orthosia cruda , the small quaker , is a moth of the family noctuidae .

it is found in europe , morocco , algeria , tunisia , turkey , the caucasus , transcaucasia , kazakhstan , israel , lebanon , cyprus and jordan .

orthosia cruda

habitat : orthosia cruda inhabits oak - rich forests , parks , and other woody locations .
small quaker ( orthosia cruda ) - norfolk moths - the macro and micro moths of norfolk .
endangerment factors : orthosia cruda is widespread , but loses many habitats due to the decline of oaks in central europe .
kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name
tunnusraitayökkönen
to
orthosia gothica linnaeus 1758
.
jamie mcmillan added an association between
image of diarsia mendica
and
orthosia gothica
.
habitat : orthosia incerta is found in habitats of all kinds that are rich in woody plants .
katja schulz selected
hebrew character
to show in overview on
orthosia gothica linnaeus 1758
.
hebrew character is a moth species , orthosia gothica , of the family noctuidae . it is found throughout europe .
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gaden s . robinson , phillip r . ackery , ian j . kitching , george w . beccaloni and luis m . hernández
records of caterpillar hostplants are scattered through published and manuscript sources worldwide and are difficult to retrieve . many rearing records are never published and so are not accessible to other entomologists . but collected hostplant records form a valuable scientific resource that can be used eventually to answer broader biological questions about how lepidoptera and plants interact ( eg , letourneau , hagen & robinson , 2001 ) . it provides information of immediate relevance to agriculture , ecology , forestry , conservation and taxonomy .
hosts brings together an enormous body of information on what the world ' s butterfly and moth ( lepidoptera ) caterpillars eat . the web - based version presented here offers a synoptic data set drawn from about 180 , 000 records comprising taxonomically ' cleaned ' hostplant data for about 22 , 000 lepidoptera species drawn from about 1600 published and manuscript sources . it is not ( and cannot be ) exhaustive , but it is probably the best and most comprehensive compilation of hostplant data available .
we hope that it will be useful to a wide range of biologists and that it will act as a spur to further recording and analysis of caterpillar - plant interactions .
hosts can be searched in two ways , using text search and drill - down search modes .
in text search mode , use either lepidoptera or hostplant criteria or a combination of the two . hosts operates only using scientific names . it is not possible to search for the hostplants of the red admiral butterfly but a search for hostplants using its scientific name , vanessa atalanta , will be successful . enter the generic name ( vanessa ) in the - lepidoptera criteria - genus box ; enter atalanta in the species : box ; click search .
hint : leave the ' starts with ' command as the default and in the species entry box omit the last few letters of the species - name ( eg , atalant ) . this will get around the problem of variable gender - endings . hosts uses original orthography of species - group names as far as possible , but some checklists follow the convention of altering the species - group name to accord with the presumed gender of the generic name ( eg flava , flavus ) .
restrict or refine searches using additional criteria ; choosing ' usa ' from the drop - down location box and entering [ starts with ] ' urt ' in the hostplant family box will return hostplant records of vanessa atalanta from urticaceae in the usa .
hint : restricting location may deliver a very incomplete subset of records : in the previous example all records specified as from the nearctic region ( usa + canada ) would be missed .
drill - down search mode allows the user to home in from the starting - point of either the lepidoptera or the plant family . choose a family group from the drop - down box and allow time for all genera of that family in the database to load to the genus drop - down box ; choose a genus and wait for the species to load . the search button can be pressed at any time , but the record delivery limit may be exceeded at higher taxonomic levels . drill - down search allows the user to see by scrolling all the taxa that are represented in the database . following the previous example , choose nymphalidae , then choose vanessa from the genus drop - down box and then atalanta from the ten possible species of vanessa included in hosts .
the preliminary search results pages give family , genus and species of the caterpillar and its hostplant . note that many hostplants are recorded as a plant genus only . clicking the caterpillar name will give the full record . the full record listing gives , additionally , the author of the lepidoptera species , subspecific information on the insect and the plant , if available , together with details of larval damage . laboratory rearings where the food utilised may not be the natural hostplant are indicated . the status of the record ( whether considered true , erroneous or suspect ) is not currently implemented in this version of hosts .
leguminosae ( c ) - caesalpinioideae . leguminosae ( m ) - mimosoideae . leguminosae ( p ) - papilionoideae .
all lepidoptera groups are covered and subspecific taxa are differentiated . the original source of the record , original form of the names used ( prior to taxonomic ' cleaning ' and standardisation of nomenclature ) and validation and verification fields are not included . this information is , however , retained in the databases used to generate this site . while we have included species that do not feed on green plants , the known food substrates of these are not listed exhaustively . such species comprise detritophages and predators and include , for example , most tineidae and the stored - products pests . the published compilations from hosts ( see more detail - publications from hosts ) include record status and the sources of all records .
detailed published compilations from hosts are available in press . these books give greater detail than the website , together with comprehensive cross - indexes , record status and full bibliographies . they are indispensable tools for naturalists and professional entomologists .
robinson , g . s . , ackery , p . r . , kitching , i . j . , beccaloni , g . w . & hernández , l . m . 2001 . hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of the oriental region . 744 pp .
robinson , g . s . , ackery , p . r . , kitching , i . j . , beccaloni , g . w . & hernández , l . m . 2002 . hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of america north of mexico . 824 pp . [ memoirs of the american entomological institute , volume 69 . ]
beccaloni , g . w . , viloria , a . l . , hall , s . k . & robinson , g . s . 2008 . catalogue of the hostplants of the neotropical butterflies / catálogo de las plantas huésped de las mariposas neotropicales . m3m - monografías tercer milenio , volume 8 . zaragoza , spain : sociedad entomológica aragonesa ( sea ) / red iberoamericana de biogeografía y entomología sistemática ( ribes ) / ciencia y tecnología para el desarrollo ( cyted ) / natural history museum , london , u . k . ( nhm ) / instituto venezolano de investigaciones científicas , venezuela ( ivic ) . 1 - 536 pp . , 1 fig , 3 tabs .
gaden robinson was responsible for the overall project design and management of the hosts database , and for records of lepidoptera exclusive of butterflies and bombycoid moths . phillip ackery and george beccaloni were responsible for butterfly data , including data drawn from card catalogues developed by ackery , whilst ian kitching was responsible for hostplant data of bombycoid moths . luis m . hernández was responsible for abstracting in the latter two years of the project and for development of the bibliography for the hardcopy versions of the data .
we are extremely grateful to the many people who contributed their own rearing records of lepidoptera or personal accumulations of data for inclusion in the hosts database , particularly mike bigger ( uk ) , john w . brown ( usa ) , chris conlan ( usa ) , rob ferber ( usa ) , konrad fiedler ( germany ) , jeremy holloway ( uk ) , frank hsu ( usa ) , jurie intachat ( malaysia ) , alec mcclay ( canada ) , bill palmer ( australia ) , pierre plauzoles ( usa ) and the generous individuals who contributed rearing records through the worldwideweb and who are known to us only as an email address .
we are particularly grateful to julian donahue and the los angeles county museum of natural history for allowing us to include data on microlepidoptera from the card catalogue prepared by the late j . a . comstock and c . henne , and for access to manuscript records by noel mcfarland .
marian fricano ( santa clara university ) and aileen giovanello ( clark university , international internship 1996 ) made substantial contributions of abstracted data ; fran love ( north carolina ) painstakingly checked scanned texts and reformatted them for import to paradox .
much of the immense task of data abstracting and entry from printed and manuscript sources as well as preliminary editing and name - checking was carried out by volunteers . many of these were school students on work - experience placements during 1993 - 2000 from , initially , the coopers ' company and coborn school , upminster , and later from other schools in greater london : christopher andrewes , simon bennett ( 1994 nhm vacation studentship ) , steven bond , michael brownlow , emma causer , laurence cooper , ailsa cranfield ( 1998 nuffield studentship ) , emily dwiar , andrew enever , jane feehan , madeleine ferry , max friedman , edward gold , jennifer hodgkinson , christopher joint , fateha khatun ( 1996 nuffield studentship ) , james lowe , louisa marchant , gemma millward , christopher milne , carolyn oughton , william perkins , rebecca reith , eleanor resheph , clare sambidge , neil shaftain , stephen sloan , helen stevens , samuel tarry , david taylor and thomas yeatman .
we are indebted to all our helpers for their diligence , accuracy and patience , and for their unswerving faith that this daunting project would reach a conclusion .
our colleagues here and overseas provided substantial help , advice and assistance with the checking of names of lepidoptera and with many other aspects of this project : kim and david goodger and jeremy holloway ( macrolepidoptera families ) , martin honey ( noctuoidea ) , brian pitkin ( computing ) , malcolm scoble and linda pitkin ( geometroidea ) , klaus sattler ( gelechioidea ) , michael shaffer ( pyraloidea , thyridoidea , pterophoroidea ) , alma solis ( usda , washington - pyraloidea ) , fernley symons ( oxford university - technical support ) and kevin tuck ( tortricoidea ) . julie harvey and the staff of the bmnh entomology and general libraries provided sterling support in locating obscure source material and intuitively correcting bowdlerized references .
we thank the trustees of the loke wan tho memorial foundation for their generous support for this project .
robinson , g . s . , p . r . ackery , i . j . kitching , g . w . beccaloni & l . m . hernández , 2010 . hosts - a database of the world ' s lepidopteran hostplants . natural history museum , london . urltoken . ( accessed : 18 aug . 2010 ) .
brummitt , r . k . 1992 . vascular plant families and genera . [ vi ] + 804 pp . , royal botanic gardens , kew .
kartesz , j . t . 1994 . a synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the unites states , canada and greenland . timber press , portland . 1 , checklist , lxi + 622 pp ; 2 , thesaurus , vii + 816 pp .
kitching , i . j . & cadiou , j . - m . 2000 . hawkmoths of the world : an annotated and illustrated revsionary checklist . xx + 500 pp . , cornell university press , ithaca .
kitching , i . j . & rawlins , j . e . 1999 . the noctuoidea . pp . 355 - 401 . in : kristensen , n . p . ( ed . ) lepidoptera , moths and butterflies . 1 . evolution , systematics and biogeography . handbook of zoology , 4 ( 35 ) . lepidoptera . x + 491 pp . de gruyter , berlin .
letourneau , d . k . , hagen , j . a . & robinson , g . s . 2001 . bt crops : evaluating benefits under cultivation and risks from escaped transgenes in the wild . pp . 33 - 98 . in : letourneau , d . k . & burrows , b . e . ( eds ) , genetically engineered organisms : assessing environmental and human health effects . [ viii ] + 438 pp . , crc press , boca raton .
mabberley , d . j . 1987 . the plant book . a portable dictionary of the higher plants . xii + 707 pp . , cambridge university press . [ the 1993 reprint edition is currently used in editing . ]
nielsen , e . s . , edwards , e . d . & rangsi , t . v . ( eds ) 1996 . checklist of the lepidoptera of australia . monographs on australian lepidoptera . 4 . xiv + 529 pp . , csiro , melbourne .
nye , i . w . b . ( ed . ) 1975 - 91 . the generic names of moths of the world . 1 : 568 pp . ( noctuoidea ( part ) - nye , i . w . b . , 1975 ) ; 2 : xiv + 228 pp . ( noctuoidea ( part ) - watson , a . , fletcher , d . s . & nye , i . w . b . , 1980 ) ; 3 : xx + 243 pp . ( geometroidea - fletcher , d . s . , 1979 ) ; 4 : xiv + 192 pp . ( bombycoidea to zygaenoidea - fletcher , d . s . & nye , i . w . b . , 1982 ) ; 5 : xv + 185 pp . ( pyraloidea - fletcher , d . s . & nye , 1984 ) ; 6 : xxix + 368 pp . ( microlepidoptera - nye , i . w . b . & fletcher , d . s . , 1991 ) . british museum ( natural history ) / the natural history museum , london .
rawlins , j . e . 1984 . mycophagy in lepidoptera . pp . 382 - 483 . in : wheeler , q . & blackwell , m . ( eds ) fungus - insect relationships . perspectives in ecology and evolution . 514 pp . , columbia university press .
robinson , g . s . 1999 . hosts - a database of the hostplants of the world ' s lepidoptera . nota lepidopterologica , 22 : 35 - 47 .
robinson , g . s . , ackery , p . r . , kitching , i . j . , beccaloni , g . w . & hernández , l . m . 2001 . hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of the oriental region . 744 pp . southdene sdn bhd , kuala lumpur .
robinson , g . s . , ackery , p . r . , kitching , i . j . , beccaloni , g . w . & hernández , l . m . 2002 . hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of america north of mexico . memoirs of the american entomological institute , 69 : 1 - 824 .
scoble , m . j . ( ed . ) 1999 . a taxonomic catalogue to the geometridae of the world ( insecta : lepidoptera ) . 2 vols . csiro publications , melbourne .
royal botanic garden edinburgh dipterocarpaceae database : http : / / 193 . 62 . 154 . 38 / diptero /
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the adults fly in march and april , feed on sallow blossom , and are attracted to light .
ukmoths is built , run and maintained by ian kimber , with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .
the ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries . more often than not you ' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .
looking for a specific moth species ? enter just part of the name below .
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host plants : the larvae mostly feed on quercus species , besides also on other deciduous woods .
life cycle : the adults overwinter in the pupal skin and emerge in march or april . the caterpillars occur in a brown and a green version . i tapped them in may and june from oaks .
blå punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och övriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch . kan innehålla observationer som inte är validerade . kartan uppdateras var fjärde vecka .
i det avancerade verktyget kan man söka ut och få fram artlistor , t ex arter i ett visst län , i en viss biotop , substrat , som påverkas av en hotfaktor , eller som är knutna till en sk värdart , t ex trädet alm . dessa kan även kombineras .
söka fram arter som är rödlistade , knutna till alm , är beroende av död ved och som finns i kronobergs län .
söka fram arter som är rödlistade , lever i småvatten och som påverkas negativt av igenväxning .
defaultläget i verktyget är arter som är rödlistade 2015 och dessa är klassade på samtliga sökfaktorer . under fliken rödlistekategori kan man dock välja att även inkludera arter som inte är rödlistade . om man väljer att inkludera icke rödlistade arter behöver man vara medveten om att samtliga arter inte är klassade på samtliga faktorer . nedan en sammanställning av vad som är komplett .
denna funktion används när du vill skapa din egen lista av arter att hantera . du kan t . ex . navigera mellan arterna i listan genom att klicka på deras namn . du kan också välja att använda knappen ”jämför arter” för att se bilder , kartor och kännetecken i en jämförelsevy .
du kan komponera ditt eget urval av arter genom att klicka dig fram via släktträdet och där välja arter eller artgrupper till din lista . ett annat sätt att göra ditt urval är att använda fliken ”filtrera” , där du kan söka på olika egenskaper . ovanför listan med sökresultatet finns en knapp ”lägg i mitt urval” .
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wingspan 25 - 30 mm . distinguished from other early noctuids by its small size , usually light colour and plain appearance of forewing which has a rough appearance caused by a dusting of black scales .
the adults fly in march and april , feed on willow and are attracted to light .
the larvae feed in the early summer on a number of deciduous trees , including oak and willow .
a fairly common species over much of britain . in a recent survey to determine the status of all macro moths in britain this species was classified as common .
fairly common in leicestershire and rutland . l & r moth group status = a ( common and resident )
recorded in 62 ( 90 % ) of 69 10k squares . first recorded in 03 . last recorded in 2018 .
underlying maps using digital map data © norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola™ 2018 . © james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data © nola™ 2018
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the larva lives on different species of deciduous trees , like quercus and salix . the caterpillars are frequently eating other caterpillars . hibernates as a pupa in an underground cocoon , often close to a tree trunk .
the adults fly in march and april . they come to light , sugar and sallow catkins .
belgium , namur , lavaux ste . - anne , 30 march 2007 . ( photo © chris steeman )
if you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools .
the forewings of this species are greyish to rufous brown . typically these are marked with a black mark shaped like the hebrew letter nun נ ) . this is similar to the markings of the setaceous hebrew character although the two species are not closely related . in this species this mark is sometimes split in two or even absent . the hindwings are grey .
is 30–40 mm . forewing sandy rufous , black - speckled , median area generally deeper rufous : lines browner , forewing purplish red - brown ; the lines pale , ill - defined , except by black spots at costa ; the cell black ; stigmata pale and large ; claviform connected with outer line by a black bar ; above which the base of vein 2 is often surrounded with rufous ; hindwing fuscous . the size of the orbicular stigma is variable , and the amount and shape of the black filling in of the cell is determined by this variation ; — in ab .
] from amurland and japan has a more violet grey ground colour ; ab .
this moth flies at night in march and april ( sometimes later ) [ 1 ] and is attracted to light and various flowers .
larva green dotted all over with yellow ; dorsal and subdorsal lines yellowish white ; spiracular line broad , white , with dark upper edge ; head pale green . it feeds on a wide variety of plants ( see list below ) . this species overwinters as a pupa .
seitz , a . ed . , 1914 die großschmetterlinge der erde , verlag alfred kernen , stuttgart band 3 : abt . 1 , die großschmetterlinge des palaearktischen faunengebietes , die palaearktischen eulenartigen nachtfalter , 1914
robinson , g . s . , p . r . ackery , i . j . kitching , g . w . beccaloni & l . m . hernández , 2010 . hosts - a database of the world ' s lepidopteran hostplants . natural history museum , london .
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strate ( e . g . coley et al . , 1985 ; contra altermatt , 2010 ) ,
, two of which are introduced from nearby regions . the overlap in occurrence in
rathcke method , which tests phenological overlap and ( b ) petraitis method , which tests niche overlap . this indicated that insec
families partition seasonal time in a random and the entire assemblage in a regular way . all groups of insects partitioned seas
domly except for the pairs of monophagous - oligophagous and palearctic - eurosiberian species , which partition season regularly . o
) and co - occurring deciduous trees . the hypothesis of complete general overlap is rejected for groups
based on feeding specialization , zoogeographical categories and taxonomic families . the same was the case when the entire insec
phagous species ( 13 . 8 % ) and those with a mediterranean distribution ( 15 . 4 % ) . voltinism is not very important for this assemblag
and only seven species are bivoltine of which four fed on a different species of oak in the second generation . the overall conc
whereas that of insect groups based on zoogeographical , taxonomic or feeding specialization are randomly dispersed in time .
and high ( > 850 m ) . at each site four two hectare rectangular
in the base plot at each site , up to five branches ( mean 3 . 7 ) at
plots / site x 3 trees / plot x 4 ( crown heights ) / tree x 3 . 7
as the seeds of these plants were collected from neighbouring areas of oak forest it is characterized as semi natural .
1 . the species of oak found on mt cholomontas and used in this study . the subgenus and the taxonomic status are based on
flora europaea ( schwarz , 1964 ) and personal observations ( km and pvp ) . plant cover classes are expressed in terms of the domin
foliage ( southwood et al . , 1985 ; ozanne , 2005 ) with cyper -
that used for oak insects by southwood et al . ( 2004 ) ( table 2 ) .
1979 ; rathcke , 1984 ) was used ( appendix s3 ) . this method
2 . list of the types of insects recorded in this study at sites on mt . cholomontas . [ a ] explanation of zoogeographical cate -
several subgenera of the same genus , or feed on several genera in the same order ( e . g .
specific trait in common ( e . g . particular chemical compounds such as the
drawn from this node defines six other clusters . [ 2 ] this level of
team , 2008 ) and the packages clues ( chang et al . , 2010 ) , vegan
( oksanen et al . , 2008 ) and past ( hammer & harper , 2006 ) .
oak are shown in fig . 1 . as a rule there are three peaks in
3 . presentation of the results obtained when the poole - rathcke method was used to segregate the moths in time . the null
the two dispersions are not significantly different . panel [ a ] is for insect families , [ b ] is for feeding specialization and [ c
affiliation with its host plant ( s ) . in this study the occur -
& reynolds , 1988 ) adjusted value of 0 . 431 . when abso -
assigned to six clusters ( fig . 3 ) . the results of the wald -
second generation to another cluster , i . e . , 5 . in oligopha -
( damesin et al . , 1998 , and references therein ) . this is
their peak numbers were recorded . only presences are considered here . insects with two generations are shown as different speci
followed by the number “2” . insect names are preceded with the affiliated cluster name marked with arabic numerals ( 1…6 ) as
for which the start and end date of appearance of its larvae were the same . congeneric species are shown against a grey backgro
ones , are the rule in insects ( denno et al . , 1995 ) and only
gophagous ( o ) and one polyphagous ( p ) species ( table 2 ) .
of the other two congeners ( cluster 3 ) ( fig . 3 ) , principally
( fig . 3 ) . as seen in fig . 4 separation in time does not
2009 ) . in terms of voltinism cizek et al . ( 2006 ) predict
/ web / packages / clues / < accessed 25 . xii . 2010 > .
hypotheses . in mcmanus m . l . & liebhlold a . m . ( eds ) :
c . 1984 : entomofauna ( lepidoptera ) of oak ( quercus coccifera ) in sr macedonia .
k . 1991 : zur biologie der eichenblattwespen caliroa cinxia klug . und caliroa annulipes klug . ( hymenoptera , tenthre -
panel are listed all the species of insect recorded in the study plots on mt . cholomontas . the specialization status was based
records in the literature ( e . g . schwenke , 1978 ) and personal observations .
applications of the method using standard statistical tests ( rabinowitz et al . , 1981 ) ; [ 4 ] it is not limited by evenness or dom
perennial plants in semi - arid scrub . the ability of the model to estimate the expected variances of a time sequence of biologic
events was exploited by sanders et al . ( 2007 ) who studied the assembly rules of co - occurrences of ground - dwelling ants in a var
of habitats and by marchinko et al . ( 2004 ) who studied character displacement in two barnacle communities in a quest for eviden
o . 2001 : phenological patterns of nine perennial plants in an intertropical semi - arid mexican scrub .
wald - wolfowitz tests of the larval phenologies ( mean of start and end date ) of oak foliage feeding insect clusters . an
- the aim of this project is to study the woody biomass and technical wood ( timber ) production in plantations where fast growing trees are grown ( e . g . fraxinus angustifolia , paulownia spp . , populus…
[ more ]
temporal partitioning in an assemblage of insect defoliators feeding on oak on a mediterranean mount . . .
insects feeding on the foliage of oak were studied on a mountain where species of mediterranean deciduous and evergreen oak coexist . there were 58 insect species ( 54 lepidoptera , 1 coleopteran and 3 hymenoptera ) belonging to twenty families in the assemblage feeding on eight species of quercus , two of which are introduced from nearby regions . the overlap in occurrence in time and of feeding . . . [ show full abstract ]
space allocation in melanophila knoteki knoteki ( reitt . ) var . hellenica ( obenberger ) ( col . , bupresti . . .
the phloeo - cambiophagous buprestid melanophila knoteki knoteki ( reitt . ) var . hellenica ( obenberger . ) is not a primary factor of fir decline problem although the beetle substantially contributes to greek fir abies cephalonica loud . var . graeca ( fraas ) liu mortality . by using mapping depiction of the exit holes of the insect on a set of fir trees located on a line transect in a randomized . . . [ show full abstract ]
larval performance in relation to oviposition site preference in olive kernel moth ( prays oleae bern . . .
1 the tri - voltine moth prays oleae bern . spends its larval stages on the native olive tree ( olea europaea l . var . sylvestris brot . and five cultivars , oleaceae ) mining the leaves , the flowers and the fruits in each generation ; it seldom switches to other native or introduced confamilial plant species . 2 in this study the pattern of oviposition of the olive moth was examined in olive fields and . . . [ show full abstract ]
estimativa de receptividad ganadera mediante variables edáficas en salinas grandes ( catamarca , argen . . .
el área de estudio de 4000 km2 se encuentra al sur de la provincia de catamarca . la actividad ganadera , esencial para la economía regional , es dependiente de las condiciones climáticas y edáficas . el objetivo del trabajo fue obtener información de los sub - ambientes del área , a escala de campo , incluyendo suelos y vegetación en el período 2007 - 2009 , y cuantificar las variables de suelo . . . [ show full abstract ]
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. w . j . knight and j . d . holloway . london , royal entomological society
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the long-tailed musk shrew ( crocidura dolichura ) is a species of mammal in the family soricidae .

it is found in burundi , cameroon , central african republic , republic of the congo , democratic republic of the congo , gabon , nigeria , and uganda .

long - tailed musk shrew

the asian house shrew ( suncus murinus ) grey musk shrew , asian musk shrew , or money shrew is a widespread , adaptable species of shrew found mainly in south asia but introduced widely throughout asia and eastern africa .
it is a large shrew with a strong musk smell . it is related to the etruscan shrew .
and long - nosed . the teeth are a series of sharp points to poke holes in insect
this species is associated with both lowland and montane tropical moist forest . it is a climbing shrew that probably uses its long tail for balancing ( happold 1987 ) .
advani r , rana bd ( 1981 ) .
food of the house shrew ,
studies on this shrew have suggested its suitability for use in laboratory studies of reproduction and nutrition .
the house shrew has a uniform , short , dense fur of mid - grey to brownish - grey color . the tail is thick at the base and a bit narrower at the tip , and is covered with a few long , bristle - like hairs that are thinly scattered . they have short legs with five clawed toes . they have small external ears and an elongated snout . they also emit a strong odor of musk , derived from musk glands that are sometimes visible on each side of the body . the odor is especially noticeable during the breeding season .
the house shrew has a habit of moving quickly along the edges of the walls when it enters human habitations . as it runs it makes a chattering sound which resembles the sound of jingling money , which has earned them the name ”money shrew” in china . when alarmed , the house shrew makes an ear - piercing , high - pitched shriek , resembling the sound of nails scraping a chalkboard or a metal fork scraping glass , which repels house cats . predators also leave the house shrew alone because of its musky smell and even when they catch one by mistake they will rarely eat it .
this species is locally called chuchunder in india and is mentioned in rudyard kipling ' s jungle book , as a nocturnal inhabitant of houses in india , by the name of chuchundra . however , kipling ' s mistaken use of the name ' musk rat ' has led to confusion with the unrelated north american muskrat ( ondatra zibethicus ) , and the latter species , not found in india , was ( erroneously ) illustrated in the jungle book .
another remarkable habit of this shrew ( shared with the white - toothed shrews of europe ) is that it forms a ”caravan” with its young , that is , the young line up behind the mother and follow it while she walks . the first young will hold on to the mother ' s fur with its teeth , and the subsequent young will do the same with the sibling in front of it .
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justification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .
this species is never abundant , but it is widely distributed . the species is infrequently found in surveys .
there is some localised habitat loss over much of this species range . in eastern parts of the species range , people displaced by social instability have established settlements within the forest .
this species has been recorded from several protected areas including the kongana forest in southern central african republic , korup national park in cameroon and kibira national park in burundi .
this errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .
( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t40628a115176367 .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 2nd ed . , 3rd printing
mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vols . 1 & 2
with contributions by bernadette n . graham , adam p . potter , and mariana m . upmeyer
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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has a wide distribution throughout the old world tropics . in most of its range , it was introduced by man . according to burton and burton , it was originally native to the forests of india .
it has been introduced by man to sri lanka , eastern africa , madagascar , islands in the indian ocean ( reunion , comoros ) , pacific ocean ( guam , etc . ) , south - east asia , china , southern japan , malaysia ( peninsular malaysia , sabah , sarawak ) , kalimantan , brunei , indonesia , new guinea , and throughout iran and arabia to egypt and pakistan also .
s . murinus is a commensal species . it is a voracious insectivore with little resistance to starvation . it is active during the night , spending the day in a burrow or hiding place in human habitations . they breed throughout the year , with each female averaging two litters per year . the gestation period is one month . one to eight young are born per litter , usually three young , in a nest made by both of the parents , wherein the young stay until they are nearly adult . it starts breeding when it is around one year old .
it is widespread and found in all habitats , including deserts and human habitations .
the habitat of this species is normally near human settlement , specifically near the house . some also live on the ground in leaf litter and grass . it has been recorded up to 2825 m above sea level near
stuffed specimens , exhibited in the national museum of nature and science , tokyo , japan .
it is often mistaken for a rat or mouse and killed as vermin . in general it is beneficial to humans because its diet consists mostly of harmful insects such as cockroaches , and even house mice . it can therefore be considered as a
despite its use as an insect control , it can be unpopular due to the strong odour of its droppings , which it may deposit in human dwellings behind kitchen cupboards , etc . it can also take to eating human food such as meat in kitchens , or dog or cat food . it is known to occasionally kill young chicks , making it unpopular with farmers , although rats probably kill more chicks , and more quickly . the way it is said to attack chicks , by first biting a tendon , immobilizing it and then killing and eating it ,
could indicate that it has a venomous bite that paralyses , as at least two other shrews species have ( i . e . the
maurice burton , robert burton , international wildlife encyclopedia ” , new york 2002 pp . 1709–1710 . available on google books .
maurice burton , robert burton , international wildlife encyclopedia , new york 2002 pp . 1709–1710 ; see google books .
maurice burton , robert burton , international wildlife encyclopedia , new york 2002 pp . 1709–1710 ; see google books .
robert h . schmidt , “shrews” , internet center for wildlife damage management , urltoken . retrieved 12 . 5 . 2013 .
maurice burton , robert burton , international wildlife encyclopedia , new york 2002 pp . 1709–1710 ; available on google books .
rachel sheremeta pepling , “the stunning saliva of shrews , ” on chemical & engineering news website , 2004 , urltoken . dr . werner haberl , “poisonous shrews” urltoken
iucn . ( 1995 ) . eurasian insectivores and tree shrews - status survey and conservation action plan , iucn , gland , switzerland . 108pp
this article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 11 / 6 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .