the long-tailed armored tree-rat , makalata macrura , is a spiny rat species from south america .

it is found in brazil , with a population in ecuador which is referable either to this species or to makalata didelphoides .

long - tailed armored tree - rat

no children of long - tailed armored tree - rat ( makalata macrura ) found .
there are no entries in long - tailed armored tree - rat forum . become the first person to post messages in this forum by using the form below !
congratulations ! you have found the long - tailed armored tree - rat forum on forum jar . this forum is a place where people who are interested in long - tailed armored tree - rat come together and discuss about long - tailed armored tree - rat . please use the message board below to post anything related to long - tailed armored tree - rat . if you are interested in other similar forums , please check out the related forums section on the right . if you like this forum , please don ' t forget to tell your friends about forum jar . important rules for using long - tailed armored tree - rat forum • no offensive words are allowed in this forum . • to prevent spams , you must not use the words
http
. com
or
/
( slashes ) in this forum . don ' t forget to check out our other forums here .
ypically found in lowland rainforest , in seasonally inundated floodplains of whitewater or blackwater rivers . it is an arboreal species ( emmons and patton 2015 ) . during a survey three of the four specimens of this species captured were taken in the tree canopy . the digestive system physiology suggests it feeds on leaves ( geise
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
considered a large form of makalata didelphoides by emmons and freer ( 1997 ) that might represent a distinct species , a hypothesis now supported by morphological and molecular evidence ( patton et al . 2000 ) .
justification : this species is listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , likely tolerance of a broad range of habitats , and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category .
this species occurs throughout the western amazon basin , including southern colombia and venezuela , eastern ecuador , and north - central peru . its range extends east through western brazil to the left bank of the lower rio negro and at least to the lower rio madeira . the geographic boundaries are poorly understood in the eastern and southern parts of its range ( fabre 2016 , emmons and patton 2015 ) .
the results of a study were unable to ascertain the true abundance of this species , it was unclear whether the trapping program failed or whether makalata macrura is rare throughout the rio jurua ( geise et al . 2001 ) . emmons and feer ( 1997 ) suggested that the species is locally common .
little is known of the biology of this species ; it is probably adaptable to secondary habitats including gardens , anywhere there is a closed canopy ; also found along stream edges ( j . patton pers . comm . ) . it is t
2001 ) . in the same survey , a single adult female was found to be pregnant with a single embryo .
pregnant females have been collected during the months of june and september ( emmons and patton 2015 ) .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
data and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish , wildlife , and plants in idaho .
this poorly - known species occurs in ecuador and peru east of the andes ( woods and kilpatrick , 2005 ) . the type locality is gualea , at 1 , 300 m , mount pichincha , in the western slopes of the andes , but this seems erroneous since all others known records are from the lowlands of the eastern side ( emmons and feer , 1997 ) .
it is an arboreal species . little is known of the behavior of this species , but it is probably similar to other members of the genus . it occurs in lowland and perhaps montane rainforest ( emmons and feer , 1997 ) .
amori , g . ( small nonvolant mammal red list authority ) & schipper , j . ( global mammal assessment team )
this species is listed as data deficient in view of continuing problems with its taxonomy as well as absence of recent information on its extent of occurrence , status and ecological requirements .
it is rare , known from fewer than 10 individuals ( emmons and feer , 1997 ) .
further studies into the distribution , habitat , ecology and threats to this species are needed .
vivar , e . & patterson , b . ( 2008 ) . pattonomys occasius . in : iucn 2008 . iucn red list of threatened species . retrieved 6 january 2009 .
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
© 2002–2012 mdi biological laboratory . all rights reserved . © 2012–2018 mdi biological laboratory & nc state university . all rights reserved . data updated june 26 , 2018 revision 15488
encyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
alert ! please do not buy anything or pay anyone on this forum . scammers have been reported on our forum . please also do not go to any links posted on here . we have been reported about links to websites that contain viruses . thank you .
carvalho , g . a . s . & salles , l . o . , 2004 : relationships among extant and fossil echimyids ( rodentia : hystricognathi ) . –zoological journal of the linnean society : vol . 142 , # 4 , pp . 445 - 477 [ doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1096 - 3642 . 2004 . 00150 . x ]
iack - ximenes , g . e . , de vivo , m . & percequillo , a . r . , 2005 : a new species of echimys cuvier , 1809 ( rodentia , echimyidae ) from brazil . –papťis avulsos de zoologia ( s„o paulo ) : vol . 45 , pp . 51 - 60 [ doi : 10 . 1590 / s0031 - 10492005000500001 ]
mckenna , m . c . & bell , s . k . , ( eds . ) 1997 : classification of mammals – above the species level . –columbia university press , new york , 1997 , xii - 631
nowak , r . m . , 1991 : walker ' s mammals of the world ; part 1 . –the johns hopkins university press , baltimore and london , 1991 , xlviii - 642 - lxiii
nowak , r . m . , 1991 : walker ' s mammals of the world ; part 2 . –the johns hopkins university press , baltimore and london , 1991 , xii - 643 - 1629


heppnerographa carchiana is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .

it is found in ecuador .

the wingspan is about 13 mm .

the ground colour of the forewings is whitish , partially suffused with brownish and weakly tinged with ferruginous in the middle area .

the markings are pale brown .

the hindwings are brownish cream , but much browner along the margins .

heppnerographa carchiana

this is the place for carchiana definition . you find here carchiana meaning , synonyms of carchiana and images for carchiana copyright 2017 © urltoken
here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word carchiana . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word carchiana and , of course , carchiana synonyms and on the right images related to the word carchiana .
heppnerographa circinnata is a species of moth of the tortricidae family which is endemic to venezuela .
have a fact about heppnerographa tricesimana ? write it here to share it with the entire community .
have a definition for heppnerographa tricesimana ? write it here to share it with the entire community .
ardisia carchiana is a species of plant in the primulaceae family . it is endemic to ecuador .
saphenista carchiana is a species of moth of the tortricidae family . it is found in ecuador . the wingspan is 12–13 mm . the ground colour of the forewings is glossy white with indistinct brownish suffusions , mainly along the basal half of the costa . . . .
popular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more
sign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .
have a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .
simply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .
dizionario di estetica - jan 1 , 2007 by p . d ' angelo g . carchia
la favola dell ' essere . commento al «sofista» - jan 1 , 1999 by gianni carchia


scutellastra kermadecensis is a species of sea snail , a true limpet , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family patellidae , one of the families of true limpets .

scutellastra kermadecensis

patellidae » scutellastra kermadecensis , id : 210062 , shell detail « shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc .
scutellastra kermadecensis ( kermadec giant limpet ) underwater photography of the kermadec giant limpet ( scutellastra kermadecensis ) by new zealand photojournalist and underwater photographer richard robinson . class : gastropoda subclass : patellogastropoda superfamily : patelloidea family : patellidae occurrence : endemic to the kermadec islands
( of patella ( scutellastra ) kermadecensis pilsbry , 1894 ) spencer , h . g . , marshall , b . a . & willan , r . c . ( 2009 ) . checklist of new zealand living mollusca . pp 196 - 219 . in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) new zealand inventory of biodiversity . volume one . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . canterbury university press , christchurch . [ details ]
koufopanou et al ( 1999 ) . a molecular phylogeny of the patellid limpets ( gastropoda : patellidae ) and its implications for the origins of their antitropical distribution mol . phylogenet . evol . 11 ( 1 ) : 138 - 156 [ details ]
marshall , b . a . ( 1981 ) . fossil collections from raoul island . appendix 1 . pp 90 - 91 in lloyd , e . f . & nathan , s . geology and tephrochronology of raoul island , kermadec group , new zealand . new zealand geological survey bulletin 95 . [ details ]
ridgeway , s . a . , reid , d . g . , taylor , j . d . , branch , g . m . & hodgson , a . n . , 1998 . a cladistic phylogeny of the family patellidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . philosophical transactions of the royal society of london , series b , 353 ( 1375 ) , 1645 - 1671 . , available online at urltoken ; = 2 & page ; = 1 & pagecount ; = 27 [ details ]
the symbols k . a . c . f . m . an . are used to indicate the geographical range of the species . they have been adopted to give an approxomation of the range of each species within new zealand .
brook , f . j . , marshall , b . a . 1998 : the coastal molluscan fauna of the northern kermadec islands , southwest pacific ocean , journal of the royal society of new zealand , 28 ( p . 214 )
ridgway , s . a . , reid , d . g . , taylor , j . d . , branch , g . m . , hodgson , a . n . 1998 : a cladistic phylogeny of the family patellidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) , philosophical transactions of the royal society , 353 ( p . 1648 )
fleming , c . a . 1973 : kermadec island giant limpet occurring fossil in new zealand , and relict distribution in the tropics , new zealand journal of marine and freshwater research , 7 ( 1 ) ( p . 160 )
oliver , w . r . b . 1914 : the mollusca of the kermadec islands , transactions and proceedings of the new zealand institute , 47 ( p . 510 )
note : localities are approximate , and represent only some of the known localities for the species .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
urltoken
version 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .
occurrence describes how often the species is found on surveys within its distribution . it is calculated as the % of reef sites surveyed by rls divers across all the ecoregions in which the species has been observed
abundance is calculated as the average number of individuals recorded per rls transect , where present .
please use this form only for a single type of error . if you see multiple errors on the page for this species , please report these in separate forms by clicking on this button again after submitting this form
thank you for highlighting this error . we appreciate your assistance in maintaining high quality control standards
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
the star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :
we want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .
enter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .
e - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .
new zealand . kermadec islands . on rocks , subtidal . ex - coll a . arthur . 1980 .
© 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 002 seconds . )
early this morning the inhabitants of the braveheart woke to the rocking and rolling of the ocean , and the ship was forced to move from boat cove on the south east coast of raoul island . a nearby weather system developed into a low as a front moved over the top of us . the wind , rain and swell increased very quickly from the south east , and we found shelter in the lee of the meyer islands .
elliott punches through the waves on dirk the tender . photo by shiraz mccormack .
the coral koru . a new candidate for the new zealand flag ? photo by ross funnell .
so we have taken the opportunity this afternoon to catch up on collating the large amount of data that we have collected , ensure all specimen labels correctly link the collections to the places where they were gathered , and to stabilise our collections for the journey home . kina and ross of the nhnz film team found a reef in denham bay sheltered enough to dive and film a boiling underwater eruption of hot gas and liquid – a reminder that we are in a very active geological area .
kina scollay awaits the next eruption in the hazy , heated water . photo by ross funnell .
by the end of the day . we were back at boat cove where we started , having been chased all the way around the island by the ever changing wind and swell , and the occassional playful dolphins . hopefully tomorrow’s condition will be more settled and condusive to science and filming .
for 21 days home for the crew is the rv braveheart . the 39 metre long vessel has visited the kermadecs many times before as well as other parts of the pacific & southern oceans .


orbicella is a genus of stony corals in the merulinidae family .

the orbicella species complex comprises three sister species , namely orbicella faveolata , orbicella annularis and orbicella franksi , all of which are shallow-water , zooxanthellate species and are native to the tropical western atlantic ocean , the caribbean sea and the gulf of mexico .

these corals are ubiquitous in the caribbean .

their similar colony morphologies misled scientists to historically lump them into a single species , montastraea annularis , which included three morphotypes “ bumpy ” , “ columnar ” and “ massive ” .

these growth forms were believed to arise as a response to abiotic factors ( e.g. , depth , light availability ) .

this taxonomic classification was challenged by further ecological , reproductive , genetic , and morphologic evidence , which led to the re-description of three separate species , montastraea faveolata ( massive ) , m. annularis ( columnar ) and m. franksi ( bumpy ) .

a taxonomic revision published in 2012 established that the “ montastraea annularis species complex ” formed a separate clade now in the genus orbicella with three species names ( o. faveolata , o. annularis , o. franksi ) .

o. annularis and o. faveolata are commonly called the boulder star coral and the mountainous star coral , respectively .

orbicella

variety orbicella annularis var . guineensis gravier , 1909 accepted as orbicella annularis ( ellis & solander , 1786 ) ( synonym )
long - term changes in symbiodinium communities in orbicella annularis in st . john , us virgin islands
table 1 . sequence overview , statistics , and gene expression in healthy and wpd affected samples of orbicella faveolata .
supplementary data 7 . differentially abundant bacterial gene functions ( fdr < 0 . 1 ) between healthy and diseased orbicella samples .
until recently orbicella was classified as part of the montastrea family . you can still find this coral listed as montastrea faveolata , however , the current description is orbicella . you may still find this coral listed as montastrea especially in older printed coral guides .
there are three species of orbicella . o . faveolata , o . annularis , and o . franksi . don’t worry if you can’t tell the three apart just yet . if this is your first time trying to identify orbicella , instead focus on identifying the polyps and corallites . once you’re a master at spotting orbicella , start trying to notice the difference between the three species .
this orbicella colony lives inside a shallow valley around 42 feet ( 14m ) deep , further down the valley you can find smaller colonies . the
what made you want to look up orbicella ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .
orbicella is an important reef - building species . once the coral dies , the skeleton becomes live rock where other species can attach . throughout most of the caribbean , colonies can be a few inches across to several feet wide and high , but here in tela , orbicella colonies have grown to epic proportion .
orbicella faveolata is an important reef - building coral that forms large mountainous colonies . juvenile corals are rather mundane , while adult colonies can grow to an impressive size .
s2 fig . photochemical efficiency , measured as yield ( f v / f m ) of orbicella faveolata fragments infected with black band disease over the 16 day experiment .
supplementary data 2 . orbicella faveolata holobiont polya + transcriptome assembly ( 67 , 593 genes , min : 200 bp , max : 5212 bp , n50 : 656 bp ) .
figure 1 . overview of transcriptional response and affected biological processes in the orbicella faveolata coral holobiont in white plague disease . the number of differentially expressed eukaryotic and differentially abundant bacterial genes are shown for each holobiont compartment .
supplementary data 4 . eukaryotic differentially expressed genes ( fdr < 0 . 1 ) between healthy and diseased orbicella faveolata samples . fungal retroelement - and antioxidant - associated genes in the “other” compartment are indicated in bold .
orbicella grows by encrusting . a new colony can start from a single polyp which grows outward from the base . you can see a slightly lighter color on the growing edge of the colony where new polyps are emerging .
here the orbicella coral has found the ideal habitat . it is protected from storms , and has room to grow slowly without much competition . with each new polyp the colony grows stronger with no signs of slowing down .
at this point , tiny orbicella colonies can be transplanted back to the reef . as they grow their skeletons add a considerable mass to the reef , and over time they can help stabilize loose rocks or decaying reef structure .
supplementary data 9 . dgge - pcr gel image of symbiodinium its2 profiles for healthy ( hh ) and wpd - affected ( dd ) orbicella faveolata coral specimens . diagnostic bands are marked with the symbiodinium clade type and indicate the algal symbionts for these samples .
the common name for this coral is mountainous star coral because of it’s size and that it creates characteristic peaks and ridges like a mountain . polyps are small usually 5mm across . when polyps are retracted orbicella corallites have tiny grooves giving it a star like appearance .
this phenomenon of big old orbicella colonies is not unique to tela as other large colonies of star coral have been document in the caribbean . the difference with this colony is that it’s still intact and has not sustained any visible sign of bleaching or storm damage .
citation : muller em , leporacci nm , macartney kj , shea ag , crane re , hall er , et al . ( 2017 ) low ph reduces the virulence of black band disease on orbicella faveolata . plos one 12 ( 6 ) : e0178869 . urltoken
orbicella faveolata ( mountainous star coral ) is a common coral found in the caribbean . for the most part , colonies are a rather drab brown , green or gray color . you won’t find this coral in any psychedelic colors and it’s easy to overlook this unassuming species .
supplementary data 3 . orbicella faveolata holobiont polya + transcriptome annotation ( 67 , 593 genes ) . blastx matches ( < 1e −5 ) in swissprot ( 14 , 887 ) and trembl ( additional 5751 ) databases annotated 20 , 638 genes ( 30 . 5 % ) .
orbicella grows into thick hardy colonies which make the ideal candidate for fragmentation and coral restoration . small 15 - 20mm fragments can be cut from adult colonies using a diamond band saw . these fragments can be glued onto ceramic frag plugs and grown in saltwater until they double or triple in size .
orbicella is coral which could be overlooked . from a few meters away you might think this coral is just a rock , or simply consider it as part of the reef . divers are often more focused on looking for fish , turtles , rays , and eels than trying to describe coral .
settlement of orbicella faveolata planulae ( mean % settled per chamber ± 1 s . e . ) in cultures deployed at each experimental reef site ( n = 6 , pooled results from two trials ) . letters above bars indicate significant differences ( p < 0 . 01 ) between values based on tukey’s hsd test .
( of orbicella annularis var . guineensis gravier , 1909 ) gravier , c . ( 1909 ) . madréporaires des îles san thomé et du prince ( golfe de guinée ) . annales de l ' institut océanographique de monaco . 1 ( 2 ) , 1 - 28 , pls . 1 - 9 . [ details ]
the giant orbicella coral in tela is over 23 feet ( 7m ) wide and 13 feet ( 4m ) high . the only explanation for this imposing colony is that it has been living here for a very long time . one scientist who visited tela , dr . judith lang , estimated this colony was here before columbus arrived in honduras .
the coral reef in tela honduras is dominated by never ending ridges of thin agaricia coral , and to eke out a living , any competing species have to adopt a strength in numbers approach for survival . a lone colony of orbicella would quickly loose its position on the reef to the relatively quick growing agaricia , so sticking together to form a giant colony is the way to go .
this large coral is located inside a shallow valley between two coral ridges between the mushroom and aldrid dive site . the top of the coral is at 32 feet ( 10m ) and the bottom of the coral around 46 feet ( 14m ) deep . the coral is protected inside this channel and as you swim through the area you can find smaller colonies of orbicella around half the size living in the same valley .
aurantimonas coralicida and thalassomonas loyana were independently confirmed as wpd pathogens in different coral species and geographic locations ( denner et al . , 2003 ; thompson et al . , 2006 ) . however , recent surveys of colonies showing wpd signs failed to identify either bacterial pathogen ( pantos et al . , 2003 ; barash et al . , 2005 ; sunagawa et al . , 2009 ; cárdenas et al . , 2012 ; roder et al . , 2014a ) . roder et al . ( 2014a ) recently described similar bacterial profiles in two coral genera ( porites and pavona ) that exhibited wpd - like signs in thailand . subsequent comparisons to caribbean samples ( orbicella faveolata and orbicella franksi ) suggest a conserved disease microbiome across oceans ( roder et al . , 2014b ) , supporting a view that bacterial community changes are likely a result of opportunistic bacteria induced by environmental stressors that compromise coral immunity ( lesser , 2007 ) . in addition to ongoing studies targeting bacterial community changes during wpd progression ( sunagawa et al . , 2009 ; cárdenas et al . , 2012 ; roder et al . , 2014a , b ) , a recent metagenomic survey of orbicella annularis found distinct viral communities associated with healthy , wpd - affected , and bleached samples ( soffer et al . , 2014 ) . but causation still remains elusive and few studies have addressed coral holobiont response to disease . using a combination of 16s and cdna microarrays , closek et al . ( 2014 ) found an increase in microbial diversity in yellow band disease ( ybd ) - infected colonies and reduced expression of defense - and metabolism - related genes in the coral host orbicella faveolata [ formerly monstastraea faveolata ( budd et al . , 2012 ) ] .
closek , c . j . , sunagawa , s . , desalvo , m . k . , piceno , y . m . , desantis , t . z . , brodie , e . l . , et al . ( 2014 ) . coral transcriptome and bacterial community profiles reveal distinct yellow band disease states in orbicella faveolata . isme j . 8 , 2411–2422 . doi : 10 . 1038 / ismej . 2014 . 85
the large blue rectangles represent the 27 c raceway treatments and the large red rectangles represent the 30c raceway treatments . the small black rectangles represent the 5 gallon glass aquaria that each contain a single colony of orbicella faveolata ( green circles ) infected with black band ( black circles ) . the color within each aquaria represents the different ph treatmtents ; green represents 8 . 1 ph and the peach represents 7 . 7 ph . the distribution of ph treatments were randomly distributed among tanks . each aquaria also contained a heater to maintain temperature within the tank and a powerhead to maintain water flow .
in addition to increasing water temperatures , there is a predicted decrease in oceanic ph under future climate change scenarios [ 20 ] . the impact of decreasing ph on black band disease dynamics is unknown . the objectives of the present study were to i ) quantify the effects of temperature and ph on the virulence of black band disease infecting orbicella faveolata , ii ) determine whether different temperature and ph conditions changed the photochemical efficiency of the coral - host symbiosis , and iii ) characterize the change in bacterial communities within the coral host as well as the black band bacterial consortium under different ph and temperature conditions .
black band is a deadly coral disease found worldwide , which may become more virulent as oceanic conditions continue to change . to determine the effects of climate change and ocean acidification on black band disease virulence , orbicella faveolata corals with black band were exposed to different temperature and ph conditions . results showed a significant decrease in disease progression under low ph ( 7 . 7 ) conditions . low ph also altered the relative abundance of the bacterial community of the black band disease consortium . here , there was a significant decrease in roseofilum , the cyanobacterium that typically dominates the black band mat . these results indicate that as oceanic ph decreases so may the virulence of a worldwide coral disease .
the present investigation expands the bioinformatic resources available for the study of orbicella faveolata and its physiological responses to stress and disease . the reference transcriptome generated here was annotated with gene ontologies , kegg orthologies , and kegg pathways . immune cell development , migration , and intracellular microbial sensing pathways were emphasized to highlight aspects of the coral immune system that remain poorly characterized to date . phylogenetic and domain architecture analyses revealed several new members of the wnt and dicer - like protein families , and pathway analysis revealed significant coverage of gene sets for notch , nod - like receptor , and rig - like receptor pathways . together , the results of this work provide new bioinformatic data for o . faveolata and an in - depth analysis of evolutionarily conserved aspects of the coral innate immune system .
glowing corals : like a forest canopy , the branched corals can scatter and absorb light at multiple levels . in this study , branching corals scattered light over such a large area that the researchers could not measure it with their detector . coral colonies that form flat structures ( not shown ) , such as echinopora lamellosa , also have high scattering . like solar panels , flat structures allow coral to maximize absorption of light coming from above ; they also permit scattering of light among the colony’s polyps . this inter - polyp light sharing also occurs in coral species that form massive colonies , which have moderate scattering . the phaceloid corals have low scattering ; their thick , upright walls prevent them from sharing light among polyps . ( branched coral : pocillopora damicornis ; massive coral : orbicella faveolata ; phaceloid coral : eusmilia fastigiata )
map depicting proportions of symbiodinium b ( blue colours ) , c ( yellow ) and d ( black ) types , and combinations ( stripes ) hosted by orbicella annularis populations at 33 sites ( identified with letters ; see table 1 for site information ) across the caribbean and the bahamas . only dominant types ( or combinations of types ) are represented ; unk = unknown type . pie chart size reflects colony sample size ( minimum 11 , maximum 24 , total n = 632 ) , numbers in parentheses indicate proportion of total colonies that each type was dominant in . more blue ( clade b ) is apparent in the northwest , with more mixed assemblages dominated by clade c ( yellow ) in the southeast . inset : pie chart representing clade types found hosted by o . annularis for the entire wider caribbean area .
2014 levitan , d . r . , w . boudreau , j . jara and n . knowlton . long - term reproductive consequences of bleaching stress on the caribbean corals of the orbicella ( formerly montastraea ) annularis species complex . marine ecology progress series 515 : 1 - 10 [ pdf ] . 2012 fogarty , n . d . , m . lowenberg , m . n . ojima , n . knowlton and d . r . levitan . asymmetric conspecific sperm precedence in relation to spawning times in the montastraea annularis species complex ( cnidaria : scleractinia ) . journal of evolutionary biology 25 : 2481 - 2488 [ pdf ] . 2012 fogarty , n . d . ; s . v . vollmer , and d . r . levitan . weak prezygotic isolating mechanisms in threatened caribbean acropora corals . plos one 7 : e30486 [ pdf ] . 2011 levitan , d . r . , n . d . fogarty , j . jara , k . e . lotterhos , and n . knowlton . genetic , spatial , and temporal components of precise spawning synchrony in reef building corals of the montastraea annularis species complex . evolution 65 :
the physiological performance of a reef - building coral is a combined outcome of both the coral host and its algal endosymbionts , symbiodinium . while orbicella annularis —a dominant reef - building coral in the wider caribbean—is known to be a flexible host in terms of the diversity of symbiodinium types it can associate with , it is uncertain how this diversity varies across the caribbean , and whether spatial variability in the symbiont community is related to either o . annularis genotype or environment . here , we target the symbiodinium - its2 gene to characterize and map dominant symbiodinium hosted by o . annularis at an unprecedented spatial scale . we reveal northwest–southeast partitioning across the caribbean , both in terms of the dominant symbiont taxa hosted and in assemblage diversity . multivariate regression analyses incorporating a suite of environmental and genetic factors reveal that observed spatial patterns are predominantly explained by chronic thermal stress ( summer temperatures ) and are unrelated to host genotype . furthermore , we were able to associate the presence of specific symbiodinium types with local environmental drivers ( for example , symbiodinium c7 with areas experiencing cooler summers , b1j with nutrient loading and b17 with turbidity ) , associations that have not previously been described .
coral populations , and the productive reef ecosystems they support , rely on successful recruitment of reef - building species , beginning with settlement of dispersing larvae into habitat favourable to survival . many substrate cues have been identified as contributors to coral larval habitat selection ; however , the potential for ambient acoustic cues to influence coral settlement responses is unknown . using in situ settlement chambers that excluded other habitat cues , larval settlement of a dominant caribbean reef - building coral , orbicella faveolata , was compared in response to three local soundscapes , with differing acoustic and habitat properties . differences between reef sites in the number of larvae settled in chambers isolating acoustic cues corresponded to differences in sound levels and reef characteristics , with sounds at the loudest reef generating significantly higher settlement during trials compared to the quietest site ( a 29 . 5 % increase ) . these results suggest that soundscapes could be an important influence on coral settlement patterns and that acoustic cues associated with reef habitat may be related to larval settlement . this study reports an effect of soundscape variation on larval settlement for a key coral species , and adds to the growing evidence that soundscapes affect marine ecosystems by influencing early life history processes of foundational species .
the present study was conducted in the outdoor wetlab facilities at mote tropical research laboratory ( trl ) in summerland key , florida from july 10 th 2013 to july 26 th 2013 , for a total of 16 days . prior to the onset of the experiment , thirty two fragments of orbicella faveolata , each approximately 10 x 10 cm in size , were collected from the florida keys national marine sanctuary coral rescue nursery ( permit : fknms - 2013 - 095 ) , where corals are held and maintained for scientific purposes . corals were transported to trl immediately after collection , individually placed within five gallon tanks , and allowed to acclimate for three days . to conduct artificial inoculations of black band disease , samples of active black band mats were collected from naturally existing infections on o . faveolata at wonderland reef ( 24 . 54794 n 81 . 45700 w ) using individual sterile plastic blunt - tip 60 ml syringes while on scuba . the black band disease samples were stored in a cooler maintained at ambient seawater temperature and transported back to the laboratory for immediate inoculations . coral fragments were wounded by scraping away tissue from a single polyp of each o . faveolata colony with a sterile razor blade . each coral was infected by placing ~ 0 . 03 grams of the black - band mat directly onto the wound site .
actualmente las tres especies aquí mencionadas montastrea annularis , franski , y faveolata son asignadas comúnmente al género orbicella . las colonias son masivas y grandes , la superficie usualmente sirve de soporte a pequeños montículos y protuberancias . los cálices son pequeños ( alrededor de 5 mm de diámetro ) y están regularmente separados cubriendo toda la superficie de la colonia . normalmente presenta una coloración café pálida , pero puede ser brillante , verde fluorescente sobre café oscuro . las características que distinguen a las 3 especies de montrastraea con pequeños cálices son : m . annularis - colonias densamente agrupadas , con nódulos o columnas separados y superficies lisas e irregulares . normalmente los bordes no presentan crecimiento . m . franksi – la superficie presenta protuberancias dispersas , las cuales consisten de pólipos prominentes e irregulares – el color moteado se asocia a las protuberancias . la forma general es de láminas y montículos abultados e irregulares . los bordes de crecimiento presentan tanto cálices grandes como pequeños . m . faveolata – colonias masivas con proyecciones orientadas hacia el exterior , las cuales normalmente se observan dispuestas en líneas que corren a lo largo de los lados de las colonias pero sin nódulos o columnas separados . la pared de los coralitos es vertical en comparación con la forma de ‘volcán’ de las otras dos especies . los cálices en los bordes de crecimiento se encuentran separados de manera regular .
climate change - driven coral disease outbreaks have led to widespread declines in coral populations . early work on coral genomics established that corals have a complex innate immune system , and whole - transcriptome gene expression studies have revealed mechanisms by which the coral immune system responds to stress and disease . the present investigation expands bioinformatic data available to study coral molecular physiology through the assembly and annotation of a reference transcriptome of the caribbean reef - building coral , orbicella faveolata . samples were collected during a warm water thermal anomaly , coral bleaching event and caribbean yellow band disease outbreak in 2010 in puerto rico . multiplex sequencing of rna on the illumina gaiix platform and de novo transcriptome assembly by trinity produced 70 , 745 , 177 raw short - sequence reads and 32 , 463 o . faveolata transcripts , respectively . the reference transcriptome was annotated with gene ontologies , mapped to kegg pathways , and a predicted proteome of 20 , 488 sequences was generated . protein families and signaling pathways that are essential in the regulation of innate immunity across phyla were investigated in - depth . results were used to develop models of evolutionarily conserved wnt , notch , rig - like receptor , nod - like receptor , and dicer signaling . o . faveolata is a coral species that has been studied widely under climate - driven stress and disease , and the present investigation provides new data on the genes that putatively regulate its immune system .
white plague disease ( wpd ) is implicated in coral reef decline in the caribbean and is characterized by microbial community shifts in coral mucus and tissue . studies thus far have focused on assessing microbial communities or the identification of specific pathogens , yet few have addressed holobiont response across metaorganism compartments in coral disease . here , we report on the first metatranscriptomic assessment of the coral host , algal symbiont , and microbial compartment in order to survey holobiont structure and function in healthy and diseased samples from orbicella faveolata collected at reef sites off puerto rico . our data indicate holobiont - wide as well as compartment - specific responses to wpd . gene expression changes in the diseased coral host involved proteins playing a role in innate immunity , cytoskeletal integrity , cell adhesion , oxidative stress , chemical defense , and retroelements . in contrast , the algal symbiont showed comparatively few expression changes , but of large magnitude , of genes related to stress , photosynthesis , and metal transport . concordant with the coral host response , the bacterial compartment showed increased abundance of heat shock proteins , genes related to oxidative stress , dna repair , and potential retroelement activity . importantly , analysis of the expressed bacterial gene functions establishes the participation of multiple bacterial families in wpd pathogenesis and also suggests a possible involvement of viruses and / or phages in structuring the bacterial assemblage . in this study , we implement an experimental approach to partition the coral holobiont and resolve compartment - and taxa - specific responses in order to understand metaorganism function in coral disease .
there was no significant difference in the bacterial community of the coral tissue / mucus among the different treatments suggesting that the change in black band virulence under low ph conditions cannot be explained by the bacterial community of the host . one particular treatment , the high temperature and control ph treatment , however , did separate out distinctly from the other three treatments within the nmds biplot . an examination of the major bacterial classes show decreased levels of rhodobacters under the high temperature and control ph treatment with a concomitant increase in clostridiales and flavobacteria . rhodobacters have been associated with tissue - loss diseases within corals [ 34 ] . for example , an increase in rhodobacter bacteria was detected within samples of the coral disease white plague on orbicella faveolata , but was also found within healthy corals indicating a potential increase of opportunistic commensals under certain conditions [ 35 ] . high levels of alphaproteobacteria were also detected within two different coral species showing signs of white plague , diploria strigosa and siderastrea siderea , which was primarily the result of increased abundances of rhodobacters [ 36 ] . alternatively , some genera of rhodobacters , such as roseobacter , have been identified as beneficial bacteria , important for the settlement and general health of the coral host [ 37 ] . however , within the present study roseobacter was found in low abundances within the corals sampled regardless of the treatment condition . within the present study , a reduction of rhodobacters only under high temperature and control ph conditions may suggest sensitivity to temperature , which is then mitigated under low ph conditions .
in conjunction with transcriptomic alterations implicated in antiviral defense and phage interaction in wpd , we also observed expression of genes associated with retroelement ( i . e . , retrotransposons and retrons ) activity across multiple compartments . although previously detected in heat stressed corals and healthy / wpd metagenomes ( desalvo et al . , 2008 ; garcia et al . , 2013 ) , we resolved differential expression of genes involved in retroelement regulation to associations with coral , fungal , and bacterial members of the orbicella holobiont . tdrd9 is an atpase / dexh - type helicase involved in germline defense in hydra and higher eukaryotes ( shoji et al . , 2009 ; lim et al . , 2014 ) and its downregulation has been shown to increase line - 1 retrotransposon expression and demethylation , leading to male sterility ( shoji et al . , 2009 ) . our data corroborate these findings , where repression of a tdrd9 homolog in the coral compartment was noted along with meiotic arrest and spermatogenic impairment signatures in response to wpd ( supplementary data 4 ) suggesting deleterious impacts on coral development and reproductive capacity of diseased coral colonies . additionally , increased line - 1 expression induces innate antiviral responses in several human autoimmune diseases ( madigan et al . , 2012 ; volkman and stetson , 2014 ) . given the upregulation of ddx60 in diseased corals , we cannot rule out that wpd may inadvertently promote coral immune detection of these endogenous retroelements . another possibility is that ddx60 is sensing complementary viral dna , which is produced by some rna viruses that harness retrotransposon reverse transcriptase during line - 1 expression in infected human cells ( shimizu et al . , 2014 ) , but further inquiry is necessary to confirm this mechanism in an invertebrate system .
dana , j . d . ( 1846 - 1849 ) . zoophytes . united states exploring expedition during the years 1838 - 1842 . lea and blanchard , philadelphia . 7 : 1 - 740 , 61 pls . ( 1846 : 1 - 120 , 709 - 720 ; 1848 : 121 - 708 , 721 - 740 ; 1849 : atlas pls . 1 - 61 ) . [ details ]
hoeksema , b . w . ; cairns , s . ( 2018 ) . world list of scleractinia .
budd , a . f . , fukami , h . , smith , n . d . & knowlton , n . 2012 . taxonomic classification of the reef coral family mussidae ( cnidaria : anthozoa : scleractinia . zoological journal of the linnean society 166 : 465–529 . [ details ]
huang d , benzoni f , fukami h , knowlton n , smith nd , budd af ( 2014 ) taxonomic classification of the reef coral families merulinidae , montastraeidae , and diploastraeidae ( cnidaria : anthozoa : scleractinia ) . zoological journal of the linnean society 171 : 277–355 . [ details ]
ellis , j . ; solander , d . ( 1786 ) . the natural history of many curious and uncommon zoophytes , collected from various parts of the globe . systematically arranged and described by the late daniel solander . 4 . ( benjamin white & son : london ) : 1 - 206 , pls 1 - 63 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of montastraea faveolata ( ellis & solander , 1786 ) ) ellis , j . ; solander , d . ( 1786 ) . the natural history of many curious and uncommon zoophytes , collected from various parts of the globe . systematically arranged and described by the late daniel solander . 4 . ( benjamin white & son : london ) : 1 - 206 , pls 1 - 63 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of montastraea faveolata ( ellis & solander , 1786 ) ) cairns , s . d . ; hoeksema , b . w . & van der land , j . ( 2007 ) . as a contribution to unesco - ioc register of marine organisms . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of montastraea faveolata ( ellis & solander , 1786 ) ) cairns , s . d . , jaap , w . c . , and j . c . lang . 2009 . scleractinia ( cnidaria ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 333–347 in felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico–origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . [ details ]
( of montastraea faveolata ( ellis & solander , 1786 ) ) weil e , knowlton n ( 1994 ) a multi character analysis of the caribbean coral montastraea annularis ( ellis and solander , 1786 ) and its two sibling species , m . faveolata ( ellis and solander , 1786 ) and m . franski ( gregory , 1895 ) . bulletin of marine science 55 : 151–175 . [ details ]
( of montastraea faveolata ( ellis & solander , 1786 ) ) humann p , deloach n ( 2002 ) reef coral identification florida caribbean bahamas . new world publications , jacksonville , florida , pp . 1 - 287 . [ details ]
the in - situ growth rate of the reef coral montastrea annularis on a reef at jamaica , w . indies was determined for a 1 - year period using alizarin red - s staining techniques . growth rate is correlated with water depth and growth form . the flattened growth form of m . annularis allows for continued rapid increase in colony surface area at low light intensities . the geomorphology of jamaican reefs may in part be controlled by the population ecology of m . annularis .
these keywords were added by machine and not by the authors . this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .
barnes , d . j . : the structure and formation of growth ridges in scleractinian coral skeletons . proc . r . soc .
dana , j . d . : corals and coral islands , 398 pp . new york : dodd mead & co . 1890
goreau , t . f . : the physiology of skeleton formation in corals . i . a method for measuring the rate of calcium deposition by corals under different conditions . biol . bull . mar . biol . lab . , woods hole
— : calcium carbonate deposition by coralline algae and corals in relation to their roles as reef - builders . ann . n . y . acad . sci .
goreau , t . f . and w . d . hartman : boring sponges as controlling factors in the formation and maintenance of coral reefs .
: mechanisms of hard tissue destruction , pp 25–54 . ed . by r . f . songnnaes . washington ( publs am . ass . advmt sci . 75 ) 1963
goreau , t . f . and l . s . land : fore reef morphology and depositional processes , north jamaica . reef symp . , spec . publs 44th a . meet . , soc . econ . paleont , miner . , calgary , canada ( 1973 )
: marine ecology , vol . 1 . environmetal factors , pt 1 . pp 95–102 . ed . by o . kinne . london : wiley - interscience 1970
kawaguti , s . : on the physiology of reef corals . 2 . the effect of light on color and form of reef corals . palao trop . biol . stn stud .
— and d . sakamoto : the effect of light on the calcium deposition of corals . bull . oceanogr . inst . taiwan
kinzie , r . a . : the zonation of west indian gorgonians . bull . mar . sci .
lang , j . c . : interspecific aggression within the scleractinian reef corals , 80 pp . ph . d . thesis , yale university 1970
lewis , j . b . , f . axelsen , i . goodbody , c . page and g . chislett : comparative growth rates of some reef corals in the caribbean . manuscr . rep . mar . sci . cent . mcgill univ .
loya , y . : community structure and species diversity of hermatypic corals at eilat , red sea . mar . biol .
manton , s . and t . a . stephenson : ecological surveys of coral reefs . scient . rep . gt barrier reef exped .
pearse , v . b . and l . muscatine : role of symbiotic algae ( zooxanthellae ) in coral calcification . biol . bull . mar . biol . lab . , woods hole
porter , j . w . : patterns of species diversity in caribbean reef corals . ecology
lamark in relation to submarine radiance distribution , 72 pp . utrecht : durkkerij , elinkwijk 1967
shinn , e . a . : coral reef recovery in florida and the persian gulf . , spec . rep . envirl conserv . dep . shell oil co . 1–9 ( 1972 )
stephenson , t . a . and a . stephenson : growth and asexual reproduction in corals . scient . rep . gt barrier reef exped .
vandermeulen , j . h . , n . d . davis and l . muscatine : the effects of inhibitors of photosynthesis on zooxanthellae in corals and other marine invertebrates . mar . biol .
vaughan , v . w . : the geological significance of the growth rate of the floridian and bahamian shoal - water corals . j . nat . acad . sci .
: treatise on invertebrate paleontology . part f , the coelenterata , pp 328–444 . ed . by r . c . moore . lawrence : geological society of america & university of kansas 1956
wood - jones , f . : on the growth forms and supposed species in corals . proc . zool . soc . lond . 1–518 ( 1907 )
yonge , c . m . : the biologoy of reef - building corals . scient . rep . gt . barrier reef exped .
— : the nature of reef - building ( hermatypic ) corals . bull . mar . sci .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
zoological journal of the linnean society ( journal , magazine , 1969 ) [ worldcat . org ]
your web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .
your list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .
note : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .
the e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .
the e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .
i thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : zoological journal of the linnean society publisher : london [ etc . ] : academic press , 1969 - isbn / issn : 0024 - 4082 oclc : 1039250275
please choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .
you may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .
zoological journal of the linnean society / linnean society of london . ; london [ etc . ] : academic press , 1969 -
worldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more ››
don ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .
copyright © 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved
enter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user
guide to scientific products , instruments and services : science innovation ; meeting abstracts ( journal , magazine , 1992 ) [ worldcat . org ]
i thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : guide to scientific products , instruments and services : science innovation ; meeting abstracts publisher : washington , dc : assoc . , 1992 - 1993 . isbn / issn : 0036 - 8075 oclc : 183350662
add tags for
guide to scientific products , instruments and services : science innovation ; meeting abstracts
.
( of montastraea annularis ( ellis & solander , 1786 ) ) ellis , j . ; solander , d . ( 1786 ) . the natural history of many curious and uncommon zoophytes , collected from various parts of the globe . systematically arranged and described by the late daniel solander . 4 . ( benjamin white & son : london ) : 1 - 206 , pls 1 - 63 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of montastrea annularis ( ellis & solander , 1786 ) ) ellis , j . ; solander , d . ( 1786 ) . the natural history of many curious and uncommon zoophytes , collected from various parts of the globe . systematically arranged and described by the late daniel solander . 4 . ( benjamin white & son : london ) : 1 - 206 , pls 1 - 63 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of heliastrea annularis ( ellis & solander , 1786 ) ) ellis , j . ; solander , d . ( 1786 ) . the natural history of many curious and uncommon zoophytes , collected from various parts of the globe . systematically arranged and described by the late daniel solander . 4 . ( benjamin white & son : london ) : 1 - 206 , pls 1 - 63 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of madrepora annularis ellis & solander , 1786 ) ellis , j . ; solander , d . ( 1786 ) . the natural history of many curious and uncommon zoophytes , collected from various parts of the globe . systematically arranged and described by the late daniel solander . 4 . ( benjamin white & son : london ) : 1 - 206 , pls 1 - 63 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of astrea annularis ( ellis & solander , 1786 ) ) ellis , j . ; solander , d . ( 1786 ) . the natural history of many curious and uncommon zoophytes , collected from various parts of the globe . systematically arranged and described by the late daniel solander . 4 . ( benjamin white & son : london ) : 1 - 206 , pls 1 - 63 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
verrill , a . e . ( 1864 ) . list of the polyps and corals sent by the museum of comparative zoology to other institutions in exchange , with annotations . bulletin of the museum of comparative zoology . 1 : 29 - 60 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of montastraea annularis ( ellis & solander , 1786 ) ) cairns , s . d . ; hoeksema , b . w . & van der land , j . ( 2007 ) . as a contribution to unesco - ioc register of marine organisms . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of montastraea annularis ( ellis & solander , 1786 ) ) cairns , s . d . , jaap , w . c . , and j . c . lang . 2009 . scleractinia ( cnidaria ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 333–347 in felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico–origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . [ details ]
( of montastraea annularis ( ellis & solander , 1786 ) ) weil e , knowlton n ( 1994 ) a multi character analysis of the caribbean coral montastraea annularis ( ellis and solander , 1786 ) and its two sibling species , m . faveolata ( ellis and solander , 1786 ) and m . franski ( gregory , 1895 ) . bulletin of marine science 55 : 151–175 . [ details ]
( of montastraea annularis ( ellis & solander , 1786 ) ) humann p , deloach n ( 2002 ) reef coral identification florida caribbean bahamas . new world publications , jacksonville , florida , pp . 1 - 287 . [ details ]
( of heliastrea annularis ( ellis & solander , 1786 ) ) verrill , a . e . ( 1864 ) . list of the polyps and corals sent by the museum of comparative zoology to other institutions in exchange , with annotations . bulletin of the museum of comparative zoology . 1 : 29 - 60 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of astrea annularis ( ellis & solander , 1786 ) ) verrill , a . e . ( 1864 ) . list of the polyps and corals sent by the museum of comparative zoology to other institutions in exchange , with annotations . bulletin of the museum of comparative zoology . 1 : 29 - 60 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of montastrea annularis ( ellis & solander , 1786 ) ) veron jen . ( 2000 ) . corals of the world . vol . 1–3 . australian institute of marine science and crr , queensland , australia . [ details ]
a multi - character analysis of the caribbean coral montastraea ann . . . : ingenta connect
the bulletin of marine science is dedicated to the dissemination of high quality research from the world ' s oceans . all aspects of marine science are treated by the bulletin of marine science , including papers in marine biology , biological oceanography , fisheries , marine affairs , applied marine physics , marine geology and geophysics , marine and atmospheric chemistry , and meteorology and physical oceanography .
ingenta . article copyright remains with the publisher , society or author ( s ) as specified within the article .
website makes use of cookies so as to keep track of data that you have filled in .
even divemasters and instructors will tend to know the perfect hideouts where to spot these critters , while not being able to name a handful of coral species . i myself was guilty of this which is what inspired me to write about coral identification .
the coral diaries series is a list of corals we have seen while diving around the world . we’ve created this series so that you can learn more about corals , and how to identify them on the reef . we encourage you to send us your coral pictures and leave a comment in the section below to learn more about the interesting species you’ve found while diving .
nicole ( nikki ) helgason is a padi dive instructor with ten years of professional dive experience . nicole has taught scuba diving and managed dive centers around the world . nicole has a bachelors degree in coastal geography from the university of victoria and is passionate about coral reefs .
it’s hard to imagine just how big this colony is without seeing it for yourself and colonies like that can help shine a spotlight on these important reef building corals .
love words ? you must — there are over 200 , 000 words in our free online dictionary , but you are looking for one that’s only in the merriam - webster unabridged dictionary .
the story of an imaginary word that managed to sneak past our editors and enter the dictionary .
take this quiz and discover 12 words for things you didn ' t know had words .
prior to 1994 , the wide variability exhibited in the appearance of montastraea annularis was attributed to the different environmental conditions in which it occurs ( 3 ) . however , scientists have since discovered that it actually comprises a species complex that can be divided into three distinct species : the type specimen , m . annularis , together with two newly described species , m . faveolata and m . franksi ( 1 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) .
like other colony - forming corals , colonies of m . annularis are composed of numerous small polyps , which are soft - bodied animals , related to anemones . each polyp bears numerous tentacles that direct food into a central mouth , where it is digested in a sac - like body cavity . one of the most remarkable and ecologically important features of corals is that the polyps secrete a hard skeleton , called a ‘corallite’ , which over successive generations contributes to the formation of a coral reef . the coral skeleton forms the bulk of the colony , with the living polyp tissue comprising only a thin veneer ( 4 ) . in m . annularis , the colonies are formed by long , thick columns , with only the top parts supporting living tissue . the colour of the living colonies is usually golden brown to tan , but sometimes appears grey or green ( 3 ) .
like many coral species , m . annularis is zooxanthellate , which means that its tissues contain large numbers of single - celled algae called zooxanthellae . the coral and the algae have a symbiotic relationship , in which the algae gain a stable environment within the coral ' s tissues , while the coral receives nutrients produced by the algae through photosynthesis . by harnessing the sun ' s energy in this way , corals are able to grow rapidly and form vast reef structures , but are constrained to live near the water surface ( 4 ) . while , on average , zooxanthellate coral can obtain around 70 percent of its nutrient requirements from zooxanthellae photosynthesis , the coral may also feed on zooplankton ( 5 ) .
this common species occurs in the caribbean , the gulf of mexico , florida , the bahamas , and bermuda ( 1 ) .
montastraea annularis is found at shallow and intermediate depths , from 1 to 20 metres ( 3 ) .
classified as endangered ( en ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) and listed on appendix ii of cites ( 2 ) .
around one third of the world’s reef - building corals are threatened with extinction ( 6 ) . the principal threat to corals is the rise in sea temperature associated with global climate change . this leads to coral bleaching , where the symbiotic algae are expelled , leaving the corals weak and vulnerable to an increasing variety of harmful diseases . climate change is also expected to increase ocean acidification and result in a greater frequency of extreme weather events such as destructive storms . this is not to mention the localised threats to coral reefs from pollution , destructive fishing practices , invasive species , human development , and other activities ( 1 ) ( 6 ) .
in addition to being listed on appendix ii of the convention on international trade in endangered species ( cites ) , which makes it an offence to trade m . annularis without a permit ( 2 ) , this coral falls within several marine protected areas across its range . to specifically conserve m . annularis , recommendations have been made for a raft of studies into various aspects of its taxonomy , biology and ecology , including an assessment of threats and potential recovery techniques ( 1 ) .
this information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken
weil , e . and knowlton , n . ( 1994 ) a multi - character analysis of the caribbean coral montastraea annularis ( ellis and solander , 1786 ) and its two sibling species , m . faveolata ( ellis and solander , 1786 ) and m . franksi ( gregory , 1895 ) . bulletin of marine science , 55 : 151 - 175 .
veron , j . e . n . ( 2000 ) corals of the world . australian institute of marine science , townsville , australia .
barnes , r . s . k . , calow , p . , olive , p . j . w . , golding , d . w . and spicer , j . i . ( 2001 ) the invertebrates : a synthesis , 3rd edition . blackwell science , oxford .
carpenter , ke et al . ( 2008 ) one - third of reef - building corals face elevated extinction risk from climate change and local impacts . science , 321 : 560 - 563 .
image quest marine the moos poffley end witney oxfordshire ox29 9uw united kingdom tel : + 44 ( 0 ) 1993 704050 fax : + 44 ( 0 ) 1993 779203 info @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken / stock
embed this arkive thumbnail link (
portlet
) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =
urltoken
title =
arkive species - boulder star coral ( montastraea annularis )
> < img src =
urltoken
alt =
arkive species - boulder star coral ( montastraea annularis )
title =
arkive species - boulder star coral ( montastraea annularis )
border =
0
/ > < / a >
terms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .
myarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .
team wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .
this species is affected by global climate change . to learn about climate change and the species that are affected , visit our climate change pages .
wildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa
< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =
/ manual / evidences
> more . . . < / a > < / p >
help pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .
you are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .
< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the ‘basket’ to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =
/ help / sequence - searches
> more . . < / a > < / p >
we ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe’s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .
this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , reproduction and adaptation in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed . for attribution , the original author ( s ) , title , publication source ( peerj ) and either doi or url of the article must be cited .
anderson da , walz me , weil e , tonellato p , smith mc .


it is found in spain .

the wingspan is 29 – 31 mm .

adults are on wing from september to october .

the larvae probably feed on biscutella species .

evergestis merceti

evergestis merceti is a species of moth in the crambidae family . it is found in spain .
evergestis renatalis ; rothschild , 1915 , novit . zool . 22 ( 2 ) : 189
evergestis sophialis lupalis zerny , 1928 ; zs . öst . entver . 13 : 50 ; tl : spain
evergestis zernyi schawerda , 1924 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 73 ( s . b ) : 163
evergestis nolentis heinrich , 1940 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 42 ( 2 ) : 36 , pl . 6 - 7 , f . 4 - 4b , 8 ; tl : san felipe wash , san diego co . , california
evergestis - species dictionary - global : ispot nature - your place to share nature . ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature . once you ' ve registered , you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .
enter the name or part of a name you wish to search for . the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard . e . g . ' papilio * ' . keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .
we are still having problems with the search feature . unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .
the id resolving service for stable taxon ids is currently under maintenance . meanwhile , please use the name search in order to find the taxon page .
museum für naturkunde leibniz - institut für evolutions - und biodiversitätsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken
encyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
umbrosalis ( fischer von röslerstamm , 1842 ) ; abbildungen schmettkde : 274 , pl . 92 , f . 2
pyralis desertalis hübner , [ 1813 ] ; samml . eur . schmett . [ 6 ] : f . 171 : europe
noctuelia desertalis ; rothschild , 1915 , novit . zool . 22 ( 2 ) : 190
752x547 ( ~ 90kb ) russia , moscow area , 12 . 06 . 2007 , photo © d . smirnov
phalaena extimalis scopoli , 1763 ; ent . carniolica : 241 , f . 614
523x600 ( ~ 81kb ) russia , moscow area , 16 . 7 . 2006 © d . smirnov
politalis ( denis & schiffermüller , 1775 ) ; ank . syst . schmett . wienergegend : 121
subfuscalis ( staudinger , 1871 ) ; horae soc . ent . ross . 7 ( 1870 ) : 192 , pl . 2 , f . 9
aenealis ( denis & schiffermüller , 1775 ) ; ank . syst . schmett . wienergegend : 123
orobena renatalis oberthür , 1887 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . ( 6 ) 7 : 99 ; tl : bou saada , . . .
funalis ( grote , 1878 ) ; bull . u . s . geol . surv . 4 : 670
obliqualis ( grote , 1883 ) ; trans . kansas acad . sci . 8 : 56
pachyzancloides sexmaculosus matsumura , 1925 ; j . coll . agric . hokkaido imp . univ . 15 : 190 , pl . 11 , f . 27 ♂ ; tl : sakhalin , ichinosawa
this information is not automatically synchronized with globiz and can sometimes be lagging behind .
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
histoire naturelle des insectes . species général des lépidoptéres . tome huitiéme . deltoides et pyralites
a revision of the moths of the subfamily pyraustinae and family pyralidae . part 2
walker , 1859 list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum . supplement list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 16 : 1 - 253 ( [ 1859 ] ) , 17 : 255 - 508 ( 1859 ) , 18 : 509 - 798 ( 1859 ) , 19 : 799 - 1036 ( 1859 )
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
2011 - 01 - 26 by & van nieukerken , dr erik j . karsholt , dr ole & by speidel , w . & segerer , a . nuss , m .
this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license
pesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi
a number of species are pests , including the cross - striped cabbageworm ( e . rimosalis ) , a pest of cole crops such as cabbage .
sparks , a . and d . g . riley . cross - striped cabbageworm . college of agricultural and environmental sciences . the university of georgia . 2008 .
, 2011 : new crambidae from the afrotropical region ( lepidoptera : pyraloidea : crambidae ) .
, 1998 : the scopariinae and heliothelinae stat . rev . ( lepidoptera : pyraloidea : crambidae ) of the oriental region - a revisional synopsis with descriptions of new species from the philippines and sumatra .
( staudinger , 1892 ) comb . rev . from central asia ( pyraloidea : crambidae : evergestinae ) .
this article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 6 / 29 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .
biokids is sponsored in part by the interagency education research initiative . it is a partnership of the university of michigan school of education , university of michigan museum of zoology , and the detroit public schools . this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant drl - 0628151 . copyright © 2002 - 2018 , the regents of the university of michigan . all rights reserved .