the eurasian wolf ( canis lupus lupus ) , also known as the common wolf or middle russian forest wolf , is a subspecies of grey wolf native to europe and the forest and steppe zones of the former soviet union .

it was once widespread throughout eurasia prior to the middle ages .

aside from an extensive paleontological and genetic record , indo-european languages typically have several words for wolf , thus attesting to the animal 's abundance and cultural significance .

it was held in high regard in baltic , celtic , slavic , turkic , ancient greek , roman , and thracian cultures , whilst having an ambivalent reputation in early germanic cultures .

it is the largest of old world grey wolves , averaging 39 kg ( 86 lb ) in europe ; however , exceptionally large individuals have weighed between 69 – 80 kg ( 152 – 176 lb ) , though this varies according to region .

its fur is relatively short and coarse , and is generally of a tawny colour , with white on the throat that barely extends to the cheeks .

melanists , albinos and erythrists are rare , and mostly the result of wolf-dog hybridisation .

the howl of the eurasian wolf is much more protracted and melodious than that of north american grey wolf subspecies , whose howls are louder and have a stronger emphasis on the first syllable .

the two are , however , mutually intelligible , as north american wolves have been recorded to respond to european-style howls made by biologists .

many eurasian wolf populations are forced to subsist largely on livestock and garbage in areas with dense human activity , though wild ungulates such as moose , red deer , roe deer and wild boar are still the most important food sources in russia and the more mountainous regions of eastern europe .

other prey species include reindeer , argali , mouflon , wisent , saiga , ibex , chamois , wild goats , fallow deer and musk deer .

eurasian wolf

eurasian wolf or european wolf ( canis lupus lupus ) . . . pictures | getty images
the eurasian wolf is one of the largest wolf subspecies , and the largest type of wolf found outside of the americas .
the eurasian wolf ' s scientific name is canis lupus lupus , as it is a subspecies of the gray wolf . other names for this variety include common wolf , carpathian wolf , european wolf , steppes wolf , chinese wolf , and tibetan wolf .
the eurasian wolf ( canis lupus ) is one of the largest wolf subspecies and the largest found outside of the americas . there are almost 40 wolf subspecies including arctic wolf , tundra wolf , critically endangered red wolf , dingo and the domestic dog . see more photos and learn more about eurasian wolves below .
eurasian wolf from zoopark chomutov , the czech republic . vlk euroasijský ze zooparku chomutov , česká republika .
the eurasian wolf is one of the 37 recognized subspecies ( types ) of gray wolf . all 37 subspecies are essentially the same animal ; the eurasian wolf could have pups with any of the other grey wolf subspecies , which include the arctic wolf , the dingo … and the domestic dog .
this page contains amazing eurasian wolf facts for kids ( and adults ) . this animal is part of the
although the howls of the eurasian wolf and the north american gray wolf appear to be different to human ears , they understand each other quite well .
apart from size , the physical differences between wolf subspecies are often small . the eurasian wolf has a slightly narrower head and longer ears than its north american cousins . the eurasian wolf’s howl is longer and more varied in tone than those of the north american subspecies .
the eurasian wolf ( canis lupus lupus ) , also known as the common wolf , european wolf , carpathian wolf , steppes wolf , tibetan wolf and chinese wolf is a subspecies of the grey wolf ( canis lupus ) . currently , it has the largest range among wolf subspecies and is the most common in europe and asia , ranging through western europe , scandinavia , russia , china , mongolia and the himalayan mountains .
eurasian wolves are still hunted in many countries , but are increasingly protected by local laws .
the eurasian wolf has a pale gray - brown coat , which is lighter on the undersides and darker on the back and shoulders .
the iberian wolf is found exclusively in the iberian peninsula . its scientific name “signatus” refers to the signs in their fur that differentiate it from eurasian wolf ( canis lupus lupus ) .
we find no evidence of the eurasian golden jackal occurring in continental africa ,
koepfli said .
the chinese , or eurasian , wolf – canis lupus lupus – is thinner than its american cousin , with longer ears and a narrower head .
in general , eurasian wolves are found in remote areas , that is , far from cities and towns .
studies of eurasian lynx , dingoes , lions and sea otters have found similar effects , the authors reported .
the lynx patrols work in the bohemian forest and its foothills - the home of our largest eurasian lynx population .
if you want to read similar articles to what is the habitat of the eurasian wolf ? , we recommend you visit our facts about the animal kingdom category .
ancient nomads , female warriors and priestesses by jeannine davis - kimball ( center for the study of eurasian nomads ) useful information and details on the specific functions of these powerful priestesses and priestess - warriors of the early eurasian nomads .
cotswold wildlife park is celebrating the birth of a litter of five eurasian wolf cubs – the first to be born at the park in its 47 - year history .
andrew simpson and one of the eurasian wolves he trained , on the set of the chinese film wolf totem . simpson has released a book and documentary called wolves unleashed
andrew simpson and one of the eurasian wolves he trained , on the set of the chinese film wolf totem . simpson has released a book and documentary called wolves unleashed .
the arctic wolf’s medium - size distinguishes it from the northwestern wolf , which is smaller in comparison .
the second deepest split separates the modern western eurasian dogs , such as the labrador retriever , and east asian dogs , such as the shar pei ( figure 1a ) . it is interesting to note that the paleolithic newgrange dog clusters tightly with western eurasian dogs , indicating that the split between the east asian and western eurasian lineages occurred before that newgrange individual appeared .
the eurasian wolf still has the widest range among wolf subspecies , residing in the tundra , taiga , plains , scrublands , mountains and desert . their coats are suited to the plunging temperature and the northern , freezing climes .
the diet of eurasian wolves varies enormously throughout their ranges . eurasian wolves commonly prey on medium sized ungulates like moufflon , chamois , saiga , wild boar , red deer , roe deer and livestock . eurasian wolves will occasionally eat smaller prey such as frogs and hares . in europe , their largest prey is the wisent , while in asia , it is the yak .
the classification of species and subspecies of the wolf is still unclear , although most authors consider that there are 7 species of wolf : gray wolf ( canis lupus ) , red wolf ( canis rufus ) , ethiopian wolf ( canis simensis ) , eastern wolf ( canis lycaon ) , golden jackal ( canis aureus ) , himalayan wolf ( canis himalayensis ) and indian wolf ( canis indica ) . although some features are common to all species , we will focus on the gray wolf and specifically in the subspecies iberian wolf ( canis lupus signatus ) .
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as a subspecies of the gray wolf , the eurasian wolf inhabits the temperate grasslands of europe and asia . they live in smaller packs and are considered more adaptable to environmental changes , when compared to the north american gray wolf . eurasian wolves also have narrower heads , longer ears , coarser fur and thinner tails than gray wolves . size vary according to geographic distribution , but animals found in asia are often bigger than their european counterparts .
three - year - old eurasian wolf ember , who gave birth to five cubs this year , was killed by a keeper after being discovered outsider her enclosure at cotswold safari park on friday .
the scientists compiled a list of 494 prey species that provided food for 17 large carnivores – including the lion , tiger , leopard , cheetah , grey wolf , eurasian lynx and spotted hyena .
eneolithic horse exploitation in the eurasian steppes : diet , ritual and riding on the dietary and the ritual role of horses in the eneolithic western eurasian steppes . horses were strongly associated with the world of humans and had become an important symbol in mortuary rituals by about 5000 bc .
the eurasian wolf , leaner than its american cousin , was driven to extinction in france in the 20th century . thanks to a dedicated conservation effort , a small population has returned to the alps .
the temperate grasslands are a biome that includes the prairies of north america , the steppes of russia and mongolia and the south american pampas . among many other animals species , wolves also live in the temperate grasslands ; wolf species include the gray wolf ( canis lupus ) , the subspecies mexican wolf ( canis lupus baileyi ) and eurasian wolf ( canis lupus lupus ) , as well as the north american red wolf ( canis rufus ) and the south american maned wolf ( chrysocyon brachyurus ) .
although the iucn status of the gray wolf is of least concern - remember that the species includes domestic dogs and dingoes - eurasian wolves face habitat fragmentation and persecution from humans , which are major threats .
scientists believe the eurasian wolf moved eastwards , and it is less and less commonly found in the west . while it used to be found all over eurasia , now it is only found in select regions .
the colour of the eurasian wolf ranges from white , cream , red , grey and black , sometimes with all colours combined . wolves in central europe tend to be more richly coloured than those in northern europe .
of the three major species of wolf that are spread across the globe , one of the most famous is the eurasian , or “common” , wolf . this large canine is most commonly found in central russia and eastern and northern europe . reaching up to 35 inches in height and weighing between 70 and 130 pounds , the eurasian wolf is the largest of its kind in eurasia . the largest recorded grey wolf was killed in romania , and was said to have weighed 158 pounds . although sometimes referred to as the “grey wolf” , these wolves aren’t always grey in color . in fact , it is common to see cream colored eurasian wolfs , as well as ones with brown or black pelts . these wolves are more rich in color when found in northern europe than elsewhere .
nowadays the eurasian wolf is considered extinct in many european countries . fortunately , re - population efforts have had results in france , germany , norway and sweden . this effort began in the mid - 20th century , and it has spread to other regions . the population has more than doubled in russia ; however , the number of eurasian wolves in asia remains unknown .
wolves have been driven out of many parts of europe and are now only found in remote areas , far away from towns and cities . despite this , the eurasian wolf has the largest range ( the area in which it is found in the wild ) of any type of wolf .
the arctic wolf ( canis lupus arctos ) , also known as the melville island wolf , is a subspecies of gray wolf native to the canadian arctic archipelago , from melville island to ellesmere island .
eurasian wolves display social characteristics , forming large packs . this behavior is , however , variable as some populations in europe have been seen to be solo hunters .
the wolf holds great importance in the cultures and religions of the nomadic peoples , both of the eurasian steppe and of the north american plains . in many cultures , the identification of the warrior with the wolf ( totemism ) gave rise to the notion of lycanthropy , the mythical or ritual identification of man and wolf . ( the wolf in the scandinavian tradition as either representing the warrior or as a symbol of odin , sometimes combined with the christian symbolism as the wolf representing evil or the devi . )
eurasian wolves have shorter , denser fur than their north american relatives . their size varies according to region , although adults measure 30 inches ( 76 centimetres ) at the shoulder and weigh around 70 – 130 pounds ( 32 – 59 kilograms ) , with females usually being about twenty per cent smaller than males . the heaviest known eurasian wolf was killed in romania and weighed 158 pounds ( 72 kilograms ) .
the grey wolf known also as the timber wolf , was once one of the world’s most widespread species , however due to habitat reduction , persecution by humans and other factors , its range is now confined to remote wilderness areas of north america , eurasia and north africa . the eurasian wolf although still under threat , is starting to recover since it’s major decline in the 1950’s .
europe has had a long and complex history with the eurasian wolf . ancient vikings , romans , celts and greeks all feared and respected the animal , writing it into their religious mythologies . the she - wolf , or lupa romana , the symbol of ancient rome , was so revered that romans only killed wolves when absolutely necessary .
the eurasian wolf subspecies is known for its long , narrow skull and slender build . it has a coarser and thinner coat than that of other gray wolves , and it can range from white to black , including cream , red , gray and brown .
small , isolated groups are found in western european countries and scandinavia . larger wolf populations are present in eastern european countries such as poland and romania . by far the largest number of eurasian wolves – perhaps as many as 30 , 000 – live in russia .
the red wolf is under hot debate as to whether it is a separate species of a subspecies of the grey wolf . a study in 2011 found it ' s dna to consist mainly of coyote and be only 20 % grey wolf however , suggesting that it is not a genetically distinct species of wolf .
in scottish folklore there are a number of tales of the wolf and fox . these tend to convey the wolf as somewhat more gullible than the cunning fox . in one tale fox tricks wolf out of a whole keg of butter , and in another fox ' s trickery results in wolf losing his tail !
from the ‘big bad wolf’ in little red riding hood to the legendary ‘ werewolf ’ , the wolf – or gray wolf to give it its full name – is the subject of myths and fairytales in many parts of the world .
the eurasian wolf was eliminated from most of northern europe during 19th century . it was hunted out of denmark in the 1770s , while the last norwegian wolf was eliminated as late as the 1970s . in central europe , gray wolves lowered in numbers during the first part of the 19th century : the last wolf of bavaria was hunted in the 1840s . in crimea , the subspecies has been eliminated not one but multiple times .
the wolf - size otter lived in a shallow swamp surrounded by thick vegetation .
genetic diversity in the caucasian wolves in comparison with wolf populations from southern europe .
but this wolf had apparently lain in wait for the young mining camp worker .
the wolf , it seems , is one animal that’s always in the doghouse .
in the 4th - 6th century ce the rouran took over control of the eurasian steppes . in 436 ce the rouran dislodged the usun to the tian - shan mountains [ 11 ] [ 12 ]
the arctic wolf ( canis lupus arctos ) , also known as the melville island wolf , is a possible subspecies of gray wolf and is native to the canadian arctic archipelago . it is a medium - sized subspecies , distinguished from the northwestern wolf by its smaller size , its whiter coloration , its narrower braincase , and larger carnassials .
eurasian wolves are regarded highly in various european cultures , including the greek , roman , baltic , celtic , etc . germanic people of yore , however , had both regard and contempt for this animal .
fig . 1 . deep split between east asian and western eurasian dogs . ( a ) a neighbor - joining tree ( with bootstrap values ) based on identity by state of 605 dogs . red and yellow clades represent the east asian and western eurasian core groups , respectively . ( b ) a map showing the location and relative proportion of ancestry of dogs . negative values ( red ) indicate that the population shares more derived alleles with the east asian core , whereas positive values ( yellow ) indicate a closer association with the western eurasian core . ( doi : 10 . 1126 / science . aaf3161 )
the current ( dark blue ) and historic ( light blue ) population range for brown bears , gray wolves , eurasian lynx , and wolverines in europe . photo credit : chapron et al . 2014 .
the african golden wolf is found in north and east africa , with perhaps some in the middle east , while the eurasian golden jackal is found from southern europe to the middle east and across southern asia all the way to the edge of southeast asia in vietnam , the researchers said .
) and grey wolf haplotypes published after 2010 , as well as any dog haplotypes .
below we examine more versions of wolf legends and myths from indo - european lands .
villagers have also taken down a stuffed wolf that had been in the school lobby .
like many members of the animal kingdom , eurasian wolves breed during the early winter months and into the spring . after between 61 and 65 days of pregnancy , a female eurasian wolf will give birth to around 4 to 7 pups . the whole pack will raise and disciple these young wolves , though it is only the most dominate females and males that will mate . this ensures that only the strongest genes will survive , and that the strength of the pack will be maintained for generations to come .
the researchers determined that the african golden jackal lineage split from the lineage including gray wolves and coyotes about 1 . 3 million years ago while the eurasian golden jackal lineage split about 600 , 000 years earlier .
the wolf is often symbolically linked with mountain kami in shinto ( the most famous example being the wolf kami of mitsumine shrine in the town of chichibu in saitama prefecture ) .
the wolf in the scandinavian tradition as either representing the warrior or as a symbol of odin , sometimes combined with the christian symbolism as the wolf representing evil or the devil .
the elimination of the eurasian wolf from europe was an effort that began during the middle ages and persisted until the beginning of the 20th century . in some cases , like in the united kingdom , their killing was promoted through legislation : in scotland , wolves survived till the 1680s while ireland saw its last wolf killed in the 1780s . they are still considered extinct in the british isles .
on a continent that can go years without a major wolf attack , the area has hosted three suspected wolf attacks on adult men in 12 years . the attacks are all within 100 km of one another , and thus within the range of a single wolf population .
“the turki , one branch of the hun people，took the wolf as their ancestor．in turki annals，zhou classics , it was recorded that the ashina tribe people were killed out by neighboring kingdoms，with only one ten - year - old boy survivor , who was saved by a she - wolf．the wolf brought him up and mated him．the enemy kingdoms heard of this，endeavored to kill him and the pregnant wolf．the last turki didn’t survive this crisis，but the wolf did，as well as their ten offspring． the wolf escaped to the caves in the mountain north to the nanchang kingdom，and gave birth to ten boys．they prospered and took wolf as their totem．and in the legendary story of cham wukesi，there was a god wolf who guided the way in the marching，and helped the army win the war .
iberian wolf pack howling at night / lobos ibéricos aullando en la noche . durmiendo con lobos
wolf shot dead after escaping from a zoo may have climbed over a defective electric fence .
listed below are the species or subspecies of wolf that are currently contested and under debate .
, which translates into english as something like ' the great evil wolf ' , rather than the wolf of british fairytales , the somewhat downgraded ' big bad wolf ' . the tale of little red riding hood , as we know it today from the brothers grimm , was originally
the grey wolf legend the wolf is a common motif in the foundational mythologies and cosmologies of peoples throughout eurasia and north america ( corresponding to the historical extent of the habitat of the gray wolf ) . the wolf symbolizes honor and is also considered the mother of most turkic peoples . asena is the name of one of the ten sons who were given birth by a mythical wolf in turkic mythology . [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ]
the gray wolf is the biggest species in the canidae family , which inhabits temperate grasslands of the northern hemisphere . the gray wolf has several subspecies , which often refers to geographic groups with specific characteristics . the mexican wolf is a smaller and critically endangered subspecies of gray wolf , which was reintroduced to the north american temperate grasslands recently , after almost extinct in the wild .
the successful birth of four red wolf pups is an important addition to the populations of this rare florida species , and they are the first red wolf births at the zoo since 1993 .
the wolf lives on in a number of scottish place names , such as mullinavaddie ( ' mill of the wolf ' ) in perthshire , as well as lochmaddy , ardmaddy and craigmaddy .
as soon as the elder son got to know that his mother was a wolf , he said to her , “mamma ! mamma ! i have heard that you are a wolf . ”
the eurasian wolf sub - species ( canis lupus lupus ) has recovered since the nadir of its decline in the 1950s , and is found in the iberian peninsula , scandinavia , italy , northern europe , russia , turkey , israel , saudi arabia , afghanistan , pakistan , india , mongolia and china . across much of this range the wolf was widely hunted due to the threat of predation on livestock populations .
the tibetans attribute their grey wolf traditions to the mongol royal house , and not the tibetans , see mynak r . tulku , “ grey wolf in tibetan tradition , ” bulletin of tibetology 1967 no . 2 , or the notes on the grey wolf symbol , via digital himalaya :
the many names of the eurasian wolf point out the subspecies ' exceptionally wide range , from western europe to east asia and including the alps , scandinavia , russia , the caucasus , the kopet dag range , mongolia and the himalayas . interestingly , the gray wolves that you can find in italy are a separate subspecies .
“a single wolf basically pounced on him , ” was what a mine representative told the press .
on the very rare occasion that a north american wolf bites a human , the animal is usually rabid or surprised ; a hiker startling a wolf feeding on a moose carcass , for instance .
the wolf is a legally protected species … and there is no need to revisit that status .
( the old spelling of the french word for wolf ) abound . the name chanteloup is particularly common , and signifies that in the middle ages professional wolf hunters must have made camp there (
the eurasian or european wolf has the largest range among wolf subspecies and can currently be found throughout europe , asia and russia . in the past wolves have been exterminated throughout central and northern european countries during the 19th century , the numbers of wolves throughout europe are now slowly recovering naturally with france , germany , sweden and norway being recolonised . the largest population can still be found in eastern european countries like romania , poland and the balkans . the european wolf disappeared from the uk and ireland during the 18th century .
brown bear , wolf , the eurasian lynx and wolverine are found in nearly one - third of mainland europe ( excluding belarus , ukraine , and russia ) , with most individuals living outside nature reserves , indicating that changing attitudes and landscape - scale conservation measures are successfully protecting species which have suffered massive persecution throughout human history .
the eurasian or european wolf has the largest range among wolf subspecies and can currently be found throughout europe , asia and russia . in the past wolves have been exterminated throughout central and northern european countries during the 19 th century , the numbers of wolves throughout europe are now slowly recovering naturally with france , germany , sweden and norway being recolonised . the largest population can still be found in eastern european countries like romania , poland and the balkans . the european wolf disappeared from the uk and ireland during the 18 th century .
in the cardinal directions of the plains indians , the wolf represented the west , while for the pawnee , it represented the southeast . according to the pawnee creation myth , the wolf was the first creature to experience death . the wolf star , enraged at not having been invited to attend a council on how the earth should be made , sent a wolf to steal the whirlwind bag of the storm that comes out of the west , which contained the first humans . upon being freed from the bag , the humans killed the wolf , thus bringing death into the world . the pawnee , being both an agricultural and hunting people , associated the wolf with both corn and the bison ; the “birth” and “death” of the wolf star ( sirius ) was to them a reflection of the wolf’s coming and going down the path of the milky way known as wolf road . [ 12 ]
two mexican gray wolf pups born at chicago’s brookfield zoo swapped places with two wild - born pups in new mexico as part of the united states fish and wildlife service’s mexican grey wolf recovery program .
the eurasian wolf , as the name suggests , is a canid subspecies found across europe and asia . it is a carnivore that has largely had its population cut down during various periods of history , but currently , conservation efforts have ensured that it thrives across the range that it inhabits . its numbers are believed to be generally stable .
the bears are the most abundant large carnivore in europe with around 17 , 000 individuals , alongside 12 , 000 wolves , 9 , 000 eurasian lynx and 1 , 250 wolverines , which are restricted to northern parts of scandinavia and finland .
most troubling of all , human habituation can be “passed down through wolf generations , ” said murray .
the geographic origin and age of the oldest archaeological dog remains in eurasia . ( b ) a suggested model of dog domestication under the dual - origin hypothesis . an initial wolf population splits into east and west eurasian wolves that were then domesticated independently before becoming extinct ( as indicated by the † symbol ) . the western eurasian dog population ( european ) was then partially replaced by a human - mediated translocation of asian dogs at least 6400 years ago , a process that took place gradually after the arrival of the eastern dog population . ( doi : 10 . 1126 / science . aaf3161 )
the researchers reviewed published scientific reports and singled out seven species that have been studied for their widespread ecological effects or
trophic cascades .
this includes african lions , leopards , eurasian lynx , cougars , gray wolves , sea otters and dingoes .
by e . kuzmina ,
the eurasian steppes : the transition from early urbanism to nomadism
and the papers by k . jones - bley ,
sintashta burials and their western european counterparts
and
the sintashta ' chariots '
)
as the wolf is a top predator , the state of the wolf can frequently be seen as a state of the land where it lives . wolves are still endangered after being hunted down in the 1600s .
although man domesticated his best friend from the species at least 15 , 000 years ago , he has long regarded the wolf as his worst enemy . the wolf prowls through stories—red riding hood , peter and the wolf , the norse myth of the beast that will swallow the sun at ragnarok—as the embodiment of evil .
katja schulz set
wolf 2
as an exemplar on
canis lupus lupus linnaeus , 1758
.
the capitoline wolf with romulus and remus . musei capitolini , palazzo dei conservatori , rome photo : wikimedia commons
wolf attacks aren’t supposed to happen this way , but wolves don’t exactly act as expected in northern saskatchewan .
the modern gray wolf subspecies of northern and central north america probably descend from a relatively recent wave , as gray and eurasian wolves are more closely related to each other than to smaller wolves inhabiting the southern fringes of wolf range on each continent . as in north america , the average size of wolves in eurasia varies geographically , generally increasing toward the north . the romanian wolf is of intermediate size , most adults weighing between 75 to 130 lbs ( 34 to 60 kg ) . average pack size ( around five ) and territory sizes ( between 80 and 300 sq km ; 50 to 186 miles ) tend to be smaller than typical of most wolf populations in northwestern north america .
from ms versteeg’s photographs , and from the carcass of a deer found nearby—its throat torn out in classic wolf fashion—scientists verified that she was the first person to have seen a wolf in the netherlands since 1897 . having talked to the experts , she now understands that the wolf was probably more frightened than she was . “but all you know at the time is : it’s a wolf , it’s a predator and i’m in its way . ”
a comparison of caucasian wolf mtdna haplotypes with the combined datasets of wolf and dog haplotypes from the studies by verginelli et al . [ 64 ] and savolainen et al . [ 65 ] showed that two caucasian haplotypes ( w4 and w47 ) belong to a haplogroup shared between eurasian wolves and domestic dogs , named haplogroup vi [ 64 ] or haplogroup b [ 65 ] . the remaining caucasian haplotypes ( including the three unique haplotypes ) belong to a haplogroup containing most of worldwide wolf haplotypes and only one domestic dog haplotype , named haplogroup viii [ 64 ] or haplogroup e [ 65 ] .
another recurring scene shows a warrior fighting two wild beasts ( wolves or bears , compared to the eddaic geri and freki ) . thus , spiedel ( 2004 ) connects geri and freki with archaeological finds depicting figures wearing wolf - pelts and frequently found wolf - related names among the germanic peoples , including wulfhroc ( “wolf - frock” ) , wolfhetan ( “wolf - hide” ) , isangrim ( “grey - mask” ) , scrutolf ( “garb - wolf” ) and wolfgang ( “wolf - gait” ) , wolfdregil ( “wolf - runner” ) , and vulfolaic ( “wolf - dancer” ) and myths regarding wolf warriors from norse mythology ( such as the úlfhéðnar ) . parallels in the 6th - to 7th - century iconography of vendel period sweden ( öland ; ekhammar ) , in alemannia ( gutenstein ; obrigheim ) as well as in england ( sutton hoo ; finglesham , kent ) suggest a persisting “pan - germanic” unity of a wolf - warrior band cult centered around wodan / wodin in scandinavia , in anglo - saxon england and on the continent right until the eve of christianization of england and alemannia in the 7th century . [ 3 ]
eurasian wolves are highly social animals , though due to a decline in territory , they form smaller packs than in north america . social behaviour seems to vary from region to region , an example being that wolves living in the carpathians tend to be predominantly solitary hunters .
mech , l . d . & boitani , l . ( iucn ssc wolf specialist group ) . 2010 .
wolf and lynx patrols are trained volunteers who dedicate their free time to the monitoring and protection of large carnivores .
“prior to the meiji restoration ( 1868 ) , japanese worshiped this canine , whether wolf or mountain dog . the shinto shrine mitsumine jinja was of particular importance in wolf worship and has been associated with both shugenoo , or traditions of mountain asceticism , and wolf iconography . mitsumine jinja stands near the village of ootaki , in saitama prefecture .
there has since been a suspected wolf killing of a 32 - year - old jogger in alaska in 2010 .
characteristics iberian wolves are of medium size with a thinner build than the average eurasian wolf . males can weigh as much as 90 pounds and females are usually 75 to 80 percent the size of males . their coat will vary in color from a lighter grey or ochre in the warmer months to a darker reddish brown during the winter . the name signatus ( meaning marked ) was derived from white marks on the wolf ' s upper lips , and dark marks on the tail and front legs .
much like north american wolves , the eurasian wolf eats mammals of a range of different sizes , including various domesticated breeds of livestock . these mammals range from saiga , wild boar , and red deer , to roe deer and moufflon . due to human advancements and construction , a lot of the eurasian wolf’s natural food sources have become increasingly scarce , which is why they often seek out and attack farmers ' livestock in compensation . these wolves hunt in packs in order to take down larger animals such as yaks and wisents . during this type of hunting , the wolves will victimize the young or weak in order to separate them from the crowd , and chase the animal to the point of exhaustion , so that they will more easily be able to eventually kill it .
like all wolves , eurasian wolves are carnivorous animals . their main prey are herbivorous ungulate animals such as wild goats , boar and deer , and even large animals such as moose or elks . however , they also feed on mustelids , rodents , ducks and even lizards .
the survey found the eurasian lynx living permanently in 11 population groups across 23 european countries , of which only five were native populations – indicating the success of reintroduction efforts . according to monbiot , momentum is building for the reintroduction of the lynx into the cairngorms in scotland .
poor statistical support for several dog breeds , such as the greenland sledge dog and the siberian husky , indicate that they probably have mixed ancestry from both the western eurasian ( yellow ; figure 1a ) and east asian ( red ; figure 1a )
core
dog groups .
the project took up more than three years of simpson’s life , most of which he spent in beijing . he first went to china in 2010 to work with zoos in finding proper parentage for the pups that would eventually be used in the film . he raised 16 eurasian wolf pups in china . and when he returned to alberta just before christmas , he brought them all back with him .
wolves will fight to defend their territories . territorial fights are the leading natural cause of wolf deaths in the wild .
) , however some other potential species are under hot scientific debate . listed below are the uncontested species of wolf .
still , that doesn’t mean that members of simpson’s friendly pack aren’t often called upon to play those “bad wolf” roles .
in angenanfu，a uiguri folk epic，there is a god wolf named botanyouna，who guided their ancestors out of the mountains，and persuaded a blacksmith to lead 100，000 soldiers to defeat the enemies．uptonow，the uigur people still take wolf as a symbol of bravery , and when a boy is born，they would like to say they get a wolf cub”．– teng yong qing’s “ legend of the ‘’wolf’’：probing into its cultural images ” pp . 66 - 67 , us - china foreign language，issn 1539 - 8080，usa mar．2008，volume 6，no．3 ( serial no．54 )
there are now around 35 wolf packs in germany , comprising an estimated 150 animals . image : michelle bender , flickr
the wolves of romania are
eurasian wolves ,
canis lupus lupus , a subspecies which prior to the 20th century ranged over most of the vast super - continent—from western europe and scandinavia eastward through russia , central asia , southern siberia , mongolia , the northern himalayas and china—but now reduced in extent due to human persecution and loss of habitat , especially in the west . the eurasian wolf is believed to descend from canids that migrated from the north american continent across the bering strait when it was land or ice , possibly in multiple waves beginning at least two million years ago . after evolving into wolves , some migrated back to north america , possibly also in multiple waves .
our results showed that african and eurasian golden jackals were distinct across all the genetic markers we tested , including data from whole genomes , suggesting these are independently evolving lineages ,
said klaus - peter koepfli , a conservation and evolutionary geneticist at the smithsonian conservation biology institute in washington .
at no time were members of the public in any danger as the wolf was away from the visitor area throughout .
if you want to know more about the iberian wolf you can download the app ifelix ( in spanish ) listed here .
“if in fact it was a wolf attack , it’s way outside what we understand and we know , ” he said .
china used to have one of the world ' s largest wolf populations , spread across grasslands in xinjiang and inner mongolia .
the double goddess : women sharing power by vicki noble “it is now clear that the so - called silk road linked the mediterranean with india and china for at least 4000 years , and one thing that stands out is the unique and enduring amalgam of afro - eurasian female shaman priestesses . ”
environmental and animal - welfare organisations are leading the fight to keep the wolf protected . they have generous supporters , for whom the wolf is totemic . when defenders of wildlife polls its 1m members about the species they care about , the wolf always comes out top , according to jamie rappaport clark , its president and a former director of the federal government’s fish and wildlife service ( fws ) . that makes lobbying for the wolf a priority : “our members expect a return on their investment . ”
the above practices merged with ta’asobi rituals associated with rice planting and the god of the rice field , and as a result the wolf messenger or wolf deity became conflated with folk beliefs about the sarutahiko okami , god of the crossroads , see sarutahiko okami – monkey or wolf guide - deity . while legend tells that prince yamatotakeru was guided by a wolf once when he lost his way during one of his campaigns , which has shades of the following ashina ( as well as uighur ) legend :
the mexican wolf found in the usa once ranged from new mexico to texas and southeastern arizona . today , after becoming extinct in the wild , the mexican wolf has been reintroduced to a small area of arizona with the hope that as the population expands they will hopefully move back into new mexico . there are 47 mexican wolf captive breeding facilities in united states and mexico .
european populations of gray wolves ( canis lupus ) , wolverines ( gulo gulo ) , brown bears ( ursus arctos ) and eurasian lynx ( lynx lynx ) are increasing . these four species collectively occupy one third of europe . photo credit : wikipedia , mike needham , dan stodola , trees for life .
) , or introgression of wolf mtdna into the dog population following hybridisation events in early phases of the evolutionary history of dogs .
the zoo’s participation in the mexican gray wolf recovery program shows how zoos can partner with other conservation organizations to help save species .
“the messenger of the gods from mitsumine shrine is the japanese wolf , kami no tsukai , ookami , 「神使 : 狼 おおかみ」 .
unlike fox and bear , the wolf has always been feared and hated in finland , and wolf has been the symbol of destruction and desolation , to the extent that the very name of wolf in finnish language , susi , means also “a useless thing” and the by - name hukka means perdition and annihilation . while bear has been the sacred animal of finns , wolves have always been hunted and killed mercilessly . the wolf has been represented as implacable and malicious predator , killing more than it manages to eat .
in the secret history of the mongols , the mongol peoples are said to have descended from the mating of a doe ( gua maral ) and a wolf ( ‘boerte chino’ ) . [ 8 ] in modern mongolia , the wolf is still seen as a good luck symbol , especially for males . in mongolian folk medicine , eating the intestines of a wolf is said to alleviate chronic indigestion , while sprinkling food with powdered wolf rectum is said to cure hemorroids . [ 9 ] mongol mythology explains the wolf’s occasional habit of surplus killing by pointing to their traditional creation story . it states that when god explained to the wolf what it should and should not eat , he told it that it may eat one sheep out of 1 , 000 . the wolf however misunderstood and thought god said kill 1 , 000 sheep and eat one . [ 10 ] ( source : wolves in folklore , religion and mythology )
the wolf has enriched our culture through its presence in countless stories , as well as non - fictional works of nature writing . in a sand county almanac , 20th century american ecologist aldo leopold wrote an evocative account of an encounter with a wolf he shot :
the eurasian wolf alpha male and female mate between january and march . litters , usually consist of 6 pups which are born 7 weeks later in a den which has been dug among bushes or rocks . the male brings food back to the den , either by carrying it whole or by swallowing and then regurgitating it for the others to eat . as the pups grow , the mother and other members of the pack help to feed them .
the arctic wolf is a sub - species of the grey wolf and is native to the arctic regions of north america and greenland . because of the isolation of their native habitat , they are not threatened by hunting or habitat destruction like their southern relatives . however , industrial development ( mines , roads and pipeline construction ) is gradually encroaching on their native territory , and will most likely interfere with food supplies , in the future . the arctic wolf is the only sub - species of wolf that is not classified as threatened .
despite continuous historical distribution of the grey wolf ( canis lupus ) throughout eurasia , the species displays considerable morphological differentiation that resulted in delimitation of a number of subspecies . however , these morphological discontinuities are not always consistent with patterns of genetic differentiation . here we assess genetic distinctiveness of grey wolves from the caucasus ( a region at the border between europe and west asia ) that have been classified as a distinct subspecies c . l . cubanensis . we analysed their genetic variability based on mtdna control region , microsatellite loci and genome - wide snp genotypes ( obtained for a subset of the samples ) , and found similar or higher levels of genetic diversity at all these types of loci as compared with other eurasian populations . although we found no evidence for a recent genetic bottleneck , genome - wide linkage disequilibrium patterns suggest a long - term demographic decline in the caucasian population – a trend consistent with other eurasian populations . caucasian wolves share mtdna haplotypes with both eastern european and west asian wolves , suggesting past or ongoing gene flow . microsatellite data also suggest gene flow between the caucasus and eastern europe . we found evidence for moderate admixture between the caucasian wolves and domestic dogs , at a level comparable with other eurasian populations . taken together , our results show that caucasian wolves are not genetically isolated from other eurasian populations , share with them the same demographic trends , and are affected by similar conservation problems .
wolves are social animals and live in family groups called packs . a typical wolf pack consists of an alpha pair and 3 to 9 of their offspring . larger wolf packs comprise two or more of these families , and can number up to 30 or more animals .
the wolf communicates in a number of ways , including body language , scent , and vocalizations such as growling , barking and whining .
taff tried to tranquilise the wolf after it was found outside the perimeter near the a361 , but said it was out of range .
the prince found himself lost until a white - wolf god led him out of the mountains , hence the shrine’s connection with wolves .
“thus the grey wolf ( bozhurt ) became an omen of happy import among the ancient turks . the emblem ppeared on the standards of the huns and the ulghurs . the oguz branch of the turks was said to have been guided by a wolf on their migrations and in the early epic of oguz kagan , the latter is said to resemble a wolf physicall y . the wolf device does not seem to have been used as an emblem for some time after the turks became muslims–probably because of religious scruples–out it was revived by ataturk” .
the truck’s arrival spooked the wolf away and the security guard , who has declined media interviews , sprang out to provide first aid .
where large carnivores have been restored - - such as wolves in yellowstone or eurasian lynx in finland - - ecosystems have responded quickly , said ripple .
i am impressed with how resilient the yellowstone ecosystem is . it isn ' t happening quickly everywhere , but in some places , ecosystem restoration has started there .
the wolf is one of the most iconic carnivores , especially in spain . however , an unwarranted bad reputation kills hundreds of individuals a year . find out in this post more about this wonderful animal and the conservation efforts that are currently being made with the iberian wolf .
not everybody agrees . where humans were once united in their determination to eradicate the wolf , they are now sharply divided over its return .
most wolf subspecies live in separate areas in the wild , and have slight physical variations that reflect the different conditions in which they live .
the wolf’s iucn red list conservation status is ‘least concern’ , and the world’s wolf population is stable . however , wolves used to be present in many more parts of europe than they are now , and wolves are highly dependent on the areas that they do inhabit remaining undeveloped .
sometimes referred to as the
common wolf
, this canine is to be found throughout much of russia and northern and eastern europe .
unlike other species of wolf , the arctic wolf rarely comes into contact with humans and is not threatened by hunting or persecution . however , industrial development is a threat as an increasing number of mines , roads , and pipelines encroach on its territory and interrupt its food supply .
wolf - headed warrior , vendel era bronze plate found on öland ( late 6th - century sweden ) spiedel , michael ( 2004 ) .
using data from the large carnivore initiative for europe , researchers looked at the occurrence of brown bears ( ursus arctos ) , eurasian lynx ( lynx lynx ) , gray wolves ( canis lupus ) and wolverines ( gulo gulo ) in every european country except for ukraine , belarus , russia , and very small countries such as andorra .


the black-backed tanager ( tangara peruviana ) is a species of bird in the family thraupidae .

it is endemic to forest and shrub into south-eastern brazil .

when first described it was mistakenly believed that it originates from peru , leading to the misleading scientific name peruviana .

it is closely related to the chestnut-backed tanager , and the two have sometimes been considered conspecific .

it is threatened by habitat loss .

black - backed tanager

information on the black - backed tanager is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
with reverso you can find the french translation , definition or synonym for black backed tanager and thousands of other words . you can complete the translation of black backed tanager given by the french - english collins dictionary with other dictionaries such as : wikipedia , lexilogos , larousse dictionary , le robert , oxford , grévisse
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14 . 5 cm . distinctively patterned tanager . bluish - turquoise underparts with pale reddish - brown vent and undertail - coverts . male has chestnut head and black back . yellow - buff rump and wing - coverts . dusky wings with greenish fringes . female duller and greener , lacks black on back and has dull green wing - coverts .
hilty , s . & de juana , e . ( 2018 ) . black - backed tanager ( tangara peruviana ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
14 cm ; 18·5–25·5 g . male has crown , nape and side of head rufous - chestnut , small dark mask around lores and eye , mantle black , scapulars and back to rump . . .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
sacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .
vulnerable a2c + 3c + 4c ; c2a ( i ) ver 3 . 1
argel - de - oliveira , m . m . , bencke , g . , de luca , a . , develey , p . , martuscelli , p . , oniki , y . & willis , e .
this species has a complex distribution and undertakes some seasonal movements . clarification of these will provide an improved understanding of its actual conservation status , but currently populations appear small and fragmented , and are probably declining rapidly in response to extensive habitat loss . it is consequently listed as vulnerable .
in são paulo , paraná , santa catarina and rio grande do sul ( g . a . bencke
. 2003 , rosa and agne 2010 ) . further north , in espírito santo ( argel - de - oliveira
. 2000 ) and rio de janeiro it is primarily a non - breeding austral winter visitor in april - september , and there have also been two recent records in bahia during this season . it is generally considered not rare within suitable habitat , with periodic local fluctuations in numbers owing to seasonal movements , at least in rio de janeiro and são paulo . records from pelotas in rio grande do sul were thought to refer to the closely related
. 2003 , rosa and agne 2010 ) . however , records from buenos aires and misiones , argentina , can be more certainly attributed to
the population is estimated to number 2 , 500 - 9 , 999 mature individuals based on an assessment of known records , descriptions of abundance and range size . this is consistent with recorded population density estimates for congeners or close relatives with a similar body size , and the fact that only a proportion of the estimated extent of occurrence is likely to be occupied . this estimate is equivalent to 3 , 750 - 14 , 999 individuals in total , rounded here to 3 , 500 - 15 , 000 individuals . trend justification : a rapid population decline is suspected owing to rates of habitat loss and fragmentation within its range .
. it also visits gardens and orchards of houses close to forested areas ( a . de luca and p . develey
fruit . it is also more common in são paulo during the winter months , and scattered birds appear inland at this time ( e . o . willis and y . oniki
. all records from espírito santo are from the austral winter ( m . m . argel - de - oliveira
it is threatened by the rapid and widespread loss of restinga , largely to beach - front real - estate development and holiday centres . suitable habitat in both rio de janeiro and paraná is now largely destroyed ( p . martuscelli verbally 1994 ) .
although it occasionally appears in the illegal cage - bird trade , but this relatively minor threat could eventually compound the problem of habitat loss .
it is considered vulnerable at the national level and protected by law in brazil ( mma 2014 ) . small portions of this species ' s range occur in six protected areas , none of which is supported by effective protection .
survey to clarify the species ' s seasonal movements . enforce the protection of coastal areas in rio de janeiro and são paulo .
map updated . minor edits to geographic range text , and to seasonality coding .
( amended version of 2016 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t22722890a119557428 .
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) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :
see t . argentea . has been considered conspecific with t . preciosa ( which see ) , the two then being regarded as partially localized morphs of a single species , differing in colour of mantle and back ; polymorphism , however , not known to occur in any other member of genus and , further , differences in breeding distribution and habitat suggest that the two are best regarded as separate species . monotypic .
se brazil from espírito santo s along coast to ne rio grande do sul .
call a high thin “seeeeek” , clear and notably drawn out ; also brief high “ti . . .
apparently largely migratory . occurs in espírito santo and rio de janeiro primarily as . . .
vulnerable . restricted - range species : present in atlantic forest lowlands eba . rare and local . total population estimated at fewer than 10 , 000 individuals , and declining . no . . .
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“core tanagers” , with over 100 species , including a clade most members of which ( lophospingus , diuca , gubernatrix , paroaria ) were previously treated in emberizidae and one species ( pseudosaltator rufiventris ) previously treated in cardinalidae # r .
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recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : tangara peruviana . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
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