rheocles is a genus of madagascar rainbowfish .

rheocles has a restricted distribution , being found only in certain forested freshwater habitats in the central and eastern highlands of madagascar including the nosivolo river .

the genus appears to feed almost exclusively on allochthonous material , primarily insects falling onto the water surface .

rheocles

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arkive species - rheocles ( rheocles vatosoa )
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rheocles is an exclusively freshwater genus of madagascan bedotiid ecologically restricted to heavily forested streams ( stiassny 1990 ) .
rheocles vatosoa begins to spawn in late october and early november and is believed to have an extended breeding season ( 2 ) . based on the reproductive behaviour of a closely - related species , rheocles alaotrensis , along with an absence of aquatic plants in its habitat , it is thought that rheocles vatosoa deposits its eggs in patches of coarse gravel ( 2 ) .
based on recent work , rheocles alaotrensis is now considered to be restricted to alaotra and the surrounded lakes and maningory system .
rheocles species belong to the family bedotiidae and are closely related to the madagascar rainbowfishes . many of the differences that separate the genera rheocles and bedotia are skeletal and are difficult for the average hobbyist to detect . externally , the presence of a bedotia notch on the premaxillae ( upper jaw ) of malagasy rainbowfish helps to readily distinguish bedotia from rheocles in all known species . cichlids of madagascar > >
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arkive species - katrana ( rheocles alaotrensis )
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arkive species - zono ( rheocles wrightae )
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a freshwater species , rheocles vatosoa occupies clear waters of both rapidly flowing rivers and small brooks , over gravel or coarse sand bottoms ( 2 ) .
rheocles wrightae is distributed along mangoro catchment in madagascar . a subpopulation is also found in the upper reaches of the lakato river ( ravelomanana unpublished data ) .
not much is known about the captive husbandry of rheocles species , which is both bad news and good news . this is bad news because not only are rheocles species hard to get hold of , but the little that we know about them shows that they can be finicky when it comes to captive care .
description of a new species of rheocles ( atherinomorpha , bedotiidae ) from the nosivolo tributary , mangoro river , eastern malagasy republic . american museum novitates ; no . 3031
this species is known from lac alaotra , upstream of maningory and betsiboka rivers , in madagascar . a recent ambatovy project study discovered that the rheocles alaotrensis occurring in mangoro system is a new species , and the rianila subpopulation is also a new species . therefore , rheocles alaotrensis is restricted to alaotra and the surrounded lakes and maningory system .
although there are no known specific conservation measures currently in place for rheocles vatosoa , the catchment of streams in the lokoho basin is now protected by the marojejy national park ( 1 ) .
males defend a small territory that is typically centered around a landmark , such as a rock or collection of mops . they display rapid up - down swimming motions when ripe females approach . rheocles species lay small sticky eggs on the aquarium substrate . unlike bedotia species that typically lay their eggs in tight clusters , rheocles species lay their eggs singly and prefer a firm substrate to spawning mops .
details - description of a new species of rheocles ( atherinomorpha , bedotiidae ) from the nosivolo tributary , mangoro river , eastern malagasy republic . american museum novitates ; no . 3031 - biodiversity heritage library
the type series and all available specimens of rheocles vatosoa have been collected in upper reaches of the lokoho river in the general vicinity of the town of andapa ( stiassny et al . 2002 ) .
very little information is available on the biology of rheocles vatosoa . its diet appears to be somewhat opportunistic , consisting of both terrestrial insects , likely to have fallen into the water from overhanging trees , and aquatic insect larvae ( 2 ) .
rheocles derhami only known from amboaboa and mangarahara rivers in the sofia drainage . recent surveys ( 2013 - 2014 ) only found one specimen in amboaboa near the marotandrano village . no other subpopulations are found elsewhere ( pers . obs . ) .
eggs hatch in six to eight days at temperatures near 80 degrees fahrenheit . rheocles fry are small and will have trouble consuming brine shrimp nauplii as their first food so have an infusoria culture or some vinegar eels for starting foods . keep in mind that rheocles fry are extremely fragile for the first few months of life , and attempting to move young ones to a rearing aquarium often leaves you with nothing to rear . it is best to move the parents and leave the fry where they hatch .
rheocles alaotrensis was caught in the middle of alaotra lake where the depth was about one metre . the water was coloured between red or yellow . the lake substrate was silt . it is found is forested and semi - forested streams and small lakes .
rheocles species grow to an average total length of 3 inches with larger individuals reaching close to 3¾ inches . two species — r . vatosoa and r . derhami — show constant sexual dichromatism while the other five species are monochromatic outside the reproductive season .
what the heck are silversides from madagascar , you might ask . well , these small sleek fishes belong to the genus rheocles and are found , for the most part , in cooler faster flowing waters around madagascar’s northern territories . however , just to make things difficult , paul loiselle , ph . d . , recently discovered a new species of rheocles in the far south near ft . dauphin . there are currently seven species recognized in this genus , which was first described in 1891 . killifish of madagascar > >
stiassny , m . l . j . ( 1990 ) notes on the anatomy and relationships of the bedotiid fishes of madagascar : with a taxonomic revision of the genus rheocles ( atherinomorpha , bedotiidae ) . american museum novitates , 2979 : 1 - 33 .
stiassny , m . l . j . , rodriguez , d . m . and loiselle , p . v . ( 2002 ) rheocles vatosoa , a new species of freshwater rainbowfish ( atherinomorpha : bedotiidae ) from the lokoho river basin in northeastern madagascar . cybium , 261 : 71 - 77 .
loiselle , p . v . and stiassny , m . l . j . ( 2003 ) rheocles , malagasy rainbowfish , aona . in : goodman , s . m . and benstead , j . p . ( eds . ) the natural history of madagascar . university of chicago press , chicago .
ty - book ti - description of a new species of rheocles ( atherinomorpha , bedotiidae ) from the nosivolo tributary , mangoro river , eastern malagasy republic . american museum novitates ; no . 3031 ur - urltoken py - 1992 au - reinthal , peter . au - stiassny , melanie l . j . er -
stiassny , m . l . j . and d . m . rodriguez , 2001 . rheocles derhami , a new species of freshwater rainbowfish ( atherinomorpha : bedotiidae ) from the ambomboa river in northeastern madagascar . ichthyol . explor . freshwat . 12 ( 2 ) : 97 - 104 . ( ref . 39832 )
throughout its range , rheocles vatosoa is found predominately in clear streams over gravel or coarse sand bottoms . such streams are characterized by soft , slightly acidic to moderately alkaline water , total and carbonate hardness value < 1°dh , electrical conductivity between 23 and 30µs / cm and ph values between 6 . 8 and 7 . 5 .
filtration was easily supplied with undergravel filter plates covered in small - diameter gravel and supplemented with air - driven sponge filters . this filtration was sufficient for 15 specimens in a 50 - gallon aquarium . i see no reason to forego canister or hang - on filters if that is your preference , and rheocles species might appreciate the increased flow rate .
malagasy silversides live in waters ranging from 5 . 0 to 8 . 5 ph , low hardness ( less than 3 dkh ) and cool temperatures usually lower than 73 degrees fahrenheit . analysis of gut contents shows that , like pachypanchax and bedotia species , rheocles species are somewhat opportunistic feeders that prey on both aquatic insects and terrestrial insects that fall into the water .
rheocles vatosoa is currently known only from the lokoho river in north - eastern madagascar , where it occurs in the upper and middle reaches of the main river channel in the general vicinity of the town of andapa ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) . it typically occurs between 400 and 940 metres above sea level ( 2 ) ( 5 ) .
the second challenge with rheocles species is disease . like the malagasy cichlids , malagasy silversides are highly susceptible to ich ( ichthyophthirius multfiliis ) infection and it can be deadly if not caught in time . treatment with an over - the - counter ich medication ( malachite and formalin - based , if possible ) coupled with increased temperatures between 78 and 82 degrees does the trick .
in andreba village , the rheocles alaotrensis fishery is very important . they use mosquito nets as seine . significant quantities of this species go to ambatondrazaka , moramanga and antananarivo markets . the alaotra lake habitat loss is well studied by moreau ( 1977 ) . continued deforestation throughout its range is a threat . the species is also threatened by the alien invasive species of channidae and xiphophorus helleri .
justification : based on recent survey work this species is more widespread than previously hypothesized . the eoo is still less than 5 , 000 km² , it is known from four separate locations , and the habitat quality is declining , largely due to the impacts of deforestation . rheocles wrightae is therefore assessed as endangered . it should however be noted that taxonomic work is required to confirm the species range .
more worrisome is the rheocles susceptibility to a bloatlike condition , at least in wild - caught specimens . the founder population i worked with in denver developed bloat after one year in captivity . abdominal swelling with sudden listlessness defied both water parameters adjustment and pharmaceutical use and eventually caused 100 - percent mortality in the population . subsequent generations seem less prone to bloat and no definitive cause was ever identified .
rheocles alaotrensis males undergo a dramatic color change when coming into breeding condition , with unpaired fins becoming a deep red with the main body a dark , sooty black . i would hazard a guess that in the four other species that are normally monochromatic ( r . wrightae , r . pellegrini , r . sikorae and r . lateralis ) , a distinct change in coloration is associated with spawning .
@ book { bhl170907 , title = { description of a new species of rheocles ( atherinomorpha , bedotiidae ) from the nosivolo tributary , mangoro river , eastern malagasy republic . american museum novitates ; no . 3031 } , url = urltoken note = urltoken publisher = { } , author = { reinthal , peter . and stiassny , melanie l . j . } , year = { } , pages = { 0 } , }
rheocles alaotrensis , r . vatosoa and r . wrightae have all been kept in aquaria for varying lengths of time . the lake alaotra silverside ( r . alaotrensis ) was bred at the denver zoo for four generations before populations stopped breeding and began showing severe signs of physical malformation . during that time , we found that although our r . alaotrensis were collected in soft acidic waters with an average temperature of 66 degrees , they reproduced quite readily in our tap water ( ph of 7 . 2 , 8 dgh , 3 dkh ) with temperatures ranging from 75 to 82 degrees . we were never able to determine what caused the malformations and die off of our populations ; hypotheses included inbreeding depression and mercury poisoning of the founders .
dorsal spines ( total ) : 2 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 14 - 19 ; anal spines : 1 ; anal soft rays : 15 - 21 ; vertebrae : 35 - 38 . rheocles derhami is readily distinguished from r . sikorae and r . wrightae by length of upper jaw ( 32 - 41 % hl versus 46 - 58 ) and absence of black pigmentation of genital papilla , from r . pellegrini by number of gill rakers on lower limb of first arch ( 9 - 10 versus 6 - 7 ) , from r . lateralis by caudal peduncle length ( 67 . 3 - 78 . 6 % sl versus 84 . 6 - 96 . 7 ) , and from r . alaotrensis by absence of chest and belly scales and paired predorsal scale rows ( ref . 39832 ) . in life males normally light grey , the second dorsal , anal and caudal fins are bright silvery blue , the throat region is orange - red , light grey females are not brightly colored ; preserved specimens are creamy yellow , scale rows in dorsal midline heavily pigmented and darkened ( ref . 39832 ) .
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a recent study done by the ambatovy project revealed that the rianila and mangoro subpopulations are genetically different from the alaotra subpopulation .
justification : the species has a restricted eoo ( 170 km² ) , is found in a single location threatened by the spread of invasive alien species , and suffers an ongoing decline and loss of habitat , primarily due to conversion to rice fields . the species is therefore assessed as endangered .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
this species is still abundant in nosivolo tributaries and around anosibe an ' ala and mangabe . it is rarer in the upper reaches of the mangoro river to the north of moramanga ( ravelomanana , unpublished data ) .
the main threats are habitat loss and degradation through siltation caused by deforestation of a small remaining forested region ; and competition / predation from exotic invasive species .
some populations of this species are inside of different protected areas : corridor ankeniheny zahamena , couloir forestier anjjozorobe angavo , marolambo and nosivolo .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 4 . 4 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 39832 )
reinthal , p . n . and m . l . j . stiassny , 1997 . revision of the madagascan genus ptychochromoides ( teleostei : cichlidae ) , with description of a new species . ichthyol . explor . freshwat . 7 ( 4 ) : 353 - 368 . ( ref . 26236 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5078 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01000 ( 0 . 00244 - 0 . 04107 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 81 - 3 . 27 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 0 ±0 . 3 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 10 of 100 ) .
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africa : central east madagascar , lake alotra , maningory river system ; anjozorobe and in the tributaries of betsikiboka on the west slope of madagascar .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 14 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 4114 )
maugé , l . a . , 1986 . atherinidae . p . 277 - 279 . in j . daget , j . - p . gosse and d . f . e . thys van den audenaerde ( eds . ) check - list of the freshwater fishes of africa ( cloffa ) . isnb , brussels ; mrac , tervuren ; and orstom , paris . vol . 2 . ( ref . 4114 )
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01122 ( 0 . 00514 - 0 . 02450 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 87 - 3 . 21 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
endangered b1ab ( i , ii , iii , v ) ver 3 . 1
justification : a recently described species known from the lokoho and andapa river basins , madagascar . even though the catchment of the streams in the lokoho basin is protected by the marojejy and anjanaharibe sud national parks , the restricted range ( eoo less than 5 , 000 km² ) , single location ( based on the threat from invasive alien species ) , and a continued decline in habitat extent and quality outside the national park ( mainly due to deforestation and rice farming ) , lead to an assessment of endangered for this species .
in forested streams within portions of its range , this species is still abundant . within the andapa basin and in andrakata river , this speces is now very rare .
fishery activity using mosquito net is common in the andapa rice fields . during the time period of our observations , this species was completely extirpated from this area ( ravelomanana , pers . obs . )
ongoing deforestation , mosquito net fishery activity and the presence of the exotic species : gambusia holbrooki , xiphophorus hellerii and channa maculata pose the principal threats to the long - term survival of r . vatosoa . the central part of the species range has also been converted into extensive areas of rice fields where this species is no longer present .
raminosoa , n . , randrianizahaisa , h . , rasoloariniaina , r & velosoa , j .
justification : this species is very restricted in the mandolotra river where it is only found in the clear running headwaters . it has an eoo of approximately 10 km² is found at a single location and suffers from the impacts of ongoing habitat decline and invasive species resulting in a continuing decline in the quality of habitat . the species is therefore assessed as critically endangered .
this species is known only from the mandolotra river affluent of nosivolo river in madagascar .
it was still abundant at the two places where it was found in 2007 ( ravelomanana pers comm . ) at the headwaters and confluence of the mandolotra and the nosivolo rivers .
loss of habitat quality following significant levels of deforestation . competition and predation from gambusia holbrooki and xiphophorus maculatus are also threats . overfishing with mosquito nets is also a threat .
raminosoa , n . , rasoloariniaina , r , ravelomanana , t . & velosoa , j .
justification : until the past decade , this species had not been collected since the 1930s , largely because its exact type locality was not known . in the past decade , additional specimens have been collected from the region of the type locality . however , there are little data available upon which to base statements about the quality of its habitat or the size of its population . it is assessed as data deficient .
the single known locality for r . pellegrini is given by nichols and lamonte ( 1931 ) as being
one day west of andapa .
the fish were collected by a . l . rand and p . a . dumont who were participants in the
archibold expedition
to the island ( stiassny , 1990 ) . subsequent specimens have been collected from this region in the past decade . it is endemic to madagascar .
subpopulations in the region of the type locality are extant and appear relatively stable .
deforestation and resulting habitat degradation in the region is a threat to this species .
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> more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the ‘family and domains’ section provides information about the sequence similarity with other proteins . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ similarities ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry . it also includes information pertinent to the sequence ( s ) , including < a href =
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> length < / a > and < a href =
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> molecular weight < / a > . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequences _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the < a href =
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> sequence < / a > section indicates if the < a href =
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> canonical sequence < / a > displayed by default in the entry is complete or not . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > the checksum is a form of redundancy check that is calculated from the sequence . it is useful for tracking sequence updates . < / p > < p > it should be noted that while , in theory , two different sequences could have the same checksum value , the likelihood that this would happen is extremely low . < / p > < p > however uniprotkb may contain entries with identical sequences in case of multiple genes ( paralogs ) . < / p > < p > the checksum is computed as the sequence 64 - bit cyclic redundancy check value ( crc64 ) using the generator polynomial : x < sup > 64 < / sup > + x < sup > 4 < / sup > + x < sup > 3 < / sup > + x + 1 . the algorithm is described in the iso 3309 standard . < / p > < p class =
publication
> press w . h . , flannery b . p . , teukolsky s . a . and vetterling w . t . < br / > < strong > cyclic redundancy and other checksums < / strong > < br / > < a href =
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> numerical recipes in c 2nd ed . , pp896 - 902 , cambridge university press ( 1993 ) < / a > ) < / p >
< p > this subsection of the ‘sequence’ section is used for sequence fragments to indicate that the residue at the extremity of the sequence is not the actual terminal residue in the complete protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / non _ ter ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence ( s ) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds ( 100 % , 90 % and 50 % ) based on their membership in uniprot reference clusters ( < a href =
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> uniref < / a > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / similar _ proteins _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than uniprotkb . < p > < a href = ' / help / cross _ references _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this section provides general information on the entry . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ information _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section provides a mnemonic identifier for a uniprotkb entry , but it is not a stable identifier . each reviewed entry is assigned a unique entry name upon integration into uniprotkb / swiss - prot . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section provides one or more accession number ( s ) . these are stable identifiers and should be used to cite uniprotkb entries . upon integration into uniprotkb , each entry is assigned a unique accession number , which is called ‘primary ( citable ) accession number’ . < p > < a href = ' / help / accession _ numbers ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section shows the date of integration of the entry into uniprotkb , the date of the last sequence update and the date of the last annotation modification ( ‘last modified’ ) . the version number for both the entry and the < a href =
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> canonical sequence < / a > are also displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ history ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section indicates whether the entry has been manually annotated and reviewed by uniprotkb curators or not , in other words , if the entry belongs to the swiss - prot section of uniprotkb ( < strong > reviewed < / strong > ) or to the computer - annotated trembl section ( < strong > unreviewed < / strong > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
authenticated ( 17 / 08 / 10 ) by dr . paul v . loiselle , curator of freshwater fishes , new york aquarium . pvl2413 @ urltoken
kiener , a . ( 1963 ) poissons , pêche et pisciculture à madagascar . centre technique forestier tropical , nogent - sur - marne .
dr . paul v . loiselle curator of freshwater fishes new york aquarium surf ave . and west 8th st . brooklyn ny 11224 united states of america tel : ( 718 ) 265 - 3406 fax : ( 719 ) 265 - 3420 ploiselle @ urltoken
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raminosoa , n . , randrianizahaisa , h . , rasoloariniaina , r , ravelomanana , t . & velosoa , j .
this species is only known from a single location , a tributary of the sofia river in madagascar . the species was formerly abundant in this area as recorded by stiasnny et al . ( 1992 ) but surveys in 2013 ( tsilavina ravelomanana , brian zimmerman et al . ) found only one specimen despite extensive survey .
the species was formerly found in clear , pristine river habitat . it occurs in the upper part of the catchment where the water is relatively cool .
this species is facing a significant degree of habitat loss , which is the main cause of its decline . sedimentation changes the main river facies into shallow pools and runs . this kind of habitat is not suitable for this species especially when it is exposed to the sun , as the temperature climbs .
this species also faces huge overfishing pressure . local fishers use mosquito nets for fishing in the shallows and they practice poisoning in deep sections .
créée le 28 janvier 1976 , la société française d’ichtyologie s’est développée et internationalisée rapidement . malgré un changement de statut en 1988 , ses objectifs n’ont pas varié depuis 1976 . c’est pour répondre au quatrième point de ses objectifs – assurer la liaison entre ses membres par la diffusion d’une publication spécifique – que la revue cybium fut créée dès 1977 . la sfi a pris aussi l’initiative de publier ou d’aider à publier certains ouvrages qui ont fait l’objet ou non de numéros spéciaux de la revue .
cybium , éditée par la société française d’ichtyologie , publie des articles originaux , des articles de synthèse , des résumés de thèse , des analyses bibliographiques et des informations intéressant les membres de la société ou l’ensemble des ichtyologistes . les sujets traités doivent avoir un rapport direct avec l’ichtyologie générale , fondamentale ou appliquée , qu’il s’agisse de poissons d’eau douce ou de poissons marins , actuels ou fossiles .
the europeen society of marine biotechnology ( esmb ) and the tunisian association of bioressources valorization ( atvab ) will organize the international congress for marine biotechnology on 17th - . . . lire la suite
vous trouverez ci - dessous le le compte rendu des rif18 ainsi que le livre des résumés et quelques photos .
seminiferous tubule number and surface : validation of objective parameters to estimate reproduction activity of male european anchovy ( engraulis encrasicolus , l . )
physiculus sudanensis paulin , 1989 , a junior synonym of p . dalwigki kaup , 1858 ( teleostei , gadiformes , moridae ) , with a redescription of p . dalwigki
g . prestes - carneiro , p . béarez , k . dillenseger , t . yunoki
named for patrick de rham , director of the aquatic conservation network ( ref . 39832 )
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 5 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 39832 )
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 2 ±0 . 40 se ; based on food items .
bonus content from the november 2009 fama magazine article fishes from the red island .
aquarium décor and lighting should attempt to mimic forested streams , so save the compact fluorescents and bubble curtains for other species . spawning mops or live plants can provide appropriate cover and subdued lighting is best for these somewhat skittish fishes .
the katrana is one of a family of small , colourful fish , the bedotiidae or madagascan rainbowfish , which inhabit the waters of madagascar . this species is one of the largest in the family , with an attractive yellow , pink and brown body ( 3 ) . male and female katranas can be distinguished by the colour of their fins ; while the male’s fins are bright red , those of the female have a pale rose colouration ( 4 ) .
the katrana is a schooling fish ( 5 ) , which feeds primarily on insects that have fallen into the water from the surrounding vegetation , as well as aquatic insect larvae ( 6 ) .
the eggs of the katrana are adhesive and attach to the stream banks and vegetation , preventing them from being swept away to unfavourable habitats . after spawning , the katrana leaves its eggs unguarded ( 7 ) ( 8 ) . the eggs hatch in 10 to 14 days , and the resulting fry ( young fish ) are capable of swimming and feeding as soon as they hatch ( 9 ) .
endemic to madagascar , the katrana is found in lake alaotra , the largest lake on the island , as well as the maningory and rianila river systems and tributaries of the betsiboka river ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 4 ) .
this freshwater species inhabits small rivers and streams that are clean , silt - free and well oxygenated , often with over - hanging vegetation ( 5 ) , as well as the open waters of lake alaotra ( 4 ) .
this small , colourful fish is threatened by an increase in human activities in the areas surrounding its habitat . large - scale slash - and - burn deforestation , such as that occurring around lake alaotra ( 10 ) , results in soil erosion and run - off into the surrounding rivers and streams . the increased silt suspended in the water disrupts water flow , smothers fish eggs , and generally creates an unfavourable environment ( 6 ) .
there is also an active fishery for this species in lake alaotra ( 4 ) . heavy fishing pressure has resulted in the katranas in the lake having a much smaller average length than that of populations inhabiting rivers ( 9 ) .
invasive fish species , introduced by humans to increase fishery productivity , are an ever - increasing problem to the native fishes of madagascar . it is not known how precisely these species displace the native fishes , but it is suspected a mix of predation and competition is responsible ( 6 ) .
although there are currently no specific conservation measures in place for the katrana in its natural environment , denver zoo is working on a captive breeding programme ( 11 ) and there are several broad - spectrum projects working on wetland preservation in the region ( 12 ) . while this species is currently doing much better than previously expected , like the other species in its family the katrana is still under considerable threat ( 1 ) .
maugé , l . a . ( 1986 ) atherinidae . in : daget , j . , gosse , j . p . and thys van den audenaerde , d . f . e . ( eds . ) check - list of the freshwater fishes of africa . volume 2 . orstom , paris and mrac , tervuren .
reinthal , p . j . , riseng , k . j . and sparks , j . s . ( 2003 ) water management issues in madagascar : biodiversity , conservation and deforestation . in : crisman , t . l . , chapman , l . j . , chapman , c . a . and kaufman , l . s . ( eds . ) conservation , ecology and management of african fresh waters . university press of florida , florida .
breder , c . m . and rosen , d . e . ( 1966 ) modes of reproduction in fishes . natural history press , new york .
mutschler , t . ( 2003 ) lac alaotra . in : goodman , s . m . and benstead , j . p . ( eds . ) the natural history of madagascar . university of chicago press , chicago .
andrianandrasana , h . t . , randriamahefasoa , j . , durbin , j . , lewis , r . e . and ratsimbazafy , j . h . ( 2005 ) participatory ecological monitoring of the alaotra wetlands in madagascar . biodiversityand conservation , 14 : 2757 - 2774 .
information on the zono is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
classified as endangered ( en ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
this information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken


tephris cyriella is a species of snout moth in the genus tephris .

it was described by erschoff in 1874 .

it is found in spain , romania and turkmenistan .

the wingspan is 20 – 23 mm .

tephris cyriella

tephris verruculella is a species of moth in the family pyralidae . it was described by ragonot in 1887 . it is found in russia ( transcausia ) , morocco and israel . . . .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
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