algia is a genus of butterflies of the subfamily heliconiinae in the family nymphalidae found in southeast asia .

the genus ranges from burma to new guinea .

algia

algia fasciata ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 233
algia satyrina ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 233
algia fasciata angustata ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 232
algia fasciata lautus ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 232
algia satyrina satyrina ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 233
algia satyrina sibylla ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 233
“ - algia ” in diccionario de la lengua española , vigésima tercera edición , real academia española , 2014 .
algia satyrina similliana [ sic ] ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 233
genus : algia herrich - schäffer , 1864 . corresp . - bl . zool . - min . ver . regensburg 18 ( 9 ) : 125 .
algia fasciata ( c . & r . felder , 1860 ) = atella fasciata c . & r . felder , 1860 = cirrochroa fasciata = paduca fasciata .
most words ending in - algia are specialist medical terms , but a few are more generally known , such as neuralgia , intense intermittent pain along the course of a nerve .
it is still felt that stability and universality will best be served by the continued use of paduca moore , 1886 and the rejection of algia herrich - schäffer , 1864 , and a proposal to this effect is being submitted .
in annot . rhop . 1968 ( p . 16 , note 2 ) it was said than an application would be submitted under article 23b regarding algia herrich - schäffer , 1864 and paduca moore , 1886 , whose type - species are regarded respectively as the celebes and the sumatran subspecies of the same species . this has not been done .
algia was never brought into general use because , not only was it introduced in unsatisfactory fashion as hemming points out so clearly , but it also was discarded by scudder in his historical sketch ( 1875 ) . it ranked as a perfect example of a nomen oblitum when , a century after its introduction , hemming ( 1964 : 124 ) improperly revived it . this act contravened article 23 ( b ) of the code in that he did not
refer it to the commission , to be placed either on the appropriate official index of rejected names or , if such action better serves the stability and universality of nomenclature , on the appropriate official list [ hemming , 1967 ] . a nomen oblitum is not to be used unless the commission so directs .
ducapa moore , 1900 ; lepidoptera indica 4 : 209 ( unn . repl . paduca moore , 1886 ) ; ts : atella fasciata c . & r . felder
paduca fasciata fasciata ; [ bor ] , 260 ; [ bmp ] : 152 , pl . 21 , f . 16 - 17
paduca fasciata palloris fruhstorfer , 1900 ; berl . ent . zs . 45 ( 1 / 2 ) : 16 ; tl : palawan
cirrochroa fasciata bilbilis fruhstorfer , 1912 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 485
cirrochroa fasciata ortopia fruhstorfer , 1912 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 485
cirrochroa satyrina angustata fruhstorfer , 1912 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 485
cirrochroa fasciata formosana matsumura , 1929 ; insecta matsumurana 3 ( 2 / 3 ) : 96 , pl . 4 , f . 12 ; tl : formosa
cirrochroa satyrina c . & r . felder , [ 1867 ] ; reise fregatte novara , bd 2 ( abth . 2 ) ( 3 ) : 389 ; tl : celebes
cirrochroa sibylla röber , 1887 ; corr . - bl . ent . ver . iris 1 ( 4 ) : 191 , pl . 7 , f . 7
cirrochroa similiana röber , 1887 ; corr . - bl . ent . ver . iris 1 ( 4 ) : 191 , pl . 7 , f . 8
cirrochroa felderi kirsch , 1877 ; mitt . zool . mus . dresden ( 2 ) : 123
? messaras mimicus rothschild , 1904 ; novit . zool . 11 ( 1 ) : 318 , pl . 3 , f . 43 ♂ ; tl : upper aroa river
[ ² ] this may require parentheses or not . i don ' t have the necessary information for this taxon .
the butterflies of the malay peninsula . fourth edition revised by j . n . eliot with plates by bernard d ' abrera
reise der österreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b . von wüllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . band 2 . abtheilung 2 . lepidoptera . rhopalocera
- 120 , ( inhalts - verz . ) 1 - 9 ( pl . 1 - 74 ) , ( felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ) , ( 5 ) : pl .
rhopalocera bazilana . verzeichniss der von w . doherty auf der insel bazilan gesammelten tagfalter
list of the lepidoptera of mergui and its archipelago collected for the trustees of the indian museum , calcutta , by dr john anderson f . r . s . , superintendent of the museum
lepidoptera from british new guinea , collected by mr . a . s . meek
vane - wright & de jong , 2003 the butterflies of sulawesi : annotated checklist for a critical island faunda zool . verh . leiden 343 : 3 - 268 , pl . 1 - 16
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
this page was last edited on 27 may 2018 , at 07 : 29 .
text is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .
how would you like a stronger immune system or better sleep ? action between the sheets can help you get all of this and more .
red , itchy , and scaly skin ? discover common skin conditions like psoriasis , rashes , and more in the collection of medical photos .
lose weight without dieting ! live better and be healthier with these quick nutritional tips from the experts .
) , and neuralgia ( nerve pain ) . derived from the greek algos meaning pain .
©1996 - 2018 medicinenet , inc . all rights reserved . terms of use .
medicinenet does not provide medical advice , diagnosis or treatment . see additional information .
urltoken unabridged based on the random house unabridged dictionary , © random house , inc . 2018
collins english dictionary - complete & unabridged 2012 digital edition © william collins sons & co . ltd . 1979 , 1986 © harpercollins publishers 1998 , 2000 , 2003 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2009 , 2012
the american heritage® stedman ' s medical dictionary copyright © 2002 , 2001 , 1995 by houghton mifflin company . published by houghton mifflin company .
all content on this website , including dictionary , thesaurus , literature , geography , and other reference data is for informational purposes only . this information should not be considered complete , up to date , and is not intended to be used in place of a visit , consultation , or advice of a legal , medical , or any other professional .
webster’s new world college dictionary , 4th edition . copyright © 2010 by houghton mifflin harcourt . all rights reserved .
brackets ( also called parentheses ) are used to enclose a word or words which can be left out and still leave a meaningful sentence . the wooded area ( see map below ) is approximately 4 , 000 hectares . . . .
impress your friends , family and colleagues with this unusual collection of football lingo .
catch up on the latest words in the news this june with robert groves .
all the latest wordy news , linguistic insights , offers and competitions every month .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
one that seems not to fit here is nostalgia , a sentimental longing or wistful affection for the past ; this first entered the language meaning homesickness ( greek nostos , return home ) , hence having a sense close to ‘pain of separation’ .
a few terms have linked adjectives in - algic , for example arthralgic , myalgic , neuralgic , and nostalgic .
copyright © michael quinion 2008– . all rights reserved . page last updated 23 september 2008 . your comments and suggestions on the site are very welcome .
©2018 webmd , inc . all rights reserved . emedicinehealth does not provide medical advice , diagnosis or treatment . see additional information .
those oversized vrykul are not the first thing you want to run into in northrend . try the undead of borean tundra instead .
equip : gain 10 % increased movement speed and 2 % haste . successfully applying a loss of control effect to an enemy , interrupting an enemy , or dispelling any target increases this effect to 70 % increased movement speed and 25 % haste for 10 sec . this increase may occur once every 30 sec .
intangibility is a curious concept . the word suggests some magical ability , but in the physical world , it simply means the power to be here or there , now or later .
equip : your damaging abilities have a chance to create a ravaging storm at your target ' s location , inflicting 88 nature damage split among all enemies within 6 yds over 6 sec . golganneth ' s thunderous wrath when empowered by the pantheon , your autoattacks cause an explosion of lightning dealing 12 nature damage to all enemies within 8 yds of the target . lasts 15 sec .
equip : your melee attacks have a chance to grant an echo of gorshalach . on reaching 15 applications , you lash out with a devastating combination of attacks , critically striking enemies in a 15 yd cone in front of you for 177 fire damage .
equip : grants the fury of the illidari ability , which repeatedly slashes all nearby enemies with your warglaives .
make examples of those foolish enough to oppose you , and the rest of their kind will grovel at your feet .
charge to your target and deal 207 , 869 fire damage . demon ' s bite has a chance to reset the cooldown of felblade . generates 30 fury .
your auto attacks have a 60 % chance to deal additional shadow damage and generate fury .
throw glaive causes targets to bleed for 150 % of the damage inflicted over 10 sec . if this effect is reapplied , any remaining damage will be added to the new bloodlet .
slip into the nether , increasing movement speed by 100 % and becoming immune to damage , but unable to attack . lasts 5 sec .
fel rush and vengeful retreat increase your damage done by 20 % for 4 sec .
throw glaive now has 2 charges , and snares all enemies hit by 50 % for 6 sec .
at your command , unleash fel , inflicting 1 . 6 million chaos damage to your target and nearby enemies over 2 sec . your damaging abilities have a chance to reduce the cooldown of fel barrage by 5 sec .
infernal strike ' s range is increased by 10 yards , and its cooldown is reduced by 8 sec .
immolation aura ' s initial burst has a chance to shatter lesser soul fragments from enemies .
brutally slam your target for 474 , 543 physical damage , and shatter two lesser soul fragments from them .
place a sigil of chains at the target location that activates after 2 sec . all enemies affected by the sigil are pulled to its center and are snared , reducing movement speed by 70 % for 6 sec .
consume all soul fragments within 25 yds and then explode , afflicting nearby enemies with frailty for 20 sec and damaging them for 106 , 219 fire per fragment . you heal for 20 % of all damage you deal to enemies with frailty .
sustaining fatal damage instead transforms you to metamorphosis form , and returns you to 30 % health . this effect may only occur every 8 min .
this species was until recently known from myanmar ( karen hills southward ) , indo - china ( thailand , laos , vietnam ) , se asia , and andaman islands . recently there have been several records from ne india , extending the range of the species northwestward by approximately 1 , 000 km , over several mountain ranges . the records are :
1 . a male from kaliabor , nagaon district , assam , 13 april 2011 , by prarthana mudai ( urltoken ) .
2 . a female and another unsexed individual from malidor river , sonapyrdi , east jaintia hills district , meghalaya , 25 nov . 2011 , by rajkamal goswami ( boi media code an947 ) .
3 . a male and another unsexed individual from same location as an947 , on 10 nov . 2012 , by rajkamal goswami ( boi media codes an945 and an946 ) .
felder & felder , 1860 – branded yeoman . kunte , k . , s . sondhi , and p . roy ( chief editors ) .
if mentioning specific images please give media code ( s ) . for misidentifications please list reasons to assist in diagnosis .
copyright © 2018 , all rights reserved . national centre for biological sciences ( ncbs ) holds copyright for all the original material and compilations on this website , although contributing writers and photographers may hold copyright for their material as cited . material from this website can be used freely for educational , basic research and conservation purposes , provided that this website is acknowledged and properly cited as the source . contact us to obtain prior permission for any other use , including for large data downloads and collaborative research .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
urltoken
type - species : cirrochroa satyrina felder & felder , 1867 . reise öst . fregatte novara ( 9 ) , 2 ( 2 ) : 389 . [ bhl ]
type - species designation : by subsequent designation by hemming , 1964 . annot . lep . : 124 .
it is wrong to treat paduca moore ( see also : list [ hemming , 1967 ] : 330 ) as not in current use . with ducapa the name has long been well known , and was mentioned in seitz ( grschm . erde 9 : 484 , by fruhstorfer , 1912 ) , and paduca was confirmed as fully valid by corbet in 1956 ( butt . malay penin . : 198 , 446 , 477 note 15 ) , in his classic which is widely consulted now in the territory of paduca .
these two generic names remain both valid , their synonymy being purely subjective . the type - species , a . satyrina felder & felder , 1867 and p . fasciata folder & felder , 1860 are remarkably different in appearance and there is even some structural difference between them . although they must represent the same original parent species their divergence is considerable and presents an interesting situation . it is felt that until more is known of their early stages , habits and other properties , there is no harm in leaving the nomenclature as it stands . in any case it is not possible to act under article 23b at present , as that article is still in abeyance , having been inoperative since 1966 .
we use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
we have kept jott a free peer - reviewed scientific journal to promote conservation . we have not put up a paywall to readers , and we do not charge for publishing . but running a monthly journal costs a lot . while we do have some partners , we still require support to keep the journal alive . if our readers help fund it , our future will be more secure .
urn : lsid : zoobank . org : pub : 81923c7e - 531a - 499c - baea - 42bd6e2f8d26
. creative commons attribution 4 . 0 international license . jott allows unrestricted use of this article in any medium , reproduction and distribution by providing adequate credit to the authors and the source of publication .
council of scientific and industrial research ( csir ) and rufford small grant ( rsg ) .
we thank the council of scientific and industrial research ( csir ) for supporting the fellowship of the first author , rufford small grants for financially supporting the study and dr . krushnamegh kunte for identifying the species from the first images and prashanth m . b . for preparing the map . we also thank two anonymous reviewers whose comments helped to improve the manuscript .
( felder & felder , 1860 ) has been known to occur from myanmar ( south of karen hills ) , thailand , laos , vietnam , hainan , malay peninsula , borneo , sumatra , nias , java , philippines and the andaman islands with different geographical races or subspecies ( inayoshi 2012 ) . from both myanmar and the andamans , it was reported as ‘not rare’ by evans ( 1932 ) whereas corbet et al . ( 1992 ) reported the species to be very common in the malay peninsula . the other two species of the genus
from jaintia hills of meghalaya and the adjacent barail hills of assam ( see fig . 1 ) , based on several individuals recorded consistently over a period of three years between november 2011 and july 2014 . this is the only species of the genus
a detailed description of the species was provided by evans ( 1932 ) . the female of
are with a dull ochreous brand on either side of veins 5 and 6 . upperside is dark brown with a pale yellow discal band on the fore and hind wing and two outer rows of conjoined yellow spots ; the discal band on upper fore wing ends at vein 4 and there is a yellow spot that spreads across veins 5 and 6 . the wingspan of the species is 40–50 mm ( pinratana 2006 ) . the larvae which feeds on
the first known record of this species from the indian mainland was reported through an image posted for identification on facebook ( on 10 september 2011 ) . the image was shot at kaliabor , situated in the nagaon district of assam on 13 april 2011 ( fig . 1 ) and has been reported in the local print media (
monsoon jyoti gogoi ( mjg ) might have sighted the species in numaligarh reserve situated in the golaghat district of assam circa february 2008 , but the record remains unconfirmed in the absence of a photographic record . apart from the above sightings , the species has not been reported from the above two sites or any nearby locations till date .
on 24 november 2011 and three individuals from malidor on 25 november 2011 . rg and seena n . karimbumkara ( snk ) further recorded two individuals in sonapyrdi on 8 november 2012 and seven individuals on the same date in malidor ( image 1 a , c , d , e ) . subsequently , from barail hills , mjg reported
through two individuals recorded in december 2012 . mjg has also recorded several individuals of this species from three different locations at barail wildlife sanctuary in 2013 and 2014 , both during the month of december ( image 1 b , f ) .
from jaintia hills , all the records of this species have been reported from approximately 50–300 m elevation . however , the elevation range of this species was much higher in barail hills , with records at 950m .
both rg and mjg have been involved in multi - seasonal monitoring of the species in jaintia hills and barail hills and both these sites have been intensively monitored between 2011–2013 . it has been observed that the flight period of
is between july and december in the jaintia and barail hills . we are yet to record the species during the month of march - april , as was recorded by mudai in 2011 .
between july and december might mean that the butterfly is not breeding in the area and that the sighted individuals are vagrants from neighbouring myanmar . alternatively , their restricted appearance in assam and meghalaya might also be an indicator of the population’s univoltine characteristic . according to our sightings , the species is locally common in the narpuh area of east jaintia hills , meghalaya and barail wildlife sanctuary , cachar , assam .
from india , apart from the sites mentioned in assam and meghalaya , the species has also been reported from the buxa tiger reserve ( btr ) , situated in the duar region , northern part of west bengal ( s . nandi pers . comm . 2012 ) . since then , however , the species has not been reported from btr , where both amateurs and researchers are engaged in
baan lae suan - amarin printing and publishing , bangkok , 388 + 40pls .
copyright ( c ) 2015 rajkamal goswami , monsoon jyoti gogoi , seena n . karimbumkara
the journal of threatened taxa is an open access and print , peer - reviewed , monthly , international journal on conservation and taxonomy . the aim of the journal is to promote wildlife research and conservation action worldwide at no cost to authors , no subscription or membership cost , and no hidden cost , on a regular basis without compromising on ethics , standards and pre - requisites of scientific publications .
this site is run on the open journal system ( ojs ) . this work is licensed under creative commons attribution 4 . 0 international license .
note : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments
* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .
there are no photos of this species on the website yet . you can offer your photo by logging into your account
curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .
species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en
species cirrochroa orissa c . felder & r . felder , 1860 - malay yeoman


the dunlin ( calidris alpina ) is a small wader , sometimes separated with the other " stints " in erolia .

the english name is a dialect form of " dunling " , first recorded in 1531 – 2 .

it derives from " dun " , " dull brown " , with the - ling suffix meaning " concerned with " .

the genus name is from ancient greek kalidris or skalidris , a term used by aristotle for some grey-coloured waterside birds .

the specific alpina is from latin and means " of high mountains " , in this case referring to the alps .

it is a circumpolar breeder in arctic or subarctic regions .

birds that breed in northern europe and asia are long-distance migrants , wintering south to africa , southeast asia and the middle east .

birds that breed in alaska and the canadian arctic migrate short distances to the pacific and atlantic coasts of north america , although those nesting in northern alaska overwinter in asia .

many dunlins winter along the iberian south coast .

dunlin

black - breast , black - breast dunlin , purre , red - backed sandpiper .
the dunlin is a very rare vagrant to new zealand , with four accepted records .
marthinsen g , wennerberg l . lifjeld jt . phylogeography and subspecies taxonomy of dunlin (
roberts , g . ( 1983 ) . a sighting of dunlin calidris alpina in north queensland and a review of australian dunlin records . sunbird . 13 : 15 - 19 .
seasonal variation in harvestable density and biomass of main dunlin prey species in winter and spring .
table 1 : the development of the population of the dunlin in denmark 1964 - 2011 .
equations used to calculate biomass ( ash free dry weight , afdw ) of dunlin invertebrate prey .
rather cold tolerant for a shorebird , dunlin winter well to the north along the atlantic coast .
population development of baltic bird species : southern dunlin ( calidris alpina schinzii l . , 1758 )
one weird observation regarding the dunlin is their close association with the golden plover , there are several accounts of a single dunlin joining a flock of plover or even accompanying single plovers on feeding forays .
( 5 ) dunlin x purple sandpiper ( calidris alpina x calidris maritima ) . see millington 1994 .
the dunlin is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
habraken , a . 1980 . a dunlin at karaka shellbanks . notornis 27 : 300 - 301 .
wennerberg l , holmgren nma , jönsson pe . von schantz tv . genetic and morphological variation in dunlin
figure 1 : the breeding population of the southern dunlin in mecklenburg - western pomerania 1970 - 2011 .
brown , b . 1979 . dunlin in the firth of thames . notornis 26 : 202 - 203 .
kelsey , m . , m . hassall . 1989 . patch selection by dunlin on a heterogeneous mudflat .
the dunlin nests on the tundra and winters on beaches , river and lake shores , mudflats and sandflats .
) . five subspecies of dunlin breed in the east asia and alaska region known as beringia ( fig .
as will be discussed below , the most parsimonious combinations seems to be dunlin x white - rumped sandpiper but it is worth keep other possibilities in mind such as dunlin x western sandpiper or white - rumped x western sandpiper .
diet of dunlin in winter and spring assessed by ( a ) field observations and ( b ) dropping analyses .
the dunlin has rapid , low flight when flushed . larger flocks twist and turn in unison while flying together .
dunlin . overwintering bird moulting into breeding plumage . manukau harbour , april 2006 . image © phil battley by phil battley
outside the breeding season , dunlin are typically found in the company of other waders , on muddy estuaries and coastlines .
brown , b . 1975 . sight record of a dunlin in new zealand . notornis 22 : 241 - 243 .
we collected 370 dunlin blood or tissue samples from 18 breeding areas during the 2003 to 2009 breeding seasons ( fig .
audubon ( 2005 ) . dunlin calidris alpina . conservation status . viewed 2 may 2008 . available from : urltoken .
dunlin breeding in northern alaska apparently move west , migrating down the eastern side of siberia and asia to japan and china .
dunlin mainly eat small invertebrates ( worms , crustaceans , molluscs and insects ) obtained by probing . no new zealand data .
baker , m . 1982 . individuality of vocalizations in dunlin : a possible acoustic basis for recognition of parent by offspring .
shepherd , p . , d . lank . 2004 . marine and agricultural habitat preferences of dunlin wintering in british columbia .
] than the dunlin in greenland ! ) the first observations listed for svalbard often come from adventfjorden , e . g .
( 4 ) dunlin x white - rumped sandpiper ( calidris alpina x calidris fuscicollis ) . see mclaughlin and wormington 2000 for discussion .
the oldest recorded dunlin was at least 12 years , 5 months old when it was recaptured and rereleased during banding operations in california .
the dunlin eats insects and larvae , marine worms , small crustaceans , snails and small fish . sometimes the dunlin is called the
sewing machine
because of the way it bobs its head up and down and pokes into the ground when it probes for food .
dunlin : rock sandpiper has less black on belly and has yellow legs . purple sandpiper is darker gray above and has yellow legs .
clark na ( 1983 ) the ecology of dunlin ( calidris alpina l . ) wintering on the severn estuary : university of edinburgh .
the feeding strategy of the dunlin ( calidris alpina l . ) in artificial and non - artificial habitats at ria de aveiro , portugal
the pilothouse version of the dunlin 22 is available as downloadable study and construction plans , and printed construction . imperial and metric units .
the dunlin eats insects and larvae , marine worms , small crustaceans , snails , and small fish . the dunlin is sometimes called the
sewing machine
because of the way it bobs its head up and down and pokes into the ground as it probes for food .
a conservation priority for the dunlin is the development of monitoring across its range so that overall population trends may be determined ( 2 ) .
the female dunlin lays four eggs . the chicks hatch in 21 - 22 days and fledge when they are 19 - 21 days old .
there is a report of a dunlin at the same site on 6th february 1979 , when the pond was then concrete - lined and called the model yacht pond , and the following year i observed a dunlin that was present by alexandra lake from 31st august to 3rd september .
clark , n . a . ( 1987 ) . a probable hybrid dunlin / sanderling . scottish birds . 14 : 211 - 213 .
sterbetz , i . ( 1992 ) . foods of dunlin ( calidris alpina ) in hungary . aquila . 99 : 49 - 57 .
embed this arkive thumbnail link (
portlet
) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =
urltoken
title =
arkive species - dunlin ( calidris alpina )
> < img src =
urltoken
alt =
arkive species - dunlin ( calidris alpina )
title =
arkive species - dunlin ( calidris alpina )
border =
0
/ > < / a >
saunders , g . c . 2012 . dunlin . in miskelly , c . m . ( ed . ) new zealand birds online . urltoken
stockholm 350xx12 , migrant 2c male , ljunghusen , 2 . 7 . 05 . sometimes the dunlin male ( in this case belonging to the subspecies
) are plausible hypotheses that may explain differences between data sets . however , adult male dunlin usually exhibit higher breeding site fidelity relative to females ( soikkeli
gromadzka , j . ( 1989 ) . breeding and wintering areas of dunlin migrating through southern baltic . ornis scandinavica . 20 : 132 - 144 .
similar species : the bane of twitchers ; dunlin can be , and has been , confused with almost every other small wader , from least sandpiper to curlew sandpiper . the black belly in breeding plumage is diagnostic . in non - breeding plumage the longer bill is sufficient to distinguish dunlin from stints . the significantly shorter legs should be sufficient to distinguish dunlin from curlew sandpiper ( individuals of the subspecies pacifica are almost the same size as , and have a bill of similar length to , curlew sandpiper . ) dunlin also appears horizontal when feeding and roosting ; in contrast to the more upright curlew sandpiper . the similar - sized white - rumped and baird’s sandpipers have wings that extend beyond the tail . the former , with which dunlin has been known to interbreed , has a white rump . in non - breeding plumage dunlin is darker than sanderling , with less white in the wings , and has a longer bill .
the dunlin is a medium sized shore bird about seven to eight inches in length . it has a long , dark bill with a little downward dip at the end . it has a black patch on its belly and black legs . its back and wings are reddish - brown and its head and chest are white with brownish specks . in the winter the dunlin is a grayish color . the dunlin used to be known as the red - backed sandpiper .
the dunlin is one of the world’s most abundant waders , with an estimated population between 4 , 600 , 000 and 6 , 500 , 000 birds .
the dunlin is a medium , rather stocky shorebird with a black patch on the belly and a long , decurved bill . breeding birds are reddish above .
) . in contrast to past genetic studies of dunlin that included limited sampling of beringia - associated subspecies ( e . g . , wenink et al .
the dunlin is a conventionally accepted species ( christidis & boles 2008 ; cramp & simmons 1983 ; sibley & monroe 1990 ) . there are nine subspecies :
. this bird is east siberian or alaskan , a true
red - back
- holmes ' nickname for alaskan dunlin . cf . right side of
the dunlin is a medium - sized shore bird about 7 to 8 inches in length . it has a long , dark bill with a little downward dip at the end . it has a black patch on its belly and black legs . its back and wings are reddish - brown , and its head and chest are white with brownish specks . in the winter , the dunlin is a grayish color . the dunlin used to be known as the red - backed sandpiper .
wenink pw , baker aj . tilanus mgj . hypervariable - control - region sequences reveal global population structuring in a long - distance migrant shorebird : the dunlin (
erritzoe , j . ( 1994 ) . first record of the dunlin from the philippines . bulletin of the british ornithologists club . 114 : 128 - 129 .
greenwood , j . g . ( 1983 ) . dunlin calitris alpina in south america . bulletin of the british ornithologists club . 103 : 110 - 111 .
worrall , d . h . ( 1984 ) . diet of the dunlin calidris alpina in the severn estuary . bird study . 31 : 203 - 212 .
soikkeli , m . ( 1964 ) : the distribution of the southern dunlin ( calidris alpina schinzii ) in finland . ornis fennica 41 : 13 - 21 .
embed this arkive thumbnail link (
portlet
) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =
urltoken
title =
arkive video - dunlin nest being raided by hedgehog , chicks already hatched
> < img src =
urltoken
alt =
arkive video - dunlin nest being raided by hedgehog , chicks already hatched
title =
arkive video - dunlin nest being raided by hedgehog , chicks already hatched
border =
0
/ > < / a >
the microsatellite analyses provided varying insights regarding genetic differentiation patterns in dunlin . structure suggested no evidence of differentiation among subspecies . although the greatest average likelihood score was observed for the
hill bl . 2012 . fairbanks , ak university of alaska fairbanks factors affecting survival of arctic - breeding dunlin ( calidris alpina arcticola ) adults and chicks . ms thesis .
kelsey , m . g . & m . hassall ( 1989 ) . patch selection by dunlin on a heterogeneous mudflat . ornis scandinavica . 20 : 250 - 254 .
conservation plan for dunlin with breeding populations in north america ( calidris alpina arcticola , c . a . pacifica and c . a . hudsonia ) , version 1 . 0 .
wenink pw , baker aj . tilanus mgj . mitochondrial control - region sequences in two shorebird species , the turnstone and the dunlin , and their utility in population genetic studies .
mclaughlin , k . a . & a . wormington ( 2000 ) . an apparent dunlin × white - rumped sandpiper hybrid . ontario birds . 18 : 8 - 12 .
this is the vanishing meadow dunlin , the one the danes call
engsryle
(
y
like in cylinder ; the word
ryle
must be onomatopoetic ) .
walking from home across the flats to enjoy a coffee in the sun in the cemetery ( ! ) , my ' phone rang . . .
there ' s a dunlin on the jubilee pond
said jonathan lethbridge , so instead of a short walk and sit in the sun , i had a long walk and an excellent view of a dunlin .
the 2000 study showed that in south uist and benbecula , numbers of breeding snipe , dunlin and ringed plover fell by 60 % , redshank declined by 40 % and lapwing by 30 % . this contrasted with an increase in lapwing and redshank numbers on north uist and although dunlin declined by 30 % here , it was half the decline in the south .
blomqvist , d . , o . johansson , u . unger , m . larsson , l . flodin . 1997 . male aerial displayand reversed sexual size dimorphism in the dunlin .
there are nine different subspecies of the dunlin ( cramp & simmons 1983 ) , and though these breed separately , there is much intermingling on passage and in non - breeding areas .
wennerberg , l . ( 2001 ) . breeding origin and migration pattern of dunlin ( calidris alpina ) revealed by mitochondrial dna analysis . molecular ecology . 10 : 1111 - 1120 .
dunlin breed as monogamous pairs in coastal grassland , saltmarsh , upland moorland and arctic tundra . the clutch of 4 eggs is laid in a scrape ; incubation and chick - rearing are shared , and the young leave the nest soon after hatching . dunlin have been recorded to have interbred with white - rumped sandpiper , sanderling and purple sandpiper ( c . maritima ) .
) , genetic analyses from our investigation revealed marked genetic differentiation among some dunlin subspecies based on mtdna analyses . phylogenetic analysis revealed four separate phylogroups with high levels of statistical support ( fig .
hobson , k . , g . slater , d . lank , r . milner , r . gardiner . 2013 . agricultural lands subsidize winter diet of the dunlin at two major estuaries .
warnock , n . , g . w . page & b . k . sandercock ( 1997 ) . local survival of dunlin wintering in california . condor . 99 : 906 - 915 .
figure 2 : the distribution of the southern dunlin ( calidris alpina schinzii ) in the baltic sea area 2000 - 2010 ( including the north sea coast of denmark and schleswig - holstein ) .
the southern sub - species of the dunlin , calidris alpina schinzii , colonises south - eastern greenland , iceland , the faeroe islands , great britain and ireland , southern norway , and the baltic . in the southern north sea ( belgium , netherlands and germany ) , the dunlin has been a breeding bird in the past , but in recent times breeding records have been few and irregular .
browning , m . r . ( 1991 ) . taxonomic comments on the dunlin calidris alpina from northern alaska and eastern siberia . bulletin of the british ornithologists club . 111 : 140 - 145 .
gerasimov , y . n . & n . n . gerasimov ( 2001 ) . records of northward migration of dunlin calidris alpina through kamchatka , russia . stilt . 39 : 37 - 40 .
the dunlin breeds from western and northern alaska east to the hudson bay . it winters along the coast from southern alaska and massachusetts south to mexico . it is also found in northern europe and asia .
hall js , franson jc , gill re , meteyer cu , teslaa jl , nashold s , dusek rj , et al . experimental challenge and pathology of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus h5n1 in dunlin (
as hedgehog numbers increased , ground nesting birds including lapwing , dunlin , ringed plover , snipe and redshank have seen their numbers decline . research demonstrates this is mostly due to the non - native hedgehogs .
yesterday ' s photographs ( digital cameras not being around in 1980 ) captured the dunlin almost always with its head in the water . it was still there at 3pm , but not seen just after 5pm .
given its vagrant status , there are no estimates of the extent of occurrence of the dunlin in australia . the estimated global extent of occurrence is 1 000 00010 000 000 km² ( birdlife international 2007a ) .
goede , a . a . & m . de bruin ( 1985a ) . selenium in a shore bird , the dunlin , from the dutch waddenzee . marine pollution bulletin . 16 : 115 - 117 .
the southern subspecies of the dunlin ( calidris alpina schinzii ) was once an abundant and widespread breeding bird of the baltic sea area . however , during the 20 th century the population declined rapidly and counts currently not more than 500 - 640 bp . from many parts of its former baltic range the dunlin has disappeared . an extinction of the species in the baltic region during the next few decades cannot be excluded .
thorup , o . , z . preiksa , h . pehlak , m . altemüller & h . drews ( submitted ) : status of the baltic dunlin calidris alpina in lithuania . wader study group bull .
warnock , n . , r . gill . 1996 .
dunlin ( calidris alpina )
( on - line ) . the birds of north america online . accessed march 10 , 2014 at urltoken .
i can honestly say that despite tramping over dartmoor for a few decades i have never seen sight nor sound of the elusive dunlin . the dunlin or calidris alpina if one wants to be official is a small wading bird that tends to breed in upland bogs and then migrate to low lying mud flats in the winter . it has been said that winter dunlin numbers have declined by around 50 % during the past 25 years . however the uk breeding population remains fairly static but none the less the species appears on the birds of conservation concern red list . it is estimated that the entire uk population numbers around 9 , 600 pairs .
such a striking project by alexandra kidd . a smokey pallet offsets the natural sydney sandstone of this landmark terrace house . lighting from dunlin is used throughout , including the btc cranton pendant and the btc walter pendant .
other names : red - backed sandpiper ; black - bellied sandpiper ; american dunlin ; blackcrop ( bent 1962 ; dement ' ev & gladkov 1951 ; grinnell et al . 1918 ; higgins & davies 1996 ) .
thorup , o . ( 1997 ) : langtidsstudier af baltisk ryle på tipperne . [ long - term studies of baltic dunlin at tipperne ] - dansk orn . foren . tidsskr . 91 : 50 - 51 .
schulenberg , t . s . ( 2010 ) dunlin ( calidris alpina ) . in : schulenberg , t . s . ( ed ) neotropical birds online . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca . available at : urltoken
perhaps we could see more dunlin - and other things - visiting the wanstead park area , as careful management could see an increasing number of the wide variety of migrants and residents that we already know visit wanstead flats .
goede , a . a . & m . de bruin ( 1985b ) . arsenic in the dunlin ( calidris alpina ) from the dutch waddenzee . bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology . 34 : 617 - 622 .
lowry , r . j . , r . jensen , j . payne & r . payne ( 1999 ) . a wintering dunlin in north queensland . australian birding . 5 ( 3 ) : 11 - 12 .
pienkowski , m . w . & w . j . a . dick ( 1975 ) . the migration and wintering of dunlin calidris alpina in north - west africa . ornis scandinavica . 6 : 151 - 167 .
shepherd , p . c . f . & d . b . lank ( 2004 ) . marine and agricultural habitat preferences of dunlin wintering in british columbia . journal of wildlife management . 68 : 61 - 73 .
the good news for dartmoor is that its upland bogs and mires are the most southerly breeding area in the world . not only that but dartmoor is the home to the only breeding population of dunlin in southern england . so it should come as no surprise that various bodies are making concerted efforts to maintain the dartmoor dunlin population . one of these major efforts , and i might add controversial , is the notorious ( in some eyes ) ‘
- although it ' s turning the other flank . ( dates support this assumption ) . my thanks to pavel tomkovich , who sent them ; the site is gradually approaching a full hand in dunlin subspecies ! [ cp ]
the dunlin breeds in northern russia , europe , greenland , canada and alaska , and migrates to the coasts of southern north america , south and west europe , north and west africa , the middle east , china and japan .
luís , a . & j . d . goss - custard ( 2005 ) . spatial organization of the dunlin calidris alpina l . during winter - the existence of functional units . bird study . 52 : 97 - 103 .
ruiz , g . m . , p . g . connors , s . e . griffin & f . a . pitelka ( 1989 ) . structure of a wintering dunlin population . condor . 91 : 562 - 570 .
fedorov v . a . ( 2009 ) : nest record of the dunlin calidris alpina schinzii in the kurgalsky zakaznik , leningrad oblast . russian journal of ornithology 486 , express issue 18 : 351 - 354 ( in russian ) .
on the breeding grounds , insects and insect larvae are the most important source of food . in coastal habitats , dunlin also eat marine worms , small crustaceans , mollusks , and other aquatic creatures . they sometimes eat seeds and leaves .
there is no published information on the generation length of the dunlin , but they first breed when one year old , and the oldest bird recorded was 24 years old ( etheridge & taylor 1982 ; van gils & wiersma 1996 ) .
petersen , w . r . , p . k . donahue & n . atkins ( 1981 ) . first record of dunlin ( calidris alpina ) for peru and continental south america . american birds . 35 : 342 - 343 .
kus , b . e . , p . ashman , g . w . page & l . e . stenzel ( 1984 ) . age - related mortality in a wintering population of dunlin . auk . 101 : 69 - 73 .
warnock , n . , j . y . takekawa & m . a . bishop ( 2004 ) . migration and stopover strategies of individual dunlin along the pacific coast of north america . canadian journal of zoology . 82 : 1687 - 1697 .
the canadian wildlife service estimates the dunlin population at 3 , 934 , 000 birds worldwide , with 1 , 325 , 000 in north america . of that group , 500 , 000 birds make up the pacific coast population . dunlin are currently the second most common shorebird in washington , and the most common of washington ' s wintering shorebirds , but numbers have declined in the northwest in recent decades . there has been little habitat destruction or disturbance on the breeding grounds to date , but the migration and wintering grounds are threatened by destruction of habitat . there is currently no reliable information about population status or trends for dunlin range - wide , so it is unknown if the trend in the northwest is due to a decrease in population or a shift in range . dunlin are considered an indicator species for assessing the health of holarctic ecosystems , so determining range - wide population trends should be of high priority as reduction in their numbers could indicate that other species that use these ecosystems are at risk .
perched above the waves of bronte , this elegant coastal home by lane and grove strikes the perfect balance between beachside chic and classic elegance . dunlin assisted with pendant lighting including the davey box family , along with all the outdoor lighting . . . .
wennerberg l , n . m . a . holmgren , p . e . jönsson , t . von schantz ( 1999 ) . genetic and morphological variation in dunlin calidris alpina breeding in the palearctic tundra . ibis . 141 : 391 - 398 .
on the 9th of september 2007 during a full - day birdwatching tour through madeira nature with madeira wind birds , one dunlin of the subspecies alpina was observed in ribeira da janela , seixal . the observers were helen & paul colto from uk , catarina & hugo from madeira wind birds . the main characteristics that allow the observers to identify it as the ssp alpina of a dunlin were its longer bill , its clearer head and breast with the distinct black belly and the bright rufous colour near the wing .
although our new findings do not specifically identify strategies for preventing the transmission of hpai into north america , they nonetheless reveal a mechanism by which dunlin could facilitate the spread of hpai into north america and mexico . this is particularly pertinent given that dunlin are highly susceptible to infection with the h5n1 hpai , and that some individuals may live to spread the disease , possibly after undergoing a migration ( hall et al . 2011 ) . although only a few dunlin sampled in western north america have been documented with actively shedding ai ( ip et al . 2008 ; iverson et al . 2008 ; usfws and usgs 2011 ) , the continued emergence of new hpai strains ( e . g . , h5n8 , h7n9 ) and the fact that most efforts to date have detected prior exposure ( i . e . , antibodies , see pearce et al . 2012 ; johnson et al . 2014 ) indicates that the evolution of new strains remains problematic and that dunlin are a potential route for hpai to reach and spread within north america .
lavers , c . p . & r . h . haines - young ( 1997 ) . the use of satellite imagery to estimate dunlin calidris alpina abundance in caithness and sutherland and in the shetland islands . bird study . 44 : 220 - 226 .
at the baltic coast of schleswig - holstein , germany , the dunlin has been a widespread breeder in the past ( e . g . , boie 1822 ) , but disappeared during the 1990s . however , at the north sea coast it re - established as a breeding bird in 2007 in the rickelsbüller koog close to the danish border . in this area ( rickelsbüller koog and the adjacent margrethe kog ) , the dunlin had already disappeared in 1996 . the number of breeding pairs were 1 bp in 2007 , 2 bp in 2008 , 5 bp in 2009 and 4 bp in 2010 . the return of the dunlin to the rickelsbüller koog is probably related to dispersal or interchange of birds from the danish breeding sites on rømø ( distance c . 25 km ) .
with an extremely large range and a relatively large population , the dunlin is not at immediate risk of extinction . however , there are a great number of threats to this species , with the loss of its breeding habitat through afforestation particularly problematic ( 5 ) .
warnock , n . d . and gill , r . e . ( 1996 ) dunlin ( calidris alpina ) . in : poole , a . ( ed ) the birds of north america online . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca . available at : urltoken
lavers , c . p . & r . h . haines - young ( 1996 ) . the pattern of dunlin calidris alpina distribution and abundance in relation to habitat variation in the flow country of northern scotland . bird study . 43 : 231 - 239 .
gene and control region along with eight nuclear microsatellite loci to address multiple questions associated with the differentiation of dunlin subspecies and the extent of gene flow and interactions among groups from asia and north america . ( i ) do genetic data provide evidence for differentiation among dunlin subspecies and breeding populations from the region ? while prior work has examined phylogeographic patterns in the northern hemisphere , most studies were based on small sample sizes and had limited ( or no ) sampling within beringia - associated subspecies ( e . g . , wenink and baker
many thanks to dennis paulson for bringing this wonder bird to my attention and of course to wayne richardson for his stunning photographs . thanks also to norman deans vans swelm for the bringing the dutch dunlin ( ? ) to our attention and providing his very useful photograph .
buchanan , j . b . , c . t . schick , l . a . brennan & s . g . herman ( 1988 ) . merlin predation on wintering dunlins : hunting success and dunlin escape tactics . wilson bulletin . 100 : 108 - 118 .
durell , s . e . a . le v . dit & c . p . kelly ( 1990 ) . diets of dunlin calidris alpina and grey plover pluvialis squatarola on the wash as determined by dropping analysis . bird study . 37 : 44 - 47 .
lesterhuis , a . j . & r . p . clay ( 2003 ) . the first record of dunlin ( calidris alpina ) in paraguay and a summary of south american records of the species . el hornero ( b . aires ) . 18 : 65 - 67 .
the southern dunlin ( calidris alpina schinzii ) is a characteristic bird of grazed coastal meadows , but small numbers also breed on peat bogs . nowadays , the breeding sites are almost exclusively found in coastal areas , whereas in the past the species was also common in the inland .
table 2 : population numbers of the dunlin in the baltic sea area 1994 - 1998 and 2007 - 2011 . data for 1994 - 1998 according to helcom ( 2002 ) . for denmark and schleswig - holstein , the numbers include the breeding pairs at the north sea coast .
warnock , nils d . and robert e . gill . 1996 . dunlin ( calidris alpina ) , version 2 . 0 . in the birds of north america ( p . g . rodewald , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , new york , usa .
the dunlin is a familiar shorebird around the world , where its bright reddish back and black belly , and long , drooping bill distinguish it from nearly all other shorebirds . it breeds across the top of both north america and eurasia , and winters along coasts around the northern hemisphere .
tundra - breeders , dunlin typically nest in wet meadow tundra with low ridges , vegetation hummocks , and nearby ponds . during migration and winter , they prefer mudflats , but can also be seen on sandy beaches , coastal grasslands , estuaries , and occasionally in muddy , freshwater areas .
the dunlin is a small migratory wader that exhibits great variability in body and bill size , and plumage , leading to it being easily confused with a number of other small waders . in particular it is similar to the slightly larger curlew sandpiper , but with shorter legs and bill .
the global population is estimated to number 4 , 600 , 000 / 6 , 500 , 000 individuals ( wetlands international 2006 ) . the overall population trend is decreasing , but some races such as arctica and shinzii are considered stable . the dunlin is currently evaluated as least concern .
pairwise and global estimates of f st for dunlin ( calidris alpina ) subspecies . f st values are shown below matrix diagonals while p - values are above matrix diagonals . ( a ) mtdna ; ( b ) microsatellite analyses ; ( c ) microsatellite analyses assuming a stepwise mutational model
the dunlin is a small ( length : 1622 cm ; weight : 60 g ) sandpiper with a shortish drooping bill , short wings and legs , and a hunched posture . the sexes are similar in both breeding and non - breeding plumage , but juveniles are separable from adults .
blomqvist , s . , a . frank & l . r . petersson ( 1987 ) . metals in liver and kidney tissues of autumn - migrating dunlin calidris alpina and curlew sandpiper calidris ferruginea staging at the baltic sea . marine ecology progress series . 35 : 1 - 13 .
the population decline of the dunlin in the baltic sea area should be stopped or , if possible , even reversed by an appropriate management ( habitat management / management of predators ) of the still existing breeding sites and other appropriate sites , especially those where the species has disappeared recently .
because the dunlin have been and are so rarely encountered on dartmoor there is no folklore attached to them which is a shame . maybe in future years when their numbers on dartmoor have increased they will become a ‘ legendary ‘ success story for the various bodies concerned with their conservation ?
goss - custard , j . d . & m . e . moser ( 1988 ) . rates of change in the numbers of dunlin , calidris alpina , wintering in british estuaries in relation to the spread of spartina anglica . journal of applied ecology . 25 : 95 - 109 .
this entry was posted in biodiversity , birds , wildlife management and tagged biodiversity , bird , birds , coast , conservation , dunlin , hedgehogs , lapwing , nest predation , redshank , ringed plover , scottish natural heritage , snh , snipe , waders , wildlife management . bookmark the permalink .
introduction : the dunlin is a circumpolar breeder . it breeds far north in the arctic and winters southwards in more temperate regions . this species is common , but the overall population trend is decreasing , due to the usual threats including habitat loss on the breeding grounds , nest predation by introduced mammals on some islands , disturbances , pollution… the dunlin has currently ten subspecies , but some of them are still uncertain . this species is gregarious outside breeding , and they often gather in huge flocks . if they are disturbed , they all fly off together , turning and flying in unison .
this study is concerned with the ability of two wader species , the sanderling , calidris alba and the dunlin , c . alpina to determine the presence of prey in a sediment by using their sense of taste , and whether they use this information while foraging for prey hidden in the sediment .
stockholm 350xx20 , migrant 3c + female , ljunghusen , 8 . 7 . 05 . the female dunlin has much more dots and shades in her face , her indicated lores are wider and in most cases she lacks the bill - base
goggles
( seen from above , cf . picture
in finland , the southern dunlin has never been numerous . the first documented breedings date back to the 1880s . in the 1960s , the dunlin was still considered increasing , with a country total of 150 - 200 bp ( soikkeli 1964 ; perttula 1998 ) . new breeding sites were still found in the mid - 1980s when the population peaked at 200 pairs . however , until the early 1990s the population had declined to 100 bp . in 1999 the number of confirmed breeding pairs was 71 , and in recent years ( 2003 - 2009 ) the number was about constant between 50 and 60 bp .
the name , first applied long ago , simply means
little dun - colored ( gray - brown ) bird ,
a good description of the dunlin in winter plumage . spending the winter farther north than most of its relatives , this species is a familiar sight along the outer beaches during the cold months , as far north as new england and even southern alaska . it is often in large flocks ; in flight , these flocks may twist and bank in unison , in impressive aerial maneuvers . in breeding plumage , the dunlin is so much more brightly colored as to seem like a different bird .
the dunlin ( calidris alpina ) is one of the hardiest of all shorebirds , breeding far north in the arctic region and migrating southwards before the onset of winter ( 3 ) . this species is also renowned for its beautiful breeding plumage , which is distinguished by the reddish cap , bright reddish - brown back and black belly patch , which extends behind its black legs . the head and breast are pale brown . outside of the breeding season , the dunlin is light brownish - grey with a brownish back , white underparts and a brownish band streaking across the upper breast ( 2 ) ( 4 ) .
dunlin : breeds along the arctic coast from western and northern alaska east to hudson bay . spends winters along coastlines from southern alaska and massachusetts southward to mexico ; also found in parts of eurasia . nests on tundra and winters on beaches , mudflats , sand flats , inland lakes , and river shores .
probably much to the annoyance of those who disapprove of the mires project , the findings of this survey proved very encouraging as far as the dunlin numbers go . it has been reported that there has been a thirty seven percent increase in territorial pairs over the past four years . in 2010 it was thought that there were sixteen pairs living on dartmoor , in 2014 these numbers had increased to twenty two pairs . if one looks at the ‘restored’ sites , i . e . those that have been the subject of mire restoration , again the results are encouraging . at one site the numbers of breeding pairs had increased from two to three . at another they had increased from three to six and at a third a pair had been recorded for the first time . needless to say these findings have been quickly used as ammunition in the debate as to whether or not the mires project should have been instigated . the dartmoor national park authorities director of conservation and communities , alison kohler has commented that ; “ the project partners are really excited to see such a rapid response by our dunlin population . this is a fantastic success story for the dunlin ( which particular dunlin she does not say ) and for the dartmoor mires project . ”
the dunlin is migratory and performs short coastal flights to long , non - stop flights overland in broad front . they moult in large concentrations on or near the wintering areas . some immature birds may spend all the year in the non - breeding range , but most of them return to the breeding grounds .
the dunlin has a very wide distribution , occurring across nearly all arctic regions . its breeding range stretches from east greenland , across the russian arctic to the alaskan coast of the bering sea . there is also an isolated population that breeds in the east canadian arctic ( 5 ) ( 6 ) ( 7 ) .
dunlin : call is a simple
kree .
song is a series of frog - like wheezing calls and long trills , such as
wrrrrrah wrrrrrah wrrrrrah
and twittering
chrri - i - i - i - i - i - ri - ri - ri - ri - ri - ri .
migratory birds may facilitate the spread of hpai from asia to north america ( winker and gibson 2010 ) . in this investigation , we used large sample sizes and two genetic data sources ( mitochondrial dna and microsatellites ) to determine genetic structure patterns among six dunlin subspecies that reside in and migrate through eastern asia and north america . we specifically focused on determining whether the four subspecies of dunlin that winter in asia can be differentiated and if genetic evidence for gene flow among beringian subspecies exists . we suggest that our results may be useful for documenting potential hpai transmission routes and the pathways that may facilitate the spread of disease across continents .
in the st petersburg region of russia the dunlin is obviously still a rare or sporadic breeder . in 2008 , a nest was found on the shore of kurgalsky peninsula ( fedorov 2009 ) . in 2010 , an adult bird with typical breeding behaviour was seen on a small islet near sescar island ( fedorov , pers . comm . ) . in the kaliningrad region the dunlin was known as a breeding bird until 2001 ( 1989 - 93 : 4 - 5 bp ; 1996 - 99 : 3 pairs ; 2001 : 2 pairs ) . after that year , no further breeding could be confirmed ( grishanov & lykov 2008 ) .
the dunlin has also been extensively hunted in the past , although this is now a lesser threat ( 2 ) , and it is susceptible to avian influenza ( 5 ) . in some areas , introduced predators such as the hedgehog ( erinaceus europaeus ) have greatly reduced the breeding success of this species ( 6 ) .
assuming that our sample of individuals and subspecies is representative of dunlin from east asia , our analysis suggests that we can use our data to obtain rudimentary estimates of the probability of correctly distinguishing asian - versus alaskan - breeding birds with mtdna when sampling takes place in the east asian nonbreeding areas . with the exception of seven
wenink , p . w . , a . j . baker , & m . g . j . tilanus ( 1994 ) . mitochondrial control - region sequences in two shorebird species , the turnstone and the dunlin , and their utility in population genetic studies . molecular biology and evolution . 11 : 22 - 31 .
ironically , although the dunlin can be considered as a dartmoor rarity they are in fact one of the commonest coastal waders . in winter it is possible to see feeding flocks of around one thousand birds roosting in salt marshes and shorelines . their preferred diet is one that consists of insects , worms and snails and their breeding season lies between april and july . they are ground nesting birds which i suppose is obvious when looking at dartmoor blanket bog – not many other options there . the typical dunlin clutch consists of four eggs which when hatched are left to the male bird to feed , after about three to four weeks they are airborne and self supporting .
habitat : the dunlin breeds in a wide variety of habitats including boggy tundra , moorland often close to pools , wet coastal grassland and salt marshes , tussock tundra and peat - hummock in arctic . after breeding , it frequents tidal mudflats , freshwater lakes , brackish lagoons , sandy beaches and flooded fields , and also estuarine mudflats .
behaviour in the wild : the dunlin feeds by walking or running , while picking rapidly at the surface . it is sometimes called the “sewing machine” because it bobs the head up and down and pokes into the ground with the bill while feeding . it forages in open mud near the water’s edge , and wades in shallow water .
sikora , a . , m . wieloch , m . zielińska , t . mokwa , p . chylarecki , p . zieliński & z . rohde ( 2008 ) : monitoring of rare species ( whooper swan , ferruginous duck , dunlin , and mediterranean gull ) , report for the chief inspectorate of environmental protection 2007 , gdansk .
as a breeding bird of coastal , grazed meadows which are exposed to regular flooding the dunlin maybe considered as an indicator for the quality of this habitat type . since several other waders ( e . g . , ruff , black - tailed godwit , redshank , avocet , lapwing ) are breeding in the same or similar habitats , the dunlin is an indicator for the habitat availability and quality for this group of coastal birds . the coastal waders are a bird group of special conservation concern in the baltic sea area , since several species meet the criteria for a threat category according to the helcom red list of baltic breeding birds ( helcom , in prep . ) .
breeding distribution the dunlin has a virtually circumpolar breeding distribution , with populations breeding in greenland , iceland , britain , scandinavia , northern russia , alaska and northern canada ( barter 2005b ; browning 1991 ; cramp & simmons 1983 ; dement ' ev & gladkov 1951 ; gromadzka 1989 ; maclean & holmes 1971 ; van gils & wiersma 1996 ) .
the dunlin is protected by the provisions of the eu birds directive ( directive 2009 / 147 / ec of the european parliament and of the council of 30 november 2009 on the conservation of wild birds ; this is the codified version of directive 79 / 409 / eec ) , which are implemented by the member states into national law . this means , the legal protection status of the species is similar in all baltic sea states , which are members of the european union . it is listed in annex i of the bird directive , i . e . , eu member states are obliged to establish special protected areas ( spa ) . in russia , the dunlin is also protected .
a migratory species , the dunlin has a number of sub - populations that each has differing migration behaviours . for instance , the sub - population that breeds in north - east greenland migrates through iceland , britain and western france to arrive in its west african wintering grounds from late july , returning again between march and early april ( 5 ) .
in north america , the dunlin is protected by the north american migratory bird treaty act of 1918 , which protects this species and its eggs from hunting and collection ( 2 ) . in the uk , this species is also well protected in special protected areas , with around 74 percent of the total breeding population found in such reserves ( 6 ) .
the dunlin is an indicator for habitat changes , which not only affect this species , but also other wader species which live in the same or similar habitats , such as ruff ( philomachus pugnax ) , black - tailed godwit ( limosa limosa ) , redshank ( tringa totanus ) , avocet ( recurvirostra avosetta ) , and lapwing ( vanellus vanellus ) .
other topics in shorebird identification ( complete listing here ) eastern or western willet ? age and sexing of a bar - tailed godwit . pacific versus american golden - plover . black - tailed godwit - islandica or limosa ? black - tailed godwit - identification of the asiatic subspecies melanuroides . red - necked stint and little stint identification . curlew sandpiper or dunlin ?
during the breeding season , they perform a low display flight with quivering wingbeats interspersed with glides . they circle slowly over the breeding territory . they are monogamous and solitary nesters , with usually 3 - 30 birds / km² . in front of a rival or an intruder , the dunlin reacts by advancing , then pausing to raise one wing vertically high over back .
the key management documentation for the species in the east asian - australasian flyway is keeping the common shorebirds common : action planning to save the dunlin by barter ( 2005b ) . there is a detailed summary of all that is known of the species in europe in cramp and simmons ( 1983 ) and a briefer summary in van gils and wiersma ( 1996 ) .
wenink , p . w . , a . j . baker , & m . g . j . tilanus ( 1993 ) . hypervariable - control - region sequences reveal global population structuring in a long - distance migrant shorebird , the dunlin ( calidris alpina ) . in : proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the usa . 90 : 94 - 98 .
there are no confirmed breeding records of the dunlin in latvia from recent times . during the elaboration of the second latvian breeding bird atlas 2000 - 2004 ( in preparation , results are available online : urltoken ) breeding of dunlins has been suspected for 3 sites : ainazi and randu plavas , teich bog and daugavgriiva . the population is estimated at 0 - 7 bp .
a : consumption rate ( prey / min ) of main prey . b : occurrence of shell remains of h . ulvae in dunlin droppings . values represent mean ± se . differences between seasons were tested with ( a ) mann - whitney ( b ) and chi - squared tests ( * p < 0 . 05 ; * * * p < 0 . 001 ) .
calls and songs : sounds by xeno - canto the dunlin gives a shrill , rasping “kreeep” in flight . while feeding in flocks , they produce a low “beep” and a soft twittering at roost . on the breeding grounds , it utters prolonged , reedy , descending trilled whistles while displaying . when alarmed , it produces a sharp “quoi” and a low “wurt - wurt - wurt” .
protection / threats / status : the dunlin has large range . it is threatened by habitat loss in its breeding grounds , and drainage of wetlands involving changes in estuaries where it often spends the winter . nest predation by introduced mammals on some islands is a problem too . some important migratory stopovers on the baltic sea coastline are threatened by petroleum pollution and various changes in the habitat .
after 1 june , what hasn ' t been exchanged then is suspended . some west - / north - palaearctic populations have a very lack - lustre breeding plumage , they may for example breed with three unmoulted winter scapulars . there seems to be some extra cost connected with belonging to a marginal dunlin population , lying a little apart from the main migration flyways and population
centres
(
dunlin flocks are often huge , most impressive when they display their coordinated aerial maneuvers trying to escape predation by peregrine falcons and merlins . when foraging , they either pick food from the surface or probe in the mud . they feed on exposed mud or in shallow water , making short runs interspersed with periods of feeding . they feed day or night , depending on the timing of low tide .
telling winter waders apart can be daunting . success in this ( and if you are keen to find rarer species ) is not difficult , provided you are familiar with two key species : knot and dunlin . this guide tackles these two ‘confusing calidrids’ , familiarity with these is essential in order to gain experience and confidence identifying the apparently bewildering range of waders on our coasts in autumn and winter .
there have been two confirmed records of the dunlin in australia : at cairns , queensland , on 4 january 1983 ( roberts 1983 ) ; and cape bowling green , queensland , on 1 july 1999 ( lowry et al . 1999 ) . there have been numerous other unconfirmed or doubtful reports , from queensland , victoria , tasmania , south australia and western australia ( higgins & davies 1996 ) .
dear angus , the unidentified sandpiper shown on your website made me remember a dunlin my son charles and i found in may 2001 here in the sw netherlands ( see fig . 6 ) . in my opinion this long - billed individual is an american bird c . a . hudsonia and very similar to a bird photographed by richard chandler and shown on the cover of british birds some years ago .
the dunlin in breeding plumage has rufous upperparts with blackish , white , greyish and chestnut markings . mantle , scapulars and tertials are blackish with variable chestnut , grey or whitish fringes . the wing - coverts are grey - brown with pale grey to whitish fringes . the flight feathers are blackish - brown , whereas sides of rump and uppertail are white , and sides of tail are greyish - brown .