byasa polla , the de nicéville 's windmill , is a butterfly found in india that belongs to the windmills genus ( byasa ) , comprising tailed black swallowtail butterflies with white spots and red submarginal crescents .

byasa polla

atrophaneura polla ( de nicéville , 1897 ) = byasa polla = papilio ( byasa ) polla de nicéville , 1897 = tros polla .
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papilio ( byasa ) polla de nicéville , 1897 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 10 ( 4 ) : 633 ; tl : n . shan states , n . chin hills , 5000ft
= byasa hedistus ; huang , 2001 , neue ent . nachr . 51 : 99
chinese windmill ( byasa plutonius , oberthür ) , two subspecies of which occur in india .
= byasa dasarada melanura ; huang , 2001 , neue ent . nachr . 51 : 98
chinese windmill ( byasa plutonius , oberthür ) , two subspecies of which occur in india .
byasa latreillei genestieri ; huang , 2003 , neue ent . nachr . 55 : 74 ( note )
byasa dasarada dasarada ; huang , 2001 , neue ent . nachr . 51 : 98 ( note )
byasa dasarada ravana ; huang , 2001 , neue ent . nachr . 51 : 98 ( note )
byasa dasarada barata ; huang , 2001 , neue ent . nachr . 51 : 98 ( note )
= byasa dasarada ouvrardi oberthür , 1920 ; huang , 2003 , neue ent . nachr . 55 : 75
byasa mencius is a species of butterfly from the family papilionidae ( swallowtails ) . it is found in china .
{ author1 , author2 . . . } , ( n . d . ) . byasa polla ( de nicéville , 1897 ) . [ online ] india biodiversity portal , species page : { name of species field } available at : urltoken [ accessed date jul 9 , 2018 ] .
byasa nevilli ; [ mrs ] , 110 ; huang , 2001 , neue ent . nachr . 51 : 99 ( note )
byasa hedistus ; [ mrs ] , 111 ; huang , 2001 , neue ent . nachr . 51 : 99 ( note )
byasa dasarada ouvrardi ; [ mrs ] , 111 ; huang , 2003 , neue ent . nachr . 55 : 75 ( note )
byasa dasarada melanura ; [ mrs ] , 111 ; huang , 2001 , neue ent . nachr . 51 : 98 ( note )
the present paper is the result of a butterfly diversity survey in the mishmi hills , arunachal pradesh including the mehao wildlife sanctuary . the survey was conducted from march 7 to june 22 , 2011 . 294 butterfly species were recorded . the survey also resulted in the sighting of elusive butterflies like meandrusa payeni evan , meandrusa lachinus lachinus , byasa polla and spindasis rukmini .
a species atrophaneura lama ( oberthür ) , described from western china , is regarded as a subspecies of a . polyeuctes ( now byasa ) by some .
a species atrophaneura lama ( oberthür ) , described from western china , is regarded as a subspecies of a . polyeuctes ( now byasa ) by some .
byasa alcinous mansonensis ab . flaveolus murayama & shimonoya , 1966 ; tyô to ga 15 ( 3 / 4 ) : 58 , f . 3 ; tl : poli
philoxenus [ byasa polyeuctes ] : a name previously in use for this species ( e . g . , munroe 1961 ) , but invalid as a junior primary homonym .
impediens [ byasa ] : this taxon has generally been cited byasa impediens rothschild , 1895 , but as realized by fujioka et al . ( 1997 ) it was originally described as an infrasubspecific form ( rothschild 1895 : 269 - 270 ) , and has only been made available through a subsequent citation as a subspecies by seitz ( 1907 : 9 ) .
rose windmill , byasa latreillei , has a white discal band in 2 , 3 , 4 beyond the cell which is clearly trifurcated by black veins . a slightly smaller butterfly , the rose windmill has rose coloured lunules .
great windmill , byasa dasarada , has a number of two white spots in 4 , 5 on uph and three spots on 4 , 5 and 6 on unh . it is a slightly larger butterfly with broader swallowtail .
rose windmill , byasa latreillei , has a white discal band in 2 , 3 , 4 beyond the cell which is clearly trifurcated by black veins . a slightly smaller butterfly , the rose windmill has rose coloured lunules .
stenoptera [ byasa nevilli ] : recently described as a separate species from hainan allied to b . nevilli ( chou 1994 , gu 1997 ) , a species which is not yet know to occur on the island but only on the chinese mainland .
hedistus [ byasa ] : generally accepted as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 , hancock 1983 , munroe 1961 ) , but treated as conspecific with b . dasarada by d ' abrera ( 1982 : 37 ) .
great windmill , byasa dasarada , has a number of two white spots in 4 , 5 on the upperside of the hindwing and three spots on 4 , 5 and 6 on the underside of the hindwing . it is a slightly larger butterfly with a broader swallowtail .
originally described as papilio mencius felder , 1862 subsp . rhadinus jordan , 1928 treated as a species of panosmia wood - mason & de nicéville , 1886 by bascombe ( 1995 : 58 ) . treated as a subspecies of parides ( byasa ) mencius ( felder & felder , 1862 ) by fujioka et al . ( 1997 : 170 ) .
febanus [ byasa impediens ] : sometimes accepted as a separate species endemic to taiwan ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 , igarashi & fukuda 1997 ) , but recently more often treated as conspecific with b . impediens from mainland china ( chou 1994 , d ' abrera 1982 , fujioka et al . 1997 , hancock 1983 , and shirozu 1992 ) .
rhadinus [ byasa mencius ] : originallly described and generally placed as conspecific with b . mencius ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 , fujioka et al . 1997 ) , it was suggested by d ' abrera ( 1982 : 38 ) to be closer to b . nevilli , and has recently been elevated to species rank by chou ( 1994 ) .
prepared by christoph l . häuser , in cooperation with rienk de jong , gerardo lamas , robert k . robbins , campbell smith & richard i . vane - wright .
parnassiinae duponchel , [ 1835 ] [ 66 spp . ] parnassiini duponchel , [ 1835 ] :
driopa korshunov , 1988 [ 8 spp . ] parnassius ( driopa ) ariadne lederer , 1853 - clarius eversmann , 1843 * parnassius ( driopa ) clodius ménétriés , 1855 parnassius ( driopa ) eversmanni ménétriés , 1855 - felderi bremer , 1861 * - litoreus stichel , 1907 * parnassius ( driopa ) glacialis butler , 1866 * - sulphurus antram , 1924 * parnassius ( driopa ) mnemosyne ( linnaeus , 1758 ) parnassius ( driopa ) nordmanni [ ménétriés ] , 1850 parnassius ( driopa ) orleans oberthür , 1890 parnassius ( driopa ) stubbendorfii ménétriés , 1849 - hoenei schweitzer , 1912 *
parnassius latreille , 1804 [ 13 spp . ] parnassius ( parnassius ) actius ( eversmann , 1843 ) parnassius ( parnassius ) apollo ( linnaeus , 1758 ) parnassius ( parnassius ) apollonius ( eversmann , 1847 ) parnassius ( parnassius ) bremeri bremer , 1864 parnassius ( parnassius ) dongalaicus tytler , 1926 * - rikihiroi kawasaki , 1995 * parnassius ( parnassius ) epaphus oberthür , 1879 parnassius ( parnassius ) honrathi staudinger , 1882 parnassius ( parnassius ) jacquemontii boisduval , 1836 parnassius ( parnassius ) nomion fischer de waldheim , 1823 parnassius ( parnassius ) phoebus ( fabricius , 1793 ) * - ruckbeili deckert , 1909 * parnassius ( parnassius ) sacerdos stichel , 1906 * parnassius ( parnassius ) smintheus doubleday , 1847 * - behrii edwards , 1870 * parnassius ( parnassius ) tianschanicus oberthür , 1879
leptocircini kirby , 1896 [ = lampropterini bryk , 1929 ; [ = graphiini talbot , 1939 ] * [ 144 spp . ]
mimoides brown , 1991 [ 11 spp . ] mimoides ariarathes ( esper , 1788 ) mimoides euryleon ( hewitson , [ 1856 ] ) mimoides ilus ( fabricius , 1793 ) - belesis ( bates , 1864 ) * - branchus ( doubleday , 1846 ) * mimoides lysithous ( hübner , [ 1821 ] ) - eupatorion ( lucas , 1857 ) * - harrisianus ( swainson , 1822 ) * - oedipus ( felder , 1865 ) * - rurik ( eschscholtz , 1821 ) * - sebastianus ( oberthür , 1880 ) * mimoides microdamas ( burmeister , 1878 ) mimoides pausanias ( hewitson , 1852 ) mimoides phaon ( boisduval , 1836 ) - hipparchus ( staudinger , 1884 ) * mimoides protodamas ( godart , 1819 ) mimoides thymbraeus ( boisduval , 1836 ) mimoides xeniades ( hewitson , 1867 ) * - chibcha ( fassl , 1912 ) * - harmodius ( doubleday , 1846 ) * mimoides xynias ( hewitson , 1875 ) - trapeza ( rothschild & jordan , 1906 ) *
protesilaus swainson , [ 1832 ] [ 11 spp . ] protesilaus aguiari ( d ' almeida , 1937 ) protesilaus earis ( rothschild & jordan , 1906 ) * protesilaus glaucolaus ( bates , 1864 ) protesilaus helios ( rothschild & jordan , 1906 ) protesilaus leucosilaus ( zikán , 1937 ) * protesilaus macrosilaus ( gray , [ 1853 ] ) * - penthesilaus ( felder & felder , 1865 ) * protesilaus molops ( rothschild & jordan , 1906 ) - hetaerius ( rothschild & jordan , 1906 ) * protesilaus orthosilaus ( weymer , 1899 ) protesilaus protesilaus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) - archesilaus ( felder & felder , 1865 ) * - embrikstrandi ( d ' almeida , 1936 ) * - nigricornis ( staudinger , 1884 ) * - pseudosilaus ( zikan , 1937 ) * - travassosi ( d ' almeida , 1938 ) * protesilaus stenodesmus ( rothschild & jordan , 1906 ) protesilaus telesilaus ( felder & felder , 1864 )
protographium munroe , [ 1961 ] [ 14 spp . ] protographium agesilaus ( guérin & percheron , 1835 ) - autosilaus ( bates , 1861 ) * - neosilaus ( hopffer , 1865 ) * - oberthueri ( rothschild & jordan , 1906 ) * protographium anaxilaus ( felder & felder , 1865 ) * - arcesilaus ( lucas , 1852 ) * protographium asius ( fabricius , 1781 ) protographium calliste ( bates , 1864 ) protographium celadon ( lucas , 1852 ) protographium dioxippus ( hewitson , [ 1856 ] ) - lacandones ( bates , 1864 ) * protographium epidaus ( doubleday , 1846 ) protographium leosthenes ( doubleday , 1846 ) protographium leucaspis ( godart , 1819 ) protographium marcellinus ( doubleday , [ 1845 ] ) protographium marcellus ( cramer , [ 1777 ] ) protographium philolaus ( boisduval , 1836 ) - oberthueri ( rothschild & jordan , 1906 ) * - xanticles ( bates , 1863 ) * protographium thyastes ( drury , 1782 ) - marchandii ( boisduval , 1836 ) * protographium zonaria ( butler , 1869 )
battus scopoli , 1777 [ 12 spp . ] battus belus ( cramer , [ 1777 ] ) battus chalceus ( rothschild & jordan , 1906 ) * - ingenuus ( dyar , 1907 ) * battus crassus ( cramer , [ 1777 ] ) battus devilliersii ( godart , 1823 ) battus eracon ( godman & salvin , 1897 ) battus laodamas ( felder & felder , 1859 ) battus lycidas ( cramer , [ 1777 ] ) battus madyes ( doubleday , 1846 ) - philetas ( hewitson , 1869 ) * battus philenor ( linnaues , 1771 ) battus polydamas ( linnaeus , 1758 ) - archidamas ( boisduval , 1836 ) * - psittacus ( molina , 1782 ) * - streckerianus ( honrath , 1884 ) * battus polystictus ( butler , 1874 ) battus zetides munroe , 1971 - zetes ( westwood , 1847 ) *
cressida swainson , 1832 [ 1 sp . ] cressida cressida ( fabricius , 1775 )
euryades felder & felder , 1864 [ 2 spp . ] euryades corethrus ( boisduval , 1836 ) euryades duponchelii ( lucas , 1836 )
losaria moore , [ 1902 ] [ 4 spp . ] losaria coon ( fabricius , 1793 ) losaria neptunus ( guérin - méneville , 1840 ) losaria palu ( martin , 1912 ) * losaria rhodifer ( butler , 1876 )
ornithoptera boisduval , [ 1832 ] [ 12 spp . ] ornithoptera aesacus ( ney , 1903 ) * ornithoptera alexandrae ( rothschild , 1907 ) ornithoptera chimaera ( rothschild , 1904 ) ornithoptera croesus wallace , 1859 * ornithoptera goliath oberthür , 1888 ornithoptera meridionalis ( rothschild , 1897 ) ornithoptera paradisea staudinger , 1893 ornithoptera priamus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) - akakeae kobayashi & koiwaya , 1978 * - allotei ( rothschild , 1914 ) * - euphorion ( gray , [ 1853 ] ) * ornithoptera richmondia ( gray , [ 1853 ] ) * ornithoptera rothschildi kenrick , 1911 - akakeae kobayashi & koiwaya , 1978 * ornithoptera tithonus de haan , 1840 ornithoptera victoriae ( gray , 1856 ) - allotei ( rothschild , 1914 ) *
pharmacophagus haase , 1892 [ 1 sp . ] pharmacophagus antenor ( drury , 1773 )
trogonoptera rippon , [ 1890 ] [ 2 spp . ] trogonoptera brookiana ( wallace , 1855 ) trogonoptera trojana ( honrath , 1886 )
meandrusa moore , 1888 [ 3 spp . ] meandrusa payeni ( boisduval , 1836 ) meandrusa sciron ( leech , 1890 ) * - hercules ( blanchard , 1871 ) * meandrusa lachinus ( fruhstorfer , 1902 ) * - gyas ( westwood , 1841 ) *
abderus [ papilio ( pterourus ) ] : generally seen as conspecific with p . garamas ( e . g . , bryk 1930 , d ' abrera 1981 , d ' almeida 1966 , tyler et al . 1994 ) , but sometimes also treated as a distinct species ( collins & morris 1985 : 87 , hancock 1983 , llorente - bousquets et al . 1997 ) .
acco [ parnassius ( tadumia ) ] : is treated here to include baileyi south , przewalskii alpheraky , and all related taxa some of which at times have been regarded as distinct species ( e . g . , bryk 1935 , chou 1994 , collins & morris 1985 , munroe 1961 ) ; the view of a single species has been accepted by most recent authors based on the allopatric occurence of the different taxa concerned ( e . g . , ackery 1975 , eisner 1976 , hancock 1983 , inaoka & sugisawa 1997 , rose 2000 , shinkai 1997 , sorimachi 1994a , sorimachi 1995 ) .
adamas [ pachliopta ] : previously regarded as conspecific with p . aristolochiae ( e . g . , fujioka et al . 1997 , tsukada & nishiyama 1982 ) , but recently accepted as a separate species by page & treadaway ( 1995 ) .
aesacus [ ornithoptera ] : generally regarded as a separate species ( e . g , collins & morris 1985 : 83 , hancock 1983 , hancock & orr 1997 , munroe 1961 , otani & kimura 1998 , von knötgen 1997 ) , but also considered as conspecific with o . priamus by parsons ( 1996 ) .
aethiops [ papilio ( druryia ) microps ] : formerly in general use as the species name ( e . g . , carcasson 1975 , d ' abrera 1980 , munroe 1961 ) , but invalid as a junior primary homonym ( ackery et al . 1995 , hancock 1983 ) ; aethiopsis hancock , 1983 has been proposed as an objective replacement name ( see below ) , but microps storace , 1952 is also seen as a conspecific taxon and hence available as species name ( ackery et al . 1995 : 152 ) .
aethiopsis [ papilio ( druryia ) microps ] : proposed as an objective replacement name for p . aethiops rothschild & jordan , 1905 , which is invalid as a junior primary homonym ( hancock 1983 : 38 ) ; at species level , however , microps storace , 1952 is already available as a valid name ( see below ) .
aglaope [ parides panthonus ] : previously treated as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 : 70 , d ' almeida 1966 , and hancock 1983 : 47 ) , but recently regarded as conspecific with p . panthonus by lamas ( pers . com . ) , and tyler et al . ( 1994 : 28 ) .
akakeae [ ornithoptera priamus / rothschildi ] : originally described as a separate species , but now regarded as an interspecific hybrid between o . priamus and o . rothschildi ( otani & kimura 1998 : 101 ) .
alcindor [ papilio ( menelaides ) polytes ] : generally held to be conspecific with p . polytes ( e . g . , bryk 1930 , d ' abrera 1982 , tsukada & nishiyama 1982 ) but recently elevated to species rank by fujioka et al . ( 1997 : 228 ) .
alexiares [ papilio ( pterourus ) glaucus ] : previously regarded as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 , d ' abrera 1981 , d ' almeida 1966 : 132 , hagen & scriber 1995 , hancock 1983 , munroe 1961 ) , but recently seen as conspecific with p . glaucus ( llorente - bousquets et al . 1997 , tyler et al . 1994 ) .
allotei [ ornithoptera priamus / victoriae ] : originally described and subsequently often listed as a separate species ( e . g . , munroe 1961 ) , it is now recognized as an interspecific hybrid between o . priamus and o . victoriae ( collins & morris 1985 : 82 , haugum & low 1978 . 1985 , otani & kimura 1998 : 99 , parsons 1999 : 225 ) .
ammosovi [ parnassius ( sachaia ) arcticus ] : originally described as a separate species but subsequently found to be a junior synonym of arcticus eisner , which first had been misplaced under p . simo ( see häuser 1993 , tuzov et al . 1997 ) .
anaxilaus [ protographium ] : the species was formerly known under the name of arcesilaus lucas which , however , is invalid as a junior primary homonym ( see below ) .
andreji [ parnassius ( sachaia ) ] : long treated as conspecific with p . simo ( e . g . , ackery 1975 , bryk 1935 , collins & morris 1985 , eisner 1976 , and munroe 1961 ) , but recently accepted as a separate species by chou ( 1994 ) , sorimachi ( 1995 : 72 ) , and weiss ( 1991 ) , which has also been found sympatrically with p . simo ( koiwaya 1995 ) .
angolanus [ graphium ( arisbe ) ] : in former times the species was known under the name of pylades fabricius , which is invalid as a junior primary homonym ( see below ) .
annae [ pachliopta phlegon ] : previously in use as the species name ( e . g . , d ' abrera 1982 ) , but invalid as a junior primary homonym ; strandi bryk , 1930 has been proposed as an available replacement name ( see below ) .
antiphus [ pachliopta ] : until recently regarded as conspecific with p . aristolochiae ( e . g . , fujioka et al . 1997 , tsukada & nishiyama 1982 ) , but now recognized as a separate species by page & treadaway ( 1995 ) .
apollinaris [ archon ] : for a long time treated as a subspecies of a . apollinus ( e . g . , ackery 1975 , bryk 1934 , d ' abrera 1990 , igarashi 1979 , collins & morris 1985 , hancock 1983 ) , but now generally accepted as a distinct species based on the sympatric occurence with a . apollinus in part of its range ( carbonell 1991 , de freina 1985 , hesselbarth et al . 1995 ) .
arcas [ parides eurimedes ] : the species has long been known under this name which , however , is invalid as a junior primary homonym ; eurimedes stoll is available as a subjective replacement name ( tyler et al . 1994 ) .
arcesilaus [ protographium anaxilaus ] : previously the species has been known under this name ( e . g . , d ' abrera 1981 , d ' almeida 1966 , munroe 1961 ) which , however , is invalid as a junior primary homonym ( hancock 1983 ) .
archesilaus [ protesilaus protesilaus ] : listed as a separate species by d ' almeida ( 1966 : 249 ) , but now generally regarded as conspecific with p . protesilaus ( e . g . , brown 1991 , hancock 1983 : 20 , munroe 1961 , tyler et al . 1994 : 30 ) .
archidamas [ battus polydamas ] : previously mostly treated as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 : 70 , d ' almeida 1966 , hancock 1983 : 47 , möhn 1999 , racheli & pariset 1992 ) , but recently regarded as conspecific with b . polydamas by lamas ( pers . com . ) , and tyler et al . ( 1994 : 28 ) ; the oldest available name for this taxon is probably papilio psittacus molina , 1782 ( see below ) , which hitherto has been interpreted as representing a species of castniidae ( racheli & pariset , 1992 : 53 ) .
arcticus [ parnassius ( sachaia ) ] : originally described as a siberian subspecies of p . simo , a species which does not occur in siberia , and subsequently placed as conspecific with p . tenedius ( eisner 1969 ) ; recognized as a separate species by mrácek ( 1989 ) , and recently accepted as such ( e . g . , korshunov & gorbunov 1995 : 54 , sorimachi 1995 , tuzov et al . 1997 : 142 , and weiss 1991 ) ; includes ammosovi korshunov as a junior synonym ( see above ) .
aristeus [ papilio ( pterourus ) menatius ] : previously in use as the species name ( e . g . , bryk 1930 , d ' abrera 1981 ) but invalid as a junior primary homonym ( hancock 1983 : 32 ) .
aristolochiae [ pachliopta ] : for taxa formerly included under this species , see also under p . adamas and p . antiphus ( see above ) .
aristophontes [ papilio ( princeps ) nireus ] : originally described and often regarded as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 : 105 , d ' abrera 1980 , d ' abrera 1997 ) , but recently treated as conspecific with p . nireus with which it is allopatric ( ackery et al . 1995 : 153 , hancock 1984b ) .
arnoldi [ papilio ( druryia ) arnoldiana ] : this name is invalid as a junior primary homonym , and arnolidana vane - wright has been proposed as an objective replacement name for this taxon ( see below ) .
arnoldiana [ papilio ( druryia ) ] : originally described as a subspecies of p . cynorta and treated as such by most authors ( e . g . , carcasson 1975 , collins & morris 1985 , d ' abrera 1980 ) , but recently regarded as a separate species by ackery et al . ( 1995 : 139 ) , and hancock ( 1989 , 1993 ) ; the taxon was previously known under the name arnoldi poulton , which , however , is invalid as a junior primary homonym ( see above ) .
ascolius [ papilio ( pterourus ) zagreus ] : previously regarded as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 : 85 , d ' almeida 1966 : 147 , de vries 1987 , hancock 1983 , munroe 1961 ) , but recently treated as conspecific with p . zagreus ( racheli & pariset 1993 , tyler et al . 1994 ) .
augustus [ parnassius ( kailasius ) imperator ] : recently proposed as a separate species from p . imperator by sugisawa & kawasaki ( 1997 ) based on differences in male genitalia and wing pattern ; regarded as conspecific with p . imperator by all previous authors , e . g . , ackery ( 1975 ) , bryk ( 1935 ) , collins & morris ( 1985 ) , ohya ( 1990 ) , sorimachi ( 1995 : 166 ) , and weiss ( 1991 ) ; this view is accepted here as no truely sympatric occurence of the two taxa has yet been demonstrated .
auriger [ graphium ( arisbe ) ] : several taxa in the past sometimes treated as conspecific with g . auriger are now regarded as distinct species ; see also under g . olbrechtsi , and g . schubotzi .
autosilaus [ protographium agesilaus ] : listed as a separate species by d ' almeida ( 1966 : 256 ) , but generally regarded as conspecific with p . agesilaus ( brown 1991 , collins & morris 1985 , d ' abrera 1981 , hancock 1983 , tyler et al . 1994 : 30 ) .
bachus [ papilio ( pterourus ) zagreus ] : previously regarded as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 : 85 , d ' almeida 1966 : 154 , hancock 1983 , munroe 1961 , racheli & pariset 1993 ) , but recently treated as conspecific with p . zagreus ( tyler et al . 1994 ) .
baileyi [ parnassius ( tadumia ) acco ] : originally described as a subspecies of p . acco , later placed with rothschildianus or przewalskii ( e . g . , bryk 1935 ) , and subsequently also treated as a separate species ( e . g . , weiss 1992 ) ; more recently , however , regarded by most authors again as conspecific with p . acco ( ackery 1975 , eisner 1976 , inaoka & sugisawa 1997 , shinkai 1997 , sorimachi 1994a , sorimachi 1995 , weiss 1992 ) .
bairdii [ papilio ( papilio ) machaon ] : previously often regarded as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 : 95 , d ' almeida 1966 : 155 , hancock 1983 , miller & brown 1981 , munroe 1961 ) , but now generally treated as conspecific with p . machaon ( d ' abrera 1990 , fujioka et al . 1997 , scott 1986 , sperling 1987 , tyler et al . 1994 ) .
batjanensis [ graphium ( graphium ) stresemanni ] : described as a distinct species in the g . weiskei group , and recently accepted as a separate species by hanafusa ( 1998 ) , and müller & tennent ( 1999 ) ; since batjanensis appears to be allopatric to g . stresemanni , it is retained here provisionally under that species ; it has also been suggested to be conspecific with g . weiskei ( parsons 1999 : 245 ) .
beehri [ parnassius ( parnassius ) smintheus ] : as the other north american taxa in this group , beehri was in the past generally placed as a subspecies of p . phoebus ( e . g . , bryk 1935 , eisner 1976 , ferris 1976 , tyler et al . 1994 ) ; following the separation of nearctic taxa at species level under p . smintheus ( see below ) , it consequently has now to be placed with the latter taxon ; in a recent study , species rank has been accordet to beehri based on differences in egg morphology ( shepard & manley 1998 ) .
belesis [ mimoides ilus ] : formerly treated as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 : 49 , d ' almeida 1966 : 257 , hancock 1983 , and munroe 1961 ) , but recently regarded as conspecific with m . branchus by brown ( 1991 ) , and with m . ilus by tyler et al . ( 1994 : 31 ) .
benguetanus [ papilio ( sinoprinceps ) ] : sometimes regarded as conspecific with p . xuthus ( e . g . , fujioka et al . 1997 : 220 ; munroe 1961 ) , but mostly accepted as a separate species ( collins & morris 1985 , hancock 1983 , treadaway 1995 , tsukada & nishiyama 1982 ) .
biokoensis [ graphium ( arisbe ) ] : originally described as a subspecies of g . policenes and subsequently treated as such ( ackery et al . 1995 : 165 ) or considered conspecific with g . liponesco ( larsen 1994 ) , but recently accepted as a separate species restricted largely to central africa by smith & vane - wright ( 2001 ) .
biseriatus [ papilio ( menelaides ) helenus ] : generally treated as conspecific with p . helenus ( e . g . , bryk 1930 , fujioka et al . 1997 , tsukada & nishiyama 1982 ) , but regarded as a distinct species by collins & morris ( 1985 : 98 ) following hancock ( 1983 : 37 ) .
bjorndalae [ papilio ( heraclides ) aristodemus ] : originally described and subsequently treated as a subspecies of p . aristodemus , but listed as a distinct species by d ' abrera ( 1990 : 44 ) .
boedromius [ parnassius ( sachaia ) ] : originally described as a separate species , but later mostly regarded as conspecific with p . simo ( e . g , ackery 1975 , bryk 1935 , collins & morris 1985 , d ' abrera 1990 , eisner 1976 , munroe 1961 , verity 1905 - 1911 ) ; reinstated as a separate species by kreuzberg ( 1985 ) , and recently accepted as such by most authors ( e . g . , häuser 1993 , lukhtanov & lukhtanov 1994 , sorimachi 1995 , tuzov et al . 1997 , and weiss 1991 ) .
boolae [ graphium ( arisbe ) policenoides ] : originally described and subsequently listed as a separate species by munroe ( 1961 ) , it has been regarded as conspecific with g . policenoides ( ackery et al . 1995 ) , but is now established as conspecific with g . liponesco ( hancock 1986 , larsen 1994 , smith & vane - wright 2001 ) .
branchus [ mimoides ilus ] : in the past generally treated as a separate species ( e . g . , brown 1991 : 401 , collins & morris 1985 : 49 , d ' abrera 1981 , d ' almeida 1966 : 258 , de vries 1987 , hancock 1983 , and munroe 1961 ) , but recently regarded as conspecific with m . ilus by lamas ( pers . com . ) , llorente - bousquets et al . ( 1997 ) , and tyler et al . ( 1994 : 31 ) .
brevicauda [ papilio ( papilio ) ] : usually treated as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 : 94 , d ' abrera 1990 , hancock 1983 , layberry et al . 1998 , miller & brown 1981 , munroe 1961 , scott 1986 ) , but has also been regarded as conspecific with p . machaon ( fujioka et al . 1997 , sperling & harrison 1994 , tyler et al . 1994 ) .
bridgei [ papilio ( menelaides ) ] : this species has sometimes been regarded to also include p . erskinei ( see below ) which recently has been accepted again as a distinct species ( tennent 1999 ) ; the two taxa were introduced in the same paper , and this name has been given precedence over erskinei mathew , 1886 as the species name by parsons ( 1999 ) despite the fact that the latter name had already been given priority by racheli ( 1980 ) acting as first reviser ( see tennnet 1999 : 215 ) .
bromius [ papilio ( druryia ) chrapkowskoides ] : a name in general use for this species ( e . g . , berger 1981 , carcasson 1975 , collins & morris 1985 , d ' abrera 1980 , d ' abrera 1997 , hancock 1984b , larsen 1991 , munroe 1961 ) which has recently been recognised to be invalid as a junior primary homonym ( koçak 1983 ) ; it has been suggested that a case will be made to the iczn for the conservation of the long established name papilio bromius doubleday , 1845 ( ackery et al . 1995 : 140 ) .
brontes [ papilio ( druryia ) desmondi ] : previously in use as the species name ( e . g . , carcasson 1975 , munroe 1961 ) , but invalid as a junior primary homonym ( ackery et al . 1995 , hancock 1984b ) .
buraki [ pachliopta leytensis ] : buraki koçak , 1983 has been proposed as a replacement name for papilio phegeus hopffer , 1885 , which is invalid as a junior primary homonym ( see below ) ; leytensis murayama , 1978 , however , is available as a subjective conspecific name ( see below ) .
canadensis [ papilio ( pterourus ) glaucus ] : generally placed as a subspecies of p . glaucus ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 , d ' abrera 1990 , d ' almeida 1966 , miller & brown 1981 , scott 1986 , tyler et al . 1994 ) , but recently accepted as a separate species ( caterino & sperling 1999 , hagen et al . 1991 , hagen & scriber 1995 , layberry et al . 1998 ) .
carchedonius [ graphium ( arisbe ) almansor ] : originally described and subsequently treated as a distinct species ( e . g . , hancock 1983 ) , it has been regarded as conspecific with g . adamastor ( ackery et al . 1995 ) , but is recently treated as conspecific with g . almansor ( d ' abrera 1997 , larsen pers . com . , smith & vane - wright 2001 ) .
cardinal [ parnassius ( koramius ) ] : for a long time regarded as a subspecies of p . delphius ( e . g . , ackery 1975 , bryk 1935 , eisner 1976 , collins & morris 1985 , d ' abrera 1990 , munroe 1961 ) , but later recognized as a distinct species which partly coexists with other members of the p . delphius group ( kreuzberg 1985 , stshetkin 1979 ) , a view which lately has been generally accepted ( e . g . , häuser 1993 , sorimachi 1995 , tuzov et al . 1997 , weiss 1992 ) .
castilhoi [ parides panthonus ] : originally described as a separate species and subsequently treated as such by collins & morris ( 1985 : 70 ) and hancock ( 1983 : 47 ) , but now seen as conspecific with p . panthonus ( lamas pers . com . , tyler et al . 1994 : 28 ) .
caucasica [ zerynthia ( allancastria ) ] : originally placed and long regarded as conspecific with z . cerisy ( e . g . , ackery 1975 , bernardi 1970 , bryk 1934 ) , but now generally accepted as a separate species which coexists in part of its range with z . cerisy ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 , hancock 1983 , häuser 1993 , hesselbarth et al . 1995 , kuhna 1977 , nekrutenko 1990 , and tuzov et al . 1997 : 148 ) .
chaon [ papilio ( menelaides ) nephelus ] : listed as a separate species by munroe ( 1961 ) and talbot ( 1939 ) , but now generally regarded as conspecific with p . nephelus ( collins & morris 1985 : 100 , d ' abrera 1982 , hancock 1983 , tsukada & nishiyama 1982 ) .
carchedonius [ graphium ( arisbe ) aalmansor ] : originally described and subsequently sometimes treated as a distinct species ( e . g . , hancock 1983 ) , but mostly regarded as conspecific with g . adamastor ( ackery et al . 1995 , hancock 1985 ) ; recently , however , seen as conspecific with g . almansor ( d ' abrera 1997 , smith & vane - wright pers . com . ) .
chibcha [ mimoides xeniades ] : originally described and subsequently listed as a separate species by d ' abrera ( 1981 ) , d ' almeida ( 1966 ) , and munroe ( 1961 ) , but now generally regarded as conspecific with m . xenidaes ( brown 1991 , hancock 1983 , tyler et al . 1994 ) .
chinensis [ luehdorfia ] : originally described and in the past often treated as conspecific with l . japonica ( e . g . , ackery 1975 , d ' abrera 1990 , rothschild 1918 ) or with l . puziloi ( e . g . , bryk 1934 , eisner 1974 ) , but now recognized as a separate species ( chou 1994 , collins & morris 1985 , fujioka et al . 1997 , hancock 1983 , igarashi & fukuda 1997 , kato 1998 , nosé 1990 , watanabe 1996 ) .
chitondensis [ papilio ( druryia ) ] : originally described as a subspecies of p . chrapkowskoides and subsequently treated as such ( hancock 1984b ) , but recently accepted as a separate species ( ackery et al . 1995 : 140 ) .
choui [ parnassius ( tadumia ) szechenyii ] : recently described as a separate species related to p . szechenyii ; as judged from the illustrations of the original description , however , it seems unlikely to be specifically distinct .
chrapkowskii [ papilio ( druryia ) ] : originally described and now again mostly treated as a separate species ( ackery et al . 1995 , collins & morris 1985 , d ' abrera 1997 , hancock 1983 , hancock 1993 , kielland 1990 ) , but sometimes in the past also regarded as conspecific with p . chrapkowskoides ( e . g . , carcasson 1975 , d ' abrera 1980 , larsen 1991 ) .
chrapkowskoides [ papilio ( druryia ) ] : this species has long been know under the name of bromius doubleday , 1845 ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 , d ' abrera 1980 , hancock 1984b , munroe 1961 ) , which however is invalid as a junior primary homonym ; chrapkowskoides storace , 1952 is available as a subjective replacement name at the species level ( hancock 1993 ) and an objective replacement name has been proposed by koçak ( 1983 ) , but it has been suggested that a case will be made to the iczn for the conservation of the long established name papilio bromius doubleday , 1845 ( ackery et al . 1995 : 140 ) .
chungianus [ graphium ( pazala ) timur ] : treated as a separate species by shirozu ( 1992 ) , but otherwise seen as conspecific with g . alebion ( d ' abrera 1982 : 108 ) or with g . timur ( koiwaya 1993 ) .
cinyras [ papilio ( heraclides ) thoas ] : mostly seen as conspecific with p . thoas ( e . g . , d ' abrera 1981 , d ' almeida 1966 , munroe 1961 , racheli & pariset 1993 : 436 , tyler et al . 1994 ) , but treated as a separate species by collins & morris ( 1985 : 89 ) , and hancock ( 1983 ) .
clarius [ parnassius ( driopa ) ariadne ] : the species has in the past often been referred to under this name ( e . g . , bryk 1935 , eisner 1974 ) which , however , is invalid as a junior primary homonym .
cleotas [ papilio ( pterourus ) menatius ] : previously treated as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 : 86 , d ' almeida 1966 , de vries 1987 , hancock 1983 ) , but now seen as conspecific with p . menatius by tyler et al . ( 1994 ) .
codrus [ graphium ( graphium ) ] : this species is seen by some authors to include g . empedovana ( d ' abrera 1982 : 96 , parsons 1999 : 251 ) , which is treated here as a separate species ( see below ) .
coelus [ parides vercingetorix ] : in the previous literature the species was known under this name ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 , d ' almeida 1966 , hancock 1983 ) which , however , is invalid as a junior primary homonym ; vercingetorix oberthür is available as a subjective replacement name ( tyler et al . 1994 ) .
coloro [ papilio ( papilio ) polyxenes ] : previously regarded as a separate species ( collins & morris 1985 : 95 ) or placed with p . zelicaon ( d ' almeida 1966 : 243 , miller & brown 1981 ) , but now regarded as conspecific with p . polyxenes ( fujioka et al . 1997 , sperling 1987 , tyler et al . 1994 ) .
columbus [ eurytides serville ] : listed as a separate species by collins & morris ( 1985 : 51 ) , d ' almeida ( 1966 : 259 ) , hancock ( 1983 ) , and munroe ( 1961 ) , but recently regarded as conspecific with e . serville ( lamas , pers . com . , tyler et al . 1994 : 30 ) .
cretica [ zerynthia ( allancastria ) ] : originally described and often still regarded as conspecific with z . cerisy ( e . g . , ackery 1975 , bryk 1934 , collins & morris 1985 , hancock 1983 , and tolman & lewington 1997 ) ; more recently , it has been accepted as a separate species based on constant differences of adults and early stages by several authors ( carbonell 1996b , de prins & iversen 1996 , olivier 1993 ) .
croesus [ ornithoptera ] : generally accepted as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 : 83 , hancock & orr 1997 , munroe 1961 , otani & kimura 1998 , tsukada & nishiyama 1982 : 240 , von knötgen 1997 ) , but recently considered as conspecific with o . priamus by parsons ( 1996 , 1999 : 226 ) .
cyproeofila [ papilio ( druryia ) ] : previously this species was generally referred to as p . zenobius godart ( e . g . , carcasson 1975 , collins & morris 1985 : 107 , hancock 1983 , munroe 1961 ) , which , however , appears to be not an available name but an unjustified emendation of p . zenobia fabricus ( hancock 1988b : 297 ) . in almost all the previous literature ( see above ) , this name has been misspelled as
cypraeofila
resulting from an incorrect transliteration of the symbol

used in the original description .
delphius [ parnassius ( koramius ) ] : for taxa formerly treated as conspecific with p . delphius , see also under p . acdestis , p . cardinal , p . maximinus , p . staudingeri , p . stenosemus , and p . stoliczkanus .
diodorus [ parides bunichus ] : has sometimes been treated as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 : 68 , d ' almeida 1966 , hancock 1983 : 47 ) , but mostly regarded as conspecific with p . bunichus ( lamas pers . com . , rothschild & jordan 1906 , tyler et al . 1994 : 28 ) .
doddsi [ papilio ( achillides ) dialis ] : generally treated as concpecific with p . dialis ( e . g . , bryk 1930 , d ' abrera 1982 : 51 ) , but recently elevated to species rank by bauer & frankenbach ( 1998 ) , and gu ( 1997 ) .
dohertyi [ troides rhadamantus ] : treated as a separate species by collins & morris ( 1985 : 79 ) , d ' abrera ( 1982 ) , and tsukada & nishiyama ( 1982 : 232 ) , but regarded as conspecific with t . rhadamantus by hancock ( 1983 ) , haugum & low ( 1978 - 1985 ) , and munroe ( 1961 ) .
dongalaicus [ parnassius ( parnassius ) epaphus ] : originally described as a separate species , but subsequently regarded as conspecific with p . epaphus ( bryk 1935 ) ; recently , again , it has been recognized as a separate species and as conspecific with rikihiroi kawasaki , 1995 ( see below ) based on the sympatric occurence with p . epaphus ( sorimachi 1995 , sugisawa 1996 ) .
dospassosi [ papilio ( heraclides ) chiansiades ] : originally described and subsequently regarded as a separate species ( collins & morris 1985 : 90 , hancock 1983 ) , but recently placed as conspecific with p . chiansiades ( tyler et al . 1994 ) .
drucei [ parides anchises ] : previusly often treated as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 : 70 , d ' almeida 1966 , hancock 1983 : 47 ) , but recently regarded as conspecific with p . anchises ( tyler et al . 1994 : 29 ) .
earis [ protesilaus ] : originally described and generally recognized as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 : 48 , d ' abrera 1981 , d ' almeida 1966 : 268 , hancock 1983 , and munroe 1961 ) , but regarded as conspecific with p . telesilaus by brown ( 1991 ) , and tyler et al . ( 1994 : 30 ) ; recently the species status has been reaffirmed by bollino & vitale ( 1999 ) based on constant differences in male genitalia between the two taxa .
embrikstrandi [ protesilaus protesilaus ] : originally described and subsequently listed as a separate species by collins & morris ( 1985 : 48 ) , d ' almeida ( 1966 : 268 ) , hancock ( 1983 ) , and munroe ( 1961 ) , but recently regarded as conspecific with p . protesilaus ( brown 1991 , tyler et al . 1994 : 30 ) .
empedovana [ graphium ( graphium ) ] : generally treated as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 , corbet & pendlebury 1992 , saigusa et al . 1982 , treadaway 1995 , and tsukada & nishiyama 1982 ) , but regarded as conspecific with g . codrus by d ' abrera ( 1982 : 96 ) and parsons ( 1999 : 251 ) .
erlaces [ parides erithalion ] : previously treated as a separate species by collins & morris ( 1985 : 70 ) , d ' almeida ( 1966 ) , and hancock ( 1983 : 47 ) , but recently regarded as conspecific with p . erithalion ( lamas pers . com . , tyler et al . 1994 : 29 ) .
erostratinus [ papilio ( heraclides ) erostratus ] : originally described and subsequently treated as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 : 90 , d ' abrera 1981 , d ' almeida 1966 : 172 , hancock 1983 ) , but now seen as conspecific with p . erostratus ( llorente - bousquets et al . 1997 , tyler et al . 1994 ) .
erskinei [ papilio ( menelaides ) ] : originally described and subsequently treated as a distinct species ( bryk 1930 , munroe 1961 ) , it was later placed as conspecific with p . bridgei ( collins & morris 1985 , hancock 1983 , parsons 1999 , racheli 1980 ) , but recently has been accepted again as a separate species ( tennent 1999 ) .
esperanza [ papilio ( pterourus ) ] : this species has been classified in the subgenus heraclides by collins & morris ( 1985 ) , and hancock ( 1983 ) , but it is recently included in the subgenus pterourus by tyler et al . ( 1994 ) .
eupatorion [ mimoides lysithous ] : generally regarded as conspecific with m . lysithous ( e . g . , brown 1991 , collins & morris 1985 : 49 - 50 , d ' abrera 1981 : 69 , and tyler et al . 1994 : 31 ) , but previously listed as a separate species by d ' almeida ( 1966 : 269 ) .
euphorion [ ornithoptera priamus ] : often accepted as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 : 83 , hancock 1983 , hancock & orr 1997 , nielsen et al . 1996 ) , but recently regarded as conspecific with o . priamus by braby ( 2000 ) , munroe ( 1961 ) , otani & kimura ( 1998 ) , parsons ( 1996 ) , and von knötgen ( 1997 ) .
euphratoides [ graphium ( pathysa ) ] : in the past generally not treated as a distinct species ( collins & morris 1985 , hancock 1983 , munroe 1961 ) and placed with either g . euphrates ( e . g . , d ' abrera 1982 ) or with g . decolor ( e . g , tsukada & nishiyama 1982 : 413 ) ; elevated to species rank by page ( 1987 ) , and accepted as a species by treadaway ( 1995 ) ; further clarification by additional comparative studies is apparently hindered by the taxon becoming exceedingly rare due to habitat destruction ( page 1987 : 235 ) .
feisthamelii [ iphiclides podalirius ] : recently treated as a separate species by fernandez - rubio ( 1991 ) , tennent ( 1996 ) , and wohlfahrt ( 1996 , 1998 ) but generally regarded as conspecific with i . podalirius ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 , de prins & iversen 1996 , hancock 1983 , munroe 1961 , tolman & lewington 1997 ) .
felderi [ parnassius ( driopa ) ] : until recently mostly treated as conspecific with p . eversmanni ( e . g . , ackery 1975 , bryk 1935 , eisner 1974 , fujioka et al . 1997 , iwamoto & inomata 1988 , and sorimachi 1995 : 173 ) , but regarded as a separate species by collins & morris ( 1985 ) , korshunov & gorbunov ( 1995 : 52 ) , tuzov et al . ( 1997 : 138 ) , and weiss ( 1999 ) . unpublished results of genetic studies ( zakharov in prep . ) confirm the conspecifity of p . eversmanni and the taxa felderi and litoreus .
fernandus [ papilio ( druryia ) ] : originally described as a subspecies of p . cypraeofila and subsequently treated as such by most authors ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 , d ' abrera 1980 , hancock 1983 ) , but recently regarded as a separate species by ackery et al . ( 1995 : 149 ) , and hancock ( 1988b , 1993 ) .
filaprae [ papilio ( druryia ) ] : originally described as a subspecies of p . cypraeofila and subsequently treated as such by most authors ( e . g . , by collins & morris 1985 , d ' abrera 1980 , hancock 1983 ) , it recently has been regarded as a separate species by ackery et al . ( 1995 : 149 ) , and hancock ( 1988b , 1993 ) .
flavisparsus [ graphium ( arisbe ) illyris ] : originally described and generally placed as conspecific with g . illyris ( e . g . , ackery et al . 1995 , smith & vane - wright 2001 ) , but recently regarded as a distinct species by d ' abrera ( 1997 ) .
furvus [ papilio ( druryia ) chrapkowskoides ] : orginally described as a subspecies of p . bromius [ = p . chrapkowskoides ] and subsequently treated as such by most authors ( e . g . , ackery et al . 1995 , bryk 1930 , hancock 1984b ) , but recently elevated to species rank by wojtusiak & pyrcz ( 1997 ) based on differences in male genitalia ; the name furvus joicey & talbot , however , is invalid as a junior primary homonym , and nerminae koçak , 1983 , has been proposed as an objective replacement name ( see below ) .
goodenovi [ graphium ( graphium ) weiskei ] : orginally described as a subspecies of g . weiskei based on a single specimen , it has been suggested to be specifically distinct from that species by parsons ( 1999 : 250 ) on the basis of notable differences in male genitalia .
gothica [ papilio ( papilio ) polyxenes ] : originally described as a separate species , and later treated as conspecific with p . nitra ( hancock 1983 : 35 ) or with p . zelicaon ( collins & morris 1985 , miller & brown 1981 , scott 1986 ) ; also placed together with the other two taxa mentioned with p . polyxenes ( tyler et al . 1994 ) .
gyas [ meandrusa lachinus ] : previously in use as the species name ( e . g . , d ' abrera 1982 , munroe 1961 , talbot 1939 , rothschild 1895 ) , but invalid as a junior primary homonym ; lachinus fruhstorfer is available as a subjective replacement name for this taxon ( see below ) .
harmodius [ mimoides xeniades ] : the name harmodius has long been in use for this species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 , d ' abrera 1981 , d ' almeida 1966 , hancock 1983 , munroe 1961 ) but it is invalid as a junior primary homonym ( brown 1991 ) .
harrisianus [ mimoides lysithous ] : generally regarded as conspecific with m . lysithous ( e . g . , brown 1991 , collins & morris 1985 : 50 , d ' abrera 1981 : 69 , and tyler et al . 1994 : 31 ) , but has previously been listed as a separate species by d ' almeida ( 1966 : 277 ) .
hector [ pachliopta ] : this species has been transfered to the ( sub ) genus pharmacophagus by hancock ( 1988a ) , which , however , has not been followed by other authors .
hercules [ meandrusa sciron ] : this name has previously been in use for this taxon ( e . g . , rothschild 1895 , tsukada & nishiyama 1982 : 366 ) but it is invalid as a junior primary homonym ; sciron leech is available as a subjective replacement name ( see below ) .
heringi [ papilio ( menelaides ) fuscus / tydeus ] : previously listed as a distinct species ( e . g . , bryk 1930 , collins & morris 1985 , racheli & haugum 1983 ) , it is now regarded as an interspecific hybrid between p . fuscus and p . tydeus ( hancock 1983 : 38 , tennent 1999 ) .
hermeli [ papilio ( achillides ) ] : a recently described species from mindoro island , philippines , closely related to p . chikae , and accepted as a separate species by bauer & frankenbach ( 1998 ) , shimogori ( 1997 ) , and treadaway ( 1995 ) .
hermosanus [ papilio ( achillides ) paris ] : generally treated as a subspecies of p . paris , but considered as a separate species by shirozu ( 1992 ) .
hetaerius [ protesilaus molops ] : originally described as a subspecies of p . molops and treated as such by most authors ( e . g . , brown 1991 , collins & morris 1985 , d ' abrera 1981 , tyler et al . 1994 ) , but previously listed as a separate species by d ' almeida ( 1966 : 279 ) , and placed as conspecific with p . macrosilaus by hancock ( 1983 : 20 ) .
hide [ parnassius ( koramius ) patricius ] : first described and subsequently treated as a separate species ( e . g . , chou 1994 , sorimachi 1995 , weiss 1992 ) ; here , regarded as conspecific with p . patricius with which it is closely related and from which it is geographically separated .
hipparchus [ mimoides phaon ] : generally regarded as conspecific with m . phaon ( e . g , brown 1991 , collins & morris 1985 , tyler et al . 1994 : 31 ) , but listed as a separate species by d ' abrera ( 1981 ) , d ' almeida ( 1966 : 280 ) , and munroe ( 1961 ) .
hippocrates [ papilio ( papilio ) machaon ] : generally regarded as conspecific with p . machaon ( bryk 1930 , d ' abrera 1990 , fujioka et al . 1997 ) , but also treated as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 : 94 , hancock 1983 , munroe 1961 ) .
hoenei [ parnassius ( driopa ) stubbendorfii ] : generally regarded as conspecific with p . stubbendorfii based on its allopatric occurence ( e . g . , ackery 1975 , bryk 1935 , collins & morris 1985 , eisner 1974 , fujioka et al . 1997 , and hancock 1983 ) , but treated as a separate species by fukuda et al . ( 1982 ) , kitahara ( 1990 ) , korzhunov & gorbunov ( 1995 : 51 ) , and sorimachi ( 1995 : 128 ) .
huberi [ parnassius ( tadumia ) schultei ] : recently described as a distinct species closely related to p . acco and p . schultei ; in judging from the original description ( paulus 1999 ) , the taxon resembles more closely p . schultei with which it is allopatric and treated here as conspecific .
hunnyngtoni [ parnassius ( tadumia ) ] : in the past often treated as conspecific with p . acco ( e . g . , ackery 1975 , eisner 1976 , hancock 1983 ) , but now generally accepted as a separate species which is morphologically and ecologically quite distinct from p . acco ( bryk 1935 , collins & morris 1985 , d ' abrera 1990 , häuser 1993 , inaoka & sugisawa 1997 , sorimachi 1994a , sorimachi 1995 , weiss 1991 ) .
imperiatrix [ teinopalpus imperialis ] : regarded as conspecific with t . imperialis by most authors ( e . g . , d ' abrera 1982 , eisner 1974 , talbot 1939 , turlin 1991 ) , but recently treated as a distinct species based on sympatric occurence with t . imperialis by gaonkar ( in prep . ) .
incertus [ graphium ( pazala ) ] : originally described and subsequently treated as conspecific with g . tamerlanus ( e . g . , bryk 1930 ) , but recently regarded as a separate species by chou ( 1994 ) , and koiwaya ( 1993 ) who noticed differences in male genitalia .
ingenuus [ battus chalceus ] : depending on the identity of the type specimen of chalceus rothschild & jordan , 1906 ( see above ) this might represent the valid name for this species , which has already been used by some authors ( llorente - bousquets et al . 1997 , möhn 1999 , racheli & pariset 1992 ) .
interjecta [ papilio ( druryia ) interjectana ] : previously in general use as the species name ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 , d ' abrera 1980 , hancock 1984b , 1993 , larsen 1991 ) , which , however , is invalid as a junior primary homonym ; interjectana vane - wright , 1995 has been proposed as an objective replacement name ( see below ) .
interjectana [ papilio ( druryia ) ] : this name has been proposed as an objective replacement for interjecta van someren , 1960 , which is invalid as a junior primary homonym ( ackery et al . 1995 : 150 ) .
joanae [ papilio ( papilio ) machaon ] : previously often treated as a separate species ( collins & morris 1985 : 95 , hancock 1983 , miller & brown 1981 , sperling 1987 ) , but recently regarded as conspecific with p . machaon ( fujioka et al . 1997 , sperling & harrison 1994 , tyler et al . 1994 ) .
kahli [ papilio ( papilio ) polyxenes ] : previously regarded as a separate species ( collins & morris 1985 : 95 , hancock 1983 , miller & brown 1981 ) , placed with p . nitra ( d ' almeida 1966 : 203 ) , now presumed to represent a hybrid between p . machaon and p . polyxenes ( layberry et al . 1998 , sperling 1987 ) , or treated as conspecific with p . polyxenes ( fujioka et al . 1997 , scott 1986 , tyler et al . 1994 ) .
kigoma [ graphium ( arisbe ) ] : originally described as a subspecies of g . almansor and subsequently also placed with g . poggianus ( ackery et al . 1995 , hancock 1985 ) , it has recently been accepted as a separate species due to constant differences in male genitalia and wing pattern by smith & vane - wright ( 2001 ) .
kiritshenkoi [ parnassius ( koramius ) staudingeri ] : generally treated as conspecific with p . delphius ( ackery 1975 , bryk 1935 ) or p . staudingeri ( sorimachi 1995 , weiss 1992 ) ; recently listed as a separate species by tuzov et al . ( 1997 : 139 ) based on a sympatric occurence with p . staudingeri .
kosii [ graphium ( graphium ) weiskei ] : recently described as a separate species from new ireland related to g . weiskei ( müller & tennent 1999 ) ; despite differences in wing pattern and male genitalia it is provisionally retained here under g . weiskei due to its allopatric distribution .
kotzebuea [ pachliopta ] : previously often regarded as concpecific with p . aristolochiae ( e . g . , hancock 1983 , munroe 1961 ) , but more recently accepted as a separate species following the study by hiura & alagar ( 1971 ) , e . g . , by collins & morris ( 1985 ) , treadaway ( 1995 ) , and tsukada & nishiyama ( 1982 ) ; according to page & treadaway ( 1995 : 148 ) , this philippine species might be more closely related to p . polyphontes from sulawesi .
labeyriei [ parnassius ( tadumia ) maharaja ] : first described as a separate species and treated as such by chou ( 1994 ) and weiss ( 1992 ) , it is now regarded as conspecific with p . maharaja ( d ' abrera 1990 , häuser 1993 , ohya 1993 , sorimachi 1995 ) .
lacandones [ protographium dioxippus ] : previously treated as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 , d ' almeida 1966 , de vries 1987 , hancock 1983 , munroe 1961 ) but recently regarded as conspecific with p . dioxippus by brown ( 1991 ) , llorente - bousquets et al . ( 1997 ) , and tyler et al . ( 1994 : 30 ) .
lachinus [ meandrusa ] : often treated as conspecific with m . sciron ( chou 1994 , collins & morris 1985 , d ' abrera 1982 , hancock 1983 , munroe 1961 ) , but regarded as a distinct species by several authors ( corbet & pendlebury 1987 : 87 , rothschild 1895 , talbot 1939 ) ; this taxon appeared previously in the literature under the name of gyas westwood , which however is invalid as a junior primary homonym ( see above ) .
leptocircini [ papilioninae ] : for the availability and correct usage of the tribal name , see smith & vane - wright ( 2001 : 506 - 508 ) .
leucosilaus [ protesilaus ] : previously regarded as conspecific with p . molops by collins & morris ( 1985 ) and hancock ( 1983 : 20 ) , but treated as a separate species by brown ( 1991 ) , d ' almeida ( 1966 : 283 ) , and tyler et al . ( 1994 ) .


eilema fasciculosa is a moth of the family arctiidae .

it is found on borneo , peninsular malaysia and bali .

the habitat consists of lowland forests , particularly alluvial forests .

eilema fasciculosa

fig 2 . venation diagrams from hampson ( 1900 ) . a . teulisna murina heylaerts , b . teulisna plagiata walker , c . thysanoptyx tetragona walker , d . eilema fasciculosa walker , e . macotasa tortricoides walker , f . nishada sambara walker , g . nishada syntomioides walker , h . euconosia aspersa walker .
eilema kosemponensis strand , 1917 , arch . naturgesch . , ( 1916 ) 82 ( a3 ) : 113 .
males are small , a pale dull yellow , though with the forewings distinctly darker , more orange , than the hindwings , and thus have some similarity with tampea accepta butler ( see tampea accepta butler ) and holocraspedon flava van eecke ( see holocraspedon flava van eecke ) . the forewing venation is different , however , being typical of eilema sensu lato . the male genitalia are also distinctive as discussed ( see
eilema
monochroa turner stat . rev . ) no candidate specimens for the female have been located .
the australian taxon monochroa turner , placed as a synonym of decreta in nielsen et al . ( 1996 ) , appears to be unrelated ( see
eilema
monochroa turner stat . rev ) . material in the bmnh series of decreta attributed to monochroa is congeneric with brunia , the next genus discussed . the male genitalia of decreta are distinctive and atypical of eilema even in its broadest sense , particularly the serrate distal margin of the valve , the bifid saccular process , and the spining and rod at the aedeagus apex . the next species has some of these features and may be related .
males have a uniform fawn forewing , sometimes slightly paler along the costa , whereas females have the forewing grey , though not as dark as in b . apicalis walker ( see b . apicalis walker ) , with a pale yellow costa . both sexes resemble this and some bornean “eilema “ , so identity should be confirmed by dissection .
the identity of this species was commented on by inoue et al . ( 1982 ) and barnett , emms & holloway ( 1999 ) , but not all type specimens of synonyms of brevipennis according to hampson ( 1900 ) had been dissected . dissection has revealed that the sri lankan taxa punctifera hampson and fuscipes hampson , both based on females , are distinct ( but best retained in “eilema
until their placement is investigated further ) , stat . rev . , as is hampson’s ab . 1 from sandakan ( sandakana draudt ; see
eilema
sandakana draudt stat . n . ) . however , atrifrons hampson from the nicobar is . has male genitalia typical of antica .
the male genitalia of pulolautensis , based on the specimen referred to by hampson ( 1900 ) as an ab . of decreta , match those illustrated for monochroa in birket - smith ( 1965 ) . they are distinct from those of decreta as indicated above . it is possible that both species should be separated from eilema in aedoea , for which monochroa is the type species , as in nielsen et al . ( 1996 ) .
this and the next two species are transferred to teulisna from eilema as they have the diagnostic saccus structure and that of the apex of the saccular process of the valve . all three have a broad , bilobed juxta . however , there are no scent scale modifications to the male forewing , nor such extreme distortion to the venation as seen in the typical group and the bitecta group . males of t . nebulosa have the cell longer than in the female , and narrowed over the basal half , such that the distal venation is compressed into a shorter space . the radial sector branching appears rather bunched , often almost trident - like rather than sequential .
nishada testacea rothschild , 1912 , novit . zool . , 19 : 217 .
this is a lowland forest species , though not recorded from heath forest and found particularly commonly in alluvial forest during the mulu survey .
this genus and the synonyms listed include a miscellaneous assemblage of taxa , probably brought together on similarities of facies and venation by , for example , hampson ( 1900 ) who listed 22 generic synonyms including the previous three genera and synonyms . hampson overlooked
( 1996 ) excluded many of the genera listed above , partly following birket - smith ( 1965 ) who made the last serious attempt to revise the complex . leraut ( 1997 ) followed different concepts and listed numerous synonyms under
examination of the male and female genitalia of the type species of most of these genus - group names confirms the opinion of birket - smith ( 1965 ) that no current arrangement is entirely satisfactory , encompassing what might be considered natural groups of taxa . birket - smith ( 1965 ) redefined
in a strict sense as having a strongly extended and looped but flimsy vinculum supporting a highly folded diaphragm that often incorporates hairs . birket - smith placed
no bornean species fall within this concept , nor do any of the synonyms listed that are based on oriental species , most of which birket - smith revived as good genera . therefore the bornean species that do not fall readily into
with taxonomic notes on their relationships if apparent , until a more comprehensive survey of the indoaustralian and palaearctic faunas can be undertaken .
lithosia sarawaca butler , 1877 , trans . ent . soc . london , 1877 : 350 .
the wings of the male are a rather ochreous fawn . the greyish border to the forewing is diagnostic for males of this and the next species but is narrower in sarawaca ; an areole is often present . females resemble those of antica and can only be separated reliably by the genitalia ( see brunia apicalis walker comb . n . ) .
lithosia prabana moore , 1859 [ 1860 ] , cat . lepid . insects mus . e . ind . co . : 304 .
lithosia nigricans walker , 1862 , j . linn . soc . ( zool . ) , 6 : 103 .
lithosia lurida snellen , 1879 , tijdschr . ent . , 22 : 84 .
this is a small , narrow - winged species , mostly dark blackish grey but with a narrow pale yellow forewing costa . it is larger and darker than poliosia muricolor and relatives ( see poliosia muricolor ) .
java , bali , sumatra , singapore , s . burma , borneo , sulawesi , sula is . , moluccas .
bornean records appear restricted to the type material of nigricans , taken in sarawak , probably in the lowlands , by a . r . wallace , and a male from semongok near kuching , also in the lowlands .
lithosia decreta butler , 1877 , trans . ent . soc . london , 1877 : 351 .
the holotype male was taken in sarawak by a . r . wallace . a further male has been taken recently in lowland forest at semongok , near kuching , and there are three males from sabah in the usnm : from 1530m 1km south of kundasang on the slopes of g . kinabalu ; 20km east of telupid ; in the lowlands at tenom .
aedoea monochroa turner , 1899 trans . r . soc . s . australia , 23 : 10 .
the facies is similar to that of decreta , but the forewing is a much paler yellow , slightly shorter and broader , with the cell extending to about three - quarters rather than two - thirds . r1 is strongly curved , and m1 is stalked with r3 - 5 rather than connate . the genitalia have the valve rather tongue - like as in decreta , but the apex is not serrate and the saccular process consists of two slender processes rather than one , each with small appressed spines over much of their length , but one has a lateral process more or less at right - angles as in decreta . the aedeagus is short , without the apical spines seen in decreta .
the only specimen is from pulo laut , a low - lying island at the south - east of borneo .
walker , 1854 , list specimens lepid . insects colln br . mus . , 2 : 505 .
lithosia brevipennis walker , 1854 , list specimens lepid . insects colln br . mus . , 2 : 509 .
walker , 1864 , list specimens lepid . insects colln br . mus . , 31 : 229 .
lithosia horishanella matsumura , 1927 , j . coll . agric . hokkaido imp . univ . , 19 ( 1 ) : 64 .
indian subregion to china , ryukyu is . , chagos is . , nicobar is . , sundaland .
this is a lowland species , possibly most frequent in coastal vegetation , including mangrove .
lithosia nebulosa walker , 1862 , j . linn . soc . ( zool ) , 6 : 106 .
ilema perdentata druce , 1899 , ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) , 4 : 201 .
there is strong sexual dimorphism , with males being dull pale orange and females a paler straw colour . basally and distally the wing is streaked darker on the veins , and these streaked areas are separated by an irregularly zig - zag band in a central pale zone . these markings are very faint in the male but prominent and grey in the female .
the species was taken in numbers in lower montane forest at 1000m on g . mulu . two specimens were taken at 900m on g . api . records from bukit pagon ( a singleton at 1670m ) and g . kinabalu ( one from 1800m ) are somewhat higher .


homonoides is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily tortricinae of the family tortricidae .

it contains only one species , homonoides euryplaca , which is found in madagascar .

homonoides

this is the place for homonoides definition . you find here homonoides meaning , synonyms of homonoides and images for homonoides copyright 2017 © urltoken
here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word homonoides . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word homonoides and , of course , homonoides synonyms and on the right images related to the word homonoides .
genus : homonoides diakonoff , 1960 . verh . k . ned . akad . wet . ( 2 ) 53 ( 2 ) : 7 [ key ] , 102 .
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madagascar central , andringitra oriental , forêt d ' anjavidilava , 1990 m , 19–25 . xii . 1970 , leg . p . griveaud .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide diakonoff 8525 , mnhn ; paratypes 3♂ , genitalia slides ad 8290 , 8346 , mnhn .
diakonoff a . 1973a . tortricidae of the andringitra range , central madagascar ( lepidoptera ) . part 1 . tortricinae . - bulletin du muséum national d ' histoire naturelle ( 3 ) 108 : 105–143 .
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by t . m . gilligan 1 , j . baixeras 2 , j . w . brown 3 , and k . r . tuck 4
urltoken is pleased to offer the complete world catalogue of the tortricidae ( t @ rts ) ! this is a complete list of all world species , utilizing the world catalogue published in 2005 as the foundation for the database . version 3 . 0 of the online catalogue contains 15 , 099 records representing 10 , 883 species . more than 1 , 600 records have been updated from ver 2 . 0 ( jul , 2012 ) , and more than 3 , 000 records have been updated from the original catalogue . the database is completely searchable and contains photos of over 1 , 200 type specimens .
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gilligan , t . m . , j . baixeras , j . w . brown & k . r . tuck . 2014 . t @ rts : online world catalogue of the tortricidae ( ver . 3 . 0 ) . urltoken
1 colorado state university , bioagricultural sciences and pest management , 1177 campus delivery , fort collins , co 80523 , usa 2 institut cavanilles de biodiversitat i biologia evolutiva , universitat de valencia , apartat oficial 2085 , 46071 valencia , spain 3 systematic entomology laboratory - usda [ retired ] , smithsonian institution , p . o . box 37012 , national museum of natural history , washington , dc 20013 , usa 4 curator - microlepidoptera [ retired ] , entomology department ( dc2 - 2n ) , natural history museum , cromwell road , london sw7 5bd , uk
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type - species : batodes euryplaca meyrick , 1933 . exotic microlepid . 4 : 422 .
type specimens : ? type status ? country : ? locality , ( ? depository ) . .
t @ rts : online world catalogue of the tortricidae ( ver . 2 . 0 )
by gilligan , t . m . , j . baixeras , j . w . brown & k . r . tuck . 2012 .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
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holotype ♂ , genitalia slide diakonoff 2275 , mnhn ; allotype ♀ , genitalia slide diakonoff 3128 , mnhn ; paratypes 4♂ , mnhn .
diakonoff a . 1960 . tortricidae from madagascar . part i . tortricinae and chlidanotinae . - verhandelingen van de koninklijke nederlandse academie van wetenschappen , afd . natuurkunde ( 2 ) 53 ( 2 ) : 1–109 , pls . 1–40 .


the rufous-faced crake ( laterallus xenopterus ) is a species of bird in the family rallidae .

it is found in the pantanal ; its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical seasonally wet or flooded lowland grassland .

it is threatened by habitat loss .

rufous - faced crake

embed this arkive thumbnail link (
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the rufous - faced crake inhabits grasslands , with dense tussock - grasses , in shallowly flooded or marshy areas , often with around 3 cm of standing water ( 2 ) .
song is a drawn - out , slightly descending trill , quite similar to e . g . rufous - sided crake
taylor , b . , boesman , p . , de juana , e . & sharpe , c . j . ( 2018 ) . rufous - faced crake ( laterallus xenopterus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
the rufous - faced crake occurs in a number of protected areas , such as brazilia national park , brazil ; paso bravo national park , paraguay and estación biológica beni , a unesco - mab biosphere reserve in bolivia ( 3 ) . however , such areas offer differing levels of protection , and one specific proposed conservation measure is to implement effective protection of paso bravo national park . surveys to determine its exact distribution have also been proposed , particularly concentrating on the large gaps in its known distribution where there is similar habitat ( 3 ) .
14 cm . tiny , distinctively patterned rail . rufous - chestnut head and neck , duller brown back . blackish wings and tail . wing - coverts boldly barred black and white . orange - buff upper breast , with paler throat . rest of underparts white , barred black on belly . largely black undertail - coverts . blackish maxilla with turquoise cutting edge and mandible . grey - brown legs .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
sacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .
can show thin barring on wings but has drab brown head and upper neck .
song is a drawn out , slightly descending trill similar to other crakes ( e . g .
capper , d . , clay , r . p . , mazar barnett , j . & velazquez , m .
this species has been recorded from only ten widely disjunct areas , and is presumed to have a small population which is declining in line with the decreasing area , extent and quality of suitable habitat within its range . for these reasons , it is listed as vulnerable . however , further surveys may find the species at additional locations and this may result in its downlisting to near threatened .
. 1996 , d . r . capper , j . mazar barnett and r . p . clay
. 1998 ) and estancia cristalino ( tobias and seddon 2007 ) , beni department . recent records have shown that it is more widespread than previously thought
. 1998 , d . r . capper , j . mazar barnett and r . p . clay
. 2014 ) and it may even occur in north - east argentina ( d . r . capper , j . mazar barnett and r . p . clay
a population estimate of 2 , 500 - 9 , 999 has been interpreted from recent records , the observation that it is relatively frequent in distrito federal , brazil , and the fact that it appears to be more widely distributed that previously assumed . this would equate to 3 , 750 - 14 , 999 individuals , rounded here to 3 , 500 - 15 , 000 individuals . verification of this estimate is desirable . trend justification : this species ' s population is suspected to be declining slowly , in line with habitat loss and degradation within its range .
it inhabits low - lying marshes or inundated grasslands in the cerrado region , where there are dense tussock - grasses ( 0 . 3 - 2 m in height ) and usually 0 . 5 - 2 cm of standing water ( d . r . capper , j . mazar barnett and r . p . clay
. suitable grasslands are often located in areas of undulating terrain adjacent to gallery forest ( d . r . capper , j . mazar barnett and r . p . clay
, with most of the destruction having occurred since 1950 ( cavalcanti 1999 ) . in brazil , the main threat is the wholesale loss of wet
. 2014 ) . however , wet valley - bottoms are perhaps the least suitable habitat - type in the region for intensive agriculture and the species appears to tolerate some burning ( d . r . capper , j . mazar barnett and r . p . clay
1999 ) . the most significant threat is possibly the widespread use of pesticides , fertilisers and other chemicals ( d . r . capper , j . mazar barnett and r . p . clay
. however , the drying effects of plantations has affected one part of brasília , paso bravo has yet to be consolidated and large parts of estancia tapytá have been afforested ( d . r . capper , j . mazar barnett and r . p . clay
survey using tape - playback , concentrating on the large gaps in its distribution in the brazilian cerrado , concepción , amambay and san pedro departments , north - east paraguay , and areas of similar habitat in north - east argentina ( d . r . capper , j . mazar barnett and r . p . clay
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n bolivia ( beni ) # r # r , sc brazil ( mato grosso , goiás , são paulo , minas gerais and federal district ) # r and c paraguay .
14cm ; 3 unsexed 51–53 g . tail relatively long , bill stout and tarsus short . sexes alike . distinguished from other
inhabits coarse , tussocky or matted grass on moist to shallowly flooded substrates in marshes . . . .
nothing recorded . specimens captured in traps baited with peanut butter , rolled oats , cracked maize and banana .
vulnerable . reliably known from a dozen scattered localities , but recent records indicate that it is likely to be more widespread . in c paraguay the type was collected at . . .
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) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : laterallus xenopterus . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
this small , but distinctive bird is a member of the rail family rallidae , a group of ground - dwelling birds , and gets its common name from the strong yellowish pink to orangey - red colour of its head and neck . the back , wings and fairly long tail are dark brown , and the feathers at the leading edge of the wing are barred blackish - brown and white . the underparts are white , and barred black on the belly ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . its stout bill is blue - grey , as are its legs and feet , and the iris is red . males and females are very similar in appearance ( 4 ) .
this is a very poorly - known species , with very little information regarding its diet , behaviour or breeding , which suggests that this bird is very secretive . it uses runways in grass made by small mammals or water channels ( 4 ) .
occurs in only approximately ten locations distributed over eastern paraguay , central brazil and central bolivia ( 2 ) .
classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list 2006 ( 1 ) .
this information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken
del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . and sargatal , j . ( 1996 ) handbook of the birds of the world . vol . 3 : hoatzin to auks . lynx edicions , barcelona .
taylor , b . ( 1998 ) rails : a guise to the rails , crakes , gallinules and coots of the world . pica press , robertsbridge .
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, this species qualifies as the
hardest
of all to get on your life list . its an inhabitant of dense vegetation in wet cerrado and globally it is known only from a few disjunct sites . it is however a distinctive bird if seen well , note particularly its bluish bill - other
figure 1 - ( fpave2251ph ) adult , aguara đu , mbaracay˙ biosphere reserve , departamento candindey˙ ( alberto madro˝o / fundaciˇn moises bertoni august 1996 ) .
designed by paul smith 2006 . this website is copyrighted by law . material contained herewith may not be used without the prior written permission of fauna paraguay . material on this page was provided by myriam velßzquez , alberto madro˝o and juan mazar barnett and is used with their permission .
laterallus xenopterus 1 ( fpave2252re ) contact calls recorded aguara - đu , mbaracay˙ biosphere reserve , departamento canindey˙ ( juan mazar barnett august 1997 ) . 2 ( fpave2253re ) song recorded aguara - đu , mbaracay˙ biosphere reserve , departamento canindey˙ ( juan mazar barnett august 1997 ) . 3 ( fpave2254re ) song after playback recorded aguara - đu , mbaracay˙ biosphere reserve , departamento canindey˙ ( juan mazar barnett august 1997 ) . 4 ( fpave2255re ) trills and purrs after playback recorded aguara - đu , mbaracay˙ biosphere reserve , departamento canindey˙ ( juan mazar barnett december 1997 ) . 5 ( fpave2256re ) song recorded aguara - đu , mbaracay˙ biosphere reserve , departamento canindey˙ ( myriam velßzquez november 2000 ) . click the links to hear the calls . longer versions of this call can be downloaded from the paraguay page of our partner website xeno - canto - the largest collection of freely downloadable neotropical bird calls available online .
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