orthops campestris is a species of plant bugs belonging to the family miridae , subfamily mirinae , that can be found everywhere in europe except for azores , faroe islands , iceland and african islands such as canary islands and cyprus .

orthops campestris

you selected lygus ( orthops ) campestris stillata stichel , 1958 . this is a synonym for :
length around 4 mm . this genus contains three similar species which are often found on umbellifers . they generally have dark antennae . although external characters are useful , some specimens cannot be reliably identified without dissection . o . campestris is usually green or green - tinged and is the smallest and most oval orthops species . note the short antennae ; the 3rd segment is much shorter than the head width .
wrzesinska d ; wawrzyniak m , 2005 . harmful heteroptera of orthops genus ( miridae , heteroptera ) occurring on sosnowski ' s hogweed ( heracleum sosnowskyi manden . ) in poland . journal of plant protection research , 45 ( 2 ) : 107 - 114 .
cimex campestris linnaeus , 1758 : linnaeus ( 1758 ) : 448 . [ description originale ] linnaeus , c . 1758 . systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima , reformata . holmiæ . ( salvius ) . tomus i : 1 - 824 . [ urltoken ]
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
umbellifers ( apiaceae ) . they generally have dark antennae . although external characters are useful ,
note the short antennae ; the 3rd segment is much shorter than the head width .
a very common bug throughout the uk , often associated with wild parsnip , the foodplant . adults overwinter and mate in the spring ; the new generation is complete from july onwards .
enter the name or part of a name you wish to search for . the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard . e . g . ' papilio * ' . keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .
we are still having problems with the search feature . unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .
the id resolving service for stable taxon ids is currently under maintenance . meanwhile , please use the name search in order to find the taxon page .
museum für naturkunde leibniz - institut für evolutions - und biodiversitätsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken
click here to support naturespot by making a donation - small or large - your gift is very much appreciated . thank you .
adults overwinter and mate in the spring ; the new generation is complete from july onwards .
our website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .
akingbohungbe , a . e . ( 1974 ) chromosome numbers of some north american mirids ( heteroptera : miridae ) . : canadian journal of genetics and cytology 16 : 251 - - 256 .
akingbohungbe , a . e . ( 1983 ) variation in testis follicle number in the miridae ( hemiptera : heteroptera ) and its relationship to the higher classification of the family . : annals of the entomological society of america 76 : 37 - - 43 .
akingbohungbe , a . e . , j . l . libby , and r . d . shenefelt . ( 1973 ) nymphs of wisconsin miridae ( hemiptera : heteroptera ) . : university of wisconsin research bulletin r2561 : 25 pp .
carvalho , j . c . m . ( 1959 ) a catalogue of the miridae of the world . part iv . : arquivos do museu nacional , rio de janeiro 48 : 384 pp .
coulianos , c . c . and f . ossiannilsson . ( 1976 ) catalogus insectorum sueciae . 7 . hemiptera - heteroptera . 2nd ed . : entomologisk tidskrift 97 ( 3 - - 4 ) : 135 - - 173 , map , 13 tabs .
franz , h . and e . wagner . ( 1961 ) die nordost - alpen im spiegel ihrer landtierwelt , ii . : universitatsverlag wagner , innsbruck , pp . 271 - - 401 .
gollner - scheiding , u . ( 1970 ) beiträge zur heteropteren - fauna brandenburgs . 1 . die heteropteren - fauna des gross - machnower weinbergs und seiner naheren umgebung . : archiv fur naturschutz und landschaftsforschung 10 : 41 - - 70 .
gollner - scheiding , u . ( 1972 ) beiträge zur heteropteren - fauna brandenburgs . 2 . übersicht über die heteropteren von brandenburg . : veroffentl . bizirksheimat mus . potsdam 25 / 26 : 5 - - 39 .
gollner - scheiding , u . ( 1974 ) beiträge zur heteropterenfauna brandenburgs . 3 . die heteropterenfauna der oderwiesen und - hange bei lebus / oder ( hemiptera , heteroptera ) . : faunistische abhandlungen 5 : 181 - - 198 .
gollner - scheiding , u . ( 1978 ) beitrag zur kenntnis der heteropterenfauna mazedoniens . : acta musei macedonici scientiae naturales 15 : 145 - - 150 .
hoberlandt , l . ( 1956 ) results of the zoological scientific expedition of the national museum in praha to turkey . 18 . hemiptera iv . terrestrial hemiptera - heteroptera of turkey . : acta entomologica musei nationalis pragae 3 ( suppl . ) : 1 - - 264 ( 1955 ) .
kerzhner , i . m . ( 1964 ) family isometopidae . family miridae ( capsidae ) , pp . 700 - - 765 . in : bei - bienko , g . y . ( ed . ) . , opredelitel ' nasekomykh evropeiskoichasti sssr [ keys to the insects of the european part of the ussr ] . vol . 1 . apterygota , palaeoptera , hemimetabol : nauka , moskova and leningrad . [ in russian ; english translation : 1967 , israel program for scientific translation , jerusalem , pp . 913 - - 1003 ] .
knight , h . h . ( 1968 ) taxonomic review : miridae of the nevada test site and the western united states . : brigham young university science bulletin , biological series 9 : 282pp .
kulik , s . a . ( 1965 ) blindwanzen ost sibiriens und des fernen ostens ( heteroptera - miridae ) . : acta faunistica entomologica musei nationalis pragae 11 : 39 - - 70 . [ in russian ]
pericart , j . ( 1965 ) contribution a la fanistique de la corse : héteroptères miridae et anthocoridae ( hem . ) . : bulletin mensuel de la societe linneenne de lyon 34 : 377 - - 384 .
ribes , j . ( 1965 ) hemipteros de mallorca . : publ . inst . biol . apl . , barcelona 39 : 71 - - 95 .
southwood , t . r . e . ( 1960 ) the flight activity of heteroptera . : transactions of the royal entomological society of london 112 : 173 - - 220 .
southwood , t . r . e . and d . leston ( 1959 ) land and water bugs of the british isles . : frederick warne and co . , london . 436 pp .
tamanini , l . ( 1981 ) gli eterotteri della basilicata e della calabria ( italia meridionale ) ( hemiptera , heteroptera ) . : memorie del museo civico di storia naturale di verona , ser . 2 , a , 3 : 1 - - 164 .
80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on images to enlarge .
if you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools .
in continuing your browsing of this site , you accept the use of cookies to offer you suitable content and services and realize visits statistics . learn more about cookies .
national inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .
blå punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och övriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch . kan innehålla observationer som inte är validerade . kartan uppdateras var fjärde vecka .
i det avancerade verktyget kan man söka ut och få fram artlistor , t ex arter i ett visst län , i en viss biotop , substrat , som påverkas av en hotfaktor , eller som är knutna till en sk värdart , t ex trädet alm . dessa kan även kombineras .
söka fram arter som är rödlistade , knutna till alm , är beroende av död ved och som finns i kronobergs län .
söka fram arter som är rödlistade , lever i småvatten och som påverkas negativt av igenväxning .
defaultläget i verktyget är arter som är rödlistade 2015 och dessa är klassade på samtliga sökfaktorer . under fliken rödlistekategori kan man dock välja att även inkludera arter som inte är rödlistade . om man väljer att inkludera icke rödlistade arter behöver man vara medveten om att samtliga arter inte är klassade på samtliga faktorer . nedan en sammanställning av vad som är komplett .
denna funktion används när du vill skapa din egen lista av arter att hantera . du kan t . ex . navigera mellan arterna i listan genom att klicka på deras namn . du kan också välja att använda knappen ”jämför arter” för att se bilder , kartor och kännetecken i en jämförelsevy .
du kan komponera ditt eget urval av arter genom att klicka dig fram via släktträdet och där välja arter eller artgrupper till din lista . ett annat sätt att göra ditt urval är att använda fliken ”filtrera” , där du kan söka på olika egenskaper . ovanför listan med sökresultatet finns en knapp ”lägg i mitt urval” .
the mit license copyright ( c ) 2014 - 2016 google , inc . urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the
software
) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided
as is
, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .
the mit license ( mit ) copyright ( c ) 2011 - 2015 twitter , inc permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the
software
) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided
as is
, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .
copyright ( c ) 2008 - 2013 sprymedia limited urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the
software
) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided
as is
, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .
copyright 2008 - 2015 martin wendt , urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the
software
) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided
as is
, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .
the mit license ( mit ) - urltoken copyright ( c ) steven sanderson , the knockout . js team , and other contributors urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the
software
) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided
as is
, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .
copyright ( c ) 2009–2015 permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the
software
) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided
as is
, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c1faa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c25e1 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c277b - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c38fa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 323a5beb - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 323a5d1f - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 33f6f2af - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
schuh r . t . ( 2018 ) . pbi plant bug : on - line systematic catalog of plant bugs ( insecta : heteroptera : miridae ) ( version mar 2013 ) . in : roskov y . , abucay l . , orrell t . , nicolson d . , bailly n . , kirk p . m . , bourgoin t . , dewalt r . e . , decock w . , de wever a . , nieukerken e . van , zarucchi j . , penev l . , eds . ( 2018 ) . species 2000 & itis catalogue of life , 30th june 2018 . digital resource at urltoken species 2000 : naturalis , leiden , the netherlands . issn 2405 - 8858 .
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 5d859509 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
. if you continue to use the site we will assume that you agree with this .
it is 4 millimetres ( 0 . 16 in ) long with short antennae . they feed on wild parsnip . adults overwinter after which they mate in spring . the new generation starts in july .
copyright © 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved
enter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
like most websites we use cookies . this is to ensure that we give you the best experience possible .
continuing to use urltoken means you agree to our use of cookies . if you would like to , you can learn more about the cookies we use .
we’d value your feedback on the tool . our survey takes only five minutes to complete .
c . maculatum is an herbaceous biennial and highly toxic plant , native across northern europe , western asia and north africa . it has been introduced widely outside its native area to many parts of america , south . . .
conium maculatum ( poison hemlock ) ; habit . plants can reach 2m in height . mexico .
©pedro tenorio - lezama / bugwood . org - cc by - nc 3 . 0 us
conium maculatum ( poison hemlock ) ; typical , ' purple ' blotched stems . mexico .
conium maculatum ( poison hemlock ) ; characteristic stem with purple blotching . oregon , usa . june , 2005 .
©eric coombs / oregon department of agriculture / bugwood . org - cc by 3 . 0 us
conium maculatum ( poison hemlock ) ; foliage . pándzsa - patak völgye , pannonhalma , hungary .
©robert vidéki / doronicum kft . / bugwood . org - cc by - nc 3 . 0 us
conium maculatum ( poison hemlock ) ; flowering habit . oregon , usa . june , 2005 .
conium maculatum ( poison hemlock ) ; close - up of a flowering umbel . oregon , usa . june , 2005 .
©steve hurst / usda nrcs plants database / bugwood . org - cc by - nc 3 . 0 us
©ohio state weed lab archive / the ohio state university / bugwood . org - cc by - nc 3 . 0 us
c . maculatum is an herbaceous biennial and highly toxic plant , native across northern europe , western asia and north africa . it has been introduced widely outside its native area to many parts of america , southern africa , china , new zealand and australia . c . maculatum is a twofold invader , competing with pasture and crops and encroaching on native vegetation , while also posing a serious health hazard to virtually all livestock , and humans . even within its native range , c . maculatum is increasing and tending to occur more commonly in crops .
the derivation of the genus name conium is uncertain , but may be from the greek koneion meaning to whirl or spin , describing the toxic effects of the plant ( mitich , 1998 ) . the specific name maculatum means spotted , from the characteristically spotted stem . although a wide range of synonyms have been applied to c . maculatum , the original linnean name is the only one to have been widely or consistently used , and there are no closely related species with which there is common confusion .
c . maculatum is an erect annual or biennial , virtually glabrous , with a foetid , mousy odour when crushed . the long taproot is forked , white or pale yellow and 1 - 2 cm in diameter . stems are hollow , striate , up to 2 - ( 3 ) m high , usually light green and purple spotted or blotched , sometimes tinged purple - ish or pink , particularly toward their base . leaves 2 - 4 - pinnate ; ultimate segments narrowly or broadly ovate to deltoid , pinnatisect or serrate , 5 - 40 mm long ; petioles light green and purple blotched when mature ; stem leaves similar to basal , but shortly petiolate and 1 - 3 - pinnate . umbels 1 - 8 cm in diameter ; rays 4 - 16 ; lateral umbels overtopping the terminal ; bracts c . > 4 - 8 , narrow - triangular , acuminate , reflexed ; bracteoles 3 - 6 , triangular , confined to outer side of umbellets . flowers numerous , white , c . 2 mm in diameter , hermaphrodite . sepals 0 , petals 5 notched at the broad tip . fruit 2 - seeded , dark brown , almost round , 2 . 5 - 3 mm long ; slightly flattened , ribs slender , light brown , often crenulate .
native across northern europe , western asia and n . africa , c . maculatum has been introduced , deliberately or otherwise to many countries of america , to southern africa and to china , new zealand and australia . introduction to micronesia is indicated by weber ( 2003 ) and by usda - ars ( 2015 ) but no specimens are recorded by gbif ( 2015 ) , nor is it noted by the normally very comprehensive pier ( 2015 ) . weber ( 2003 ) classes c . maculatum as invasive in australia and western usa , while pier ( 2015 ) additionally lists it as invasive in many central and south american countries and the chilean off - shore juan fernández islands .
the distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available . when several references are cited , they may give conflicting information on the status . further details may be available for individual references in the distribution table details section which can be selected by going to generate report .
thompson , 1922 ; webb et al . , 1988 ; pier , 2015 ; royal new zealand institute of horticulture , 2015
) . in the latter instance it is believed to have been introduced accidentally with grain imports from the former ussr .
first record in hobart , tasmania . this plant is likely but not confirmed to have been sourced from the uk
the risk of introduction is relatively low . the seed is conspicuous and , although possible , it is unlikely to be an undetected contaminant of any crop seed . deliberate introduction as a garden plant or herbal medicine has occurred in the past but is less likely today .
thrives in a number of habitats , including grassland , forest margins , riparian habitats , freshwater wetlands , waste ground , disturbed sites , field margins and fallows . in fallows , however , the infestations are relatively short - lived , persisting only 1 - 2 years (
this plant grows best in moist and fertile soils ( weber , 2003 ) , avoiding acid soils and heavy shade ( pfaf , 2015 ) .
c . maculatum is thought to be more tolerant of soils containing heavy metals ( arsenic , cadmium , lead ) than some native species in usa , perhaps contributing to its competitive ability in such a situation ( gulezian et al . , 2012 ) . in usa , c . maculatum is associated with usda hardiness zones 4 - 8 , so is tolerant of moderate to hard frosts . in chile it may occur in usda hardiness zone 9 where there may be dry periods of 3 - 5 months and where precipitation of 400 - 800 mm is concentrated in the winter .
although growing mainly in non - crop areas , c . maculatum can invade field edges and encroach significantly on crops : maize in new zealand ; sugar beet in slovakia and in france ; pastures in turkey , poland , australia and new zealand ; olive in spain ; lucerne ( alfalfa ) in usa ; sunflower in czech republic ; chickpea in spain . mitich ( 1998 ) refers to its occurrence in pastures , cereals , vegetable crops and orchards in many countries .
a wide range of sources confirm c . maculatum to have a chromosome number of 2n = 22 ( missouri botanical garden , 2015 ) .
a detailed study by baskin and baskin ( 1990 ) concluded that in north - central kentucky , usa , seeds of c . maculatum are dispersed from mid - september to mid - late february , with up to 95 % of them being dispersed by late december . depending on the year , 40 - 85 % of the freshly matured seeds had morphological dormancy and thus only required a moist substrate for embryo growth and germination . the other seeds had morpho - physiological dormancy , which had to be broken before embryo growth and germination could occur . during late autumn and winter , a deeper form of dormancy was induced in most of the undispersed seeds . germination was found to be higher on soil than on sand , and in light than in darkness .
suggest that dormant seeds require high summer temperatures , low winter temperatures , or both , before they can germinate . once seeds break dormancy , they can germinate from late summer to early spring , as long as temperatures remain cool and the soil remains moist . they found that
degrees celsius were a more important requirement . germination was low at a constant 26
c in the light . furthermore germination was not greatly reduced by burial below 5 cm depth .
germination may occur in the autumn or the spring . after germination in spring it can flower and behave as an annual , but most plants behave as biennials , forming a low rosette of leaves before flowering in their second summer . flowering occurs in mid - summer , while seed shed may continue through the autumn and winter to the following spring .
the established plant does not normally persist for more than two summers . seeds can persist in the soil for up to six years ( csontos , 2008 ) .
c . maculatum can occur across a wide range of soil types and levels of fertility . it is most commonly found , however , in moist conditions along rivers and in marshy ground . it can persist through relatively dry periods in the summer provided the winter is wet ( chileflora , 2006 ) . it is stated to prefer high - nitrogen soils ( vetter 2004 ) .
warm average temp . > 10°c , cold average temp . > 0°c , wet all year
warm average temp . > 10°c , cold average temp . > 0°c , dry summers
warm temperate climate with dry winter ( warm average temp . > 10°c , cold average temp . > 0°c , dry winters )
continental climate with dry summer ( warm average temp . > 10°c , coldest month < 0°c , dry summers )
natural dispersal of c . maculatum is limited . it may be moved by water or wind but most seed falls close to the parent plant .
some seed may cling to animal fur but there is no specialized mechanism for this . mitich ( 1998 ) refers to spread by rodents and birds .
accidental introduction can occur locally through movement of garden waste , and more widely via contaminated seed of crops , but neither is likely to be frequent .
deliberate introduction is possible , where c . maculatum is considered a garden plant or used as a medicinal herb . however , it seems that the latter use is not common .
significant damage may be caused by c . maculatum in establishing or established pastures , due to competition for light and other resources . losses in other crops may occur locally , but are not widespread or severe and no crop loss data are available .
) ; carrot thin leaf virus , e . g . in california , usa (
the most important source of losses from c . maculatum is through toxicity to livestock . all parts of the plant are poisonous . toxicity is due to a group of piperidine alkaloids of which the representative members are coniine and gamma - coniceine . the latter is the more toxic and is the first formed biosynthetically . its levels in relation to coniine vary widely according to environmental conditions and to provenance of the plants ( reynolds , 2005 ) .
acute toxicity doses are 3 . 3 mg / kg for cattle , 15 . 5 mg / kg for horses and 44 . 0 mg / kg for sheep ( ceh , 2004 ) . pigs are even more sensitive than cattle while goats are less sensitive than sheep ( usda , 2015 ) . mice given a fatal dose orally may die within 10 minutes . poultry , pigs , hamsters , nutria and rabbits are also susceptible . although birds can be poisoned , it appears that some at least are unharmed after eating the seeds . their bodies are , however , then toxic to other animals including humans ( the poison garden , 2015 ) . c . maculatum may cause birth defects in farm animals ( e . g . cleft palate , arthrogryposis , scoliosis , troticollis , kyphosis ) ( panter and keeler , 1993 ) , in addition to acute toxicity .
the estimated economic loss of livestock due to poisonous weeds , including c . maculatum , in the seventeen western states of usa , was $ 340 million ( n . b . based on prices and figures in 1989 ) . this was estimated from a 1 % death loss in cattle , a 3 . 5 % death loss in sheep , and a 1 % decrease in calf and lamb crops ( james et al . , 1992 ; nielsen and james , 1992 ) . we do not know , however , what proportion of those losses can be attributed to c . maculatum .
livestock tend to avoid the fresh plant but do not recognise it in the dried state . this and other aspects of toxicity to livestock are well reviewed by cao et al . ( 2015 ) .
spread of c . maculatum into grassland or other low vegetation can significantly modify environments , and is of concern in conservation areas ( royal new zealand institute of horticulture , 2015 ) .
c . maculatum can spread quickly in disturbed areas and is highly competitive , preventing the establishment of native grasses and forbs by shading and competing for space ( weber , 2003 ) .
c . maculatum is dangerously poisonous and children have died from its toxicity . it is famously reputed to have been involved in the death of socrates , though this is challenged by some , who find that the symptoms described do not adequately match those normally observed ( dayan , 2009 ) .
symptoms in humans include irritation and tachycardia leading to brachycardia , muscular paralysis and respiratory failure . rhabdomyolysis and convulsions may also occur . death can occur in two hours ( dauncey , 2010 ) .
these symptoms reflect effects on the nervous system : stimulation followed by paralysis of motor nerve endings ; and cns stimulation followed by cns depression . other effects include vomiting , trembling , problems in movement , slow and weak pulse becoming rapid , rapid respiration , salivation , urination , nausea , convulsions , coma and death ( vetter , 2004 ) . advice on treatment following accidental ingestion is provided by toxinz poisons information ( 2015 ) .
apart from the risks from ingestion , there is also a danger of significant effects from handling the plants without gloves , from breathing dust or pollen from the plant and from using the hollow stems as pea - shooters .
chemicals from c . maculatum have been shown to have plant protection properties . young chinese cabbage plants were sprayed with alkaloids from c . maculatum , including gamma - coniceine , and exposed to large numbers of starved slugs ( deroceras reticulatum ) . the alkaloids protected the plants over a 24 - hour test period ( dodds and henderson , 2002 ) . likewise , coniine from c . maculatum has proved effective against aphids and blowflies ( cao et al . , 2015 ) . alinezhad et al . ( 2012 ) have demonstrated useful activity against aspergillus parasiticus and a corresponding reduction in aflatoxin production . extracts were shown to inhibit fusarium pallidoroseum , the cause of twig blight in mulberry ( gulzar et al . , 2013 ) . however , it is unknown whether any of these ideas are being used in practice .
c . maculatum is superficially similar to a number of other apiaceae . most dangerously it has been mistaken for wild carrot ( daucus carota ) , by children who have unwisely chewed on the yellowish root , but d . carota is clearly distinguished by having finely hairy foliage . anthriscus sylvestris has similar foliage to c . maculatum but a hairy stem . the related and equally dangerous water hemlock , cicuta maculata , has a glabrous hollow stem which may also be spotted , but the leaves have much wider segments and it has a cluster of fleshy roots and occurs in wetter situations . in general , c . maculatum is distinguished by its glabrous multi - pinnate leaves , the glabrous , hollow , spotted stem and mousy odour .
c . maculatum is a declared noxious weed in the following states of usa : colorado , idaho , iowa , new mexico , nevada , ohio , oregon , utah , washington , west virginia , wyoming ( usda - ars , 2015 ) .
hand pulling of c . maculatum plants may be effective , especially prior to seed set . spring mowing kills mature plants effectively , and a second mowing in late summer kills emerged seedlings and regrowth ( weber , 2003 ) . it is warned that gloves should be used for any hand - pulling operation , and a mask if there is pollen or dry , powdery material to be handled .
asav and kadioglu ( 2008 ) demonstrated effective control of c . maculatum by solarisation in turkey .
agonopterix alstroemeriana ( moth ) has been introduced and spread naturally in the usa and new zealand . the caterpillars of the moth can cause almost complete defoliation of the weed . their use has been approved in usa for biological control and the moth has been utilized in eradication programmes ( mckenna et al . , 2001 ) . caterpillars are collected from infested areas and spread to where they are needed . care is needed to avoid excessive contact with the weed , and gloves are advised .
glyphosate is effective , but control is influenced by the surfactant used in the formulation ( gonzalez - gutierrez et al . , 2000 ) .
other effective post - emergent herbicides include 2 , 4 - d ester , 2 , 4 - d amine , dicamba and triclopyr ( weber , 2003 ) . effective pre - emergence herbicides include imazapyr , tebuthiuron , chlorsulfuron , metsulfuron , hexazinone , metribuzin , terbacil , aminopyralid .
herbicides for specific crops include pyridate and propaquizafop in chickpea ; clopyralid in rapeseed ; hexazinone , metribuzin and terbacil in lucerne / alfalfa . in clover - based pastures , flumetsulam or bentazone were better than 2 , 4 - db ( gawn et al . , 2012 ) .
‘basic management recommendations to reduce reproductive losses to poisonous plants include : ( 1 ) keep good records ; ( 2 ) know what poisonous plants grow on ranges and understand their effects ; ( 3 ) develop a management plan to provide for alternate grazing in poisonous plant - free pastures during critical times ; ( 4 ) provide for balanced nutrition , including protein , energy , minerals and vitamins ; ( 5 ) maintain a good herd health program ; ( 6 ) integrate a herbicide treatment programme to reduce poisonous plant populations or to maintain clean pastures for alternate grazing ; and ( 7 ) manage the range for maximum forage production . ’
alinezhad s ; kamalzadeh a ; rezaee mb ; jaimand k ; shams - ghahfarokhi m ; razzaghi - abyaneh m , 2012 . inhibitory effects of some native medicinal plants on aspergillus parasiticus growth and aflatoxin production . acta horticulturae [ i international symposium on mycotoxins in nuts and dried fruits , damghan , iran ] , 963 : 207 - 210 .
asav ü ; kadioglu i , 2008 . effects of soil solarization and poultry manure combinations on seed germination of some weed species . ( toprak solarizasyonu ile tavuk gübresigt ; kombinasyonunun bazi yabanci ot tohumlarinin çimlenmelerine etkileri ) . türkiye herboloji dergisi , 12 ( 2 ) : 11 - 22 .
baskin jm ; baskin cc , 1990 . seed germination ecology of poison hemlock , conium maculatum . canadian journal of botany , 68 ( 9 ) : 2018 - 2024 .
botanical . com , 2015 . hemlock . electronic version of
a modern herbal
by mrs m . grieve . urltoken
cao l ; larson j ; berent l ; fusaro a , 2015 . nonindigenous aquatic species database : conium maculatum . gainesville , florida , usa : us geological survey .
castells e ; berenbaum mr , 2008a . resistance of the generalist moth trichoplusia ni ( noctuidae ) to a novel chemical defense in the invasive plant conium maculatum . chemoecology , 18 ( 1 ) : 11 - 18 .
castells e ; berenbaum mr , 2008b . host plant selection by a monophagous herbivore is not mediated by quantitative changes in unique plant chemistry : agonopterix alstroemeriana and conium maculatum . arthropod - plant interactions , 2 ( 1 ) : 43 - 51 .
ceh , 2004 . information sheet 15 : poison - hemlock . wallingford , uk : centre for ecology and hydrology , 3 pp . urltoken
chileflora , 2006 . conium maculatum l . talca , chile : chileflora . urltoken
council of heads of australasian herbaria , 2015 . australia ' s virtual herbarium . australia : council of heads of australasian herbaria . urltoken
csontos p , 2008 . longevity of conium maculatum l . achenes in a 6 - year - long seed burial experiment . ( a bürök ( conium maculatum l . ) terméseinek túlélése a talajban ) . növényvédelem , 44 ( 9 ) : 441 - 443 .
dauncey ea , 2010 . poisonous plants : a guide for parents and childcare providers . richmond , uk : royal botanic gardens kew , 180 pp .
dayan ad , 2009 . what killed socrates ? toxicological considerations and questions . postgraduate medical journal , 85 ( 999 ) : 34 - 37 .
distribution maps of plant pests , 1957 . psila rosae [ distribution map 84 ] . wallingford , uk : cab international .
ditomaso jm ; roncoroni ja ; swain sv ; wright sd , 2014 . pest notes : poison hemlock . davis , california , usa : statewide ipm program , agriculture and natural resources , university of california . [ uc anr publication 74162 . ] urltoken
dodds cj ; henderson if , 2002 . control of slug and snail damage using low toxicity , plant - derived repellents and antifeedants . hgca project report , no . 294 : 49 pp .
eastwell kc ; glass jr ; seymour lm ; druffel kj , 2008 . first report of infection of poison hemlock and celery by apium virus y in washington state . plant disease , 92 ( 12 ) : 1710 .
fletcher jd , 2001 . new hosts of alfalfa mosaic virus , cucumber mosaic virus , potato virus y , soybean dwarf virus , and tomato spotted wilt virus in new zealand . new zealand journal of crop and horticultural science , 29 ( 3 ) : 213 - 217 .
flora of china editorial committee , 2015 . flora of china . st . louis , missouri and cambridge , massachusetts , usa : missouri botanical garden and harvard university herbaria . urltoken
gawn tl ; harrington kc ; matthew c , 2012 . weed control in establishing mixed swards of clover , plantain and chicory . new zealand plant protection [ new zealand plant protection society ' s annual conference , rutherford hotel , nelson , new zealand , 14 - 16 august 2012 . ] , 65 : 59 - 63 . urltoken
goeden rd ; ricker dw , 1982 . poison hemlock , conium maculatum , in southern california - an alien weed attacked by few insects . annals of the entomological society of america , 75 ( 2 ) : 173 - 176 .
gonzalez - gutierrez j ; osuna md ; de prado r , 2000 . behaviour of glyphosate in conium maculatum control . mededelingen - faculteit landbouwkundige en toegepaste biologische wetenschappen , universiteit gent [ proceedings , 52nd international symposium on crop protection , gent , belgium , 9 may 2000 , part i . ] , 65 ( 2a ) : 157 - 160 .
gracia o ; feldman jm , 1977 . isolation and identification of two celery viruses in argentina . plant disease reporter , 61 ( 11 ) : 905 - 908 .
gulezian pz ; ison jl ; granberg kj , 2012 . establishment of an invasive plant species ( conium maculatum ) in contaminated roadside soil in cook county , illinois . american midland naturalist , 168 ( 2 ) : 375 - 395 .
gulzar p ; kausar t ; sahaf ka ; munshi na ; ahmad s ; raja ta , 2013 . screening of ethanolic extracts of various botanicals against fusarium pallidoroseum ( cooke ) sacc . - the causal agent of twig blight of mulberry . indian journal of sericulture , 52 ( 1 ) : 24 - 28 .
herbs2000 . com , 2015 . homeopathy - conium maculatum . herbs2000 . com . urltoken
howell we ; mink gi , 1977 . the role of weed hosts , volunteer carrots , and overlapping growing seasons in the epidemiology of carrot thin leaf and carrot motley dwarf viruses in central washington . plant disease reporter , 61 ( 3 ) : 217 - 222 .
james lf ; nielsen db ; panter ke , 1992 . impact of poisonous plants on the livestock industry . journal of range management , 45 ( 1 ) : 3 - 8 .
kielland - lund j ; often a , 1998 . conium maculatum in hedmark county , eastern norway . ( giftkjeks conium maculatum pa hedemarken . ) blyttia , 56 ( 2 ) : 92 - 93 .
lorenzi h , 1982 . plantas daninhas do brasil . nova odessa , san paulo , brazil : h . lorenzi .
magyar d ; tóth s , 2003 . data to the knowledge of the microscopic fungi in the forests around budakeszi ( buda hills , hungary ) . acta phytopathologica et entomologica hungarica , 38 ( 1 / 2 ) : 61 - 72 .
mckenna dd ; zangerl ar ; berenbaum mr , 2001 . a native hymenopteran predator of agonopterix alstroemeriana ( lepidoptera : oecophoridae ) in east - central illinois . great lakes entomologist , 34 ( 1 ) : 71 - 75 .
milanova sd ; nikolova v ; maneva s , 2003 . some morphological and bioecological characteristics of conium maculatum l . in : uygur s , kolören o , eds . proceedings of the 7th ewrs ( european weed research society ) mediterranean symposium . doorwerth , netherlands : european weed research society , 161 - 162 .
missouri botanical garden , 2015 . tropicos database . st . louis , missouri , usa : missouri botanical garden . urltoken
mitich lw , 1998 . poison - hemlock ( conium maculatum l . ) . weed technology , 12 ( 1 ) : 194 - 197 .
nemeth i , 2001 . weed flora of fields set - aside for a long period in northern hungary . novenytermeles , 50 ( 2 / 3 ) : 217 - 230 .
nielsen db ; james lf , 1992 . economic impact of poisonous plants on livestock production . in : james lf , keeler rf , bailey em , cheeke pr , hegarty mp , eds . poisonous plants : proceedings of the third international symposium . ames , usa : iowa state university press , 3 - 10 .
panter ke ; james lf ; gardner dr ; ralphs mh ; pfister ja ; stegelmeier bl ; lee st , 2002 . reproductive losses to poisonous plants : influence of management strategies . journal of range management , 55 ( 3 ) : 301 - 308 .
panter ke ; keeler rf , 1993 . quinolizidine and piperidine alkaloid teratogens from poisonous plants and their mechanism of action in animals . veterinary clinics of north america , food animal practice , 9 ( 1 ) : 33 - 40 .
parsons wt ; cuthbertson eg , 1992 . noxious weeds of australia . melbourne , australia : inkata press , 692 pp .
pier , 2015 . pacific islands ecosystems at risk . honolulu , usa : hear , university of hawaii . urltoken
reynolds t , 2005 . hemlock alkaloids from socrates to poison aloes . phytochemistry , 66 ( 12 ) : 1399 - 1406 .
royal new zealand institute of horticulture , 2015 . conium maculatum : hemlock . in : popay i , champion p , james t , eds . an illustrated guide to common weeds of new zealand ( reproduced online version ) . canterbury , new zealand : new zealand plant protection society . urltoken
the poison garden , 2015 . conium maculatum , poison hemlock . alnwick , uk : the poison garden . urltoken
thompson gm , 1922 . the naturalisation of animals and plants in new zealand . london , uk : cambridge university press , 607 pp .
toxinz poisons information , 2015 . conium maculatum . dunedin , new zealand : national poisons centre . urltoken
usda , 2015 . field guide for managing poison hemlock in the southwest . washington dc , usa : us department of agriculture , 12 pp . urltoken
usda - ars , 2015 . germplasm resources information network ( grin ) . online database . beltsville , maryland , usa : national germplasm resources laboratory . urltoken
usda - nrcs , 2015 . the plants database . baton rouge , usa : national plant data center . urltoken
venclová v ; neckár k ; brant v , 2007 . the influence of field border plant communities on the occurrence of conium maculatum ( l . ) in agrophytocoenoses . in : floistad e , ed . european weed research society , 14th ewrs symposium , hamar , norway , 17 - 21 june 2007 . doorwerth , netherlands : european weed research society , 227 .
vetter j , 2004 . poison hemlock ( conium maculatum l . ) . food and chemical toxicology , 42 ( 9 ) : 1373 - 1382 .
webb cj ; sykes wr ; garnock - jones pj , 1988 . flora of new zealand , volume iv : naturalised pteridophytes , gymnosperms , dicotyledons . christchurch , new zealand : botany division , dsir , 1365 pp .
weber e , 2003 . invasive plant species of the world : a reference guide to environmental weeds . wallingford , uk : cab international , 548 pp .
webmd , 2015 . find a vitamin or supplement - hemlock . new york , usa : webmd . urltoken ; = hemlock
woodard ca , 2008 . poison hemlock ( conium maculatum l . ) : biology , implications for pastures and response to herbicides . ms thesis . columbia , usa : university of missouri , 80 pp .
wunderlin rp ; hansen bf , 2008 . atlas of florida vascular plants . tampa , florida , usa : university of south florida . urltoken
one or more of the features that are needed to show you the maps functionality are not available in the web browser that you are using .
please consider upgrading your browser to the latest version or installing a new browser .
h . sosnowskyi is a monocarpic biennial or perennial plant that grows up to 3 m tall . leaves are divided into segments and can reach up to 3 m in length . white or pinkish flowers are organized in umbels and flower . . .
heracleum sosnowskyi ( sosnowskyi ' s hogweed ) ; habit . shkmeri , georgia . july 2009 .
public domain / via wikipedia - released by its author , popadius . this applies worldwide .
h . sosnowskyi is a monocarpic biennial or perennial plant that grows up to 3 m tall . leaves are divided into segments and can reach up to 3 m in length . white or pinkish flowers are organized in umbels and flowering occurs in the second year or later ( nielsen et al . , 2005 ) . an average plant can produce around 9000 fruits ( tkatschenko , 1989 ) . the mother plant dies after producing seeds , however the plant is reported to live up to 6 years before flowering ( satsiperova , 1984 ) . the whole plant contains photosensitizing furanocoumarins that can burn and / or blister human skin ( after contact with plant sap and subsequent uv irradiation ) .
the plant’s large size , high fecundity , early germination and vigorous growth makes h . sosnowskyi a very successful invader that can out - compete local flora , cause river bank erosion and is toxic to humans .
had been cultivated for biomass and silage production in the former ussr in the second half of the twentieth century . from the 1990s there were reports of the plant escaping from cultivation and methods of treating
et al . , 2005 ) . the plant is listed as invasive in several european lists and databases , e . g . eppo , nobanis , daisie .
( hoffm . ) m . bieb . , which she regarded as endemic to crimea . later authors consider
a . v . yena and e . s . kraynyuk speculate that h . sosnowskyi is synonymous with h . pubescens ( greuter and raus , 2007 ) but more research needs to be done to confirm this .
the section pubescentia comprises other heracleum species that have been reported as invasive in europe and / or north america : h . mantegazzianum sommier & levier and h . persicum desf . ex fisch . recent molecular - genetic studies showed close genetic relationship between all three invasive species , particularly between h . sosnowskyi and h . mantegazzianum ( jahodová et al . , 2007b ; logacheva et al . , 2008 ) . however , not all species from the section pubescentia were analysed in either study .
because h . sosnowskyi and h . mantegazzianum are not only genetically but also morphologically very similar , several botanists consider h . sosnowskyi only a subtaxon of h . mantegazzianum or h . pubescens . therefore , h . sosnowskyi does not appear in the lists of weedy flora in many ( western - ) european countries ( kabuce , 2006 ) . for practical reasons in countries where both species invade , authorities often collect combined data on distribution and monitoring of these two species ( personnel are not trained to distinguish the two species , which requires specialist expertise ) .
h . sosnowskyi has been bred and hybridized with other heracleum species . popular varieties were ‘uspekh’ and ‘severzhanin’ ( boodiak et al . , 1981 ; satsiperova , 1984 ; eppo , 2008 ) .
as well as sosnowskyi’s hogweed , other common names have been used for h . sosnowskyi in english . these include giant hogweed , giant cow parsnip ( normally used for h . mantegazzianum ) , cow parsnip ( the common name of north american h . lanatum [ h . sphondylium subsp . montanum ] ) or cow parsley ( the common name of anthriscus sylvestris ) .
the type specimen was collected in georgia , in ‘meschetia , distr . adygeni in pratis silvaticis in itinere ad jalas lelovani , 9 / 8 / 1936’ , and is deposited in tbilisi ( tbi ) .
detailed descriptions can be found in mandenova ( 1950 ) , satsiperova ( 1984 ) and other descriptions are given in nielsen et al . ( 2005 ) , kabuce ( 2006 ) and eppo ( 2008 ) .
h . sosnowskyi is native to the eastern main caucasian ridge and south - western and eastern transcaucasia ( mandenova , 1950 ) . countries in this region that have h . sosnowskyi among their native flora are georgia , russia , armenia , azerbaijan and turkey . type locality lies in meschetia district , adygeni in georgia .
in europe the plant is distributed mainly in eastern parts - reflecting the history of planting in the former ussr . most invaded areas are estonia , latvia , lithuania . there are reports of
being invasive in belarus , hungary , poland , ukraine and european parts of russia , however , detailed distribution for those areas is not known . in denmark there is only one known population from ryvangen naturpark in copenhagen (
j . thiele , institute of landscape ecology , münster , germany , personal communication ) .
after world war ii ( in 1946 - 1947 ) the seeds of h . sosnowskyi were brought to the polar - alpine botanical garden - institute ( pabgi ) in kirovsk , northern russia , where experiments took place to investigate the usefulness of this plant as fodder ( silage ) . in 1953 similar experiments began in leningrad ( st petersburg ) - in cooperation with three institutes ( the komarov botanical institute and two agricultural institutes ) . the aim of the experiments and breeding was to produce highly productive cultivars that would have minimal furanocoumarin content .
seeds of h . sosnowskyi for the first experiments were obtained from kabardino - balkaria ( north caucasus , russia ) , however later reports mention seeds from other sources , e . g . dagestan ( east caucasus , russia ) ( marchenko , 1954 ; satsiperova , 1984 ; jahodová et al . , 2007a ) . breeding programmes later spread to many other places in the former ussr ( including belarus , estonia , latvia , lithuania , ukraine ) . reports of introduction to these regions do not detail whether seeds were distributed only via the leningrad and / or kirovsk institutes or whether additional seeds were obtained from the native range of h . sosnowskyi .


ctenocerine wasps have evidently evolved from a common ancestor with the pepsinae , but are specialized for preying upon trap-door spiders ( ctenizidae ) .

the genera in the ctenocerinae include : abernessia arlé , 1947 apoclavelia evans , 1972 apteropompilus brauns , 1899 apteropompiloides brauns , 1899 arnoldatus pate , 1946 ateloclavelia arnold , 1932 austroclavelia evans , 1972 clavelia lucas , 1851 claveliella arnold , 1939 cteniziphontes evans , 1972 ctenocerus dahlbom , 1845 epipompilus kohl , ( 1884 ) hadropompilus arnold , 1934 hypoferreola ashmead , 1902 lepidocnemis haupt , 1930 marimba pate , 1946 masisia arnold , 1934 maurillus smith , 1855 micragenia arnold , 1934 paraclavelia haupt , 1930 parapompilus smith , 1855 parapsilotelus arnold , 1960 pezopompilus arnold , 1946 protoclavelia arnold , 1932 pseudopedinaspis brauns , 1906 psilotelus arnold , 1932 spathomelus wahis , 2013 stenoclavelia arnold , 1935 teinotrachelus arnold , 1935

ctenocerinae

no one has contributed data records for ctenocerinae yet . learn how to contribute .
the ctenocerinae are a subfamily of spider wasps , pompilidae , which contains a small number of genera , two in the neotropics , four in australia and the remainder in africa . ctenocerine wasps have evidently evolved from a common ancestor with the pepsinae , but are specialized for preying upon trap - door spiders ( ctenizidae ) . the genera in the ctenoc . . .
arnold , g . 1932 . the psammocharidae of the ethiopian region . part i . subfamily pepsinae . annals of the transvaal museum 14 : 284 - 396 .
arnold , g . 1932 . the psammocharidae of the ethiopian region . part ii . annals of the transvaal museum 15 : 41 - 122 .
arnold , g . 1933 . entomological expedition to abyssinia , 1926 - 7 . hymenoptera , ii . : sphegidae and psammocharidae . with an introductory note and supplementary list by hugh scott , sc . d . the annals and magazine of natural history 11 : 351 - 371 .
arnold , g . 1933 . new african hymenoptera . occasional papers of the rhodesian museum 2 : 51 - 56 .
arnold , g . 1934 . the psammocharidae of the ethiopian region . part iii . annals of the transvaal museum 15 : 283 - 399 .
arnold , g . 1934 . new african hymenoptera no . 2 . occasional papers of the rhodesian museum 3 : 18 - 28 .
arnold , g . 1935 . the psammocharidae of the ethiopian region . part iv . annals of the transvaal museum 15 : 413 - 483 .
arnold , g . 1935 . scientific results of the vernay - lang kalahari expedition , march to september , 1930 . sphegidae and psammocharidae . annals of the transvaal museum 16 : 497 - 505 .
arnold , g . 1935 . mission j . de lépinay au soudan français ( 1933 - 1934 ) ( douzième note ) . hyménoptères . on some fossorial hymenoptera from the soudan . bulletin de la société des sciences naturelles du maroc 15 : 1 - 9 .
arnold , g . 1935 . some considerations on a recent classification of the family psammocharidae ( hymenoptera ) . occasional papers of the national museum of southern rhodesia 4 : 29 - 30 .
arnold , g . 1936 . the psammocharidae of the ethiopian region . part v . annals of the transvaal museum 18 : 73 - 12 .
arnold , g . 1936 . the psammocharidae of the ethiopian region . part vi . annals of the transvaal museum 18 : 415 - 460 .
arnold , g . 1936 . new african hymenoptera no . 3 . occasional papers of the rhodesian museum 5 : 1 - 38 , pl . i .
arnold , g . 1937 . the psammocharidae of the ethiopian region . part vii . annals of the transvaal museum 19 : 1 - 98 .
arnold , g . 1939 . notes on some african pompilidae and descriptions of new species . occasional papers of the national museum of southern rhodesia 8 : 49 - 65 .
arnold , g . 1940 . new species of african hymenoptera no . 4 . annals of the transvaal museum
arnold , g . 1943 . hymenoptera . family psammocharidae . exploration du parc national albert . i . mission g . f . de witte ( 1933 - 1935 ) , brussels , fasc . 43 : * * * * * *
arnold , g . 1944 . new species of african hymenoptera . no . 5 . occasional papers of the national museum of southern rhodesia 11 : 1 - 38 .
arnold , g . 1946 . new species of african hymenoptera . no . 6 . occasional papers of the national museum of southern rhodesia 12 : 63 - 97 .
arnold , g . 1947 . new species of african hymenoptera . no . 7 . occasional papers of the national museum of southern rhodesia 13 : 131 - 167 .
arnold , g . 1948 . new species of african hymenoptera . no . 8 . occasional papers of the national museum of southern rhodesia 14 : 213 - 250 .
arnold , g . 1949 . new species of african hymenoptera . no . 9 . occasional papers of the national museum of southern rhodesia 15 : 261 - 275 .
arnold , g . 1951 . sphecidae and pompilidae ( hymenoptera ) collected by mr . k . m . guichard in west africa and ethiopia . bulletin of the british museum ( natural history ) . entomology 2 : 95 - 183 .
arnold , g . 1952 . new species of african hymenoptera no . 10 . occasional papers of the national museum of southern rhodesia no . 17 : 460 - 493 .
arnold , g . 1955 . new species of african hymenoptera no . 11 . occasional papers of the national museum of southern rhodesia no . 20 : 733 - 762 .
arnold , g . 1956 . new species of african hymenoptera no . 12 . occasional papers of the national museum of southern rhodesia no . 21b : 52 - 77 .
arnold , g . 1958 . new species of african hymenoptera no . 13 . occasional papers of the national museum of southern rhodesia no . 22b : 119 - 143 .
arnold , g . 1959 . new species of african hymenoptera no . 14 . occasional papers of the national museum of southern rhodesia no . 23b : 316 - 339 .
arnold , g . 1960 . new species of african hymenoptera no . 15 . occasional papers of the national museum of southern rhodesia no . 24b : 452 - 488 .
arnold , g . 1960 . aculeate hymenoptera from the drakensberg mountains , natal . annals of the natal museum 15 : 79 - 87 .
arnold , g . 1962 . new species of african hymenoptera no . 16 . occasional papers of the national museum of southern rhodesia no . 26b : 844 - 855 .
banks , n . 1940 . s ome psammocharidae from madagascar ( hymenoptera ) . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 92 : 335 - 362 .
berland , l . 1925 . hyménoptères – fossores et mellifera . mission rohan - chabot angola et rhodesia ( 1912 - 1914 ) . iv , fasc . 3 : 147 - 158 , imprimerie nationale , paris .
berland , l . 1952 . la réserve naturelle intégrale du mont nimna . xii – hyménoptères vespiformes . mémoires de l’institut français d’afrique noire . n° 19 : 271 - 276 .
bingham , c . t . 1902a . on the hymenoptera collected by mr w . l . distant in transvaal , south africa , with descriptions of supposed new species . annals and magazine of natural history , 10 , ser . 7 : 207 - 353 . london .
bingham , c . t . 1902b . descriptions of new species of south african hymenoptera . transactions of the entomological society of london , 36 , part 3 : 544 - 547 .
bischoff , h . 1911 . ergebnisse der deutschen zentral - afrika expedition 1910 - 1911 , iii : 218 - 219 .
bischoff , h . 1913 . psammochariden und crabroniden aus rhodesia . archiv für naturgeschichte , 3 , 79 , i : 43 - 76 ; pompilides : 43 - 64 . berlin .
bischoff , h . 1915 . zoologische ergebnisse der professor hans meyerschen expedition nach ostafrika 1911 . 1 . verzeichnis und beschreibungen des gesammelten hymenopteren . mitteilungen aus dem zoologischen museum in berlin , 7 , hft 3 : 473 - 477 .
bradley , j . c . 1957 . the types of hymenoptera described by amédée lepeletier comte de saint fargeau .
b rauns , h . 1899 . zur kenntnis der südafrikanischen hymenopteren . annalen des k . k . naturhistorischen hof museums , 13 : 382 - 423 .
brauns , h . 1905 1899 . zur kenntnis der südafrikanischen hymenopteren . annalen des k . k . naturhistorischen hof museums , 13 : 43 - 59 .
brauns , h . 1906 . zur kenntnis der südafrikanischen hymenopteren ii . verhandlungen der zoologisch - botanischen gesellschaft in wien , 56 ; pompilides : 43 - 59 .
brothers , d . j . & finnamore a . t . 1993 . superfamily vespoidea ( pp . 161 - 278 ) .
goulet , h . & huber , j . ( eds ) . hymenoptera of the world : an identification guide to families . research branch , agriculture canada , ottawa , canada , 668 pp .
buxton , r . d . 1937 . insects of the lake rudolf rift valley expedition , 1934 . orders other than coleoptera . annals and magazine of natural history , 20 ; pompilides : 587 .
buysson , r . du 1897 . voyage de m . e . simon dans l’afrique australe ( janvier - avril 1893 ) 6 ème mémoire . hyménoptères . . annales de la société entomologique de france , 66 : 351 - 363 , pl .
cameron , p . 1904a . description of a new species of apteropompilus from south africa .
cameron , p . 1904b . description of new genera and species of hymenoptera from dunbrody , cape colony . record of the albany museum , 1 , part 3 : 125 - 160 ; pompilides : 125 - 139 . grahamstown .
cameron , p . 1905a . on the hymenoptera of the albany museum – second paper . record of the albany museum , 1 : 185 - 244 ; pompilides : 212 - 224 .
cameron , p . 1905b . on the hymenoptera of the albany museum , grahamstown , south africa . third paper . record of the albany museum , 1 , part 5 : 297 - 314 ; pompilides : 303 . grahamstown .
cameron , p . 1905c . on some new genera and species of hymenopetra collected by the revd . j . a . o’neil s . j . chiefly at dunbrody , cape colony . record of the albany museum , 1 , 245 - ? ; pompilides : 262 - 263 . grahamstown .
cameron , p . 1905d . on some new genera and species of hymenoptera from cape colony and transvaal . transactions of the south african philosophical society , 15 , ( 4 ) : 195 - 257 .
cameron , p . 1905e . description of a new species of pseudagenia ( hymenoptera , pompilidae ) from natal . the entomologist , 38 , n° 507 : 223 - 224 .
cameron , p . 1910a . in sjöstedts kilimandjaro meru expedition 1905 - 1910 .
fossores wissenschaftliche ergebnisse der schwedische zoologische expedition nach dem kilimandjaro , den meru und dem umgebenden masai - steppen , deutsch ostafrikas .
cameron , p . 1910b . on the aculeate hymenoptera collected by mr a . j . t . janse , normal college , pretoria , in the transvaal . annals of the transvaal museum , 2 : 116 - 129 . ( * )
cameron , p . 1912 . on the hymenoptera from belgian congo in the congo museum , tervuren .
cassolari , c . & casolari moreno , r . 1980 . cataloghi i – collezione imenotterologica di massimiliano spinola . museo regionale di scienze naturali . 165 pp . , torino .
chapman , r . f . 1958 . the nest of pseudagenia mygnimioides bisch . entomologist’s monthly magazine , xciv : 215 .
dalla torre , c . g . 1897 . catalogus hymenopterorum hucusque descriptorum systematicus et synonymicus .
day , m . c . 1974a . a contribution to the taxonomy of the genus anoplius dufour ( hymenoptera : pompilidae ) including a revision of the paleotropical subgenus orientanoplius haupt . bulletin of the british museum ( natural history ) ento mology , 30 , n° 8 : 375 - 404 , figs . london .
day , m . c . 1974b . a revision of atopopompilus arnold , with a note on the identity of anoplinellus banks ( hymenoptera : pompilidae ) . bulletin of the british museum ( natural history ) ento mology , 31 , n° 3 : 47 - 69 , figs . london .
day , m . c . 1979 . the species of hymenoptera described by linnaeus in the genera sphex , chrysis , vespa , apis and mutilla . biological journal of the linnean society , 12 : 45 - 84 .
day , m . c . 1981 . a revision of pompilus fabricius ( hymenoptera : pompilidae ) , with further nomenclatural and biological considerations . bulletin of the british museum ( natural history ) ento mology , 42 , n° 1 : 1 - 42 , figs . london .
day , m . c . 1984 . male polymorphism in some old world species of cryptocheilus panzer ( hymenoptera pompilidae ) .
day , m . c . 1988 . spider wasps . hymenoptera : pompilidae . handbooks for the identification of british insects vol . vi , part 4 . royal entomological society of london : london .
de saeger , h . 1945 . contribution à l ' étude des hyménoptères du congo belge : pompilidae . revue de zoologie et de botanique africaine , 39 , 1 : 78 - 114 .
dollfuss , h . 1990 . aculeate hymenoptera collected 1985 in the republic of central africa ( sphecidae , eumenidae , vespidae , pompilidae , chrysididae and scoliidae ) . - zeitschrift der arbeitsgemeinsschaft österr . entomologen , 42 , 3 / 4 : 121 - 124 .
elliott , m . g . 2007 . annotated catalogue of the pompilidae ( hymenoptera ) of australia . zootaxa 1428 : 1–83 .
1896 . 2ème contribution à rassegna del’ imenotteri récoltés au mozambique par car . fornasini . memorie della reale accademia delle scienze dell’ istituto di bologna , ser . v , tome v : 323 - 366 ; pompilidae : 357 - 360 . .
fabricius , j . c . 1775 . systema entomologiae . ( 30 ) . + 832 pp . flensburgi et lipsiae .
species insectorum . 1 i - viii + 552 pp . hamb . & kilonii . published in 1872 , see hope 1847 .
fabricius , j . c . 1793 . entomologia systematica emandata et aucta . 2 . viii + 519 pp . , copenhagen .
fabricius , j . c . 1794 . entomologia systematica emandata et aucta . 4 . ( 8 ) i + 472 pp . , copenhagen .
gerlach , j . , matyot , p . & saaristo , m . 1997 . silhouette species list .
gerstäcker , c . e . a . 1857 . ubersicht der von hr peters in mossambique aufgefundenen und von hrn gerstaeker bearbeiteten hymenopteren aus den familien der crabonites , sphegides , pompilidae und heterogyna . monatsberichte der der königlichen preussichen akademie der wisssenschaften zu berlin , p . 509 - 513 ; pompilidae : p . 511 .
gerstäcker , c . e . a . 1858 . ubersicht der von ihm [ hrn peters ] in mossambique aufgefundenen und von hrn dr gerstaeker bearbeiteten hymenopteren aus den familien der crabonites , sphegidae , pompilidae und heterogyna . monatsberichte der der königlichen preussichen akademie der wisssenschaften zu berlin , 1857 : 509 - 513 ; pompilidae : p . 511 .
gerstäcker , c . e . . a . 1862 . in peters , w . c . h . ( ed . ) naturwissenschaftliche reise nach . mossambique auf befehl seiner majestät des königs friedrich wilhelm iv in den jahren 1842 bis 1848 ausgefürt , zoologie v . ( hymenoptera ) : 439 - 526 , berlin . .
gerstäcker , c . e . . a . 1871 . beitrag zur insektenfauna von zanzibar . archiv für naturgeschichte , pt . 1 : 345 - 363 ; pompilidae : 351 - 352 .
gerstäcker , c . e . . a . 1873 . in baron carl clauss von der decken’s reisen in ost africa in den jahren 1855 - 1865 , dritto band , wissenschafliche ergebnisse , zweite abteilung , gliederthiere ( insekten , arachniden , myriapode und isopoden : 1 - 542 , 18 planches ; pompilidae : 327 - 330 ; leipzig & heidelberg .
gess , fw & gess sk , 1977 . bricks without straw the nesting of the wasp dichragenia pulchricoma ( arnold ) . the eastern cape naturalist , 61 : 6 - 8 .
gess fw . 1981 . some aspects of an ethological study of the aculeate wasps and the bees of a karroid area in the vicinity of grahamstown , south africa . annals of the cape provincial museum , natural history 14 : 1–80 .
gess fw , gess sk . 1974 . an ethological study of dichragenia pulchricoma ( arnold ) ( hymenoptera : pompilidae ) , a southern african spider - hunting wasp which builds a turreted subterranean nest . annals of the cape provincial museums 9 : 187–214 .
gess fw , gess sk . 1976 . ethological notes on dichragenia neavei ( kohl ) ( hymenoptera : pompilidae ) , an african spider - hunting wasp building a turreted , subterranean nest . annals of the cape provincial museums 11 : 129–134 .
giner mari , j . 1945 . himenopteros del sahara espanol . familias : sphecidae , psammocharidae , apterogynidae y mutillidae .
gribodo , g . 1881 . spedizione italiana nell’ africa equatoriale . risultati zoologici imenotteri . annali del museo civico di storia naturale di genova giacomo doria , 16 : 226 - 269 ; pompilidae : 244 - 249 .
gribodo , g . 1884 . viaggio ab assab nel mar rosso , dei signori g . doria ed o . beccari con il r . avviso “esploratore” dal 16 novembre 1879 al 26 febbraio 1880 . annali del museo civico di storia naturale di genova giacomo doria , 206 : pompilidae : 384 - 386 .
gribodo , g . 1884 . spedizione italiana nell’ africa equatoriale . risultati zoologici imenotteri . memoria seconda . annali del museo civico di storia naturale di genova giacomo doria , 21 : 277 - 325 ; pompilidae : 302 - 313 . .
gribodo , g . 1894a . hymenopterorum novorum diagnoses praecursoriae . miscellanea entomologica , nuntius entomologicus internationalis , vol . 2 , n°1 : 2 - 3 .
gribodo , g . 1894b . ii . aculeati e chrisidi – in emery , c . , gribodo , g . & kriechbaumer , g . , rassegna degli imenotteri raccolti nel mozambico dal cav . formasini esistenti nel museo zoologico della r . universita di bologna . memorie dell’ istituto nazionale italiano , novi commentarii academiae scientarum instituti bononiensis , ser . v , 4 , 1 ) : 113 - 152 ; pompilides : 141 - 147 .
gribodo , g . 1897 . seconda contribuzione alla conscenza della fauna imenotterologica del mozambico . memorie della reale accademia delle scienze dell’ istituto di bologna , ser . v , tome v : 77 - 120 ; pompilidae : 37 - 40 . .
grout , t . g . & brothers , d . 1982 . behaviour of a parasitic pompilid wasp ( hymenoptera ) . journal of the entomological society of south africa 45 , p . 217 - 220 .
grünwaldt , w . 1933 . die claveliinen gattung euclavelia arn . ( hym . psammocharidae ) .
guérin - méneville , f . e . in duperrey 1831 . voyage de la coquille , zoologie , 2 , part 2 , hymenoptera , pl . 8 .
guérin - méneville , f . e . in duperrey 1830 - 38 . voyage de la coquille , zoologie , 2 , crustacés , arachnides et insectes ( texte ) div . i , 319 pp .
guérin - méneville , f . e . in cuvier 1844 . iconographie du règne animal , viii , p . 434 .
guérin - méneville , f . e . in lefebure 1848 . voyage en abyssinie , insectes , vi , part 4 ; pompilides : p . 354 - 356 .
guiglia , d . 1928 . di alcune specie d’imenotteri raccolte dal prof . doll . g . paoli nella somalia italiana ( 1926 ) . annali del museo civico di storia naturali , genova , lii : p . 487 - 502 .
guiglia , d . 1929 . risultati zoologici della missione inviata dalla r . societa geografica italiana per l’esplorazione dell’ oasi di giarabub ( 1926 - 1927 ) . annali del museo civico di storia naturali , genova , liii , p . 393 - 421 .
guiglia , d . 1931 . spedizione del barone raimondo franchetti in dancalia , imenotteri aculati . annali del museo civico di storia naturali , genova , lv , p . 157 - 164 .
guiglia , d . 1932 . contributo alla conoscenza della fauna imenotterologica dell’ africa orientale , imenoteri aculeati .
guiglia , d . 1932 . spedizione scientifica all’ oasi di cufra ( marzo - luglio 1931 ) . imenotteri aculeati , 1 parte – fosssores . annali del museo civico di storia naturali , genova , lv , p . 466 - 486 .
guiglia , d . 1932 . missione scientifica del prof . e . zavattari nel fezzan 1931 ) . bolletino della societa entomologica italiana , 64 , n° 6 , p . 99 - 106 . firenze , genova .
guiglia , d . 1939 . missione biologica nel paese di bovano iii , raccolti zoologici , parte 2 , hymenoptera : chrysididae , scoliidae , mutillidae , vespidae , psammocharidae , sphecidae ) .
guiglia , d . 1940 . imenotteri aculeati ( chrysididae , scoliidae , mutillidae , vespidae , psammocharidae , apidae ) raccolti in africa orientale dal prof . g . russo . bolletino del laboratorio zoologica portici , 31 , p . 274 - 292 , figs .
delle cllezioni del museo civico di storia natueale di triese ( scoliidae , vespudae , pompilidae , sphecidae , apidae ) .
guiglia , d . 1940 . missione ittiologica in a . o . i . 1937 - 38 ) . materiali zoologici . hymenoptera : scoliidae , pompilidae , sphecidae , apidae . atti del museo civico di storia naturale di trieste , xiv , n° 18 : 276 - 278 ; pompilidae : . 275 - 282 .
guiglia , d . 1943 . nuove specie d’ imenotteri aculeati ( pompilidae - sphecidae ) diagnosis preventive . missione bilogica sagan - omo diretta dal prof . e . zavattari . bolletino della societa entomologica italiana , lxxv , n° 6 : 68 - 76 ; pompilidae : 69 - 72 .
guiglia , d . 1948 . i tipo di imenotteri del guérin esistenti nelle coolezioni del museo di genova . annali del museo di storia naturale di genova , 63 : 175 - 191 , 5 figs .
guiglia , d . 1950 . missione biologica sagan - oma diretta dal prof . eduardo zavattari , hymenoptera . annali del museo di storia naturale di genova , 64 : 207 - 261
guiglia , d . 1949 - 51 . missione biologica sagan - oma , diretta dal prof . eduardo zavattari , hymenoptera . tenthredinidae , scoliidae , pompilidae , sphecidae . annali del museo di storia naturale”giacomo doria” di genova , 64 : 207 - 267
guiglia , d . 1952 . i tipi di imenotteri del guérin esistenti nelmle collezioni del museo di parigi . doriana ( suppl . . annali del museo di storia naturale di genova ) , i , n° 22 .
guiglia , d . 1956 . missione del prof . giuseppe scortecci in migiurtinia . iii . hymenoptera . annali del museo di storia naturale ”giacomo doria” di genova , 68 : 306 - 311 , 1 pl .
guiglia , d . 1959 . missione del prof . giuseppe scortecci in migiurtinia ( somaia sett . ) hymenoptera : vespidae , pompilidae , sphecidae , apidae ) . atti della societa italiana scienze naturale di milano , 98 : 310 - 319 .
guiglia , d . & pasteels , j . 1961 . aggiunte ed osservacioni all’ elenco delle specie di imenotteri descritte de guérin - meneville che si trovano nelle collezioni del museo di genova .
haupt , h . 1929 . voyage au congo de s . a . r . le prince léopold de belgique 1925 ) . hymenoptera iii , psammocharidae . revue de zoologie et de botanique africaine 17 : 193 - 207 .
haupt , h . 1929 . weiterer ausbau meines systems der psammocharidae . mit beschreibung neuer gattungen und arten . mitteilungen aus dem zoologische museum in berlin , 15 , hft 1 : 109 - 117 , figs .
haupt , h . 1930 . die einordnung der mir bekannten psammocharidae mit 2 cubitalzellen in mein system . - mitteilungen aus dem zoologisch museum in berlin , 16 , heft 5 : 673 - 797 , figs .
haupt , h . 1933 . von s . k . h . dem prinzen leopold von belgien in 1929 und 1932 gesammelten hymenopteren .
famille psammocharidae . bulletin du musée royal histoire naturelle de belgique 9 , n° 47 : 1 - 5 .
haupt , h . 1950 . exploration du parc national albert . mission g . f . de witte 1933 - 35 ) . pompilidae . institut des parcs nationaux du congo belge , fasc . 69 : 1 - 61 .
haupt , h . 1957 . exploration du parc national albert . mission g . f . de witte 1933 - 35 ) . pompilidae . ii partie . institut des parcs nationaux du congo belge , fasc .
haupt , h . 1959 . elemente einer systematischen aufteilung der macromerinae m . ( hy .
sphe ) . fam . pompilidae , subf . macromerinae . nova acta leopoldina ( n . s . ) 21 , n° 141 : 1 - 74 , 33 figs .
haupt , h . ( m . s . ) die gattungen der pepsinae der erde , zum grössten teil auch mit ihren arten . nova acta leopoldina n . f . , bd 15 1945 , non publié ) : 145 - 429 .
heymons , 1915 . * * * . sitzungsberichte der ges . naturforschenden freund . , berlin . n° 7 : 301 - 308 .
the hymenopterous types of peter cameron in the albany museum , grahamstown , south africa . annal of the cap province museum , grahamstown , 1 : 1 - 14 .
kohl , f . f . 1884 . zur hymenopterenfauna afrika . annalen der k . k . naturhistorischen hofmuseums , 9 , hft 3 , pompilidae : 306 - 343 , pl . 14 .
kohl , f . f . 1886 . neue pompiliden in den sammlungen des k . k . naturhistorischen hofmuseums . verhandlungen der . zoologisch . - boanischen gesellschaft in wien , 36 : 307 - 346 . wien .
kohl , f . f . 1888 . neue pompiliden in den sammlungen des k . k . naturhistorischen hofmuseums . verhandlungen der . zoologisch . - boanischen gesellschaft in wien , 38 : 133 - 156 . wien .
kohl , f . f . 1893 . hymenopteren von herrn dr . fr . stuhlman in ostafrika gesammelt . jahrbericht des hamburg wissenschaf anstalten 10 : 181 - 191 , 1pl . ; pompilidae : 183 - 186 .
kohl , f . f . 1894 . zur hymenopetrenfauna afrikas . ann . k . k . naturhistorischen hofmuseum , 9 , hft 3 : 279 - 350 , 5 pl . ; pompilidae : 306 - 319 et 342 - 343 + pl . 2 ( xiv )
kohl , f . f . 1909 . ou 1905 in voeltzkow reise in ostafrica , sphegiden und pompiliden von madagascar , den comoren und ostafrika . ii : 369 - 378 .
kohl , f . f . 1913 . neue pompiliden und sphegieen vom belgischen congogebiete .
iii : 182 - 209 ; pompilidae : 182 - 204 , 47 figs .
lucas , r . 1898 . in stadelmann , h . die hymenopteren ost - afrikas , pompilidae . deusch - ost - afrika , band iv : pompilidae : 57 - 74 .
móczar , l . 1978 . new species and some remarks on the genus ceropales latreille ( hymenoptera : ceropalidae ) . acta biologica szeged . 24 : 115 - 137 .
móczar , l . 1986a . revision of the fulvipes - , ruficornis - and variegata - groups of the genus ceropales latreille ( hym . , ceropalidae ) . acta biol . szeged 32 : 121 - 136 .
móczar , l . 1986b . revision of the genus hemiceropales priesner , 1969 ( hymenoptera : ceropalidae ) . acta zoologica hungarica 32 : 317 - 342 .
móczar , l . 1987 . revision of the maculata and albicincta groups of the genus ceropales latreille ( hymenoptera : ceropalidae ) . acta zoologica hungarica 33 : 121 - 156 .
móczar , l . 1988 . revision on the subgenus priesnerius móczar ( hymenoptera , ceropalidae ) . linzer biol . beitr . 20 : 119 - 160 .
móczar , l . 1989 . revision of the helvetica group of the genus ceropales . beitr . ent . 39 : 9 - 61 .
móczar , l . 1990 . revision of the subgenus bifidoceropales priesner of the genus ceropales latreille ( hymenoptera : ceropalidae ) . acta zoologica hungarica 36 : 59 - 85 .
pate , v . s . l . 1946 . the generic names of the spider wasps ( psammocharidae olim pompilidae ) and their type species ( hymenoptera , aculeata ) . transactions of the american entomological society , 72 : 65 - 137 .
picker , m . , griffiths , c & weaving , a . 2002 . field guide to insects of south africa . struik publishers , cape town .
pitts , j . p . , wasbauer , m . s . and von dohlen , c . d . ( 2006 ) . preliminary morphological analysis of relationships between the spider wasp subfamilies ( hymenoptera : pompilidae ) : revisiting an old problem . zoologica scripta 35 : 1–22 .
radoszkowskij , o . 1881 . hyménoptères d’angola . jornal de sciencias mathematicas , physicas e naturae , ser . 1 , 8 , xxxi : 197 - 221 , lisboa ; pompilidae : 211 - 214 .
radoszkowskij , o . 1888 1889 . revision des armatures copulatrices des mâles de la famille pompilidae . bulletin de la société impériale des naturalistes de moscou , n . s . , 2 : 462 - 493 , 3 pl .
schulthess , a . von 1914 . hymenopteren aus kamerun gesammelt von hern van ropthkirch oberlieutenant der schuztruppe . deutsche entomologische zeitschrift : 283 - 297 , berlin ; pompilidae : 286 - 287 .
schulz , w . a . 1911 . zweihundert alte hymenopteren . zoologische annalen , iv : 1 - 220 , wurzburg . :
smith , f . 1855 . catalogue of hymenopterous insects in the collection of the british museuim . part iii . mutillidae and pompilidae . london : 1 - 206 , 6 pls .
taschenberg , e . 1869 . die pompiliden des museums der universität zu halle . zeitschrift für die gesammten naturwissenschaften halla , 34 : 25 - 75 ; halle .
tommasoini , s . & marini , m . 1984 . catalogo del tipi de museo zoologico dell’ universita di bologna .
tullgren , a . 1904 . on some hymenoptera aculeata from the cameroons . arkiv för zoologi , 1 : 425 - 463 , 4 pls , stockholm .
on new species of fossorial hymenoptera from africa , mostly elidinae . transactions of the entomological society of london , part iv : 720 - 754 ; pompilidae : 744 .
1915 . notes and synonymy of the hymenoptera in the collection of the british museum . ii . family psammocharidae . annals and magazine of natural history , including zoology , ser . 8 , 16 : 332 - 335 .
turner , r . e . 1918 . notes on fossorial hymenoptera . xxxiii . on new ethiopian species of psammocharidae . annals and magazine of natural history , including zoology , ser . 9 , vol . 1 : 284 - 294 . ser . 9 , vol . 1 : 284 - 294 .
saussure h . de 1892 . in grandidier . histoire physique , politique et naturelle de madagascar . vol . xx , 1ère
wahis , r . 1984 . contribution à la connaissance des ceropales de l’afrique tropicale . ( hymenoptera : pompilidae , ceropalinae ) description d’une espèce nouvelle du zaïre . revue de zoologie africaine , 98 , 3 : 560 - 562 .
wahis , r . 1988 . hyménoptères pompilides de madagascar . . genres ceropales latreille et irenangelus schulz . hymenoptera : pompilidae ) . . revue de zoologie africaine , : 102 : 213 - 221 .
. contribution à la connaissance des hyménoptères pompilides de la turquie ( hymenoptera : pompilidae ) .
wahis , r . 1999 . révision des espèces afrotropicales et orientale du genre pygmachus haupt 1930 ( hymenoptera : pompilidae , pompilinae ) . notes fauniques de gembloux , n° 37 : 81 - 94 .
wahis , r . 2000 . révision des espèces afrotropicales , indo - orientales et australiennes du genre java pate 1946 ( hymenoptera : pompilidae , pepsinae ) . notes fauniques de gembloux , n° 38 : 43 - 76 . .
wahis , r . 2000 . hyménoptères pompilides de madagascar . 2 . genres aporinellus banks , ferreola lepeletier et homonotus dahlbom ( hymenoptera : pompilidae ) . notes fauniques de gembloux , n° 39 : 45 - 77 .
wahis , r . 2000 . sur quelques pompilides afrotropicaux . décrits par g . gribodo en 1894 . notes fauniques de gembloux , n° 40 : 77 - 81 .
wahis , r . 2003 . sur un genre peu connu de pompilides afrotropicaux kyphopompilus arnold , 1959 ( hymenoptera : pompilidae , pompilinae ) . notes fauniques de gembloux , n° 49 : 103 - 114 .
. mise à jour du catalogue systématique des hyménoptères pompilides de la région ouesteuropéenne . additions et corrections .
et australiennes du genre java pate 1946 ( hymenoptera : pompilidae , pepsinae ) .
waichert , c . , von dohlen , c . d . & pitts , j . p . 2014
waichert , c . , rodriguez , j . , wasbauer , m . s . , von dohlen , c . d . and pitts , j . p . 2015
wasbauer , m . s . 1995 . pompilidae . in : p . e . hanson & i . d . gauld ( eds ) the hymenoptera of costa rica ( pp . 522–539 ) . oxford : oxford university press .
citation : van noort , s . 2018 . waspweb : hymenoptera of the afrotropical region . url : urltoken ( accessed on < day / month / year > ) .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
this site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .
there are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :
you have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .
your browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .
your browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .
the date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .
you have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .
this site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .
this site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .
in general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !
encyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook
if you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .
elliott , m . g . 2007 ,
annotated catalogue of the pompilidae ( hymenoptera ) of australia
, zootaxa , vol . 1428 , pp . 1 - 83
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 246f75cb - a580 - 45b0 - a58e - c63a701ade77
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : e4ee2def - 52c6 - 4609 - 87b8 - 5123689a4900
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 589412
explore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .
find out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .
did you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .
the atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .