the plain maskray or brown stingray ( neotrygon annotata ) is a species of stingray in the family dasyatidae .

it is found in shallow , soft-bottomed habitats off northern australia .

reaching 24 cm ( 9.4 in ) in width , this species has a diamond-shaped , grayish green pectoral fin disc .

its short , whip-like tail has alternating black and white bands and fin folds above and below .

there are short rows of thorns on the back and the base of the tail , but otherwise the skin is smooth .

while this species possesses the dark mask-like pattern across its eyes common to its genus , it is not ornately patterned like other maskrays .

benthic in nature , the plain maskray feeds mainly on caridean shrimp and polychaete worms , and to a lesser extent on small bony fishes .

it is viviparous , with females producing litters of one or two young that are nourished during gestation via histotroph ( " uterine milk " ) .

this species lacks economic value but is caught incidentally in bottom trawls , which it is thought to be less able to withstand than other maskrays due to its gracile build .

as it also has a limited distribution and low fecundity , the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) has listed it as near threatened .

plain maskray

plain maskray , neotrygon annotata . source : australian national fish collection , csiro . license : cc by attribution - noncommercial
the plain maskray , neotrygon annotata , also known as the brown stingray , is a species of fish in the dasyatidae family .
the speckled maskray ( neotrygon picta ) was thought to be a regional colour variant of neotrygon ( formerly dasyatis ) leylandi ( last , 1987 ) until described as a new species by last and white ( 2008 ) . the latter publication also resurrected the genus neotrygon for the maskray species , bluespotted maskray ( n . kuhlii ) , painted maskray ( n . leylandi ) , plain maskray ( n . annotata ) , ningaloo maskray ( n . ningalooensis ) and the speckled maskray .
* plain maskray , neotrygon annotata ( last , 1987 ) . * bluespotted stingray , neotrygon kuhlii ( müller & henle , 1841 ) . * painted maskray , neotrygon leylandi ( last , 1987 ) . more
* plain maskray , dasyatis annotata ( last , 1987 ) . * bennett ' s stingray , dasyatis bennetti ( müller & henle , 1841 ) . more
the grouping of neotrygon spp . , and recent split of the speckled maskray from the painted maskray , has obscured species - specific population trends .
n . sp . ( myliobatoidei : dasyatidae ) , a new maskray from australia .
the speckled maskray is not harvested commercially in australia ( last and stevens 2009 ) .
this annual report complies with parliamentary standards of presentation and printing , and uses plain english and clear design .
the plain maskray is found in australia and papua new guinea including the arafura sea and timor sea . the australian distribution extends from the gulf of carpentaria ( queensland ) through the northern territory to at least the bonaparte archipelago , western australia ( last and stevens 2009 ) . specimens from new guinea have also been reported from bycatch surveys in the gulf of papua ( w . white , pers . comm . 2015 ) . this species has yet to be recorded in the torres strait ( pitcher et al . 2007 , jacobsen and bennett 2010 ) , although the presence of this maskray in the gulf of carpentaria and the gulf of papua suggests it may inhabit these areas , albeit more sparingly . while a single plain maskray specimen was observed in east java ( indonesia ) , the original catch location was not known ( w . white , pers . comm . , 2015 ) . as such , further investigations are required into the presence of this species in indonesia . when compared to other maskray species , the distribution of this maskray overlaps with the bluespotted maskray ( n . kuhlii species - complex ) , the painted maskray ( n . leylandi ) and the peppered maskray ( n . picta ) . there appears to be no obvious depth partitioning between these species , although the plain maskray is rarely taken in the coastal zone and generally occurs further offshore . the extent of any overlap between the distributions of the plain maskray and the ningaloo maskray ( n . ningalooensis ) is currently unknown and requires further investigation .
the plain maskray , neotrygon annotata , also known as the brown stingray ( leading to easy confusion with the pacific dasyatis latus ) , is a species of fish in the dasyatidae family . it is endemic to northern australia . more
multiple cryptic species in the blue - spotted maskray ( myliobatoidei : dasyatidae : neotrygon spp . ) : an update
plain maskray , dasyatis annotata ( last , 1987 ) . . . giant stumptail stingray , dasyatis gigantea ( lindberg , 1930 ) . . . urltoken 6 dasyatis izuensis species summary : dasyatis izuensis izu stingray , you can sponsor this page , . . . more
★ plain maskray , ' ' dasyatis annotata ' ' ( last , 1987 ) . ★ ★ bennett ' s stingray , ' ' dasyatis bennetti ' ' ( müller & henle , 1841 ) . ★ ★ short - tail stingray or bull ray , ' ' dasyatis brevicaudata ' ' ( hutton , 1875 ) . more
the speckled maskray ( neotrygon picta ) is a small maskray species that is regularly caught as a bycatch of prawn trawl fisheries in northeast australian coastal waters . this species was previously regarded as a colour morph of the painted maskray ( n . leylandi ) . the speckled maskray appears to be reasonably common over much of its range , although species - specific population assessment is hampered by the lumping of catches into generic divisions and the recent split of this species from the closely - related painted maskray from western australia . recent studies indicate that the species has a low rate of fishing mortality overall in the northern prawn fishery . in addition , the speckled maskray is protected within some of the great barrier reef region in its east coast range . however , due to its small size , the speckled maskray is unlikely to be effectively excluded by the turtle exclusion devices presently used by the tropical australian prawn trawl fleet . individuals caught in these fisheries have a moderately high mortality rate . the species has a low fecundity of 1–3 pups , with preliminary results suggesting an annual reproductive cycle . the speckled maskray is listed as least concern , with a caveat that this is dependent on the presence of large unfished areas and minimal fisheries effort over some other parts of its range .
n . sp . ( myliobatoidei : dasyatidae ) , a new maskray from australia . aqua intnl j ichthyol . 2010 ; 16 ( 2 ) : 37–50 .
a 2012 phylogenetic study , based on mitochondrial and nuclear dna , concluded that the ningaloo maskray and the plain maskray ( n . annotata ) are the most basal members of their genus . in addition , the coral bay population showed deep differences in mitochondrial dna from the shark bay population , indicating that they belong to different lineages . whether they represent separate species is ambiguous , as rays from the two locations do not differ physically or in known nuclear dna markers . this genetic divergence suggests that the ningaloo maskray population had once been divided by sea level changes ; using different methods of estimation , this event is thought to have occurred either c . 11 ma , during the miocene , or 3–2 ma , during the pliocene .
keywords : pisces , dasyatidae ; neotrygon australiae ; neotrygon caeruleopunctata ; neotrygon kuhlii ; neotrygon orientale ; n . varidens ; bluespotted maskray ; new species ; species complex ; indo - west pacific
compared to other maskrays , the ningaloo maskray has more protruding eyes that allow it to bury itself deeper in the substrate and still remain aware of its surroundings . within its favored habitat , its coloration makes it well camouflaged against predators .
. . . this paper focuses on the blue - spotted maskray , previously neotrygon kuhlii ( müller and henle , 1841 ) [ 7 ] , a stingray species that inhabits indo - west pacific coral reefs , lagoons and slopes [ 8 ] . the blue - spotted maskray is heavily exploited in southeast asia , but its catch rate and mortality rates are poorly known and its population trends are unknown [ 9 , 10 ] . authors have distinguished the
java
( java sea ) form of blue - spotted maskray from the
bali
( kedonganan ) form , based on differences in size at birth and male size at maturity and treated them as different species [ 9 ] . . . .
. . . this paper focuses on the blue - spotted maskray , previously neotrygon kuhlii ( m ? ller and henle , 1841 ) [ 7 ] , a stingray species that inhabits indo - west pacific coral reefs , lagoons and slopes [ 8 ] . the blue - spotted maskray is heavily exploited in southeast asia , but its catch rate and mortality rates are poorly known and its population trends are unknown [ 9 , 10 ] . authors have distinguished the
java
( java sea ) form of blue - spotted maskray from the
bali
( kedonganan ) form , based on differences in size at birth and male size at maturity and treated them as different species [ 9 ] . . . .
neotrygon indica sp . nov . , the indian ocean blue - spotted maskray ( myliobatoidei , dasyatidae ) = neotrygon indica sp . nov . , la raie masquée à points bleus de l & 8217 ; océan indien ( myliobatoidei , dasyatidae )
there are no species - specific conservation measures in place for the plain maskray . the species will derive some benefit from broader management initiatives including fisheries - based spatial and temporal closures and the use of bycatch reduction devices . however , research has shown that bycatch reduction devices including turtle exclusion devices ( teds ) are less effective for smaller species ( griffiths et al . 2006 ) . furthermore , the effectiveness of fisheries closures ( spatial and temporal ) will be dependent on their location and the proportion of the plain maskray population protected from fishing effort . however , this cannot be quantified from the data currently available . the gulf of papua trawl the fishery is managed under national laws and regulations ( png ) , and there are some seasonal closures in place ; although bycatch reduction devices are not currently in place , there are plans to implement in the near future ( l . baje , national fisheries authority , pers . comm . 2015 ) . detailed species composition data for the bycatch is not currently available , but this is currently being investigated ( l . baje , national fisheries authority , pers . comm . 2015 ) .
the speckled maskray is found in northeastern australia ( possibly also new guinea ) from the wessel islands ( northern territory ) to hervey bay ( queensland ) . the western limit of its distribution has still not been well defined ( last and stevens 2009 ) .
a greyish - green maskray , becoming pinkish towards the disc margins , with a dark mask - like marking around the eyes , a pair of small dark blotches behind the spiracles , and alternating black and white variable bands and a black tip on the tail .
ningaloo reef is the largest fringing reef system in the southern hemisphere and extends along 270 km of coastline in the north of western australia . the reef is separated from the coast by a 0 . 2 to 7 km wide sandy lagoon , which is backed by a dry coastal plain [ 33 ] , [ 34 ] .
the speckled maskray is protected over some of its east coast range within no - fishing areas of the great barrier reef marine park . although turtle exclusion devices ( teds ) are mandatory within all australian prawn trawl fisheries , this small species is unlikely to be effectively excluded by current devices . the speckled maskray would benefit from a careful evaluation of alternative or additional ted options . generally , evaluation of the species ' conservation status would be facilitated by improved monitoring of bycatch , in terms of both the absolute numbers caught and trends in abundance .
. . . the blue - spotted maskray is heavily exploited in southeast asia , but its catch rate and mortality rates are poorly known and its population trends are unknown [ 9 , 10 ] . authors have distinguished the
java
( java sea ) form of blue - spotted maskray from the
bali
( kedonganan ) form , based on differences in size at birth and male size at maturity and treated them as different species [ 9 ] . molecular population genetics offer the concepts and the practical tools for delineating populations , diagnosing closely related species , and detecting cryptic species . . . .
. . . two batoid species were examined for this study ; the oriental bluespotted maskray ( neotrygon orientalis last , white & séret 2016 ) , and the bluespotted fantail ray ( taeniura lymmaforsskål , 1775 ) . these species were selected because they were the two most frequently ob - served batoids on malaysian bruvs . . . .
endemic to northwestern australia , the ningaloo maskray has been found from shark bay in western australia to the gove peninsula in northern territory . this bottom - dwelling species appears to have very restricted habitat preferences : it inhabits areas of fine reddish sand close to reefs , in inshore waters less than 5 m ( 16 ft ) deep .
. . . two other species in the genus , the nominal n . kuhlii from vanikoro and n . trigonoides possess distinctive spot patterns [ 3 , 15 , 16 ] that tell them apart from the blue - spotted maskray as it was originally described by j . mü ller and f . g . j . henle [ 4 ] . based on the only available information on colour patterns , one cannot exclude that n . kuhlii as it has been redefined by last and co - authors [ 14 ] and n . trigonoides are synonyms [ 16 ] . the genetically distinctive indian ocean maskray reported in the recent phylogeographic literature [ 6 , 7 , 10 ] remains undescribed . . . .
. . . two other species in the genus , the nominal n . kuhlii from vanikoro and n . trigonoides possess distinctive spot patterns [ 3 , 15 , 16 ] that tell them apart from the blue - spotted maskray as it was originally described by j . müller and f . g . j . henle [ 4 ] . based on the only available information on colour patterns , one cannot exclude that n . kuhlii as it has been redefined by last and co - authors [ 14 ] and n . trigonoides are synonyms [ 16 ] . the genetically distinctive indian - ocean maskray reported in the recent phylogeographic literature [ 6 , 7 , 10 ] remains undescribed . . . .
. . . the genetically distinctive indian ocean maskray reported in the recent phylogeographic literature [ 6 , 7 , 10 ] remains undescribed . some authors have attempted to use morphological characters as primary information for the description of cryptic species in the blue - spotted maskray complex [ 14 ] , and a recent revision has ostensibly ignored genetic evidence ( e . g . , [ 17 ] ) even though not a single morphological character among those utilized for the description or redescription of four species in the complex [ 14 ] was indisputably diagnostic of any of the species [ 7 ] . also , the apportion of environmental vs . genetic determination in these morphological characters had not been evaluated [ 7 ] . . . .
orsa p , arlyza is , chen w - j , durand j - d , meekan mg , shen k - n ( 2013 ) resurrection of new caledonian maskray neotrygon trigonoides ( myliobatoidei : dasyatidae ) from synonymy with n . kuhlii , based on cytochrome - oxidase i gene sequences and spotting patterns . comptes rendus biologies 336 ( 4 ) : 221 - 232
some abyssal species have been described from only one or two specimens captured during deep water trawls . this implies that in all likelihood there are many shark and ray species lurking on the abyssal plain that have not yet been seen or captured . the best example being the relatively recent discovery of the megamouth shark . if this large and slow moving shark could remain hidden until the 1980 ' s , who knows how many other elasmobranches have gone unnoticed .
. . . puckridge et al . ( 2013 ) m ? ller and henle ( 1841 ) referred to . however , last et al . ( 2016 ) did not specify how they were able to identify this specimen as a blue - spotted maskray . actually , m ? ller and henle ' s ( 1841 ) leiden syntype cannot be traced with certainty . . . .
. . . the blue - spotted maskray is an indo - pacific maskray of up to 50 cm in disc width ( w d ) ( last & stevens , 2009 ) . currently recognized as neotrygon trigonoides ( castelnau 1873 ) ( eschmeyer et al . , 2017 ) , in australia it has previously been known as neotrygon ( or dasyatis ) kuhlii , a name that is now reserved for individuals of this species complex found in the solomon islands ( last et al . , 2016b ) . this species inhabits coastal soft substratum environments , in association with coral and rocky reefs , to depths of 90 m ( last & stevens , 2009 ; pierce et al . , 2009 ; jacobsen & bennett , 2010 , 2012last et al . , 2016b ) . . . .
because it lives in such shallow waters , the ningaloo maskray is generally not susceptible to fisheries . conversely , its narrow habitat preferences may render it vulnerable to habitat degradation . this species is protected to some extent as its range includes the world heritage sites of ningaloo reef and shark bay . the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) presently lacks sufficient data to assess its conservation status .
in the scallop sector of the queensland east coast trawl fishery , fishery - independent surveys between yeppoon and hervey bay revealed that the speckled maskray was the third most common elasmobranch species by number in the bycatch ( 15 . 6 % of elasmobranch bycatch ) ( kyne 2008 ) . also , the effect of trawl fishing on the macrobenthos , which is the primary habitat of this species , is another concern .
the bluespotted maskray , neotrygon kuhlii ( muller & henle , 1841 ) , once thought to be widely distributed in the indo - west pacific , consists of a complex of several species and the type series consists of multiple species ; its nomenclature is discussed . a lectotype and paralectotype are designated and the species rediagnosed based on the types and a fresh specimen from honiara ( solomon islands ) , near to the collection locality of the lectotype ( vanikoro , solomon islands ) . molecular and morphological data provide confirmatory evidence that this maskray is distinct from some other regional forms . three members of the complex from the western pacific identified in earlier studies are confirmed to be new species ; neotrygon australiae sp . nov . ( australia , new guinea and eastern indonesia ) , n . caeruleopunctata sp . nov . ( indian ocean ) , and n . orientale sp . nov . ( north - west pacific ) . these species differ from each other and n . kuhlii in their adult size , anterior angle of the disc , number and distribution of blue spots on the dorsal disc , and other more subtle morphometric and meristic characters . another largely plain - coloured neotrygon , also currently misidentified as n . kuhlii , is sympatric with n . orientale sp . nov . in the south china sea and off taiwan . neotrygon varidens ( garman ) is resurrected as the valid name for this ray . a key is provided to species of the genus .
the bluespotted maskray , neotrygon kuhlii ( müller & henle , 1841 ) , once thought to be widely distributed in the indo - west pacific , consists of a complex of several species and the type series consists of multiple species ; its nomenclature is discussed . a lectotype and paralectotype are designated and the species rediagnosed based on the types and a fresh specimen from honiara ( solomon islands ) , near to the collection locality of the lectotype ( vanikoro , solomon islands ) . molecular and morphological data provide confirmatory evidence that this maskray is distinct from some other regional forms . three members of the complex from the western pacific identified in earlier studies are confirmed to be new species ; neotrygon australiae sp . nov . ( australia , new guinea and eastern indonesia ) , n . caeruleopunctata sp . nov . ( indian ocean ) , and n . orientale sp . nov . ( north - west pacific ) . these species differ from each other and n . kuhlii in their adult size , anterior angle of the disc , number and distribution of blue spots on the dorsal disc , and other more subtle morphometric and meristic characters . another largely plain - coloured neotrygon , also currently misidentified as n . kuhlii , is sympatric with n . orientale sp . nov . in the south china sea and off taiwan . neotrygon varidens ( garman ) is resurrected as the valid name for this ray . a key is provided to species of the genus .
the bluespotted maskray , neotrygon kuhlii ( müller & henle , 1841 ) , once thought to be widely distributed in the indo - west pacific , consists of a complex of several species and the type series consists of multiple species ; its nomenclature is discussed . a lectotype and paralectotype are designated and the species rediagnosed based on the types and a fresh specimen from honiara ( solomon islands ) , near to the collection locality of the lectotype ( vanikoro , solomon islands ) . molecular and morphological data provide confirmatory evidence that this maskray is distinct from some other regional forms . three members of the complex from the western pacific identified in earlier studies are confirmed to be new species ; neotrygon australiae sp . nov . ( australia , new guinea and eastern indonesia ) , n . caeruleopunctata sp . nov . ( indian ocean ) , and n . orientale sp . nov . ( north - west pacific ) . these species differ from each other and n . kuhlii in their adult size , anterior angle of the disc , number and distribution of blue spots on the dorsal disc , and other more subtle morphometric and meristic characters . another largely plain - coloured neotrygon , also currently misidentified as n . kuhlii , is sympatric with n . orientale sp . nov . in the south china sea and off taiwan . neotrygon varidens ( garman ) is resurrected as the valid name for this ray . a key is provided to species of the genus .
the speckled maskray is most common in shallow water less than 25 m depth but probably to about 100 m ( last and stevens 2009 , i . p . jacobsen , pers . obs . , 2010 ) . it is a small species , attaining a disc width ( dw ) of up to around 32 cm ( jacobsen and bennett 2010 ) . the most comprehensive analysis of the species ' biology was undertaken by jacobsen and bennett ( 2010 ) based on prawn trawl bycatch specimens from northeast australia . size at 50 % maturity in females was 18 . 1 cm dw , and age at maturity was 3–4 years . the smallest gravid female was 17 . 2 cm dw ( jacobsen and bennett 2010 ) . the species has a low fecundity with 1–3 embryos per litter ( jacobsen and bennett 2010 ) . preliminary investigation ( jacobsen 2008 ) suggested that the speckled maskray undergoes a single reproductive event annually .
inhabiting inshore waters less than 5 m ( 16 ft ) deep , the bottom - dwelling ningaloo maskray has highly specific habitat preferences . it is found on reddish sand near reefs , upon which its coloration grants it excellent camouflage . it is able to bury itself deeper than other maskrays thanks to its protruding eyes . the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) has listed this species as data deficient due to lack of information . it is not vulnerable to fisheries but may be impacted by habitat degradation .
the first known sighting of the ningaloo maskray was during a study of ningaloo marine park ' s sharks and rays ( hence its common name and scientific epithet ) , funded by the western australian marine science institute ( wamsi ) . it was described by peter last , william white , and melody puckridge in a 2010 article for the scientific journal aqua . the type specimens are two adult males , one 30 cm ( 12 in ) and the other 29 cm ( 11 in ) across , both collected from five fingers reef near coral bay , western australia .
. . . in the present paper , we compile all co1 and cytochrome b gene sequences published thus far for the blue - spotted maskray and we add new sequences from samples collected in the western indian ocean and throughout the indo - malay archipelago , to construct a robust mitochondrial phylogeny and establish an updated distribution of the clades previously uncovered in the coral triangle region [ 14 , 15 , 17 , 19 ] . we assess whether the different clades , including those recently resurrected or erected as new species [ 24 ] correspond to evolutionary significant units that deserve the status of separate species . . . .
the plain maskray inhabits continental shelf waters between 12 and 62 m ( last and stevens 2009 ) , although the species is more prominent in deeper water environments . while the species can reach up to 45 cm disc width ( dw ) , it is more commonly encountered at smaller sizes . it is typically found in environments with sandy or soft substrates ( jacobsen and bennett 2012 ) . this species likely has an annual reproductive cycle ( jacobsen 2007 ) , producing 1 - 3 embryos ( jacobsen and bennett 2010 ) . size at birth is 12 - 14 cm dw ( last and stevens 2009 ) with the smallest recorded free - living animal measured at 13 . 7 cm dw ( jacobsen and bennett 2010 ) . age and size at 50 % maturity is estimated to be four years and 20 . 4 cm dw in males and 3 - 4 years and 19 . 1 cm dw for females ( jacobson and bennett 2010 ) . size at first sexual maturity is 19 . 2 cm dw in males and 18 . 4 cm dw in females ( jacobsen and bennett 2010 ) . males are estimated to live to at least 9 years and females to at least 13 years , both with an estimated maximum size of 45 . 2 cm dw ( stobutzki et al . 2002 ) . generation length is calculated as 8 . 5 years based on the above female age at maturity and maximum age figures .
as with many other small demersal stingrays , the speckled maskray is highly susceptible to capture in trawl fisheries . it is a common component of prawn trawl bycatch ( which is discarded ) within its range . survivorship is generally unknown , and probably dependent on the method of capture . stobutzki et al . ( 2002 ) reports that 27 % of females and 95 % of males ( 57 % total ) captured in the northern prawn fishery ( npf ) died in the trawl net . this species does not appear to be robust in heavy trawl gear with scallop catch , where it is often crushed , resulting in reasonable mortality ( kyne 2008 ) .
the speckled maskray is a highly abundant species within some parts of its distribution ; commonly caught as trawl bycatch within the northern prawn fishery ( npf ) in the gulf of carpentaria ( zhou and griffiths 2008 ) . on the east coast , common on queensland scallop trawling grounds between yeppoon and hervey bay ( kyne et al . 2005 ) , but not commonly encountered on east coast prawn trawl grounds north of cairns ( kyne 2008 ) . also a prominent species in the torres strait ( pitcher et al . 2007 ) and a likely component of elasmobranch bycatch in the torres strait prawn fishery ( i . p . jacobsen , pers . obs . , 2010 ) .
the ningaloo maskray has a diamond - shaped pectoral fin disc about 1 . 1 times wider than long , with straight to slightly convex leading margins and rounded outer corners . the snout is short and rounded . the eyes are large and protruding , with large crescent - shaped spiracles behind . between the slender nostrils is a curtain - shaped flap of skin with a deeply fringed rear margin that is divided into two lobes . the small mouth has shallow grooves at the corners and is surrounded by papillae ; there are also two long papillae on the floor of the mouth . the teeth range from long and pointed to short and blunt . there are five pairs of s - shaped gill slits . the pelvic fins are narrow and triangular .
. . . australiae , n . caeruleopunctata , n . orientale ) previously under n . kuhlii and resurrected a fourth one , n . varidens ( garman 1885 ) [ 25 ] . diagnostic morphological differences between the species were proposed but no in - depth assessment of inter - specific against infra - specific differences was included [ 24 ] . in the present paper , we compile all co1 and cytochrome b gene sequences published thus far for the blue - spotted maskray and we add new sequences from samples collected in the western indian ocean and throughout the indo - malay archipelago , to construct a robust mitochondrial phylogeny and establish an updated distribution of the clades previously uncovered in the coral triangle region [ 14 , 15 , 17 , 19 ] . . . .
. . . the maskrays of genus neotrygon castelnau ( family : dasyatidae ) is resurrected as a valid generic name form the genus dasyatis ; have dispersed widely in the indo - west pacific and represented largely by an assemblage by a narrow - ranging coastal endemics ( last and white 2008 ; puckridge et al . 2013 ) . the species blue - spotted maskray / stingray , neotrygon kuhlii ( muller & henle , 1841 ) is consid - ered to be common across the indo - west pacific region forming an important component of artisanal and commercial fisheries in a number of areas ( compagno and last 1998 ; white and dharmadi 2007 ) . this species has lots of taxonom - ic ambiguity at present and it is classified as ' data deficient ' . . . .
a new maskray , neotrygon ningalooensis n . sp . , is described from material collected near coral bay in the ningaloo marine park , off the central coast of western australia , where its distribution appears to be restricted and patchy . however , other recently accessed material , collected further south ( shark bay , western australia ) and east ( gove , northern territory ) , suggest that this species is more widespread . like other members of the genus neotrygon , it lives primarily on sandy substrates but often hides partly concealed beneath small coral bommies during the day . its eyes are relatively more protrusible than its congeners enabling it to bury deeply in soft sediments with its eyes still exposed . the type specimens were speared in shallow water near the shore in close association with two congeners , n . leylandi and n . kuhlii , from which it differs in colour and morphology . neotrygon ningalooensis and n . leylandi both have an ornate dorsal coloration but lack the vivid blue spots typical of n . kuhlii . molecular analysis has confirmed that the three sympatric species at ningaloo are specifically distinct .
. . . this species complex consists of up to eleven parapatrically - distributed lineages representing separate species [ 6 , [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 11 ] [ 12 ] of which nine have already been formally described [ 7 , [ 12 ] [ 13 ] [ 14 ] . these are n . australiae last , white and séret 2016 , n . bobwardi borsa , arlyza , hoareau and shen 2017 , n . caeruleopunctata last , white and séret 2016 , n . malaccensis borsa , arlyza , hoareau and shen 2017 , n . moluccensis borsa , arlyza , hoareau and shen 2017 , n . orientale last , white and séret 2016 , n . vali borsa 2017 , n . varidens ( garman 1885 , and n . westpapuensis borsa , arlyza , hoareau and shen 2017 . two other species in the genus , the nominal n . kuhlii from vanikoro and n . trigonoides possess distinctive spot patterns [ 3 , 15 , 16 ] that tell them apart from the blue - spotted maskray as it was originally described by j . müller and f . g . j . henle [ 4 ] . . . .
body not wing - like ; disc length slightly shorter than width 90 . 4 % ( 82 . 6–97 . 6 % ) dw , snout to cloaca length 74 . 6 % ( 68 . 9–78 . 7 % ) dw , wide margin of granular or flat denticles , pearl thorns on mid disc ; tail whip - like , total length 338 . 5 % ( 297 . 4–402 . 9 % ) dw , with long and large ventral skin fold , ventral skin fold length 102 . 7 % ( 74 . 0–123 . 4 % ) dw , tail slightly depressed at base , tail width 10 . 9 % ( 9 . 1–11 . 9 % ) dw , tail height 6 . 5 % ( 5 . 7–7 . 2 % ) dw , plain in colour ; subtriangular pelvic fin length 23 . 2 % ( 20 . 5–26 . 9 % ) dw ; eye diameter 2 . 6 % ( 1 . 8–3 . 1 % ) dw ; spiracle length 6 . 9 % ( 5 . 9–7 . 7 % ) dw , interspiracular length 16 . 8 % ( 14 . 3–18 . 7 % ) dw ; distance between first pair of gill slits 19 . 8 % ( 17 . 8–21 . 9 % ) dw , distance between fifth pair of gill slits 13 . 1 % ( 12 . 2–13 . 8 % ) dw . genus : pastinachus .
body not wing - like ; disc length slightly longer than width 104 . 1 % ( 82 . 3–120 . 0 % ) dw , snout to cloaca length 88 . 5 % ( 67 . 7–107 . 0 % ) dw , wide margin of granular or flat denticles , with or without thorns on midline , thorns granular ( like pearl ) or sharp if present ; tail usually whip - like , total length 270 . 2 % ( 154 . 7–468 . 0 % ) dw , without ventral skin fold , tail slightly depressed at base , tail width 9 . 2 % ( 4 . 1–12 . 3 % ) dw , tail height 5 . 9 % ( 3 . 4–9 . 0 % ) dw , plain in colour or with patterns ; subtriangular pelvic fin length 16 . 1 % ( 11 . 9–26 . 0 % ) dw ; eye diameter 4 . 3 % ( 1 . 0–6 . 7 % ) dw ; spiracle length 6 . 9 % ( 4 . 7–12 . 1 % ) dw , interspiracular length 18 . 5 % ( 12 . 9–25 . 8 % ) dw ; distance between first pair of gill slits 23 . 8 % ( 14 . 6–30 . 8 % ) dw , distance between fifth pair of gill slits 15 . 8 % ( 9 . 0–19 . 2 % ) dw . genus : himantura . adult female himantura walga however has short and bulbous tail .
body not wing - like , disc length slightly longer than width 101 . 0 % ( 79 . 9–112 . 9 % ) dw , snout to cloaca length 87 . 9 % ( 66 . 4–103 . 3 % ) dw , no denticles , thorns confined to midline of disc ; tail whip - like , total length 277 . 2 % ( 75 . 2–346 . 1 % ) dw , long but low ventral skin fold , ventral skin fold length 56 . 1 % ( 31 . 7–99 . 3 % ) dw , tail slightly depressed at base , tail width 8 . 5 % ( 3 . 7–12 . 3 % ) dw , tail height 5 . 0 % ( 2 . 8–6 . 8 % ) dw , plain colour of either dark brown or black ; subtriangular pelvic fin length 17 . 8 % ( 11 . 1–23 . 1 % ) dw ; eye diameter 3 . 8 % ( 1 . 8–6 . 6 % ) dw ; spiracle length 7 . 5 % ( 5 . 1–10 . 4 % ) dw , interspiracular length 18 . 1 % ( 12 . 5–22 . 1 % ) dw ; distance between first pair of gill slits 21 . 4 % ( 11 . 7–25 . 0 % ) dw , distance between fifth pair of gill slits 13 . 7 % ( 8 . 3–16 . 0 % ) dw . genera : dasyatis and taeniurops . taeniurops meyeni has short tail , without body thorns .
character 1 : body disc shape : 0 = wing like ; pectoral fin greatly expanded , 1 = rhombus , quadrangular or oval ; pectoral fin not greatly expanded . character 2 : body denticles and thorns : 0 = no distinct denticles and thorns , 1 = no distinct denticles ; thorn confined to midline of disc , 2 = granular or flat denticles band very broad ; some may have thorns that either confine to center of body or midline , thorns can be blunt or sharp , 3 = with small spiny or star like denticles ; no thorns along central disc or tail . character 3 : head position and elevation : 0 = head extended anterior to pectoral fin ; head elevated , 1 = head not extended anterior to pectoral fin ; head not elevated . character 4 : rostrum or cephalic fin : 0 = rostral fin single and convex , 1 = rostral fin bilobate and broadly notched medially 2 = snout forming bilobate cephalic fin , laterally based on head , 3 = not as stated . character 5 : gill opening : 0 = six gill opening , 1 = 5 gill opening . character 6 : tail types : 0 = tail short and stout , not whip like , 1 = tail long , whip like . character 7 : tail pattern : 0 = plain , 1 = banded or striped . character 8 : ventral skin fold : 0 = no ventral skin fold , 1 = low ventral skin fold , with or without indistinct dorsal skin fold , 2 = large ventral skin fold , 3 = distinct dorsal and ventral skin fold . character 9 : caudal fin : 0 = no caudal fin , 1 = with well developed caudal fin .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
eschmeyer , w . n . and fricke , r . ( eds ) . 2015 . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . updated 1 october 2015 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 1 october 2015 ) .
sister species to the more wide - ranging dasyatis kuhlii group members ( d . kuhlii and d . leylandi ) .
currently there is no information available on population size or trend . however population reduction is suspected to have occurred over the last three generations ( see the rationale section for more details ) .
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age and growth of neotrygon picta , neotrygon annotata and neotrygon kuhlii from north - east australia , with notes on their reproductive biology . - pubmed - ncbi
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age and growth of neotrygon picta , neotrygon annotata and neotrygon kuhlii from north - east australia , with notes on their reproductive biology .
school of biomedical sciences , university of queensland , brisbane , 4072 queensland , australia . i . jacobsen @ urltoken
vertebral band formations were used to define age and growth in three neotrygon species caught regularly as by - catch in prawn trawl fisheries in north - east australia . centrum edge and marginal increment ratio analyses were used to validate annual band formations . age estimates ranged from 1 to 18 years , with the von bertalanffy growth function considered to have the best fit to neotrygon picta ( males , w ( d∞ ) = 271 mm , k = 0·12 ; females , w ( d∞ ) = 360·5 mm , k = 0·08 ) and neotrygon kuhlii ( males , w ( d∞ ) = 438·6 mm , k = 0·08 ; females , w ( d∞ ) = 440·6 mm , k = 0·08 ) disc width ( w ( d ) ) - at - age data . the gompertz growth function had the best fit to neotrygon annotata w ( d ) - at - age data ( males , w ( d∞ ) = 230·4 mm , k = 0·20 ; females , w ( d∞ ) = 265·5 mm , k = 0·31 ) . age at sexual maturity ranged from 3 to 6 years , with n . picta having the smallest size at birth ( 100 mm w ( d ) ) , smallest w ( d ) at 50 % maturity ( w ( d50 ) : male , 172 mm , female , 180·7 mm ) and lowest age at sexual maturity ( 3 - 4 years ) . this study helps redefine and improve the accuracy of fisheries - based risk assessments for these small species with relatively conservative life - history variables .
marine ; demersal ; depth range 10 - 62 m ( ref . 6871 ) . deep - water ; 8°s - 16°s
eastern indian ocean and southwest pacific : northern australia , southern new guinea and eastern indonesia .
maturity : l m ? , range 18 - 22 cm max length : 45 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 9840 )
found offshore on continental shelf and feeds on bony fishes and crustaceans . litters of 1 - 3 pups , born at 12 - 14 cm wd ( ref . 114953 ) . ovoviviparous ( ref . 50449 )
ovoviviparous ( ref . 205 ) . distinct pairing with embrace ( ref . 205 ) .
last , p . r . and j . d . stevens , 1994 . sharks and rays of australia . csiro , australia . 513 p . ( ref . 6871 )
) : 27 . 1 - 28 . 7 , mean 28 ( based on 140 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5039 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01096 ( 0 . 00347 - 0 . 03466 ) , b = 3 . 11 ( 2 . 85 - 3 . 37 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 4 ±0 . 3 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : low , minimum population doubling time 4 . 5 - 14 years ( assuming fecundity < 100 ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate vulnerability ( 38 of 100 ) .
if you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .
yearsley , g . k . , last , p . r . & morris , g . b . 1997 ,
codes for australian aquatic biota ( caab ) : an upgraded and expanded species coding system for australian fisheries databases
, pp . 15 pp . + appendices
last , p . r . 1987 ,
new australian fishes . part 14 . two new species of dasyatis ( dasyatididae )
, memoirs of museum victoria , vol . 48 , no . 1 , pp . 57 - 61
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 3fba2fb1 - caa5 - 40ca - 80d4 - 431d067a9cc7
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 46aa84cc - 730f - 40bd - b686 - 3f2d7437f74a
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 52cfdad0 - 347e - 41a9 - adcd - 19528ddc7e61
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 46fb0c2b - 3ac6 - 4e9d - b777 - 301ea837ed25
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 347356
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endemic to northern australia from the bonaparte archipelago , wa to wellesley islands qld . inhabits soft bottom substrates in depths of 12 - 62 m .
dasyatis annotatus last , 1987 , mem . mus . vict . 48 ( 1 ) : 57 , fig . 1 . type locality : northwest shelf , wa .
marine fishes of north - western australia . a field guide for anglers and divers
. perth , wa : western australian museum vi 201 pp . , 70 pls .
gloerfelt - tarp , t . & kailola , p . j . 1984 .
. jakarta : dir . gen . fish . ( indonesia ) , german tech . coop . , aust . dev . ass . bur . 406 pp . ( as
last , p . r . & compagno , l . j . v . 1999 . family dasyatidae . pp . 1479 - 1505 in carpenter , k . e . & niem , v . h . ( eds ) .
the living marine resources of the western central pacific . fao species identification guide for fisheries purposes
. rome : fao vol . 3 pp . 1397 - 2068 . ( as
in : iucn 2013 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2013 . 2 .
sp . nov . , a new species from northern australia . 315 - 326 in last , p . r . , white , w . t . & pogonoski , j . j . ( eds ) . descriptions of new australian chondrichthyans .
stobutzki , i . c . , miller , m . j . , heales , d . s . & brewer , d . t . 2002 . sustainability of elasmobranches caught as bycatch in a tropical prawn ( shrimp ) trawl fishery .
marine ; demersal ; depth range 10 - 62 m ( ref . 6871 ) . deep - water , preferred ? ; 8°s - 16°s
eastern indian ocean : timor sea . western pacific : arafura sea and off northern australia .
maturity : l m ? , range 20 - 22 cm max length : 45 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 9840 )
found on the continental shelf . ovoviviparous ( ref . 50449 ) . little is known of its biology .
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picture of neotrygon annotata has been licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial . original source : fishbase permission : some rights reserved
size : disc width : at least 24 cm . total length : at least 45 cm .
habitat often found in along shallow coastal tropical waters . found on continental shelf at depths of 12 m - 62 m .
habits observed lying on the bottom of the flats and bays , shoal lagoons , river mouths and patches of sand between coral area . they could swim rapidly by undulating their pectoral fins . sometimes they are found swimming near the surface . most often they are completely or partially buried in the sand or mud with only tail , eyes and spiracles exposed . pectoral fins are used to dig in to the floor to excavate prey .
general : general systemic effects systemic symptoms are uncommon , but nausea , vomiting , hypotension and collapse can occur .
general : other in cases of major mechanical trauma , significant tissue damage can occur and if major vessels are severed , exsanguination can occur . similarly , if the chest or abdomen are punctured , severe , even lethal internal injury can occur . this injury may not be immediately apparent , delayed death being possible .
treatment summary stings by marine stingrays are generally associated with significant local pain and physical trauma . treatment is directed at dealing with these problems , as envenoming is not a major issue ( other than any pain - producing effects of the venom ) . initial pain is often responsive to immersion of the stung area in hot ( 45c , not scalding ) water for an hour ( ensure no thermal injury occurs ) . beyond this , analgesia can be provided by an escalating scale , from oral , through parenteral analgesics , to regional anaesthetic nerve block . the wound should be inspected for retained sting fragments and these removed . major bleeding following transection of vessels should be staunched . beware wounds where the sting has penetrated a body cavity , either the abdomen , or the chest . penetrating injuries over the heart can prove lethal . beware early or late haemopericardium . stingray wounds can develop late necrosis and secondary infection . beware tetanus .
key diagnostic features immediate severe local pain , lacerated wound after walking in shallow ( usually sandy ) water , rapid local swelling , development of local necrosis / chronic ulceration uncommon , but possible .
general approach to management first priority is relief of pain and staunching bleeding if major vessel transected . thereafter symptomatic care , good wound care .
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correction : molecular and morphological analyses reveal phylogenetic relationships of stingrays focusing on the family dasyatidae ( myliobatiformes ) . plos one 10 ( 5 ) : e0129411 .
elucidating the phylogenetic relationships of the current but problematic dasyatidae ( order myliobatiformes ) was the first priority of the current study . here , we studied three molecular gene markers of 43 species ( coi gene ) , 33 species ( nd2 gene ) and 34 species ( rag1 gene ) of stingrays to draft out the phylogenetic tree of the order . nine character states were identified and used to confirm the molecularly constructed phylogenetic trees . eight or more clades ( at different hierarchical level ) were identified for coi , nd2 and rag1 genes in the myliobatiformes including four clades containing members of the present dasyatidae , thus rendering the latter non - monophyletic . the uncorrected p - distance between these four ‘dasytidae’ clades when compared to the distance between formally known families confirmed that these four clades should be elevated to four separate families . we suggest a revision of the present classification , retaining the dasyatidae ( dasyatis and taeniurops species ) but adding three new families namely , neotrygonidae ( neotrygon and taeniura species ) , himanturidae ( himantura species ) and pastinachidae ( pastinachus species ) . our result indicated the need to further review the classification of dasyatis microps . by resolving the non - monophyletic problem , the suite of nine character states enables the natural classification of the myliobatiformes into at least thirteen families based on morphology .
citation : lim kc , lim p - e , chong vc , loh k - h ( 2015 ) molecular and morphological analyses reveal phylogenetic relationships of stingrays focusing on the family dasyatidae ( myliobatiformes ) . plos one 10 ( 4 ) : e0120518 . urltoken
copyright : © 2015 lim et al . this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited
data availability : all relevant data are within the paper and its supporting information files .
funding : we thank japan international centre for agricultural sciences ( jircas ) 57 - 02 - 03 - 1005 , um research grant ( umrg ) rg191 - 121sus and um ippp grant - pg103 - 2012b for the financial support of the study . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .
the family dasyatidae in the order myliobatiformes is one of the biggest families of batoid fishes . according to carpenter & niem [ 1 ] , the body of members of the dasyatids is characterized by a large , oval , circular or rhomboidal disc usually covered with denticles , thorns and tubercles on the dorsal surface and sometimes on the tail . given the large number of species described in the dasyatidae , the classification and status of the described species are still in flux owing to taxonomic uncertainties especially at the family level . the few comprehensive studies on the classification within the dasyatidae are based either on morphology , including their external morphological structures , squamation , tooth root vascularization and structure , lateral line canal , skeletal structure and cephalic and branchial musculature [ 2 ] , or molecular markers including mtgenome , rag1 and scfd2 [ 3 , 4 ] . nevertheless , these approaches fail to classify the dasyatidae such as the species of himantura and pastinachus into defined clusters since some still remain as incertae sedis or uncertain placements . the binary differentiation based on the absence and presence of placoid scales ( or more often terms such as thorns and denticles ) as adopted by mceachran & aschliman [ 2 ] is thought to be too general because there are instances of variable patterns of thorns and denticles among the dasyatids . on the other hand , some distinct characters such as the ventral tail fold and body and tail pigmentations , not included in mceachran & aschliman [ 2 ] , may be used to resolve the taxonomic uncertainties between himantura and pastinachus [ 5 ] .


poecilocapsus is a genus of bugs from miridae family .

the species ' size is usually 6 – 8 millimetres ( 0.24 – 0.31 in ) , and could be found in countries like canada , the united states , and mexico .

poecilocapsus

katja schulz added text to
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poecilocapsus lineatus ( fabricius , 1798 )
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katja schulz marked
fourlined plant bug
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poecilocapsus lineatus
page . reasons to hide : duplicate
hans - martin braun added the english common name
yellow leaf bug
to
poecilocapsus lineatus ( fabricius , 1798 )
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hans - martin braun added the english common name
orange leaf bug
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poecilocapsus lineatus ( fabricius , 1798 )
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two of the most damaging insects on perennial plants are the tarnished plant bug , lygus lineolaris , and the four - lined plant bug , poecilocapsus lineatus . these two plant bugs can cause serious problems because they have such a wide variety of host plants . the four - lined plant bug feeds on 250 plant species which are mostly herbaceous . the tarnished plant bug is a problem on a wide variety of ornamental flowers .
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adult : forewing bright green or yellow with four black linear stripes , head is always orange , even on nymphs .
e . na to calif . ( ns - sk to fl - ca & mexico )
checklist of the hemiptera of canada and alaska maw , h . e . l . , r . g . foottit , k . g . a . hamilton and g . g . e . scudder . 2000 . nrc research press .
catalog of the heteroptera , or true bugs of canada and the continental united states thomas j . henry , richard c . froeschner . 1988 . brill academic publishers .
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damage varies slightly from the two plant bugs . the four - lined plant bugs cause small ( 1 / 16 inch ) , discolored areas on leaves where they suck out cell juices . injured areas will turn black or become translucent , and after several weeks , the dead tissue may drop out , leaving small holes . the adults feed on the upper surfaces of leaves and are voracious feeders . the topmost leaves will generally be the first to be injured .
damage from the tarnished plant bug is in the form of distorted foliage or disbudded plants . this damage is caused by the overwintered adults which attack swollen and opening buds in the early spring . the disbudding will cause the plant to be short and bushy . if the attack takes place after shoot elongation begins , the tip will often turn black and die , or it will be so damaged that shoot stunting or distortion occurs . stems frequently break at the injured area .
the four - lined plant bug overwinters as eggs inserted into a slit near the top of tender shoots . nymphs emerge from the eggs in may . nymphal coloring varies from bright red to yellow . the species requires about 30 days to complete nymphal development . forewings of adults are yellow , but may turn bright green . however , the four black stripes that give the insect its name remain distinct . this species normally has one generation a year .
adults of the tarnished plant bug overwinter as adults in leaf litter . beginning in the spring , they lay eggs mainly in the stems and flowers of herbaceous plants . after hatching , the young nymphs usually remain to feed on the same plant until they mature . the nymph is green or pale yellow and grows rapidly . adults are capable flyers and readily move from place to place . there may be two to five generations per year . in midsummer , a life cycle may be completed in about 25 days . by late summer , populations can become very abundant .
1 . live with the damage . since damage is often cosmetic , some damage can be tolerated . often , natural predators will keep the insects under control .
2 . remove leaf litter . to limit problems in coming years , clean up leaf litter to avoid overwintering sites for tarnished plant bugs .
3 . prune out egg masses . learn to identify the egg masses of four - lined plant bugs and prune them out in winter .
4 . use insecticidal soap s . if populations are high enough , spraying with an insecticidal soap may be necessary . because the tarnished plant bug can go through many generations in a single year and cause great damage to a plant , it is best to initiate control when it first appears .
5 . if necessary , use chemical insecticides . plant bugs can be controlled with malathion , and carbaryl ( sevin ) .
strategies 1 , 2 , and 3 are strictly organic approaches . for an organic approach to strategy 4 , consult the organic materials review institute ( omri™ ) for appropriate insecticidal soap products .
four - lined plant bug adult ( hemiptera ) on oregano ( origanum vulgare hirtum ) ; note the hinged wingtips characteristic of plant bugs in the family miridae .
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
this insect , known as the four - lined leaf - bug , is found all over . . .
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showed up for the first time in my garden in austin texas this spring . . . all over my snaps . . . with lots of damage . easy to kill with your finger but they see you coming and hide !
have wreaked havoc on my perennials the past two seasons , but most plants seem to recover as the summer progresses . nasty little things , quick and hard to catch . hopefully this spring ' s cool weather will limit their numbers .
is it too late for
help
? this bug is everywhere on our property , perennial and vegetable garden . leaves are curling and falling off by the minute and it ' s only june . ( 2009 ) . second question . . . anyone suspect this damage on their rose bush ? i have a reference that says damage from fourlined plant bug can look like fungal damage if severe enough . 50 % of our rose leaves are tissue paper thin , irregular big patchy brown and see - through as if all chlorophyll is gone . set right next to cranesbill . any comments ? i hesitate to post that photo until i know . . .
we just found out that this is the bug that is destroying our orregano and is now moving to our mint and god forbid - our basil ! we ' re going to try neem oil first - i read that worked for someone else .
as the 1st line of defense , handpick the four - lined plant bug whenever possible . ( i rarely see it . ) when needed , use rotenone , a plant - derived insecticide , which is harmless to warm - blooded animals , but kills all insects , and harms fish . more info : urltoken
oh this guy is a bad one ! i could have written each post here . i have taken photos and they are just as found here . they need to be stopped any suggestions ? seven does not hinder them what so ever !
these bugs have infested and destroyed chrysanthemums and mint as well as chinese lanterns and anemones . i would really like advice on how to get rid of them because they seem to be getting thicker and hungrier each year .
this bug seems new to my area ( minnesota ) . have never seen in before this year , and boy did it destroy my spring perennial garden . it seems like it will eat nearly anything . i ' ve never resorted to insecticide before , but it was that or raze the entire garden this year . how upsetting !
i never noticed this bug until about four years ago . the infestation is getting worse every year . i have the same problem with the plants listed , but they are also devouring my butterfly bushes . how can i control them ? i try not to use chemicals , but these critters are quick !
four lined bugs are getting to be a bigger problem every year . they have all but decimated a large planting of perennial geranium by late june . they ' ve eaten into mums , valerian , brunnera , salvias , even looks like they tried some sedums .
four - lined plant bugs damage many species of herbaceous and woody plants , causing immediate damage , which may be severe in areas where bug populations are dense .
overwintered eggs , inserted into woody plant tissues , hatch in spring . nymphs can develop on many species of plants . more than 250 species in 57 families have been reported as hosts , but the bugs seem to prefer certain species in the mint family ( labiatae ) , nightshade family ( solonaceae ) , and the aster family ( asteraceae ) .
the bugs can cause considerable damage to a number of cultivated plant species . in the herb garden , peppermint , spearmint , sage , marjoram , lavender , and hyssop are consistently damaged .
daisy , gaillardia , and wormwood are damaged . in the vegetable garden ; parsnips can be seriously damaged , and cucumbers , lettuce , peas , potatoes , radishes , and squash are also attacked . the form of the feeding damage varies with leaf shape , texture , pubescence , and venation . leaves usually are peppered with small , depressed , round or irregular spots that may become transparent . plants show symptoms of feeding damage as soon as the bugs stylets enter their tissues . the tissues clear immediately , beginning at the point of penetration and radiating out to from a roughly circular spot about 2 mm in diameter . there is one generation per year .
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lepidurus arcticus is a species of tadpole shrimp which inhabits both ephemeral pools and permanent freshwater lakes of norway , greenland , finland , sweden , svalbard , iceland , russia and the kuril islands .

unlike other species of tadpole shrimp , lepidurus arcticus is known to coexist with fish , such as arctic char .

furthermore , they exist in water temperatures much colder ( 4 – 7 °c or 39 – 45 °f ) than the other species of its order .

it is a common predator of daphnia pulex .

lepidurus arcticus

heart ultrastructure in lepidurus arcticus pallas ( crustacea , branchiopoda , notostraca ) . - pubmed - ncbi
arctic tadpole shrimp , lepidurus arcticus . viewed through a 10x hand lens . queen maud gulf bird sanctuary , nunavut . photo by justin heseltine .
christoffersen , k . ( 2001 ) . predation on daphnia pulex by lepidurus arcticus . hydrobiologia , 442 , 223–229 . doi : 10 . 1023 / a : 1017584928657
lakka , hk . ( 2013 ) . the ecology of a freshwater crustacean : lepidurus arcticus ( branchiopoda ; notostraca ) in a high arctic region ( master’s thesis ) . university of helsinki , helsinki , finland .
arnold , g . p . ( 1966 ) . observations on lepidurus arcticus ( pallas ) ( crustacea , notostraca ) in east greenland . annals and magazine of natural history , 9 , 599–617 . doi : 10 . 1080 / 00222936608651674
… branchinecta paludosa and the notostracan lepidurus arcticus are regularly found in small pools of the arctic tundra regions . these pools are temporary in the sense that they freeze solid in winter . a few species in these groups are found in permanent lakes .
lepidurus arcticus , or arctic tadpole shrimp , belong to one of only two genera in the order notostraca ( arthropoda : crustacea ) . considered living fossils , notostracans have existed since the permian in an evolutionary arrested state ( longhurst , 1955 ) .
wojtasik , b . , & bryłka - wołk , m . ( 2010 ) . reproduction and genetic structure of a freshwater crustacean lepidurus arcticus from spitsbergen . polish polar research , 31 , 33–44 . doi : 10 . 4202 / ppres . 2010 . 03
king eider ( somateria spectabilis ) ducklings . potential future consumers of l . arcticus . queen maud gulf bird sanctuary , nunavut . photo by justin heseltine .
rogers , d . c . ( 2001 ) . revision of the nearctic lepidurus ( notostraca ) . journal of crustacean biology , 21 , 991–1006 . doi : 10 . 1163 / 20021975 - 99990192
want : t . canciformis simplex ( those blue ones ) , t . canciformis green type , lepidurus , giant t . granarius ( so - called t . numidicus ) , beaver - tailed fairy shrimp
along with being a good candidate as an indicator species , l . arcticus may have an important role in the local ecology of arctic ponds . their diet is omnivorous , including ( but not limited to ) detritus , phytoplankton , and small crustaceans like daphnia pulex ( christoffersen , 2001 ; lakka , 2013 ) . with such a wide - ranging diet , l . arcticus likely plays an important role in the ecological structure of pond communities . in addition to their predatory role , l . arcticus stir up sediment as they search for food in in the benthic layer ( arnold , 1966 ) . this stirring up transfers nutrients into the main waterbody where it becomes available to primary producers ( arnold , 1966 ) .
their eggs also play another role in the continued success of l . arcticus . being restricted to often isolated water bodies and having such a short life cycle , l . arcticus is not able to expand its distribution on its own . on top of being highly drought resistant , l . arcticus eggs are also sticky ( lakka , 2013 ) . this aids the eggs in being able to hitch rides to new locations . while their mode of reproduction is not fully understood , it is known that asexual reproduction , through parthenogenesis , is common ( hessen et al . , 2004 ; lakka , 2013 ; wojtasik & bryłka - wołk , 2010 ) . thus , only a single egg is necessary to colonize a new location ( longhurst , 1955 ) .
the most important reason for studying l . arcticus however , is to learn more about them as a prey species for arctic birds . after all , invertebrate zoology is really just a fancied up term for the study of bird food . in europe , purple sandpipers ( calidris maritima ) , arctic terns ( sterna paradisaea ) , and dunlins ( calidris alpina ) have all been observed feeding on l . arcticus ( lakka , 2013 ) . all of which are birds that can be found breeding in the north american arctic . locally to where i first encountered l . arcticus , sizeable populations of king eiders ( somateria spectabilis ) , long - tailed ducks ( clangula hyemalis ) , arctic terns , red - throated loons ( gavia stellata ) , and various species of small shorebirds ( scolopacidae ) could be found nesting and feeding by the various surrounding lakes . it is highly likely that , given the lack of other food sources , l . arcticus makes up a significant portion of these birds diets during the breeding season .
even though they lack genetic diversity ( both spatially and temporally ) , l . arcticus is found across the globe in arctic and subarctic regions ( hessen et al . 2004 ; rogers , 2001 ) . i first encountered l . arcticus while working at karrak lake in the queen maud gulf bird sanctuary . with 13 . 5 km 2 of surface water and an approximate average depth of 1 . 2 m , karrak likely freezes to the bottom during the winter ( kellett & alisauskas , 1997 ) . not the friendliest conditions for a relatively unevolved crustacean .
back to my youth . collecting strange animals from fresh water . ben frederiks found the first one . steve coulson made me remember their name , and this morning i went on a hunt . i caught within 15 minutes 17 lepidurus arcticus , the tadpole shrimp . looks like a miniature horseshoe crab . as food i added daphnia , another of my favourite creatures . i give lectures about this creature about their ability to develop spines when fish are present , sexual and asexual reproduction , the ability to produce haemoglobin in oxygen low waters , their abilty to travel on bird legs , their winter eggs and thier role in cleaning turbid waters from fytoplankton .
the recent discovery of a fine suite of late - glacial strata near ballyhalbert on the north - eastern irish coast in an accessible position has allowed a careful study to be made of the different layers for plant and animal macrofossils . particularly interesting has been the recovery of numerous characteristic telsons of the freshwater notostracan lepidurus arcticus , a species which was reported recently by mitchell 1 from late - glacial levels at ballaugh in the isle of man , at neasham , co . durham , and at mapastown , co . louth . records from these late - glacial contexts are significant since the species is not known in the present fauna of the british isles . its modern distribution is circumpolar , between 65° and 80° n .
the heart of lepidurus arcticus consists of an epicardium and a single layer of strongly polarized myocardial cells , 10 - 50 micron thick , with the myofibrillar part facing the epicardium . the z - bands are diffuse and some z - material forms attachment plaques . relaxed sarcomeres show a hexagonal arrangement of thick filaments and 6 thin filaments in orbit , but filaments often diverge in their orientation . the sarcolemma invaginates from both the epicardial and the endocardial side of the cell , forming clefts and t - tubules . the sarcoplasmic reticulum is loosely reticular , cisternae associate with sarcolemma to form large and typical peripheral and interior couplings . the latter are of the
button - to - button
type and they tend to be located at the a - i level .
so how do they survive ? well , they don’t . not for very long anyways . l . arcticus has a single - season life cycle that terminates with the laying of its eggs in fall ( lakka , 2013 ; wojtasik & bryłka - wołk , 2010 ) . the key to this is their drought resistant eggs ( longhurst , 1955 ) .
hey ! im in a search for finding lepidurus arcticus in my area ( i am in the north ) and i have contacted a local biologist ! i ' m still waiting to hear back from her but she is currently trying to find locations where they have been recorded etc . whats great about this species is that they can live over a year , but are only up to a cm long ( recorded biggest ) and thier eggs hatch before they dry because they live in permanent little lakes . i can still ship the eggs to those interested in buying by freezing some dirt rock solid . this would be a really cool species to have ! imagine a constant colony of triops ! ill post more information when i hear back . also i wont be going to look till the spring , its all frozen . . . . anyways enjoy this link to see more : urltoken aaron
however , dispersal is still not well understood ( hessen et al . , 2004 ) , and overall , lepidurus is just one of many understudied genera of invertebrates . most of the contemporary research done on arctic tadpole shrimp , comes from studies in europe ( e . g . christoffersen , 2001 ; hessen et al . , 2004 ; lakka , 2013 ; wojtasik & bryłka - wołk , 2010 ) . their distribution in the north american arctic and subarctic is poorly known , even less so for the canadian portion than the alaskan portion ( rogers , 2001 ) . this is unfortunate given that in her 2013 master thesis , hanna - kaisa lakka identified l . arcticus as being a good candidate for use as an indicator species . among other reasons , they are sensitive to environmental change ( e . g . , ph , temperature , and salinity ) , are common over wide areas , and are highly visible and easily surveyed .
it is thought that birds are a primary source of dispersal for the species . either by eggs sticking to feet , through being pooped out after digestion of their parents , or by adults intended for ingestion being accidentally dropped in flight ( arnold , 1966 ) . since l . arcticus is one of the few tadpole shrimp species know to coexist with fish , it is also thought that their sticky eggs could attach to arctic char and be carried along as the char migrate to new areas or are taken as food ( lakka , 2013 ) .
arten synes övervintra i äggstadiet . unga individer kan påträffas under juli och fullvuxna under augusti–september . djuren är från och med ungefär en centimeters längd mycket lätta att se där de simmar likt små rockor strax över bottnen . på grund av sitt exponerade levnadssätt utgör de lättillgänglig föda för fågel och fisk . den är dock något mindre känslig för fiskpredation än andra bladfotingar då den stundom påträffats i fiskförande fjällsjöar . l . arcticus är liksom många andra sköldbladfotingar en allätare som livnär sig på växtdelar och bottenlevande smådjur , som mygglarver och maskar . arten gynnas sannolikt av stillastående , helst fisktomma samt av försurning , föroreningar och regleringar opåverkade fjällvatten .
when i first saw arctic tadpole shrimp , i wondered how such a small creature could live , and seemingly thrive , in such a remote and harsh environment . in attempting to answer my question , i expected to find some sort of egg designed to endure the freezing winter conditions . what i was not expecting to find was that l . arcticus is a genetically simple , living fossil , with a circumpolar distribution . nor was i expecting to find that such little arctic buddies could have such large impacts on the surrounding ecology or that they could potentially serve as useful indicators for the rapidly changing northern climate . way to go , little guys !
fjällsköldbladfotingen tillhör gruppen notostraca , sköldbladfotingar , som karakteriseras av att huvud och framkropp är täckta av en kraftig ryggsköld vilken är tillplattad uppifrån . ryggskölden har en rundad framkant , medan det i bakänden finns en djup inskärning med tandad kant . bakkroppen , som är lång och smal , bär en ändgaffel , s . k . furca , bestående av två spröt . de två antennparen är båda mycket små . de första benparen har utskott , som används för förflyttning när djuret kryper på botten , samt för att krafsa i bottenslammet efter föda . de övriga benen är plattade och flikiga . dessa ben , s . k . phyllopodier , är i ständig rörelse och används för kortare simturer , men framförallt som organ för andning , samt för filtrering och transport av födopartiklar till munnen . två fasettögon och ett mediant placerat naupliusöga sitter uppe på ryggskölden , nära framkanten . honorna når en längd på knappt 25 mm medan de mindre hannarna är knappt 15 mm . färgen är gulbrun . släktet har ytterligare en svensk art , spetssköldbladfotingen , lepidurus apus , vilken finns i södra sverige och skiljs genom sin större storlek , längre utskott på första benparet samt längre platta på sista bakkroppssegmentet .
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mclaughlin et al . 2005 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : crustaceans . american fisheries society special publication 31
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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animal , ( kingdom animalia ) , any of a group of multicellular eukaryotic organisms ( i . e . , as distinct from…
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hessen , d . o . , rueness , e . k . , & stabell , m . ( 2004 ) . circumpolar analysis of morphological and genetic diversity in the . hydrobiologia , 519 , 73–84 .
kellett , d . k . , & alisauskas , r . t . ( 1997 ) . breeding biology of king eiders nesting on karrak lake , northwest territories . arctic , 50 , 47–54 .
longhurst , a . r . ( 1955 ) . evolution in the notostraca . evolution , 9 , 84–86 .
fjällsköldbladfotingen förekommer huvudsakligen i högfjällsområdet från jämtland till torne lappmark . arten har en cirkumpolär utbredning i stillastående vatten inom det arktiska området , inklusive sydnorges fjälltrakter .
förekommer huvudsakligen i högfjällsområden där den troligen är relativt utbredd . antalet kända vatten är dock begränsat , bl . a . beroende på att arten är relativt svår att observera , varför vi räknar med ett visst mörkertal . den finns dels i små , fisktomma grunda vatten där den är känslig för inplantering av fisk , dels i större vatten med fiskförekomst ( främst röding ) där arten sannolikt selekterat för ett beteende som gör att den klarar fisknärvaro . arten är försurningskänslig . även om data saknas om eventuell minskning bedömer vi att det finns en fortgående minskning . antalet lokalområden i landet skattas till 25 ( 10 - 200 ) . utbredningsområdets storlek ( eoo ) skattas till 20000 ( 12652 - 50000 ) km² och förekomstarean ( aoo ) till 100 ( 40 - 800 ) km² . utifrån fynddata . minvärde utifrån fynduppgifter . en minskning av populationen pågår eller förväntas ske . minskningen avser kvalitén på artens habitat , antalet lokalområden och antalet reproduktiva individer . pga utsättning av fisk i fisktomma vatten . beroende på vilka av de skattade värdena som används varierar bedömningen från livskraftig ( lc ) till nära hotad ( nt ) . baserat på de troligaste värdena hamnar arten i kategorin nära hotad ( nt ) . de skattade värdena för förekomstarea ligger under gränsvärdet för starkt hotad ( en ) . detta i kombination med att fortgående minskning förekommer gör att arten uppfyller kriterierna för kategorin nära hotad ( nt ) . ( b2b ( iii , iv , v ) ) .
stoppa inplanteringen av fisk i fisktomma vatten . det vore inte orealistiskt att återskapa större , tidigare fisktomma fjällvatten via rotenonbehandling . i vissa områden i södra fjällkedjan kan kalkning behöva sättas in för att trygga artens fortlevnad .
länsvis förekomst och status för fjällsköldbladfoting baserat på sammanställningar och bedömningar av gjorda fynd .
blå punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och övriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch . kan innehålla observationer som inte är validerade . kartan uppdateras var fjärde vecka .
enckell , p . h . 1980 . kräftdjur . signum i lund , ( 8 ) 685 sid .
sømme , s . 1934 . contribution to the biology of norwegian fish food animals . det norske videnskaps - akademi i oslo . 1 . matem - naturvid . klasse 1934 . no 6 . 36 pp .
längre texter , utöver kriteriedokumentation , har sammanställts av : pär - erik lingdell 1995 . rev ulf bjelke 2008 . © artdatabanken , slu 2008 .
i det avancerade verktyget kan man söka ut och få fram artlistor , t ex arter i ett visst län , i en viss biotop , substrat , som påverkas av en hotfaktor , eller som är knutna till en sk värdart , t ex trädet alm . dessa kan även kombineras .
söka fram arter som är rödlistade , knutna till alm , är beroende av död ved och som finns i kronobergs län .
söka fram arter som är rödlistade , lever i småvatten och som påverkas negativt av igenväxning .
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denna funktion används när du vill skapa din egen lista av arter att hantera . du kan t . ex . navigera mellan arterna i listan genom att klicka på deras namn . du kan också välja att använda knappen ”jämför arter” för att se bilder , kartor och kännetecken i en jämförelsevy .
du kan komponera ditt eget urval av arter genom att klicka dig fram via släktträdet och där välja arter eller artgrupper till din lista . ett annat sätt att göra ditt urval är att använda fliken ”filtrera” , där du kan söka på olika egenskaper . ovanför listan med sökresultatet finns en knapp ”lägg i mitt urval” .
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if there is another apocalypse and mass extinction , i have no doubt in my mind that my triops will live , and populate the post apocalyptic earth . . . . and then . . . . . they evolve
. . . whenever you are in doubt , or when the self becomes too much with you , apply the following test . recall the face of the poorest and the weakest man whom you may have seen , and ask yourself , if the step you contemplate is going to be of any use to him or her . . . then you will find your doubts and your self melt away .
- - gandhi
have : t . longicaudatus ( regular * , black beauty * , gonochoric ) , t . granarius * , t . canciformis ( regular , red / albino / japanese , bavarian ) , t . australiensis ( regular , green , silver / queensland ) , t . newberryi * , t . mauritanicus , clam shrimp , fairy shrimp ( red - tailed , spiny - tailed ) , seed shrimp
i ' d love some but . . . i don ' t think i could keep my water 40 degrees . . . < _ <
40f is no problem where i live during the winter . you can also buy fish tank coolers . but most of the time they cost quite a bit . a lot of times you will find little refrigorators at garage sales . you can cut a small hole for a wire to put a light inside then reinsolate the hole . my well water is always at 45f so it would be easy for me to have a drip line near the bottom and an area for thwater to leave the tank near the top where the water is warmer . just some ideas
t . longicaudatus green / t . longicaudatus marbled / t . longicaudatus black beauty / t . longicaudatus gonochoric / t . cancriformis / t . albino cancriformis / t . granarius / l . cryptus / t . mauritanicus
i ' m going to put them in a tiny fridge i will set to 40 f .
how would you be able to view them in a fridge ? anyways i know where i can get a tank cooler and if that does not work i plan to modify a small fridge so then it has windows . anyways i still have not heard back from her . . . .
yeah you ' d be able to view them it ' s glass but it ' s small - - it can prob . only hold a 5 gallon . . . . it ' s built for cooling water bottles nico
yes i ' ve hear wine coolers ( the appliance , not the drink ) work well for these purposes . they ' ve typically got a front door made of glass and are much cheaper than even little college - style refrigerators . definitely something to consider !
what you can do is get yourself a small can cooler and put inside this a length of coiled up airhose of about 20 feet . have another smaller coil which you place inside the triops tank . fill hose full of clean water and a little salt and use a small water pump to circulate the self - contained hose water from the cooler to the tank . similar in the way some computers cpus can be cooled via water . the peltier diode inside the cooler ' sucks ' heat away from inside the cooler and so cools the water in the hose . therefore the heat in the tank is transferred away and it cools . the bit of salt in the hose water prevents it from icing up . one alternative diy is to place a large flat heatsink to the side of the glass tank wall with the peltier on the heatsink and put a small cpu fan on the diode . power it up and the heat is blown away .
abundance , if you happen upon any , i would be extremely interested . i have the perfect environment for these guys in my basement .
okay i have got an email back ! she has 2 locations where they have been reported but sadly both locations are inaccessible by car or boat . i don ' t think i can do a 5 - 6 hour hike to collect those triops . she is still trying to track down other locations ! she also mentioned there was another species here ! she did not give any name . i ' ll get back to you guys on trying to get them from alaska , there are more accessible triops loctions there . i ' ll keep you all posted !
email me where you live and i ' ll see about finding you some locations .
abundance had to go away for awhile , he said he ' d be back in the spring though . he ' s in the yukon , not sure exactly where
anyone know when aaron ' s gonna be back ? i hope he found them . . . . .
: bump : : bump : anyone know when aaron ' s gonna be back ? i hope he found them . . . . .
oh the hounds wouldn ' t be able to sniff them out , he ' d have to do it himself . . . .
hey i ' m back with good news . while searching for alaskan and yukon trilobites , i found a photo of l . articus in hooper bay alaska . the guy who found them called them trilobites thus making it slip under my radar . he did not know what they were . i plan to contact this guy soon and get him to ship them to skagway ( closer and faster to get to , takes to long at the border ) i plan to ask him to get a nice big scoop of the sediment he found them in plus some live specimens . i will post when i have contacted him or more info . here is the urltoken
please refrain from reviving old threads - this one has been inactive almost a year . thank you !
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