acisoma is a small genus of dragonflies in the family libellulidae .

it contains six species : acisoma ascalaphoides rambur , 1842 – littoral pintail acisoma attenboroughi mens , schütte , stokvis & dijkstra , 2016 – attenborough 's pintail acisoma inflatum selys , 1882 – stout pintail acisoma panorpoides rambur , 1842 – asian pintail , grizzled pintail acisoma trifidum kirby , 1889 – pied pintail , ivory pintail acisoma variegatum kirby , 1898 – slender pintail

acisoma

dragonflies & damselflies of thailand : 104 . acisoma panorpoides panorpoides ( rambur , 1842 )
kento furui added an unknown common name in an unknown language to
acisoma
.
the type locality for acisoma panorpoides ascalaphoides is madagascar . it is not currently certain that the populations of madagascar and mainland africa are similar ( k . schütte in dijkstra and boudot 2010 ) , so it is likely that the present subspecific name will have to change in the future for africa . this species previously appeared on the iucn red list as acisoma panorpoides ssp . ascalaphoides but it has now been promoted to acisoma ascalaphoides .
acisoma panorpoides perches inconspicuously . it tends to be more common on short ranked grasses near water bodies . it is mainly associated with eutrophic still waters ( d . h . murphy pers . comm . ) .
justification : acisoma trifidum is listed as least concern because of its wide distribution , as there are no major threats and as it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a threatened category .
justification : acisoma variegatum occurs from southern africa up to ethiopia . as this species is common in the southern part of its range ( south africa , mozambique , zimbabwe ) , it is assessed as least concern .
acisoma variegatum is common in southern africa and the distribution extends up to ethiopia . it was formerly confused with a . inflatum and both were once listed under a . panorpoides . due to this confusion , the extent of occurrence ( eoo ) of a . variegatum and a . inflatum requires further study .
formerly acisoma panorpoides was thought to occur in africa , madagascar and asia . recent taxonomic and genetic studies showed , that in asia the true a . panorpoides occurs , while two different species each occur in madagascar and continental africa . the latter are separated in a . variegatum and in a . inflatum , both of them being described long ago and neglected since ( dijkstra and clausnitzer 2014 ) .
the dragonfly genus acisoma is revised based on adult male morphology and coi sequence data . six species are recognised , including the new species a . attenboroughi sp . nov . diagnoses and a key to males of all species and illustrations of all relevant characters are provided . a . inflatum , a . variegatum and a . trifidum are confined to continental africa , while a . panorpoides is restricted to asia . a . ascalaphoides is known only from threatened littoral forest fragments on the east coast of madagascar , while a . attenboroughi is widespread across the island . the new species honours sir david attenborough on his 90 th birthday .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
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schorr , m . and paulson , d . 2016 . world odonata list . revision 21 june 2016 . tacoma , washington , usa available at : urltoken .
endangered b2ab ( ii , iii , iv , v ) ver 3 . 1
justification : this species is endemic to madagascar where it known from three littoral forest sites : two in the south east and one from the northern east coast . it has an extent of occurrence ( eoo ) of 5 , 884 km² and an area of occupancy ( aoo ) of 16 km² . the species experiences continuing decline in its habitat quality and extent due to ongoing deforestation in the north east and mining activities in the south east parts of its range . based on these threats 2 - 3 locations have been identified . therefore , the species is assessed as endangered .
the species is endemic to madagascar where it is known from one locality in the north east coast in voloina and two localities in mandena and sainte luce in the south east part of the island .
known only from littoral forest fragments at the southern ( tolagnaro , formerly fort dauphin ) and northern ( voloina ) ends of madagascar’s east coast . only about 10 % of the original cover of these forests remains , all in small patches of which only 13 % are protected ( consiglio et al . 2006 ) . the species may occur elsewhere along the coast , but as it seems restricted to this habitat , could well be under threat ( schütte &
razafindraibe 2007 ) . the larvae are possibly adapted to more acidic water than a . attenboroughi sp . nov .
the species is threatened by deforestation in the north and mining activities in the south within the mining offset / conservation sites .
no conservation actions are known . the species doesn ' t occur within protected areas in the north . in the south the species is found within the mining offset conservation sites .
dijkstra , k . d . and clausnitzer , v . 2014 . the dragonflies and damselflies of eastern africa : handbook for all odonata from sudan to zimbabwe . rmca .
no information on the population size is available , but this species is common in southern africa ( south africa , mozambique , zimbabwe ) .
this species occurs in swampy and well vegetated habitats along lakes , pools and slow parts of rivers and streams in savannah and woodland .
drainage , destruction and pollution of swampy habitats for construction of human settlements are the main threats to this species . swamps close to settlements suffer particularly from pollution due to sewage and to illegal rubbish damping .
the species is widespread and therefore , no conservation actions are necessary . however , it is necessary to study the extent of occurrence ( eoo ) of this species due to changes in taxonomy .
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this dragonfly is easily recognised by its uniquely shaped abdomen , which tapers markedly from segments five to seven to form a narrow tip . the male has light blue eyes and body , with dark markings on the thorax and abdomen . the female is similarly shaped and patterned , but with greenish yellow body . in males , the hindwing is 20 to 22 mm in length and the total body leangth ranges from 27 to 29 mm .
commonly seen in disturbed habitats and grassy swamps throughout open country in singapore , including open areas in central catchment and bukit timah nature reserve and freshwater ponds in sungei buloh wetland reserve .
when a female oviposits , the male guards her closely , seldom straying more than 40 cm from her .
tang , h . b . , l . k . wang & m . hämäläinen , 2010 . a photographic guide to the dragonflies of singapore . raffles museum of biodiversity research , national university of singapore , singapore . 222 pp .
raffles museum of biodiversity research rmbr has its origins in the raffles museum which was founded in 1849 . established on…
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copyright © 2018 , all rights reserved . national centre for biological sciences ( ncbs ) holds copyright for all the original material and compilations on this website , although contributing writers and photographers may hold copyright for their material as cited . material from this website can be used freely for educational , basic research and conservation purposes , provided that this website is acknowledged and properly cited as the source . contact us to obtain prior permission for any other use , including for large data downloads and collaborative research .
lotte p . mens naturalis biodiversity center , p . o . box 9517 , 2300 ra leiden , the netherlands .
kai schütte universität hamburg , zoological institute , animal ecology and conservation and center of natural history , zoological museum , martin - luther - king - platz 3 , 20146 hamburg , germany .
frank r . stokvis naturalis biodiversity center , p . o . box 9517 , 2300 ra leiden , the netherlands .
klaas - douwe b . dijkstra naturalis biodiversity center , p . o . box 9517 , 2300 ra leiden , the netherlands . department of conservation ecology and entomology , university of stellenbosch , south africa
lotte p . mens , kai schütte , frank r . stokvis , klaas - douwe b . dijkstra
from a distance . it ' s only when you get close ( which is actually quite difficult ) that you notice its big bulbous abdomen .
the male is quite stunning , with its bright blue eyes , and blue and black markings to the thorax and abdomen . it almost has a marble effect . here you can see just how bulbous the abdomen really is . s9 - 10 are black and the caudal appendages are white . the young male is yellow , as the female .
the female is very similar to the male , except it is yellow in colour instead of blue and the caudal appendages are wider apart ( usually the only way i can identify the female and young males ) .
here is a young female , i managed to capture at nam nao recently .
you can see this species throughout the country and it seems most common in the cool season ( dec - mar ) . it is very difficult to get close to and flies away at the slightest movement . the females are slightly more forgiving than the males , but it ' s worth the effort , because it really is a good - looking dragonfly .
i am too lazy to write about my past , but i now love photographing dragonflies , manchester city football club , fishing and , of course , my girlfriend .
98 . ischnura sp . ( rufostigma selys , 1876 - group ) . . .
number : 186 family : libellulidae genus : nannophya species : nannophya pygmaea common name ( s ) : the scarlet dwarf . . .
number : 182 family : coenagrionidae genus : ceriagrion species : ceriagrion malaisei common name ( s ) : n / a synonyms : . . .
location : phu kao - phu phan kham national park , khon kaen date : saturday 28th may , 2016 habitat : lowland , shallow lake on the edg . . .
number : 176 family : lestidae genus : platylestes species : platylestes platystylus common name ( s ) : n / a synonyms : n / a . . .
location : phu khieo wildlife sanctuary , chaiyaphum date : saturday , 12th november , 2016 habitat : mid - to upland forested ponds . . .
number : 175 family : libellulidae genus : lyriothemis species : lyriothemis sp . common name ( s ) : n / a synonyms : n / a ha . . .
location 1 : tat fa and pha ing waterfalls , tat ton national park , chaiyaphum date : saturday 26th march , 2016 habitat : lowlands ( a . s . l . . . .
number : 189 family : libellulidae genus : amphithemis species : amphithemis curvistyla common name ( s ) : n / a synonyms : . . .
number : 185 family : coenagrionidae genus : ceriagrion species : ceriagrion pallidum common name ( s ) : n / a syn . . .
number : 57 family : libellulidae genus : trithemis species : trithemis aurora common name ( s ) : crimson marsh glider , crimson dropwing , . . .
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is widespread in africa ( except dense rain forest ) , southern europe , middle east , southern asia , and indian ocean islands .
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sody 's yellow house bat ( scotophilus collinus ) is a species of vesper bat .

it is native to indonesia , malaysia , and timor-leste .

this species was described in 1936 .

sody ' s yellow house bat

scotophilus dinganii ( a . smith , 1833 ) – african yellow bat , yellow - bellied house bat
vesper bats - classification . . . scotomanes harlequin bat , scotomanes ornatus genus scotophilus – yellow bats lesser yellow bat , scotophilus borbonicus sulawesi yellow bat , scotophilus celebensis sody ' s yellow bat . . .
scotophilus borbonicus ( e . geoffroy , 1803 ) – lesser yellow bat , réunion house bat
vespertilioninae - classification . . . harlequin bat , scotomanes ornatus genus scotophilus – yellow bats lesser yellow bat , scotophilus borbonicus sulawesi yellow bat , scotophilus . . .
list of mammals of madagascar - subclass : theria - infraclass : eutheria - order : chiroptera ( bats ) . . . hesperidus lc pipistrellus raceyi dd genus scotophilus lesser yellow bat scotophilus borbonicus dd scotophilus marovaza robust yellow bat scotophilus robustus lc scotophilus tandrefana family . . .
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scotophilus is a genus of vespertilionid bats commonly called yellow bats . they are found in southern asia and africa .
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
vesper bats ( family vespertilionidae ) , also known as evening bats or common bats , are the largest and best - known family of bats . they belong to the suborder microchiroptera ( microbats ) . over 300 species are distributed all over the world , on every continent except antarctica . it owes its name to the latin word ’ ( “bat” ) , from ' , meaning “evening” .
molecular data indicate vespertilionidae diverged from molossidae in the early eocene period . the family is thought to have originated somewhere in laurasia , possibly north america . a recently extinct species , synemporion keana , is known from the holocene of hawaii . discovery of extinct bat doubles diversity of native hawaiian land mammals , at the american museum of natural history ; published march 21 , 2016 ; retrieved june 20 , 2016
there are four subfamilies of vespertilionidae currently recognized . traditionally supported subfamilies have been redefined since the advent of molecular genetics ; only murininae and kerivoulinae have not been changed in light of genetic analysis . subfamilies that were once recognized as valid , such as nyctophilinae , are no longer acknowledged , as it has been shown that they do not represent a true evolutionary grouping of relevant species . within the yangochiroptera , the closest relatives to the vesper bats are the free - tailed bats of family molossidae . the blunt - eared bat is acknowledged as the potential closest link between vespertilionidae and molossidae , as it is the most basal member of molossidae and has intermediate characteristics of both families .
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hutson , a . m . , racey , p . a . ( chiroptera red list authority ) , chanson , j . & chiozza , f . ( global mammal assessment team )
justification : listed as least concern as this species is widespread , and is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .
this species is present in western java , bali , lombok , flores , timor , semau , and roti islands in indonesia , and sabah in malaysian borneo ( simmons 2005 ) , and has also been collected on lembata , and aru islands ( i . maryanto pers . comm . ) . it is probably also found on sumba , sawu , and banda islands in indonesia .
there is little information available for this species . presumably , it is found in primary and secondary forest .
it is not known if the species is present in any protected areas . further studies are needed into the distribution , abundance , threats and ecology of this species .
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this article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 2 / 27 / 2013 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .
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goodman , steven m . , richard k . b . jenkins , and fanja h . ratrimomanarivo
simmons , nancy b . / wilson , don e . , and deeann m . reeder , eds .
mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vols . 1 & 2
mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 2nd ed . , 3rd printing
comments : includes pachyotus ; see walker et al . ( 1975 ) . african species revised by robbins et al . ( 1985 ) ; also see peterson et al . ( 1995 )
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list of mammals of indonesia - order chiroptera ( bats ) - family vespertilionidae ( vesper bats ) . . . pipistrellus minahassae pipistrellus papuanus pipistrellus stenopterus pipistrellus tenuis scotophilus celebensis scotophilus collinus scotophilus kuhlii scotorepens . . .


townsend 's vole ( microtus townsendii ) is a species of rodent in the family cricetidae , the sister species of m. canicaudus .

it is found in temperate grasslands of british columbia in canada and in the states of washington and oregon in the united states .

greek root words for " small ear " are the source for the genus name microtus .

american naturalist and writer john kirk townsend collected the type specimen in 1835 , which accounts for the second part of the name .

townsend ' s vole

townsend ' s vole - julia butler hansen - u . s . fish and wildlife service
no critical habitat rules have been published for the shaw island townsend ' s vole .
( townsend’s vole ) . in : an atlas of mammalian chromosomes . springer , new york , ny
range the townsend’s vole is found in ( but not necessarily limited to ) canada . southeastern british columbia and vancouver island south to northwest california .
reproduction the townsend’s vole has a high reproductive rate . it is capable of breeding at 3 weeks of age , and can produce up to 13 litters of four to eight young a year .
the townsend’s vole is a rodent known to thrive throughout wetlands and grassland meadows . though considered one of the largest vole species around , adults typically weigh between 47 and 82 . 5 grams , and extend to a maximum length of 24 centimeters ( 9 inches ) .
thomas , w . k . , and a . t . beckenbach . 1986 . mitochondrial dna restriction site variation in the townsend ' s vole , microtus townsendii . can . j . zool . 64 : 2750 - 2756 .
a study by drever et al . ( 2010 ) on rodent predation of seabird eggs found that townsend ' s voles feed exclusively on terrestrial plants .
the townsend’s vole has a single pair of incisors in each jaw . these teeth will grow continually throughout its life . it has a high rate of reproduction , and this is one key factor in attributing to the success of this species .
look for evidence of vole pathways along wetland edges and grassy fields throughout the refuge .
townsend’s voles can be found as far north as triangle island ( a small island north of vancouver island ) , east to chilliwack , and south to northern california .
identification & description : the townsend’s vole is from the order rodentia . the largest group of mammals is the rodentia . a rough generalisation is most non - flying mammals are rodents . prairie dogs , beavers , porcupines and many others are classified as rodents .
generations of voles will use the same pathways , sometimes creating 2 inch deep vole trails .
hedgerows , grassland set - asides , and old fields are prime habitats for townsend’s voles and they are up to eight times more abundant in grassland set - asides than in forage fields .
highly significant to a multitude of predators , including herons , owls , and other birds of prey ; and raccoons , skunks , weasels , mink , coyotes , bobcats , and red and gray foxes . snakes , too , feed on these voles . densities as high as 800 voles per hectare have been recorded , and when densities exceed 100 , townsend ' s vole may exclude other small rodents from its range through competition . townsend ' s vole has dark - brownish fur and ears large enough to project above the fur . the ears are small by most standards but large for the
one tell - tale sign that a townsend’s vole is in the area is the presence of tunnels through vegetation along the ground ; these runways are often used throughout many generations of voles and can extend down to five centimeters deep . they spend a great deal of time in their underground burrows where they create an extensive system of traveling , feeding , and nesting corridors overlapping one another .
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the townsend’s vole is one of the largest voles in north america , and it is also very abundant where it occurs . it has dark brownish fur and ears large enough to stick out above its fur . dark brown above , gray below ; feet dusky ; large ears . total length : 15 - 25 cm ; tail : 5 - 8 cm ; mass : 40 - 100 g .
luckily , their presence attracts many local predators which are drawn to the voles’ activity both day and night , including some threatened species such as the short - eared owl and the barn owl . other species for which the townsend’s vole is of significant importance include snowy owls , northern harriers , rough - legged hawks , and many other raptors , as well as great blue herons , american bitterns , and coyotes .
ecology townsend’s vole may be active day or night . their habitat is marshes , wet meadows and riparian woodlands . when numbers are high they may exclude other rodents from its range through competition . their diet includes velvet grass and other grasses , horsetail , alfalfa , clover , rushes , sedges , purple - eyed grass , and buttercups . when green food is still available in winter , the townsend . s vole often stores and eats bulbs at that time . a good swimmer , this vole often constructs the entrances to its burrow system underwater . in summer and winter its nests are constructed of grass . in summer , the nest is placed inside a rounded knoll above water level . in winter , it is placed on dry ground away from water , which might freeze and prevent access . they use runways most of the year except when vegetation in summer is thick enough to completely conceal their bodies and they can move about at will under the cover of the vegetation .
their burrowing habits also assist in increasing soil aeration . despite what many may think , townsend’s voles are impressive swimmers and they will often readily dive into water . in fact , to better escape some predators , they will often make the entrance to their summer burrows underwater .
their capability to reproduce every few weeks between april to october each year , as well as their large litter size of up to nine young per female , make townsend’s voles prime candidates for “pest” status on agricultural land . feeding on the roots of grasses , sedges , and other soft - stemmed plants , as well as fallen seeds and leaves , these voles can chew away quickly at a farmer’s crop .
townsend ' s vole occurs on the pacific coast from northern california to british columbia , but this unusually large subspecies is known only from triangle island ( area 1 . 07 sqare km ) just off the nothern tip of vancouver island . it lives in moist grassy areas , salt and freshwater marshes . the island is protected as an ecological reserve . the introduction of predatory species ( e . g . rats , mink ) are the primary threat . its small population and distribution exacerbate its vulnerability to all threats .
what’s good for columbian white - tailed deer is great for salamanders ! the swampy woodlands , marshes and ponds scattered throughout the refuge are a haven for amphibians .
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douglass , r . j . 1977 . population dynamics , home ranges , and habitat associations of the yellow - cheeked vole , microtus xanthognathus , in the northwest territories . canadian field - naturalist 91 : 237 - 47 .
threatened due to competition with the keen ' s mouse ( peromyscus keeni ) or the potential introduction of a mammalian predator such as mink ( mustela vison ) or rat ( rattus sp ) .
the present access restrictions on the ecological reserve should be maintained . ensure that no rats or predators are introduced to triangle island . the interactions of this vole with its abundant seabird cohabitants would make an interesting and useful study to aid in future management questions .
note : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on
this is not a range map . this species is known to occur somewhere in the shaded regional district ( s ) . the actual range of the species within each regional district may be much smaller .
found mostly in lowlands , sea level to 1000 feet , west of the cascades in salt water and fresh water marshes , wet meadows , and in dense herbaceous and hardwood riparian vegetation . not found in coniferous forest or dry brush . invades clear - cuts and coniferous tree farms ( where it eats seedlings ) when these are near marshes or wet meadows . occasionally found higher in the olympics , occurs in the absence of richardson ' s vole , as high as alpine meadows at 5000 to 6000 feet .
this large , dark brown vole is abundant in moist fields and sedge meadows . its compact body can be as long as 6 inches . it has a short tail , only between 2 and 3 inches in length , compared to its mouse cousins . voles have black protruding eyes , and large , rounded , visible ears .
there are multiple species of voles , also known as field mice , present in the fraser valley . the most common species are microtus townsendii ( townsend’s vole ) and m . longicaudus and m . oregonii . voles are distinctly different from the more familiar house mice . voles have much shorter tails , smaller eyes and ears , and a more rounded snout . voles live in underground nests , but are also active above ground . they generally create runways along the above ground vegetation . voles are active all year round . voles can also be active during both the day and night . there are multiple generations per calendar year with breeding taking place between february and october . due to the relatively large litter size ( 3 - 7 young / litter ) and the short gestation period ( 21 - 23 days ) , voles are very prolific . populations in an area tend to fluctuate in cycles with peak population levels every 2 - 5 years .
bowman , j . c . , m . edwards , l . s . sheppard , and g . j . forbes . 1999 . record distance for a non - homing movement by a deer mouse , peromyscus maniculatus . canadian field - naturalist 113 : 292 - 293 .
castleberry , s . , b . , t . l . king , p . b . wood , and w . m . ford . 2002 . microsatellite dna analysis of population structure in allegheny woodrats ( neotoma magister ) . journal of mammalogy 83 : 1058 - 1070 .
recent research has shown that the number of tunnel exits seen on the soil surface is a poor indicator of the extent of the underground tunnel network . the underground network can be much larger than it appears on the surface . the amount of damage done by voles can vary widely between years . thus it is important to always be on the lookout for recent vole activity ( new tunnels and exits ) , in order to help make management decisions .
- - natureserve explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50 , 000 plants , animals and ecological communtities of the u . s and canada . natureserve explorer provides in - depth information on rare and endangered species , but includes common plants and animals too . natureserve explorer is a product of natureserve in collaboration with the natural heritage network .
ridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
jones , j . k . , jr . , r . s . hoffman , d . w . rice , c . jones , r . j . baker , and m . d . engstrom . 1992a . revised checklist of north american mammals north of mexico , 1991 . occasional papers , the museum , texas tech university , 146 : 1 - 23 .
the key to reducing damage is habitat reduction through vegetation management . voles prefer habitat with good groundcover for their feeding and nest areas . keep the vegetation around the field edges and along the row middles properly managed through regular mowing or chemical means . eliminating these sites helps keep voles out of the field area and reduces their population numbers . this should be the main method employed by the farmer to control vole populations . since vole populations can fluctuate wildly from year to year , sometimes rodenticide use is necessary . placing the rodenticide bait in areas of high activity ( e . g . in field sections with a lot of damage or tunnels ) can significantly increase their effectiveness . remember that any insecticide bait must be placed in a tamper - resistant bait station to avoid accidental exposure to children , pets or other non - target animals . when using rodenticides it is a good idea to rotate the active ingredient ( or chemical class ) every time to reduce any effects of bait shyness .
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nagorsen , d . 1998 . mammals . in b . c . minist . environ . , lands and parks , resour . inventory branch . 1998 . the vertebrates of british columbia : scientific and english names . standards for components of british columbia ' s biodiversity , no . 2 . version . 2 . 0 . resour . inventory comm . victoria , bc . 119pp .
tonwsend’s voles eat tender marsh and grassland vegetation , and in turn are a rich food source for other refuge wildlife , including owls , coyotes , bobcats and weasels . as with most rodents , voles are productive breeders and can have many broods each year . each litter of young is born and raised in a grassy nest found below or above ground . populations periodically grow and crash ; the cause of this trend is unknown .
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microtus townsendii - inset shows foot tubercle pattern click to enlarge this image . ( 94 kb )
bachman , j . , 1839 . description of several new species of american quadrupeds , p . 60 . journal of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia , part 1 , 8 : 57 - 74 .
mammal species of the world ( opens in a new window ) . mammalian species , american society of mammalogists ' species account ( opens in a new window ) .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
justification : listed as least concern because it has a very wide range , there are no major threats , it can be very common , and its population is not thought to be in decline .
this species ranges from triangle island , british columbia in canada , south to humbolt bay , california in the united states ; east in british columbia to chilliwack ; in washington to sauk , nisqually flats , and clark county ; in oregon to salem , eugene , and prospect . it occurs from sea level to about 1 , 830 m asl in olympic mountains , to about 915 m asl in cascades , oregon .
densities as high as 800 per hectare have been recorded , but populations fluctuate widely .
it occupies a variety of habitats , but typically occurs in salt and fresh marshes , moist meadows ( sometimes dry grass ) , wetlands along streams ; alpine and subalpine meadows . constructs extensive underground burrow systems and runways through grass . burrow entrance may be underwater . nests may be on or below soil surface . the length of breeding season depends on stage in multiannual abundance cycle . gestation lasts 21 - 24 days . litter size averages 4 - 7 in different areas . in captivity , young are weaned at 15 - 17 days , first estrus at 35 - 80 days ( cornely and verts 1988 ) . diet includes various kinds of green vegetation ; grasses , sedges , and forbs , mint bulbs .
this species is not of conservation concern and its range includes several protected areas .
this errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .
( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t13487a115114983 .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
their fur is dark brown in colour and often tipped with black , while their bellies are dull grey , and they have medium sized ears .
breeding breeds from early spring through late summer or early fall ; several litters of 1–9 young each ; gestation 21–24 days .
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wilson , d . e . , and d . m . reeder ( editors ) . 1993 . mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference . second edition . smithsonian institution press , washington , dc . xviii + 1206 pp . available online at : urltoken
length of breeding season depends on stage in multiannual abundance cycle . gestation lasts 21 - 24 days . litter size averages 4 - 7 in different areas . in captivity , young are weaned at 15 - 17 days , first estrus at 35 - 80 days ( cornely and verts 1988 ) .
salt and fresh marshes , moist meadows ( sometimes dry grass ) , wetlands along streams ; alpine and subalpine meadows . constructs extensive underground burrow systems and runways through grass . burrow entrance may be underwater . nests may be on or below soil surface .
eats various kinds of green vegetation ; grasses , sedges , and forbs , mint ( mentha ) bulbs .
triangle island , british columbia , south to humbolt bay , california ; east in british columbia to chilliwack ; in washington to sauk , nisqually flats , and clark county ; in oregon to salem , eugene , and prospect . sea level to about 1830 m in olympic mountains , to about 915 m in cascades , oregon .
banfield , a . w . f . 1974 . the mammals of canada . university of toronto press , toronto , canada . 438 pp .
conroy , c . j . , and j . a . cook . 2000 . molecular systematics of a holarctic rodent ( microtus : muridae ) . journal of mammalogy 81 : 344 - 359 .
hall , e . r . 1981a . the mammals of north america , second edition . vols . i & ii . john wiley & sons , new york , new york . 1181 pp .
ingles , l . g . 1965 . mammals of the pacific states . stanford university press , stanford , california .
moore , d . w . , and l . l . janecek . 1990 . genic relationships among north american microtus ( mammalia : rodentia ) . ann . carnegie mus . 59 : 249 - 259 .
plante , y . , p . t . boag , and b . n . white . 1989 . macrogeographic variation in mitochondrial dna of meadow voles ( microtus pennsylvanicus ) . can . j . zool . 67 : 158 - 167 .
tamarin , r . h . , editor . 1985 . biology of new world microtus . american soc . mamm . special publication ( 8 ) : 1 - 893 .
b . c . conservation data centre . 1993 . species summary : microtus townsendii . b . c . minist . of environment . available : urltoken ( accessed jul 9 , 2018 ) .
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breeding range map the green area shows the predicted habitats for breeding only . the habitats were identified using 1991 satellite imagery , other datasets and experts throughout the state , as part of the washington gap analysis project .
core zones were the low and mid - elevation forest zones of the west side of the state , where water / wetlands and other moist areas were good habitat . in the olympics , mountain hemlock , sub - alpine fir , and alpine / parkland were also core zones .
pest profile is a recurring feature in this magazine . periodically we pick an agricultural pest to feature and learn more about its biology and control methods .
the damage caused by voles is both direct and indirect . voles will chew directly on the roots and crowns of plants causing direct plant decline . voles are present in many crops , but are particularly damaging in highbush blueberries . indirect damage can be caused by the voles tunneling behaviour . these tunnels often run right through the root zone of the plant . these roots are exposed directly to air , causing them to dry out , or to excessive water , causing the roots to drown . indirect damage is also caused by the open wounds being exposed to disease - causing organisms such as root - rotting fungi .
in my own personal experience , the decline of the plant is usually slow . the root damage done by voles is not easily detected within the first year and is often missed . in that first year after the damage the plants are only slightly stunted ( depending on the severity of the damage ) . it is in the second year that the damage is highly visible on the aboveground plant growth . you will see shorter stems , smaller leaves , and often a slight discolouration of the leaves as the plant struggles to maintain all its normal physiological processes . usually after the third year , the plant is stunted enough for the grower to pull it out and replace it .
greg has an intense interest in biology and agricultural systems . plant and insect dynamics have always been in passionate focus . armed with a bsc degree and years of experience in agricultural research , monitoring , and technical sales , greg brings a wealth of knowledge to our writing team .
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the entire area of all regional districts in which the species occurs somewhere is shaded . the actual species range may be much smaller .
please note that some recommendations or photographs appearing in this section may not apply to this particular species .
please cite these pages as : pearson , mike and healey , m . c . 2012 . species at risk and local government : a primer for bc . stewardship centre of british columbia , courtenay bc .
although its habitat is not threatened , m . t . cowani is restricted to a small , isolated island where unforeseen events such as the introduction of mammalian predators or competitors could cause its extinction .
known only from triangle island , a small island with an area of approximately 1 . 07 km2 found 46km off northern tip of vancouver island ( nagorsen 1990 ) .
m . t . cowani is an endemic species , only occurring on triangle island . there has been no inventory on the species although it is assumed that its area of occupancy encompasses all of triangle island .
triangle island has an area of approximately 1 . 07 km2 . the occurrence separation distance has not been assessed for this species , but given the small area of triangle island , at this time it is believed to be the only occurrence of m . t . cowani .
cowan , i . mct . , and c . j . guiguet . 1965 . the mammals of british columbia . handb . no . 11 , b . c . prov . mus . , victoria . 414pp .
guiget , c . j . 1955 . undescribed mammals ( peremyscus and microtus ) from the islands of british columbia . b . c . prov . mus . rep . b64 - 76 .
maser , c . , b . r . mate , j . f . franklin , and c . t . dyrness . 1981 . natural history of oregon coast mammals . pacific northwest forest and range expt . sta . , usda , forest service , gen tech . rep . pnw - 133 : 1 - 496 .
nagorsen , d . 1990 . the mammals of british columbia : a taxonomic catalogue . mem . no . 4 . royal b . c . mus . , victoria . 140pp .
for information on how the cdc determines conservation status ranks . for global conservation status reports and ranks , please visit the natureserve website
b . c . conservation data centre . 2014 . conservation status report : microtus townsendii cowani . b . c . minist . of environment . available : urltoken ( accessed jul 9 , 2018 ) .
for more information on habitat issues , please contact the wdfw habitat program . habitatprogram @ urltoken phone : 360 - 902 - 2534
state monitor species are not considered species of concern , but are monitored for status and distribution . they are managed by the department , as needed , to prevent them from becoming endangered , threatened , or sensitive .
the wildlife diversity division maintains a state monitor species list that includes animal species for which we monitor status and distribution . little is known about many of these species , but biologists are concerned about their well being .
they were classified as endangered , threatened , or sensitive within the previous five years .
they require habitat that is of limited availability during some portion of their life cycle .
there are unresolved taxonomic questions that may affect their candidacy for listing as endangered , threatened , or sensitive species .
state monitor species will be managed by the department , as needed , to prevent them from becoming endangered , threatened , or sensitive .
species already classified in a category that provides adequate management emphasis , survey work , and data maintenance ( e . g . , game animals , game birds , furbearers , etc . ) will not be designated as state monitor species .
help hints : click the links in the column headers to change ascending / descending order of a column .
due to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to
note : range depicted for new world only . the scale of the maps may cause narrow coastal ranges or ranges on small islands not to appear . not all vagrant or small disjunct occurrences are depicted . for migratory birds , some individuals occur outside of the passage migrant range depicted . for information on how to obtain shapefiles of species ranges see our species mapping pages at urltoken
evidence of historical presence , or current and likely recurring presence , at a given location . such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals in appropriate habitat where the species is presumed to be established and breeding .
separate sites separated by less than 1000 meters should be mapped as separate polygons .
barriers include : wide highways with heavy traffic ( subjective determination ) and highways with continuous solid barriers that prevent rodent passage ; major water bodies , arbitrarily set at those greater than 50 meters across in ice - free areas and those greater than 200 meters wide if frozen regularly .
group contains most members of the family muridae : mice , voles , lemmings , woodrats , etc .
use the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .
zoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .
banks , e . m . , r . j . brooks , and j . schnell . 1975 . a radiotracking study of home range and activity of the brown lemming ( lemmus trimucronatus ) . journal of mammalogy 56 : 888 - 901 .
brooks , r . j . , and e . m . banks . 1971 . radio - tracking study of lemming home range . communications in behavioral biology 6 : 1 - 5 .
garland , t . , jr . and w . g . bradley . 1984 . effects of a highway on mojave desert rodent populations . american midland naturalist 111 : 47 - 56 .
jike , l . , g . o . batzli , l . l . geta . 1988 . home ranges of prairie voles as determined by radiotracking and by powdertracking . journal of mammalogy 69 : 183 - 186 .
krohne , d . t . , and g . a . hoch . 1999 . demography of peromyscus leucopus populations on habitat patches : the role of dispersal . canadian journal of zoology 77 : 1247 - 1253 .
macmillen , r . e . 1964 . population ecology , water relations and social behavior of a southern california semidesert rodent fauna . university of california publications in zoology 71 : 1 - 59 .
maier , t . j . 2002 . long - distance movements by female white - footed mice , peromyscus leucopus , in extensive mixed - wood forest . canadian field - naturalist 116 : 108 - 111 .
oxley , d . j . , m . b . fenton and g . r . carmody . 1974 . the effects of roads on populations of small mammals . journal of applied ecology 11 : 51 - 59 .
parks canada . 2000 . vertebrate species database . ecosystems branch , 25 eddy st . , hull , pq , k1a 0m5 .
rehmeier , r . l . , g . a . kaufman , and d . w . kaufman . 2004 . long - distance movements of the deer mouse in tallgrass prairie . journal of mammalogy 85 : 562 - 568 .
smith , m . h . 1965 . dispersal capacity of the dusky - footed wood rat , neotoma fuscipes . american midland naturalist 74 : 457 - 463 .
storer , t . i . , f . c . evans , and f . g . palmer . 1944 . some rodent populations in the sierra nevada of california . ecological monographs 14 : 166 - 192 .
wilkins , k . t . 1982 . highways as barriers to rodent dispersal . southwestern naturalist 27 : 459 - 460 .
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natureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :
data provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .
patterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
data provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .
iucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .
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) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .
bc ministry of environment : bc species and ecosystems explorer - - the authoritative source for conservation information in british columbia .
nagorsen , david w . 2005 . rodents and lagomorphs of british columbia . royal bc museum handbook . royal bc museum , victoria .
recommended citation : author , date . page title . in klinkenberg , brian . ( editor ) 2017 .
[ efauna . bc . ca ] . lab for advanced spatial analysis , department of geography , university of british columbia , vancouver . [ accessed :
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