cloonlara ( 28 april 1974 – august 1981 ) was an american-bred , irish-trained thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare .

although she never contested a group one race as a two-year-old , cloonlara was regarded as the best juvenile filly to race in europe in 1976 .

she won all three of her races that year by wide margins , culminating in a six length win over colts in the national stakes .

she missed the rest of the season through injury and failed to reproduce her best form in 1977 , when she became increasingly temperamental .

cloonlara made a highly-promising start to her breeding career before dying at the age of seven in 1981 .

cloonlara ( horse )

top 10 stables & horse riding near cloonlara , cloonlara , co . clare - yelp
members of the irish army fill place sandbags on seafield road , cloonlara co . clare , yesterday photo : tony gavin
council workers place sandbags outside of a house on seafield road , cloonlara co . clare , yesterday photo : tony gavin
, regarded as the best british filly of her generation , was withdrawn on the eve of the race . hide tracked cloonlara before sending mrs mcardy into the lead two furlongs from the finish . mrs mcardy established a decisive advantage and was never seriously challenged in the closing stages , winning by two lengths from freeze the secret , with sanedtki narrowly beating cloonlara for third .
i would highly recommend irish sport equine to anyone looking for a new horse .
the horse goddess by morgan llywelyn , a novel of epona , has received good reviews .
aughinish in county clare and county donegal comes from the irish each inis , which means ' horse island . ' these places were probably named after favourite horse pastures . irish place names .
janet b ; soft polar fleece model horse protective covers in a stunning cream and brown horse design - - - a fun and easy way to protect your model horses while storing or traveling .
more irish names derived from
horse
< urltoken horsenames . html > updated july 7 , 2013
the horse was highly important in the celtic world and was frequently an attribute of deities such as the celtic , welsh and irish war gods , and especially of the gaulish epona , the divine horse , introduced into britain and later adopted by the romans .
from the entry on horse in the encyclopaedia of the celts .
wexford horse transport and gillies transport deliver our horses to the uk every week or 10 days depending on sales .
march ( mahrx ) is from the welsh march ,
horse .
name of king mark in the welsh version of the tristan saga , in which he is known as march ap meirchion ( horse , son of horses ) . the horse was a symbol of kingship in celtic culture . mark . see celtic male names of wales .
cloonlara ( usa ) b . m , 1974 { 8 - c } dp = 4 - 19 - 13 - 6 - 6 ( 48 ) di = 1 . 59 cd = 0 . 19 - 6 starts , 3 wins , 0 places , 0 shows career earnings : $ 13 , 519
from epona , the horse goddess , came the tribal name of the epidii in ireland and scotland . in ireland , the horse goddess was also known as macha . in 297 a . d . , ptolemy identified the epidii ( horse people ) in western scotland . the epidii and the peninsula of epidium were identified on ptolemy ' s map .
initially i was interested in another horse , but i rang gerty , described what i wanted and she recommended jasper .
sport . horse racing . newmarket spring meeting . pic : 4th may 1984 . vincent o ' brien , irish race horse trainer , one of the great trainers , who won 3 grand nationals at aintree and 5 english derbys at epsom .
we offer an after sales service , where we will exchange the horse within 14 days , if you are not satisfied .
from the ancient legends of the dark ages many irish and scottish kings are called eochaid and , like the name of the epidii , it is a name which is connected to the word ' horse ' . it derives probably from a phrase which means a ' descendant of the horse ' ie eoch - aidh—in scottish gaelic the word eachdraidh means history , this may also derive from each [ a form of eoch ] tro ( a ) idh - since each means horse and tro through then the aidh ( or idh ) may mean some form of genealogical connection eg a reference to origins . when applied to an individual eochaid probably indicates that the subject was from the family of the ' horse ' in genealogical terms , a descendant of the horse . therefore the ceremony that giraldus witnessed was probably symbolic of a king ' s ' rebirth ' from the horse , representing the right of the king to rule as a descendant of the horse goddess . other names of early kings also include eochy ( ' horse ' ) and eachdach ( ' of the people of the horse ' ) which would confirm that the ancient celtic kings would have to have been viewed as descendants of the horse goddess , in order to be given their rule . this reference to the horse must surely indicate that the tribe of the epidi ( the ' family of the horse ' perhaps ) mentioned by ptolemy is indeed the first evidence that irish / scots settlement can be dated to a period before the end of the 2nd century ad .
at his westlow hall stud near york . she was arguably the best horse sired by tribal chief , a sprinter who won the
larach [ lawragh ] signifies a mare , and it is found pretty often forming a part of names . cloonlara , the mare ' s meadow , is the name of a village in clare , and half a dozen townlands in connaught and munster ; gortnalaragh , the field of the mares .
( volume 1 , pages 4745 ) .
leamanach in county clare ) comes from léim an eich , ' leap of the horse . ' see : equestrian irish place names .
baudelaire and brighthelmstone . two weeks later , mrs mcardy , ridden by eddie hide , started at odds of 16 / 1 for the 165th running of the 1000 guineas over the rowley mile course at newmarket . cloonlara , the leading two - year - old filly of 1976 , started 6 / 4 favourite , with the other leading contenders appearing to be freeze the secret ,
in 1976 , the independent timeform organisation gave mrs mcardy a rating of 103 , twenty - seven pounds below their top - rated two - year - old filly cloonlara . in the free handicap , a rating of the best two - year - olds to race in britain in 1976 , the filly was assigned a weight of 105 pounds , 28 pounds below the top colt
at this stage , one naturally enquires who or what were those chieronaces or gaelic ' horselords ' ? were they professional horse - breeders , horse - tamers , horse - breakers , roughriders ; or horse - thieves , whom the ancient irish , in their grand eloquence , glorified with the name of ' horse - lords ' ? or were they gaelic mounted knights , equites or caballeros ? de blacam has pointed out that names of this character were common in old irish , and that the relation of the great gaelic lords with the ' horse - taming acheans ' of homer , the fair - haired race of celtic invaders from the head of the adriatic : the ' master - race ' of greece who conquered the pelagians or old greeks , as the gaels did the danaan , cruitime and muscraighe in ireland , is manifest in the stress that is laid on horse mastership and the like in early irish names . . . .
the name
o ' hiffernan
.
kelpies are mythical creatures that originated in scotland . one of three forms they can take , known as eochaidh , is part man and part horse .
margh ( mahr ) is the cornish word for
horse
, and the name of the king of cornwall in the tale of tristan and isolde .
eochaid . in the ancient origins of the scots , part i , 5 . 6 scotic settlement and the horse
goddess ,
david f . dale writes :
philip came into irish as pilib or filib , but in some places ( in ulster ) it was is greek : phil - ippos ,
horse - lover .
the goddess epona , whose name , meaning ' divine horse ' or ' horse goddess , ' epitomizes the religious dimension of this relationship , was a pan - celtic deity , and her cult was adopted by the roman cavalry and spread throughout much of europe , even to rome itself . she has insular analogues in the welsh rhiannon and in the irish édaín echraidhe ( echraidhe , ' horse riding ' ) and macha , who outran the fastest steeds .
encyclopaedia britannica , celtic religion , zoomorphic deities .
1 . vincent once said in an interview that you can’t train a horse to stay . you can teach them to settle but pedigree dictates whether they stay or not .
aughrim—each druim—the hill side of the horse .
the history and topography of the county of clare by james frost—appendix vii , county of clare : irish local names explained .
timeform , yorkshire , 1977 . hard cover . condition : very good . green mock leather covers with bright gilt titles to front and spine . 988 pp . horse racing .
i bought my boy from gerty a year ago and haven ' t looked back ! he is my dream horse a one in a million ! i ' m from london so never came to see him i had only seen the pictures and video of him but knew he was worth taking the chance for as i would never had brought a horse with out viewing it ! but he was worth the risk all day long and i would only come to gerty for another horse as i compleatly trust her to find the perfect one . we compete every weekend and always coming home with red ribbons . i cannot thank gerty enough for reassuring me and giving me the best horse i could of ever wished for !
abelson , edward ; tyrrel , john ( 1993 ) . the breedon book of horse racing records . breedon books publishing . isbn 978 - 1 - 873626 - 15 - 3 .
p . s . i wonder if many of these horse named families are descended from the epidii tribe who anciently flourished on the west coast of scotland in the region later called dal riada .
mick only rode him once but it was group 1 win in the 1993 aral pokal . ironically the second horse george augustus was trained by his subsequent employer john oxx and the third home shrewd idea was trained by one of his first bosses michael kauntze . i doubt if anyone present that day realised that they were viewing a horse destined to become the greatest sire germany has produced .
i have complete faith in gerty tynan and wish her ongoing success . i would not look anywhere else for a horse . gerty listens to what you are looking for , takes note of your abilities and provides the right horse to suit the jockey . i am nearly 60 and know when to trust someone and give them respect and this is what i give gerty and my thanks .
eachléim ( aghleam ) from the gaelic each ( horse ) and léim ( jump ) , folklore has it that a horse leapt from the western end of the townland to the east , and the land between was thus named . ten miles south west of belmullet , close to the unspoilt beaches of mullagh rua and elly , this vibrant gaeltacht area is steeped in tradition and culture .
got my connie from gerty 3 weeks ago ; never thought i would buy a horse this way . i found gerty and the transport people ( eric ghillie ) super - professional and made the whole process easy and seamless . i am over the moon with the horse who is exactly as described . wish i had discovered gerty years ago ; could have saved myself a lot of money / heartache and broken bones ( ! ) buying the wrong horse ( s ) . would definitely recommend / definitely be back if i am looking to buy again ( though my new boy has a home for life ) .
capall , the other word for a horse , is the same as gr . kaballes , lat . caballus , and rus . kobyla . it is pretty common in the end of names in the form of capple , or with the article , - nagappul or - nagapple , as in gortnagappul in cork and kerry , the field of the horses ; pollacappul and poulacappul , the hole of the horse .
my guess on maceachern is a slightly anglicized version of mac eachain , a scottish patronymic name from the gaelic given name eachan , which means ' each horse . '
the etymology of last names .
like many others i never thought that i ' d buy a horse unseen . a friend showed me gertys website , i took what felt like a gamble at the time , and the rest is history !
this townland [ aughrim ] derives from irish eachdhroin , a compound of each ' horse ' and droim ' ridge ' , with reference to the topographical feature now know as aughrim hill . it may be translated ' horse - shaped ridge ' or , as seems more likely , ' ridge of the horses ' . the - dh - is omitted in modern irish orthography and it is now silent .
( page 20 ) .
there has been some speculation that because macha is connected to horses , that she is instead a solar deity . to get a grasp of this we must start with an rather pan - celtic overview . a good source for this is the book the horse in celtic culture , which is edited by sioned davies and nerys ann jones . the section titled ' the symbolic horse in pagan europe ' . in this section it tells of two expressions of the horse . the first is feminine and has the horse firmly footed on the ground . this would be typical to epona , macha and others . the other expression is what this source refers to as the ' celestial warrior ' , and who is masculine . artifacts demonstrating this are found all across celtic and ex - celtic lands . coming back again to gaelic sources , it was common for the horse to act as icons for deities . ( 13 ) the old irish word for horse is ' ech ' , which is also the stem from which we get eochaidh . eochaidh is a proper name attached to none other than daghdha ( 14 ) . nor is he alone , because many other deities also have names attached to them showing that their icons were horses . another example being lugh himself . perhaps we can see in ancient welsh law that the besides their gender , the differences between the horse deities was their colors ( 15 ) . this may even be intimated by the defining of color in regards to irish mounts , including the grey macha who pulled the chariot of conchobar .
macha by clannada na gadelica academia gadelica .
mcgough and mcgeough are derived from the gaelic name mac eochaidh or mag eochadha . the stem of that name is thought to be eoch or each , irish words for
horse .
the different forms of eochaidh and eochadha , and many surnames with origins closer to the origins of mcgough , are discussed in my page : origin of the surname mcgough . this page collects additional material on irish words for
horse ,
and names derived from them .
during my genealogical research , i found that mclysaght said that there was an irish derivation for the name—it was a shortened version of o ' heachdhubhain—descended from the dark or black horse . i later found that each dhub was a black horse ridden by the mythical dullaghan , sort of a grim reaper and that many early families identified with various legends having to do with horses . this raised my hopes that my steed ancestors were really irish and not beneficiaries of the plantation .
jeanne rudmann grunert ; black cat marketing , a dvision of equinart , provides selling , marketing and customer service outsourcing for model horse artists . we can sell your already cast resins or provide you with the marketing support to grow your business .
eachan . g . eachann , mg . eachuinn , eachduinn , gen . ( 1467 ms . ) . the irish is eachdonn ( year 1092 ) , from prehistoric eqo - donno - s , ' horse lord ' like eachthighearna ( maceachern ) , with different termination . the phonetics are against macvurich ' s spelling eachdhuin which is for each - duine , ' horse - man , ' as explanation ( macbain ) .
quoted on the clan maclean genealogy data base .
before the name of aghnamullen was bestowed upon the civil parish in county monaghan , the area was called the eoghanach , which was anglicised as the owenagh . see mcgough origins in ireland random ramblings , rumblings , and ruminations under the eoghanach or owenagh . eoghanach is a word based on
eoch ,
a horse . in his book the origin and history of irish names of places ( 6th edition 1891 ) , p . w . joyce gives the traditional interpretation of aghnamullen as
field of the mills .
in a separate part of his book , however , joyce provides us a discussion of irish place names based on horse that gives some support to considering whether the augh in aughnamullen might possibly have come from horse :
the origin of the name of lemnagh , a townland in county antrim , is
léim an eich ,
horse leap .
place - names in the exhibition from county antrim on the website of the ulster place - names society .
the irish female first name eachna ( ak - na ) is from the old irish ech
horse .
early legend has a connacht princess named eachna who was one of the loveliest and cleverest women in the world . echna .
epona . depictions of mounted women or charioteers are found on iron age coins and may also represent horse - related goddesses , in addition , representation of women and horses as linked continues in the vernacular traditions in the stories of rhiannon and macha . epona , whose name is derived from the celtic word for horse , is the goddess of horses and horse breeding . as mares were often used as working animals on farms , some writers have speculated that epona has aspects of fertility of the land and the domestic cult . her worship became very widespread - - there are over 300 representations and inscriptions found bearing her name . she was adopted by cavalry soldiers throughout the roman world , perhaps because she was a deity who offered protection both for the soldier and the horse ! she was the only celtic deity whose festival was celebrated in rome itself , on december 18 .
what we don ' t know about the ancient celts by rowan fairgrove , where there is much more about celtic horses and epona .
her sire , sir ivor was an american - bred colt who was trained in europe and won the derby and the washington d c international in 1968 before standing as a breeding stallion in kentucky . sir ivor ' s other major winners included ivanjica , cloonlara and bates motel . [ 3 ] lady capulet ' s dam cap and bells was a successful racehorse and broodmare . her other foals included drone , an undefeated racehorse and successful breeding stallion , and sir wimborne , winner of the national stakes and royal lodge stakes . she was descended from the influential british broodmare mistrella ( foaled 1907 ) whose descendants have included the oaks winners beam and light brocade . [ 4 ]
eachmarcach was used as a name for a horse . mac eachmharcaigh , the origin of the surname cafferty ,
translates to ' son of eachmharcach ' , the irish for ' horse - rider ' . the name once exclusive to ulster can now occasionally be found in mayo . it is believed the name originated in donegal where the family is traced to being a branch of the o ' ' donnells .
surnames & heraldry— mac cafferty surname group . see the section on cafferty , mccaffrey , cafferky above .
the use of the horse and the wagon or war chariot , for example , are seen as typical manifestations both of
celtic
culture and of indo - europeanism , evinced by the ubiquity of related vocabulary in the recorded languages . . .
some irish place names are based on another gaelic work for horse , capall . for example , the origin of the name of drummanagapple , a townland in fermanagh , is
dromainn na gcapall ,
or
little ridge of the horses .
place names in the exhibition from county fermanagh on the website of the ulster place - names society . i have made no effort to collect place names based on capall , but for a few more examples , see the section below on other gaelic words for horse .
aughrim ( galway and wicklow ) eachroim , ' horse ridge ' the galway aughrim was the scene of the battle of 12 july 1691 , which [ lost ] the jacobite war and was a turning point in irish history .
towns of the sash .
the origin of the name of donaghanie , a townland in county tyrone , is
domhnach an eich .
church of the horse .
see place - names in the exhibition from county tyrone on the website of the ulster place - names society .
being fairly new to this . i was recommended irish sport equine by a friend . i watched a video we call gerty who was very helpful and i decided to purchase the horse . he arrived and i decided he wasn’t a good match for me after an agreed trial period . gerty was very helpful and he was returned . after a number of discussions , gerty was true to her word and found me the perfect match “big tom a 17hh , 9yrs handsome irish sport horse ” . i am delighted with him .
sioned davies and nerys ann jones are editors of the horse in celtic culture : medieval welsh perspectives . cardiff : university of wales press , 1997 . [ i . festschriften , proceedings , and collected essays ; xiv . folklore , mythology , and popular culture , wales ] . at pages 43 to 63 is an article by patricia kelly :
the earliest words for ' horse ' in the celtic languages .
patricia kelly has also published the word - field ' horse ' in irish . a study in the semantics and etymology of the irish lexicon . innsbrucker beiträge zur sprachwissenschaft , 1984 . [ vi . a . irish language ] . see also fragments of irish medieval treatises on horses by brian ó cuív , celtica 17 ( 1985 ) , 113 - 122 . [ vi . b . irish literature ; xii . a . history , ireland ] . see also : sayers , william . conventional descriptions of the horse in the ulster cycle . études celtiques 30 ( 1994 ) , 233 - 249 . [ vi . b . irish literature ] .
aughrim , a village on the main galway - dublin road near ballinasloe ; the name means ' the horse ' s back ' , from the shape of one of the low ridges that are a feature of the local landscape .
ireland midwest online—county galway—aughrim .
epona # 628 : queen of horses and fruitfulness . epona in celtic inscriptions from gaul , and rhiannon in welsh legend . she is the goddess of horses ( the name ' epona ' derives from the celtic word for ' horse ' ) , and therefore of great power in a horse - based culture such as that of the celts . in romano - celtic images she is associated with corn , fruits and serpents , and as mare - goddess she would have been concerned with forces of fertility and nourishment .
encyclopaedia of the celts .
we bought a horse this week and have already had so much fun on him . i was looking for something forward going but safe , arthur has totally proven to be so ! we hunted this weekend and jumped dykes and rails ! would definitely recommend gerty to anyone looking .
the name [ cafferty ] is of ancient irish origin . it stems from the gaelic maceachmharcaigh or maceacmarcais , each , meaning a steed or horse , and marcach , meaning a rider . maccafferty means son of the horse rider . it is a surname of co . donegal and co . derry . the name is also found in co . mayo , but often under the anglicized form of maccaffry . the local pronunciation is sometimes o ceararcais . the family is probably a branch of the o ' dohertys , among whom eacmarcac was a personal name .
the name of eremon ( irish kings # 1 ) , the first milesian king of ireland , has been interpreted as meaning
of the horses .
the river liffey was supposedly named after eremon ' s horse . some sources also use
eochaidh
to describe this king .
marcan - ( mor - kawn ) . old irish = marc
horse
+ dim . - an . marcan mac cennetig was the brother of high king brian boru and abbot of killaloe . saint marcan of clonenagh ' s feast day—october 21 . from : traditional irish names .
gerty was brought up on a farm with horses , cattle and sheep . her dad was a horse breeder and so she understood the skills involved in producing young horses and matching them to clients from a young age . gerty has been involved with irish sport horses all her life .
hardback . pub . portway press . first . 1977 . isbn 0900599227 , 1977 . hardcover . condition : very good . dust jacket condition : very good . 1st edition . another brilliant annual from timeform for the 1976 flat season . french trained youth was timeform ' s best three - year - old . american owned j . o . tobin trained by noel murless was the best two - year - old colt . irish trained cloonlara was the best stayer . the french won the derby with m zilber trained empery ridden by lester piggott . henry cecil was top trainer and peter walwyn was runner - up . pat eddery was champion jockey with willie carson and brian taylor the runners - up . dust wrapper - very good . book - very good .
the horse . we have several irish words for a horse , the most common of which are each and capall . each [ agh ] is found in several families of languages ; the old irish form is ech ; and it is the same word as the sansc . acva , gr . hippos ( eol . ikkos ) , lat . equus , and old saxon ehu . each is very often found in the beginning of names , contrary to the usual irish order , and in this case it generally takes the modern form of augh . at a . d . 598 , the four masters mention aughris head in the north of sligo , west of sligo bay , as the scene of a battle , and they call it each - ros , the ros or peninsula of horses ; there is another place of the same name , west of ballymote , same county ; and a little promontory north - west from clifden in galway is called aughrus , which is the same name . aughinish and aughnish are the names of several places in different parts of the country , and are anglicized from each - inis ( four mast . ) , horse island . they must have been so called because they were favourite horse pastures , like ' the squince , ' and horse island , near glandore , ' which produces a wonderful sort of herbage that recovers and fattens diseased horses to admiration . ' ( smith , hist . or cork , i . 271 ) .
see also the sacred celtic horse . a worthwhile site , with no direct discussion of ireland , is celtic phalerae & fittings : the art of the horseman . this is part of a great website on celtic art & cultures on the website of the university of north carolina at chapel hill .
godswalk was a
strong , compact
grey horse with a white star bred in maryland by glade valley farms and peter fuller . he was one of the best horses sired by fuller ' s horse dancer ' s image who won the 1968 kentucky derby but was disqualified after traces of phenylbutazone were discovered in a post - race urinalysis . as a breeding stallion , he stood in europe and japan , siring several other good winners including the multiple group one winner lianga and the july cup winner saritamer . godswalk ' s dam kate ' s intent was a successful racehorse in canada .
if you look at the map above , there is a tribe named the epidii in the western isles of scotland . this tribe as been a bit enigmatic because the name has never appeared on any maps or referred to in any writings after ptolomy’s survey during the flavian era . the name epidii has as its root epos , meaning horse . as it stands it appears to be in the brythonic language . i’ve always thought that it was strange that the men of kintyre and the western isles would be known as horsemen , considering that this is unlikely to be good horse country . . . .
in the end of names it commonly forms the postfix - agh ; as in russagh in westmeath , which the four masters write ros - each , the wood of horses ; bellananagh in cavan , bel - atha - na - neach , the ford - mouth of the horses ; cloonagh and clonagh , horse meadow . sometime it is the genitive singular , as in kinneigh near iniskeen in cork , ceann - ech ( four mast . ) , the head or hill of the horse ; the same name as kineigh in kerry , kineagh near kilcullen in kildare , and kinnea in cavan and donegal .
agh or augh are forms of each , a gaelic word for horse . in irish place names , the gaelic each ( horse ) has often become augh . a look at the
index locurum
to o ' donovan ' s annotated version of the annals of the four masters gives some examples : eachros , the
headland or promontory of the horses ,
now aughris , a townland in the north of the parish of templeboy , barony of tireragh , county of sligo . ( o ' donovan ' s note to year 598 ) . eachdhruim is now aughrim , a village in county galway . ( o ' donovan ' s note to year 737 . ) eacharadh - lobrain became augher in the barony of deece , barony of meath . ( o ' donovan ' s note to year 1163 . ) the place name aughrim in ulster came from the ancient name eachroim and means horse - ridge .
ii was looking for a good looking gelding but importantly a horse with a kind nature . roger is everything you have said and much more . i had lost my confidence and roger has accepted all by bad nervous errors until i felt got myself back on track . thank you gerty . . tracey hall
colter . an english male given name , meaning horse herdsman , a variant of colt : young horse ; frisky . baby names starting with the letter c . according to woulfe , the irish surnames colter and coulter are derived from ó coltaráin , who were seated in down ( parish of ballycolter ) . see irish ancestors and coulter , ó coltaráin , ó coltair .
see ancient uladh—kingdom of ulster ( part of ireland ' s history in maps ) for a reference to
o ' coltarain ( coleton , coulter ? ? , chief of dal cuirb , in the barony of castlereagh ; o ' hart )
godswalk was a
strong , compact
[ 2 ] grey horse with a white star bred in maryland by glade valley farms and peter fuller . he was one of the best horses sired by fuller ' s horse dancer ' s image who won the 1968 kentucky derby but was disqualified after traces of phenylbutazone were discovered in a post - race urinalysis . [ 3 ] as a breeding stallion , he stood in europe and japan , siring several other good winners including the multiple group one winner lianga and the july cup winner saritamer . godswalk ' s dam kate ' s intent was a successful racehorse in canada .
we live in switzerland and bought two horses from gerty - unseen ! both mares are exactly like she described them on her webpage . two so cool and lovely mares ! rosie is now 10 months with us and she ' s making us happy every day ! although she ' s only five years old even my 9 year old daughter can hack out with her easily . she is safe but also fun and very forward going . fanta just arrived a few weeks before but she ' s one of the easiest and coolest horse in our stable already . we will and would buy a horse from gerty again anytime !
but the mention above of the inclusion of cú or con , eoch or each , bó and collach in personal names brings me to another trend . after the arrival of the fir bolg we start to get names such as eochaidh , which is one of those names with eoch ( horse ) in it .
thanks so much for your interesting pages about names from each , auch , caball , etc . because my own surname is english for horse , i always assumed that at some point in history our irish ancestors actually went from england or scotland . my gggrandfather married mary collins at st . colmans rc church in
searching long and hard for the ' perfect ' horse , which in my head was a 16 . 3hh dutch warmblood . i became so disappointed that every horse i tried was not as described and i then came across gerty ' s site on horsequest . after a whole night of watching all the unedited videos of the current horses for sale , i phoned gerty first thing in the morning . after a long chat she thought sweetie would match me really well and also happened to be the cheapest ! much to my husbands delight ! i was a bit worried about buying without trying and spent hours online searching for anything negative about irish sport equine and couldn ' t find one negative comment ! that confirmed in my head that i would take a gamble and orla ( as we later named her ) arrived and has been ' as described ' since arriving in the uk 6 months ago . after a 6 year break from riding , she ' s brought on my confidence and we ' ve been on many fun rides , on holiday , and explored most of somerset together . couldn ' t have bought a better horse . i then recommend ise to my friend who went on to buy a lovely boy who again has been completely sane and lots of fun . thank you gerty for finding my forever horse .
regarding my surname ; i ' m descended from the macleod ' s of raasay and lewis , often called the siol torcall in gaelic ( seed of torcall ) . much less known however , is the name siol na laire or larach , meaning the seed of the mare . furthermore , the old people used to say that if you dreamt of a horse ( more specifically a grey or white mare ) you were sure to meet a macleod — the horse was their totem , just as the cat was for the chatten confederation of clans . this association was often mocked by rival clans and the macleods were said to eat nothing buts oats ( largely true at one time ) . once , a mischievous lot in skye cut off the head , tail and legs of a dead horse and set it afloat on a boat to raasay , where , when found , it was consumed by the locals who thought it a cow , the nickname laire mairt or cow mare was long after given to raasay folk .
each uisge ( ech - ooshkya ) or aughisky ( agh - iski ) . this , the highland water - horse , is perhaps the fiercest and most dangerous of all water - horses , although the cabyll ushtey runs it close . it differs from the kelpie in haunting the sea and lochs , while the kelpie belongs to running water . it seems also to transform itself more readily . its most usual form is that of a sleek and handsome horse , which almost offers itself to be ridden , but if anyone is so rash as to mount it , he is carried at headlong speed into the lake and devoured .
( encyclopedia of the celts . )
there was no international classification of european two - year - olds in 1976 : the official handicappers of britain , ireland and france compiled separate rankings for horses which competed in those countries . in the british free handicap , durtal was allotted a weight of 120 pounds , making her the best filly of the season , thirteen pounds behind the top colt j o tobin . the independent timeform organisation gave her a rating of 120 , ten pounds behind the irish - trained filly cloonlara . in . their annual racehorses of 1976 timeform described her as
sure to figure prominently in the classics , especially the oaks
. [ 3 ] in the following year , durtal was given a rating of 121 by timeform , twelve pounds below their top three - year - old filly dunfermline . in the official international classification , durtal was rated eight pounds behind the leading three - year - old fillies dunfermline and madelia . [ 5 ]
the tribal name [ mceachain ] is still represented in the ancient territory of dalaraidhe by the place named ivahagh , in county down , the gaelic name of which is uibb eachach , pronounced ivahagh , but now contracted to ivagh . there are many more places in this area that contain the gaelic tribal word or name each which is record in english as augh . however , each case where the word is used in a place name must be judged on its own merits as to meaning , for it would not be quite correct to imply that the word each has the same significance in all instances for it is governed by its prefix or suffix . eachain in itself is in reality a tribal designation , which is derived from the middle gaelic name eachuinn and anciently eqo - donno - s , meaning the horse lord , or more properly translated , the lord or chief of the horse tribe ; the horse , in gaelic each , being the totem of their tribe .
the mccaughans of scotland and ireland by john alexander mccaughan of ballyverdagh .
i have recently 1 week ago , had the pleasure of receiving our new horse / pony tasty mel who is now called henry . i would recommend whole heartedly that anyone intending on buying a pony / horse buy one from gerty . he was vetted in ireland which i organised and delivered 2 weeks later . she took him for me to get vetted . i had never met him only in videos and pictures . he is amazing and has coped well with all aspects his travelling , his new home the different noises and language and accent . he is now being schooled and excercised daily and has been out on our busy manchester roads . he has been clipped with no bother and gerty was honest to tell me he doesn ' t like the farrier and his feet being messed with . he is getting used to this slowly and has done amazingly well . we are so pleased with our purchase and would recommend gerty without a doubt . she kept in contact throughout the process and was their to answer all my worries . we now own a fantastic pony / horse . thanks so much james
if you had told me a few months ago that i would buy a horse off the internet without even trying him i would have said you were mad ! ! however , after watching the video of sam so many times , i decided to call gerty . we had a long chat and she assured me he was everything i was looking for ( something gentle , quiet and kind ) . gerty also told me to speak to one of her other clients , which i did and that really put my mind at rest . so i bought sam , and i absolutely love him , he is everything i wanted in a horse . i would definitely recommend irish sport equine , gerty made the whole purchase and transport process so easy .
eochaidh ( horseman ) : consists of the torso & arms of a man , and the head & legs of a horse . this is the strongest of the forms , but also the most unnerving . it is almost always black in appearance , standing upright . when in combat , they attack using their great strength , attacking with claw , hoof , and teeth .
it is not surprising , therefore , that there are so many names with ' horse ' in themeochaidh is one of the earliest recorded , and it literally means horseman . it is pronounced yok - eyguess where jockey comes from ?
irish and celtic names explained , an essay on the swim - two - birds website © hugh o ' connor , australia , 1998 .
echluath is listed in irish names by kate monk ( now removed from the internet ) as an old irish byname meaning
fast - horse .
( in her surname section , under mc she lists mcgeogh and mcgeough , but not mcgough . under g , she lists gough , goffe , goff , and mcgough , and says they all stem from o ' cuaghain . )
the celts were a people who originated in central europe from indo - european stock and became a distinct people in the iron age . they are distinct from their predecessor peoples , archaeologically named the urnfield cultures , principally in their use of iron , their art style , the role of the horse in their lives , and the social stratification of their society . . . .
reading your excellent page on irish horse names immediately lit up little light bulbs in my head . the first to do with an old rhyme i knew as a boy growing up in ireland , the second to do with my surname macleod . the rhyme was used to select someone for various tasks / games etc , as in the rhyme eeny meeny miney mo , it went something like this :
each druim is the name by which aughrim in galway is located on maps of ireland in the middle ages :
aughrim , county galway , name on map : each dhruim . source : irish authorities . modern irish name : eachro . type : celtic religious foundation , also manor or village . meaning :
eachra ` horse ' droim ` ridge ' .
mapping ireland in the middle ages .
7 . sir ivor ( 1965 sir gaylord - attica by mr . trouble ) . a brilliant winner of a top class guineas , he followed up by displaying an electrifying turn of foot in the derby . he was campaigned relentlessly turning out 13 times over two seasons and like others he maintained his form throughout . however it was testament to vincent’s skill that he maintained his form throughout . in sir ivor’s case he managed to follow on a second place behind vaguely noble in the arc with wins in the champion stakes and arc . he became primarily renowned as a sire of fillies leaving the likes of arc winner ivanjica , lady capulet ( who vincent trained to win a classic on her debut and is dam of el prado ) and godetia and cloonlara ( both trained by vincent ) . of his colts the best was bates motel . he makes the list by virtue of the moderate runner sir tristram who has had a huge influence on australian / new zealand breeding and his daughters who have given us such stallions as el prado , green desert , alzao , and bluebird .
strachan ( scots ) : habitation name from a place in the parish of banchory , near kincardine , which is first recorded in 1153 in the form strateyhan , and perhaps gets its name from gael . srath valley + eachain , gen . case of eachan for ( dim . of each horse ; cf . keogh ) . vars : strahan ; straughan ( northumb . ) ; strain ( n ireland ) .
the horse who seemed to have everything , brilliant speed and enough stamina to finish second in a good derby . mick rode him to win group 1’s at 2 ( national stakes ) , 3 ( a soft eclipse ) and 4 ( the lockinge ) . his performance in the lockinge had timeform struggling to find a better performance in recent decades urltoken . hawk wing would have won a 2000 guineas if mick kinane had ridden him but he was suspended at the time and regardless he might have chosen to ride johannesburg in the kentucky derby that same day . in a prelude of things to come as far as ballydoyle were concerned jamie spencer took over and got the horse beaten whilst in a further portent johnny murtagh did a fine job on rock of gibraltar . a terrible stallion ( like most sons of woodman ) and now banished to korea .
malachi comes from maol eachai , the bald horseman . my mother was born fox , which was englished from sionnach , and is believed to originate only as late as in the 12th century ; but the family name could actually come from earlier celtic days - as seaneach , meaning old horse . . .
irish and celtic names explained , an essay on the swim - two - birds website © hugh o ' connor , australia , 1998 .
epos :
the label q - celtic stems from the differences between this early celtic tongue and the latter formed p - celtic . the differences between the two celtic branches are simple in theoretical form . take for example the word ekvos in indo - european , meaning horse . in q - celtic this was rendered as equos while in p - celtic it became epos , the q sound being replaced with a p sound .
the six celtic languages .
strawn is a variation of the scottish place name strachan , derived from the place so - named in the parish of banchory , near kincardine , which was first recorded as strateyhan in 1153 . it is comprised of the gaelic elements srath = valley + each = foal , where ' each ' is a diminutive form of the gaelic ' eachain ' = horse .
research notes on the strawn surname under the heading
origins of the strawn surname .
much controversy has centred round the origin and meaning of the name ' ifearnan '
, and at present there are several irreconcilable theories in the matter . the first , the oldest , and that most generally held , is that ' ifearnan ' is a later irish pronunciation and phonetic spelling of the old gaelic ' eichthighearnan ' ( pronounced ' eachcheernan ' ) which , in its turn , is ' eichthighearn ' , with honorific suffix ( suffix of endearment ) ' an ' added . now ' eichthighern '
( eachcheern ) is ordinarily anglicised ' ahearn ' , a name which is still very common in cork and other parts of southern ireland , and if this theory is correct ' heffernan ' is simply an honorific form of ' ahearn ' , the anglicised form of ' eichthighern ' , meaning , literally , ' horse - lord ' ( ' eich ' , a horse , ' thighearna ' , lord ) . . . .
between 1150 and 1200 , a group of mhigh eothachs or mag eochys ( mcgoughs / mcgeoughs ) moved from the territory of the mughdhorna area in what is now county monaghan to an area on the south slopes of the mountains of mourne . see where the mountains of mourne sweep down to the sea ballymageogh and slievemageogh in county down in this website . they gave their name to the townland of ballymageogh . apparently they brought their horses with them . on the eastern edge of the narrow waist of the hour - glass - shape townland of ballymageogh is aughrim hill , which means the ridge of the horse or horse - ridge . aughrim hill is in the townland of aughrim in county down . the name of the hill and the townland are discussed together in place - names of northern ireland , volume three , county down iii , the mournes , by michael b . o mainnin and published by the department of celtic , queens university belfast :
as a two - year - old , godswalk was campaigned exclusively over the minimum distance of five furlongs . after finishing third on his racecourse debut he recorded impressive wins in minor events at the curragh and phoenix park . at the curragh in may he won the marble hill stakes , taking the lead at half way and accelerating away from the field in the closing stages to beat digitalis by five lengths , with piney ridge in third . in june , godswalk was sent to england and moved up in class to contest the norfolk stakes at royal ascot . ridden by derrmot hogan he started the 8 / 13 favourite against four opponents . he took the lead two furlongs from the finish and won by four lengths from the italian colt alpherat , with hogan sitting motionless in the closing stages . godswalk started favourite for the phoenix stakes , but proved no match for the filly cloonlara and was beaten into second place by a margin of six lengths . the colt was scheduled to return to england for the cornwallis stakes at ascot in october but the meeting was abandoned owing to the exceptionally wet , heavy ground . a week later , godswalk ended his season in the waterford testimonial stakes at the curragh and won easily by four lengths at odds of 1 / 3 .


grape phylloxera ( daktulosphaira vitifoliae ( fitch 1855 ) ; family phylloxeridae , within the order hemiptera , bugs ) ; originally described in france as phylloxera vastatrix ; equated to the previously described daktulosphaira vitifoliae , phylloxera vitifoliae ; commonly just called phylloxera ( / fɪˈlɒksərə / ; from greek φύλλον , leaf , and ξερόν , dry ) is a pest of commercial grapevines worldwide , originally native to eastern north america .

these almost microscopic , pale yellow sap-sucking insects , related to aphids , feed on the roots and leaves of grapevines ( depending on the phylloxera genetic strain ) .

on vitis vinifera l. , the resulting deformations on roots ( " nodosities " and " tuberosities " ) and secondary fungal infections can girdle roots , gradually cutting off the flow of nutrients and water to the vine .

nymphs also form protective galls on the undersides of grapevine leaves of some vitis species and overwinter under the bark or on the vine roots ; these leaf galls are typically only found on the leaves of american vines .

american vine species ( such as vitis labrusca ) have evolved to have several natural defenses against phylloxera .

the roots of the american vines exude a sticky sap that repels the nymph form when it tries to feed from the vine by clogging its mouth .

if the nymph is successful in creating a feeding wound on the root , american vines respond by forming a protective layer of tissue to cover the wound and protect it from secondary bacterial or fungal infections .

currently there is no cure for phylloxera and unlike other grape diseases such as powdery or downy mildew , there is no chemical control or response .

the only successful means of controlling phylloxera has been the grafting of phylloxera-resistant american rootstock ( usually hybrid varieties created from the vitis berlandieri , vitis riparia and vitis rupestris species ) to more susceptible european vinifera vines .

phylloxera

phylloxera risk zone ( prz ) have an undetermined phylloxera status because they have not yet been surveyed .
the whole community can help prevent the spread of phylloxera by being aware of phylloxera management zones and what they mean .
the phenolic complex of vine roots infested by phylloxera as a factor in resistance .
fig . 2 . phylloxera galls on the underside of grape leaves are quite conspicuous .
when travelling by road , observe highway signage ( photo right ) and do not move any phylloxera host materials into the phylloxera exclusion zone ( pez ) without appropriate certification .
later stages of infestation with an aggressive strain of phylloxera showing weakened and dying vines .
interaction between vitis vinifera and grape phylloxera : changes in root tissue during nodosity formation .
when visiting vineyards in a phylloxera infested zone ( piz ) observe signage regarding movement around the vineyard ( photo below ) and do not remove any phylloxera host materials from the property .
étude de la distribution et des causes de la resistance au phylloxera radicole chez les vitacées .
phylloxera feeding on grape vine roots . joachim schmid , cc by 3 . 0 de .
an 1882 map of the spread of phylloxera throughout france . maurice girard , public domain .
phylloxera adults , crawlers and eggs on a match head . adults are about 1mm in length .
biology and management of grape phylloxera . annu . rev . entomol . 46 : 387 - 412
lucky ghislain de montgolfier , head of bollinger , in a vineyard that survived the phylloxera blight .
effects of infestation by grape phylloxera on sugars , free amino acids , and starch of grapevine roots .
phylloxera exclusion zone ( pez ) are areas which are declared to be free of the pest . pezs are used to improve biosecurity and market access for the industry and must be protected from the introduction of phylloxera .
phylloxera infested zone ( piz ) are areas in which phylloxera has been detected . they are established to prevent the spread of the pest from the area . a number of pizs exist in victoria and new south wales .
fig . 3 . phylloxera galls on the rootlets of ' concord ' and other american cultivars are not uncommon .
few chemicals are registered for control of foliar grape phylloxera . thiodan ( endosulfan ) is the standard for commercial growers , but no compounds are registered for homeowner use against grape phylloxera . ( endosulfan does burn some cultivars . )
( pdf ) biology and management of grape phylloxera . annu . rev . entomol . 46 : 387 - 412
the work with fungal isolates suggest that strongly resistant rootstocks are not immune to damage . although strongly resistant rootstocks have not failed to grape phylloxera , our work suggests they are subject to failure if a virulent fungal isolate and an aggressive phylloxera biotype were to co - exist . our compost work demonstrates that addition of organic matter to soils will not prevent phylloxera damage . our work with the plant hormones gives us insights into the way phylloxera form feeding sites .
phylloxera has continued to spread , infesting the majority of all grape growing areas of the world . california even the wine districts of argentina and chile , once thought to be phylloxera - free are beginning to show signs of infestation .
a number of natural enemies feed on grape phylloxera , but none are commercially available for use in biological control programs .
little information on biological control of grape phylloxera is available ; environmental and root conditions are more important than natural enemies .
feeding by phylloxera can damage a susceptible grapevine ' s root system to such an extent that the plant may die .
. . . grape phylloxera can also be found in geographically isolated locations in the southwestern united states . the classic life cycle of phylloxera is comprised of cyclic parthenogenesis with temporal polyphenism [ 2 , 4 ] . the mode of phylloxera reproduction in its native range is postulated to be sexual , based on the observations of different sexual forms of phylloxera in an earlier study ; however the efficacy of meiotically produced eggs is in question [ 2 , 5 ] . . . .
occasionally , winged phylloxera are seen in v . vinifera vineyards , but they are believed to be sterile under california conditions .
comments : multiple applications over several years reduces phylloxera numbers . soil moisture is important for effectiveness ; follow label instructions carefully .
wed 16 may 1894 - the bendigo independent ( vic . : 1891 - 1918 ) page 2 - the phylloxera plague .
• conclusions nodosities on v . vinifera potentially function as nutrient reservoirs , and defence responses to phylloxera attack were not detected .
further evidence of phylloxera biotypes : variations in the tolerance of mature grapevine roots related to the geographical origin of the insect .
. . . grape phylloxera , daktulosphaira vitifoliae fitch ( hemiptera : phylloxeridae ) , is a serious pest of grapevines ( vitis spp . ) worldwide ( granett et al . 2001 ) . a native of eastern north america , grape phylloxera feed on the roots and leaves of grapevines , depending on the phylloxera genetic strain ( powell et al . 2013 ) . . . .
this study set out to investigate changes in primary root tissue following infestation by phylloxera and formation of phylloxera‐induced galls , or ‘nodosities’ . these nodosities are nutrient reservoirs from which grape phylloxera , obligate biotrophs of grapevines , are able to obtain all their nutritional requirements . the feeding site of phylloxera within nodosities was confirmed by observation of stylet tracks in parenchyma cells in the outer region of the root cortex . most aphids feed directly from phloem , but there are a number of aphid groups ( e . g . adelgids ) that feed from parenchyma ( reviewed by pollard , 1973 ) . phylloxera appears to fall into this category of feeders .
the bendigo independent ( vic . : 1891 - 1918 ) , wed 16 may 1894 , page 2 - the phylloxera plague .
• background and aims the interaction between the gall‐forming grapevine parasite , phylloxera , and the susceptible grapevine species vitis vinifera was investigated .
phylloxera , a tiny aphid , kills vines by attacking their roots . the only effective remedy is to graft grapevines onto resistant rootstock . the devastating effect of phylloxera was recently felt in california when the common rootstock axr - 1 was found to be vulnerable to a new strain of phylloxera , biotype b . as a result , there was widespread vineyard replanting in california during the 1990s .
but phylloxera ' s arrival should not surprise central otago grapegrowers . as philip gregan , executive officer of the wine institute of new zealand , commented ,
as far as grapegrowers are concerned there are only three certainties : death , taxes and phylloxera .
this is best achieved by removing unviable , infested vineyards , replanting on rootstocks resistant to phylloxera , or preventing the spread of the pest .
a vineyard in chile - free of phylloxera , vines growing on original roots . mariano mantel , cc by - nc 2 . 0 .
a few areas managed to stay free of phylloxera ; the aphid cannot survive in very sandy soils , so the great plains of hungary , colares in portugal were immune from attack . chile , surrounded by the andes and pacific ocean has remained free of phylloxera and many other plant diseases .
comments : apply to soil . multiple applications over several years reduces phylloxera numbers . soil moisture is important for effectiveness ; follow label instructions carefully .
1 ) phylloxera population growth is influenced by vine phenology . we infested field vitis vinifera c . thompson seedless roots in sequential months from may - sept . and determined populations one month after each infestation . population was higher on excised roots than attached roots . three timings of harvest did not influence phylloxera populations disproving the hypothesis that harvest influences population growth . 2 ) we surveyed organic and conventionally managed vineyards over two years : phylloxera populations in conventionally managed vineyards correlated with root necrosis , a measure of damage . organic vineyards had variable phylloxera populations but root fungal necrosis was low . we need to investigate the mechanisms of this root protection . 3 ) field tests with an experimental systemic insecticide showed that root populations were decreased by drench treatments . we will replicate this work and use this tool to begin to determine what populations cause economic injury . 4 ) greenhouse tests with jasmonic acid treatment of grape vines demonstrated decreased phylloxera fecundity . 5 ) we completed a test of koch ' s postulates to demonstrate that fusarium caused root necrosis at phylloxera feeding wounds . rootstocks resistant to phylloxera also have resistance to fusarium . 6 ) rootstocks resistant to grape phylloxera include a component of antixenosis . 7 ) population dynamics of phylloxera in leaf galls of resistant cultivars was studied in hungary . populations appeared to spread from epicenters .
downie , d . and granett , j . 1998 . a life cycle variation in grape phylloxera daktulosphaira vitifoliae ( fitch ) . southwestern entomol .
also boasts a half - hectare vineyard of sangiovese , with vines dating back to the mid - 1800s , which inexplicably never succumbed to phylloxera .
for those trying to follow along , let me briefly explain that most grapevines in the world today are grafted onto phylloxera - resistant rootstock . phylloxera is a root - sapping aphid that can be devastating to vineyards . it ' s attracted to certain grapevines ( vitis vinifera , the species of most wine grapes ) , but not other rootstocks . grafting is the method of transplanting a young vinifera vine onto a phylloxera - resistant rootstock .
phylloxera also ravaged vineyards across europe , as either american vines , or newly - infected french vines , traveled east and south , as far as croatia and greece . australia and new zealand were eventually affected , too , though western australia and tasmania remain phylloxera free ( partially due to restrictions on the trade of grape vines ) . chile remains the sole major wine producer that has completely evaded phylloxera , perhaps because it is surrounded by mountains .
in the hot central valley , phylloxera damage may be reduced by good water management , fertilization , and other cultural practices that help limit plant stress .
by the time the new phylloxera ' s ruse was up , it had spread across california , decimating vineyards and requiring their reconstitution on newer phylloxera - resistant rootstocks . every vineyard had to replace every single one of its rootstocks . the cost to california ' s economy ? about $ 1 billion .
vignoles is a french hybrid that originated in the aftermath of the great european phylloxera epidemic of the late 1800’s . grafted from french grape strains from the vinus vinifera family onto american phylloxera - resistant root - stock vignoles became an early favorite of american growers and really flourishes in the missouri river valley .
grape phylloxera ( daktulosphaira vitifoliae fitch ) originated on north american native vitis species . phylloxera ' s feeding and damage to wild american vitis is distinct from its feeding and damage to v . vinifera ( l . ) . its feeding on leaves of the american vitis is common and stunts cane growth , but feeding on the leaves of v . vinifera is rare . phylloxera feed on roots less than one year old of . . . [ show full abstract ]
granett , j . and kocsis , l . 2000 . populations of grape phylloxera gallicoles on rootstock foliage in hungary . vitis 39 : 37 - 41 .
starch accumulation , in the form of amyloplasts , was evident in the cortex of pas / tbo stained vwl‐1‐induced nodosities adjacent to phylloxera feeding sites ( fig .
eventually , methodical experimentation in southern france produced both types of genetic cures for phylloxera . hybrids and grafted vines soon achieved a true la réconstitution , and the rest is history ; and france ' s early experience with phylloxera provided many of the solutions that would later be used in other wine - making countries .
phylloxera vastatrix ( aka daktulosphaira vitifoliae ) is a yellow - colored species of root louse indigenous to the mississippi river valley . phylloxera feeds on vine roots and leaves , causing them to rot and the plant to die , driving the pests in search of new live hosts and spreading inexorably through entire vineyards and regions .
to escape the threat of phylloxera , wines have been produced since 1979 on the sandy beaches of provence’s bouches - du - rhône , which extends from the gard coast to the waterfront village of saintes maries de la mer . the sand , sun and wind in this area has been a major deterrent to phylloxera .
the phylloxera louse has a complex life - cycle of up to eighteen stages . many attempts have been made to interrupt this life cycle to eradicate phylloxera , but the louse has proven to be extremely adaptable , as no one stage of the life cycle is solely dependent upon another for the propagation of the species .
kellow av . 2000 . a study of the interaction between susceptible and resistant grapevines and phylloxera . phd thesis , the university of adelaide , adelaide , australia .
phylloxera is a nearly microscopic root louse or aphid , that primarily attacks the roots of vitis vinifera grapevines , in much the same way an aphid attacks a tomato plant & apos ; s stems and leaves , by puncturing the vessels and sucking out the plant & apos ; s sap . once infested with the phylloxera louse , the grapevine & apos ; s root system can become severely impaired , making it difficult for the plant to absorb the needed water and nutrients to sustain a vine . the final phylloxera outcome depends somewhat on  the type of soil structure that the vine is growing in . have clay soil and the vine is likely toast ; sandy soil and the vine stands a chance of surviving the phylloxera invasion , because of decent drainage and an unwelcoming environment for the phylloxera bug to thrive .
the insects were the same , even if their predilections differed between species of vine . and the absence of phylloxera on dead roots could be explained by the insects ' feeding strategies . phylloxera used a long mouth appendage to suck sap from vine roots , exposing the roots to a toxin that would prevent the roots ' wounds from healing , eventually killing them . by the time the roots were dead , phylloxera had moved on to healthier roots . and the insects left no calling card .
grape vines gain and pests suffer when tobacco and sagebrush grow in the same neighborhood . for example , chinese experiments show that when tobacco roots intermingle with grape roots , vineyards soils are progressively cleansed of the dreaded soil - dwelling phylloxera aphid ; the same phylloxera aphid that almost completely destroyed french grape growing in the 1800s , before resistant rootstocks were discovered . in recent decades , the phylloxera aphid has evolved new forms that destroy formerly - resistant rootstocks . but on the positive side , the phylloxera plague in nineteenth century french vineyards was a major catalyst for innovations such as the development of modern scientific agriculture and modern methods for fumigating or disinfesting sick soils .
south australia owes this extraordinary vine heritage to its isolated location and some enlightened governance . whereas most of the world suffered the ravages of phylloxera , the vine eating louse , in the late 19th and early 20th centuries , south australia protected its lucrative wine industry through strict quarantine laws . it remains phylloxera free to this day .
phylloxera crawlers can be spread on vineyard equipment . therefore , when mechanical operations are performed , equipment should not be moved from an infested block to a noninfested block .
abstract because the grape season in now passing away , it must not be supposed that the phylloxera is passing away along with it . unfortunately it is there , and
feeding by root phylloxera on european grapevines , vitis vinifera l . , is potentially devastating and nearly destroyed the french wine industry in the late 1800 ' s . the epidemic was eventually brought under control by grafting v . vinifera scions onto resistant american , vitis labruscana bailey , rootstocks . a major resistance breeding program conducted in europe against grape phylloxera resulted in grape cultivars commonly referred to as french - american hybrids . french - american hybrids are important in eastern north america for wine production , but they are particularly susceptible to foliar grape phylloxera . widespread planting of french - american hybrids in eastern north america has resulted in a heightened awareness of foliar phylloxera . foliar phylloxera reduce net photosynthesis of grape leaves . leaf galling by grape phylloxera causes distortion , necrosis , and premature defoliation of french - american vines . premature defoliation may delay ripening , reduce crop quality , and predispose vines to winter injury . grapevines heavily infested with foliar phylloxera may contribute to root infestations . research indicates that high population densities of foliar phylloxera can result in a reduction in yield and quality of the crop . populations must reach very high densities before yield is affected , and in most years yield will probably not be affected . it is not known , however , what impact infestations by the insect year after year have on the overall health and vigor of the vine .
phylloxera , small , sap - eating , greenish insect of the genus phylloxera , closely related to the aphid . phylloxeras feed on leaves and roots , and many species produce galls on deciduous trees . their life cycle is complex ; one species is known to pass through 21 different stages . most notorious of the group is the grape phylloxera , phylloxera vitifoliae , native to e north america . the species has winged and wingless generations , the former causing galls on grape leaves and the latter feeding on the roots , causing nodules and eventually killing the vine . the grape phylloxera came close to destroying the wine industry of france after its accidental introduction in about 1860 ; grafting of susceptible european vines onto resistant north american root stock saved the european vineyards . phylloxeras are classified in the phylum arthropoda , class insecta , order homoptera , family phylloxeridae .
spain’s elite ribera del duero producer vega sicilia recently released pintia , from bodegas pintia in toro , from ungrafted tinta de toro ( tempanillo ) vines . most of the vineyards here survived phylloxera thanks to a predominantly sandy soil – a natural obstacle to the parasite . ‘we consider the wines produced with grapes from such pre - phylloxera vines as
resistant rootstocks are the only completely effective means for phylloxera control in the most severely affected areas . a pesticide treatment will not eradicate phylloxera populations ; the chemical cannot easily penetrate the heavy soils that this pest prefers . also , effectiveness of a treatment is difficult to evaluate because although many phylloxera may be killed , populations may rebound rapidly and resume feeding on the vines . because it may take years of insecticide treatments to reverse severe damage , treatments to prevent damage may be a better strategy than curative treatments .
when university of california , davis professor austin goheen dug up a vine at the disease - stricken vineyard in 1982 , it bore the classic signs of phylloxera infestation . but all grape vines in california were being grown on presumably phylloxera - resistant rootstocks , developed a century earlier to prevent just this sort of problem . [ pictured at left :
the phylloxera , a true gourmet , finds out the best vineyards and attaches itself to the best wines .
punch , september 1890 , edward sambourne , public domain . ]
progress 01 / 01 / 93 to 12 / 30 / 93 outputs grape phylloxera : biotype b was confirmed in two additional counties , sacramentoand mendocino . we continued studying the weak strains discovered last year and collected additional ones . no rootstock allow these strains to outbreak , though they survive in immature roots . we continue providing phylloxera eggs to ma walker ( viticulture and enology ) for pcr ( dna ) analyses of biotypes and strains . we have collaborated with nasa / ames , mondavi winery and chico state to determine whether remote sensing can detect phylloxera before visual vine symptoms are seen . initial analyses suggest that leaf reflectances may presage phylloxera damage and very low populations may cause a systemic physiological plant change . a greenhouse experiment tested whether fungal infections cause the root damage associated with phylloxera populations : exclusion of fungi from phylloxera feeding sites prevents some damage associated with phylloxera . field trials of the soil insecticide enzone continued with e weber ( napa co . ) and unocal . vine damage is slowed but not to a great extent . lab screening of other chemical and biological agents against phylloxera produced no candidates for further testing . lab trials with electric shock have been negative . tests with heat and microwaves have given baseline data on lethal dosages . anagrus and grape leafhopper : field tests have been completed on the effect of prune refuges on efficiency of the parasite for controlling leafhopper populations . impacts ( n / a ) publications
comments : multiple applications over several years reduces phylloxera numbers . to protect honey bees , apply only during late evening , night , or early morning when bees are not present .
knowledge of the biology of phylloxera and phylloxera damage allows us to think about new ways to control this insect . we are testing the influence of soil management practices but have not excluded chemicals ( insecticides , fungicides and inducers of plant resistance ) . these alternatives will provide back - up tools to prevent massive vineyard losses that occur when resistant rootstocks fail .
outside north america , the effects of phylloxera were entirely unknown until 1863 , when species of native american grapevines were taken to botanical gardens in horticulture - crazed victorian england . unlike their american cousins , the euopean vinifera vines had not evolved any resistance or protection , so the stow - away phylloxera began a 30 - year rampage through the vineyards of europe .
aptly named phylloxera vastatrix or ‘the devastator’ by 19th - century french scientists , the pest was unknowingly imported into europe from america with live vines during the height of botanical imports from the new world . destroying nearly 2 . 5 million ha ( hectares ) in france alone , phylloxera raged throughout europe from the 1860s until the 1930s before being brought under control .
progress 01 / 01 / 84 to 12 / 30 / 84 outputs phylloxera : a strain of phylloxera ( b biotype ) was collected from napa valley and was able to survive and grow well on the resistant rootstock , ganzin i . this strain was demonstrated through life - table experiments to be different from other strains of phylloxera ( a biotype ) . the b biotype was also considerably more active on the highly resistant rootstock st . george in laboratory tests . a small field trial was established to determine activity of the b biotype on other rootstocks in the field . insecticide tests were conducted with carbofuran in the field and laboratory . in the field , carbofuran at registered rates somewhat inhibited the spread of phylloxera but did not kill existing populations . in the laboratory , bioassays were conducted to establish baseline susceptibilities with eggs and nymphs with 8 clone colonies from salinas valley . these tests will be of value should resistance to carbofuran develop . in addition , life - table experiments demonstrated that carbofuran had no effect on phylloxera fecundity at sublethal treatment concentrations . sticky panels were placed in salinas valley vineyards in june , august and october and demonstrated that first instar phylloxera appear in the windstream . it is not known whether windblown phylloxera are viable . impacts ( n / a ) publications
grape phylloxera : 1 ) we infested roots of mature vitis vinifera c . carignane monthly from may - sept . , and determined population after one month . infested roots were left physiologically attached to the vines and buried in place in petri dishes . controls were similarly treated excised roots . from may - aug . , the phylloxera on attached roots decreased in development and reproduction . after harvest , populations recovered . in contrast , the excised roots had stable population growth . results suggest that phylloxera compete with vine sinks for nutrients . 2 ) histology of parenchyma tissues of excised roots suggests that phylloxera activity decreases starch reserves over time , with the reserves being depleted at the feeding site first , then depleted at distances from the feeding . 3 ) studies comparing phylloxera - infested organically managed vineyards with conventionally managed vineyards found that fungal root infection ( the cause of damage ) was not correlated with phylloxera populations in the former but was in the latter . results suggest that soil components in the former suppress the damage . 4 ) with m . a . walker , we studied the dna variability of phylloxera on a transect from arizona to missouri and in a single site in new york . within - site variability was low at all sites but there were large differences between sites . these data , along with differences seen with the sexual aspect of the life cycle ( present in leaves in arizona but not elsewhere ) open the question of distinct grape phylloxera species .
at the end of the 19th century , the phylloxera plague started to seriously damage the alsatian vineyard . joseph cattin , having studied successfully , dedicated his time fighting against this plague .
grape phylloxera ( daktulosphaira vitifoliae ) is a soft bodied insect that destroys vines by feeding on roots and leaves . in australia , more than 70 percent of commercial wine . . .
france , though central to the story of phylloxera and the upending of traditional viticulture , was not the sole victim to the wine blight . phylloxera was found in vineyards near the city of sonoma , california in 1874 . american vintners , just like the french , dithered in a state of denial for decades , resulting in phylloxera ' s spread throughout the state by 1900 . eventually , california ' s wine industry adopted the well - honed tactics of the french to stave off the bugs , often using vinifera grafts on top of american rootstocks .
the discovery of phylloxera in central otago has alarmed grape growers in this new zealand region , which was believed to be free of the destructive vine louse . central otago pinot noir has recently become a hot item in export markets such as the united states , and consumers can expect shortages of these wines as vineyard owners scramble to replant with phylloxera - resistant vines .
common sense of course suggests that that the vine’s root should influence its fruit , but i am even more persuaded by the experience of my own tastings of wines vinified from vines never affected by phylloxera and cultivated on their own roots . most recently , at a dinner with some friends i tasted cogno’s pre - phylloxera barbera , and an extraordinary experience it was .
these restrictions impose extra costs on the grower in addition to the loss of production caused by the pest . so it is crucial to the industry that the impacts of phylloxera are minimised .
. . . secondary damage can also be a consequence of soil - borne pathogens entering phylloxera feeding sites and causing root necrosis , although this association of secondary damage is variable ( granett 2000 , powell et al . 2013 ) . the first visible signs of a phylloxera infestation in vineyards are usually yellowing of vines and stunted canopy growth due to reduced root function ( granett et al . 2001b ) . phylloxera is not usually diagnosed until several years after its introduction into a vineyard and when populations have built up over time causing significant root damage . . . .
the close proximity to the ground and the wild profusion of vines actually facilitated phylloxera’s feasting frenzy in champagne , where the traditional layering technique once prevailed . virtually all its vines were annihilated .
according to augustin , the fruit from these three surviving plots is noticeably different : ‘our pre - phylloxera grapes are riper , rounder and more concentrated than the grafted pinot noir grapes . ’
although we never did find out with 100 % certainty that this was phylloxera . we showed it to a couple different professional ag people who deal with this sort of stuff and got a couple different answers . one person said yes , this definitely was phylloxera , one person said no , it wasn ' t , but couldn ' t give an answer to what it was , and one person told us that it was probably not the grape phylloxera , but another , very similar species of pest that does the same thing , but to cannabis instead of grapes .
severe phylloxera - caused vine damage is prevented by rootstocks . since we don ' t know how rootstocks work and have limited knowledge of the grapevine - insect interaction , we can not trouble shoot problems . this research provides a basic understanding of the nature of phylloxera damage and the plant - insect - soil microbiology interactions . this knowledge will help maintain trouble - free rootstock use .
progress 01 / 01 / 83 to 12 / 30 / 83 outputs phylloxera : the phylloxera work falls into 2 areas , phylloxera biology and chemical control of phylloxera . in the biology area , phylloxera population response to temperature was studied in the laboratory and complementary work was initiated in the field . in the laboratory lifetable experiments indicated that populations would grow between about 65 f and 90 f . temperatures at depths in vineyards indicate that in davis and napa there is probably a vertical movement of populations to attain these temperatures between may and october . trenches in a napa vineyard dug at different seasons so far confirm the laboratory findings . this work is continuing . work on the resistant - rootstock bioassay has been completed in the laboratory and will not be confirmed in the field . several laboratory experiments are underway with chemicals . in particular egg hatch , 1st instar establishment , and immature / adult mortality bioassays inresponse to the chemicals oxamyl and carbofuran have been conducted . confirmatory work is being done or has been done in the greenhouse and field . these experiments should indicate whether chemicals are a possible option in phylloxera management . impacts ( n / a ) publications
severe phylloxera - caused vine damage is prevented by rootstocks . since we do not know how rootstocks work and have limited knowledge of the grapevine - insect interaction , we can not trouble - shoot problems . the goal of this research is to understand the nature of phylloxera damage and the plant - insect - soil microbiology interactions . this knowledge will help maintain trouble - free rootstock use .
omer , a . d . , granett , j . , downie , d . a . and walker , m . a . 1997 . population dynamics of grape phylloxera in california vineyards .
for the study of nodosity development , nodosities with isolate vwl‐1 were sorted into four categories according to the developmental stages ( instars ) of the phylloxera present . stages two and four ( fig .
in 1870 , c . v . riley , an esteemed entomologist from missouri , read planchon ' s descriptions and realized that these insects were , in fact , american phylloxera . but the phylloxera riley knew preferred to live on the leaves of american grape vines . planchon ' s suspects had been found only on european vinifera – and they had been found on the plants ' roots .
very good , tom , and very enlightening . i just purchased some pre - phylloxera cogno barbera d’alba , available at zachy’s . i’ll give you a report on it when i taste one .
omer , a . d . and granett , j . 2000 . relationship between grape phylloxera and fungal infection in grape vine roots . journal of plant diseases & protection 107 : 285 - 294 .
granett , j . , omer , a . d . , pessereau , p . and walker , m . a . 1998 . fungal infections of grapevine roots in phylloxera - infested vineyards . vitis
phylloxera‐induced nodosities developed immediately behind the root tip , in or near the zone of elongation . examples representative of vwl‐1‐induced nodosities , stages two and four , including transverse sections , are shown in fig .
planchon would eventually connect his observations with riley ' s when it was discovered that , in france , the phylloxera preferred the leaves of imported american vines , and the roots of local french vines .
it took modern scientists at uc davis seven years before they determined that an evolved
biotype
of phylloxera had overcome the resistance of axr # 1 , the particular rootstock that was prevalent in california . and in fact , this american rootstock had been rejected by the french during la réconstitution for its mediocre phylloxera resistance , but was nevertheless used by california growers for their vine grafts for decades .
the vines of bordeaux were ravaged by the phylloxera outbreak from 1865 , a decade after the famous classification of great wines in 1855 , and had to be replanted with imported grafts on remaining stems .
grapevine phylloxera ( daktulosphaira vitifoliae fitch ) is an insect that establishes populations on the root system of grapevines , causing the formation of galls on european grapevine vitis vinifera l . and ultimately resulting in plant death . as populations increase on the root system and vine health declines the chemical composition of the foliage , in the form of pigments , changes with the resulting leaf chlorosis often being the initial visual indication of phylloxera infestation . once chlorotic leaves are obvious , the infestation is already well established , and has generally spread to a broader area within the vineyard . being able to detect pre - visual phylloxera - specific chemical changes as an indicator of infestation would be a significant step in the direction of early phylloxera detection , and may aid in the containment of new infestations and minimise the potential for spread . a field trial was conducted in a newly detected phylloxera - infested vineyard in the yarra valley region of victoria , australia in 2007 . duplicate leaf samples were collected from phylloxera - infested and uninfested v . vinifera l . ' cabernet sauvignon ' and analysed using high performance liquid chromatography ( hplc ) for a variety of photosynthetic and photoprotective pigments . pigments quantified included neoxanthin , chlorophyll a + b , ß - carotene , violaxanthin ( v ) , antheraxanthin ( a ) and zeaxanthin ( z ) . statistical analysis of the results indicated changes in the ratios and the concentration of some leaf pigments appeared to be correlated with the relative abundance of phylloxera populations on the root system . in particular the proportion of the pool of xanthophyll photoprotective forms ( az / vaz ) increased exponentially as the abundance of emerging phylloxera increased . with further investigation photosynthetic pigment fingerprinting may prove to be useful for either a stand alone or an integrated ( linked to spectral analysis ) rapid , non - invasive , phylloxera detection system
why should the mosel be different from anywhere else in the world ?
asks loosen .
our best wines come from old vines planted in the top vineyard sites that give small crops .
he is lucky to have inherited nearly 25 acres of riesling vines up to 100 years old , all ungrafted . ( since the phylloxera epidemic of the late 19th century , nearly all european vines have been grafted on phylloxera - resistant american rootstocks . but in the mosel , the slate rock that covers the slopes weathers to a sharp , sandy material in which the destructive phylloxera lice cannot live . )
by 1865 , phylloxera had spread to vines in the rhône valley . over the next three decades , it inhabited and devastated nearly 70 % of the vineyards of europe . many methods were attempted to eradicate phylloxera : flooding , where possible , and injecting the soil with carbon bisulfide , had some success in checking the louse , but were costly and the pests came back as soon as the treatments stopped .
the bollinger champagne firm has two walled pre - phylloxera vineyards , which it uses in its rare vieilles vignes francaises . the 2000 vintage sold for 600 euro ( $ 751 . 76 ) a bottle .
as well as being one of the rarest , most expensive champagnes available , vieilles vignes françaises is also an oenological phenomenon . for no obvious reason , three tiny parcels of ungrafted pinot noir escaped phylloxera .
. . . temperature was found to influence the survivability of crawlers ( nymphs ) and asexual eggs [ 11 ] . across its native range , phylloxera feed on young leaves and root tips of american grape species [ 4 , 12 , 13 ] . the large number of genetically diverse american grape species and the highly variable environments they occupy plays an important role in the genetic diversity of phylloxera . . . .
the science was stacking up in favor of phylloxera being the cause of the blight . meanwhile , inadequate strategies were being devised to address the blight . some vintners discovered that flooding their vineyards could rid their vines of phylloxera , albeit at a high and unsustainable cost ; others managed to set up vineyards on mediterranean beaches , but the resulting wines were bland , and entire vineyards washed away during unusually high tides .
the vines are believed to be at least 190 years old and are among very few to have survived the phylloxera disease which devastated european vineyards in the late 19th century . it is thought they were saved by the sandiness of the soil in which they are planted , which kept the sap - sucking phylloxera louse at bay . they include some 20 different grape types , seven of which are unknown anywhere else .
severity of infestation will differ with the vigor of the grapevine as well as with soil texture and drainage . leaf - galling forms of phylloxera that are common in eastern states are extremely rare in california vineyards .
omer , a . d . , granett , j . , shebelut , c . w . 1999 . effect of attack intensity on host utilization in grape phylloxera . crop protection 18 : 341 - 347 .
phylloxera ( daktulosphaira vitifoliae ) isolate vwl‐1 was collected from own‐rooted v . vinifera . ‘cabernet sauvignon’ vines at brown brother’s whitlands vineyard in the king valley , victoria , then maintained on excised roots of v . vinifera using methods described by granett et al . ( 1985 ) . sru‐1 phylloxera were collected from leaf galls on ‘schwarzmann’ ( v . riparia × v . rupestris ) vines at campbell’s vineyard , rutherglen , victoria , and applied directly to experimental ( v . vinifera ) grapevines . these two strains of phylloxera were selected as they were readily available and had both been genetically characterized ( corrie et al . , 1997 ) .
transverse sections through a stage four ( mature ) sru‐1‐induced nodosity in gma illustrate how the stylet penetrated through the cortical cells and terminated in a single cell , from which the phylloxera was presumably feeding ( fig .
fast - forward another hundred years and the regional roles are reversed . during the 1980s , california & apos ; s vines were under attack from the mighty phylloxera louse . knowing the rootstock solution was the only viable option , producers braced themselves for the exorbitant costs of replanting with phylloxera resistant rootstock . with over a billion dollars invested in new plantings , california producers effectively hit the reset button and planted with intention . grape varietals were now planted in climate zones and soils that were conducive to their specific growing requirements . the silver lining ? better wine , lower consumer costs , and ongoing research all due to that pesky phylloxera .
initial infestations of grape phylloxera appear as a few weakened vines . these insects are difficult to detect in an apparently healthy vineyard . therefore , monitor vines at harvest in an area of the vineyard that has consistently displayed weaker growth , especially vines at the edges of the weak areas . grape phylloxera are more readily identified on vines growing in poor soils because their impact is greater on these vines than on vigorously growing vines .
new technologies offer the potential to obtain more detailed knowledge of the interaction between phylloxera and the grapevine . the present study investigates the interaction between a susceptible grapevine , v . vinifera ‘shiraz’ , and two isolates of phylloxera , vwl‐1 and sru‐1 ( corrie et al . , 1997 ) . these isolates are genetically distinct , but the interaction of both with v . vinifera may be considered ‘compatible’ ( i . e . phylloxera are able to form galls and reproduce on the grapevine roots ; kellow et al . , 2002 ) . microscopic and biochemical methods were selected to investigate the role of nodosities as nutrient sinks , and the defence response , if any , of v . vinifera roots to phylloxera attack . northern blot hybridization , using a range of cdna probes , was used for preliminary screening of gene expression patterns in uninfested roots compared with nodosities .
phylloxera is again rearing its ugly head . most recently , it has been found in the american states of california and oregon , where years of grafting vines had somehow weakened them , allowing the pest to thrive .
t . l . roush . 2006 . genetic analysis of galling responses in vitis vinifera x v . rupestris hybrids to grape phylloxera ( daktulosphaira vitifoliae ) phd thesis , univ . of calif . davis , 90pp .
kocsis , l . , granett , j . , and walker , m . a . 2002 . performance of hungarian phylloxera strains on vitis riparia rootstocks . journal of applied entomology . 126 : 567 - 571 .
downie , d . , and granett , j . 2000 . genetic divergence in geographically isolated populations of native grape phylloxera , daktulosphaira vitifoliae ( fitch ) . southwestern entomologist 25 ( 4 ) : 255 - 263 .
downie , d . a . and granett , j . 1999 . distribution , abundance , and short term persistence of grape phylloxera in two regions of the native range . environmental entomology 28 : 1004 - 1013 .
• methods phylloxera and grapevines were cocultivated using both potted and micropropagated grapevines . development of nodosities on primary roots was studied by microscopy and histochemistry , and nodosities were analysed for biochemical changes and changes in gene expression .
luckily , planchon refused to back down . he published his descriptions of the insects , suspecting that they might be related to an american species called phylloxera . to silence his critics , however , he needed confirmation .
we have no scientific reason that i know for why we don ' t have phylloxera ,
mr . de montgolfier said .
we might not be able to produce a single bottle next year .
our dolcetto boschi di berri is made from the fruit of vines that are immune to phylloxera , the pest that nearly destroyed european viticulture . it is an “ancient” wine that survived a major turning point in history .
progress 01 / 01 / 90 to 12 / 30 / 90 outputs biotype b , the new grape phylloxera , is devastating the rootstock axr # 1 in many parts of napa and sonoma counties . survey and assays to determine the california distribution of the normal phylloxera ( biotype a ) and the new one were completed . biotype b remains limited to napa and sonoma ; biotype a is in all other california viticultural regions where phylloxera are found . phylloxera from oregon appear similar to biotype a . an analysis of the survey data indicates that there are only two biotypes in the viticultural regions and that these have low variability . assays with a series of other root cultivars indicates that within - and between - biotype variation is very low except with regard to the former on the wild grape species v . californica and the latter on axr # 1 and the wild grape . these results suggest a single lineage for all biotype b ' s in the state , that biotype b arose from a biotype a population and that biotype b is a host race . the group studying phylloxera are considering the field recommendations that arise from these interpretations . we have tested enzone , an experimental insecticide . although it is of high toxicity to grape phylloxera , field trials with furrow irrigation applications give insufficient control . we are exploring various aspects of grape phylloxera biology and interaction with hosts . i am becoming involved in cooperative grape leafhopper research looking at the efficacy and optimization of prune trees as an overwintering site for parasites . impacts ( n / a ) publications
grape phylloxera , daktulosphaira vitifoliae ( fitch ) , is a serious pest of commercial grapevines worldwide . this tiny insect forms galls on leaves and roots of grapevines . it is believed that this insect originated in the eastern united states , where damage is now most prevalent on leaves of french - american hybrid grapevines . high populations of foliar phylloxera can result in premature defoliation , reduced shoot growth , and reduced yield and quality of the crop .
kocsis , l . , granett , j . , and walker , m . a . 2002 . performance of hungarian phylloxera strains in bioassays of vitis riparia and rootstocks . georgikon for agriculture 13 : 1 - 15 .
you may feel you know just about enough regarding phylloxera to get by on . bug eats vines , vines are grafted on to american rootstock , vines recover . some mystery lingers as to whether pre - phylloxera wine tasted any different , but on the whole this is a theoretical debate - and anyway , you drink wolf blass ' s excellent cabernet - shiraz on offer at a fiver a bottle from majestic , so who really cares ?
perhaps as close as a nineteenth century french grape grower came was bernardin casanova of corsica , france , who in 1881 patented a liquid mixture of grape distillates , corsican tobacco , spurge , laurel , grain straw , burnt cork and soap that was rubbed and poured on the base of grapevines to kill phylloxera . in california , which has native plants that are every bit as insecticidal as nicotine from tobacco , the only anti - phylloxera interplanting seems to have been new resistant rootstocks to eventually take the place of the old . in essence , a concession of failure and a starting over with new rootstock ( and pulling out the old phylloxera - infested vines ) .
most wine lovers also know that all european vines now grow grafted onto largely phylloxera - resistant american root stocks . that , however , is wrong : most european vines are so grafted , but not all . the spread of phylloxera through europe was gradual and uneven , and pockets of phylloxera - free vines have survived in a number of areas , notably italy and portugal . the intermittently authoritative oxford companion to wine mentions hungary ( the plain ) , listel on the french mediterranean coast , only one region of portugal , and italy not at all – that last an omission all too common in british writings on wine , and one of its most serious flaws .
m . a . fossen . 2006 . biological constraints affecting root damage on grapevines infested with grape phylloxera ( daktulosphaira vitifoliae ( fitch ) [ hemiptera : phylloxeridae ] phd thesis , univ of calif . davis , 64 pp .
m . a . fossen . 2002 . resistance of grapevine rootstocks to root - pathogenic fungi vectored by grape phylloxera ( daktulosphaira vitifoliae fitch ) . ms thesis . plant protection and pest management , university of california , davis .
like mr . casanova in nineteenth century france , the modern chinese researchers started out with a watery solution containing tobacco ; but in a bit more scientific fashion with controlled tests of the tobacco solution on young greenhouse - grown grape vines . “the results showed that aqueous extracts of tobacco had certain alleviating effects on phylloxera infection , ” according to a 2014 abstract from the journal acta entomologica sinica . “both the aqueous extracts of tobacco at the concentration of 20 mg / ml and 50 mg / ml had an inhibition to phylloxera infection , ” with a 50 % reduction in phylloxera infection within 3 weeks ( along with a reduction of fungal invaders that kill injured grape roots ) .
eventually , it was established that the parasite had been accidentally imported from an american vine delivered to a wine merchant in roquemaure in 1862 . the solution , reached after decades of debate , was finally found to be the grafting of phylloxera - resistant american rootstock on to local vines . what could have been as dry as the dust into which the phylloxera turned the vines is rendered readable by campbell ' s keen eye for character and diverting detail .
grape phylloxera is the most economically destructive and geographically widespread pest species of commercial grapevines , on which it is an obligate biotroph of vitis species , occurring in almost all viticultural regions around the world ( powell , 2012 ) .
a statement from the gers government prefect ' s office said the sarragachies vineyard represented a
remarkable example of biodiversity and genetic heritage . . . as well as ancestral cultivation methods that died out with the phylloxera crisis
.