monocirrhus polyacanthus , also known as the amazon leaffish is a species of fish belonging to the polycentridae family .

it inhabits the often brackish waters , both clear and turbid , of peru , brazil , bolivia , colombia and venezuela in the amazon river basin .

it reaches a maximum length of 8.0 centimetres ( 3.1 in ) .

they are extremely specialized ambush predators that hunt by drifting towards prey animals ( almost invariably another fish ) and quickly swallowing them when they get close enough .

these fish are sometimes kept in aquariums but are notoriously challenging aquarium inhabitants , requiring copious amounts of live fish ( they can eat their body weight in fish daily ) and soft , acidic , very clean water reminiscent of the amazonian habitats they hail from .

monocirrhus polyacanthus

an amazon leaffish ( monocirrhus polyacanthus ) at steinhart aquarium , california academy of sciences . ( image credit : ben young landis / cc - by )
amazon leaffish ( monocirrhus polyacanthus ) at the steinhart aquarium , california academy of sciences . ( image credit : ben young landis / cc - by )
another fabulous fish species i got to see up close at the california academy of sciences during my visit last thursday was the amazon leaffish ( monocirrhus polyacanthus ) .
south american leaf fish ( monocirrhus polyacanthus ) are unusual looking fish from the family nandidae . members of this family are predatory fish whose main diet consists of other fish .
evolution is a wonderful thing , throwing up a diversity of life that evades even the mind of the most creative sci - fi author . monocirrhus polyacanthus is as alien as anything that might turn up on mars .
barros , b . & h . higuchi . 2007 . notes on morphological characters in early developed amazonian leaffish monocirrhus polyacanthus ( polycentridae , perciformes ) . kempffiana , 3 ( 2 ) : 18 - 22 . [ links ]
catarino , mf , j zuanon . 2010 . feeding ecology of the leaf fish monocirrhus polyacanthus ( perciformes : polycentridae ) in a terra firme stream in the brazilian amazon . neotropical ichthyology 8 ( 1 ) : 183 - 186 . doi : 10 . 1590 / s1679 - 62252010000100022
a species tank is highly preferable although m . polyacanthus can be kept with medium - sized loricariids and armoured catfish without too many problems .
breeding monocirrhus is not suggested for those who want high success rates . as a fish with strict demands , it tends to appeal to a smaller audience and shifting on fry may prove the most difficult aspect of reproduction .
the family polycentridae is known for its remarkable morphological specialization associated to predatory behavior ( liem , 1970 ) . the family is represented by two species in the amazon basin , including the leaf fish monocirrhus polyacanthus heckel , 1840 , which is widely distributed in rivers and lakes of the region ( britz & kullander , 2003 ) , mostly in upland ( henceforth terra firme ) streams .
m . polyacanthus exhibits chromatic ( colour ) changes when required . altering from dark brown through to autumnal yellow , the fish can adapt for whatever conditions are required .
most captivating of all is the camouflage and mimicry of monocirrhus . there are many words to describe aspects of its procryptic behaviour , where it emulates the drifting of a dead leaf , and there’s argument about how such behaviour should be classified .
south american leaf fish belong to the tiny family polycentridae . the genus monocirrhus shares this family with its relative genus polycentrus , typified by the species p . schomburgkii — but this latter fish fails to captivate on the same level , lacking the advanced camouflage of the former .
difficult to maintain in captivity and not a species for the beginner . in addition to being a voracious predator , m . polyacanthus is also a flighty species that is very sensitive to deteriorations in water quality .
both share massive protracted mouths and stalk in similar ways , but m . polyacanthus has the edge over its relative with a faster feeding speed and , with a strike time of only 0 . 2 seconds or less , it’s one of the world’s fastest eaters .
many m . polyacanthus have been caught at one particular region and their gut contents analysed , finding an average of 64 % fish matter and 36 % invertebrate . of the latter much was of insects that weren’t always aquatic based , although many shrimps were also found .
there’s the associated issue of increased pathogen burden at higher ph values and these fish are not equipped to deal with opportunistic bacteria and fungi . statistically it would seem that , after starvation , disease susceptibility is the most common cause of death among captive m . polyacanthus .
rather than just resorting to colours typical of a camouflaged fish , m . polyacanthus goes much further . the fish has come not just to share colour with dead foliage , but to copy its shape , right down to the leaf tip – hence that characteristic ' beard ' .
during a survey of the fish fauna of the amanã sustainable development reserve ( rdsa ) conducted in 2002 and 2003 , 49 specimens of m . polyacanthus were collected with hand nets close to the riparian vegetation , and amidst aquatic macrophytes , and with fine - meshed seine nets in shallow stream margins of baré stream , a terra firme tributary of amanã lake . those specimens gave us the opportunity to study the diet of m . polyacanthus in that area , so aiming to contribute to a better understanding of the feeding habits of this remarkable , leaf - mimicking fish species .
any signs of ill health need to be addressed early and for a fish that’s difficult to see , observation can prove quite time consuming . m . polyacanthus will attain a maximum length of 8cm / 3 . 1” over this time , but will reach its full adult size much sooner .
fishes usually use camouflage to avoid the detection by visually oriented predators , by presenting color patterns that resemble their surroundings ( e . g . sazima et al . , 2006 ) . however , camouflage and mimicry are not employed just as a defensive strategy , but also as an aggressive tactic . the leaf fish monocirrhus polyacanthus typically lives in small terra firme streams , and presents a general body morphology , color pattern , and swimming behavior that remarkably resemble a soaked dead leaf slowly drifting in the water current ( liem , 1970 ; britz & kullander , 2003 ) , which are probably used to facilitate predation . moreover , the highly protrusible mouth of the leaf fish ( which may correspond to 60 % of the head length when fully expanded ; cf . waltzek & wainwright , 2003 ) may allow an efficient strike after slowly approaching the prey .
carnivorous and will only accept live food . when small , they will accept live bloodworm and small earthworms but in the long term require a piscivorous diet . do not keep this species if you are not willing to provide a constant supply of live feeder fish , as m . polyacanthus can consume its own body weight daily . some specimens can be weaned onto live river shrimp but this is the exception rather than the rule .
the size of the collected specimens of m . polyacanthus averaged 67 . 2 ± 15 . 2 mm ( n = 49 ) . it was possible to determine the sex of 22 specimens , of which 10 were males ( 50 . 2 ± 13 . 1 mm sl , ranging 32 . 3 to 73 . 1 mm ) and 12 were females ( 52 . 3 ± 12 . 8 mm sl ; 31 - 82 mm ) . thirty - three preys were found in the 19 stomachs of m . polyacanthus that contained food . fish were the only prey type encountered in the stomach contents of 12 specimens ( 63 . 15 % fo ) , while invertebrates only were present in four other stomachs ( 21 . 05 % fo ) ; both fish and invertebrates were found in the digestory tracts of three specimens ( 15 . 8 % fo ) . only two prey fishes were found in an advanced state of digestion and could not be adequately identified .
monocirrhus polyacanthus ( polycentridae ) é uma espécie de peixe cuja aparência e hábitos mimetizam uma folha morta à deriva , e que habita igarapés e margens de rios e lagos da bacia amazônica . a despeito de seu reconhecido comportamento predatório e do fato de ser frequentemente explorada no comércio internacional de peixes ornamentais , pouco se conhece sobre sua dieta em condições naturais . nós examinamos 35 exemplares de peixe - folha ( 28 , 5 - 82 , 0 mm cp ) , dos quais 19 continham presas no estômago . trinta e três presas foram encontradas , das quais foi possível estabelecer o comprimento total de 19 delas ( 2 , 0 - 33 , 0 mm ct ) . até cinco presas foram encontradas no estômago de um único exemplar . a dieta dos peixes - folha foi constituída por peixes ( n = 12 ; 63 , 15 % fo ) e invertebrados ( n = 4 ; 21 , 05 % fo ) ; peixes e invertebrados ocorreram juntos em três estômagos examinados ( 15 , 8 % fo ) . das 33 presas encontradas nos estômagos analisados , 21 foram peixes e 12 invertebrados . dentre os peixes consumidos , characiformes e perciformes representaram 76 , 1 % e 14 , 2 % , respectivamente . characidae foi a família de presas mais comum , seguida de lebiasinidae . invertebrados ( presas ) foram representados por camarões ( decapoda ) e insetos ( coleoptera , hymenoptera , ephemeroptera e odonata ) . constatou - se uma relação positiva entre o tamanho do predador e da presa . a combinação da camuflagem corporal do peixe - folha , a baixa atividade dos caracídeos nos horários de crepúsculo e a eficiência do mecanismo de captura de presas por sucção , provavelmente possibilitam a captura de presas ágeis e de hábitos nectônicos . a posição encurvada dos peixes nos estômagos dos exemplares de m . polyacanthus possivelmente facilita a acomodação simultânea de mais de uma presa no estômago , o que deve ser especialmente importante para predadores que consomem presas grandes e apenas ocasionalmente .
the coiled position of the preys encountered in the stomach of m . polyacanthus has already been observed in the stomach of other fish - eating species , such as the catfishes phractocephalus hemioliopterus ( pimelodidae ) and denticetopsis macilenta ( cetopsidae ) ( j . zuanon , pers . obs . ) , in the ogre catfish asterophysus batrachus ( auchenipteridae ; zuanon & sazima , 2005 ) , and the marine sardine chirocentrodon bleekerianus ( pristigasteridae ) ( sazima et al . , 2004 ) . this arrangement of the preys inside the stomach may maximize the use of space in the digestory tract , allowing the allocation of a higher number of preys , which seems to be especially important for predators that consume proportionally large preys that are captured only occasionally .
of the 33 preys found in the stomachs of m . polyacanthus , 21 were fish and 12 were invertebrates . characiformes ( 16 ) and perciformes ( 3 ) represented 76 . 1 % fn and 14 . 2 % fn of the preys respectively . among the characiformes , characidae was the most commonly recorded prey family ( 62 . 5 % fn ; n = 10 ) , followed by lebiasinidae ( 37 . 5 % fn ; n = 6 ) . both families were represented by three species each : hemigrammus analis , h . belottii and hemigrammus sp . ( characidae ) ; and nannostomus eques , n . unifasciatus and n . trifasciatus ( lebiasinidae ) . perciformes were not identified to species level due to the advanced state of digestion of these preys ( table 1 ) .
invertebrates were mostly found in the guts of small specimens of m . polyacanthus ( between 28 . 5 and 54 . 2 mm sl ) , whereas fish constituted the only prey of the larger leaf fish specimens ( fig . 2 ) . of the 33 preys consumed by the leaf fishes , only 19 were found whole and accurately measured . fish and invertebrate preys ranged 11 . 0 - 33 . 0 mm sl and 2 . 0 15 . 0 mm tl respectively . mean prey size corresponded to 34 . 9 % of the predator size ( n = 19 ) . there was a positive relation between the sizes of the leaf fish specimens and the consumed preys ( r 2 = 0 . 44 , f = 13 . 24 , p = 0 . 002 , n = 19 ) ( fig . 3 ) .
greek , monos = one + latin , cirrus = curl ( ref . 45335 )
freshwater ; benthopelagic ; ph range : 5 . 0 - 6 . 0 ; dh range : 5 - 8 . tropical ; 22°c - 25°c ( ref . 1672 )
south america : amazon river basin in peru , brazil , bolivia , columbia , and venezuela .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 8 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 50082 )
britz , r . and s . o . kullander , 2002 . polycentridae ( leaffishes ) . p . 603 - 604 . in r . e . reis , s . o . kullander and c . j . ferraris , jr . ( eds . ) checklist of the freshwater fishes of south and central america . porto alegre : edipucrs , brasil . ( ref . 50082 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 1 . 1250 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01995 ( 0 . 00906 - 0 . 04395 ) , b = 3 . 01 ( 2 . 83 - 3 . 19 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 2 ±0 . 73 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 10 of 100 ) .
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found in shallow water with little or no flow in areas where fallen leaves collect .
soft acidic water is essential . the aquarium should be dimly - lit , with floating plants in order to diffuse the light further . heavy planting with large - leaved varieties such as echinodorus species is also recommended to make this fish feel secure , as they can be very nervous . other hiding places in the form of driftwood should also be provided . any water movement should be kept to a minimum .
can be achieved in captivity . the breeding tank should be thickly planted with broad - leaved plants with soft , acidic water ( ph 6 . 0 - 6 . 5 , 1 - 5 dh ) . it should be warm ( above 77°f ) and dimly - lit . a single pair should be used and conditioned with lots of live food .
during spawning the male will intensify in colour and the female will display an ovipositor . the pair drift past each other at the water surface and may continue to do this for up to an hour before the male retreats to allow the female to deposit her eggs , which she sometimes does whilst upside down . he then returns to fertilise them . the female should be removed after spawning , as the male may turn on her .
up to 300 eggs may be laid on the underside of a large leaf or overhanging rock . the male tends to these , using his fins to fan them . the eggs hatch in 3 - 4 days and the male can also be removed at this point . the fry will start taking brine shrimp nauplii as soon as their yolk sacs are absorbed . any food must be of the swimming variety as the young will not feed from the tank bottom . they should then be fed the fry of other fish as they grow . they can eat incredible amounts for their size and must be separated as soon as differing growth rates become apparent , or they will predate upon their siblings . the maintenance of high water quality is essential or there will be many losses .
an incredibly - adapted species , this fish is camouflaged to mimic a dead leaf , both in body shape and pattern . it can change colour to match its surroundings and has a projection from its bottom lip that resembles a leaf stalk . when hunting , it stalks its prey in a head - down stance , appearing to drift towards it like a dead leaf drifting in a current . in reality , the fish is propelled by tiny movements of its transparent fins . when it strikes at an item of prey the entire mouth protrudes outwards , forming a large tube into which the prey is sucked , usually head first . this happens so quickly it is often difficult to see . it can swallow prey almost as big as itself in this way .
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unnatural situation
kevin macleod ( incompetech . com )
nathan hill identifies a masquerading predator that really is like no other hunter . meet the master of camouflage .
for fans of predatory fish , these south american leaf mimics pose a not inconsiderable challenge . they are tricky to feed , demand impeccable water and spend much time invisible among foliage . however , seeing them behaving naturally in an aquarium is a reward justifying all your work . what’s more , they sport brilliant goatee beards !
this theme has been adopted by other south americans – notably farlowella , the twig catfish – but the leaf fish never gives the game away by resorting to the fishy movements of many other mimics .
leaf fish evolution has even taken into account the most common failing of predators – the obvious shape of the eye . in this case its profile has been blurred with shaded lines running straight through . this is a focused predator .
many myths surround this fish , especially where feeding is concerned . opinions range over optimal conditions and some assumptions have lasted too long without question .
the leaf fish is often referred to as an obligate piscivore , feeding exclusively on fish , but this is an erroneous assumption . studies on wild - caught specimens revealed a range of foods in the gut and even though fish feature highly by no means do they form the only diet .
these findings suggest they will happily take bugs dropping in the water — and suggest feeding alternatives for captive fish . of the fish consumed , 75 % of identifiable content were either tetra of the hemigrammus genus or nannostomus pencilfishes .
in these wild fish , average prey size was up to 35 % of the hosts’ length , which is considerably less than of - touted folklore that these will readily eat fish more than half their own size .
even feeding behaviour has evolved fascinating features . as well as its high - speed strike and associated oral structure , the fish have a remarkable way of ‘layering’ prey fish inside , curling their meal so that both head and tail are pointing back towards the mouth . this allows multiple fishes to be ‘stacked’ in order , allowing the leaf fish to stockpile prey should meals become scarce .
the mouth is cavernous but thin , extending out in front and comprising almost 60 % of the length of the head .
it’s common to find leaf fish among the leaves they have copied , although they seem almost indifferent to the model they have evolved to replicate . they tend to drift in solitary fashion , enjoying the concealment and prey advantages offered by dwelling among shoreside vegetation – often grasses and reeds .
swimming and stalking technique is spectacular . although equipped with fins as any other fish , those used in locomotion are hyaline — lacking pigmentation . the two pectoral fins are difficult to see and both the tips of the anal and dorsal fins are equally transparent , and it is through the high - speed flitting of these fins that the fish maintains rigid posture while moving and closing in for the kill .
when drifting it characteristically swims side on . the fish bends and sways but rarely moves upright , just as a floating leaf would not . having mastered this form of swimming , the leaf illusion is complete .
literature notes one of these fishes’ earliest collections , from 1920 , when the task involved simply poisoning an entire stream and seeing what bobbed up . it was only by chance that the gasping behaviour of the leaf fish separated it from other leaf shapes drifting down the now dying waterway .
leaf fish are demanding , not least over the issue of feeding . these are incredibly hard to wean from live foods and only recommended to the most dedicated aquarists experienced in shifting live feeders to dead foods .
dead feeding is not unknown and some keepers report leaf fish even accepting dead fare from hand . an ample supply of river shrimp should be considered in the early stages , along with insects and even earthworms . it would be wise to gut load invertebrate foods first , feeding something nutritious that will transfer to the leaf fish .
water parameters should be kept as close as feasible to wild conditions . water temperature varies in the wild , but will be acceptable between 22 - 25°c / 72 - 77°f and ph needs to be low , optimally between 5 . 0 and 6 . 0 , if these fish are to be at their best .
hardness would benefit from being equally low , with gh values of 5 - 8° dh frequently suggested .
as this fish only inhabits slow moving or static water , aquarium flow should be similarly mild . i always favour external canisters and with ample flow restriction and diffusion over a wide area — say a spray bar — an optimal flow can be achieved . my preference for an external rests in part on the maintenance issue . leaf fish are nervous and prone to acute stress , so as little hands - on interaction inside the tank as possible is wise .
in contradiction to slow flow , excellent water conditions are vital . ammonia , nitrite and nitrate are not tolerated and water changes must be performed at the first instance .
similarly , the fish appears to react badly to medications and these should probably be considered only as a last resort .
lighting levels are best broken up with ample floating plants , but this is not a nocturnal fish and will be out and about in your tank during daylight . dark substrates are wise but not essential , but leaf litter bases seem to be accepted most readily . planting is a must and any type , be it broad - leafed , bushy or grassy , will be much appreciated .
kept correctly , you can expect a good 8 - 9 years from a leaf fish , but be vigilant during that time .
sexing leaf fish is usually possible when the fish engage in spawning , but can be awkward beforehand . the fish are sexable and sexually mature at just 4cm / 1 . 6” long and when an ovipositor can be viewed in active females . it can be hard to ascertain just which is a pair from a collection .
spawning can be induced with either a rise in temperature , increase in acidity , or both . successful nurturing of water conditions will see the fish take turns to clean a surface – most commonly a leaf – before breeding starts .
anywhere up to 300 eggs will be laid in one sitting and the male tends to care , although not without harassment from the female , and it would be prudent to remove her at this stage . at intervals from 60 hours on the fry will start to free swim and the male will pay little or no attention to them at this stage , his parental attention waning .
the fry are ravenous and cannibalistic , consuming tiny organisms and each other with equal aplomb . a good supply of all things small and wriggling should be provided at this stage , although some hobbyists report success feeding their juveniles with powdered and dried foods .
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like other members of its family , the south american leaf fish is predatory , despite its relatively small size . it reaches an adult length of only a little of over 3 inches ( 7 - 8 cm ) in length .
this fish has a laterally compressed body and coloration resembling a leaf , hence the name
leaf fish .
they also have a small protrusion extending from their bottom lip .
like most south american fish , leaf fish do best with soft , slightly acidic water , and a water temperature between 74 - 80 °f ( 23 - 27°c ) .
leaf fish spend a good portion of their time oriented with their head facing toward the bottom of the tank , as shown in the photo on this page .
their tank should be heavily planted , with dim lighting , and lots of hiding places .
not only do these fish resemble a leaf in color and body shape , but even their movements resemble a leaf floating through the water . to see how this fish moves through the water watch the you tube video below to see a south american leaf fish in its natural habitat .
leaf fish are carnivorous fish and their diet consists of mainly small live fish . keep this in mind when choosing their tank mates . they may also take live worms and brine shrimp , especially when young .
males and females look similar to one another , although you may be able to see an ovipositor on the female when she is in breeding condition . breeding sometimes occurs in the aquarium , especially in soft , acidic water . filtering the water through peat and providing lots of hiding places will encourage them to breed .
during spawning , the pair will clean off a rock , leaf , or some other flat surface . after spawning takes place the male guards the eggs . remove the female at this point .
after the eggs hatch in a few days and the fry are free swimming , feed them newly hatched brine shrimp .
image of south american leaf fish from wikimedia commons and published under the gnu free documentation license 1 . 2 .
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
measuring only around 3 inches ( 8 cm ) , this small freshwater fish is a native of the amazon river basin in south america .
it is called the “leaffish” because of its ability to imitate a dead leaf drifting in the water . from its coloration down to its curious habit of floating sideways — using its camouflage and its thin , flat body to sneak up on unsuspecting prey , usually a small fish or shrimp ( catarino and zuanon 2010 ) .
once its little transparent pectoral fins maneuver the leaffish into position , its highly extendable , quick - draw jaws do the rest .
the leaffish is a staple of nature documentaries when they have to do a “weird and strange fish” list episode . so let’s jump to the videos !
and look — a video from the california academy of sciences on leaffish ! here , the steinhart aquarium staff are feeding their leaffish collection with what appears to be about a bajillion little brine shrimp .
fish are amazing and underrated creatures . join me as i geek out and explore the amazing diversity of fish species on our planet . read more about our journey or look up our index of species featured so far .
ben young landis is a science writer and consultant by day , amateur cook by night , and fish geek 24 / 7 . drop a line at @ younglandis or via email .
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neotrop . ichthyol . vol . 8 no . 1 porto alegre jan . / mar . 2010
i universidade federal do amazonas , laboratório de ecologia pesqueira , mini campus , setor sul , bloco z , manaus , am , brazil . michelcatarino @ urltoken ii instituto nacional de pesquisas da amazônia , coordenação de pesquisas em biologia aquática , cp 478 , 69011 - 970 manaus , am , brazil . zuanon @ urltoken
the leaf fish is a small - sized species that reaches up to 80 mm in standard length ( sl ) , and presents distinct morphological characteristics , such as the absence of a lateral line , a large and protractile mouth , a petiole - like filament in the lower jaw , and a laterally compressed body , strongly resembling a dead leaf in format and color pattern ( nelson , 1994 ) ( fig . 1 ) .
although present throughout the amazon basin and frequently exploited by the ornamental fish trade , the leaf fish is apparently not as locally abundant as several other species commonly encountered in the same habitat ( gutiérrez , 2003 ) . such low abundance results in its rarity in fish collections and may explain the scarcity of information about its natural history and diet . most of the available information on its feeding behavior refers to captive specimens maintained under aquarium conditions ( liem , 1970 ; barros & higuchi , 2007 ) .
the amanã reserve is a 2 , 35 million ha conservation unit located between the basins of the black water negro river and the white water japurá and solimões rivers ( 1º30 ' - 3º05 ' s 62º50 ' - 65º00 ' w ) , in the amazonas state , brazil .
all collected leaf fish specimens were immediately preserved in 10 % formalin , later transferred to 70 % ethanol , and measured ( sl , mm ) . the abdominal cavities of 35 specimens were opened to determine the sex , and the presence of food in the stomach . the stomachs were then dissected and examined under a stereoscopic microscope . the position of the preys in the stomachs was verified and registered . prey items were identified to the lowest taxonomic level possible , quantified ( n ) , and measured ( fish : sl , mm ; invertebrates : total length , tl , mm ) whenever possible . the importance of each prey taxon was calculated based on its frequency of occurrence ( fo % ) in relation to the number of stomachs with food ( hyslop , 1980 ) . the relative contribution of fish preys were also expressed as frequency by numbers ( fn % ) , calculated as the number of preys in each category ( taxonomical order and family ) in relation to the total number of fishes found in the stomachs . a linear regression was employed to investigate the relation between the paired size of the leaf fish specimens and its preys . unfortunately , the dissected specimens were discarded after analyzed , but the accurate collecting locality of the studied sample warrants the possibility of further taxonomic confirmation of the species identity if needed .
invertebrates were represented by 12 specimens of crustaceans ( decapoda and conchostraca ) and insect remains ( coleoptera , hymenoptera and larvae of ephemeroptera and odonata , table 1 ) .
most preys found in the stomachs of leaf fish specimens were swallowed whole , despite their proportionally large dimensions when compared to the predator ' s size . large sized prey fish were occasionally found occupying the whole space from the lower portion of the esophagus to the end of stomach , especially when the gut was filled with more than one prey . in these cases the large prey fishes were found in a coiled ( ' ' u ' ' shaped ) position with head and tail directed to the head of the predator .
we thank to instituto de desenvolvimento sustentável mamirauá ( fepim ) for the financial and logistic support , to jonas alves de oliveira for the help during field work , and to fernando p . mendonça for allowing the use of the leaf fish photo . this is contribution # 20 of projeto igarapés . j . zuanon receives a productivity grant from cnpq ( process # 311023 / 2006 - 1 ) .
britz , r . & s . o . kullander . 2003 . family polycentridae . pp . 603 - 604 . in : reis , r . , s . o . kullander & c . j . ferraris jr . ( eds . ) . check list of the freshwater fishes of south and central america . porto alegre , edipucrs , 729p . [ links ]
gutiérrez , a . l . 2003 . análisis de algunos aspectos tróficos y reproductivos de la comunidad de peces de um cano de águas negras amazónicas en cercanías de leticia ( amazonas , colombia ) . unpublished monograph , universidad nacional de colombia , bogotá , 132p . [ links ]
heckel , j . 1840 . johann natterer ' s neue flussfische brasilien ' s nach den beobachtungen und mittheilungen des entdeckers beschrieben ( erste abtheilung , die labroiden . ) . annalen des wiener museums der naturgeschichte , 2 : 327 - 470 . [ links ]
hyslop , e . j . 1980 . stomach content analysis : a review of methods and their applications . journal of fish biology , 17 : 411 - 429 . [ links ]
liem , k . f . 1970 . comparative functional anatomy of the nandidae ( pisces : teleostei ) . fieldiana , zoology , 56 : 1 - 166 . [ links ]
nelson , j . s . 1994 . fishes of the world . new york , john wiley and sons , 600p . [ links ]
sazima , c . , r . l . moura & i . sazima . 2004 . chirocentrodon bleekerianus ( teleostei : clupeiformes : pristigasteridae ) , a small predaceous herring with folded and distinctively oriented prey in stomach . brazilian journal of biology , 1 : 165 - 168 . [ links ]
sazima , i . 2002 . juvenile snooks ( centropomidae ) as mimics of mojarras ( gerreidae ) , with a review of aggressive mimicry in fishes . environmental biology of fishes , 65 : 37 - 45 . [ links ]
sazima , i . , l . n . carvalho , f . p . mendonça & j . zuanon . 2006 . fallen leaves on the water - bed : diurnal camouflage of three night active fish species in an amazonian streamlet . neotropical ichthyology , 4 ( 1 ) : 119 - 122 . [ links ]
waltzek , t . b . & c . wainwright . 2003 . functional morphology of extreme jaw protrusion in neotropical cichlids . journal of morphology , 257 : 96 - 106 . [ links ]
weitzmann , s . 1978 . three new species of fishes of the genus nannostomus from the brazilian states of pará and amazonas ( teleostei : lebiasinidae ) . smithsonian contributions to zoology , 263 : 1 - 14 . [ links ]
weitzmann , s . & j . s . cobb . 1975 . a revision of the south american fishes of the genus nannostomus günther ( family lebiasinidae ) . smithsonian contributions to zoology , 186 : 1 - 36 . [ links ]
zuanon , j . a . s . & ferreira , e . g . 2008 . feeding ecology of fishes in the brazilian amazon - a naturalistic approach . pp . 1 - 34 . in : cyrino , j . e . p . , d . p . bureau & b . g . kapoor ( eds . ) . feeding and digestive functions in fishes . ensfield , science publishers , 575p . [ links ]
zuanon , j . & i . sazima . 2005 . the ogre catfish : prey scooping by the auchenipterid asterophysus batrachus . aqua journal of ichthyology and aquatic biology , 1 : 15 - 22 . [ links ]
universidade estadual de maringá núcleo de pesquisas em limnologia , ictiologia e aquicultura / coleção ictiologia av . colombo , 5790 87020 - 900 maringá , pr , brasil tel . : ( 55 44 ) 3011 4632 neoichth @ urltoken


mucronalia is a genus of very small parasitic sea snails , marine gastropod mollusks or micromollusks in the family eulimidae .

this genus was first described in 1860 by arthur adams in his paper , " on some new genera and species of mollusca from japan " .

these sea snails are thought to be parasitic on ophiuroids ( brittle stars ) .

mucronalia

eulima ( mucronalia ) a . adams , 1860 accepted as mucronalia a . adams , 1860
worms - world register of marine species - mucronalia bicincta a . adams , 1860
species mucronalia gigas kuroda & habe , 1950 accepted as melanella teinostoma ( a . adams , 1854 )
worms - world register of marine species - eulima ( mucronalia ) bulbula r . murdoch & suter , 1906
species mucronalia lactea a . adams , 1864 accepted as hypermastus lacteus ( a . adams , 1864 ) ( original combination )
species mucronalia subula a . adams , 1864 accepted as hypermastus subula ( a . adams , 1864 ) ( original combination )
species mucronalia xanthias r . b . watson , 1886 accepted as pelycidion xanthias ( r . b . watson , 1888 ) ( original combination )
species mucronalia cylindrica g . b . sowerby iii , 1900 accepted as hypermastus cylindricus ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1900 ) ( original combination )
species mucronalia philippinarum g . b . sowerby iii , 1900 accepted as echineulima philippinarum ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1900 ) ( original combination )
warén a . ( 1980 ) . revision of the genera thyca , stilifer , scalenostoma , mucronalia and echineulima ( mollusca , prosobranchia , eulimidae ) . zoologica scripta 9 : 187 - 210 [ details ]
( of mucronalia suava dall , 1927 ) bouchet , p . & warén , a . ( 1986 ) . revision of the northeast atlantic bathyal and abyssal aclididae eulimidae , epitonidae ( mollusca , gastropoda ) . bollettino malacologico . suppl . 2 : 297 - 576 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of mucronalia suava dall , 1927 ) dall w . h . ( 1927 ) . small shells from dredgings off the southeast coast of the united states by the united states fisheries steamer
albatross
, in 1885 and 1886 . proceedings of the united states national museum , 70 ( 18 ) : 1 - 134 , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 72 [ details ]
warén a . ( 1980 ) . revision of the genera < i > thyca < / i > , < i > stilifer < / i > , < i > scalenostoma < / i > , < i > mucronalia < / i > and < i > echineulima < / i > ( mollusca , prosobranchia , eulimidae ) . < i > zoologica scripta 9 < / i > : 187 - 210
adams , a . ( 1860 ) . on some new genera and species of mollusca from japan . annals and magazine of natural history . ( 3 ) 5 : 299 - 303 [ april 1860 ] ; 405 - 413 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 301 [ details ]
distribution species parasitic on holothuria scabra ( macnae & kalk ; , 1958 ) .
distribution species parasitic on holothuria scabra ( macnae & kalk ; , 1958 ) . [ details ]
warén , a . ( 1984 ) . a generic revision of the family eulimidae ( gastropoda , prosobranchia ) . journal of molluscan studies . suppl 13 : 1 - 96 . page ( s ) : 58 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
xiv . —note in answer to mr . clark ' s remarks on lepton sulcatulum
on the origin of species by means of natural selection ; or , the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life . —by charles darwin , m . a . , f . r . s . , f . g . s . , & c . london , 1859
a guide to the quadrupeds and reptiles of europe ; with descriptions of all the species : compiled from the latest writers . by lord clermont . london : john van voorst , 1859 . post 8vo
handbook of the british flora . by g . bentham , f . l . s . london : lovell reeve . 1858
on the hooks on the front edge of the hinder wings of certain hymenoptera . communicated by dr . j . e . gray , f . r . s . & c
abstract of a lecture by prof . t . h . huxley , f . r . s . , on species and races , and their origin , delivered before the members of the royal institution , on the evening of friday , february 10 , 1860
the monstrous begonia frigida at kew , in relation to mr . darwin ' s theory of natural selection
xli . —characters of new cingalese land - shells collected by f . layard , esq . , ceylon civil service
the ibis , a magazine of general ornithology . edited by philip lutley sclater , m . a . vol . i . trübner and co . , 1859
xlvi . —on cyclostigma , a new genus of fossil plants from the old red sandstone of kiltorcan , co . kilkenny ; and on the general law of phyllotaxis in the natural orders lycopodiaceæ , equisetaceæ , filices , & c
on the origin of species by means of natural selection ; or , the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life . —by charles darwin , m . a . , f . r . s . , f . g . s . , & c . ; london , 1859
on the hooks on the front edge of the hinder wings of certain hymenoptera . communicated by dr . j . e . gray , f . r . s . & c ;
xlvi . —on cyclostigma , a new genus of fossil plants from the old red sandstone of kiltorcan , co . kilkenny ; and on the general law of phyllotaxis in the natural orders lycopodiaceæ , equisetaceæ , filices , & c ;
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dall w . h . ( 1927 ) . small shells from dredgings off the southeast coast of the united states by the united states fisheries steamer
albatross
, in 1885 and 1886 . proceedings of the united states national museum , 70 ( 18 ) : 1 - 134 , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 72 [ details ]
taxonomy does not fit any described aulimid genus ( warén 1980 : 203 ) .
taxonomy does not fit any described aulimid genus ( warén 1980 : 203 ) . [ details ]
gofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
warén , a . ( 1984 ) . a generic revision of the family eulimidae ( gastropoda , prosobranchia ) . journal of molluscan studies . suppl 13 : 1 - 96 . page ( s ) : 71 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
warén a . ( 2011 ) . checklist of eulimidae . pers . com . [ details ]
carpenter , p . p . ( 1865f ) diagnoses of new species and a new genus of mollusks , from the reigen mazatlan collection ; with an account of additional specimens presented to the british museum . proceedings of the zoological society of london , 1865 , 268–273 . [ details ]
hypermastus bulbula ( r . murdoch & suter , 1906 ) accepted as hypermastus bulbulus ( murdoch & suter , 1906 )
to museum of new zealand te papa ( m . 001774 ; eulima bulbula murdoch & suter , 1906 ; holotype )
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
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adams , arthur . 1860 . on some new genera and species of mollusca from japan . annals and magazine of natural history , including zoology , botany and geology , being a continuation of the ' magazine of botany and zoology ' , and of louden and charlesworth ' s ' magazine of natural history ' , series 3 5 : 299 - 303 , 405−413 .
adams , a . ( 1860 ) . on some new genera and species of mollusca from japan . < em > annals and magazine of natural history . < / em > ( 3 ) 5 : 299 - 303 [ april 1860 ] ; 405 - 413 .
nomenclator zoologicus . a list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of linnaeus , 1758 to the end of 2004 . digitised by ubio from vols . 1 - 9 of neave ( ed . ) , 1939 - 1996 plus supplementary digital - only volume . urltoken ( as at 2006 ) .
warén , a . ( 1984 ) . a generic revision of the family eulimidae ( gastropoda , prosobranchia ) . < em > journal of molluscan studies . < / em > suppl 13 : 1 - 96 .
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the cornish jack , mormyrops anguilloides , is a species of weakly electric fish in the family mormyridae , native to quiet waters in much of sub-saharan africa .

the largest species in its family , the cornish jack is a nocturnal group hunter of smaller fishes , using electricity to locate its prey and communicate with other members of its group .

it is a commercial game fish valued for its size and taste .

the common name " cornish jack " likely originated from european settlers , who thought that this fish resembled the european pike , whose young is known as a " jack " in some parts of england .

it is also known as " african carp " , a name that is used for several other species .

cornish jack

contribute to imdb . add a bio , trivia , and more . update information for jack cornish »
zambia .
hows this for fish ? mr bowmaker holds two cornish jack caught in the swamp .
cousin jack console table . oak and cornish tin . hand made table from cornwall . | samuel f walsh
zambia .
hows this for fish ? mr bowmaker holds two cornish jack caught in the swamp . . . .
abbie cornish is set to star opposite john krasinski in amazon ' s drama series tom clancy ' s jack ryan .
cornish will play jack ryan ' s love interest , cathy mueller , a medical doctor who specializes in infectious diseases .
cornish : i gather the jack - it all started with the telephone , specifically switchboard operators in the 1880s . is that right ?
zambia .
hows this for fish ? mr bowmaker holds two cornish jack caught in the swamp . . . . | the national archives
urltoken a successfull trip with catfishjoe productions to lake kariba , zimbabwe . shilo catches a cornish jack . available on dvd . see website for more details .
hit the road , headphone jack : new iphone goes wireless in light of the news that apple is eliminating a headphone jack from its newest iphone , npr ' s audie cornish explores the history of the headphone jack with jonathan sterne , author of the book , the audible past : cultural origins of sound reproduction .
saw joe cornish the other day . yes . we are brainstorming . # somethingnew
[ porch of home of augustus st . gaudens , cornish , new hampshire ]
in light of the news that apple is eliminating a headphone jack from its newest iphone , npr ' s audie cornish explores the history of the headphone jack with jonathan sterne , author of the book , the audible past : cultural origins of sound reproduction .
a juvenile cornish jack at jackson aquatics . this little guy was eating but did not like the bright light coming from the camera so it hid in its hut . urltoken
cousin jack is the name given to the cornish miners who migrated to other mineral rich areas such as america , australia and africa , taking their mining skills with them .
abbie cornish ( “stop - loss” , “elizabeth : the golden age” ) will play cathy to john krasinski’s jack ryan in amazon’s new tv take on the tom clancy series .
cornish’s cathy mueller is an infectious diseases doctor who’s a bright light in her field .
cornish : fast forward to the modern jack we all know about , which is even smaller than that , right ? it ' s not that quarter - inch jack that we may know from , like , hi - fi sets or guitars or something like that .
aggressive hunters , the cornish jack eat invertebrate larvae and crustaceans while they are young before moving on to a variety of fish species as adults . cornish jack fish uses their electric nature as an effective hunting tool . emitting weak pulses of electricity , cornish jack can navigate murky waters successfully , communicate with its environment , and ultimately catch its prey . not to mention , they are able to detect various distortions in the electric field surrounding their body , which informs them of the size , distance , and special features of nearby objects . seriously , how cool is this ? cornish jack fish will hunt independently or in schools ; however , hunting in a group is a more efficient tactic for these electric sensing fish .
copyright © the cornish food box company ltd | vat no . 114557818 company no . 7350549
exterior of studio of augustus st . gaudens , cornish , new hampshire . cornish gaudens national historic site new hampshire saint , none . [ between 1920 and 1923 ] photograph . urltoken
cornish is set to play cathy mueller , “a doctor specializing in infectious diseases [ who ] is intelligent , competitive , a rising star in the medical world and jack’s love interest . ”
it’s taken awhile for amazon’s jack ryan prequel series to get off the ground , and with john krasinski in the title role , we’re finally starting to see more cast . first to join the newer , younger , funnier jack ryan is none other than abbie cornish in a leading role .
cornish’s on - screen credits include in the discovery channel miniseries klondike and the film sucker punch .
this man has cornish blood running through every vein .
in a desperate bid to blend in with the locals , alfie then tries his hand at a cornish accent - and fails epically .
in a minute - long clip , jack can be seen reprising his teaching alter - ego alfie .
union reps : jack briskey , rhys ward , connor spence , ben cornish , keoni solomonis , taine browne and aden spence , of the central queensland bushrangers representative side , at the junior rugby championships .
[ exterior of studio of augustus st . gaudens , cornish , new hampshire ] | library of congress
starring john krasinski and abbie cornish , jack ryan is a reinvention with a modern sensibility of the famed and lauded tom clancy hero . it centers on jack ryan ( krasinski ) , an up - and - coming cia analyst thrust into a dangerous field assignment for the first time . the series follows ryan as he uncovers a pattern in terrorist communication that launches him into the center of a dangerous gambit with a new breed of terrorism that threatens destruction on a global scale . cornish plays jack’s love interest cathy mueller .
there ' s another post from a while back regarding them . search cornish jack in the forum and there ' s a few this is the 2 or 3 i believe . has advice about feeding and more .
deadline is reporting that abbie cornish ( sucker punch , limitless ) has nabbed the female lead in tom clancy’s jack ryan , the upcoming amazon series from carlton cuse ( lost ) and graham roland ( fringe ) .
by : wells , r . e . - cornish , beth . - alberta land and forest services .
photo , print , drawing [ exterior of studio of augustus st . gaudens , cornish , new hampshire ]
cornish : what are the odds that the headphones jack could finally go away ? you know , whether it ' s rock musicians or your television , there are all kinds of places where this is the default technology .
exterior of studio of augustus st . gaudens , cornish , new hampshire . cornish gaudens national historic site new hampshire saint , none . [ between 1920 and 1923 ] [ photograph ] retrieved from the library of congress , urltoken
jack briskey , rhys ward , connor spence , ben cornish , keoni solomonis , taine browne and aden spence were part of the central queensland bushrangers who took to the field at the southport school over the three days of competition .
per deadline , cornish will take the leading role of cathy mueller , a doctor specializing in infectious diseases , described as “intelligent , competitive , a rising star in the medical world and jack’s love interest . ” well , at least they put that part last .
jack whitehall is celebrating the release of the bad education movie in london tonight - and the stars are out to show their support .
the under - 16 team beat the gold coast 8 - 7 in a nail - biting finish - cornish scoring the winning penalty .
' tom clancy ' s jack ryan ' trailer : donald trump , bill clinton & john f . kennedy heard in
presidents
clip
some of the larger native demersal fishes of the senegal basin are : the 204 cm aba ( gymnarchus niloticus ) . the 200 cm nile perch ( lates niloticus ) , the 183 cm sampa ( heterobranchus longifilis ) , and the 150 cm cornish jack ( mormyrops anguilloides ) .
[ sculpture in the
big studio ,
the workshop for the assistants of augustus st . gaudens , cornish , new . . .
in addition to using their electric sensing capabilities for hunting , cornish jack can also distinguish between different electric wavelengths , which allow them determine their school of fish . these hunting groups have also been observed emitting a synchronized burst of electrical impulses , which may function as a mutual group recognition signal .
“saw joe cornish the other day , ” boyega tweeted on saturday . “yes . we are brainstorming . # somethingnew . ” while this could mean any number of things , cornish told ifc back in 2011 that boyega keeps coming up with “amazing ideas” for a possible sequel to attack the block .
jack ryan is a reinvention with a modern sensibility of the famed and lauded tom clancy hero . it centers on jack ryan ( krasinski ) , an up - and - coming cia analyst thrust into a dangerous field assignment for the first time . the series follows ryan as he uncovers a pattern in terrorist communication that launches him into the center of a dangerous gambit with a new breed of terrorism that threatens destruction on a global scale . cornish will play cathy mueller , a doctor specializing in infectious diseases . she is intelligent , competitive , a rising star in the medical world and jack’s love interest .
the population of cornish jack in africa appears to be healthy . anglers and commercial fisherman alike enjoy catching these interesting fish , but populations are stable . moreover , the cornish jack has been introduced into other areas outside of africa , such as australia , where they are considered to be an exotic pest that could threaten the native ecosystems on that continent . i have said it before and i will say it again , when are we going to learn that you can’t just introduce new animals into an ecosystem ( or use their dna to bring back from extinction but that is a debate for another day ) .
by : christensen , alan g . - lyon , l . jack , - unsworth , james w . - intermountain research station ( ogden , utah )
buy your own celebrity hideaway ! castle adored by michael douglas and jack nicholson goes on sale for $ 5 . 2m ( and even comes with treehouse )
by : williams , jack edward . - united states . bureau of land management . - united states . bureau of land management . special status fishes team .
exclusive : abbie cornish ( sucker punch , limitless ) is set as the female lead opposite john krasinski in amazon ’s straight - to - series drama tom clancy ’s jack ryan , from the lost duo of co - showrunner carlton cuse and writer graham roland , michael bay’s platinum dunes , skydance media and paramount tv .
the bad education movie - which follows three series of whitehall ' s popular sitcom - stars jack as teacher alfie wickers who is battling with life at abbey grove school .
a special mention must go out to ben cornish and taine browne , who both had fantastic tournaments and were rewarded with selection into the queensland country under - 16s side .
per deadline , the series “centers on jack ryan ( krasinski ) , an up - and - coming cia analyst thrust into a dangerous field assignment for the first time . the series follows ryan as he uncovers a pattern in terrorist communication that launches him into the center of a dangerous gambit with a new breed of terrorism that threatens destruction on a global scale . cornish will play cathy mueller , a doctor specializing in infectious diseases . she is intelligent , competitive , a rising star in the medical world and jack’s love interest . ”
exterior of studio of augustus st . gaudens , cornish , new hampshire . [ between 1920 and 1923 ] photograph . retrieved from the library of congress , < urltoken > .
cornish : that ' s jonathan sterne . he ' s the author of
the audible past : cultural origins of sound reproduction .
thanks so much for talking with us .
another possibility could be section 6 , cornish’s passion project that hit some legal snags . universal won a four - way bidding war for the script with jack o’connell set to star , but the film then became the subject of copyright infringement claims from mgm and james bond rightsholder danjaq . with the lawsuit settled , wrath of the titans screenwriter dan mazeau was reportedly enlisted .
and it turns out that his ridiculously posh character is the
b * * * * * d son
of a very common cornish man called pasco - played by game of thrones star iain glen .
before john boyega made it big in star wars : the force awakens , he gained notoriety for a much smaller sci - fi film , attack the block . written and directed by joe cornish , the film featured the actor as moses , a boy who defends his south london neighborhood from aliens with the help of his friends . nearly five years later , boyega is teasing a reunion with cornish for “something new . ”
with the end of mining and changes to agricultural methods , the social and economic focus of the peninsula changed once again . from the 1950s cheap subdivisions and government leases around the coast , together with increased motor vehicle ownership , brought the rise of shacks fanning out from ardrossan along beaches including port julia , black point , and in many other places around the long coastline . with the peninsula now the home of small farming communities , tourism became an important supplement to the local economy . based in the cornish heritage of the area , an annual ' cousin jack carnival ' began in 1963 . in 1973 , through the vision of premier don dunstan , ' the world ' s largest cornish festival ' was born , with the advent of ' kernewek lowender ' . the festival has continued to be a biennial celebration of the cornish heritage of the peninsula .
the show hails from paramount tv and skydance tv and features a noteworthy board of producers including michael bay and carlton cuse ( “lost” ) . mace neufeld , who also produced the jack ryan series of movies , is back too .
australian actress cornish is known for her starring turn in 2004’s somersault and her role as fanny brawne in bright star . on tv , she most recently played belinda mulrooney in the miniseries klondike . she’s repped by untitled entertainment and uta .
i used to have this fish and acts like an aba aba knifefish . with same temperment , eating habit and how it bites . mine jumped out though but survived and developed a fungus on the skin and slowly died . they get aggressive as they grow and likes to attack the owner . so be careful when cleaning the tank when it grow . usually the aggressive side show at around 12
. mine died at 18
. very cool fish to have you should watch blue planet dvd and it show a pack of large cornish jack hunting sleeping cichlids at night .
title [ exterior of studio of augustus st . gaudens , cornish , new hampshire ] created / published [ between 1920 and 1923 ] subject headings - saint - gaudens , augustus , - - 1848 - 1907 - - homes & haunts - studios - - new hampshire - - cornish - - 1920 - 1930 - saint - gaudens national historic site ( cornish , n . h . ) - - 1920 - 1930 format headings photographic prints - - 1920 - 1930 . medium 1 photographic print . call number / physical location biog file - st . gaudens , augustus [ p & p ; ] repository digital id cph 3c14882 / / urltoken library of congress control number 95512824 reproduction number lc - usz62 - 114882 ( b & w ; film copy neg . ) online format image description 1 photographic print . lccn permalink urltoken additional metadata formats marcxml record mods record dublin core record
the legacy of tin has always been around me and i wanted to design a piece of furniture which would celebrate not only the magnificent cornish landscape , but the treasures buried within it . the tin used in this piece has been mined locally in cornwall and cast specifically for this console table .
apple introduced its iphone 7 today . they say it ' s slimmer , sleeker and that the camera ' s better . and , yes , the rumors are true . there ' s no headphone jack . users will have to use wireless headphones or apple ' s lightning port instead . but the old plug - and - socket combination - the jack - has been around in one form or another for more than a hundred years . jonathan sterne of mcgill university is here to tell us about it . he wrote the book
the audible past : cultural origins of sound reproduction .
jonathan sterne , welcome to the program .
oscar - nominated feature director morten tyldum ( the imitation game , passengers ) is set to direct the opening episode of amazon ’s straight - to - series drama tom clancy ’s jack ryan , from the lost duo of co - showrunner carlton cuse and writer graham roland , platinum dunes , skydance media and paramount tv .
jack ryan is co - produced by paramount tv and skydance tv and executive produced by cuse , roland , platinum dunes’ michael bay , brad fuller , and andrew form , as well as skydance’s david ellison , dana goldberg and marcy ross , along with the movie franchise’s producer mace neufeld and lindsey springer of carlton cuse prods .
unfolding over 10 episodes , the series follows jack ryan ( krasinski ) , an up - and - coming cia analyst thrust into a dangerous field assignment for the first time . he uncovers a pattern in terrorist communication that launches him into the center of a dangerous gambit with a new breed of terrorism that threatens destruction on a global scale .
jack ryan stars john krasinski ( the office , 13 hours : the secret soldiers of benghazi ) as clancy’s cia analyst , who finds himself on field assignment for the first time , uncovering a pattern in terrorist communication that launches him into the center of a dangerous gambit with a new breed of terrorism that threatens destruction on a global scale . ”
over the years , ryan has been portrayed by alec baldwin in 1990 & apos ; s the hunt for red october , harrison ford in 1992 & apos ; s patriot games and 1994 & apos ; s clear and present danger , ben affleck in 2002 & apos ; s the sum of all fears , and most recently by star trek star chris pine for jack ryan : shadow recruit .
sterne : no , no , it ' s a smaller jack . we don ' t know exactly when that was invented . the first widespread consumer use was transistor radios . the first one was 1954 , i think . but it ' s likely that shape of the plug was in use in military uses before that and probably also for hearing aids , which is where a lot of advances in miniaturization happened .
some independent television companies used cornish locations as far back as 1956 and , in 1966 , the bbc started using outdoor locations for doctor who . the big thrust of television filming in the county came in the 1970s with two major television series ; the onedin line and poldark . a further resurgence in television filming came in the mid 1990s with the wycliffe series . more recently have been the doc martin series , which was a spin - off from the film saving grace , and echo beach , a somewhat controversial weekly soap opera starring jason donovan and martine mccutcheon . 2014 saw cornwall as the main location for the remake of winston graham ' s poldark with aidan turner in the title role . cornwall has also become popular as the focus of documentaries about cornish life with series like the fisherman ' s apprentice with monty halls and cornwall with caroline quentin .
from the late 1840s the peninsula was also the home of wandering shepherds caring for flocks belonging to european pastoralists including ex - sea captain walter hughes who took up the lease of the wallaroo run in 1854 . one of these shepherds , paddy ryan , discovered copper ore on hughes ' land in 1861 - reputedly in a wombat ' s burrow . ryan died soon afterwards , but hughes and his co - investors became very wealthy men . the network of lodes which made up the legendary wallaroo and moonta mines brought wealth to their owners , and led to the founding of south australia ' s three largest towns outside of adelaide - kadina , wallaroo and moonta . within four years the three towns had a combined population of 8 , 000 . cornish miners - world famous for their skill over thousands of years - flocked to the area . under mine manager ' captain ' hr hancock , the towns of the northern yorke peninsula came to be not only ' the copper triangle ' but also ' little cornwall ' , as hughes and hancock imported thousands more miners direct from cornwall . when mining collapsed in 1923 , the cartoonist and former mine captain , oswald pryor , made the yorke peninsula ' s cornish - australian miners world famous through his ' cousin jack ' and ' cousin jenny ' cartoons .
a similar mixed set of outlooks existed in religious circles . although the cornish miners under the pious captain hancock formed a community who were 80 per cent methodist church members , the peninsula was also the home of a strong catholic community with an early convent school at kadina in the care of mary mackillop ' s josephite nuns . at wallaroo a group of welsh miners established a welsh speaking congregational church . an array of visiting evangelists contributed to often spectacular religious revivals . the cornish were proud of their strong historic associations with wesleyan methodism and replicated larger versions of their chapels on the soil of australia which were funded by the local mineral wealth . but despite the strength of teetotal methodism , kadina witnessed two ' beer strikes ' protesting at the local price of alcohol , in 1902 and 1920 . and wallaroo was the home of the only south australian woman ever to be sentenced to death - the accidental murderer , elizabeth woolcock .
cornish stock was imported into north america , where they provided genetic material for the meaty broiler chickens . continued selection for broad breasts has increased the percentage of the body that is white meat , the part of the chicken that is prized most by north americans . the story of the development of the chicken meat industry shows how chickens have moved from one continent to another and how humans have changed the function of the chicken in the process ( latshaw & musharaf ) .
but at the same time , this freedom comes with a cost . and the cost is you ' re increasingly locked into the decisions of the company whose platform you use . and so the headphone jack , which - let ' s face it - is just another plug to plug things into , become symbolic of apple ' s constantly changing products . and i think it ' s a little disturbing to people because it ' s a reminder that they ' re really not in control of their media lives .
paleontologist jack horner in 2003 unearthed a tyrannosaurus rex that lived 68 million years ago in montana and recovered a still - elastic blood vessel from inside a fractured thigh bone fossil . recent phylogenetic analyses of this isolated tissue by a team of scientists reveals that the closest living relative of t . rex is none other than the domestic chicken . of seven decoded amino acid sequences from the collagen molecules , three matched chicken uniquely . another matched frog uniquely , one matched newt uniquely , and a few matched multiple sequences .
sterne : yeah , 1888 is the first switchboard . and the idea basically is you ' d pick up your phone at home . it would connect you to an operator who was wearing some kind of headset . and then you ' d tell him who you wanted to call , and they ' d plug a cable with two quarter - inch plugs on - one on each end . they ' d plug one into a jack for your phone and one for the phone of the person you wanted to be connected to .
the office alum krasinski plays the drama’s titular hero , who is at the beginning of his career . the series will follow “an up - and - coming cia analyst thrust into a dangerous field assignment for the first time , ” according to the official logline . the 10 - episode jack ryan , which received a straight - to - series order , “follows ryan as he uncovers a pattern in terrorist communication that launches him into the center of a dangerous gambit with a new breed of terrorism that threatens destruction on a global scale . ”
we thank andrea betancourt , mohamed noor , allen orr , howard rundle , arndt telschow , thomson webb , jack werren , members of the charlesworth lab group , and two anonymous reviewers for helpful discussions and / or comments on the manuscript . andy beckenbach , paul gibas , jessica savage , and dewayne shoemaker assisted with fly collecting and julie sullivan and karin tetzlaff assisted with the laboratory experiments . drosophila were imported from canada under united states department of agriculture permit 56887 to jj and were collected in the smoky mountains under a national park collecting permit to kad .
the sport of cockfighting developed in asia . this sport is one in which birds are paired and they fight to the death . big muscular birds had an advantage in this sport than smaller birds . winning birds provided the breeding stock , so fighting cocks naturally became bigger over the centuries . indian fighting cocks were imported into england and were the basis for old english bird stocks , also used for fighting . they , in turn , provided the basic genetic material for the cornish breed , a chicken with extreme muscling that resulted in a broad breast .
in cornwall , a “spine” of granite runs the full length of the county just beneath the surface . the spine becomes visible on the tors of bodmin moor , carn brea and west penwith . around each granite margin there is a ring of baked rock in which there are vertical mineral lodes containing tin ore . since pre – historic times people have been extracting and trading this tin . derelict engine houses and other remnants of a one time prosperous tin mining industry are commonplace on the cornish landscape . growing up in cornwall these ruins formed a large part of my childhood playgrounds .
last week mike dash told a tale of high seas adventure that put me in mind of another , somewhat earlier one . not that anne bonny and mary read had much in common with kindly old david o’keefe—they were pirates , for one thing , as renowned for their ruthlessness as for their gender , and during their short careers challenged the sailors’ adage that a woman’s presence on shipboard invites bad luck . indeed , were it not for bonny and read , john “calico jack” rackam’s crew would’ve suffered indignity along with defeat during its final adventure in the caribbean . but more on that in a moment…
i am a wildlife ecologist , educator and illustrator living in seattle , wa . my current research focuses on birds and urbanization as a ph . d . candidate working with professor john marzluff at the university of washington’s college of the environment . in addition to graduate studies , i currently teach science courses at cornish college of the arts and freelance as an illustrator for books and journal articles ( read article on my illustrations for “welcome to subirdia” by john marzluff ) . i earned my b . a . in visual art / history , and m . sc . in wildlife biology .
but the peninsula was not only the home of cornish copper miners . the large runs of the wealthy pastoralists were gradually broken up and turned into smaller farms to meet the demand for agricultural land . from the 1870s agriculture became a vital component of peninsula life and was increasingly important as world copper prices fell and the affluence of mining slowly dissipated . the tiny towns and settlements of the peninsula clung onto existence through barley and wheat crops . a bustling coastal trade was built up around the export of grain to port adelaide , and the import and later production of superphosphate . gypsum and limestone quarrying were significant industries on the lower peninsula .
sterne : well , i think it ' s a couple of things . one is with any kind of plugger jack - i mean , the same thing with the outlets in your wall - anything you can do to standardize is really useful unless you control the market . so if you want to make a new kind of transistor radio , and somebody ' s already invested in a good earphone , although they weren ' t very good , you ' d want yours to work with their earphone . and that ' s why other formats , like usb , as well , because people want to be able to plug their stuff into the other stuff that they have .
anne , meanwhile , spent most of her time drinking at local saloons and seducing pirates ; in a general history , johnson contends that she was “not altogether so reserved in point of chastity , ” and that james bonny once “surprised her lying in a hammock with another man . ” anne grew especially enamored of one paramour , john “calico jack” rackam , so - called due to his affinity for garish clothing , and left bonny to join rackam’s crew . one legend holds that she launched her pirating career with an ingenious ploy , creating a “corpse” by mangling the limbs of a dressmaker’s mannequin and smearing it with fake blood . when the crew of a passing french merchant ship spotted anne wielding an ax over her creation , they surrendered their cargo without a fight .
calico jack rackam was scheduled to be executed by hanging on november 18 , and his final request was to see anne . she had but one thing to say to him : “if you had fought like a man , you need not have been hang’d like a dog . ” ten days later , she and mary stood trial at the admiralty court in st . jago de la vega , jamaica , both of them pleading not guilty to all charges . the most convincing witness was one dorothy thomas , whose canoe had been robbed of during one of the pirates’ sprees . she stated that anne and mary threatened to kill her for testifying against them , and that “the reason of her knowing and believing them to be women then was by the largeness of their breasts . ”
mary resumed her life as a man and sailed for the west indies on a dutch ship , which was soon captured by english pirates . the crew , believing mary to be a fellow englishman , encouraged her to join them . calico jack rackam served as the quartermaster of her new crew , and he , along with his shipmates , never suspected mary’s true gender . she was aggressive and ruthless , always ready for a raid , and swore , well , like a drunken sailor . she was “very profligate , ” recalled one of her victims , “cursing and swearing much . ” loose clothing hid her breasts , and no one thought twice about her lack of facial hair ; her mates , most of them in their teens or early twenties , were also smooth - faced . it’s also likely that mary suffered from stress and poor diet while serving in the army , factors that could have interrupted or paused her menstrual cycle .
greek , mormyros = a fish ( sparus sp ) + greek , ops = appearance ( ref . 45335 )
freshwater ; demersal ; potamodromous ( ref . 51243 ) . tropical ; 22°c - 24°c ( ref . 12468 ) ; 10°s - 21°s
africa : a very wide distribution area which includes most of the west african river basins ( ref . 81274 ) , white nile river ( ref . 3203 ) , uebi shebeli and juba river ( ref . 3203 ) , and the congo river basin ( ref . 52193 ) ; in southern africa , restricted to the middle and lower zambezi , buzi and pungwe ( ref . 52193 ) . also known from lake malawi , lake tanganyika and lake albert [ former lake mobuto ] ( ref . 3203 , 52193 ) .
maturity : l m 32 . 5 range ? - ? cm max length : 150 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 2915 ) ; max . published weight : 15 . 0 kg ( ref . 52193 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 21 - 33 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 38 - 51 . diagnosis : head depressed , mouth large and terminal ; body elongated ( ref . 13337 , 52193 ) . chin ( mental swelling ) absent ; origin of dorsal fin behind origin of anal fin , nearer caudal fin base than tip of snout ; dorsal fin shorter than anal fin ; mouth width subequal to snout length : snout long ( ref . 52193 ) . sl / body depth 4 . 9 - 7 . 5 ; head 3 . 4 - 5 . 1 times in standard length ; snout almost as wide as head ; interorbital space wide , head length / interorbital space 2 . 9 - 6 . 8 ; variation in meristic characteristics due to differences in geographic clines ( ref . 2915 ) .
juveniles occur in marginal habitats , adults prefer deep quiet water between boulders and below overhangs , away from strong currents ; also occurs beneath salvinia mats and in river estuaries in lake kariba ; juveniles prey on invertebrates , mainly shrimps and insect larvae ; larger individuals feed on small cichlids , minnows and labeos ; may live for 8 years or more ; breeds in summer during the rainy season ; mature females carry 25000 or more eggs ( ref . 7248 , 52193 ) . a fractional spawner ( ref . 10606 , 10605 ) . affinities : m . breviceps .
bigorne , r . , 1990 . mormyridae . p . 122 - 184 . in c . lévêque , d . paugy and g . g . teugels ( eds . ) faune des poissons d ' eaux saumâtres d ' afrique de l ' ouest . tome 1 . faune trop . 28 . musée royal de l ' afrique centrale , tervuren , and orstom , paris . ( ref . 2915 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00562 ( 0 . 00313 - 0 . 01011 ) , b = 3 . 03 ( 2 . 87 - 3 . 19 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 8 ±0 . 61 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : low , minimum population doubling time 4 . 5 - 14 years ( k = 0 . 08 - 0 . 12 ; tm > 8 ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate to high vulnerability ( 47 of 100 ) .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
previously reported as mormyrops deliciosus ( leach , 1818 ) , a junior synonym of m . anguilloides ( see bigorne , 1987 ) . the taxonomic position of the kenyan population is uncertain : the species might be identical to m . citernii vinciguerra , 1913 described from the juba system in somalia ( seegers et al . 2003 ) .
bills , r . , entsua - mensah , m . , getahun , a . , lalèyè , p . , marshall , b . , moelants , t . & ntakimazi , g .
snoeks , j . , tweddle , d . , getahun , a . , lalèyè , p . , paugy , d . , zaiss , r . , fishar , m . r . a & brooks , e .
justification : this species has a wide distribution , with no known major widespread threats . it is therefore listed as least concern . it has also been assessed regionally as least concern for central , eastern , north eastern , southern and western africa .
this species has a very wide distribution area and is present in most parts of sub - saharan africa . central africa : mormyrops anguilloides is known from throughout the congo river basin . elsewhere , it is known from the lower guinea region , distributed in the sanaga river basin , in the nyong , the lokoundjé and the cross . eastern africa : it is known from the lake albert basin , and albert nile , as well as from the malagarasi river and lake tanganyika . it is also known from lake malawi . in kenya it has been recorded from the northern ewaso nyiro system ( seegers et al . 2004 ) but this is probably not correct . an uncertain record of m . anguilloides from the athi river basin discussed by okeyo ( 1998 ) is unsubstantiated ( seegers et al . 2004 ) . northeast africa : this species is present in the ghazal and jebel systems , white nile , and the blue nile to lake nasser ( also known as lake nubia ) . it also occurs in the wabi shebelle basin , ethiopia . southern africa : in southern africa it is restricted to the middle and lower zambezi and the buzi and pungwe rivers ( skelton 2001 ) . western africa : m . anguilloides has a very wide distribution area and is present in the most parts of west african basins .
this is a demersal , potamodromous species . this species inhabits rivers and river mouths . juveniles are found in marginal habitats whereas adults prefer deep quiet water and estuaries away from strong currents ( tweddle and willoughby , 1982 ) . it also occurs beneath salvinia mats and in river estuaries in lake kariba . juveniles prey on invertebrates , mainly shrimps and insect larvae , whilst larger individuals feed on small cichlids , minnows and labeos . it breeds during the rainy season ( skelton 1993 ) and is a fractional spawner ( alberet 1982 , kirschbaum 1995 ) .
in eastern africa this species is threatened by fisheries and environmental disturbance . intense fishing pressure with gill nets in certain areas of the lower zambezi probably affects this species .
bills , r . , entsua - mensah , m . , getahun , a . , lalèyè , p . , marshall , b . , moelants , t . & ntakimazi , g . 2010 .
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cornwall kid : trevone bay round blow hole from the sea tunnel view up from bottom . 26th august 2016
ruckomechi camp , zimbabwe , game viewing & tiger fishing . july 2011 . linda collison . hd
tetraodon mbu - puffer fish eating crab & shrimp - ( leon de kogel - episode 2 ) . wmv
fishing in the congo - somewhere down the crazy river . . . again !
it is full fat hard cheese and with a fruity flavour and nutty tones .
our cheese is hand cut from our shop counter so weights may vary slightly .
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they are a fairly large fish as they can grow up to 150 cm ( 4 . 9′ ) in length and weigh up to 15 kg ( 33 pounds )
i am a digital nomad who enjoys travelling around the globe while inspiring others to leave their comfort zone and improve their life . i have a passion for self - development and of course everything related to our natural ecosystems .
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join this exclusive facebook group and win cool prizes for you & your furry friend .
we ' re constantly striving to improve our community to help make your monster fish keeping hobby fulfilling and interesting . comments are welcome .
i bought this little guy last week . he is about 4
and awesome ! he eats live tubies , bloodworms , massivore , krill , and shrimp . but i can ' t hardly find any information about him . what i have read has mixed opinions about tankmates , mine is with a bunch of other fish in a 40 and is doing fine so far . i also read that they grow slooooooow , like 1
a year
i would really like to hear about anyones personal experience and any information they might have . especially anything having to do with increasing that pathetic growth rate .
live prey always seems to make some fishes grow faster , so maybe try having small feeders that have been quarantined and gut - loaded in its aquarium at all times .
really ? it seems to me fish that are fed prepared foods grow faster and are healthier . he loves massivore , and eats more of that than anything else . also , hes in with 3 pb , so feeders would not be an option .
real name : dee joined : feb 24 , 2009 messages : 6 , 887 likes received : 9 trophy points : 62 location : at your back . . watch out ! last seen : dec 27 , 2016
got it at 8
and grew fast till it hit 18
in the first year .
i am soooo glad to hear that . i read somewhere they grow 1
per year !
mormyrus anguilloides linnaeus 1758 was described from the nile river . the species as presently recognised has a wide african distribution . taxonomic assessment of the many distinct regional populations is needed . additional synonyms from central and western africa .
snoeks , j . , marshall , b . , impson , d . , da costa , l . , bills , r . , swartz , e . , engelbrecht , j . , cambray , j . , skelton , p . h . , terry , s . , tweddle , d . & darwall , w . ( iucn freshwater biodiversity unit ) ( west cape province workshop , south africa 2006 ) .
justification : a widespread species in the lower and middle zambezi and also in lake malawi . no information is available concerning population sizes , declines or fluctuations . catches by fishermen indicate that it is present throughout its range but rarely abundant . it is assessed as least concern .
the species is widespread in north , west , central and southern africa . nile , congo and zambezi rivers , lakes tanganyika and malawi .
intense fishing pressure with gill nets in certain areas of the lower zambezi probably affects this species .
if you wish to hunt rabbits and hares , you will need to obtain a small game hunting permit .
colour : grey brown with paler underside . infrequently black , ginger and silver - grey colours encountered . eyes brown . tips of ears narrow black rim .
social behaviour : in high density populations rabbits live in a complex of underground burrows ( warren ' s ) and in lower numbers above ground cover . home range about 1 ha .
reproduction : timing , litter frequency and size dependent on habitat conditions with productivity as high as 45 to 50 kittens ( young rabbits ) per year in good areas , down to around 20 in poorer areas , average litter five . kittens are born blind in underground burrows and emerge at about 3 weeks old .
colour : mottled black and fawn on upper surface with tawny sides . belly is pure white . eyes yellow . ears black patch at the tip .
reproduction : leverets ( young hares ) are born above ground fully covered in a thick coat of pile hair and with open eyes . average litter size 2 with 4 litters per year .
nomenclature : rabbits : male = buck . female = doe . young = kit . hares : male = buck . female = doe . young = leveret .
the department of conservation ( doc ) has limited opportunities for hunting rabbits and hares . contact the doc office nearest the hunting area about opportunities and permit requirements etc .
much of the suitable habitat is on private land and you need permission from the landowner .
distribution : rabbits occupy most suitable habitat in new zealand from the coast to 1000 m in the south island and to above the bushline in the north island . although less abundant than they used to be rabbits are still plentiful in central otago , the mckenzie basin , north canterbury and marlborough .
habitat preference : ideally an annual rainfall of less than 1000 mm with light soils , sunny aspect and good cover close to feeding grounds . favoured habitats include coastal dunelands , dry stony riverbeds , limestone hills and sunny coastal faces .
distribution : hares can be found throughout the north and south islands of new zealand occupying suitable habitat from sea level to 2000 m . areas where hares are not found include parts of south westland , fiordland and an area from auckland north about 80 km .
habitat preference : all kinds of grassland or open country . favoured areas include coastal sand dunes , pasture , rush covered areas and clearings in scrub or forest .
small calibre rifles . 22 rim fire ( often with subsonic ammunition and suppressed rifles ) or shotguns .
note : hunting rabbits and hares on doc administered land is subject to a
small game permit
which in some locations permits . 22 rimfire and shotgun use that is not normally allowed .
late afternoon until dark , when rabbits and hares out feeding , best time to hunt .
unless jump shooting , stake out likely areas in late afternoon until dark when rabbits will emerge from cover for feeding .
during daylight hours , hares spend much of their time crouched in an oval depression referred to as a form .
when hunting , keep alert as hares will often break from the form just before being stood on .
hares will often clip vegetation with a characteristic 45 o cut and leave the tip of the plant nearby .
faecal pellets shaped like flattened spheres , 15 mm x 10 mm in size with a slight tail on one side ( larger , paler and more fibrous than rabbits and tend to be scattered ) .
hare sign indicator of hare presence and worth staking out or hunting through area .
in new zealand , there is no seasonal restriction to hunting rabbits or hares meaning generally they can be hunted throughout the year . there are however , instances where restrictions apply for specific reasons and periods when hunting is favoured .
some areas may be closed during periods of high fire danger or high public use .
not a common occurrence but an area may be closed on a temporary basis to enable research or other management to be undertaken without being compromised by hunting .
it is important to check for these conditions with the doc office nearest the hunting area .
if you wish to hunt rabbits and hares on public conservation land , you will need to obtain a small game hunting permit from doc .
it restricts hunting of rabbits and hares ( which are unprotected game animals ) to specific areas and times .
the permit ( if areas are available ) can be obtained from the doc office nearest the hunting area .
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