the white-footed mouse ( peromyscus leucopus ) is a rodent native to north america from ontario , quebec , labrador , and the maritime provinces ( excluding the island of newfoundland ) to the southwest united states and mexico .

in the maritimes , its only location is a disjunct population in southern nova scotia .

it is also known as the woodmouse , particularly in texas .

white - footed mouse

the white - footed mouse . ( courtesy of cary institute of ecosystem studies )
white - footed mouse with vhf radio tracking collar . credit : virginie millien , mcgill university
a captive white - footed mouse . she is at least 3 years and 8 months old .
white - footed mouse can survive one year in the wild and 3 years in the captivity .
what are predators of the white - footed mouse ? since the white - footed mouse is primarily nocturnal , its main predators are those that are active between dusk and dawn . snakes , owls , bobcats , weasels , and foxes are common predators of the white - footed mouse . the primary diet of the white - footed mouse is seeds , grains , small fruits , and small insects .
white - footed mouse is an excellent climber and swimmer . white - footed mouse has good orientation skills . it can easily find way and return back to its territory from a distance of 2 miles
white - footed mouse with vhf radio tracking collar . photo courtesy of virginie millien , mcgill university .
munshi - south j , kharchenko k . rapid , pervasive genetic differentiation of urban white - footed mouse (
white - footed mouse uses keen sense of hearing , smell and eyesight to find food and avoid predators .
most white - footed mice live for 1 year in the wild . in captivity , white - footed mice can live several years .
white - footed mouse is covered with grey , reddish , light or dark brown fur . abdominal side of the body and feet are covered with white fur ( hence the name ,
white - footed
) .
has a generally longer tail than white - footed mice that is distinctly bicolored . in white - footed mice , the tail is indistinctly bicolored .
deer mouse , peromyscus maniculatus , looks very similar and it can be a challenge to tell a woodland form of a deer mouse from a white - footed or wood mouse . the deer mouse is larger with a longer tail and long hind feet .
grieco tm , rizk ot . cranial shape varies along an elevation gradient in gambel ' s white - footed mouse (
main predators of white - footed mouse are hawks , owls , falcons , foxes , bobcats , weasels and snakes .
the cotton mouse can be distinguished from the white - footed mouse by the cotton mouse ' s darker fur , larger size , and noticeably large back feet . habitat preferences also help distinguish between these two species .
similar species : the white footed mouse is very similar to the deer mouse in size and color . it is hard to find distinguishable features between them . [ 2 ]
the white - footed mouse is also widely distributed but prefers wooded or brushy areas . it is sometimes found in open areas .
munshi - south j , nagy c . urban park characteristics , genetic variation , and historical demography of white - footed mouse (
white - footed mouse has large brown eyes , large , hairy ears and long tail ( one third of body length ) .
breeding interval white - footed mice can have 2 to 4 litters per year .
fig . 2 . range of the deer mouse ( p . maniculatus ) ( a ) and white - footed mouse ( p . leucopus ) ( b ) in north america .
white - footed mouse sleeps during extremely cold periods of the year . it occasionally wakes up to eat food stored near the nest .
white - footed mice are not endangered or threatened . they are common and abundant .
white - footed mice are omnivorous . they mostly eat seeds , berries , nuts ,
breeding interval : white - footed mice can have 2 to 4 litters per year .
brown , l . n . 1964 . reproduction of the brush mouse and white - footed mouse in the central united states . amer . midland nat . , 72 : 226 - 240 .
white - footed mice are not endangered or threatened . they are abundant throughout their range .
mating season of white - footed mouse depends on the climate . southern populations reproduce all year round . northern populations reproduce during the spring and autumn .
in general , white - footed mice are not aggressive toward humans unless they feel threatened . they avoid contact with humans whenever possible . as a nocturnal species , encounters with humans are relatively rare . this does not mean that a cornered or captured white - footed mouse is not capable of biting . if someone is bitten by a white - footed mouse , then they will require medical attention .
like other mouse species , white - footed mice are considered omnivorous . their staple foods include items like berries , seeds and grains . indoors , white - footed mice will eat fruits and certain vegetables . white - footed mice also eat insects such as gypsy moths , which makes them important for controlling pests in the wild . other insects frequently consumed by white - footed mice include caterpillars , grasshoppers , flies , snails and beetles .
white - footed mouse can reach 5 . 5 to 8 inches in length ( including the tail ) and 0 . 5 to 1 ounces of weight .
the white - footed mouse is often misidentified as a deer mouse ( peromycsus maniculatus ) as it closely resembles it in both size and coloration although deer mice tend to have a more distinctive separation of fur colors .
the white - footed mouse is one of the hosts that provides a blood meal for the ticks that can spread lyme disease . credit : phil myers , urltoken
how often does reproduction occur ? white - footed mice can have 2 to 4 litters per year .
goldman , e . a . 1942 . a new white - footed mouse from mexico . proc . biol . soc . washington , 55 : 157 - 158 .
female takes care of the babies on her own . young white - footed mice depend on their mother during the first three weeks of their life . after that period , they begin independent life . white - footed mouse reaches sexual maturity at the age of 44 days .
white - footed mice are small rodents that are capable not only of causing significant damage to buildings , but also of contaminating food and transmitting diseases . newtown - area homes and businesses should look to professional pest control to deal with matters involving the white - footed mouse .
the deer mouse is found throughout most of north america ( fig . 2 ) . the white - footed mouse is found throughout the united states east of the rocky mountains except in parts of the southeast ( fig . 2 ) .
the white - footed mouse is one of the hosts that provides a blood meal for the ticks that can spread lyme disease . photo courtesy of phil myers , urltoken .
what are some adaptations of the white - footed mouse ? white - footed mice area solitary and territorial through home ranges sometimes overlap . they are excellent climbers and swimmers allowing them to be found on almost any land mass . they have excellent sight , smell , and hearing .
research shows that white - footed mice reach maturity at about one month and can then start to reproduce .
white - footed mouse is a type of small rodent that can be found across north america . there are 17 subspecies of white - footed mouse that inhabit dry forests , brushlands , semi - deserts , and rural and urban areas . they keep number of insects under control and facilitate dispersion of plant seed and spores of fungi in the wild . also , they represent important source of food for wild birds and mammals . in rural and urban areas , white - footed mouse are classified as pests because they spread bacterial ( lyme disease ) and viral diseases and destroy crops . wild population of white - footed mice is large and stable .
white - footed mice are often abundant where they occur and are important as prey items for many small predators .
white - footed mouse occasionally produces buzzing sound by drumming on the surface of hollow reed or dry leaves using its front paws . this unusual behavior is still a mystery for scientists .
batzli , g . o . 1977 . population dynamics of the white - footed mouse in floodplain and upland forests . amer . midland nat . , 97 : 18 - 32 .
long , c . a . 1973 . reproduction in the white - footed mouse at the northern limits of its geographical range . southwestern nat . , 18 : 11 - 20 .
price , p . k . , and m . l . kennedy . 1980 . genic relationships in the white - footed mouse , peromyscus leucopus , and the cotton mouse , peromyscus gossypinus . amer . midland nat . , 103 : 73 - 82 .
lynch , c . b . 1974 . environmental modification of nest - building in the white - footed mouse , peromyscus leucopus . anim . behav . , 22 : 405 - 409 .
white - footed mice have excellent homing instincts , and can find their way back home from over 2 miles away .
white - footed mice have keen eyesight , hearing , and sense of smell . they use their vibrissae ( whiskers ) as touch receptors . a distinctive behavior of white - footed mice is drumming on a hollow reed or a dry leaf with their front paws . this produces a long musical buzzing . it is unclear why white - footed mice do this .
paradiso , j . l . 1960 . a new white - footed mouse ( peromyscus leucopus ) from southeastern virginia . proc . biol . soc . washington , 73 : 21 - 24 .
white - footed mice eat various types of fungi and help to disperse the spores of these fungi through their droppings . this helps to spread spores of fungi , such as mycorhizzal fungi , which help trees to gain nutrients through their roots . white footed mice may also eat harmful insect pests , such as gypsy moths . white - footed mice are not significant crop pests .
white - footed mice are omnivorous . they mostly eat seeds , berries , nuts , insects , grains , fruits , and fungi . in order to prepare for the winter , white - footed mice gather and store seeds and nuts in the fall .
) . this chapter will deal primarily with these species . collectively , all species of peromyscus are often referred to as “white - footed mice” or “deer mice . ” other species include the brush mouse (
range and habitat : this species is not as widespread as the deer mouse , and occurs throughout much of the eastern two - thirds of the u . s . ( except for the southeast ) and much of eastern mexico . the range of the white - footed mouse barely extends into canada in a few provinces . white - footed mice are most abundant in the adirondack lowlands along the periphery of the park in brushy , grassy fields , and especially in the drier forests and woodlands which support oaks and hickories . however , they are also found in other habitats such as coniferous , and mixed forests , bogs , and swamp edges , to elevations of at least 1484 m ( 4867 ft ) . while the deer mouse is more abundant at higher elevations , and the white - footed mouse at lower , both coexist at intermediate altitudes which offer the greatest variety of tree species . the white - footed mouse appears to use underground nest sites more than the deer mouse .
breeding season white - footed mice breed from march to october , or throughout the year in the southern parts of their range .
glaser , h . , and s . lustick . 1975 . energetics and nesting behavior of the northern white - footed mouse , peromyscus leucopus aoveboracensis . physiol . zool . , 48 : 105 - 113 .
this mouse is a typical rodent in being nocturnal and active throughout the year .
this mouse also makes very high pitched vocalizations , sounding like a bird trilling .
blair wf . a study of prairie deer - mouse populations in southern michigan .
gubernick dj , alberts jr . the biparental care system of the california mouse ,
breeding season : white - footed mice breed from march to october , or throughout the year in the southern parts of their range .
white - footed mouse is an omnivore ( it eats plants and meat ) . its diet is based on seed , acorns , grains , berries , fruit , fungi , insects , caterpillars and small mammals and birds .
white - footed mouse is solitary and territorial animal . it occupies territory of 0 . 5 to 1 . 5 acres . burrows of various mammals , abandoned nests of birds and hollow logs are favorite locations for nesting .
the scientist said a key to protecting human health is to take measures to try to control the white - footed mouse population , and one way to do that is by supporting natural predators by keeping their habitats intact .
what is the breeding season for white - footed mice ? white - footed mice are generally not social animals with the exception of the breeding season , which ranges from march to october in the north and year round in the south . gestation period is 22 to 28 days with nursing occurring until young are weaned . the mice are born hairless and blind , eyes open around 10 days and ears open around 12 days . the mature mating age of the white - footed mouse is 44 days .
the white - footed mouse is common in upland mature forests with fallen logs and snags , rocks , ledges , and brush piles . it also inhabits marshes , canebrakes , and brushy fence rows . the white - footed mouse eats seeds , nuts , grasses , fruits , and some insects . this species will commonly cache seeds and nuts in burrows and near nests . it is active throughout the year , primarily at night . principal predators include owls , skunks , foxes , the coyote , weasels , and snakes . the life span of a white - footed mouse is usually less than 2 years in the wild , but in captivity the record is 8 years . white - footed mice communicate with each other by foot - stamping , vocal squeaks , and scent . females are territorial during breeding season .
white - footed mice live an average of 1 year in the wild , meaning there is an almost complete turnover of wildmice every year .
the white - footed mouse is found in the mountains and piedmont region of northern georgia . its range includes most of the eastern united states , but this species is absent from the coastal plains of the southeastern united states .
the merriam mouse is limited to areas within southern arizona . the california mouse ranges from san francisco bay to northern baja california , including parts of the southern san joaquin valley . the sitka mouse is found only on certain islands of alaska and british columbia .
arbogast p , glösmann m , peichl l . retinal cone photoreceptors of the deer mouse
cornish , l . m . , and w . n . bradshaw . 1978 . patterns in twelve reproductive parameters for the white - footed mouse ( peromyscus leucopus ) . j . mamm . , 59 : 731 - 739 .
what do white - footed mice look like ? the white - footed mouse ranges in color from grayish - brown to reddish - brown on its dorsal side and face while its ventral side and legs are white . its average mass is 0 . 81 oz but can range from 0 . 5 oz to 1 oz . other members of the peromyscus family all have smiliar looks or ranges but can be differentiated by either tail length or mass .
workman jl , bowers sl , nelson rj . enrichment and photoperiod interact to affect spatial learning and hippocampal dendritic morphology in white - footed mice (
the old field mouse is distributed across eastern alabama , georgia , south carolina , and florida . the florida mouse , as its name indicates , is found only in florida .
the white - footed mouse is often mistaken for a deer mouse due to their similar appearance . both species have a brown or grayish back and a lighter colored underside . however , the deer mouse tends to have more distinct color variations between its back and belly . white - footed mice are still lighter colored on their bellies , feet and the underside of their tail . they have large eyes and ears to help them navigate in the dark . white - footed mice range from five - and - a - half inches to eight inches in length including their tail . the tail usually represents approximately one - third of that length . most members of the species weigh in at less than one ounce .
the cotton mouse is found only in the southeastern united states from east texas and arkansas through southeastern virginia . the golden mouse occupies a similar range but it extends slightly farther north .
while investigating how forests responded to defoliation stress , institute ecologists discovered that white - footed mouse populations played a large role in regulating the moths . key predators on gypsy moth pupae , research showed that moth populations declined when mice were abundant .
unlike the deer mouse which it closely resembles , the white - footed mouse’s fur is not soft and luxuriant , and the general color of the back and sides is a reddish or orangish , not grayish , brown . a darkish brown stripe occurs along the middle of the back from the head to tail . the tail is shorter than the combined head - body length , is paler but not white below , and does not end in a tuff of white hairs . in other respects the white - footed mouse is similar to the deer mouse . the throat , belly , and feet are white ; the ears thin , sparsely furred , and prominent . the black , beady eyes protrude and the whiskers are long and conspicuous . the average size of an adult is 176 mm ( 6 . 9 in ) in total length and 21 g ( 0 . 7 oz ) in weight .
parsons , l . m . , and c . r . terman . 1978 . influence of vision and olfaction on the homing ability of the white - footed mouse ( peromyscus leucopus noveboraceasis ) . j . mamm . , 59 : 761771 .
none are registered for white - footed or deer mice . because of the species’ habitat , there are few situations where fumigation would be practical or necessary .
white - footed mice are primarily nocturnal . they are mainly solitary and are territorial , although their home ranges often overlap . white - footed mice climb and swim well . they also have a good sense of direction , and are able to return to a particular location from as much as 2 miles away .
when young white - footed mice are threatened , their mother carries them to safety one at a time by holding them by the neck with her teeth .
ormiston , b . g . 1983 . population and habitat dynamics of the white - footed mouse ( peromyscus leucopus ) . unpubl . ph . d . dissert . , state univ . new york at stony brook , new york , 181 pp .
white - footed mice are primarily nocturnal . they are mainly solitary and are territorial , though adjacent home ranges do overlap . white - footed mice climb and swim well . they also have keen homing instincts . in one study , captured individuals returned to the site of their capture after being released 2 miles away . when young white - footed mice are threatened , their mother carries them to safety one at a time by holding them by the neck with her teeth .
most white - footed mice live for one year in the wild . this means that there is an almost complete replacement of all mice in the population from one year to the next . most mortality occurs in the spring and early summer . in captivity , however , white - footed mice can live several years .
pedersen ab , antonovics j . anthelmintic treatment alters the parasite community in a wild mouse host .
, grains , fruits , and fungi . in order to prepare for the winter , white - footed mice gather and store seeds and nuts in the fall .
orr , h . d . 1959 . activity of white - footed mice in relation to environment . j . mamm . , 40 : 213 - 221 .
the piñon mouse is found from southwestern california through the southwestern united states to the texas panhandle . the rock mouse is limited to colorado , southeastern utah , eastern arizona , new mexico , and the far western portion of texas . the white - ankled mouse is found only in parts of texas and small areas in southern new mexico , southern oklahoma , and southern arizona .
size : the white - footed mouse is a medium size rodent like other common peromyscus species , although size can vary widely ( hall , 1981 and others ) . the tail is nearly half the total length and the ears are average to large in size .
snyder , d . p . 1956 . survival rates , longevity , and population fluctuations in the white - footed mouse , peromyscus leucopus , in southeastern michigan . misc . publ . mus . zool . , univ . michigan , 95 : 1 - 33 .
white - footed mice carry deer ticks , which spread lyme disease . they also may be a reservoir for four - corners disease , as their fecal matter can contain hantavirus , the organism that causes this disease . white - footed mice may also act as seed predators of oaks and pines , hindering their growth and spread .
harris se , munshi - south j , obergfell c , o ' neill r . signatures of rapid evolution in urban and rural transcriptomes of white - footed mice (
dewsbury , d . a . 1975a . copulatory behavior of white - footed mice ( peromyscus leucopus ) . j . mamm . , 56 : 420 - 428 .
grau , h . j . 1982 . kin recognition in white - footed deermice ( peromyscus leucopus ) . anim . behav . , 30 : 497 - 505 .
long - term research shows that white - footed mice are the critical hosts for black - legged ticks , which carry and spread the bacterium that causes lyme disease . superabundant mouse populations allow more ticks to survive and lead to predictable spikes in human lyme disease exposure .
collier ' s encyclopedia . vol 8 .
deer mouse .
1993 . n . y .
unlike typical gray house mice , white - footed mice , known as peromyscus leucopus , are tawny brown , aside from the white that covers their bellies and feet . they are fast . and they are small , with tails as long as their bodies .
sacher ga , hart rw . longevity , aging and comparative cellular and molecular biology of the house mouse ,
davis , d . e . 1956 . a comparison of natality rates in white - footed mice for four years . j . mamm . , 37 : 513 - 516 .
white - footed mice are abundant throughout north america , but they are especially pervasive on the eastern coast of the u . s . they prefer heavily wooded or brushy areas as these offer the most cover , which protects them from predators . however , the white - footed mouse has become the most numerous mammal in pennsylvania because of its adaptability . this species can make a home for itself in virtually any habitat . white - footed mice always hide their nests carefully . old logs and tree stumps frequently are used in the wild . members of the species may make use of nests that have been abandoned by other rodents or birds . the nest typically is lined with found objects that may include feathers , hair , fur , grasses and leaves . white - footed mice will collect fabrics , pillow batting and insulation fibers to line their nests . when a family establishes a nest in a human habitation , it generally is well concealed in a wall void , basement or attic . kitchen cupboards , the space between major appliances and walls and pantries are other likely places to find a white - footed mouse nest .
choate , j . r . 1973 . identification and recent distribution of white - footed mice ( peromyscus ) in new england . journal of mammalogy , 54 : 41 - 49 .
the hudson river valley experienced a mouse plague during the summer of 2016 . the critters were everywhere . for most people , it was just a nuisance . but for keesing and ostfeld , the mouse plague signaled something foreboding .
anderson jf , johnson rc , magnarelli la ( 1987 ) seasonal prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi in natural populations of white - footed mice , peromyscus leucopus . j clin microbiol ; 25 : 1564–1566
choate , j . r . 1973 . identification and recent distribution of white - footed mice ( peromyscus ) in new england . j . mamm . , 54 : 41 - 49 .
although white - footed mice prefer acorns , they will eat other things . still , it ' s the acorns that play a big part in their ability to thrive , scientists say .
all of the peromyscus species have white feet , usually white undersides , and brownish upper surfaces . their tails are relatively long , sometimes as long as the head and body . the deer mouse and some other species have a distinct separation between the brownish back and white belly . their tails are also sharply bicolored . it is difficult even for an expert to tell all of the species apart .
a wood mouse spends a good amount of its time in trees and shrubs , so it is a good climber .
although previous studies have found that white - footed mice consume honeysuckle seeds removed from their pericarp ( mattos et al . 2013 ) , our findings suggest that whole honeysuckle fruits are not generally consumed by small mammals despite their high water content . however , small granivores may occupy honeysuckle - invaded areas because of the cover provided by shrub understories ( dutra et al . 2011 ) , which likely increased white - footed mouse foraging activity by improving protection from predators ( mccormick and meiners 2000 ) . furthermore , use of microhabitats that improve foraging opportunities is nonrandom ( edalgo et al . 2009 ) ; that is , white - footed mice actively select trails that include dense woody vegetation such as honeysuckle shrubs .
the main source of health concerns connected to white - footed mice is the transmission of lyme disease . like other rodents , white - footed mice carry specific bacteria that are responsible for the disease . deer ticks bite the rodent , which transmits the bacteria to them . then , the deer ticks bite humans or animals , possibly causing a case of lyme disease . on a less frequent basis , white - footed mice may be responsible for the spread of hantavirus . transmission of this illness occurs through the urine , saliva or droppings of an infected mouse . simply inhaling the air where these waste products have been left may be enough to trigger an infection . these serious illnesses require immediate medical attention .
a distinctive behavior of white - footed mice is drumming on a hollow reed or a dry leaf with its fore paws . this produces a prolonged musical buzzing , the meaning of which is unclear .
white - footed mice are active primarily at night and are secretive and alert , thus avoiding many predators . they are abundant in many habitats and are the major diet item of many small predators .
in addition , white - footed mice have bloodstreams that ostfeld calls “a breeding ground for all kinds of infectious agents , ” including pathogens that cause babesiosis and anaplasmosis , other tick - borne diseases .
anita rogic , nathalie tessier , pierre legendre , françois - joseph lapointe , virginie millien ( 2013 ) genetic structure of the white - footed mouse in the context of the emergence of lyme disease in southern québec . ecology and evolution 3 : 7 , 2075 - 2088 , mis en ligne 1er juillet 2013 ( résumé )
size : the total length of the white footed mouse is around 6 . 8 inches ( 173mm ) . the tail has a length of 3 . 1 inches ( 78mm ) and their hind foot is around 0 . 83 inches ( 21mm ) . the weight of the mouse ranges from 0 . 03 - 0 . 06 pounds ( 15 - 25g ) , with an average of 0 . 05 pounds ( 23g ) . [ 1 ]
‘mouse house’ in what is now referred to as sumner canyon at the scripps institution in la jolla , california . when his
macmanes md , eisen mb . characterization of the transcriptome , nucleotide sequence polymorphism , and natural selection in the desert adapted mouse
white - footed mice are known for a unique practice of drumming on hollow reads or a dry leafe with their front paws producing a musical buzzing sound , through it is unclear why they do this .
martin lb , weil zm , kuhlman jr & nelson rj ( 2006 ) trade - offs within the immune systems of female white - footed mice , peromyscus leucopus . funct ecol ; 20 : 630–636 .
ostfeld rs , miller mc & hazler kr ( 1996 ) causes and consequences of tick ( ixodes scapularis ) burdens on white - footed mice ( peromyscus leucopus ) . j mammal ; 77 : 266–273 .
while ticks that spread lyme disease are commonly thought of in connection with deer , it is from infected white - footed mice that these ticks usually acquire borrelia burgdorferi , the bacteria responsible for the disease .
while ticks that spread lyme disease are commonly thought of in connection with deer , it is from infected white - footed mice that these ticks usually acquire borrelia burgdorferi , the bacteria responsible for the disease .
dragoo jw , lackey ja , moore ke , lessa ep , cook ja , yates tl . phylogeography of the deer mouse (
white - footed mice range from 150 to 205 mm in total length and tail length from 65 to 95 mm . they weigh 15 to 25 g . the upperparts of the body are pale to rich reddish brown and the belly and feet are white . in some parts of the range it is difficult to distinguish
the other species of peromyscus have somewhat more specialized habitat preferences . for example , the cactus mouse occurs in low deserts with sandy soil and scattered vegetation and on rocky outcrops . the brush mouse lives in chaparral areas of semidesert regions , often in rocky habitats .
) , first demonstrated the feasibility of the deer mouse as a laboratory organism in the 1910s and 20s . he famously built the first
white - footed mice help spread various kinds of fungi by eating the sporing bodies and excreting spores . forest trees ' ability to take up nutrients is enhanced by the
mycorrhizal
associations formed by these fungi . for many temperate forest trees , these fungi have been shown to be an essential element in order for trees to prosper . white - footed mice also help control populations of some harmful insect pests , such as gypsy moths .
the two species of peromyscus inhabiting the adirondacks are similar in appearance , and are not always distinguishable from external characters . the deer mouse usually differs from the white - footed mouse ( p . leucopus ) in having : ( 1 ) soft , luxuriant fur that is gray on the upper parts of the body , ( 2 ) a uniformly colored back or a faint darker stripe along the middle , and ( 3 ) a tail that is dark above and white below ( bicolored ) and is as long of longer than the combined lengths of the head and body , with a tuft of white hairs at the tip . the lower parts of the body and feet of both species are white , and both have prominent , scantily - furred , thin ears , coarse whiskers , and black , bulging eyes . an average sized deer mouse is 184 mm ( 7 . 2 in ) in total length , and weighs 21 g ( 0 . 7 oz ) .
scientists say white - footed mice , which are primary carriers of the lyme bacterium borrelia burgdorferi , are a highly popular host of black - legged ticks — which consequently makes them a key culprit in the spread of lyme disease .
white - footed mice in howard county , maryland are being collared as part of a study to improve control of the ticks that spread lyme disease . the mouse collaring research , never before done in maryland , is a partnership of the agricultural research service ( ars ) , howard county department of recreation & parks ( hcrp ) , and university of maryland ( umd ) .
white - footed mice in howard county , maryland are being collared as part of a study to improve control of the ticks that spread lyme disease . the mouse collaring research , never before done in maryland , is a partnership of the agricultural research service ( ars ) , howard county department of recreation & parks ( hcrp ) , and university of maryland ( umd ) .
there are no methods known for successfully keeping white - footed or deer mice out of structures by means of sound . ultrasonic devices that are commercially sold and advertised to control rodents and other pests have not proven to give satisfactory control .
natarajan c , inoguchi n , weber re , fago a , moriyama h , storz jf . epistasis among adaptive mutations in deer mouse hemoglobin .
sheppe , w . 1966 . exploration by the deer mouse , peromyscus leucopus . amer . midland nat . , 76 : 257 - 276 .
young white - footed mice are born blind , naked , and helpless . their eyes open at about 12 days of age , and their ears open at about 10 days . females care for and nurse their young in the nest until they are weaned . soon after that , the young disperse from their mother ' s range . if the young or the nest are in danger , female white - footed mice carry their young one at a time to a safer location .
white - footed mice play a role in the transmission of lyme disease . they carry the bacteria that causes the disease and pass it to larval deer ticks when they are bitten . these deer ticks can then pass the disease to humans or other mammals . they also may be carriers of hantavirus , or four corners disease , through their feces . where they are abundant white - footed mice may limit the soread of trees such as acorns and pines , whose seeds they eat .
most white - footed mice live for one year in the wild . this means that there is an almost complete replacement of all mice in the population from one year to the next . most mortality occurs in the spring and early summer .
schwan tg , kime kk , schrumpf me , coe je et al ( 1989 ) antibody response in white - footed mice ( peromyscus leucopus ) experimental infected with the lyme disease spirochete ( borrelia burgdorferi ) . infect immunol ; 57 : 3445–3451
that said , predators of white - footed mice , such as owls , hawks , bobcats , foxes and weasels , won ' t get lyme disease by eating an infected rodent because the bacteria cannot survive digestive tracts of birds or mammals .
this species of mouse is very adaptable , abundant and an important source of food for a variety of bird and mammal predators in the food chain .
pederson ab , grieves tj ( 2008 ) the interaction of parasites and resource cause crashes in wild mouse population . j anim ecol ; 77 : 370–377
hoekstra he , hirschmann rj , bundey ra , insel pa , crossland jp . a single amino acid mutation contributes to adaptive beach mouse color pattern .
the documented allelopathic properties of honeysuckle shrubs ( dorning and cipollini 2006 ) prevent the growth of other vegetation species , further supporting honeysuckle monoculture establishment . in these monocultures , small mammals may be forced to consume and cache honeysuckle fruits ( dutra et al . 2011 ) . white - footed mice are known scatter - hoarders ( vander wall et al . 2001 ) , a behavior that can serve to disperse seeds to new and potentially favorable microhabitats . indeed , small - mammal seed caches are frequently located in areas highly suitable for germination ( abbott and quink 1970 ) . therefore , white - footed mouse caching behavior may contribute to honeysuckle dispersal .
white - footed and deer mice are considered native , nongame mammals and receive whatever protection may be afforded such species under state or local laws . it is usually permissible to control them when necessary , but first check with your state wildlife agency .
goodwin bj , ostfeld rs & schauber em ( 2001 ) spatiotemporal variation in a lyme disease host and vector : black - legged ticks on white - footed mice . vector borne and zoonotic diseases , 1 ( 2 ) , 129 - 138 .
white - footed mice — known for their wide eyes and ears , long tails and snow - white bellies and the feet from which they get their name — are often overlooked by humans , hiding out by the billions in u . s . forests , shrubby thickets and even wooded wetlands . but there ' s one creature that knows them well : the tick .
donahue jg , piesman j , spielman a ( january 1987 ) .
reservoir competence of white - footed mice for lyme disease spirochetes
. am . j . trop . med . hyg . 36 ( 1 ) : 92–6 . pmid 3812887 .
entomologist andrew li , with the ars invasive insect biocontrol & behavior laboratory in beltsville , maryland , who coordinates the tick management project wants the data to better understand how white - footed mice respond to bait boxes that include tick treatments like topical insecticides .
entomologist andrew li , with the ars invasive insect biocontrol & behavior laboratory in beltsville , maryland , who coordinates the tick management project wants the data to better understand how white - footed mice respond to bait boxes that include tick treatments like topical insecticides .
the principal problem caused by white - footed and deer mice is their tendency to enter homes , cabins , and other structures that are not rodent - proof . here they build nests , store food , and can cause considerable damage to upholstered furniture , mattresses , clothing , paper , or other materials that they find suitable for their nest - building activities . nests , droppings , and other signs left by these mice are similar to those of house mice . white - footed and deer mice have a greater tendency to cache food supplies , such as acorns , seeds , or nuts , than do house mice . white - footed and deer mice are uncommon in urban or suburban residential areas unless there is considerable open space ( fields , parks ) nearby .
ordinary mouse snap traps , sold in most grocery and hardware stores , are effective in catching white - footed and deer mice . bait traps with peanut butter , sunflower seed , or moistened rolled oats . for best results , use several traps even if only a single mouse is believed to be present . set traps as you would for house mice : against walls , along likely travel routes , and behind objects . automatic traps designed to live - capture several house mice in a single setting also are effective against white - footed and deer mice . they should be checked frequently to dispose of captured mice in an appropriate manner : euthanize them with carbon dioxide gas in a closed container , or release them alive into an appropriate location where they won’t cause future problems . for further details on trapping , see house mice .
( a ) the forest - dwelling deer mouse , p . maniculatus nubiterrae , perches high on a tree branch in southwestern pennsylvania . ( b ) the beach mouse , p . polionotus phasma , takes shelter among the dune grasses on florida ' s atlantic coast . ( c ) its mainland counterpart , the oldfield mouse , p . polionotus sumneri , is typically found in fallow fields and is sympatric with the cotton mouse , p . gossypinus ( d ) , which occupies adjacent stands of long leaf pine . image credits : a , evan p kingsley ; b , jb miller ; c , d , nicole bedford .
diet : the white footed mice are omnivores . their diet include seeds , berries , nuts , insects , grains , fruits , and fungi . they do not hibernate in winter so they tend to collect seeds and nuts during the fall . [ 1 ]
the brush mouse is found from southwestern missouri and northwestern arkansas through oklahoma , central and western texas , new mexico , southwestern colorado , utah , arizona , and california . the cactus mouse is limited to western texas , southern new mexico , arizona ( except the northeast portion ) , and southern california . the canyon mouse occurs in western colorado , northwestern new mexico , northern and western arizona , utah , nevada , southern california , southeast oregon , and southwestern idaho .
white - footed mice live are most commonly found in warm , dry forests and brushlands at low to mid - elevations . the can survive in a wide variety of habitats , including higher elevation forests and semi - deseart . because they are so adaptable , they also do well in suburban and agricultural settings . white - footed mice are the most abundant small rodent in mixed forests in the eastern united states . in the southern and western portions of their range , they are more restricted in habitat and are mostly found in wooded areas and semi - desert scrub near waterways . in southern mexico , they occur mainly in agricultural areas . white - footed mice build nests in places that are warm and dry , such as a hollow tree or vacated bird ' s nest .
the wood mouse stores seeds such as black cherry pits ( one of its favorite foods ) and acorns under logs and in trees , nests are constructed out of grass , leaves , hair , moss , and bark in a hidden location in its habitat . the wood mouse will also use an abandoned bird nest .
white - footed mice are efficient transmitters of lyme disease in the northeast . they infect up to 95 percent of the ticks that feed on them . but it ' s people who create the conditions for lyme outbreaks by building homes in the animals ' habitat .
what is their habitat ? white - footed mice reside in a wide variety of areas but tend to favor warm , dry forests or brushlands at middle elevations . these mice can often be found around old stone works and fallen trees as they make good dry homes . this species of mouse is the most abundant in mixed hard woods along the eastern coast . four to twelve individuals can be found per acre of woodland .
fifteen species of native mice of the genus peromyscus may be found in the united states . the two most common and widely distributed species are the deer mouse (
white - footed mice spend a great deal of time in trees . they may use aban - locating and digging up buried seed . formerly , much reforestation was attempted by direct seeding of clear - cut areas , but seed predation by deer mice and white - footed mice , and by other rodents and birds , caused frequent failure in the regeneration . for this reason , to reestablish douglas fir and other commercial timber species today , it is often necessary to hand - plant seedlings , despite the increased expense of this method .
white - footed mice are capable of extremely fast reproduction , which means that a small problem becomes a major headache in surprisingly little time . if conditions are especially attractive to these rodents , then it is natural for even more families to be drawn to the structure . while property owners can take important steps like quickly cleaning up crumbs and any remains of food and sealing off potential entrances , it is nearly always necessary to seek professional rodent control to eradicate an infestation . having an inspection by an experienced professional is the best way to protect against a white - footed mouse infestation of your home or business . call newtown today to schedule a free rodent inspection ( 215 ) 579 - 7378 .
white - footed mice also were the dominant species observed through camera monitoring ( 80 . 30 % of 66 identifiable observations ) . examination of historical trapping data ( edalgo and anderson 2007 ; edalgo et al . 2009 ) suggested that deer mice ( peromyscus maniculatus ) were uncommon at the study site ; therefore , all peromyscus observed were recorded as white - footed mice . additional species included masked shrews ( 6 . 06 % ) , meadow voles ( 4 . 55 % ) , and eastern chipmunks ( 4 . 55 % ) .
white - footed mice live are most abundant in warm , dry forests and brushlands at low to mid - elevations . they do , however , occur in a wide variety of habitats , from higher elevation forests to semi - desert . due to this adaptability , they also do well in suburban and agricultural settings . white - footed mice are the most abundant small rodent in mixed forests in the eastern united states and in brushy areas bordering agricultural lands . in the southern and western portions of their range , they are more restricted in distribution , occurring mainly in wooded areas and semi - desert scrub near waterways . in southern mexico , they occur mainly in agricultural areas . white - footed mice build nests in places that are warm and dry , such as a hollow tree or vacated bird ' s nest .
the deer mouse occupies nearly every type of habitat within its range , from forests to grasslands . it is the most widely distributed and abundant mammal in north america .
white - footed mice range from 150 to 205 mm in total length , with their tail making up about one - third of that length . they weigh from 15 to 25 g . the fur on their back ranges from light brown to a more reddish brown , while the fur on their stomach and feet is white . their tails tend to be darker on the top and lighter on the bottom .
anticoagulants . anticoagulant baits such as warfarin , diphacinone , chlorophacinone , brodifacoum , and bromadiolone are all quite effective on white - footed and deer mice , although they are not specifically registered for use on these species . brodifacoum and bromadiolone , unlike the other anticoagulants , may be effective in a single feeding . if baiting in and around structures is done for house mice in accordance with label directions , white - footed and deer mice usually will be controlled . no violation of pesticide laws should be involved since the “site” of bait application is the same .
scientists say that white - footed mice are posing a particularly high risk to humans this year . a bountiful acorn harvest a couple of years ago gave them the sustenance needed to reproduce in greater numbers and climate change may be pushing them to expand their range toward the north .
more interestingly , scientists discovered a connection among acorn production , mouse population size and the number of blacklegged ticks infected with borrelia burgdorferi , the bacterium that causes lyme disease .
white - footed and deer mice are mostly nocturnal with a home range of 1 / 3 acre to 4 acres ( 0 . 1 to 1 . 6 ha ) or larger . a summer population density may reach a high of about 15 mice per acre ( 37 / ha ) .
home ranges of white - footed mice vary from 0 . 5 to 1 . 5 acres . density ranges from 4 to 12 mice per acre . the home range of males overlap with those of many females , providing access to potential mates . females are territorial during the breeding season .
lackey , j . a . 1978b . geographic variation in habitat use by the whitefooted mouse , peromyscus leucopus . amer . midland nat . , 100 : 171 - 177 .
white - footed mice are omnivorous . diet varies seasonally as well as geographically and may include seeds , berries , nuts , insects , grains , fruits , and fungi . because they do not hibernate , even in cold weather , in the fall they store seeds and nuts for the winter .
schwan , tg , burgdorfer , w , schrumpf , me , karstens , rh . ( 1988 ) the urinary bladder , a consistent source of borrelia burgdorferi in experimentally infected white - footed mice ( peromyscus leucopus ) . j clin microbiol ; 26 : 893–895 ( pdf , 4 pp ) .
white - footed mice are efficient transmitters of lyme disease in the northeast . they infect up to 95 percent of the ticks that feed on them . but it ' s people who create the conditions for lyme outbreaks by building homes in the animals ' habitat . stephen reiss for npr hide caption
both white - footed and deer mice occasionally dig up and consume newly planted seeds in gardens , flowerbeds , and field borders . their excellent sense of smell makes them highly efficient at locating and digging up buried seed . formerly , much reforestation was attempted by direct seeding of clearcut areas , but seed predation by deer mice and white - footed mice , and by other rodents and birds , caused frequent failure in the regeneration . for this reason , to reestablish douglas fir and other commercial timber species today , it is often necessary to handplant seedlings , despite the increased expense of this method .
here ' s how it works : adult ticks , which mostly feed upon white - tailed deer , drop off and lay their eggs on the forest floor , jones said . the eggs hatch out the next year into larvae , which at that point are generally not infected by the bacteria that causes lyme disease . the larvae get infected when they feed on an animal that carries the bacteria , which is most often white - footed mice .
charneé l . rose , philip j . turk , stephen m . selego , james t . anderson ; white - footed mice ( peromyscus leucopus ) select fruits of native species over invasive honeysuckle fruits , journal of mammalogy , volume 95 , issue 1 , 19 february 2014 , pages 108–116 , urltoken
peromyscus leucopus responds strongly to new objects placed within a familiar area , which may facilitate learning of new escape routes , feeding sites , nests , potential mates , and home - range areas . white - footed mice show weak neophobia , followed by neophilia that declines progressively ( sheppe , 1966 ) .


sepia kiensis is a species of cuttlefish native to the indo-pacific , specifically the kai islands , possibly to timor and northern australia .

it lives at depth to 256 m .

the validity of s. kiensis has been questioned .

s. kiensis grows to a mantle length of 37 mm .

the type specimen was collected off kai island in the arafura sea .

it is deposited at the natural history museum in london .

sepia kiensis

how can i put and write and define sepia kiensis in a sentence and how is the word sepia kiensis used in a sentence and examples ? 用sepia kiensis造句 , 用sepia kiensis造句 , 用sepia kiensis造句 , sepia kiensis meaning , definition , pronunciation , synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha . net .
sepia kiensis - buy sepia kiensis by surhone , lambert m . | editor ; tennoe , mariam t . | editor ; henssonow , susan f . | editor online at best prices in india - urltoken

' sepia kiensis
' is a species of cuttlefish native to the indo - pacific , specifically the kai islands , possibly to timor and northern australia .
yes , it ' s a cephalopod ! this squid and other cephalopods are featured in the cephalopod pages maintained at the national museum of natural history , department of invertebrate zoology ! see the following links for more information on cephalopods .
cephalopods in action . this is a multimedia appendix to published papers , that features video clips of cephalopods filmed from submersibles . included are :
the list of species featured in the videos , arranged as a taxonomic list , only relevant taxa included .
introducing an interactive key to the families of the decapodiformes . try this , it ' s exciting !
expedition journals from the search for the giant squid off new zealand , 1999 .
this page was created by jim felley , mike vecchione , clyde roper , mike sweeney , and tyler christensen . if you have questions or comments , contact mike vecchione .
hoyle , w . e . ( 1885 ) . diagnoses of new species of cephalopoda collected during the cruise of h . m . s . challenger , ii : the decapoda . annals and magazine of natural history . series 5 , 16 : 181 - 203 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 194 [ details ]
reid , a . , jereb , p . & roper , c . f . e . ( 2005 ) . family sepiidae . pp . 57 - 152 , in p . jereb & c . f . e . roper eds . cephalopods of the world . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of cephalopod species known to date . volume 1 . chambered nautiluses and sepioids ( nautilidae , sepiidae , sepiolidae , sepiadariidae , idiosepiidae and spirulidae ) . fao species catalogue for fishery purposes [ rome , fao ] . 4 ( 1 ) : 262 pp . 9 pls . page ( s ) : 143 [ details ]
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urltoken
this will bring up another web page where you can select your desired location .


calappa hepatica is a common benthic species of box crab of tropical and subtropical parts of the indian and pacific oceans and the red sea .

calappa hepatica

jennifer hammock split the classifications by obis environmental information from calappa hepatica ( linnaeus , 1758 ) to their own page .
species name : calappa hepatica ( linnaeus , 1758 ) identification key length of carapace rather more than half of its extreme width ; clypeiform expansions with broad teeth . carapace covered with rounded tubercles on the anterior two thirds . synonymy
monod , t . , 1928 . les calappa de la côte occidentale d ' afrique . bulletin de la société des sciences naturelles du maroc , 8 ( 4 - 6 ) : 109 - 127 , 13 figs .
delivering alien invasive species inventories for europe ( daisie ) to barcode of life ( 2 barcodes ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 75 publications ) to biological information system for marine life ( bismal ) ( from synonym cancer hepatica linnaeus , 1758 ) to biological information system for marine life ( bismal ) to encyclopedia of life to genbank ( 1 nucleotides ; 1 proteins ) to marine species identification portal to usnm invertebrate zoology arthropoda collection ( 18 records ) to usnm invertebrate zoology arthropoda collection ( 2 records ) ( from synonym calappa spinosissima h . milne edwards , 1837 ) to itis
( of cancer hepatica linnaeus , 1758 ) linnaeus , c . ( 1758 ) . systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima , reformata . laurentius salvius : holmiae . ii , 824 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
galil , b . s . , 1997a . crustacea decapoda : a revision of the indo - pacific species of the genus calappa weber , 1795 ( calappidae ) . in : a . crosnier ( ed . ) , résultats des campagnes musorstom , volume 19 . mémoires du muséum national d ' histoire naturelle , paris , 176 : 271 - 335 , figs 1 - 35 .
guinot , d . ( 1967 ) . la faune carcinologique ( crustacea brachyura ) de l ' ocean indien occidental et de la mer rouge . catalogue , remarques bibliographiques et biobliographie . bull . inst . fondamental d ' afrique noire ( ifan ) . 237 - 252 . [ details ]
zenetos , a . , m . e . çinar , m . a . pancucci - papadopoulou , j . g . harmelin , g . furnari , f . andaloro , n . bellou , n . streftaris & h . zibrowius . ( 2005 ) . annotated list of marine alien species in the mediterranean with records of the worst invasive species . mediterranean marine science 6 ( 2 ) : 63 - 118 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
zenetos , a . ; gofas , s . ; verlaque , m . ; cinar , m . ; garcia raso , j . ; bianchi , c . ; morri , c . ; azzurro , e . ; bilecenoglu , m . ; froglia , c . ; siokou , i . ; violanti , d . ; sfriso , a . ; san martin , g . ; giangrande , a . ; katagan , t . ; ballesteros , e . ; ramos - espla , a . ; mastrototaro , f . ; ocana , o . ; zingone , a . ; gambi , m . ; streftaris , n . ( 2010 ) . alien species in the mediterranean sea by 2010 . a contribution to the application of european union’s marine strategy framework directive ( msfd ) . part i . spatial distribution . mediterranean marine science . 11 ( 2 ) : 381 - 493 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
katsanevakis , s . ; bogucarskis , k . ; gatto , f . ; vandekerkhove , j . ; deriu , i . ; cardoso a . s . ( 2012 ) . building the european alien species information network ( easin ) : a novel approach for the exploration of distributed alien species data . bioinvasions records . 1 : 235 - 245 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
ni ih . & qian py . ( 1999 ) . study on the suitability of shelter island area to be established as marine park or marine reserve . final report . submitted to the agriculture , fisheries & conservation department , the hong kong sar government . [ details ]
if you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .
ng , p . k . l . , eldredge , l . g . & evenhuis , n . l . 2011 ,
the names of decapod and stomatopod crustacea from tahiti , french polynesia , established by anthony curtis in 1938 and 1944
, zootaxa , vol . 3099 , pp . 43 - 56
eydoux , f . & souleyet , l . f . a . 1842 ,
crustacés
, ed . eydoux , f . ( ed . ) , voyage autour du monde exécuté pendant les années 1836 et 1837 sur la corvette ' la bonite ' , commandée par m . vaillant . zoologie , vol . 1 , no . 2 , pp . 219 - 272 , bertrand , paris
milne edwards , h . 1837 , vol . 2 , pp . 532 pp . , atlas 32 pp . , 42 pls , libraire encyclopedique de roret , paris
curtiss , a . 1938 , pp . i - xvi , 193 pp . , self - published , new york
linnaeus , c . 1758 ,
cancer
, ed . linnaeus , c . , systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundem classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentis , synonymis , locis . tom . 1 editio decima , reformata , pp . pp . 625 - 634 , laurentii salvii , holmiae
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 930e799b - 68f6 - 4d02 - 977d - 936ead5c20d8
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : a21dc265 - 0d09 - 4452 - 8594 - 5b005d75d51a
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : a64606ed - 670a - 4c2f - 9401 - e433fc7d883a
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : bbb3f1f0 - 8fc8 - 4c02 - b5c3 - e3fdff0b2f5a
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 309188
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one specimen
taken at hulule , male atoll and in minikoi lagoon down to 5 fathoms .
( borradaile , 1903 )
: interesting ! looking at the close - up now . how can you tell ?
this must be a male crab , since the the central plate is slender and narrow . in addition , it has been tapering towards the mouth area ! !
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to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !
simple , without subdistal accessory teeth at their outer side , median emargination shallow . the longitudinal septum of the prolongated portion of the
) ; tuamotu archipelago - takaroa , s . marutea , gambier island , and mururoa (
: 275 ( key ) , 296 , figs 10e - f , 13e - f , 14 , 31 . - -
alcock , a . & a . r . s . anderson , 1894b . natural history notes from h . m . indian marine survey steamer investigator . ser . ii , no . 17 . list of the shore and shallow - water brachyura collected during the season 1893 - 1894 . journal of the asiatic society of bengal , 63 , part 2 ( 4 ) : 197 - 209 .
alcock , a . w . , 1896 . materials for a carcinological fauna of india . no . 2 . the brachyura oxystomata . journal of the asiatic society of bengal , 65 , part2 ( 2 ) : 134 - 296 , pls 6 - 8 .
andré , m . , 1931 . crustacés décapodes provenant de l ' institut océanographique de nha - trang ( annam ) . 1 . brachyura . bulletin du muséum national d ' histoire naturelle , paris , ( 2 ) 3 ( 7 ) : 638 - 650 .
balss , h . , 1915 . die decapoden des roten meeres . ii . anomuren , dromiaceen und oxystomen . in : expeditionen s . m . schiff pola in das rote meer . nördliche und südliche hälfte 1895 / 96 - 1897 / 98 . zoologische ergebnisse . vol . xxxi . denkschriften der kaiserlichen akademie der wissenschaften zu wien , mathematisch - naturwissenschaftliche klasse , 92 ( 10 ) : 1 - 20 , figs 1 - 9 .
balss , h . , 1922b . ostasiatische decapoden iii . die dromiaceen , oxystomen und parthenopiden . archiv für naturgeschichte , 88a ( 3 ) : 104 - 140 , figs 1 - 9 . ( in german )
balss , h . , 1938a . die dekapoda brachyura von dr . sixten bock ' s pazifik expedition 1917 - 1918 . göteborges kungliga vetenskaps - och vitterhets - samhälles handlingar , ser . b , 5 ( 7 ) : 1 - 85 , figs 1 - 18 , pls 1 - 2 .
barnard , k . h . , 1950 . descriptive catalogue of south african decapod crustacea ( crabs and shrimps ) . annals of the south african museum , 38 : 1 - 837 , figs 1 - 154 .
boone , l . , 1934 . crustacea : stomatopoda and brachyura . scientific results of the world cruise of the yacht alva , 1931 , william k . vanderbilt , commanding . bulletin of the vanderbilt marine museum , 5 : 1 - 210 , pls 1 - 109 .
boone , l . , 1938 . marine algae , coelenterata , annelida , echinodermata , crustacea , mollusca . scientific results of the world cruise of the yachts ara 1928 - 1929 , and alva 1931 - 1932 , alva mediterranean cruise 1933 , and alva south american cruise 1935 , william k . vanderbilt , commanding . bulletin of the vanderbilt marine museum , 7 ( 5 ) , 372 pp , 152 pls . ( 197 - 281 pp , pls 72 - 109 for systematic discussion crustacea ) .
borradaile , l . a . , 1903a . marine crustaceans . iv . some remarks on the classification of the crabs . v . the crabs of the catometope families . vi . the sand crabs ( oxystomata ) . vii . the barnacles . in : j . s . gardiner ( ed . ) , the fauna and geography of the maldive and laccadive archipelagoes , being the account of the work carried on and of the collections made by an expedition during the years 1899 and 1900 , 1 ( 4 ) : 424 - 443 , pls 22 . ( 1 ( 4 ) : 424 - 429 , fig . 110 ; 1 ( 4 ) : 429 - 433 , figs 111 - 114 ; 1 ( 4 ) : 434 - 439 , figs 115 - 117 , pl . 22 . ) [ 1903 / i ]
bosc , l . a . g . , 1802 . histoire naturelle des crustacés , contenant leur description et leurs moeurs , avec figures dessinées d ' après nature , 2 : 1 - 296 , pls 9 - 18 . paris .
bosc , l . a . g . , 1828 - 1830 . manuel de l ' histoire naturelle des crustacés , contenant leur description et leurs moeurs ; avec figures dessinées d ' après nature . edition mise au niveau des connaissances actuelles par a . g . desmarest , 1 : 1 - 328 , pls 1 - 9 ; 2 : 1 - 306 , 13 pls . paris .
bouvier , e . l . , 1915b . décapodes marcheurs ( reptantia ) et stomatopodes recueillis à l ' île maurice par m . paul carié . bulletin scientifique de la france et de la belgique , sér . 7 , 48 ( 3 ) : 178 - 318 ( 1 - 141 ) , figs 1 - 42 , pls 4 - 7 . [ 1915 / v ]
brito - capello , f . de , 1871a . algunas especies novas ou pouco conhecidas de crustaceos pertencentes aos generos callappa e telphusa . jornal de sciências mathematicas , physicas , e naturaes , publicado sob ob auspicos da academia real das sciências de lisboa , 3 : 128 - 134 , pl . 2 , figs 1 - 42 .
brocchi , m . , 1875 . recherches sur les organes génitaux mâles des crustacés décapodes . annales des sciences naturelles , zoologie , paris , ( 6 ) 2 : 1 - 131 , pls 13 - 19 .
buitendijk , a . m . , 1939 . biological results of the snellius expedition . v . the dromiacea , oxystomata and oxyrhyncha of the snellius expedition . temminckia , 4 : 223 - 276 , figs 1 - 27 , pls 7 - 11 .
calman , w . t . , 1900 . on a collection of brachyura from torres straits . transactions of the linnean society of london , ( zool . ) , ( 2 ) 8 ( 1 ) : 1 - 50 , pls 1 - 3 . [ 1900 / ix ]
cano , g . , 1889 . crostacei brachiuri ed anomuri raccolti nel viaggio della r . corvetta vettor pisani attorno al globo . bollettino della societá di naturalisti in napoli , ( 1 ) 3 : 79 - 105 , 169 - 269 , pl . 7 .
chang , c . m . , 1963 . a check list of taiwan crabs with descriptions of 19 new records . tunghai journal , taichung , 5 ( 2 ) : 95 - 118 , figs 1 - 10 , pls 1 - 2 .
chen , h . , 1975 . studies on the crabs of xisha islands , guandong provence , china . i . studia marina sinica , 10 : 157 - 179 , figs 1 - 12 , pls 1 - 3 . ( in chinese with english summary . )
chen , h . , 1993b . the calappidae ( crustacea : brachyura ) of chinese waters . in : b . morton ( ed . ) , the marine biology of the south china sea . proceedings of the first international conference on the marine biology of hong kong and the south chine sea : 675 - 704 .
chopra , b . n . & k . n . das , 1937 . further notes on crustacea decapoda in the indian museum . ix . on three collections of crabs from tavoy and mergui archipelago . record of the indian museum , calcutta , 39 ( 4 ) : 377 - 434 , figs 1 - 21 , pl . 6 .
curtiss , a . , 1938 . a short zoology of tahiti . in : the society islands , guide printing company , new york : xvi + 193 pp .
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sakai , t . , 1956 . crabs ( edition 1 ) , i - xii , 1 - 224 ( japanese text ) , appendix 1 - 60 ( list of latin names ) , figs 1 - 71 , pls 1 - 6 ( 2 coloured ) . shisei - shoin , tokyo . ( in japanese )
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sakai , t . , 1965b . the crabs of sagami bay , collected by his majesty the emperor of japan , i - xvi , 1 - 206 ( english text ) , figs 1 - 27 , pls 1 - 100 : 1 - 92 ( japanese text ) : 1 - 26 ( references and index in english ) : 27 - 32 ( index in japanese ) , 1 map . maruzen co . , tokyo .
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habitat hard beaches , coral reefs ; 10 - 50 meters deep . distribution hard beaches , coral reefs ; 10 - 50 meters deep japan . this species occurs throughout the indo - pacific region .
description in the anterior two - thirds of the carapace surface is tuberculate and granular , the posterior third is marked with squamiform tubercles and beaded ridges . the antero - lateral borders are coarsely dentate or serrate . clypeiform expansions greatly developed , their breadth being equal to their length ; their anterior border shows the points of four teeth . posterior border of the carapace beaded , unarmed . outer parts of the pterygostomain regions densely hairy . front emarginate , not projecting beyond the level of the orbits . transverse wing like expansion of the distal end of the arm with its edge four lobed . outer surface of palm and upper surface of wrist numerous sharp tubercles . anterior end of arm with some sharp granules , crest of palm crenulate , not sharply dentate .
remarks in the very young , the extreme length of the carapace is not much less than three fourths of the extreme breadth .
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mclaughlin et al . 2005 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : crustaceans . american fisheries society special publication 31
common in sand any depth . feeds upon gastropods . attains carapace width of 3 inches . hawaii & the indo - pacific .
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japanese crustacean decapods and stomatopods in color , vol . ii . brachyura ( crabs ) .
systema brachyurorum : part i . an annotated checklist of extant brachyuran crabs of the world .
in : nishimura , s . ( ed . ) , guide to seashore animals of japan with color pictures and keys , vol . ii . hoikusha , osaka , 379 - 418 ( in japanese ) .
occurrence record in darwincore format ( elements of obis schema and some of dwc1 . 4 )