the common barbel , barbus barbus , is a species of freshwater fish belonging to the family cyprinidae .

it shares the common name ' barbel ' with its many relatives in the genus barbus , of which it is the type species .

in great britain it is usually referred to simply as the barbel ; similar names are used elsewhere in europe , such as barbeau in france .

the name derives from the four whiskerlike structures located at the corners of the fish 's mouth , which it uses to locate food .

common barbel

barbel barbus mrena na uni uhvacena august 2011 , common barbel cached in river una . . fishing . . .
although classified as least concerned , both pollution and habitat loss threaten some common barbel populations .
the synergistic effect of temperature and hormonal stimulation on spawning efficiency of common barbel , barbus barbus l .
the scientific name of a common barbel is barbus barbus , and it is from the family cyprinidae , the family of carps and minnows .
common barbel ( barbus barbus ) as a bioindicator of surface river sediment pollution with cu and zn in three rivers of the danube river basin in serbia .
common barbels are a species of smaller - sized fish mainly native to various countries in europe .
the diet of common barbels consists primarily of fish , algae , larvae of insects and crustaceans .
common barbel ( barbus barbus ) as a bioindicator of surface river sediment pollution with cu and zn in three rivers of the danube river basin in ser . . . - pubmed - ncbi
barbel are long - lived fish and can grow to well over 10lb ( 4kg ) .
latin , squalidus = pale , weak + latin , barbus = barbel ( ref . 45335 )
effects of temperature on growth , survival and body composition in larvae of barbel , barbus barbus ( l . )
‘common barbels’ are also known as ‘barbels’ , the broad name of the genus ; and ‘pigfish’ , from an english legend .
condition , growth and food conversion in barbel , barbus barbus ( l . ) juveniles under different temperature / diet combinations
advice : when a barbel is hooked it will not give up easily and it will fight until it is exhausted . try to land and unhook the barbel quickly . when landed and unhooked , hold the barbel in the flowing water facing upstream until it is ready to swim away . this can sometimes take between a couple of minutes and 15 minutes or longer .
effect of different diets on body mineral content , growth , and survival of barbel , barbus barbus ( l . . . .
common barbels inhabit freshwater locations such as rivers and lakes , and they are generally found in the water , close to the stony ground .
barbel are the most revered sporting fish . they are known as the prince of the river and are sleek and have a reputation for being fighting machine . in the last three months we have probably lost barbel over 14lbs . it is definitely down to otters .
condition , growth and food conversion in barbel , barbus barbus ( l . ) juveniles under different temperature / diet combinations | request pdf
1 it is believed that the “catch” in table 6 specified as “common carp” and “rainbow trout” represents cultivated fish ( see section 7 . 2 )
effect of different diets on body mineral content , growth , and survival of barbel , barbus barbus ( l . ) , larvae under controlled conditions
delattre p , giraudoux p , baudry j , musard p , toussaint m , et al . ( 1992 ) land use patterns and types of common vole (
common barbels grow to be 10 to 120 centimetres ( 4 to 47 inches ) in length and weigh 1 to 12 kilograms ( 2 to 26 pounds ) .
, barb are commonly kept in household aquariums worldwide . the most common barb kept in aquariums are the cherry barb ( pink / red in colour ) and the
common barbels have a lifespan of up to 15 years , and they are commonly fished for sport , commercially grown for food , and used in the pet industry .
common barbels can feature numerous small black spots , and they are generally coloured mainly brown or grey , with the addition of silver , white , and pink colours .
barbel have been introduced into some of the rivers of eastern wales - notably the wye , the dee and the upper severn - and they have done well there ( much to the annoyance of some of the game fishery owners , who perceive barbel as competing for food and for spawning area with salmon ) .
the british record barbel , caught at adams mill on the river great ouse in bedfordshire in 2006 , weighed 21lb 1oz . the captor was mr grahame king .
vindimian , e . , p . namour , b . migeon and j . garric , 1991 . in situ pollution induced cytochrome p450 activity of freshwater fish : barbel (
britain ' s biggest barbel fish has been killed by an otter , sparking renewed calls by the angling community for a clampdown on the aquatic animals that are now thriving in the countryside .
hugla , j . l . , p . kremers and j . p . thome , 1993a . effects of natural and experimental pcb contamination on the mixed - function oxidases in the barbel ,
the number of eggs produced by common barbels at one time is said to be in the thousands , for every kilogram of fish weight , due to the large quantity that are initially eaten by other water creatures .
he said :
we have lost our huge barbel , the big lady . one of our bailiffs saw it happen . the fish was dragged up the bank with its throat missing and eaten alive .
most of austria ' s streams are clear , cold and rapid . they are generally - good waters for trout and grayling and at least almost always in the barbel ( barbus barbus ) zone . .
taylor a , britton j , cowx i ( 2004 ) does the stock density of stillwater catch and release fisheries affect the growth performance of introduced cultured barbel ? j fish biol 65 : 308–313 . doi :
in recent years , a prized 50lbs - plus carp worth about £8 , 000 was killed in an otter attack along with the country ' s previous biggest barbel , known as the traveller , which weighed 21lbs .
to evaluate the impact of pcbs on a wild population of a regressing fish species , we have measured the levels of these toxicants in common barbel ( barbus barbus ) from the belgian part of the river meuse . we have expressed these levels in terms of the most suitable composition of commercial pcb mixture ( aroclor 1254 and 1260 20 / 80 ; v / v ) , and related them to hepatic xenobiotic - metabolising enzyme activities and to hepatocyte ultrastructure .
citation : tougard c , renvoisé e , petitjean a , quéré j - p ( 2008 ) new insight into the colonization processes of common voles : inferences from molecular and fossil evidence . plos one 3 ( 10 ) : e3532 . urltoken
the streamlined barbel can hug the river bed in fast flows while feeding on passing invertebrates . freshwater shrimps , nymphs and caddis larvae are their staple diet , but they will also take small fishes , crayfish and swan mussels .
nachev m , schertzinger g , sures b ( 2013 ) comparison of the metal accumulation capacity between the acanthocephalan pomphorhynchus laevis and larval nematodes of the genus eustrongylides sp . infecting barbel ( barbus barbus ) . parasite vecto 6 ( 21 ) : 1–8
the record specimen weighed more than 20lbs and was believed to be the largest living barbel in uk waters . six more large coarse fish from the same river , the ivel in bedfordshire , have also fallen victim to otter predation in the last three months .
specimen fish aren ' t immortal . as much as anglers love to fish for large barbel , and even given them names , sooner or later they will die from disease , in a flood event or be eaten by an otter or other predator .
it is a small size barbel ( < 220 mm ) . it occurs in the upper and middle courses of mountainous rivers with clear , flowing and well oxygenated waters . sensitive to pollution . reproduction takes place between may and july . it can hybridize with barbus barbus and barbus haasi .
artificial reproduction of common barbel ( barbus barbus ) under controlled conditions usually did not exceed 10 % of ovulation success . the aim of the study was to optimise the process of artificial reproduction of the barbel ( cultured generation f4 ) with thermal and hormonal stimulation the first experiment examined the effect of stimulation with thermal conditions on the ovulation and the embryos survival rates . after the optimum conditions of thermal stimulation in barbel reproduction were determined , another experiment was conducted which examined how the effectiveness of reproduction is affected by four selected hormonal preparations ( cph , hcg , ovaprim and ovopel ) . thermal stimulation for 58 days was found to be the most effective ( 748 degree - days ) . the second experiment examined the synergistic effects of different hormonal preparations under the optimal thermal conditions as , determined in the first experiment . among the hormones evaluated as part of this study , cph and ovaprim were yielded the best results as compared to control . the use of the preparations resulted in the percentage of ovulations of 90 - 100 % and the embryo survival rate at the hatching stage was about 90 % . the study concludes that thermal stimuli and hormonal applications have a synergistic effect on artificial reproduction in b , barbus .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 48 . 8 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 111347 ) ; common length : 12 . 8 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 35840 ) ; max . published weight : 1 . 6 kg ( ref . 111347 )
luncheon meat , sausage meat , cheese and cubes of cheese , worms , dendrobaena worms , red worm , brandlings , grubs , bread ( either crust , flake or paste ) , casters , hemp and caster , maggots , pinkies and sweetcorn and boilies have all proved to be successful in catching barbel .
we know they have been here before but we have coped with it but there is one that is almost a resident here and has acquired a taste for barbel . they might have this image of being a nice , fluffy creature but they are also a sleek killing machine , a bit like mink .
sunjog k , gačić z , kolarević s , visnjić - jeftić ž , jarić i , knežević - vukčević j , vuković - gačić b , lenhardt m ( 2012 ) heavy metal accumulation and the genotoxicity in barbel ( barbus barbus ) as indicators of the danube river pollution . sci world j . doi :
critics say the conservation scheme was ill - thought out as there is not enough food in our waterways to sustain their booming numbers . as a result , otters - which have no natural predator - are said to have been picking off expensive , cumbersome fish like carp and barbel from fisheries and putting businesses in jeopardy .
conceived and designed the experiments : ct . performed the experiments : ct er ap . analyzed the data : ct . contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools : ct er . wrote the paper : ct . conceived the project : ct . identified some fossil remains of microtus arvalis : er . conceived the project and collected specimens of common vole : jpq .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 120 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 31730 ) ; common length : 30 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 556 ) ; max . published weight : 12 . 0 kg ( ref . 31730 ) ; max . reported age : 15 years ( ref . 59043 )
. . . somatic growth of barbel is temperature dependent and seasonal , with growth primarily limited to the summer period ( hunt and jones , 1975 ) . the optimum temperature for juvenile growth is 21–25 @ bullet c ( kaminski et al . , 2010 ) , and , in this range , increased temperatures tend to result in increased growth rates ( penaz and stouracova , 1991 ) . estimates of barbel ages derived from their scales have reported fish surviving to at least 18 years old ( taylor et al . , 2004 ) , although maximum ages vary between rivers , with no fish recorded over the age of 9 years in the upper river warta , poland ( przybylski et al . , 2004 ) . . . .
barbel can be caught using various methods including float , ledger or feeder but the feeder is considered the best method . barbel inhabit strong , fast flowing waters , so a good rod with a fixed spool reel fitted with a minimum of 6lb line should be used . hook size will depend on the size of the fish and the size of the bait used but hook sizes between 12 and 4 are ok . i use barbless hooks because they cause less damage to the fish and are easier to unhook . it is important if legering to use a weight or feeder heavy enough so that it will hold the bait close to the riverbed . the weight will be determined by the strength of flow of the water . a typical approach when barbel fishing is to use a swimfeeder or blockend feeder on the 6lb . mainline with a 24 inch 4lb hook length and size 10 hook baited with a large piece of luncheon meat . when float fishing in faster waters try using a big avon or a loafer that carries a lot of shot . fix the shot near the hook to keep it closer to the river bed .
six feeding groups of 60 early juveniles ( 0 . 6 g ) of a rheophilic cyprinid barbel barbus barbus were reared in triplicate in 18 glass aquaria . fish fed a commercial formulated dry diet aller futura were compared with those on natural food—commercially available frozen chironomidae larvae at 17 , 21 and 25°c . daily food rations were adjusted according to fish biomass , differences in hydration . . . [ show full abstract ]
the current list of fish species recognised as susceptible to svc as listed by the oie has a number of significant omissions relevant to the uk . the increasing interest in large fish increases the prospect of businesses or individuals seeking to import barbel and chub into the uk , which in turn increases the risk of the introduction of svc into our aquatic environment . it is therefore important that the susceptibility of these two species to svc is established .
spring viraemia of carp ( svc ) is a rhabdovirus infection that causes acute haemorrhagic and contagious viraemia in a range of species of fish . the disease is listed by the oie and , whilst the disease is widespread in continental europe , it is controlled in a number of eu member states through national measures . the principle host is common carp cyprinus carpio , however a range of other cyprinid species , and some non - cyprinid species are known to be susceptible to infection .
a few other fishes are cultivated in austria , primarily tench , grass carp ( ctenopharyngodon idella ) , pike - perch , and the coregonids , coregonus lavaretus . as most of these fish are produced in conjunction with common carp , it is difficult to obtain good figures on their yield . bruschek ( 1971 ) stated that the total production in austrian carp ponds in 1970 was about : 550 t of common carp , 12 t of tench , 10 t of coregonus , 4 t of pike - perch , and 3 t of rainbow trout . brown ( 1977 , 1983 ) states that in addition to carp and trout , annual production in austria is about as follows : 30 t of tench , 20 t of grass carp , and 5 t of coregonids . it requires between two and three years to raise the tench to market size of 200–300 g and between three and four years to raise grass carp to market size of 3 000–4 000 g . some pike and grayling for stocking are exported .
the shaded zone ( a ) corresponds to the distribution range of the common vole [ 25 ] , [ 31 ] . european ( b ) and french ( c ) populations are listed in table s1 . fossil localities studied are : ( a ) miesenheim i , germany [ 29 ] ; ( b ) la baume de gigny , france ( gigny , jura ) [ 49 ] ; ( c ) le taillis des coteaux , france ( antigny , vienne ) [ 52 ] . numbers are french zip codes .
numbers at nodes ( b to k ) of the simplified bayesian tree ( a ) are times to most recent common ancestors ( with 95 % confidence ) estimated from cytochrome b gene sequences with beast . numbers at node ( a ) are the divergence time estimate by beast ( above branch ) based on the fossil calibration point ( below branch ; miesenheim i , germany ) [ 29 ] , [ 30 ] . small letters allow one to locate the possible lineage appearance on the δ d curve ( b ) from epica dome c ( modified from [ 75 ] ) .
time to most recent common ancestor for several clades was estimated from cytb dataset using ba with beast 1 . 4 . 6 [ 74 ] under a gtr + i + g model . runs were performed with an uncorrelated lognormal clock assuming constant population size ( 20 , 000 , 000 generations with the first 2 , 000 , 000 discarded as burn - in ) . the date of 0 . 475±0 . 025 myr for the origin of m . arvalis lineages ( late cromerian ; miesenheim i , germany ) [ 29 ] , [ 30 ] was used as calibration point .
the major fishes cultivated in austria are rainbow trout and common carp . a personal communication from dr j . hemsen ( 21 january 1980 ) states that all of the trout and carp “catches” shown in table 6 as made during the 1970–78 period were actually produced through aquaculture . it will be noted , however , that there is almost no agreement of these table 6 figures with those in table 7 which provides estimates of the production of cultivated trout and carp in austria derived from other “official” or standard sources . this , and other inconsistencies even within the same table 7 make it difficult to accept most of the figures .
the phylogeographic structure of the common vole in europe was investigated from cytb ( 1044 bp ) and cr ( 304 bp ) fragments ( figures 1b–1c and tables s1 , s2 ) . these fragments were not concatenated for phylogenetic reconstructions because they concern different specimens . instead , the cr dataset ( french populations ) was analyzed mainly for correlation with the cytb dataset ( european populations ) on the genetic structure of the lineages potentially involved in postglacial colonization . the cytb sequences specified 209 variable sites defining 116 haplotypes ( table s3 ) , and 113 of these polymorphic sites were phylogenetically informative ( cr = 141 variable and 105 informative sites ) .
voles were euthanized by cervical dislocation as recommended by our institutions ( urltoken ) and mills et al . [ 64 ] . one of the authors ( jpq ) has an authorization to experiment on living vertebrate animals ( certificate n° 34 . 107 ) . phylogeographic inferences are based on agreement in analysis of 131 control region and 75 cytochrome b gene sequences from common voles , sampled from 35 french localities ( 1 to 9 individuals / population ; figure 1 and tables s1 , s2 ) . our molecular dataset was complemented with genbank sequences including m . arvalis from other european localities and m . rossiaemeridionalis used as outgroup ( figure 1 and tables s1 , s2 ) .
ecology and biology . the barbel is present in all watercourses running in the foothills and valley floors of italy , in “rheophil ciprinidae” areas , where it often is the most abundant species . this species features a good ecological adaptability and can be found in several stretches of a watercourse – also small ones – provided they are oxygen - rich waters ; however , the species prefers upper and middle courses of rivers featuring fast - flowing clear waters and gravel - beds . the body is spindle - shaped , with elongated head and can be quite long , even over 50 cm . sexual maturity is reached between 2 or 3 years of age for males , and 4 and 5 years of age for females ; there is no obvious sexual dimorphism . the breeding season is between mid - april and july . at 16 ° c hatching takes place after about 8 days .
as a consequence of the mismatch distribution analysis for the whole dataset , divergence dates of the main clades ( figure 4 ) were calculated under a bayesian relaxed - clock method assuming constant population size . with the first occurrence of m . arvalis at 0 . 475±0 . 025 myr ( miesenheim i , germany ) [ 29 ] , [ 30 ] , the mutation rate was estimated at 4 . 8 substitutions / site / myr . the w lineage showed the oldest divergence time ( 0 . 317 myr ; 95 % confidence 0 . 199–0 . 440 myr ) , while the f lineage showed the most recent one ( 0 . 075 myr ; 95 % confidence 0 . 012–0 . 163 myr ) . however , this latter result should be considered with caution because the tree topology was not in agreement with such a recent divergence time . the two f sequences are probably insufficient for inferring reliable time estimates . as for the spanish clade ( data not shown ) , the most recent common ancestor was 0 . 086 myr old ( 95 % confidence 0 . 037–0 . 144 myr ) .
on closer examination of lineage composition , individuals from germany , france and switzerland are found in nearly all lineages . german individuals belong to the w , f , c and e lineages , while individuals from switzerland are from the w , c and i lineages . particular attention should be paid to populations from eastern france , because some individuals from the vittel and monthureux populations belong not only to both w sublineages , but also to the c lineage ( figures 2 and s1 ) [ 33 ] , [ 34 ] . therefore , the m . arvalis lineages meet in an area including eastern france , southwestern germany and northern switzerland . moreover , the fossil site of miesenheim i , where the oldest m . arvalis remains were found ( 0 . 500–0 . 450 myr ) [ 29 ] , [ 30 ] , is located in southwestern germany ( figure 1 ) . for these reasons , we consider the origin of m . arvalis to be located in western central europe . from this area , populations of the common vole certainly spread out through europe during the holsteinian ( 0 . 430–0 . 300 myr ) , first southwestwards and then northeastwards ( figure 5 ) . western central europe was not only the cradle of the m . arvalis lineages , it was also a dispersal centre for this rodent .
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the large freshwater fish , nicknamed the big lady and which was hugely popular with anglers , was seen to be dragged out of a river by a marauding otter that then tore its throat out and partially ate it .
otters are enjoying a comeback after they were re - introduced into british waterways by conservationists in the 1980s after once being on the brink of extinction .
' they might have this image of being a nice , fluffy creature but they are also a sleek killing machine , a bit like mink . . . '
despite their fluffy appearance and association with henry williamson ' s much - loved children ' s book , tarka the otter , the marine animals are carnivourous and ferocious hunters .
in 2013 , fishery owner brian dodson unsuccessfully tried to sue the environment agency after he lost £250 , 000 of fish to the furry mammals after an otter haven was set up nearby .
otters are one of the most protected animals in europe . under the wildlife and countryside act , it is an offence to kill one or interfere with their habitat and is punishable by a £5 , 000 fine or six months in prison .
some fisheries have erected otter - proof fencing around their lakes at great cost to protect their stock that are caught and released by anglers , but that is not appropriate for rivers , like the ivel .
graham palmer , the secretary of the ivel protection agency , is calling for fishery bailiffs to be allowed to humanely trap offending otters so they can be moved away from waters stocked with expensive fish .
there is a place for otters in our countryside , but there is also no danger of them becoming extinct - they are everywhere in southern england .
several fisheries have gone out of business in recent years because their fish stocks have been decimated by otter predation .
a spokesman for the environment agency defended otters , saying that waters dominated by large coarse fish did not make for a healthy eco - system .
he said :
the environment agency does not see the return of the otter as a cause for alarm or a major threat to fish numbers . if you look at rivers that never lost otters like in scotland , they have healthy fish populations containing a good age range of fish . it has not resulted in fish being ' wiped out ' .
large specimen fish tend to dominate rivers , which is not a healthy state for a river . you need diversity in age , not just big fish . this wouldn ' t have occurred in the past when otters were more numerous and would have eaten some of the larger fish .
otters also eat ' pest ' species such as the signal crayfish , an invasive species that has caused a crash in numbers of our native white - clawed crayfish .
freshwater ; benthopelagic ; potamodromous ( ref . 51243 ) ; depth range 10 - ? m . temperate ; 10°c - 24°c ( ref . 2060 ) ; 57°n - 42°n , 5°w - 36°e
europe : north of the pyrénées and alps , from adour ( france ) eastward to neman ( lithuania , russia ) drainages , in rivers draining to atlantic , north sea and southern baltic sea ; danube to dniepr drainages in northern black sea basin ; southeastern england north to yorkshire . found almost throughout mediterranean drainages of france . locally introduced in northern and central italy , rivers wear , tees and medway and most western drainages of england .
dorsal spines ( total ) : 3 - 4 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 7 - 9 ; anal spines : 2 - 3 ; anal soft rays : 5 - 6 ; vertebrae : 46 - 47 . diagnosed from its congeners in france , great britain , black , north , baltic and adriatic sea basins and apennine peninsula by having the following characters : lower lip thick with a median swollen pad ; tip of dorsal pointed ; posterior margin of dorsal concave ; last simple dorsal ray spinous , serrated along entire posterior edge ; flexible segmented part of last simple dorsal ray about 20 - 24 % of its length ; fine dark spots ( or no spots ) in individuals larger than 10 cm sl ; 53 - 63 total scales on lateral line ; 12 - 14 scale rows between dorsal origin and lateral line ; pelvic origin about below dorsal origin ; scales with free posterior part pointed ; scales on back with 1 - 5 well developed median longitudinal epithelial crests ( ref . 59043 ) . caudal fin with 19 - 20 rays ( ref . 2196 ) .
individual females spawn with several males . males assemble at spawning grounds and follow ripe females , often with much splashing , to shallow riffles . males may exhibit courting or sneaking tactics in spawning site . courting males follow females to spawning site and , during the spawning act , one male swims head to head with the female . sneaking males , waiting in the spawning site , then join the couple and try to fertilize eggs . up to 130 males have been reported to be involved in a single spawning act . females deposit non - sticky eggs in 2 - 3 portions into excavations made in the gravel
( ref . 59043 ) .
bianco , p . g . , 1998 . diversity of barbinae fishes in southern europe with description of a new genus and a new species ( cyprinidae ) . ital . j . zool . 65 : 125 - 136 . ( ref . 31730 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00676 ( 0 . 00386 - 0 . 01183 ) , b = 2 . 97 ( 2 . 83 - 3 . 11 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 1 ±0 . 39 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : low , minimum population doubling time 4 . 5 - 14 years ( tm = 3 - 5 ) .
prior r = 0 . 3 , 2 sd range = 0 . 11 - 0 . 82 , log ( r ) = - 1 . 2 , sd log ( r ) = 0 . 51 , based on : 2 k , 8 tgen , 1 tmax , 4 fec records
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : high to very high vulnerability ( 70 of 100 ) .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
the species has a very wide distribution . however it is locally threatened by water pollution and river regulation , especially in the baltic drainages , elbe , south bug and dniepr . sharp declines due to construction of large reservoirs and pollution occurred during 20th century . however has since stabilized at a moderate level . was heavily impacted by pollution in central europe but populations have mostly recovered .
north of the pyrénées and alps , from adour ( france ) eastward to neman ( lithuania , russia ) drainages , in rivers draining to atlantic , north sea and southern baltic sea ; danube to dniepr drainages in northern black sea basin ; southeastern england north to yorkshire . in almost all mediterranean drainages of france . locally introduced in northern and central italy , rivers wear , tees and medway and most western drainages of england .
when the 2010 assessment of this species was published in 2011 , a 2013 citation reference was accidentally attached to the account and hence the previous version of the assessment showed it as being published in 2013 when it should have been 2011 . the error is corrected here and is therefore given a 2016 citation date ; the 2011 reference that should have been used in the citation is under the references .
( errata version published in 2016 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2011 : e . t2561a97789324 .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
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english - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers
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environ sci pollut res int . 2016 apr ; 23 ( 7 ) : 6723 - 34 . doi : 10 . 1007 / s11356 - 015 - 5901 - 9 . epub 2015 dec 10 .
morina a 1 , morina f 2 , djikanović v 3 , spasić s 2 , krpo - ćetković j 4 , kostić b 5 , lenhardt m 3 .
faculty of biology , university of belgrade , studentski trg 16 , 11000 , belgrade , serbia . arian _ morina @ yahoo . com .
institute for multidisciplinary research , university of belgrade , kneza višeslava 1 , 11000 , belgrade , serbia .
institute for biological research
siniša stanković
, university of belgrade , despota stefana 142 , 11000 , belgrade , serbia .
faculty of biology , university of belgrade , studentski trg 16 , 11000 , belgrade , serbia .
faculty of mining and geology , university of belgrade , djušina 7 , 11000 , belgrade , serbia .
the research was partly supported by project oi173045 funded by the ministry of education , science , and technological development of the republic of serbia .
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annexes of birds and habits directives listing the area of occupancy of the species . the species is present in annexes ii and v of habitats directive ; in this annex it is indicated as barbus spp .
did you know ? all our dictionaries are bidirectional , meaning that you can look up words in both languages at the same time .
part of the english - arabic dictionary contains translations of arabeyes . thank you !
brown trout ( potočna pastrmka ) 93 cm ( 36 , 6 inches ) - una , bosnia . mp4
carmona , j . & darwall , w . ( mediterranean workshop , dec . 2004 )
justification : b . meridionalis has a large but fragmented distribution with an area of occupancy ( aoo ) of nearly 2 , 000 km² as it is present in only parts of streams and not the main rivers , it is also threatened by hybridisation with other barbus species in addition it has undergone a population decline of nearly 30 % ( crivelli , a . pers comm ) .
it is restricted to the southern part of the rhône river basin and to several coastal streams in france , and to few coastal streams in northern catalonia , spain .
habitat alteration , dams , water extraction and pollution are the main factors threatening this species .
it is listed in the annexes ii and v of the european union habitats directive and in the appendix iii of the bern convention .
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copyright : © 2008 tougard et al . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
funding : cnrs ( french government ) provided financial support for the experiment realization . the funder has no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .
individual labels are detailed in table s1 . the numbers at nodes refer to ml bootstrap percentages ( above branches ) and ba posterior probabilities ( below branches ) . the five main evolutionary lineages as previously mentioned [ 34 ] are indicated on the right .
observed mismatch distributions ( blue line ) for the whole dataset ( a ) as well as the western ( b ) , eastern ( c ) and central ( d ) lineages are compared to expected distributions under a population growth - decline model ( red line ) . numbers of pairwise differences are on the x - axis , while relative frequencies are on the y - axis .
the 95 % confidence ranges of divergence time estimates are wide , making it difficult to correlate formation events of m . arvalis lineages to quaternary climatic events . however , bayesian posterior probability densities ( data not shown ) of these estimates are unimodal , indicating that mean estimates should provide a reasonable basis for inferences about the evolutionary history of m . arvalis [ 41 ] .
the divergence time estimates among the five evolutionary lineages of m . arvalis covered several glacial and interglacial periods in the middle and late pleistocene . this pattern is congruent with a pre - lgm origin , split and evolution of the lineages , although some previously published divergence times are much younger than the present molecular dating [ 33 ] , [ 34 ] . each of our estimates corresponds to warm or pre - and postglacial periods ( figure 4 ) .
before ( a ) , during ( b ) and after ( c ) the lgm .
the black star locates the most likely origin of the species from fossil and genetic evidence . solid arrows indicate the southwestward and northeastward gradual range expansion during warm periods , while dotted arrows are for more or less irregular expansion ( ù glacial survival in isolated populations or ä bottleneck events ) during cold periods . shaded areas ( b ) correspond to the estimated extension of ice cover .
from a palaeontological standpoint , the whole european fossil record of m . arvalis was considered [ 30 ] . kowalski [ 30 ] listed m . arvalis remains in two categories : m . arvalis / m . agrestis assemblages and m . arvalis localities . in the present study , only the second category with well - determined specimens is taken into account . two continuous and well - studied sequences located in france were also examined ( figure 1 ) : la baume de gigny ( gigny , jura ; 0 . 060–0 . 015 myr ) [ 49 ] – [ 51 ] and le taillis des coteaux ( antigny , vienne ; 0 . 030–0 . 015 myr ) [ 52 ] . in the former locality , m . arvalis and m . agrestis were identified [ 49 ] , while m . arvalis remains of the latter locality were determined by one of us ( er in [ 52 ] ) .
best - fitting models of sequence evolution were determined using modeltest 3 . 7 [ 68 ] for ml reconstructions and mrmodeltest 2 . 2 [ 69 ] for ba . these models are : k81uf + i + g ( ml ) and gtr + i + g ( ba ) for cr ; trn + i + g ( ml ) and k80 + i , gtr , gtr + g ( respectively , first , second and third codon positions ; ba ) for cytb ( for details about models , see urltoken ) . ml analyses were conducted using the software phyml 2 . 4 . 4 [ 70 ] , and nodal robustness was estimated after 1000 bootstrap replicates . alternative topologies to the best ml tree were evaluated with the test of shimodaira & hasegawa [ 39 ] as implemented in paup * 4 . 010b [ 71 ] . mixed models under ba using mrbayes 3 . 0b4 [ 72 ] was performed with five markov chain monte carlo chains that were simultaneously run for 2 , 000 , 000 generations with trees sampled every 100 th generation , and after removing the first 2000 trees as the burn - in stage .
nucleotide and haplotype diversities within evolutionary lineages , as well as total and net dna divergence were calculated using dnasp 4 . 20 . 2 [ 73 ] . mismatch distribution analyses among individuals [ 40 ] were carried out under a population growth - decline model in dnasp . demographic stability is illustrated by multimodal distributions , while a unimodal pattern is consistent with sudden expansion [ 46 ] .
labels , geographic distribution and references / sources of microtus arvalis samples . accession numbers for original and genbank data of the cytochrome b gene and the control region are also listed . colours refer to the five lineages : western ( red ) , central ( blue ) , eastern ( orange ) , freiburg ( green ) and italian ( pink ) .
haplotype list for each microtus arvalis lineage . the positions of changes in the amino acid sequence are given according to the cytochrome b model by howell [ 79 ] and degli esposti et al . [ 80 ] .
alternative topologies nonsignificantly different ( 5 % confidence level ) including the five lineages of microtus arvalis . the topology in bold is the previously published topology [ 33 ] , [ 34 ] , while the topology in red corresponds to the present topology based on cytochrome b gene sequences ( figure 2 ) .
bayesian tree reconstructed from control region sequences of microtus arvalis . individual labels are detailed in table s1 . the numbers at nodes refer to ml bootstrap percentages ≥50 % ( above branches ) and ba posterior probabilities ≥0 . 50 ( below branches ) . the five main evolutionary lineages as previously mentioned [ 34 ] are indicated on the right .
avise jc , arnold j , ball mr , bermingham e , lamb t , et al . ( 1987 ) intraspecific phylogeography : the mitochondrial dna bridge between population genetics and systematics . ann rev ecol syst 18 : 489–522 .
bennett kd ( 1997 ) evolution and ecology : the pace of life . cambridge : cambridge university press .
taberlet p , fumagalli l , wust - saucy a - g , cossons j - f ( 1998 ) comparative phylogeography and postglacial colonization routes in europe . mol ecol 7 : 453–464 .
hewitt g ( 2000 ) the genetic legacy of the quaternary ice ages . nature 405 : 907–913 .
hewitt g ( 2004 ) genetic consequences of climatic oscillations in the quaternary . phil trans r soc lond b 359 : 183–195 .


tragulina is an infraorder of even-toed ungulates .

only the chevrotains survive to the present , including the genera tragulus ( the mouse deer ) and hyemoschus .

tragulina

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a new representative of the hypertraguloidea ( tragulina , ruminantia ) from the khoer - dzan locality in mongolia , with remarks on the relationships of the hypertragulidae . american museum novitates ; no . 3225
details - a new representative of the hypertraguloidea ( tragulina , ruminantia ) from the khoer - dzan locality in mongolia , with remarks on the relationships of the hypertragulidae . american museum novitates ; no . 3225 - biodiversity heritage library
the tragulina room is on the ground floor , spacious and equipped with a fireplace , it measures 13 m² and is equipped with a large en - suite bathroom with shower and toilet . lime and sweet tones are selected within a very relaxing and enjoyable .
ty - book ti - a new representative of the hypertraguloidea ( tragulina , ruminantia ) from the khoer - dzan locality in mongolia , with remarks on the relationships of the hypertragulidae . american museum novitates ; no . 3225 ur - urltoken py - 1998 au - vislobokova , i . a . ( inessa anatolévna ) er -
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integration of diverse data ( molecules , fossils ) provides the most robust test of the phylogeny of cetaceans . positioning key fossils is critical for reconstructing the character change from life on land to life in the water .
citation : spaulding m , o ' leary ma , gatesy j ( 2009 ) relationships of cetacea ( artiodactyla ) among mammals : increased taxon sampling alters interpretations of key fossils and character evolution . plos one 4 ( 9 ) : e7062 . urltoken
editor : andrew allen farke , raymond m . alf museum of paleontology , united states of america
copyright : © 2009 spaulding et al . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
funding : several grants supported this research : nsf deb - 9903964 , deb - 0210956 , deb - 0629836 , ear - 0116517 to m . a . o ' leary , along with a grant from nescent , nsf predoctoral fellowship to m . spaulding , nsf deb - 0614098 to j . flynn , and nsf deb - 9985847 , deb - 0213171 , and deb - 0212572 to j . gatesy . m . a . o ' leary ' s contribution was also prepared under award na04oar4700191 from the national oceanic and atmospheric association , us department of commerce . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .
recent morphological ( a ) and combined morphological + molecular ( b ) hypotheses of artiodactylan phylogeny .
most cladistic analyses of morphological characters have supported monophyly of extant terrestrial artiodactylans , traditionally called artiodactyla , as well as the subclades suiformes and selenodontia . note the variable placements of the enigmatic extinct groups †raoellidae and †mesonychia in the different topologies . the deeply nested conflict between phylogenetic hypotheses for artiodactyla is shown very well by these two recent studies : for the major lineages shown , no clades are shared . lineages that connect extant taxa in the tree are represented by thick gray branches , and wholly extinct lineages are shown as thin black branches . illustrations are by c . buell and l . betti - nash .
strict consensus of 20 minimum length trees for the equally - weighted parsimony analysis of the combined data set ( 57 , 269 steps ) .
the contents of 12 taxonomic groups , including the total clades cetaceamorpha and cetancodontamorpha are delimited by different colored boxes ( ‘hippo’ = hippopotamidamorpha ) . lineages that connect extant taxa in the tree are represented by thick gray branches , and wholly extinct lineages are shown as thin black branches . estimates of branch support scores are above internodes ; given the complexity of the data set , these should be interpreted as maximum estimates . illustrations are by c . buell and l . betti - nash .
basal relationships of artiodactylamorpha are poorly resolved in the strict consensus ( figure 2 ) . four major artiodactylan clades and three extinct species form a polytomy in the strict consensus . the ungrouped species are two †anthracotheriids ( † anthracokeryx ulnifer , † microbunodon minimum ) and † gobiohyus orientalis ( a †helohyid according to [ 40 ] , and artiodactyla incertae cedis according to [ 41 ] ) . cetancodontamorpha , ruminantiamorpha , suinamorpha , and camelidamorpha contribute to this polytomy as well .
comparison of one minimum length tree with agreement subtree superimposed ( a ) and a topology that is two steps beyond minimum length ( b ) .
it is important to note that before hypotheses supporting a close relationship between †mesonychia and cetacea , †mesonychians were included in †creodonta [ 54 ] . the modern concept of †creodonta is more restricted , excludes †mesonychia , and is composed of two sub - clades : †hyaenodontidae and †oxyaenidae [ 15 ] . †creodonts , in turn , have been grouped with carnivoramorpha ( cats , dogs , and close fossil relatives ) in a more inclusive clade , ferae [ 13 ] , [ 16 ] . in our total evidence analysis †creodonta , carnivoramorpha and ferae are all supported ( figure 2 ) , and there is no support for including †mesonychia within †creodonta or ferae .
we used three different approaches to describe the stability of our phylogenetic results : branch support [ 57 ] , linked branch support [ 58 ] , and selective removal of taxa and characters ( see materials and methods ) . the first two methods summarize the net amount of character evidence for a particular clade or set of clades . the third assesses the phylogenetic impact of new taxa sampled here and provides insight into contrasting signals from different types of character data partitions .
stability of phylogenetic results to the exclusion of particular taxa from the total combined data matrix .
strict consensus of the 48 minimum length trees for the equally - weighted parsimony analysis of 606 characters observable in fossils ( 3 , 722 steps ) .
note that both selenodontia ( ruminantia + camelidae ) and suiformes ( hippopotamidae + suina ) are supported , in contrast to the total evidence analysis ( figure 2 ) . colored boxes that delimit taxonomic groups are as in figure 2 ( hippo . = hippopotamidamorpha ) .
to summarize , in the minimum length trees ( e . g . , figure 3a ) , the †raoellid † indohyus is reconstructed to have spent at least 10 % of its time in water and to have had the derived behavior of directional underwater hearing , but reconstruction of its diet is equivocal . in alternate trees that are two steps longer , parsimony recovers the same character state reconstructions for †mesonychia , because this taxon is a close relative of cetacea in slightly longer trees ( e . g . , figure 3b ) .
as discussed by [ 33 ] , [ 60 ] inferences about behavior in fossil taxa , which go beyond parsimony , can be made if there is “compelling morphological evidence” that a certain fossilized trait is strictly correlated with a certain behavior ( e . g . , distinctive coiling of the cochlea in bats indicating echolocation [ 61 ] ) . these deductions should , however , be clearly delineated from reconstructions based on parsimony . here we discuss such inferences related to diet and hearing in artiodactyla .
molars that have a tall , angular protoconid and a compressed talonid are typically associated with carnivorous diets in mammals , and molars with low - crowned , quadritubercular cusps are associated with herbivory / omnivory [ 6 ] , [ 7 ] . reconstructing behavior from fossilized tooth shape , we would infer that several cetaceamorphans ( † diacodexis , † helohyus , and † indohyus ) are herbivorous / omnivorous because they have quadritubercular teeth ( hypocone on m2 , character 419 [ 1 ] ) . it is noteworthy that prior to the description of a relatively complete † indohyus skull there were no cetaceamorphans that had both the pachyostotic ear region and quadritubercular dentition .
†mesonychia is only distantly related to artiodactyla in our shortest trees , with † indohyus grouping as a close relative to living cetaceans . however , in trees just two steps longer than minimum length , we find the more ‘traditional’ arrangement of †mesonychia positioned close to cetacea . in these trees , † indohyus is a cetaceamorphan but is not as closely related to cetacea as is †mesonychia . the lack of abundant support for either topology and the outstanding incongruence between data that fossilize and those that do not , suggests that many key fossils remain to be discovered .
the large morphological character matrix previously compiled by o ' leary and gatesy [ 1 ] included 71 taxa ( 28 extant , 43 extinct ) and 635 characters ( 310 cranial osteology , 147 dental , 123 postcranial osteology , and 55 soft - tissue / behavior ) . this data set for artiodactyla and close relatives was used as a starting point for the present analysis .
we increased morphological character sampling slightly relative to the analysis of o ' leary and gatesy [ 1 ] . approximately five morphological characters were added based upon previous systematic work on ferae [ 18 ] . this count is not exact because many characters were at first appended to the previously published matrix , but then later subsumed into existing characters once overlaps in character states were identified . delimitations of some characters in the matrix from [ 18 ] were revised based upon new information from ferae / lipotyphla . there is an overall increase of 26 morphological characters relative to our previous matrix due to the addition of characters and re - defining of previous characters .
) were added to our previously published alignments ; four mitochondrial genomes and information from 31 nuclear loci at the genbank database were added to the overall matrix . we also included additional new data from genbank that have been published since
were concatenated to the existing molecular data set . finally , 49 new sequences from five nuclear genes (
. recently deposited data in genbank and sequences from our lab generally were aligned to our previously published matrix with the introduction of very few new gaps [ e . g . , see 1 ] . however , several gene segments were re - aligned using clustalw
with gap opening cost of five and gap extension cost of 1 ; some adjacent gaps in the resulting multiple - sequence alignments were consolidated using seqapp 1 . 9a
) also were aligned in this way . the final molecular data set exceeded that of o ' leary and gatesy
by more than 5 , 500 aligned nucleotides . the 661 morphological characters were downloaded from morphobank and merged with the revised molecular matrix of 46 , 587 characters in paup * 4 . 0b10
. the total combined data set for this study has been stored at morphobank ( project # 48 ) . the main matrix in this project file is the morphology component of this study , and the total evidence nexus file is in the documents folder for this project . the nexus file records all genbank numbers for molecular sequences in the matrix . this nexus file is also available as supporting information for this article :
characters were optimized onto all minimum length trees using the map characters option in tnt [ 37 ] . for critical nodes supported by the total evidence , character state changes that mapped unequivocally onto all optimal trees were noted ; these are listed in supplementary table s1 . we also used parsimony to map characters onto suboptimal hypotheses to identify transformations that support conflicting relationships regarding †mesonychia and † indohyus .
unambiguously optimized synapomorphies for selected clades ( figure 2 ) . symbols are * , which indicates that a character state reverses in the clade and thus is not shared by all members , and # , which indicates a contradictory state found in the ‡oxyaenid ‡patriofelis .
matrix as a nexus file . matrix with both morphological and molecular information . genbank numbers of sequences are included in the file .
conceived and designed the experiments : ms mao jg . performed the experiments : ms mao jg . analyzed the data : ms mao jg . contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools : ms mao jg . wrote the paper : ms mao jg .
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kento furui added the japanese common name
マメジカ科
to
tragulidae
.
deniz martinez added the english common name
sri lankan spotted chevrotain
to
moschiola meminna ( erxleben , 1777 )
.
deniz martinez marked the classification from
iucn red list
as preferred for
moschiola
.
deniz martinez set
file : indian spotted chevrotain ( moschiola indica ) . jpg
as an exemplar on
moschiola indica
.
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full reference : w . h . flower . 1883 . on the arrangement of the orders and families of existing mammalia . proceedings of the zoological society of london 1883 : 178 - 186
parent taxon : ruminantia according to a . hassanin and e . j . p . douzery 2003
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tragulids lack antlers , but males sometimes use their enlarged , curved upper canines for fighting with each other over females . tragulids are mainly solitary , usually interacting only to mate . unlike most other artiodactyls , tragulids apparently cannot rise on their hind legs . tragulids have a mainly plant - based diet and , unusually for artiodactyls , at least some species are largely frugivorous .
only one tragulid species , balabac chevrotain ( tragulus nigricans ) , is listed as endangered on the iucn red list . some other species , however , have very limited distributions ( e . g . , silver - backed chevrotain [ t . versicolor ] in vietnam , northern chevrotain [ t . williamsoni ] in northern thailand ( and possibly laos ) and southern china , and the sri lankan moschiola species . javan chevrotain ( t . javanicus ) has lost much of its former lowland habitat and may now have a very restricted range .
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. . . gabunia ( 1964 ) erected a new species , ardynia plicidentata , from the early late oligocene benara fauna of georgia on the basis of a dp3 or dp4 and an m1 or m2 ( russell and zhai , 1987 ; lucas and emry , 1999 ; métais et al . , 2016 ) ( fig . 1 ) . ardynia plicidentata was diagnosed by the wrinkled enamel in the area of the crochet , but radinsky ( 1967 ) regarded wrinkled enamel as a variable character and referred these specimens to ardynia sp . . . .
. . . the benara locality has also yielded the ruminants lophiomeryx benaraensis and prodremotherium trepidum , as well as rhinocerotoids , an entelodontid , anthracotheres , and carnivores ( gabunia , 1964 ) . several taxa among the rhinos and anthracotheres are common in the early oligocene deposits of asia and europe ( lucas and emry , 1999 ) . although much less documented , the kızılırmak formation has not yielded taxa with an early oligocene age . . . .
. . . flerowi mp22 - 24 , kazakhstan ) and benara ( p . trepidum mp23 , georgia ) ( trofimov 1957 ; gabunia 1964 ; vislobokova 1997 ; lucas & emry 1999 ; m etais & vislobokova 2007 ) . no direct observations by the authors support the attribution of these asian species to this genus . . . .
. . . years in italics indicate a work without description or illustration . i , lower incisive ; c , lower canine ; p , lower premolar ; m , type species—iberomeryx parvus gabunia 1964 , from benara ( georgia ) , early oligocene ( mp23 ; lucas & emry 1999 ) . other species referred to the genus—iberomeryx minor ( filhol 1882 ) , early oligocene of western europe . . . .
. . . large premolars collected in the ferruginous duricrust j1 indicate the presence of a large entelodontid tentatively referred to paraentelodon sp . this genus has been reported from several early oligocene localities in central asia ( lucas and emry , 1999 ) , where it is commonly associated with the giant rhinocerotoid paraceratherium . the entelodont specimens from the bugti hills constitute the first occurrence of the family in the indian subcontinent , as oligocene asian entelodonts are otherwise known only from central asia and mongolia . . . .
. . . in term of first occurrence of mammal taxa , the base of the suevian could be seen equally at the level of mp 22 as discussed by hooker et al . ( 2004 ) . most authors ( heissig , 1993 , ducrocq , 1995 , sudre , 1995 , 1996 , astruc et al . , 2003 ) considered the mammal level mp 21 as the beginning of the suevian based on the first occurrence of asian immigrants such as the bothriodontine anthracotheriids bothriodon , bunobrachyodus ( = elomeryx ) , and the enteledontid entelodon ( lucas & emry 1999 ) . level mp 21 also corresponds to the first appearance of taxa with supposed local ancestors such as the gelocid pseudogelocus and the dichobunid metriotherium . . . .
. . . ' ' inward ' ' lateral facing crown surfaces have been described as lingual in hadrosaurids ( rodriguez - de la rosa and cevallos - ferriz , 1998 ) . ' ' outward ' ' and ' ' inward ' ' facing lateral crown surfaces have been described as either being external and internal or labial and lingual in theropods ( dong , 1997a ) ; as lateral and internal in sauropods ( dong , 1997b ) ; as labial and lingual in artiodactyls ( lucas and emry , 1999 ) , cervids ( azanza and montoya , 1995 ) , insectivores ( x . wang and zhai , 1995 ) , marsupials ( cifelli and de muizon , 1998 ) , armadillos ( vizcaíno and bargo , 1998 ) , feliforms ( albright , 1996 ) , theropods ( hutt et al . , 1996 ; kellner and campos , 1996 ; charig and milner , 1997 ) , ornithischians ( dong , 1997c ) , sauropods ( upchurch , 1999 ) , and osteichthyians ( kemp , 1997 ) . . . .
on some spiral - horned antelopes ( mammalia : artiodactyla : bovidae ) from the late miocene of turkey , w . . .
zusammenfassung die untersuchung von material aus einigen aufsammlungen an mehreren türkischen obermiozän - lokalitäten ermöglichte erstmals die endgültige bestimmung und beschreibung spiral - gehörnter antilopen dieses landes : palaeoreas lindermayeri , protragelaphus skouzesi , prostrepsiceros zitteli undnisidorcas sp . mehrere endemische arten sind während des tiefen obermiozäns auf . . . [ show full abstract ]
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franciscana or la plata dolphin ( lives in costal waters and estuaries in s . america )
s . asian river dolphin , once though to be two species ( ganges and indus ) but really just subspecies , found in india , pakistan , bangladesh , nepal .