fulvia is a genus of cockles , marine bivalve molluscs in the family cardiidae .

most species are found in the indo-pacific and in australian waters .

fulvia ( genus )

fulvia ( fulvia ) j . e . gray , 1853 represented as fulvia j . e . gray , 1853
subgenus fulvia ( fulvia ) j . e . gray , 1853 represented as fulvia j . e . gray , 1853
fulvia ( fulvia ) j . e . gray , 1853 · accepted , alternate representation
subgenus fulvia ( laevifulvia ) vidal , 1994 accepted as fulvia j . e . gray , 1853
fulvia ( fulvia ) australis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 ) · accepted , alternate representation
» species fulvia ( fulvia ) australis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 ) represented as fulvia australis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 )
species fulvia pulchra ( reeve , 1845 ) accepted as fulvia australis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 )
worms - world register of marine species - fulvia ( fulvia ) australis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 )
notes : the phylogenetic position of the type species of this genus and its relation to the mycosphaerellaceae as well as to the genus pseudocercospora are still unknown and unproven . therefore , semipseudocercospora is only tentatively maintained as separate cercosporoid genus .
cercospora platycerii chupp , a monograph of the fungus genus cercospora : 456 ( 1954 ) .
» species fulvia ( laevifulvia ) prashadi vidal , 1994 accepted as fulvia ( laevifulvia ) hungerfordi ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1901 ) accepted as fulvia hungerfordi ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1901 ) ( synonym )
cultures of the type species of this genus and results of molecular sequence analyses are necessary to resolve its phylogenetic position and clarify its relation to pseudocercospora . it is still unclear and unproven if this genus belongs in the mycosphaerellaceae . therefore , denticularia is tentatively retained as genus on its own .
worms - world register of marine species - fulvia j . e . gray , 1853
basionym : cercospora lonchitidis chupp , a monograph of the fungus genus cercospora : 455 ( 1954 ) .
» species fulvia ( laevifulvia ) hungerfordi ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1901 ) accepted as fulvia hungerfordi ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1901 ) ( synonym )
vidal , j . ( 1994 ) . a review of the genus fulvia gray , 1853 . ( mollusca , cardiidae ) . apex . 9 ( 4 ) : 93 - 118 . [ details ]
( of fulvia ( laevifulvia ) vidal , 1994 ) poorten , j . j . ter & hylleberg j . ( 2017 ) . fulvia kaarei spec . nov . , a new fulvia from vietnam ( bivalvia , cardiidae ) . basteria . 81 ( 4 - 6 ) : 111 - 118 . [ details ]
worms - world register of marine species - fulvia australis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 )
notes : the phylogenetic position of this genus is unknown . it is quite unclear if it is part of the capnodiales and mycosphaerellaceae at all .
addition and re - examination of japanese species belonging to the genus cercospora and allied genera . ix . newly recorded species from japan ( 4 )
delivering alien invasive species inventories for europe ( daisie ) ( from synonym fulvia ( fulvia ) australis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 ) ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 13 publications ) ( from synonym cardium pulchrum reeve , 1845 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 2 publications ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 3 publications ) ( from synonym papyridea australe ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 5 publications ) ( from synonym laevicardium australe ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 ) ) to biological information system for marine life ( bismal ) to biological information system for marine life ( bismal ) ( from synonym fulvia ( fulvia ) australis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 ) ) to clemam ( from synonym cardium australe g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 ) to clemam ( from synonym cardium striatum spengler , 1799 ) to clemam ( from synonym fulvia ( fulvia ) australis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 ) ) to encyclopedia of life ( from synonym fulvia ( fulvia ) australis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 ) ) to encyclopedia of life to genbank ( 4 nucleotides ; 0 proteins ) to pesi to pesi ( from synonym fulvia ( fulvia ) australis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 ) ) to pesi ( from synonym cardium striatum spengler , 1799 ) to pesi ( from synonym cardium australe g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 ) to usnm invertebrate zoology mollusca collection ( from synonym fulvia ( fulvia ) australis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 ) )
( of fulvia ( fulvia ) boholensis vidal , 1994 ) poorten , j . j . ter , 2005 . outline of a systematic index - recent cardiidae ( lamarck , 1809 ) . visaya net . ( updated 2009 for worms ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]
» species fulvia ( laevifulvia ) ballieni vidal , 1994 accepted as laevicardium elatum ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) ( synonym )
( of fulvia ( fulvia ) tenuicostata ( lamarck , 1819 ) ) poorten , j . j . ter , 2005 . outline of a systematic index - recent cardiidae ( lamarck , 1809 ) . visaya net . ( updated 2009 for worms ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of fulvia ( fulvia ) j . e . gray , 1853 ) poorten , j . j . ter , 2005 . outline of a systematic index - recent cardiidae ( lamarck , 1809 ) . visaya net . ( updated 2009 for worms ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of fulvia ( fulvia ) australis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 ) ) poorten , j . j . ter , 2005 . outline of a systematic index - recent cardiidae ( lamarck , 1809 ) . visaya net . ( updated 2009 for worms ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of fulvia ( fulvia ) australis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 ) ) liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
@ article { bhlpart149775 , title = { a review of the genus fulvia gray , 1853 ( mollusca , cardiidae ) } , journal = { apex / } , volume = { 9 } , copyright = { in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder . } , url = urltoken publisher = { bruxelles : la société , 1986 - } , author = { } , year = { 1994 } , pages = { 93 - - 118 } , }
fulvia cif . , atti ist . bot . univ . lab . critt . pavia , ser . 5 , 10 : 246 ( 1954 ) [ type species : f . fulva ( cooke ) cif . 1954 ] .
description : dematiaceous hyphomycete genus resembling zasmidium ( in vivo with superficial mycelium , hyphae , conidiophores and solitary conidia pigmented , distinctly verruculose to verrucose ) , but the conidiogenous cells are terminal and intercalary , denticulate , with lateral short peg - like protuberances , conidiogenous loci inconspicuous , neither thickened nor darkened .
notes : morphologically close to asperisporium , but the conidiogenous loci and hila at the base of conidia are unthickened and not darkened . species of pseudoaspersporium are distinguished from superficially similar fusicladium species ( venturiaceae ) by having coarsely verruculose conidia . the phylogenetic affinity of this genus is , however , unclear and unproven .
notes : the type species , originally described as species of cercospora , was later reallocated to pseudocercospora ( braun 1993 ) . however , based on molecular sequence analyses , recently carried out by crous et al . ( 2013 ) , it was demonstrated that it represents an undescribed genus belonging to the pleosporales .
( of fulvia ( laevifulvia ) vidal , 1994 ) poorten , j . j . ter , 2005 . outline of a systematic index - recent cardiidae ( lamarck , 1809 ) . visaya net . ( updated 2009 for worms ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of fulvia fagea voskuil & onverwagt , 1993 ) poorten , j . j . ter , 2005 . outline of a systematic index - recent cardiidae ( lamarck , 1809 ) . visaya net . ( updated 2009 for worms ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of fulvia papyracea ( bruguière , 1789 ) ) liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
notes : based on the phylogenetic position of its type species , crous et al . ( 2006 ) reduced stigmina to synonymy with pseudocercospora . therefore , the generic position of stigmina thujina has to be reassessed . due to its sporodochial conidiomata with frequently percurrently proliferating conidiogenous cells and relatively thin - walled conidia , this species is rather cercostigmina - like ( braun 1993 ) , but the latter genus was reduced to synonymy with pseudocercospora . the type species of cercostigmina and additional species assigned to this genus cluster within the big pseudocercospora clade ( crous et al . 2001 , 2013 ; taylor et al . 2003 ) . furthermore , the conidiogenous cells of s . thujina are percurrent as well as sometimes sympodial . therefore , this species is better reallocated to pseudocercospora .
( of fulvia pulchra ( reeve , 1845 ) ) hylleberg , j . 2009 . cardiidae ( mollusca : bivalvia ) in the collection of statens naturhistoriske museum , previously the zoological museum , university of copenhagen ( zmuc ) . annotated and revised . part 2 ( of 2 ) . steenstrupia 31 : 103–324 . [ details ]
( of fulvia radiata ( reeve , 1845 ) ) hylleberg , j . 2009 . cardiidae ( mollusca : bivalvia ) in the collection of statens naturhistoriske museum , previously the zoological museum , university of copenhagen ( zmuc ) . annotated and revised . part 2 ( of 2 ) . steenstrupia 31 : 103–324 . [ details ]
description : dematiaceous hyphomycete genus morphologically barely distinguishable from pseudocercospora , but phylogenetically distinct ; mycosphaerellaceae . mycelium in vivo internal . conidiophores macronematous , fasciculate , pigmented ; conidiogenous cells integrated , terminal or conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells , conidiogenous loci subconspicous by being circular with very slightly thickened and darkened - refractive rim . conidia solitary , scolecosporous , subhyaline to very pale olivaceous , hila very slightly thickened and darkened - refractive along the rim .
( of cardium pulchrum reeve , 1845 ) reeve l . a . ( 1844 - 1845 ) . monograph of the genus cardium . in : conchologia iconica , vol . 2 , pl . 1 - 22 and unpaginated text . l . reeve & co . , london . [ stated dates : pl . 1 - 4 [ 3 undated ] , october 1844 , pl . 5 - 8 , november 1844 ; pl . 9 - 12 , december 1844 ; pl . 13 - 16 , january , 1845 ; pl . 17 - 22 , march 1845 ] . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of cardium pallidum reeve , 1845 ) reeve l . a . ( 1844 - 1845 ) . monograph of the genus cardium . in : conchologia iconica , vol . 2 , pl . 1 - 22 and unpaginated text . l . reeve & co . , london . [ stated dates : pl . 1 - 4 [ 3 undated ] , october 1844 , pl . 5 - 8 , november 1844 ; pl . 9 - 12 , december 1844 ; pl . 13 - 16 , january , 1845 ; pl . 17 - 22 , march 1845 ] . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of cardium radiatum reeve , 1845 ) reeve l . a . ( 1844 - 1845 ) . monograph of the genus cardium . in : conchologia iconica , vol . 2 , pl . 1 - 22 and unpaginated text . l . reeve & co . , london . [ stated dates : pl . 1 - 4 [ 3 undated ] , october 1844 , pl . 5 - 8 , november 1844 ; pl . 9 - 12 , december 1844 ; pl . 13 - 16 , january , 1845 ; pl . 17 - 22 , march 1845 ] . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of fulvia papyracea ( bruguière , 1789 ) ) bruguière j . g . ( 1789 - 1792 ) . encyclopdie méthodique ou par ordre de matières . histoire naturelle des vers , volume 1 . pancoucke , paris . pp . 1 - 344 [ june 1789 ] ; 345 - 758 [ 13 feb . 1792 ; dates after evenhuis , 2003 , zootaxa , 166 : 37 ; zootaxa , 207 ] ; atlas pl . 1 - 189 [ 1791 ] ; pl . 190 - 286 [ 1797 ] pl . 287 - 390 [ 1798 ] pl . 391 - 488 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 231 [ details ]
gray , j . e . ( 1853 ) . a revision of the genera of some of the families of conchifera or bivalve shells . annals and magazine of natural history . ser . 2 , 11 : 33 - 44 , 398 - 402 . page ( s ) : 40 [ details ]
poorten , j . j . ter , 2005 . outline of a systematic index - recent cardiidae ( lamarck , 1809 ) . visaya net . ( updated 2009 for worms ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]
type locality ‘ad australiam , et ad mare sinense’ ( australia and china sea ) . coll . cuming [ details ]
( of cardium australe g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 ) sowerby i , g . b . & sowerby ii , g . b . ( 1832 - 1841 ) . the conchological illustrations or , coloured figures of all the hitherto unfigured recent shells . london , privately published . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 48th part , fig . 12 , 12a ; catalogue p . 1 [ probably issued 1841 ] [ details ]
( of cardium varium g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 ) sowerby i , g . b . & sowerby ii , g . b . ( 1832 - 1841 ) . the conchological illustrations or , coloured figures of all the hitherto unfigured recent shells . london , privately published . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of cardium striatum spengler , 1799 ) spengler , l . ( 1799 ) . over det toskallede slægt , hiertemuslingen , cardium linnéi . skrivter af naturhistorie - selskabet , kiøbenhavn . 5 ( 1 ) : 1 - 60 , pl . 1 . , available online at urltoken ; = dmdlog _ 0004 page ( s ) : 45 [ details ]
zenetos , a . , m . e . çinar , m . a . pancucci - papadopoulou , j . g . harmelin , g . furnari , f . andaloro , n . bellou , n . streftaris & h . zibrowius . ( 2005 ) . annotated list of marine alien species in the mediterranean with records of the worst invasive species . mediterranean marine science 6 ( 2 ) : 63 - 118 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
poorten , j . j . ter , 2009 . the cardiidae of the panglao marine biodiversity project 2004 and the panglao 2005 deep - sea cruise with descriptions of four new species ( bivalvia ) . vita malacologica 8 : 9 - 96 [ 21 november 2009 ] . available online at urltoken available online at urltoken [ details ]
zenetos , a . ; gofas , s . ; verlaque , m . ; cinar , m . ; garcia raso , j . ; bianchi , c . ; morri , c . ; azzurro , e . ; bilecenoglu , m . ; froglia , c . ; siokou , i . ; violanti , d . ; sfriso , a . ; san martin , g . ; giangrande , a . ; katagan , t . ; ballesteros , e . ; ramos - espla , a . ; mastrototaro , f . ; ocana , o . ; zingone , a . ; gambi , m . ; streftaris , n . ( 2010 ) . alien species in the mediterranean sea by 2010 . a contribution to the application of european union’s marine strategy framework directive ( msfd ) . part i . spatial distribution . mediterranean marine science . 11 ( 2 ) : 381 - 493 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
galil , b . ( 2007 ) . seeing red : alien species along the mediterranean coast of israel . aquatic invasions . 2 ( 4 ) : 281 - 312 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of laevicardium australe ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 ) ) taylor j . d . , kennedy w . j . & hall a . ( 1973 ) . the shell structure and mineralogy of the bivalvia . ii . lucinacea - clavagellacea . conclusions . bulletin of the british museum ( natural history ) , zoology , london 22 ( 9 ) : 253 - 294 , pl . 15 , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of cardium varium g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 ) poorten , j . j . ter , 2005 . outline of a systematic index - recent cardiidae ( lamarck , 1809 ) . visaya net . ( updated 2009 for worms ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of cardium varium g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 ) petit , r . e . ( 2009 ) . george brettingham sowerby , i , ii & iii : their conchological publications and molluscan taxa . zootaxa . 2189 : 1–218 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of cardium pulchrum reeve , 1845 ) poorten , j . j . ter , 2005 . outline of a systematic index - recent cardiidae ( lamarck , 1809 ) . visaya net . ( updated 2009 for worms ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of cardium pulchrum reeve , 1845 ) poorten , j . j . ter , 2009 . the cardiidae of the panglao marine biodiversity project 2004 and the panglao 2005 deep - sea cruise with descriptions of four new species ( bivalvia ) . vita malacologica 8 : 9 - 96 [ 21 november 2009 ] . available online at urltoken available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of cardium australe g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 ) petit , r . e . ( 2009 ) . george brettingham sowerby , i , ii & iii : their conchological publications and molluscan taxa . zootaxa . 2189 : 1–218 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of papyridea australe ) vine , p . ( 1986 ) . red sea invertebrates . immel publishing , london . 224 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of cardium australe g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 ) dautzenberg , ph . ( 1929 ) . contribution à l ' étude de la faune de madagascar : mollusca marina testacea . faune des colonies françaises , iii ( fasc . 4 ) . société d ' editions géographiques , maritimes et coloniales : paris . 321 - 636 , plates iv - vii pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of cardium striatum spengler , 1799 ) poorten , j . j . ter , 2005 . outline of a systematic index - recent cardiidae ( lamarck , 1809 ) . visaya net . ( updated 2009 for worms ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]
katsanevakis , s . ; bogucarskis , k . ; gatto , f . ; vandekerkhove , j . ; deriu , i . ; cardoso a . s . ( 2012 ) . building the european alien species information network ( easin ) : a novel approach for the exploration of distributed alien species data . bioinvasions records . 1 : 235 - 245 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
city university of hong kong . ( 2013 ) . provision of services for species identification and data analysis ofepibenthic organisms from hong kong water . final report . environmental protection department . department of biology and chemistry , city university [ details ]
( of cardium japonicum dunker , 1860 ) dunker , w . ( 1860 ) . neue japanische mollusken . malakozoologische blätter . 6 : 221 - 240 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of cardium annae pilsbry , 1904 ) pilsbry , h . a . 1904b . new japanese marine mollusca : pelecypoda . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 56 : 550 - 561 , pls . 39 - 41 . [ details ]
liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of cardium japonicum dunker , 1860 ) poorten , j . j . ter , 2005 . outline of a systematic index - recent cardiidae ( lamarck , 1809 ) . visaya net . ( updated 2009 for worms ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of cardium annae pilsbry , 1904 ) poorten , j . j . ter , 2005 . outline of a systematic index - recent cardiidae ( lamarck , 1809 ) . visaya net . ( updated 2009 for worms ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]
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type locality philippines , bohol , panglao isl . , ‘said to have been recovered at 80 fathoms’ ( 146 m ) [ details ]
( of cardium papyraceum bruguière , 1879 ) poorten , j . j . ter , 2005 . outline of a systematic index - recent cardiidae ( lamarck , 1809 ) . visaya net . ( updated 2009 for worms ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of cardium pallidum reeve , 1845 ) poorten , j . j . ter , 2005 . outline of a systematic index - recent cardiidae ( lamarck , 1809 ) . visaya net . ( updated 2009 for worms ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of laevicardium laevigatum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) turgeon , d . d . , w . g . lyons , p . mikkelsen , g . rosenberg , and f . moretzsohn . 2009 . bivalvia ( mollusca ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 711–744 in felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico–origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m ; press , colleg [ details ]
( of cardium papyraceum schröter , 1788 ) schröter , j . s . in martini , f . h . w . ( 1788 ) vollstandiges alphabetisches namen - register über alle zehn bande des von dem feel . herrn d . martini in berlin angefangenen , und vom herrn pastor chemnitz in kopenhagen fortgesetzten und vollenbeten systematisches conchylien - cabinets . nürnberg , in der rasplichen buchhandlung , 1788 , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of cardium tenuicostatum lamarck , 1819 ) lamarck [ j . - b . m . ] de . ( 1819 ) . histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres . tome sixième , 1re partie . paris : published by the author , vi + 343 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of cardium racketti donovan , 1825 ) poorten , j . j . ter , 2005 . outline of a systematic index - recent cardiidae ( lamarck , 1809 ) . visaya net . ( updated 2009 for worms ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of cardium tenuicostatum lamarck , 1819 ) dautzenberg , ph . ( 1929 ) . contribution à l ' étude de la faune de madagascar : mollusca marina testacea . faune des colonies françaises , iii ( fasc . 4 ) . société d ' editions géographiques , maritimes et coloniales : paris . 321 - 636 , plates iv - vii pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
cercosporoid fungi ( mycosphaerellaceae ) 1 . species on other fungi , pteridophyta and gymnospermae
warning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .
cercosporoid fungi ( mycosphaerellaceae ) 1 . species on other fungi , pteridophyta and gymnospermae *
corresponding author e - mail : ed . ellah - inu . kinatob @ nuarb . ewu
* in memoriam charles d . chupp ( 1886–1967 ) , the author of the first monograph of cercospora .
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ascomycota , cercospora s . lat . , conifers , ferns , fungicolous , hyphomycetes
the history and the evolution of concepts of cercosporoid genera was comprehensively discussed in deighton ( 1976 ) , braun ( 1995a ) and crous & braun ( 2003 ) as well as recently in crous et al . ( 2013 ) and groenewald et al . ( 2013 ) with special emphasis on pseudocercospora and cercospora , respectively . these treatments may be consulted for further details .
attempts to separate cercospora into several subgeneric units have been made by penzes ( 1927 ) ( three sections : brachycercosporae , macrocercosporae and mediocercosporae ) and solheim ( 1930 ) ( 21 sections based on mycelium internal / external , conidiophores simple / branched , stroma and conidium shape ) , which are , however , barely practicable and not useful since these classifications were derived from a wide range of species of cercospora s . lat . that now belong to different genera . therefore , it is not surprising that these subgeneric concepts have never been applied by other authors .
cercospora fresen . , in fuckel , hedwigia 2 : 133 ( 1863 ) [ and in fuckel , fungi rhen . exs . , fasc . ii , no . 117 , 1863 ] .
type species : cercospora penicillata ( ces . ) fresen . 1863 ( c . depazeoides ( desm . ) sacc . 1876 ) .
synonyms : virgasporium cooke , grevillea 3 : 182 ( 1875 ) [ type species : v . maculatum cooke 1875 ] .
cercosporina speg . , anales mus . nac . buenos aires 20 : 424 ( 1910 ) [ type species : c . asparagicola speg . 1910 ] .
literature : chupp ( 1954 ) , vasudeva ( 1963 ) , katsuki ( 1965 ) , ellis ( 1976 : 244 ) , yen & lim ( 1980 : 152–166 ) , hsieh & goh ( 1990 ) , braun ( 1995a : 40 ) , shin & kim ( 2001 : 20 ) , guo et al . ( 2005 ) , kamal ( 2010 : 11 ) , seifert et al . ( 2011 : 128–130 ) .
distocercospora pons & b . sutton , mycol . pap . 160 : 60 ( 1988 ) .
type species : distocercospora pachyderma ( syd . & p . syd . ) pons & b . sutton 1988 .
literature : braun ( 1995a : 40 ) , braun & mel’nik ( 1997 : 15 ) , crous & braun ( 2003 : 26 ) , seifert et al . ( 2011 : 187 ) .
type species : passalora bacilligera ( mont . & fr . ) mont . & fr . 1849 .
synonyms : cercosporidium e . earle , muhlenbergia 1 : 16 ( 1901 ) [ type species : c . helleri e . earle 1901 ] .
vellosiella rangel , bol . agric . ( são paulo ) , ser . 16 a , 2 : 151 ( 1915 ) , nom . illeg . ( art . 53 . 1 ) .
mycovellosiella rangel , arch . jard . bot . rio de janeiro 2 : 71 ( 1917 ) [ type species : m . cajani ( henn . ) rangel ex trotter 1931 ] .
passalora sect . mycovellosiella ( rangel ) a . hern . - gut . & dianese , mycotaxon 108 : 3 ( 2009 ) .
ormathodium syd . , ann . mycol . 26 : 138 ( 1928 ) [ type species : o . styracis syd . 1928 ] , fide muntañola ( 1960 ) .
ragnhildiana solheim , mycologia 23 : 365 ( 1931 ) [ type species : r . agerati ( f . stevens ) f . stevens & solheim 1931 ] .
cercodeuterospora curzi , boll . staz . patol . veg . roma , ser . 2 , 12 : 149 ( 1932 ) [ type species : c . trichophila curzi 1932 ] .
berteromyces cif . , sydowia 8 : 267 ( 1954 ) [ type species : b . aeneus cif . 1954 ] .
oreophyllum cif . , sydowia 8 : 253 ( 1954 ) [ type species : o . angelaemariae cif . 1954 ] .
phaeoramularia munt . - cvetk . , lilloa 30 : 182 ( 1960 ) [ type species : p . gomphrenicola ( speg . ) munt . - cvetk . 1960 ] .
tandonella s . s . prasad & r . a . b . verma , indian phytopathol . 23 : 111 ( 1970 ) [ type species : t . ziziphi s . s . prasad & r . a . b . verma 1970 ] .
walkeromyces thaung , trans . brit . mycol . soc . 66 : 213 ( 1976 ) [ type species : w . grewiae thaung 1976 ] .
passalora sect . pseudophaeoisariopsis u . braun , dianese & a . hern . - gut . , mycotaxon 108 : 3 ( 2009 ) .
literature : deighton ( 1967 ) , ellis ( 1971 , 1976 , as cercosporidium ) , hsieh & goh ( 1990 ) , braun ( 1995a : 41 ) , braun & mel’nik ( 1997 : 16–17 ) , shin & kim ( 2001 : 135 ) , crous & braun ( 2003 : 21 ) , guo et al . ( 2003 : 65 ) , kamal ( 2010 : 101 ) , seifert et al . ( 2011 : 331–332 ) .
pseudocercospora cratevicola ( s , f42112 ) . a . conidiophore fascicles . b . conidiophores . c . conidia . bar = 10 μm .
basionym : napicladium cratevae syd . & p . syd . ( “ crataevae ” ) , ann . mycol . 11 : 329 ( 1913 ) , non pseudocercospora cratevae phengsintham et al . ( 2013 ) .
synonyms : macraea cratevae ( syd . & p . syd . ) subram . ( “ crataevae ” ) , proc . indian acad . sci , b , biol . sci . , 36 ( 4 ) : 164 “1952” ( 1953 ) .
prathigada cratevae ( syd . & p . syd . ) subram . ( “ crataevae ” ) , in subramanian & ramakrishnan , j . madras univ . , b , 26 : 367 ( 1956 ) .
material examined : india : madras : coimbatore , government farm , on crateva religiosa ( capparaceae ) , 5 feb . 1912 , w . mcrae , no . 9 ( s , f42112 , holotype ) . – japan : shizuoka , ito , on crateva formosensis , 29 sep . 1999 , t . kobayashi & c . nakashima ( cns 797 and hal 2597 f ) .
basionym : macraea punjabensis subram . , proc . indian acad . sci . , b , biol . sci . , 36 : 166 “1952” ( 1953 ) , non pseudocercospora punjabensis ( syd . ) u . braun & bagyan . , 1999 .
synonym : prathigada punjabensis ( subram . ) subram . , in subramanian & ramakrishnan , j . madras univ . , b , 26 : 367 ( 1956 ) .
passalora austroplenckiae ( a . hernández - gutierrez & dianese ) u . braun , comb . nov .
basionym : prathigada austroplenckiae a . hernández - gutierrez & dianese , mycotaxon 106 : 57 ( 2009 ) .
passalora backmanii ( furlan . & dianese ) u . braun , comb . nov .
basionym : prathigada backmanii furlan . & dianese , mycol . res . 103 : 1203 ( 1999 ) .
passalora condensata ( ellis & kellerm . ) u . braun , comb . nov .
basionym : cercospora condensata ellis & kellerm . , j . mycol . 1 ( 1 ) : 2 ( 1885 ) .
synonym : prathigada condensata ( ellis & kellerm . ) u . braun , cryptog . mycol . 20 : 166 ( 1999 ) .
passalora gymnocladi ( ellis & kellerm . ) u . braun , comb . nov .
basionym : cercospora gymnocladi ellis & kellerm . , bull . torrey bot . club 11 : 121 ( 1884 ) .
synonym : prathigada gymnocladi ( ellis & kellerm . ) u . braun , sydowia 48 : 209 ( 1996 ) .
basionym : cercospora thalictri thüm . , contr . fl . mycol . lusat . 2 : 5 ( 1879 ) .
synonym : cercospora thalictri var . thalictri - flavi thüm . , mycoth . univ . : 1470 ( 1886 ) .
prathigada thalictri ( thüm . ) u . braun , in braun & mel’nik , trudy bot . inst . im . v . l . komarova 20 : 97 ( 1997 ) .
pseudocercospora speg . , anales mus . nac . buenos aires 20 : 438 , 1910 ( nom . cons . ) .
synonyms : stigmina sacc . , michelia 2 : 22 ( 1880 ) , nom . rej . [ type species : s . platani ( fuckel ) sacc . 1880 ] .
phaeoisariopsis ferraris , ann . mycol . 7 : 280 ( 1909 ) , nom rej . [ type species : ph . griseola ( sacc . ) ferraris 1909 ] .
cercosporiopsis miura , flora of manchuria and east mongolia , 3 , cryptogams : 527 ( 1928 ) , nom . illeg . ( art . 53 . 1 ) .
septoriopsis f . stevens & dalbey , mycologia 11 : 4 ( 1918 ) , nom . illeg . ( art . 53 . 1 ) .
cercoseptoria petr . , ann . mycol . 23 : 69 ( 1925 ) [ type species : c . chamaesyceae ( f . stevens & dalbey ) petr . 1925 ] .
ancyclospora sawada , rep . govt . agric . res . inst . taiwan 87 : 78 ( 1944 ) , nom . inval . ( art . 39 . 1 ) .
helicomina l . s . olive , mycologia 40 : 17 ( 1948 ) [ type species : h . caperoniae l . s . olive 1948 ] .
macraea subram . , proc . proc . indian acad . sci , section b , biol . sci . , 36 : 164 “1952” ( 1953 ) , nom . illeg . ( art . 53 . 1 ) .
prathigada subram . , in subramanian & ramakrishnan , j . madras univ . , b , 26 : 366 ( 1956 ) .
cercocladospora g . p . agarwal & s . m . singh , proc . natl . acad . sci . india , b , 42 : 439 “1972” ( 1974 ) [ type species : c . andinae g . p . agarwal & s . m . singh 1974 ] .
cercostigmina u . braun , cryptog . bot . 4 : 107 ( 1993 ) [ type species : c . concentrica ( cooke & ellis ) u . braun 1993 ] .
pseudophaeoramularia u . braun , trudy bot . inst . im . v . l . komarova 20 : 18 ( 1997 ) [ type species : p . geranii ( w . b . cooke & c . g . shaw ) u . braun 1997 ] .
paracercospora p . p . [ see crous et al . ( 2013 ) ] .
literature : deighton ( 1976 ) , yen & lim ( 1980 : 168–190 ) , pons & sutton ( 1988 ) , hsieh & goh ( 1990 ) , braun ( 1995a : 42 ) , guo & hsieh ( 1995 ) , braun & mel’nik ( 1997 : 18 ) , guo et al . ( 1998 ) , shin & kim ( 2001 : 158 ) , crous & braun ( 2003 : 25 ) , kamal ( 2010 : 143 ) , seifert et al . ( 2011 : 364–367 ) .
pallidocercospora crous , stud . mycol . 75 : 73 ( 2012 ) [ 2013 ] .
pseudocercospora p . p . [ see crous et al . ( 2013 ) ] .
description : hyphomycetes ( asexual morphs or asexual holomorphs ) or pallidocercospora with mycosphaerella - like sexual morphs ; mycosphaerellaceae . phylogenetically distinct from pseudocercospora , forming a separate clade . in vivo morphologically indistinguishable from pseudocercospora , but in vitro forming red crystals on mea , pda , sna and wa .
description : hyphomycetes ( asexual morphs or asexual holomorphs ) ; mycosphaerellaceae . phylogenetically distinct from pseudocercospora , belonging to the “ dothistroma clade” . morphologically close to and barely distinguishable from former cercostigmina species ( cercostigmina - like pseudocercospora species ) , i . e . with unilocal , determinate to percurrent conidiogenous cells . hitherto monotypic ( the type species occurs in south africa on the legume colophospermum mopane ) .
type species : zasmidium cellare ( pers . : fr . ) fr . 1848 .
synonyms : biharia thirum . & mishra , sydowia 7 : 79 ( 1953 ) [ type species : b . vangueriae thirum . & mishra 1953 ] .
stenellopsis b . huguenin , bull . trimestriel soc . mycol . france 81 : 695 ( 1966 ) [ type species : st . fagraeae b . huguenin 1966 ] .
verrucispora d . e . shaw & alcorn , proc . linn . soc . new south wales 92 : 171 ( 1967 ) , nom . illeg . ( art . 53 . 1 ) .
verrucisporota d . e . shaw & alcorn , austral . syst . bot . 6 : 273 ( 1993 ) [ type species : v . proteacearum d . e . shaw & alcorn 1993 ] .
stenella p . p . [ see braun et al . ( 2010a , b ) ] .
literature : deighton ( 1979 : 52–54 , as stenella ) , ellis ( 1976 : 307–314 , as stenella ) , braun & mel’nik ( 1997 : 21 ) , braun et al . ( 2010a , b ) , shivas et al . ( 2009 ) , seifert et al . ( 2011 : 478 ) .
description : morphologically agreeing with plant pathogenic zasmidium species , except for pileate conidiogenous loci . phylogenetically belonging in the teratosphaeriaceae ( in its current circumscription monotypic ) . stenella araguata was redescribed in ellis ( 1971 ) .
asperisporium maubl . , lavoura 16 : 212 , “1912” ( 1913 ) and bull . trimestriel soc . mycol . france 29 : 357 ( 1913 ) .
literature : ellis ( 1971 : 273–274 ; 1976 : 240–243 ) , sutton ( 1975 : 182–185 ) , von arx ( 1983 ) , braun ( 1995a : 40 ) , braun & mel’nik ( 1997 : 14 ) , crous & braun ( 2003 : 13 ) , minnis et al . ( 2011 ) , seifert et al . ( 2011 : 95 ) .
literature : deighton ( 1969 : 33–39 ) , ellis ( 1971 : 303 ) , braun ( 1995a : 39 ) , seifert et al . ( 2011 : 145 ) .
denticularia deighton , trans . brit . mycol . soc . 59 : 421 ( 1972 ) .
literature : ellis ( 1976 : 182–183 ) , braun ( 1995a : 42 ) , crous & braun ( 2003 : 23 ) , seifert et al . ( 2011 : 176 ) .
notes : morphologically close to pseudocercospora ( leaf spotting hyphomycetes with unthickened , not darkened conidiogenous loci and hila ) , but the conidiogenous loci are distinctly denticle - like , and the catenate conidia are non - scolecosporous , only with 0–1 ( –3 ) septa .
literature : braun ( 1995a : 37 ) , crous & braun ( 2003 : 17 ) , seifert et al . ( 2011 : 193 ) .
literature : ellis ( 1971 : 248–249 ) , rao et al . ( 1982 : 1155 ) , braun ( 1995a : 39 ) , seifert et al . ( 2011 : 199 ) .
eriocercosporella r . kumar , a . n . rai & kamal ex u . braun , monogr . cercosporella , ramularia 2 : 398 ( 1998 ) .
type species : eriocercosporella indica r . kumar , a . n . rai & kamal ex u . braun 1998 .
synonym : eriocercosporella r . kumar , a . n . rai & kamal , indian phytopathol . 47 : 127 ( 1994 ) , nom . inval .
dictyocephala a . g . medeiros , publ . univ . recife inst . micol . 373 : 13 ( 1962 ) [ type species : d . ulmifoliae ( obreg . - bot . ) a . g . medeiros 1962 ] .
literature : deighton ( 1976 : 156–159 ) , crous & braun ( 2003 : 23 ) , minnis et al . ( 2011 ) , seifert et al . ( 2011 : 325 ) .
description : foliicolous hyphomycetes , associated with leaf spots , mycosphaerellaceae . mycelium internal ; hyphae colourless or almost so . stromata developed , pigmented . conidiophores macronematous , in dense coremioid fascicles or synnemata , septate , pigmented , thin - walled , smooth ; conidiogenous cells integrated , terminal , proliferation sympodial and percurrent , conidiogenous loci planate to slightly convex , neither thickened nor darkened ( pseudocercospora - like ) . conidia formed singly , shape variable , ellipsoid - ovoid , fusiform , clavate to obclavate , didymo - to scolecosporous , with 1–11 transverse eusepta and often a single or few oblique to longitudinal septa , hila neither thickened nor darkened .
literature : crous & braun ( 2003 : 22 ) , crous et al . ( 2012 ) .
type species : parastenella magnoliae ( weedon ) j . c . david 1991 .
synonym : stenellopsis morgan - jones , mycotaxon 10 : 405 ( 1980 ) , nom illeg . ( art . 53 . 1 ) .
literature : braun ( 1995a : 41 ) , seifert et al . ( 2011 : 330 ) .
literature : ellis ( 1971 : 297–299 ) , braun ( 1995a : 37 ) , crous & braun ( 2003 : 14 ) , seifert et al . ( 2011 : 367 ) .
notes : the phylogenetic affinity of p . venezuelanum and its relation to the mycosphaerellaceae are unknown . pseudocercosporidium resembles passalora , but the structure of the conidiogenous loci is quite distinct and closer to scars of genera like neoovularia and pseudodidymaria ( braun 1998 ) .
quasiphloeospora b . sutton , crous & shamoun , mycol . res . 100 : 979 ( 1996 ) .
type species : quasiphloeospora saximontanensis ( deighton ) b . sutton , crous & shamoun 1996 .
literature : deighton ( 1983 : 7–8 ) , braun ( 1998 : 400–401 ) , crous & braun ( 2003 : 14 ) , seifert et al . ( 2011 : 376–377 ) .
description : cercosporoid hyphomycetes characterised by forming large immersed sporodochium - like conidiomata with filiform , somewhat pigmented , irregularly verruculose conidiophores , aseptate , i . e . reduced to conidiogenous cells , monoblastic , determinate or sympodially to percurrently proliferating , with slightly thickened and darkened conidiogenous loci , and very pale to somewhat pigmented scolecosporous conidia formed singly .
scolecostigmina u . braun , new zealand j . bot . 37 : 323 ( 1999 ) .
type species : scolecostigmina mangiferae ( koord . ) u . braun & mouch . 1999 .
stigmina p . p . [ see braun ( 1999 ) , crous et al . ( 2013 ) ] .
literature : crous & braun ( 2003 : 24 ) , crous et al . ( 2013 : 74–75 ) , seifert et al . ( 2011 : 396 ) .
description : scolecostigmina is morphologically close to pseudocercospora , above all to former cercostigmina species ( leaf spotting dematiaceous hyphomycetes with sporodochial conidiomata , macronematous densely fasciculate conidiophores , percurrently proliferating conidiogenous cells , neither thickened nor darkened applanate loci , and scolecosporous , plurieuseptate , pigmented conidia formed singly ) , but the wall of the conidiophores is somewhat thickened and mostly verruculose , possesses conspicuous , coarse annellations and the conidia are transversely and occasionally also obliquely or longitudinally septate .
type species : semipseudocercospora peristrophes - acuminatae ( j . m . yen ) j . m . yen 1983 .
description : morphologically close to pseudocercospora ( leaf spotting hyphomycetes with unthickened , not darkened conidiogenous loci and hila ) , but the conidiogenous cells are not geniculate , i . e . not distinctly sympodially proliferating , the conidiogenous loci are distinctly denticle - like , and the solitary conidia are didymo - to phragmosporous , i . e . not scolecosporous .
type species : sirosporium antenniforme ( berk . & m . a . curtis ) bubák & serebrian . 1912 .
literature : ellis ( 1963 : 2–11 ; 1971 : 288–290 ; 1976 : 299–303 ) , braun ( 1995a : 39 ) , mel’nik ( 2000 : 284–288 ) , crous & braun ( 2003 : 18 ) , seifert et al . ( 2011 : 404 ) .
description : morphologically close to passalora , i . e . above all mycovellosiella - like ( leaf spotting dematiaceous hyphomycetes with internal and external mycelium , superficial hyphae giving rise to solitary conidiophores , lateral and terminal , conidiophores may also be formed in fascicles , conspicuous conidiogenous loci and hila , thickened and darkened , conidia solitary , size , shape and septation variable ) , but the conidia are relatively thick - walled and at least partly dictyosporous .
several hyphomycete genera have previously been considered to be and treated as cercosporoid genera , but based on modern phylogenetic examinations they are not part of the family mycosphaerellaceae and the corresponding clade , i . e . they belong elsewhere and are not cercosporoid s . str . species of such genera are not treated here :
miuraea hara , byochugai - hoten ( manual of pests and diseases ) : ( 260 ) , 779 ( 1948 ) .
type species : miuraea degenerans ( syd . & p . syd . ) hara 1948 .
literature : von arx ( 1983 : 39 ) , braun ( 1995a : 218–223 ) , seifert et al . ( 2011 : 293 ) , crous et al . ( 2013 : 69 ) .
phaeomycocentrospora crous , h . d . shin & u . braun , stud . mycol . 75 : 61 ( 2012 ) [ 2013 ] [ pleosporales ]
type species : phaeomycocentrospora cantuariensis ( e . s . salmon & wormald ) crous , h . d . shin & u . braun 2013 .
literature : von arx ( 1981 , 1983 ) , braun ( 1990 : 71 ; 1995a : 211–215 ) , crous & braun ( 2003 : 22 ) , seifert et al . ( 2011 : 437 ) , crous et al . ( 2013 : 61 ) .
xenostigmina crous , mycol . mem . 21 : 154 ( 1998 ) [ pleosporales , phaeosphaeriaceae ]
notes : xenostigmina and its synasexual morphs in mycopappus belong to the pleosporales ( crous et al . 2013 ) , i . e . they are not part of the mycosphaerellaceae , in contrast to stigmina s . str . which has been reduced to synonym with pseudocercospora ( crous et al . 2006 ) .
expanded keys to cercosporoid genera and morphologically similar and confusable genera have been published in braun ( 1995a : 23–36 ) , crous & braun ( 2003 : 28–32 ) and braun in seifert et al . ( 2011 : 887–893 ) .
1 saprobic or biotrophic , plant pathogenic hyphomycetes , causing various lesions , mostly leaf - spotting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
hyperparasitic ( pathogenic on other fungi ) or strictly fungicolous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2 ( 1 ) very large immersed sporodochium - like conidiomata , about 40–130 μm diam , with filiform , somewhat pigmented , irregularly verruculose conidiophores , aseptate , i . e . reduced to conidiogenous cells , monoblastic , determinate or sympodially to percurrently proliferating , with slightly thickened and darkened conidiogenous loci , and pale ( subhyaline ) to somewhat pigmented scolecosporous conidia formed singly ; on
with other characters or combinations of characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
solitary or in small loose fascicles ( groups ) emerging through stomata , laxly erect , frequently branched , very pale brown ; conidiogenous cells integrated , terminal , intercalary or pleurogenous ( as lateral branchlets ) , conidiogenous loci conspicuous , protruding , convex ( papilla - like ) , but wall of the loci neither distinctly thickened nor darkened , only somewhat refractive ; conidia solitary , didymo - to scolecosporous , pigmented ( deeper in pigmentation than the conidiophores ) , hila neither thickened nor darkened other characters or combinations of characters ; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
with conidiogenous loci different , not papilla - like , but truncate , either inconspicuous or more denticle - like , but always unthickened and not darkened , or with conspicuously thickened and darkened - refractive loci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4 ( 3 ) conidiogenous loci inconspicuous , neither thickened nor darkened or subconspicuous by being more rigid or denticle - like , but wall of the loci always unthickend and not darkened , at most somewhat refractive , or only slightly thickened and darkened around the rim ( formed as minute somewhat darker rim visible as darker circle ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
conidiogenous loci conspicuous , thickened and darkened throughout , except for a very minute centre pore ( in front view visible as minute dark circle ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
, hyphae verruculose - verrucose ; conidiogenous cells terminal and intercalary , denticulate , with lateral short peg - like protuberances , conidiogenous loci inconspicuous , neither thickened nor darkened . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
superficial hyphae in vivo lacking or , if present , smooth or almost so ; with genuine conidiophores , at least not with consistently peg - like protuberances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
conidiophores in vivo solitary , fasciculate or in sporodochia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
conidia usually consistenty transversely septate ; on other hosts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pseudocercospora ( synnematous species )
8 ( 6 ) conidiophores in sporodochial conidiomata ; wall of the densely arranged conidiophores somewhat thickened and mostly distinctly verruculose , forming conspicuous , coarse annellations ; conidia transversely and occasionally also obliquely or longitudinally septate , wall often somewhat thickened . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
conidiophores thin - walled , rarely somewhat thickened , but then always smooth , annellations lacking or if present fine and rather inconspicuous ; conidia usually thin - walled and transversely septate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
9 ( 8 ) conidiophores in dense fascicles or in sporodochial conidiomata , distinctly verruculose ; conidia solitary , didymo - to phragmosporous , distinctly verruculose - verrucose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
conidiophores and conidia smooth or almost so , at most faintly rough - walled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
10 ( 9 ) conidiogenous cells with distinct denticles ; conidia amero - to phragmosporous , i . e . not scolecosporous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
conidiogenous cells not denticulate or only subdenticulate ( conidiogenous loci on shoulders caused by sympodial proliferation ) and then scolecosporous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
11 ( 10 ) conidiogenous cells not geniculate , i . e . not distinctly sympodially proliferating , conidiogenous loci formed as distinct terminal to lateral denticles ; conidia solitary , didymo - to phragmosporous ; on
conidiogenous cells sympodially proliferating ; conidia catenate , 0–1 ( –3 ) - septate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . denticularia
conidiogenesis holoblastic ; width of loci and conidium initials different , narrowed at the attachment point between conidiogenous cells and conidium initial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
without red crystals ] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
conidiophores solitary or fasciculate ; morphologically barely distinguishable from pseudocercospora , but phylogenetically distinct and with red crystals in vitro ( p . heimii complex ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pallidocercospora
also verruculose ) ; conidia smooth or almost so to mostly verruculose - verrucose as well . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
superficial hyphae in vivo lacking or , if present , smooth or almost so . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
conidiogenous loci planate ( cercospora - like ) [ mycosphaerellaceae ] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . zasmidium
] ; conidia always colourless , usually scolecosporous , acicular , filiform , obclavate - cylindrical , and pluriseptate , rarely amero - to phragmosporous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
conidiophores and conidia pigmented , at least faintly olivaceous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
17 ( 16 ) conidia consistently distoseptate ; conidiophores mostly frequently branched . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
conidia aseptate to euseptate or at most few distosepta mixed with eusepta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
18 ( 17 ) conidia distinctly ( usually coarsely ) verruculose - verrucose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
conidia smooth or almost so . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
19 ( 18 ) conidiophores mostly numerous in dense sporodochial conidiomata ; conidia solitary , usually amero - to phragmosporous , occasionally with longitudinal or oblique septa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
conidiophores fasciculate ; conidia solitary , but scolecosporous , only transversely septate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . zasmidium ( p . p . , species without superficial hyphae in vivo )
conidia solitary to catenate , amero - to scolecosporous , not rostrate , usually thin - walled ; in vivo with or without superficial mycelium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
with solitary conidiophores arising from superficial hyphae ; conidia scolecosporous , fairly thick - walled , with transverse and occasionally also longitudinal and oblique septa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
in vivo with internal or internal and external hyphae ; conidia amero - to scolecosporous , thin - walled , transversely septate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
22 ( 21 ) conidia solitary or catenate ; conidiogenous loci and conidial hila always distinctly thickened and darkened . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
conidia catenate ; conidiogenous loci subconspicuous , ranging from inconspicuous to conspicuous by being somewhat darkened - refractive , but always unthickened . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . see pseudocercospora p . p . ( incl . pseudophaeoramularia )
in vivo with solitary conidiophores arising from superficial hyphae ; conidiogenous loci not denticle - like . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
24 ( 23 ) conidia catenate ; conidiogenous loci somewhat thickened and darkened ; on cercosporoid hyphomycetes and rusts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
conidia solitary ; conidiogenous loci subconspicuous , unthickened , not or only slightly darkened - refractive ; on sooty moulds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . eriocercospora
conidiophores very long , about 25–500 μm ; on rust fungi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
conidiophores much shorter , about 8–40 μm ; on cercosporoid hyphomycetes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
stromata lacking ; conidia ( 7– ) 15–40 ( –50 ) × 3 . 5–4 . 5 μm , ( 0– ) 1–2 ( –5 ) - septate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . c . uredinicola
stromata well - developed and large , 20–90 ( –150 ) μm diam ; conidia broader , 4–6 . 5 μm , ( 0– ) 1 ( –3 ) - septate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . c . uredines
conidia much shorter , 9–15 × 3–4 μm , 0–3 - septate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . c . deightonii
cladosporiella cercosporicola deighton , mycol . pap . 101 : 35 ( 1965 ) .
2 . cladosporiella cercosporoides ( k ( m ) imi 107538b ) . 3 . c . deightonii ( hal 1649 f ) . 4 . c . uredinicola ( k ( m ) imi 43280b ) . 5 . c . uredinis ( k ( m ) imi 16432b ) . a . solitary conidiophores arising from superficial hyphae . b . superficial hyphae . c . conidia . d . conidiophore fascicles . e . conidiophore tips . bar = 10 μm .
illustrations : deighton ( 1965 : 36 , fig . 14 ) , ellis ( 1971 : 303 , fig . 209 ) , seifert et al . ( 2011 : 709 , fig . 227b ) .
holotype : sabah : on passalora koepkei , mycosphaerellaceae , on saccharum officinarum , poaceae , 1964 , j . solomon ( k ( m ) imi 107538b ) .
illustration : castañeda & braun ( 1989 : 45 , fig . 9 ) .
types : cuba : los corrales de guisa , granma , on cercospora coffeicola , mycosphaerellaceae , on coffea arabica , rubiaceae , 24 june 1987 , r . f . castañeda ( inifat c87 / 171 - holotype ; hal 1649 f – isotype ) .
cladosporiella uredinicola deighton , mycol . pap . 118 : 33 ( 1969 ) .
holotype : sierra leone : dodo , on uredosori of puccinia eucomi , pucciniaceae , on andropogon auriculatus , poaceae , 15 apr . 1940 , f . c . deighton ( k ( m ) imi 43280b ) .
host range and distribution : on uredo - and teleutosori of rust fungi , on puccinia eucomi , pucciniaceae , and ravenelia zygiae , raveneliaceae , africa ( sierra leone ) .
cladosporiella uredinis deighton , mycol . pap . 118 : 36 ( 1969 ) .
types : philippines : on uredosori ( uredo sp . ) on scirpus grossus , cyperaceae , 20 mar . 1913 , p . w . graff , sydow , fungi exot . exs . 444 ( p . p . ) ( k ( m ) imi 164332b – holotype ; sydow , fungi exot . exs . 444 ( e . g . bpi 420980 ) – isotypes ) .
host range and distribution : on uredo - and teleutosori of rust fungi , on puccinia ( polygoni - amphibi , scleriae , solmsii , thaliae ) and uredo sp . , pucciniaceae , asia ( india , malaysia , philippines ) , west indies ( trinidad ) .
holotype : cuba : prov . pinar del rio : soroa , on living leaves of blechnum occidentale l . , blechnaceae , 11 mar . 1987 , r . f . castañeda ( inifat c87 / 82 ) .
notes : this is a foliicolous species with very long , simple or branched , pigmented , 8–15 - septate conidiophores , 180–300 × 6–7 μm , ramoconidia and extremely long , brown conidia , 100–310 × 4–5 μm , with 15–30 ( –35 ) septa . the generic affinity of this unusual species is quite unclear .
conidiophores very long , 100–250 μm , frequently branched ; conidia 12–60 × ( 4– ) 5–7 . 5 ( –10 ) μm , ( 0– ) 2–4 ( –6 ) - septate , very pale olivaceous ; on phyllachora parasitica and phyllachora sp . , africa , north and south america . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e . parasitica
conidiophores shorter , 85–120 μm , unbranched ; conidia 17–23 × 7–9 μm , ( 1– ) 2 ( –3 ) - septate , pale olivaceous - ochraceous ; on phyllachora shiraiana , asia , japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e . ochracea
elletevera ochracea ( yam 24294 ) . a . conidiophores arising from stroma cells . b . conidiophores . c . conidiophore tip . d . conidia . bar = 10 μm .
holotype : japan : yamaguchi pref . : nishiki - cho , mt . jakuchi , on stromata of phyllachora shiraiana , phyllachoraceae , on leaves of sasa palmata , poaceae , 6 may 1985 , k . katumoto ( yam 24294 ) .
elletevera parasitica ( ellis & everh . ) deighton , mycol . pap . 118 : 19 ( 1969 ) .
elletevera parasitica ( ny , holotype ) . a . conidiophores . b . conidia . bar = 10 μm .
basionym : pyricularia parasitica ellis & everh . , proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia 45 : 462 “1893” ( 1894 ) .
synonym : pyricularia grisea var . parasitica ellis & everh . , in sumstine , mycologia 41 : 13 ( 1949 ) , nom . nud .
illustrations : deighton ( 1969 : 19 , fig . 11 and pl . 1 ) , seifert et al . ( 2011 : 701 , fig . 219c ) .


the patagonian weasel ( lyncodon patagonicus ) is a small mustelid that is the only member of the genus lyncodon .

its geographic range is the pampas of western argentina and sections of chile .

an early mention of the animal is in the journal of syms covington , who sailed with charles darwin on his epic voyage aboard hms beagle .

patagonian weasel

main characteristics patagonian weasels have a body length between 30 and 35 cms ( 12 - 13 . 75 inches ) , a tail length between 6 and 9 cms ( 2 . 4 - 3 . 5 inches ) and they weigh approximately 225 g ( 7 . 9 oz ) . they are whitish in colour with some brown and black tones mixed in . habitat patagonian weasels can be found in south america . subspecies subspecies of the patagonian weasel include : lyncodon patagonicus patagonicus lyncodon patagonicus thomasi interesting facts little is known about patagonian weasels but it is assumed their habits are similar to those of other species of weasel . similar animals african striped weasel back - striped weasel colombian weasel least weasel japanese weasel long - tailed weasel malayan weasel mountain weasel
patagonian weasel ( lyncodon patagonicus ) creator : the beeg one uxp : countries of the world . . .
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the females are called ' bitch , doe or jill ' and males ' buck , dog , hub or jack ' . a patagonian weasel group is called a ' boogle ' .
the patagonian weasel ( lyncodon patagonicus ) is a larger mustelid of the south american pampas . it is about 30–35 cm ( 12–14 inches ) long , excluding the 6–9 - cm ( 2 . 5–3 . 5 - inch ) tail . that weasel is grayish with dark brown underparts and a white stripe running across the forehead to the sides…
this weasel has reportedly been kept by some ranchers as a working pet to destroy rats ( nowak , 1999 ) .
the patagonian weasel is listed as least concern ( lr / lc ) , lowest risk . does not qualify for a more at risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category , on the iucn red list of threatened species
the specific food habits of patagonian weasels are little known , but the fact that this species has reduced molars and well - formed carnassials suggests that it is primarily carnivorous ( ewer , 1973 ) . patagonian weasels have been noted to enter burrows of
patagonian weasel is found in temperate arid and semiarid portions of argentina and southern chile ( prevosti and pardiñas 2001 ) . it is known to occur from salta province south along the western part of the country to santa cruz province , and then into chile along the southern argentine border ( schiaffini
. the little research there is on this species suggests that patagonian weasels are found in pampas habitats that have light - colored substrates excluding deserts ( gittleman , 1996 ) .
the patagonian weasel ( lyncodon patagonicus ) is a small , rare , and little known carnivore . its distribution , which includes several fossil and historical records , spans western argentina and southern chile . according to recent studies , its populations are declining , affecting its conservation . in this paper we report a new locality of occurrence for the species based on a photographed . . . [ show full abstract ]
the patagonian weasel lyncodon patagonicus is a small mustelid that lives in the southern cone of south america ( argentina and chile ) . the species is known from relatively few direct observations and collected specimens . in this paper we review available data about l . patagonicus to assess its conservation status . information about its natural history is largely anecdotal , and suggests that it . . . [ show full abstract ]
the little research there is on this species suggests that patagonian weasels are found in pampas habitats that have light - colored substrates excluding deserts ( gittleman , 1996 ) . ( full text )
future studies are needed to confirm the presence of the mm . flexores digitorum proprii manus as a common feature of l . patagonicus . it is reasonable to think that these muscles , together with the other myological and osteological modifications discussed , could represent an adaptation of the forepaw for fine digital control and for firmly grasping prey . hunting behavior data from future ecological studies of the patagonian weasel are needed to support this inference .
the mating system and behavior of patagonian weasles remains unknown at this time . however , most mustelids associate only briefly during the mating season . males have territories that overlap with those of several females and they monitor their reproductive state through chemical cues .
the mean values of the ratio mciii / phiii ( table 1 ) indicate that l . patagonicus possesses the relative longest proximal phalanx ( i . e . , 1 . 32 ; the lowest value of the ratio ) in comparison with other weasel - like musteloids and the whole sample . the length of the proximal phalanx of digit iii of l . patagonicus is equivalent to the 76 % of the length of the metacarpal iii , a very different condition to the sister taxa , galictis spp . ( ranging 56–63 % ) .
ranges from 300 to 350 mm , with the tail adding an additional 60 to 90 mm ( nowak , 1999 ) . patagonian weasels have a dental formula of 3 / 3 , 1 / 1 , 2 / 2 , 1 / 1 = 28 ( mares , 1989 ) . they have very small ears that are covered by the surrounding fur . generally , the the fur is whitish with some dark brown and black tones intermixed . from the top of the head to along its backside there is a distinguishable broad white or yellowish band of fur .
. . . ( 1 ) san rafael ( roig , 1965 ) , ( 2 ) macachín ( prevosti & pardiñas , 2001 ) , ( 3 ) bonifacio ( pocock , 1926 ) , ( 4 ) rincón grande ( doering , 1881 ) , ( 5 ) carmen de patagones ( doering , 1881 ) , ( 6 ) 9 km se los menucos ( prevosti & pardiñas , 2001 ) , ( 7 ) puesto horno , ea . maquinchao ( teta , prevosti , & trejo , 2008 ) , ( 8 ) puerto madryn ( prevosti et al . , 2009 ) , ( 9 ) puerto pirámide ( prevosti & pardiñas , 2001 ) , ( 10 ) cueva del tigre ( trajano , 1991 ) . terrestial ecoregions are colored as follows ( from north - east to south - west ) : humid pampas , espinal , low monte and patagonian steppe ( olson & dinerstein , 2002 ) . . . .
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i thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , ©2005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352
wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of
information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
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this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
a uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all
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wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
justification : this species is listed as least concern because there is no reason to believe that it approaches the thresholds for a threatened category or even near threatened . however , there is little available indication , and no hard information on current population status or trend , or on major threats . it is a poorly known species with few specimens deposited in museum collections ( redford and eisenberg 1992 , prevosti and pardiñas 2001 , prevosti et al . 2009 ) . recent investigations have added new localities , and expanded the known range , but further work is needed for a full understanding of range . it is possible that this species might be found to be appropriately listed on a threat category , if the impacts of habitat conversion , retaliatory killing and hunting are found to be much more severe than are presently assumed .
has been recorded from sea - level up to 2 , 000 m a . s . l . ( prevosti et al . 2009 ) .
this species is suspected to be rare and to occur at low densities across its range ( prevosti et al . 2009 ) . miller et al . ( 1983 ) considered it to be rare in chile , and only two recent records ( both pre - 1966 ) exist for the country ( prevosti et al . 2009 ) . new locality records were reported for northern patagonia , argentina ( teta et al . 2008 ) reaching 53 confirmed recent records ( prevosti et al . 2009 , schiaffini et al . 2013 ) .
lyncodon patagonicus is found in herbaceous and shrub steppes and xerophytic woodlands ( osgood 1943 , prevosti and pardiñas 2001 ) . its habits are little known ; available data indicate that it is nocturnal - crepuscular and that it preys on fossorial rodents and birds ( koslowsky 1904 , cabrera and yepes 1940 , redford and eisenberg 1992 ) . it is perhaps associated with tuc - tuc ctenomys communities ( koslowsky 1904 ) .
there are likely to be few direct threats to this species , although habitat degradation ( through domestic sheep grazing ) and occasional killing by ranchers are local threats ( prevosti et al . 2009 ) . retaliatory killing ( as a predator of small livestock ) and hunting might also be threats , at least locally .
this species is not often seen in the wild or collected . it is possible – even likely – that it occurs in several protected areas in western and southern patagonia in argentina ( nahuel huapi , lanin , lago puelo , los alerces , perito moreno , and los glaciares national parks ) , although most of these comprise mainly forested habitats , rather than the open terrain used by this species . for a clearer understanding of distribution , abundance and natural history , further survey is necessary , using techniques appropriate for the species .
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has a distribution within the neotropical region . its range is from the southern and western parts of argentina into chile ( redford and eisenberg , 1992 ) .
has short legs , a long body , and a short bushy tail ( redford and eisenberg , 1992 ) .
is as unknown as the rest of the species ' reproductive behavior . as in all mammals , the female nurses her young . mustelids in general produce altricial young , which reside in a den or burrow until their eyes are open and they are able to walk . at this time , young weasels typically accompany their mother on foraging trips .
in pursuit of prey . a defensive behavior of this species is that when it is cornered , the neck pelage will be erected . it is reportedly active at dusk and at night .
because the dietary habits of this animal are not known , it is difficult to speculate on the role it plays within its ecosystem . however ,
karen malek ( author ) , university of wisconsin - stevens point , chris yahnke ( editor ) , university of wisconsin - stevens point .
living in the southern part of the new world . in other words , central and south america .
young are born in a relatively underdeveloped state ; they are unable to feed or care for themselves or locomote independently for a period of time after birth / hatching . in birds , naked and helpless after hatching .
having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .
animals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature . endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia , although it may have arisen in a ( now extinct ) synapsid ancestor ; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities . convergent in birds .
offspring are produced in more than one group ( litters , clutches , etc . ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ) . iteroparous animals must , by definition , survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ) .
the area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .
that region of the earth between 23 . 5 degrees north and 60 degrees north ( between the tropic of cancer and the arctic circle ) and between 23 . 5 degrees south and 60 degrees south ( between the tropic of capricorn and the antarctic circle ) .
reproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female .
mammals of the neotropics - the southern cone volume 2 - chile , argentina , uruguay , paraguay .
to cite this page : malek , k . 2003 .
lyncodon patagonicus
( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
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la musculatura intrínseca del autopodio de los mamíferos está compuesta por un número de grupos musculares relativamente estable . en este trabajo nosotros presentamos el primer estudio miológico de lyncodon patagonicus , un mustélido de américa del sur pobremente conocido tanto en aspectos morfológicos como ecológicos . los músculos intrínsecos típicos de la mano de lyncodon son similares a los presentes en el taxón hermano galictis , aunque presenta algunas variaciones , incluyendo la presencia de subdivisiones adicionales y algunas inserciones relativamente más distales . una característica distintiva fue la presencia de una novedosa serie de músculos nunca antes descripta para un mamífero . estos músculos , aquí denominados mm . flexores digitorum proprii manus , están representados por un vientre medial y uno lateral para cada dígito , ubicados inmediatamente distales a los mm . flexores breves profundi . distalmente , estos se ubican a los lados de los tendones de estos últimos , en el aspecto palmar de la serie falangeal , insertándose en los tubérculos flexores de las falanges distales de cada dígito . nosotros proponemos que la incorporación de estos músculos a la musculatura de la mano de lyncodon , sumado a otras características osteo - miológicas , podría implicar una adaptación morfo - funcional distintiva , posibilitando una mayor fuerza de flexión e independencia en los movimientos digitales , posiblemente utilizada por el taxón durante la manipulación de presas durante la caza . esta función debe ser confirmada por futuros estudios ecológicos y comportamentales para esta especie .
the mm . flexores breves profundi are commonly present in mammals , although reduced in number or size in some lineages ( e . g . , macropodids , some rodents , manis , most xenarthrans , and many ungulates— humphry 1869 ; galton 1870 ; young 1880 ; windle and parsons 1899 ; kesner 1986 ; fisher et al . 2007 ; rocha - barbosa et al . 2007 ) . their ancestral arrangement consists of a pair per digit ( lewis 1989 ) , located superficial to the dorsal layer , and with flexor functions . the mm . intermetacarpales may be absent , reduced , or fused with the mm . flexores breves profundi in many mammal lineages ( diogo and abdala 2010 ) , such as carnivorans ( young 1880 ; windle and parsons 1897 ; mcmurrich 1903 ) . there are 4 in the ancestral condition ( lewis 1989 ) , located between adjacent metacarpals , with abductor functions , which are functionally linked with the more palmar abductors and opponens muscles of digits i and v .
in addition to the variant mentioned above , there exist at least 2 particular modifications that affect the general scheme of the mm . interossei . the first occurs when a group of fibers slips off and spans transversally between the insertions of the other mm . interossei deriving in , for example , the “palmaris transversus” of arborimus ( kesner 1986 ) , the “transversus” of manis ( humphry 1869 ) , the “transverse adductor indicis” of dasypus ( windle and parsons 1899 ) , and an innominate muscle in hystrix ( parsons 1894 : 272 ) . a second kind of modification was described by humphry ( 1869 ) in sloths , in which an additional and secondary set of mm . interossei named “phalangeal interossei” originates from the second phalanges and inserts together with the other mm . interossei onto the extensor tubercles .
lyncodon patagonicus , living specimen photographed in chubut , argentina , by darío podestá . note the slender and gracile digits of the forepaw .
in line with prior contributions about the myology of south american mustelids ( ercoli et al . 2013 , 2015 ) , we carried out exhaustive dissections on l . patagonicus , a species for which myological studies are lacking . here , we describe the intrinsic muscles of the forepaw , and identify a strikingly novel series of forepaw muscles , not present in any other carnivoran species and , as far as we know , in any other mammal .
the detailed muscular anatomy of the forepaw of lyncodon is similar in many aspects to that described for galictis cuja ( ercoli et al . 2015 ; fig . 2 ) , which is expected because galictis and lyncodon are sister genera ( sato et al . 2012 ) . as in g . cuja , lyncodon possesses the same set of intrinsic musculature of the manus ( i . e . , m . palmaris brevis , 4mm . lumbricales , m . abductor digiti v , m . opponens digiti v , m . abductor et opponens digiti i , 3mm . adductores digitorum , 10mm . flexores breves profundi , m . abductor digiti ii , and m . abductor digiti iv , while the m . flexor digitorum brevis manus is absent ) . next , we describe these muscles , highlighting the distinctive features of l . patagonicus , while the features not detailed here should be considered as identical to those described for g . cuja ( ercoli et al . 2015 ) .
drawing showing the muscles of the manus , before a ) and after removal b ) the m . flexor digitorum superficialis , m . flexor digitorum profundus , m . abductor et opponens digiti i , m . abductor digiti v , m . opponens digiti v , and the mm . lumbricales .
the m . palmaris brevis presents a different configuration compared to galictis . as usual , it originates from the fascia that covers the carpus at the level of the accessory carpal bone , but this muscle inserts at the level of the metacarpal i , via 2 tendons , onto an additional belly of the m . palmaris longus that corresponds to digit i .
the 4mm . lumbricales ( fig . 2a ) are represented by independent bellies that originate from the tendons of the m . flexor digitorum profundus at the level of the carpus instead of the metacarpals , as was described for galictis . they insert via thin tendons onto the medial surface of the base of the proximal phalanges or the middle one ( for the case of digit iii ) .
the m . opponens digiti v ( fig . 2a ) originates from the ligament distal to the accessory carpal bone , the medial surface of the accessory itself , and from metacarpal v and its proximal sesamoid , as was described for most of the cases of galictis , but these origins were purely aponeurotic ( versus mixed fibers ) . the insertion occurs on the lateral side of digit v , but its exact location could not be described due to some damage in the autopodium .
the m . abductor digiti v ( fig . 2a ) originates from the accessory carpal bone and inserts onto the lateral sesamoid of digit v and the lateral aspect of metacarpal v , as was described in galictis , but the differentiation in 2 bellies ( denoted for galictis ) could not be checked in lyncodon due to damage .
the m . abductor et opponens digiti i ( fig . 2a ) , as in galictis , extends from the radial sesamoid to the proximal phalanx of digit i . in lyncodon , the presence of an extra insertion onto the ventromedial aspect of metacarpal i ( observed in some specimens of galictis ) was confirmed .
the mm . adductores digitorum ( fig . 2b ) extends from the transverse carpal ligament to the proximal end of the proximal phalanx of digits i , ii , and v , similar to that described for galictis . however , in lyncodon , the 3 muscles are independent from each other at their origins , the muscle for digit i is the smaller ( versus ii ) , and the insertion on digits i and ii are tendinous ( instead of fleshy , as occurs in digit v , and all cases for galictis ) .
the 10mm . flexores breves profundi ( fig . 2b ) originate from the proximal area of the corresponding metacarpal of each digit , the plantar process of carpal bone iii , and the distal ligament of the accessory carpal bone , as in galictis . they insert via fleshy fibers onto the corresponding metacarpal sesamoids , as usual , but there is an additional insertion onto the base of the middle phalanx of digit iii .
the m . abductor digiti ii , differing with respect to galictis , is composed of 2 bellies instead of only 1 ; one originates exclusively from the proximal sector of the lateral margin of metacarpal i ( not reaching the middle of this bone , as in galictis ) , and the other originates from carpal ii ( not observed in galictis ) . on the other hand , the insertion of both bellies occurs on the medial area of the proximal phalanx of digit ii instead of the medial sesamoid of metacarpal ii .
the m . abductor digiti iv extends from the base of metacarpal v to the lateral aspect of the lateral sesamoid of metacarpal iv and metacarpal iv itself ( as in galictis ) , but the fibers of origin are mixed ( medially tendinous and laterally fleshy ) instead of only fleshy .
in addition to the usual set of muscles and the variants recorded for l . patagonicus , a novel and intriguing series of 10 bellies , arranged as a pair per digit lying over the palmar aspect of the forepaw , was detected and is described here ( figs . 2b and 3 ) . the muscular nature of the fibers that compose these bellies was confirmed by histological analysis ( fig . 4 ) . this series of muscles , henceforth named mm . flexores digitorum proprii manus , is represented by a medial and lateral belly for each digit . they present a similar arrangement to that of the mm . flexores breves profundi and are located immediately distal to them . the bellies of this series run along the sides of the tendons of the mm . flexor digitorum profundus and the mm . flexor digitorum superficialis , on the palmar aspect of the phalangeal series . for each digit , the lateral and medial bellies originate via fleshy fibers from the distal end of the corresponding metacarpal sesamoid , and some tendinous fibers take origin from the distal end of the corresponding belly of the mm . flexores breves profundi , to which they are loosely attached . all of the bellies become tendinous at the level of the distal end of the proximal phalanx and insert onto the flexor tubercle of the distal phalanx , immediately lateral and medial to the insertion tendons of the m . flexor digitorum profundus ( figs . 2 and 3 ) .
morphology of the mm . flexores digitorum proprii manus of lyncodon patagonicus . a ) arrangement and location of the bellies ( arrows ) in palmar view of the left forepaw . the lateral belly for digit v was already removed and the arrow indicates the origin area of this belly . see fig . 2b for a diagram indicating each muscle observed in the picture . b ) scheme of a single belly of the mm . flexores digitorum proprii manus ( fdpm ) , and its topographic relationships with the tendons of the mm . flexores digitorum superficialis ( fds ) , the mm . flexores digitorum profundus ( fdp ) , and osteological elements of a digit ( mc = metacarpus ; phi = first phalanx ; phii = second phalanx ; phiii = third phalanx ; s = metacarpal sesamoid ) .
appearance of the some loose bellies of the mm . flexor digitorum proprii manus in an ethanol 70° solution a ) , histological slides of muscle tissues at 400× b ) and 1 , 000× c ) in the highlighted frame ; note muscular fibers cut near to transverse and longitudinal planes , showing the expected red staining , striations , and general structure for muscular fibers .
values of the ratio between the length of the metacarpal iii and the length of the proximal phalanx of the third digit ( mciii / phiii ) for musteloid species . see appendix i for measured specimens in this study .
a data from bibliography ( van valkenburgh 1987 ; iwaniuk et al . 1999 ; ercoli 2015 ) .
the only other intrinsic phalangeal series of muscles of a mammal was described in sloths by humphry ( 1869 ) under the name of “phalangeal interossei , ” but these muscles differ in origins , insertions , and functions compared to the mm . flexores digitorum proprii manus of l . patagonicus . humphry’s description indicates that those muscles originate from the apposed sides of the middle phalanges and insert together with the other mm . interossei into the apposed sides of the extensor tendons , near the extensor expansions ( humphry 1869 : 49 ) . due to the common insertion , humphry considered them as a secondary set of the mm . interossei ( sensu lato ) and assigned them a lateral stabilization function , in relation to the autopodial specialization of sloths to suspensory postures .
ontogenesis of the skeleton and intrinsic muscles of the human hand and foot . advances in anatomy , embryology and cell biology
enumeración sistemática de las especies observadas durante la expedición . vertebrados . informe oficial de la comisión científica agregada a la expedición al río negro de 1879 . entrega i , zoología
traité de zoologie . anatomie , systématique , biologie . tome xvi ( fascicule iii ) : mammifères . musculature des members , musculature peaucière , musculature des monotrèmes . arthrologie
anatomy of raccoon ( procyon lotor ) and coati ( nasua narica and n . nasua ) forearm and leg muscles : relations between fiber length , moment - arm length , and joint - angle excursion
( e . j . sargis and m . dagosto , eds . ) .
descriptive and functional myology of the neck and forelimb of the striped hyena ( hyaena hyaena , l . 1758 )
on the myology of the terrestrial carnivora . part i : muscles of the head , neck , and fore - limb
on the myology of the edentata . part i . muscles of the head , neck and fore limb
musteloid specimens measured for the calculation of the ratio between the length of the metacarpal iii and the length of the proximal phalanx of the third digit ( mciii / phiii ) .
lyncodon patagonicus : macnma 21982 , mlp 6 . iii . 36 . 32 . mustela erminea : fmnh 122025 , 122630 . mustela frenata : fmnh 25626 , 25625 , 49372 . mustela nigripes : fmnh 25621 , 25622 . mustela nivalis : fmnh 129331 . mustela vison : fmnh 135301 , 122031 . poecilogale albinucha : fmnh 36045 , 149354 . ictonyx striatus : fmnh 177232 , 177231 . martes americana : fmnh 72956 , 151035 . martes pennanti : fmnh 165360 , 153812 . galictis vittata : fmnh 127293 , 123657 . mellivora capensis : fmnh 43298 .
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. . . a pesar de tan amplia dis - tribución , la mayor cantidad de información proviene de hallazgos fósiles , colecciones de museos y unas pocas observaciones directas realizadas durante los siglos xix y xx . los datos actuales sobre su presencia , alcanzan tan solo 28 registros realizados desde 1950 , de los cuales 12 corresponden a los últimos 15 años ( prevosti & pardiñas 2001 , teta et al . 2008 , prevosti et al . 2009 , díaz isenrath et al . 2012 , formoso et al . 2016 , schiaffini 2017 . . . .
. . . small mammals are the main prey of several raptors and some large raptors prey upon medium - sized mammals ( fergusonlees & christie 2001 , könig & weick 2008 ) . despite of that , there are not many examples of raptors preying upon carnivores ( jaksic & marti 1984 , teta et al . 2008 ) . here we report the consumption of molina ' s hog - nosed skunk ( conepatus chinga : carnivora ) by a great horned owl ( bubo virginianus : strigiformes ) . . . .
. . . a complete picture of l . patagonicus habits requires direct ecological studies ; the same is true regarding its potential trophic overlap with the more widespread , larger , and aggressive sympatric lesser grison galictis cuja . it is eaten by the black - chested buzzard eagle geranoaetus melanoleucus , at least in patagonia ( teta et al . 2008 ) . ecological interactions with other small mustelids , such as g . cuja and the introduced invasive neovison vison , merit further study . . . .
the main goal of the project is to study the role of different biological ( e . g . , competition ; prey availability ) , geological ( e . g . , andean orogeny ) and climatic events ( e . g . , global temperature dim…
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research on the estimation of body mass in extinct vertebrates and on the effect of size on the natural history of organisms .
a new distributional record for lyncodon patagonicus ( carnivora : mustelidae ) , one of the smallest an . . .
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