the big-eared horseshoe bat ( rhinolophus macrotis ) is a bat species within the rhinolophidae native to china , india , indonesia , laos , malaysia , nepal , pakistan , the philippines , thailand , and vietnam .

big - eared horseshoe bat

complete mitochondrial genome of the big - eared horseshoe bat rhinolophus macrotis ( chiroptera , rhinolophidae ) .
complete mitochondrial genome of the big - eared horseshoe bat rhinolophus macrotis ( chiroptera , rhinolophidae ) . - pubmed - ncbi
big - eared horseshoe bat or rhinolophus macrotis is listed on the iucn red list ( 1996 ) as lower risk / least concern .
a young / baby of a bigeared horseshoe bat is called a ' pup ' . a bigeared horseshoe bat group is called a ' colony or cloud ' .
the big - eared horseshoe bat is listed as least concern ( lr / lc ) , lowest risk . does not qualify for a more at risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category , on the iucn red list of threatened species
in china , 79 individuals of big - eared horseshoe bat complex were sampled during 2006–2012 from 14 localities ( fig . 1 and table s1 , supporting information ) , including the 12 specimens of the 7 small form and 5 large form bats published previously 18 . all bats were identified following csorba et al . 19 .
how to cite this article : sun , k . et al . the complex evolutionary history of big - eared horseshoe bats ( rhinolophus macrotis complex ) : insights from genetic , morphological and acoustic data . sci . rep . 6 , 35417 ; doi : 10 . 1038 / srep35417 ( 2016 ) .
pleistocene climatic fluctuations and accompanying ecological changes in china have presented severe challenges to the survival of bat species , greatly affecting their population differentiation and contemporary distribution 3 , 21 , 22 . in this study , the tmrca of the entire r . macrotis complex populations dated to 1 . 51 ma . during this period , china was experiencing glacial - interglacial cycles , including the poyang glacial stage ( 1 . 8 ma ) and the dagu glacial stage ( 1 . 1 ma ) 23 . climatic changes and temperature decline may have forced the big - eared horseshoe bats to diverge from other bat species and evolve separately .
we sequenced and characterized the complete mitochondrial genome of the big - eared horseshoe bat , rhinolophus macrotis . total length of the mitogenome is 16 , 848 bp , with a base composition of 31 . 2 % a , 25 . 3 % t , 28 . 8 % c and 14 . 7 % g . the mitogenome consists of 13 protein - coding genes , 2 rrna ( 12s and 16s rrna ) genes , 22 trna genes and 1 control region . it has the same gene arrangement pattern as those of typical vertebrate mitochondrial genome . the results will contribute to our understanding of the taxonomic status and evolution in the genus rhinolophus bats .
in our previous study 18 , the large and small forms were identified from sympatric large - eared horseshoe bats in china , suggesting the existence of a cryptic species . in this study , three sympatric populations ( gd1 , hun and jx1 ) were detected between small and large forms ( fig . 1 ) , suggesting secondary contact after putative speciation .
we used a uniq - 10 column animal genomic dna isolation kit ( sangon , china ) to extract total genomic dna from collected bat wing membranes which had been preserved in 99 % ethanol .
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the mainland populations probably represent two distinct species . the philippine form of r . macrotis was initially described as a separate species , r . hirsutus ( anderson , 1905 ) , but was later subsumed under r . macrotis by tate ( 1943 ) but hirsutus is morphologically and genetically distinct ( guillen et al . in csorba et al . 2003 ) .
hutson , a . m . , racey , p . a . ( chiroptera red list authority ) & cox , n . ( global mammal assessment team )
justification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .
though this species is widely distributed in its range in south asia it is known from a few localities and has a small colony size . the population size of this species is low and a declining trend in the population is inferred ( molur et al . 2002 ) . in peninsular malaysia and southern thailand it is rare in tall lowland forest and also hill forest in peninsular malaysia ( bumrungsri and francis pers . comm . 2006 ) and widespread but seemingly uncommon in the philippines ( heaney et al . 1998 ) .
in south asia , the habitat of this species is being deforested for timber , firewood and conversion for agricultural use . in nepal it is threatened due to increase in tourism leading to disturbance to roosting sites ; fumigation and chemical pesticides to rid the caves of roosts ( t . k . shreshta pers . comm . january 2002 ; molur et al . 2002 ) . in southeast asia , it is probably threatened in parts of its range ( such as malaysia ) by ongoing habitat loss .
in south asia , there are no direct conservation measures in place for this species . the species has not been recorded from any protected areas . additional studies are needed into the distribution , abundance , breeding biology , general ecology and threats to this little - known species . populations should be monitored to record changes in abundance and distribution . habitat maintenance , conservation and restoration are needed . public awareness activities need to be taken up to mitigate any further threats to this taxon ( molur et al . 2002 ) . in view of its wide range in southeast asia , it seems probable that the species has been recorded from some protected areas , although this needs to be confirmed .
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( a ) phylogenetic tree based on the analysis of the combined mitochondrial cyt b and control region . numbers above the branches are bootstrap support from in maximum likelihood followed by posterior probabilities from bayesian analyses . ( b ) sampling sites for the mt lineages included in the study . circle sizes are proportional to the number of individuals captured . abbreviations of samples populations are indicated in table s1 . the map was made with qgis 2 . 8 ( urltoken ) and natural earth public domain map data ( urltoken ) , and modified in illustrator .
for 79 individuals in the r . macrotis complex sampled from 14 localities across the entire chinese range of the species , we found much variation in cyt b ( 1 , 140 bp ) and control region ( 464 bp ) . a total of 29 haplotypes of cyt b were defined based on 103 polymorphic sites ( 71 of which were parsimony informative ) . no insertions or deletions were found . fifty haplotypes of the control region were defined based on 115 polymorphic sites ( 90 of which were parsimony informative ) . the alignment of the combined cyt b and control region ( 1 , 604 bp ) resulted in 53 haplotypes . for the autosomal chd1 gene ( 742 bp ) , a total of 20 haplotypes were defined from 71 individuals based on 24 polymorphic sites ( 6 of which were parsimony informative ) .
the ranges of the three clades were partially sympatric ( fig . 1b ) . both sxi and cq populations contained individuals from clades 2 and 3 ( all large forms ) , both the hun and jx1 populations contained individuals from clades 1 and 3 , and the gd1 population contained individuals from clades 1 and 2 .
in general , intraspecific genetic divergence levels among bats are typically less than 2 % within cyt b 20 . thus we used cyt b to calculate the intra - lineage and inter - lineage genetic differences . in this species complex , the maximum level of uncorrected intra - clade divergence was ≤2 % ( table 1 ) . among the three clades , the minimum uncorrected divergence was over 2 % ( table 1 ) , though never exceeded 4 % .
since the clades were distinct genetic pools , population genetics analyses were performed within each lineage . genetic diversity was highest in clade 1 , followed by clades 3 and 2 for both the cyt b and control region ( table 2 ) .
we estimated divergence times among clades using cyt b ( table 3 ) . the inferred tmrca for all r . macrotis complex was 1 . 51 ma ( million years ago ) , with similar divergence times mt clades 1 and 2 ( 0 . 64 and 0 . 66 ma , respectively ) . in contrast , mt clade 3 originated much later . tajima’s d values and fu’s fs tests indicated that none of the three mt lineages deviated significantly from neutrality ( table 4 ) . unlike in mt clades 2 and 3 , analysis of mt clade 1 failed to reject the model of population expansion ( table 4 ) , with an estimated timing of expansion occurring 78 . 8 ka ( thousand years ago ) ( 95 % ci : 38 . 1–96 . 1 ka ) .
consistent with the microsatellite results , the large form individuals from mt clade 2 and mt clade 3 did not form independent chd1 haplogroups and instead shared five haplotypes ( fig . 3 ) . however , the large form and the small form had their own distinct haplotypes with one exception ( fig . 3 ) .
colours indicate the membership of each mt lineage , including clade 1 ( red ) , clade 2 ( green ) and clade 3 ( blue ) .
we focused on the geographic pattern of nuclear genetic variation within mt clades 2 and 3 , as the above analyses failed to detect their genetic differentiation in individual clustering ( figs 2 and 3 ) . no significant ibd was found within the large forms ( p > 0 . 05 ) . however , when excluding the gd1 population , the test of ibd suggested that the two lineages had not evolved separately but were connected because smooth clinal variation rather than a geographic break was observed in the nuclear genetic variation ( fig . 4 ) .
white circles represent the distances between gd1 population in large forms and other populations .
phenotypic analyses distinguished the large and small forms using either forearm length or resting frequency of echolocation calls ( fig . 5 ) , including in sympatric populations .
circles represent the mean values . colours indicate the membership of each mt lineage , including clade 1 ( red ) , clade 2 ( green ) and clade 3 ( blue ) . the asterisks represent the individuals from gd1 population in large forms .
within the large form , morphological differentiation was not significant between mt clade 2 and mt clade 3 . forearm length was significantly explained by site , but not by sex and mt lineage , or by interactions among variables ( table 5 ) . resting frequency was significantly explained by sex and mt lineage , as well as by site . no significant interaction was found between effects ( table 5 ) .
lineage , sex and site , analyzed by general linear model ( glm ) .
we focused on the geographic pattern of acoustic variation within mt clade 2 / clade 3 of the large form as we found no significant morphological differences between these two clades . we detected positive significant associations between resting frequency and both longitude ( r = 0 . 39 , p = 0 . 0011 ) and latitude ( r = 0 . 284 , p = 0 . 0199 ) . when excluding gd1 , clinal variation was much more significant ( longitude : r = 0 . 48 , p < 0 . 0001 ; rf vs latitude : r = 0 . 74 , p < 0 . 0001 ) .
the tmrcas of the combined mt clade 1 ( small form ) and mt clade 2 ( large form ) dated to 1 . 16 ma , suggesting that the two mt lineages differentiated from each other between 1 . 16–0 . 64 ma . this time was consistent with two major cold glacial stages , xixiabangma glaciations ( 1 . 17–0 . 8 ma ) 24 and the naynayxungla glaciations ( 0 . 71–0 . 59 ma ) 25 . the former stage is one of the coldest recent climatic periods based on a high mass accumulation rate for chinese loess 26 . at that time , the populations might have become isolated into different refugia and occupied different habitats and climate zones either due to , or eventually leading to , local ecological adaptation , and two distinct lineages distributed in central and southwest china .
the mitochondrial genetic analyses indicated that large forms diverged into two distinct lineages , clade 2 and clade 3 with a level of divergence similar to that between the small and large forms . additionally , these two mt clades show distinct geographic distribution , with clade 2 primarily occurring central china , whereas clade 3 is primarily in southeast china ( fig . 1 ) , although there is sympatry in two localities ( cq and sxi ) . these results suggest a cryptic mitochondrial lineage in the large form in china .
an increasing number of studies have reported mitochondrial species - level paraphyly ( e . g . refs 6 , 7 and 8 ) . in our study , phylogenetic analyses revealed that mt clade 1 ( small forms ) was nested within the mt clades 2 + 3 group ( large forms ) , rendering large forms paraphyletic with respect to small forms . two evolutionary processes may account for this mitochondrial paraphyly : ( i ) incomplete lineage sorting and the persistence of highly divergent mt lineages , and ( ii ) mitochondrial introgression .
based on our analyses of population demographic history , the small form might have undergone post - glacial range expansion after the baiyu ( the last ) glaciation 24 , following secondary contact with the large forms . in the mitochondrial trees , all individuals from the three sympatric areas diverged recently ( see the top of mt clade 1 ; figs s1 and s2 ) . moreover , the number of small forms is less than large forms in three sympatric areas ( fig . 1 ) , suggesting the small form may be expanding into areas occupied by the large form .
sampling sizes were different for morphological characters , echolocation calls , mtdna , microsatellite dna and the chd1 gene . for morphological characters ( forearm length ) , 133 independent samples were measured . for echolocation calls , 109 independent samples were recorded . from those individuals with morphological and echolocation data , 79 samples were sequenced for mtdna , 78 and 71 were examined using microsatellite dna and chd1 analyses , respectively . for each sampling locality , we determined the latitude and longitude using gps ( etrex vista ) and then calculated the geographic distance matrixes among localities .
eight microsatellite loci , reffer 15 , 22 , 24 , 27 , h3 , pd3 , a4 and ph69a , were amplified using fluorescently labeled primers for 78 individuals . primer sequences and pcr conditions followed those of rossiter et al . 45 and hua et al . 46 . amplified pcr products were analyzed using the abi 3730 automated dna sequencer . the resulting sequences were analyzed using genemapper id 3 . 2 ( applied biosystems ) . all loci were screened for null alleles and large allele dropouts using micro - checker v2 . 2 . 3 47 . tests for deviation from hardy - weinberg equilibrium and linkage disequilibrium were performed for each population in genepop v4 . 0 48 .
the autosomal chd1 gene was amplified using two sets of primers ( ex26f and ex27r ; emb26f and emb27r ) 49 because some individuals failed to amplify with one set , and so we tried a second set . for the first set of primers , the pcr conditions were an initial denaturation at 95 °c for 5 min , followed by 36 cycles of denaturation at 94 °c for 30 s , annealing at 63 °c for 30 s , and extension at 70 °c for 2 min 30 s , and a final extension at 72 °c for 10 min . for the second set , the pcr conditions were 35 cycles of denaturation at 94 °c for 45 s , annealing at 59 °c for 45 s , and extension at 72 °c for 1 min . heterozygous sites in chd1 sequences were resolved to two haplotypes per individual using phase 2 . 1 50 implemented in dnasp v5 51 .
haplotype diversity ( h ) and nucleotide diversity ( π ) were calculated for mitochondrial cyt b and control region for each population and mt lineage . the uncorrected cyt b genetic distances within and among mt lineages were calculated in mega 5 . 05 52 . for microsatellites , expected heterozygosity ( h e ) and observed herterozygosity ( h o ) were calculated using genepop , and mean allele number and allelic richness for per locus and per taxon was assessed in fstat 2 . 9 . 3 53 . for the chd1 gene , π , h e and h o for each taxon was calculated using arlequin v3 . 5 54 .
we calculated nuclear genetic distances between localities using slatkin’s linearized f st ( given by f st / ( 1 − f st ) ) . an isolation by distance ( ibd ) model was estimated from the large forms based on microsatellites .
we used jmodeltest 61 and the akaike information criterion to select the best model of evolution for ml and bi analyses . the best - fit models were as follows : ( 1 ) trn + g [ g = 0 . 072 ] for cyt b , ( 2 ) tim3 + i + g [ i = 0 . 478 ; g = 0 . 507 ] for control region , trn + i + g [ i = 0 . 651 ; g = 0 . 714 ] for the combined mtdna data . for ml analysis , the starting tree was obtained with bionj 62 and we evaluated support of the resulting topologies using 1 , 000 nonparametric bootstraps . for bi analysis , we used the molecular evolution model parameters estimated for each data set and two simultaneous runs of markov chain monte carlo ( mcmc ) analysis , each comprising four chains and 10 6 generations . trees and parameters were sampled every 10 generations . when the run terminated , the deviation of split frequencies reached a value < 0 . 01 . the ln - likelihoods of trees reached an asymptote . the first 25 % of the sampled trees were discarded as a burn - in .
geographic variation for phenotypic characters was explored via box plots , with longitude and latitude on the abscissa . the relationship of resting frequency to either longitude or latitude was estimated by linear regression analysis , with averaging of frequency by site .
to estimate the phenotypic differentiation between mt clade 2 and mt clade 3 in the large form , we used a general linear model with type iii sums of squares to test for an effect of sex , site and mt lineage on forearm length and echolocation frequency . all variables were treated as fixed effects in the model .
accession codes : all sequence data has been uploaded to genbank ( kx261888 - kx261966 , kx826057 - kx826076 ) . microsatellite genotypes , sequence alignments by markers , phylogenetic trees and morphological and acoustic data files are uploaded on the dryad digital repository ( doi : 10 . 5061 / dryad . b1c88 ) .
( eds . ) ] [ 339–361 ] ( academic press , new york , 2003 ) .
( eds . ) ] ( cornell university press , new york , 1996 ) .
fstat , a program to estimate and test gene diversities and fixation indices ( version 2 . 9 . 3 ) . updated from goudet ( 1995 ) . available at :
arlequin suite ver 3 . 5 : a new series of programs to perform population genetics analyses under linux and windows
populations 1 . 2 . 30 : population genetic software ( individuals or population distances , phylogenetic trees ) ( 2007 ) .
genetix 4 . 05 , logiciel sous windows tm pour la génétique des populations . laboratoire génome , populations , interactions , cnrs umr 5171 , université de montpellier ii , montpellier ( 1996–2004 ) .
we thank lei wang , yuyan you , sen liu , shi li , guanjun lu , limin shi and xu zhu for field support . this work was financed by the national natural science foundation of china ( grant nos . 31370399 , 31270414 and 31570390 ) , the specialized research fund for the doctoral program of higher education ( no . 20120043130002 ) , the fundamental research funds for the central universities ( no . 2412016kj045 ) and the program for introducing talents to universities ( b16011 ) .
k . s . designed the study , performed much of the sampling , implemented most of genetic methodologies and analyses , and wrote the manuscript . r . t . k . assisted with interpretation of data and gave important comments on multiple versions of the manuscript . t . l . and x . w . contributed part of genetic methodologies . l . j . , t . j . and a . l . assisted with sample collection . j . f . assisted with study design , provided laboratory space , reagents , and some funding . all authors reviewed the manuscript .
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simmons , nancy b . / wilson , don e . , and deeann m . reeder , eds .
mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vols . 1 & 2
mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 2nd ed . , 3rd printing
with contributions by bernadette n . graham , adam p . potter , and mariana m . upmeyer
comments : philippinensis species group . includes episcopus and hirsutus ; see ellerman and morrison - scott ( 1951 ) , tate ( 1943 ) , corbet and hill ( 1992 ) , and bates and harrison ( 1997 ) , but also see ingle and heaney ( 1992 ) , who suggested that hirsutus may deserve recognition as a distinct species . does not include siamensis , see francis et al . ( 1999b ) and hendrichsen et al . ( 2001b )
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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warning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .
mitochondrial dna a dna mapp seq anal . 2016 nov ; 27 ( 6 ) : 4078 - 4079 . epub 2015 jan 21 .
a jilin provincial key laboratory of animal resource conservation and utilization , northeast normal university , changchun , china .
picture has been licensed under a creative commons attribution sharealike license original source : base map derived from file : blankmap - world . png . distribution data from iucn red list author : chermundy
biokids is sponsored in part by the interagency education research initiative . it is a partnership of the university of michigan school of education , university of michigan museum of zoology , and the detroit public schools . this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant drl - 0628151 . copyright © 2002 - 2018 , the regents of the university of michigan . all rights reserved .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
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orthetrum sabina , the slender skimmer or green marsh hawk , is a species of dragonfly in the family libellulidae .

it is widespread , being found from south-eastern europe and north africa to japan and south to australia and micronesia .

adults are grayish to greenish yellow with black and pale markings .

it is very similar to orthetrum serapia in appearance , with both species appearing in northern australia .

pale markings on segment four of the abdomen do not extend into the posterior section when viewed from above on orthetrum sabina .

it is a medium-sized dragonfly with a wingspan of 60-85mm .

this dragonfly perches motionless on shrubs and dry twigs for long periods .

it voraciously preys on smaller butterflies and dragonflies .

orthetrum sabina

dragonflies & damselflies of thailand : 52 . orthetrum sabina sabina ( drury , 1770 )
maggie whitson marked
slender skimmer or green marsh hawk orthetrum sabina ( male )
as trusted on the
orthetrum sabina
page .
maggie whitson marked
file : orthetrum sabina feeding tetrathemis platyptera at kadavoor . jpg
as trusted on the
orthetrum sabina ( drury 1770 )
page .
maggie whitson added the english common name
green marsh hawk
to
orthetrum sabina drury 1773
.
embed this arkive thumbnail link (
portlet
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urltoken
title =
arkive species - slender skimmer ( orthetrum sabina )
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arkive species - slender skimmer ( orthetrum sabina )
title =
arkive species - slender skimmer ( orthetrum sabina )
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maggie whitson marked the classification from
species 2000 & itis catalogue of life : april 2013
as preferred for
orthetrum sabina drury 1773
.
orthetrum sabina sabina . everywhere in the lowlands , you can spot this species . often you will hear it first as it makes a rather loud ' clacking ' sound as it takes off . this is the fifth dragonfly species from the
schneider w . 1995 . ein paarungskette between orthetrum sabina ( drury 1770 ) und crocothemis erythraea ( brullé 1832 ) ( odonata : anisoptera : libellulidae ) . entomologische zeitschrift 105 : 462 - 463 .
watson , j . a . ( 1984 ) a second australian species in the orthetrum sabina complex ( odonata : libellulidae ) . australian journal of entomology , 23 ( 1 ) : 1 - 10 .
yan wong changed the thumbnail image of
file : libélula ( orthetrum sabina ) sobre un gymnocalicium mihanowichii , ciudad ho chi minh , vietnam , 2013 - 08 - 14 , dd 05 . jpg
.
the slender skimmer ( orthetrum sabina ) is a striking green to greyish - yellow dragonfly with black markings ( 3 ) . the sides of the thorax and abdomen are striped with black , and the abdomen is distinctly swollen towards the base . a small dark spot is present at the base of the hindwing ( 4 ) .
dumont , h . j . and verschuren , d . 2005 . odonata from the ennedi and ounianga regions of northern chad , with a note of the status of orthetrum kollmannspergeri buchholz , and a checklist of the species currently known from the republic of chad . odonatologica 34 : 291 - 297 .
orthertrum sabina is a very widespread and common oriental species , whose range extends to australia and china . the westernmost populations are found in the maghreb and along the turkish mediterranean coast . its european distribution is limited to cyprus and the greek islands of samos , kos and rhodos where less than 20 localities are known .
dijkstra k . - d . b . and boudot j . - p . 2010 . first update of the atlas of the odonata of the mediterranean and north africa : orthetrum machadoi longfield , 1955 new to the palearctic and agriocnemis sania nielsen , 1959 new to the egyptian nile valley . libellula , 29 ( 1 / 2 ) : 107 - 125 .
justification : european regional assessment : least concern ( lc ) eu 27 assessment : least concern ( lc ) orthertrum sabina has a very wide global range and only marginally occurs in europe ( cyprus , kos , samos , rhodos ) . in total , less than 20 european localities are known . it occupies a broad range of habitats and there is no indication that it may be declining and the species is therefore assessed as least concern in europe .
joshi , s . , p . koparde , p . dawn , p . roy , and k . kunte ( eds . ) .
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schorr , m . and paulson , d . 2015 . world odonata list . tacoma , washington , usa available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 10 july 2015 ) .
lieftinck , 1942 , has been described from the highlands of central new guinea . it is sometimes regarded as a synonym of
( drury , 1773 ) urltoken a genetic study of the species throughout its huge range is needed to understand its variability and possible subspeciation .
justification : this is a very widespread species that is well adapted to various kinds of habitats in fresh and brackish waters , including disturbed ones . it is assessed as least concern .
is an oriental species showing a huge range going from australia , japan and micronesia to north africa .
afghanistan ; algeria ; armenia ; australia ( new south wales , northern territory , queensland , western australia ) ; azerbaijan ; bahrain ; bangladesh ; bhutan ; brunei darussalam ; cambodia ; chad ; china ( fujian , guangdong , guangxi , hainan , hubei , sichuan , yunnan ) ; cyprus ; egypt ( egypt ( african part ) , sinai ) ; eritrea ; ethiopia ; georgia ( abkhaziya , adzhariya , gruziya ) ; greece ; hong kong ; india ( assam , bihar , himachal pradesh , meghalaya , punjab , tripura , uttaranchal , uttar pradesh , west bengal ) ; indonesia ( bali , jawa , kalimantan , lesser sunda is . , maluku , papua , sulawesi , sumatera ) ; iran , islamic republic of ; iraq ; israel ; japan ; jordan ; kazakhstan ; kuwait ; lao people ' s democratic republic ; lebanon ; libya ; malaysia ( peninsular malaysia , sabah , sarawak ) ; micronesia , federated states of ; myanmar ; nepal ; new caledonia ; oman ; pakistan ; papua new guinea ( papua new guinea ( main island group ) ) ; philippines ; qatar ; russian federation ; samoa ; saudi arabia ; singapore ; solomon islands ; somalia ; sri lanka ; sudan ; syrian arab republic ; taiwan , province of china ; tajikistan ; thailand ; timor - leste ; tunisia ; turkey ( turkey - in - asia ) ; turkmenistan ; united arab emirates ; uzbekistan ; viet nam ; yemen ( north yemen , socotra , south yemen )
this species occupies a broad range of slow flowing and still water habitats , from ponds and lakes to wet rice fields , irrigation ditch and marshes . it is very tolerant of high salt contents and to habitat disturbance .
no conservation measures are needed but a study about the genetic variability or homogeneity of the species throughout its range is recommended .
abdu , r . m . and shaumar , n . f . 1985 . a preliminary list of the insect fauna of qatar . qatar university science bulletin 5 : 215 - 232 .
al - houty , w . 1985 . some odonata from kuwait . entomologist ' s monthly magazine 121 : 62 .
al - safadi , m . m . 1990 . dragonflies ( odonata ) of the yemen arab republic . fauna of saudi arabia 11 : 18 - 30 .
al - safadi , m . m . 1995 . a pilot study of lake ma ' rib , yemen . hydrobiologia 315 : 203 - 209 .
amr , z . s . , katbeh - bader , a . and schneider , w . 1997 . on the common insecta of al azraq , jordan . entomologist ' s gazette 48 : 55 - 66 .
andres , a . 1928 . the dragonflies of egypt . mémoires de la societé royale entomologique d ' egypte 3 ( 1 ) : 1 - 43 .
asahina , s . 1973 . the odonata of iraq . japese journal zoology 17 : 17–36
asahina , s . 1974 . an additional note on the odonata of iraq . kontyu , tokyo 42 : 107 - 109 .
bedjanic , m . , conniff , k . and de silva wijeyeratne , g . 2007 . dragonflies of sri lanka . jetwing eco holidays , colombo .
blom , w . l . 1982 . list of odonata collected during various lepidopterological trips in iran ( 1971 - 1974 ) . notulae odonatologicae 1 : 150 - 151 .
borisov , s . n . and haritonov , a . y . 2008 . the dragonflies ( odonata ) of middle asia . part 2 . ( anisoptera ) . eurasian entomological journal 7 : 97 - 123 .
boudot , j . p . , kalkman , v . j . , azpilicueta amorín , m . , bogdanović , t . , cordero rivera , a . , degabriele , g . , dommanget , j . l . , ferreira , s . , garrigós , b . , jović , m . , kotarac , m . , lopau , w . , marinov , m . , mihoković , n . , riservato , e . , samraoui , b . and schneider , w . 2009 . atlas of the odonata of the mediterranean and north africa . libellula supplement 9 : 256 pp .
de marmels , j . 1995 . some dragonfly records from central and northern israel . opuscula zoologica fluminensia 128 : 1 - 9 .
do manh cuong and dang thi thanh hoa . 2007 . checklist of dragonfly from vietnam . vietnam national university publisher , hanoi .
dumont , h . j . 1988 . on the composition and palaeoecological significance of the odonate fauna of darfur , western sudan . odonatologica 17 : 385 - 392 .
dumont , h . j . 1991 . odonata of the levant . the israel academy of sciences and humanities , jerusalem .
dumont , h . j . and al - safadi , m . m . 1991 . additions to the dragonfly fauna of yemen . notulae odonatologicae 3 : 114 - 117 .
dumont , h . j . and al - safadi , m . m . 1993 . further additions to the dragonfly fauna of the republic of yemen ( odonata ) . opuscula zoologica fluminensia . 109 : 1–8 .
dumont , h . j . and heidari , h . 1996 . on a collection of spring odonata from iran , with the description of coenagrion australocaspicum n . sp . bulletin et annales de la société royale belge d’entomologie 132 : 63–78 .
ebrahimi , a . , madjdzadeh , s . m . and mohammadian , h . 2009 . dragonflies ( odonata ) from south - eastern iran . caspian journal of environmental science 7 : 107 - 112 .
el amin el rayah , m . and el zubeir , n . 1984 . on the dragonfly fauna of khartoum ( sudan ) . entomologist ' s monthly magazine 120 ( 1440 / 1443 ) : 153 - 160 .
geene , r . 1994 . notes on dragonflies in egypt , spring 1990 . in : p . l . meininger and g . a . m . atta ( eds ) , ornithological studies in egyptian wetlands 1989 / 1990 , pp . 391 - 395 ( appendix iii ) . foundation for ornithological researech in egypt , vlissingen .
ghahari , h . , tabari , m . , sakenin , h . , ostovan , h . and imani , s . 2009 . odonata ( insecta ) from northern iran , with comments on their presence in rice fields . . munis entomology & zoology 4 : 148 - 154 .
grunwell , m . 2010 . dragonflies and damselflies in qatar . journal of the qatar natural history group .
hämäläinen , m . and pinratana , a . 1999 . atlas of the dragonflies of thailand . distribution maps by provinces . brothers of st . gabriel in thailand , bangkok .
heidari , h . and dumont , h . j . 2002 . an annotated check - list of the odonata of iran . zoology in the middle east 26 : 133 - 150 .
herren b . 2003 . erstnachweis von sympetrum fonscolombii ( sel . ) in den vereinigten arabischen emiraten ( anisoptera : libellulidae ) . notulae odonatologicae 6 : 24 .
iucn . 2013 . iucn red list of threatened species ( ver . 2013 . 1 ) . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 12 june 2013 ) .
jödicke , r . , arlt , j . , kunz , b . , lopau , w . and seidenbusch , r . 2000 . the odonata of tunisia . international journal of odonatology 3 : 41 - 71 .
kalkman , v . j . 2006 . key to the dragonflies of turkey , including species known from greece , bulgaria , lebanon , syria , the trans - caucasus and iran . brachytron 10 : 3 - 82 .
kalkman , v . j . and van pelt , g . j . 2006 . the distribution and flight period of the dragonflies of turkey . brachytron 10 : 83 - 153 .
katbeh - bader , a . , amr , z . and schneider , w . 2002 . odonata of jordan . fragmenta entomologica 34 : 147 - 170 .
kimmins , d . e . 1950 . results of the armstrong college expedition to siwa oasis ( libyan desert ) 1935 under the leadership of prof . j . omer - cooper . bulletin de la société fouad ier d ' entomologie 34 : 151 - 157 .
kimmins , d . e . 1961 . the odonata and neuroptera of the island of socotra . annals and magazine of natural history 13th series . 3 : 385– - 392 .
krupp , f . , apel , m . , hamoud , a . , schneider , w . and zajonz , u . 2006 . zoological survey in the red sea coastal zone of yemen . fauna of arabia 21 : 11 - 32 .
le roi , o . 1915 . odonaten aus der algerischen sahara von der reise von freiherrn h . geyr von schweppenburg . mit einer übersicht der nordafrikanischen odonaten - fauna . deutsche entomologische zeitschrift 1915 : 609 - 634 .
meurgey , f . ( coord . ) . 2006 . les odonates des départements et collectivités d ' outre - mer français . société française d ' odonatologie , versailles .
monnerat , c . and hoess , r . 2011 . libellen aus jordanien , dem westjordanland und dem libanon , gesammelt von johann friedrich klapperich zwischen 1956 und 1969 ( odonata ) . libellula 30 : 77 - 88 .
morton , k . j . 1919 . odonata of mesopotamia . entomologist ' s monthly magazine ( ser . b ) 55 : 143 - 151 , 183 - 196 .
morton , k . j . 1920 . odonata collected in mesopotamia by the late major r . brewitt - taylor , r . a . m . c . annals and magazine of natural history 9 : 293 - 303 .
morton , k . j . 1920 . odonata collected in north - western persia and mesopotamia by captain p . a . buxton , r . a . m . c . entomologist ' s monthly magazine 56 : 82 - 87 .
morton , k . j . 1924 . the dragonflies of palestine , based primarily on collections made by dr . p . a . buxton , with notes on the species of the adjacent regions . transactions of the royal entomological society of london 72 : 25 - 44 .
mousatat , f . , dumont , h . j . , karrom , m . and ali , n . m . 2010 . dragonflies from northern syria . zoology in the middle east 51 : 105 - 112 .
navas l . 1929 . insectos de la cirenaica . revista de la academia ciencias exactas de zaragoza 13 : 13 - 28 .
nielsen c . 1936 . odonati dell ' africa orientale italiana . bolletino della societa entomologica italiana 68 : 123 - 130 .
orr , a . g . 2003 . a guide to the dragonflies of borneo . their identification and biology . natural history publications , kota kinabalu , sabah , malaysia .
orr , a . g . 2005 . dragonflies of peninsular malaysia and singapore . natural history publications ( borneo ) .
pinhey , e . 1961 . a survey of the dragonflies of eastern africa . british museum ( natural history ) , london .
riservato , e . , grieco , c . , pella , f . , sindaco , r . , pupin , f . , suleiman , a . s . and fasola , m . 2010 . a contribution to the knowledge of the odonatofauna of the socotra archipelago ( yemen ) . zoology in the middle east 50 : 101 - 106 .
ris , f . 1912 . ergebnisse der mit subvention aus der erbschaft treitl unternommenen zoologischen forschungsreise dr . franz werner ' s nach dem ägyptischen sudan und nord - uganda . sitzungsberichte der königlichen akademie der wisseschaften , mathematisch - naturwissenschaftliche klasse , abteilung 1 , wien 121 : 149 - 170 .
ris , f . 1928 . zur erforschung des persischen golfes . beitrag 8 , libellen ( odonata ) . wiener entomologische zeitung 44 : 155 - 164 .
sadhegi , s . and mohammadalizadeh , j . 2009 . additions to the odonata fauna of iran . iranian journal of science and technology , transaction a 33 : 355 - 359 .
sage , b . l . 1960 . notes on the odonata of iraq . iraq natural history museum publication : 1 - 11 .
samraoui , b . and menai , r . 1999 . a contribution to the study of algerian odonata . international journal of odonatology 2 : 145 - 165 .
schmidt , e . 1954 . die libellen irans . sitzungsberichte der österreischichen akademie der wissenschaften ( abt . i ) 163 : 223 - 260 .
schneider , w . 1981 . on a dragonfly collection from syria . odonatologica 10 : 131 - 145 .
schneider , w . 1986 . systematik und zoogeographie der odonata der levante unter besonderer berücksichtigung der zygoptera . biologie , institut für zoologie , johannes gutenberg - universität .
schneider , w . 1988 . dragonflies ( odonata ) of the wahiba sands and adjacent areas , eastern oman . journal of oman studies special report 3 : 377–388 .
schneider , w . and dumont , h . j . 1997 . the dragonflies and damselflies ( insecta : odonata ) of oman . an updated and annotated checklist . fauna of saudi arabia 16 : 89 - 110 .
schneider , w . and dumont , h . j . 1998 . checklist of the dragonflies and damselflies of soqotra island ( insecta : odonata ) . first international scientific symposium on socotra island : present and future 1 : 211 - 231 . aden , 1996 .
schneider , w . and krupp , f . 1993 . dragonfly records from saudi arabia , with an annotated checklist of the species from the arabian peninsula ( insecta : odonata ) . fauna of saudi arabia 13 : 63 - 78 .
shalaby , f . 1961 . a preliminary survey of the insect fauna of saudi arabia . bulletin de la société entomologique d ' egypte 45 : 211 - 228 .
skvortsov , v . e . 2010 . the dragonflies of eastern europe and caucasus : an illustrated guide . kmk scientific press ltd ( distributed out of russia by pensoft ) , moscow .
subramanian , k . a . 2005 . dragonflies and damselflies of peninsular india – a field guide . project lifescape . indian academy of sciences , bangalore , india .
subramanian , k . a . 2009 . a checklist of odonata ( insecta ) of india . zoological survey of india : 33 .
tang , h . b . , wang , l . k . , and hämäläinen , m . 2010 . a photographic guide to the dragonflies of singapore . raffles museum of biodiversity research , singapore .
tariq chauldry , m . 2010 . systematics of dragonflies ( anisoptera : odonata ) of pakistan . department of entomology , arid agriculture university , faculty of crop and food sciences .
theischinger , g . and hawking , j . h . 2006 . the complete field guide to dragonflies of australia . csiro , collingwood , australia .
tourenq , c . , barcelo , i . , kumari , a . and drew , c . 2005 . the terrestrial mammals , reptiles and invertebrates of al wathba wetland reserve - a species list and status report . . terrestrial environment research centre , environmental research and wildlife development agency , p . o . box 45553 , abu dhabi .
van der weide , m . j . t . and kalkman , v . j . 2008 . some new records of dragonflies from oman . agrion , newsletter of the worldwide dragonfly association 12 : 52 - 54 .
wang , liang - jong . 2000 . dragonflies of taiwan . wild bird society of taipei .
waterston , a . r . 1980 . insects of saudi arabia . odonata . fauna of saudi arabia 2 : 57–70 .
waterston , a . r . 1984 . insects of southern arabia . odonata from the yemens and saudi arabia . fauna of saudi arabia 6 : 451–472
waterston , a . r . and pittaway , a . r . 1991 ( 1989 ) . the odonata or dragonflies of oman and neighbouring territories . journal of oman studies 10 : 131 - 168 .
watson , j . a . l . , theischinger , g . and abbey , h . m . 1991 . the australian dragonflies . a guide to the identification , distribution and habitats of australian odonata . csiro , canberra and melbourne .
wilson , k . d . p . 2004 . field guide to the dragonflies of hong kong . agriculture , fisheries and conservation department , friends of the country parks and cosmos books ltd . , hong kong .
wilson , k . d . p . 2008 . a brief trip to united arab emirates and northern oman . agrion , newsletter of the worldwide dragonfly association 12 : 56 - 57 .
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amphibians & reptiles birds mammals dragonflies fishes plants world biomes bird wing & tail images library resources publications pacific nw moths ( external site ) bug guide ( external site ) a catalogue of butterflies of the united states and canada , j . pelham , 2012 usfws feather atlas an identification manual to the small mammals of british coumbia tags silphidae of washington state
note : please inform dennis paulson ( dennispaulson @ comcast . net ) of any errors of commission or omission . thank you .
we were recently presented with a list of
mystery synonyms
of species that had been posted on inaturalist but were not in this world list . considerable effort was expended to solve this problem , and it led to a substantial number of errors being corrected on this list . we thank matthew muir , greg lasley and john abbott for calling our attention to this and the opportunity to make the corrections . the list was considered updated as of 21 september 2017 .
subsequently an attempt was made to have the list of world odonata used by the iucn in its red list assessments conform to the world odonata list , and this also pointed out some errors in the wol . we thank caroline pollock of iucn for making this possible and k - d dijkstra , viola clausnitzer and rory dow for furnishing information of importance as we worked out the problems . as of 30 march 2018 , the list is considered updated .
genera modified after 30 march 2018 : amphicnemis , anisogomphus , argia , coeliccia , coenagrion , cora , drepanosticta , euthore , forcepsioneura , heliogomphus , indocypha , mattigomphus , microgomphus , miocora , nososticta , protosticta . genera in which the changes involve only addition of synonyms or orthographic changes are not listed here .
thanks to john abbott ( special thanks ) , yahya abdal - aziz , pekka alestalo , matjaz bedjanic , viola clausnitzer , prosenjit dawn , cyrille deliry ( special thanks for ongoing detective work ) , k - d dijkstra , rory dow , günther fleck , heinrich fliedner , ryo futahashi , dirk gassmann , arjen van het hof , marcel hospers , rasmus hovmoller , kwang - soo jung , vincent kalkman , oleg kosterin , noppadon makbun , alan manson , andreas martens , michael may , jose martin meléndez quinto , sarah miller , johann hendrik nüss , fons peels ( special thanks ) , felix reimann , richard rowe , dominic rupprich , csilla vajda , don - alexander van bergen , nancy van der poorten , martin villet , liang - jong wang , florian weihrauch , keith wilson , reiner work , xin yu , ondrej zicha and dan zimberlin ( special thanks ) for corrections and additions over the years . and thanks to martin lindeboom for his early contributions to this list .
this is an ongoing attempt to list all of the valid species of odonata . it is based on past compilations by the authors listed below and constant additional literature research . it includes the author and year of description for all genera and species . it also includes all synonyms for new world species ( from garrison 1991 ) and the great majority of synonyms for african and australian species , but the effort for eurasia is still quite incomplete . nevertheless , we consider the list a good starting point for estimates of biodiversity in this insect order . we must also point out that many typographical errors were introduced into the list when it was first typed , and as we continue to find these we correct them , but some of them persist . the list is not error - free . in fact , it is presently in a stage of making changes almost every week as these errors are discovered by the work of cyrille deliry , and
we have been asked if there is any way that revisions of the list can be shown clearly . right now this is impractical , both because the revisions are frequent , at least several times per month , and we have not come up with a method that would make this both easy on the compiler and easily recognized by the user . because of the volume of changes , we also cannot cope with the responsibility of informing other workers who are maintaining their own versions of the list about every little change ( e . g . , correcting typographical errors in names or dates ) . we are listing the genera in which substantive changes ( e . g . , new species , new synonymies , taxonomic changes ) have been made since the last
edition .
we have not recognized any subspecies of odonata . instead , we have listed all named subspecies as synonyms of the species under which they were named . we are not able to judge the validity of these subspecies , and as many of them have been questioned , we chose to treat them all in the same fashion .
the list includes zygoptera through coenagrionidae , then anisozygoptera for epiophlebiidae , then anisoptera . within each suborder the families are in some semblance of phylogenetic order , then the genera and species are in alphabetical order within the family . indented names ( not indented very far on some browsers ) indicate ( a ) generic placement in the original description if different from the current generic placement , and ( b ) synonyms following
syn .
you can use the find function in your web browser to locate families , genera , and species .
bridges , c . a . 1993 . catalogue of the family - group , genus - group and species - group names of the odonata of the world ( second edition ) . c . a . bridges , urbana , illinois .
davies , d . a . l . , & p . tobin . 1984 . the dragonflies of the world : a systematic list of the extant species of odonata . vol . 1 . zygoptera , anisozygoptera . societas internationalis odonatologica rapid comm . ( suppl . ) no . 3 , utrecht .
davies , d . a . l . , & p . tobin . 1985 . the dragonflies of the world : a systematic list of extant species of odonata . vol . 2 . anisoptera . soc . int . odonatol . rapid comm . ( suppl . ) no . 5 . , utrecht .
dijkstra , k - d . b . , g . bechly , s . m . bybee , r . a . dow , h . j . dumont , g . fleck , r . w . garrison , m . hämäläinen , v . j . kalkman , h . karube , m . l . may , a . g . orr , d . r . paulson , a . c . rehn , g . theischinger , j . w . h . trueman , j . van tol , n . von ellenrieder , & j . ware . 2013 . the classification and diversity of dragonflies and damselflies ( odonata ) . zootaxa 3703 ( 1 ) : 36 - 45 .
dijkstra , k - d . b . , v . j . kalkman , r . a . dow , f . r . stokvis & j . van tol . 2014 . redefining the damselfly families : a comprehensive molecular phylogeny of zygoptera ( odonata ) . systematic entomology 39 ( 1 ) : 68 - 96 .
garrison , r . w . 1991 . a synonymic list of the new world odonata . argia 3 ( 2 ) : 1 - 30 .
tsuda , s . 1991 . a distributional list of world odonata . published by author , osaka .
slater museum of natural history 1500 n . warner st . # 1088 tacoma , wa 98416 253 . 879 . 3356
de knijf , g . , ferreira , s . & riservato , e .
the species is common and often abundant at the turkish coast . most european records ( cyprus , kos , samos and rhodos ) pertain to less than 10 individuals .
the species inhabits all kind of unshaded standing and slow - flowing waters . it is found at channels , runnels , ponds and easily inhabits man made waters like ditches .
the larvae of the slender skimmer reach a total length of 19 to 21 millimetres and have spines in the middle of their abdominal segments ( 3 ) .
there is very little specific information available about the biology of the slender skimmer . like all dragonflies , the slender skimmer starts its life as an aquatic larva or nymph , and passes through a series of developmental stages or ‘stadia’ , and undergoes several moults as it grows ( 5 ) .
the length of the larval stage varies between species , although it may range from a few weeks to several years . the larva emerges from its final moult having metamorphosed into an adult dragonfly with characteristic features such as wings and enlarged compound eyes ( 5 ) . the wings of the newly emerged adult expand and harden rapidly , enabling flight soon after the final moult ( 5 ) ( 6 ) .
after emergence , the adult dragonfly leaves the water and spends anything from a few days to several months feeding and maturing . it is in this maturation period where the dragonfly normally develops its full adult colour ( 5 ) .
although little is known specifically about reproduction in the slender skimmer , there is often fierce competition between male dragonflies for access to reproductive females . females typically begin to lay eggs in water immediately after copulation , often guarded by the male . however , females of some dragonfly species can store live sperm in their body for a number of days ( 5 ) .
the slender skimmer is renowned for feeding on other dragonfly species , including some species larger than itself ( 7 ) .
an extremely widespread species , the slender skimmer occurs from south - eastern europe to japan and south to australia and micronesia ( 1 ) .
the slender skimmer occupies a broad range of slow - flowing and still water habitats , from ponds to wet rice fields and marshes . it is very tolerant of disturbance ( 1 ) , and will sometimes occupy temporary water sources ( 3 ) .
the slender skimmer is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
there are currently no threats to the slender skimmer , which is a common species with an ability to thrive in disturbed habitats ( 1 ) .
there are currently no specific conservation measures known to be in place for the slender skimmer ( 1 ) .
environment agency - abu dhabi is a principal sponsor of arkive . ead is working to protect and conserve the environment as well as promoting sustainable development in the emirate of abu dhabi .
moore , n . w . ( ed . ) ( 1997 ) dragonflies - status survey and conservation action plan . iucn / ssc odonata specialist group . iucn , gland , switzerland and cambridge , uk . available at : urltoken
this information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken
abdomen in arthropods ( crustaceans , insects and arachnids ) the abdomen is the hind region of the body , which is usually segmented to a degree ( but not visibly in most spiders ) . larvae stage in an animal’s lifecycle after it hatches from the egg . larvae are typically very different in appearance to adults ; they are able to feed and move around but usually are unable to reproduce . moult in insects , a stage of growth whereby the hard outer layer of the body ( the exoskeleton ) is shed and the body becomes larger nymph stage of insect development , similar in appearance to the adult but sexually immature and without wings . the adult form is reached via a series of moults , and the wings develop externally as the nymph grows . thorax part of the body located between the head and the abdomen in animals . in insects , the three segments between the head and the abdomen , each of which has a pair of legs . in vertebrates the thorax contains the heart and the lungs .
theischinger , g . , and hawking , j . ( 2006 ) the complete field guide to dragonflies of australia . csiro publishing , australia .
subramanian , k . a . ( 2005 ) dragonflies and damselflies of peninsular india - a field guide . project lifescape , indian institute of science and indian academy of sciences , india .
o’toole , c . ( 2002 ) the new encyclopedia of insects and their allies . oxford university press , oxford .
silsby , j . ( 2001 ) dragonflies of the world . smithsonian institution press , washington d . c .
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this species is featured in jewels of the uae , which showcases biodiversity found in the united arab emirates in association with the environment agency – abu dhabi .
wildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa
this page contains information for about slender skimmers that we found in the brisbane area , queensland , australia .
slender skimmer is yellow to greenish yellow in colour , with black markings . there are the yellow and black strips on the body sides and brown spot at base of hindwings . male and female look the same . as its common name implied , its body is slender .
formed in karawatha forest . we saw some of these slender skimmers flying around those shallow ponds .
the male is as common as the female and can be seen in equal numbers . the thorax is green with black stripes and the abdomen has distinctive black and white markings .
the young male is very similar to the adult male , yet is more of a brown colour .
the female is identical to the male . the only difference are the end segments , where the males appendages are closed together , and the females are splayed ( see below ) . i have to take a photo and zoom in just to see the difference in sex .
this is something i have seen on numerous occasions , but have struggled to get good photos as they fly away at the slightest movement . this shows clearly just how similar they are . the markings are slightly different and the female ' s abdomen is more robust .
from barren grassy areas to paddy fields , and from ponds to rivers , i have seen this species everywhere in the lowlands all year round . in fact , it was the first ever species i took a photo of . . . and got me into travelling the country in search of them .
i am too lazy to write about my past , but i now love photographing dragonflies , manchester city football club , fishing and , of course , my girlfriend .
98 . ischnura sp . ( rufostigma selys , 1876 - group ) . . .
number : 186 family : libellulidae genus : nannophya species : nannophya pygmaea common name ( s ) : the scarlet dwarf . . .
number : 182 family : coenagrionidae genus : ceriagrion species : ceriagrion malaisei common name ( s ) : n / a synonyms : . . .
location : phu kao - phu phan kham national park , khon kaen date : saturday 28th may , 2016 habitat : lowland , shallow lake on the edg . . .
number : 176 family : lestidae genus : platylestes species : platylestes platystylus common name ( s ) : n / a synonyms : n / a . . .
location : phu khieo wildlife sanctuary , chaiyaphum date : saturday , 12th november , 2016 habitat : mid - to upland forested ponds . . .
number : 175 family : libellulidae genus : lyriothemis species : lyriothemis sp . common name ( s ) : n / a synonyms : n / a ha . . .
location 1 : tat fa and pha ing waterfalls , tat ton national park , chaiyaphum date : saturday 26th march , 2016 habitat : lowlands ( a . s . l . . . .
number : 189 family : libellulidae genus : amphithemis species : amphithemis curvistyla common name ( s ) : n / a synonyms : . . .
number : 185 family : coenagrionidae genus : ceriagrion species : ceriagrion pallidum common name ( s ) : n / a syn . . .
number : 57 family : libellulidae genus : trithemis species : trithemis aurora common name ( s ) : crimson marsh glider , crimson dropwing , . . .
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a subspecies o . s . viduatum is known from the highlands of central new guinea .
classification from species 2000 & itis catalogue of life : april 2013 selected by maggie whitson - see more .
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