pp . 671 - 679
kurtén , b . & werdelin , l . , 1988 : a review of the genus chasmaporthetes hay , 1921 ( carnivora , hyaenidae ) . –journal of vertebrate paleontology : vol . 8 , # 1 , pp . 46 - 66
mckenna , m . c . & bell , s . k . , ( eds . ) 1997 : classification of mammals – above the species level . –columbia university press , new york , 1997 , xii - 631
nowak , r . m . , 1991 : walker ' s mammals of the world ; part 1 . –the johns hopkins university press , baltimore and london , 1991 , xlviii - 642 - lxiii
nowak , r . m . , 1991 : walker ' s mammals of the world ; part 2 . –the johns hopkins university press , baltimore and london , 1991 , xii - 643 - 1629
tseng , z . j . , jin , c . - z . , liu , j . - y . , zheng , l . - t . & sun , c . - k . , 2008 : fossil hyaenidae ( mammalia : carnivora ) from huainan , anhui province , china . –vertebrata palasiatica : vol . 46 , # 2 , pp . 133 - 146
wang , x . - m . , 2004 : new materials of tungurictis ( hyaenidae , carnivora ) from tunggur formation , nei mongol . –vertebrata palasiatica : vol . 42 , # 2 , pp . 144 - 153
werdelin , l . & lewis , m . e . , 2000 : carnivora from the south turkwel hominid site , northern kenya . –journal of paleontology : vol . 74 , # 6 , pp . 1173 - 1180
werdelin , l . & lewis , m . e . , 2012 : the taxonomic identity of the type specimen of crocuta sivalensis ( falconer , 1867 ) . –journal of vertebrate paleontology : vol . 32 , # 6 , pp . 1453 - 1456 [ doi : 10 . 1080 / 039 . 032 . 0607 ]
werdelin , l . , 2003 : mio - pliocene carnivora from lothagam , kenya . 261 - 328 . in leakey , m . g . & harris , j . m . , ( eds . ) 2003 : lothagam – the dawn of humanity in east africa . –columbia university press , new york , 2003 , 1 - 678
werdelin , l . & solounias , n . , 1991 : the hyaenidae : taxonomy , systematics and evolution . –fossils & strata : # 30 , 31 may , pp . 1 - 104
adcrocuta ( syn . hyena ) , allohyaena , chasmaporthetes ( syn . ailuraena ) , crocuta , hyaena , hyaenictis , hyaenictitherium , ictitherium , leecyaena , lycyaena , miohyaena , pachycrocuta , palinhyaena , pliocrocuta , protictitherium , thalassictis ( syn . palhyaena ) , tungurictis .
j . j . flynn . 1998 . early cenozoic carnivora (
miacoidea
) . in c . m . janis , k . m . scott , and l . l . jacobs ( eds . ) , evolution of tertiary mammals of north america
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