acropolis is a monotypic butterfly genus from the subfamily satyrinae in the family nymphalidae .

the one species in the genus , acropolis thalia , is distributed in western subtropical china .

acropolis ( genus )

phrases that include acropolis : acropolis rally , athenian acropolis , central acropolis , hotel acropolis , landscaping of the acropolis of athens , more . . .
plants of the holy land . plant of genus alyssum . plant of the genus chamemaelum . plant of the genus thymus .
branch of tree of the genus quercus . fruits of plant of the genus rhamnus .
— acropolis select athens country : greece , city : athens ( the acropolis ) acropolis select athens location the hotel is ideally located as it is within the vicinity of the acropolis and plaka . in addition , it is only a 15 minutes walk from the heart… …
narcissus is a genus of predominantly spring perennial plants in the amaryllidaceae family . various common names including daffodil , daffadowndilly , narcissus , and jonquil are used to describe all or some members of the genus
acropolis was introduced as the name for a new genus and not as a replacement for the name pharia fruhstorfer , [ 1911 ] , of which also the above species is the type - species but which is invalid under the law of homonymy . for practical purposes therefore acropolis acted as a substitute for the invalid name pharia fruhstorfer .
acropolis thalia ; [ bow ] : pl . 200 , f . 1 ; [ mrs ] , 377
click on the first link on a line below to go directly to a page where
acropolis
is defined .
view and plan of the propylaea of the acropolis of athens . drawings of the capitals and other architectural features of the monument , mostly of corinthian order .
the city of athens was home to some of the most aesthetically sophisticated architecture of the ancient world . in particular , the acropolis , a sanctuary of religious structures , has been extensively excavated to reveal the superior place its wonders occupy in classical architectural history . located on a hill in the center of athens , these buildings celebrate the origins of athenian culture through the veneration of the goddess athena . after the first acropolis complex was destroyed by persian troops in 480 bc , a new complex was commissioned by the athenian ruler pericles and directed by the architectural sculptor pheidias . this new complex was much criticized by surrounding communities because their payments to the delian league ' s treasury , kept in athens to provide military support across the region , was instead used for pericles ' s reconstruction of the acropolis . in athens , however , the acropolis became a symbol of athenian supremacy across the region , demonstrative of athenian pride and cultural values .
— athens atrium hotel & suites country : greece , city : athens ( the acropolis ) athens atrium hotel & suites the athens atrium hotel & suites is a modern and recently renovated property located in the centre of athens , the capital of greece . the aim… …
— acropolis now is a bbc radio sitcom set in ancient greece , written by the author of eats , shoots leaves , lynne truss . it was broadcast on bbc radio 4 in two series in 2000 and 2002 , with subsequent reruns on bbc 7 in 2006 , 2007 and… …
— infobox world heritage site name = acropolis of athens state party = gre type = cultural criteria = i , ii , iii , iv , vi id = 404 link = region = europe coordinates = coord | 37 . 971421 | n | 23 . 736166 | e year = 1987 session = 11th extension = danger = the …
— acropolitan / ak reuh pol i tn / , adj . / euh krop euh lis / , n . 1 . the citadel or high fortified area of an ancient greek city . 2 . the acropolis , the citadel of athens and the site of the parthenon . [ 1655 65 ; < gk akrópolis . see acro , polis ] * * * … …
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pharia fruhstorfer , 1911 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 295 ( preocc . pharia gray , 1840 ) ; ts : acrophthalmia thalia leech
acrophthalmia thalia leech , 1891 ; entomologist 24 ( suppl . ) : 25 ; tl : pautze - fang ; omei - shan
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— ( gr . akros , akron , [ acro . ( n . d . ) . the american heritage® dictionary of the english language , fourth edition . retrieved september 29 , 2008 , urltoken from urltoken website : ] quote : [ from greek akros , … …
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type - species : acrophthalmia thalia leech , 1891 . entomologist : 25 . [ bhl ]
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altruist - registered as having orange petals and a red cup which is probably the case if it opens on a cool , moist spring day ; the coloration is unusual , ' bronzy ' , bright and gorgeous even in our often warm climate ; 14
- 18
; mid - spring .
daffodils are the most cost effective , pest - free perennial plants available and make wonderful companions with other bulbs , perennials , annuals and flowering shrubs . they grow in almost all areas of the united states as long as there is a discernible winter . they are pest - free and when given ample sunlight , water and proper nutrition , will provide early spring color for many years . they are divided into 13 divisions according to their flower shape and heritage . daffodils should be planted in full sun or at least half day ( 8 hours ) of sunlight after the leaves are on the trees and should be planted 3 x the height of their bulb deep ( 3
- 8
) . the ads defines division 3 - small cup as :
one flower to a stem ; cup or corona not more than one - third the length of the perianth segments
. these are long - term perennializers , show flowers and late season picked flowers , often with a spicy fragrance ; whz 3 - 8 ; bulbs are 14 / 16cm unless otherwise noted ; 4 - 5 per sq . ft .
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acer pal . ' beni - hagoromo ' 100 - 125 cm deco 12l . bush
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acer pal . ' black lace ' 80 - 100 cm deco 12l . bush
acer pal . ' dissectum ' 30 cm st . deco 15l . crown ? 60 - 80
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acer pal . ' skeeter ' s broom ' 60 cm st . deco 15l .
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acer pal . ' summer gold ' 100 - 125 cm deco 12l . bush
acer pal . ' winter flame ' 90 cm st . deco 18l . extra
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peach ( prunus ) garden lady top worked at 45cm 119471 8 . 5l container
pear ( pyrus ) invincible delwinor fertilia patio 11948 11 . 5l container quince eline
plum ( prunus ) victoria fan trained 109193 12l container ( trd ) st . julien a
caragana arbor . ' pendula ' top grafted at 120 cms . caragana weeping 10l container
acer pal orange dream top worked at 100cm japanese acers 111004 11 . 5l container
widdop bambino resin cloud hanging plaque - love you to the moon . . . cg1367
widdop hometime copper plastic wall clock large quarter no ' s 30 . 5cm w7775
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rich , large magenta flowers with yellow stamens , flower freely over a long season .
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pococke , richard . a description of the east , and some other countries … , vol . ιι , london , w . bowyer , mdccxlv [ = 1745 ] . - travellers ' views - places – monuments – people southeastern europe – eastern mediterranean – greece – asia minor – southern italy , 15th - 20th century
pococke , richard . a description of the east , and some other countries … , vol . ιι , london , w . bowyer , mdccxlv [ = 1745 ] .
dedication to philip earl of chesterfield . composition of mythological figures ( hermes , athens , etc . )
views and floor plan of the church of the holy sepulchre in jerusalem . view and floor plan of the grotto and the church of the nativity .
map of caesarea maritima . ( b ) mount tabor . ( ι ) the funerary monuments known as
tombs of the kings
in jerusalem . tomb of josaphat in kidron valley in jerusalem .
view and plan of the tomb of absalom in kidron valley ( jerusalem ) .
view and plan of the tomb of zechariah in kidron valley ( jerusalem ) .
views and plans of the aqueducts of sour ( tyre ) . map of sour ( tyre ) showing the place of the aqueducts .
view , section and plan of the temple of aphrodite at baalbeck ( anc . heliopolis ) .
rear view of the temple of aphrodite in baalbeck ( anc . heliopolis ) . megaliths from baalbeck .
the entrance to the temple of bacchus in baalbeck ( anc . heliopolis ) .
plan of temple at baalbeck ( anc . heliopolis ) . columns ( ι ) .
view and plan of entrance to a temple at baalbeck ( anc . heliopolis ) .
plan and views of the church of saint simeon stylites . ancient funerary monuments from syria .
view and plan of the roman monument called pillars of jonas on the belen pass on nur mountains ( turkey ) . pococke claims that this is the site of the battle of issus and that these pillars are actually a triumphal arch dedicated to alexander . map of samandağ ( anc . seleucia pieria )
a , b , f : views of aqueducts in antioch ( antakya - hatay ) . c , d : views of the iron gate at the walls of antioch ( antakya - hatay )
view and plan of the arch of septimus severus in latakia ( anc . laodicea ) in syria .
view , section plans and plan of the roman theater of ancient gavala ( jableh ) in syria .
funerary monuments from arwad ( anc . arados / antiochia in pieria ) . plan of a temple . view of a throne . map of the island .
maps of the archeological sites of dictamnum , aptera , cydonia , in chania , crete .
temple of cybele at daskalopetra on chios island . a . and d . plan of the temple . b . and c . reconstruction of the relief showing homer and the muses .
map of pythagoreio in samos island . plan of the church of agios nikolaos ( q on the map ) .
plan of the temple of hera in samos . views and sections of the columns of the temple .
α . plan of a building in nicaea ( iznik ) . β , c and f : view and plans of the ancient theater of ephesus . d . plan of the ancient theater in alabanda ( arabihissar ) . ε . plan of the ancient theater in pythagoreio in samos . g . plan of the ancient theater in magnesia on the maeander .
plans of buidings in magnesia on the maeander and alabanda ( doğanyurt - araphisar ) .
plan and section plan of ancient theater in alabanda ( doğanyurt - araphisar ) . plans and section plans of funerary monuments in caria .
arch in milas , known today as baltalı kapıyı . capitals from milas ( α , β ) . base of column ( c ) .
roman monumental tomb in milas , known today as gümüşkesen . capitals of the monument ( α , β ) . plan of the monument ( c ) .
map of alexandria troas ( eski stambul ) . plan of the hippodrome . ( d ) . plan of the ruins of the gymnasium and baths complex . ( g ) . plan of ancient building known today as genç kızlar sarayı ( palace of young girls ) ( k , h ) .
map of the ruins of the ancient city of cyzicus . view of bursa . maps of the lake apolloniatis ( today lake uluabat ) .
map of the walls of nicaea ( iznik ) , and map of the lake of nicaea ( lake iznik / anc . ascania ) . plan of a christian orthodox church in iznik ( g ) , propably of hagia sophia . view and plan of a funerary monument ( i ) .
the obelisk of gaius cassius philieus on the road from iznik ( nicaea ) to izmit ( nicomedia ) .
view of the sculptures of the south entrance of the roman agora in thessaloniki ( incantadas monument ) . view and plan of the triumphal arch of galerius ( kamara ) . plan of the rotonda in thessaloniki .
map of athens , on which some of the most important monuments of the city are noted .
view and plan of the parthenon , with drawings of several architectural features of the temple .
the choregic monument of thrasyllus ( panagia spiliotissa ) . plan of the monument .
view of hadrian ' s arch in athens . plan of the monument . capitals of corinthian order from hadrian ' s arch ( α ) , from portici near naples ( β ) and salamis in cyprus ( c ) . plan of the temple of olympian zeus in athens .
view of the temple of artemis agrotera in agrae ( panagia stin petra ) . drawing of the epistyle . plan of the monument . the porch of aqueduct of hadrian ( dexameni ) in athens ( β ) . plan of the monument . drawing of the entablature .
the horologion of andronikos kyrristos ( tower of the winds ) in athens . plan of the monument .
section of the horologion of andronikos kyrristos ( tower of the winds ) in athens .
view of the gate of athena archegetis ( mod . pazaroporta ) in athens . drawing of the pilaster , and plan of the monument .
the temple of hephaestus ( theseion ) in athens . plan of the monument , together with drawings of its architectural elements .
foot of bronze statue from myconos island , which john montagu sandwich brought to great britain . ( α ) . foot of colossal marble statue discovered by r . pococke in asia minor ( β ) . bronze statue bought by r . pococke at the bazaar of aleppo in syria ( c ) . lamp from qift ( anc . coptus ) in egypt ( d ) .
bronze lamp from thessaloniki ( α ) . bronze lamp from aleppo ( β ) . mirror ' s frame ( c ) . decorative mask from aleppo ( d ) . ring from aleppo ( ε ) . statue from aleppo ( f ) . signet from beirut ( g ) . clay head of the hellenistic deity harpocrates from egypt ( η ) . charm from egypt ( ι ) . several charms from egypt .
branch and fruit of the plant melia azedarach which r . pococke saw in palestine .
branch with fruits of the plant mespilus germanica from palestine . plant with fruit of the plant acer sempervirens from palestine .
plan of the mausoleum of lucius munatius plancus in gaeta , in italy . plan of buildings in the ancient city of augusta raurica ( today augst ) in switzerland ( d , c ) . plan of public baths in rome .
views of the obelisk standing at the court of san bartolomeo all ' isola basilica , which is built upon the temple of asclepius on tiber island in rome .
an amphora , probably of the hellenistic era , found in the city antium ( today anzio ) , in italy . inscription found in the interior of the vase .
the ruins of the roman villa of venulei , near the lake massaciuccoli , in italy .
colossal statue of marcus vipsanius agrippa , which is found today in the archeological museum of venice . coins of the era of marcus vipsanius agrippa .
building in the form of ancient temple , in which the statue of cybele stood , in the villa grimani in venice .
roman triumphal arch from the era of constantine ii ( 4th century ce ) , named also as heidentor , in the city of carnuntum , today petronell , in austria .
view and plan of the temple of rome and augustus in pula , in croatia .
view of the remaining part of the temple of diana in pula , croatia , which is today part of the city hall .
of apocrita by various behavioral and physical characteristics , particularly their possession of a slender , smooth body and legs with relatively few hairs . wasps also generally are predatory or parasitic and have stingers with few barbs that can be removed easily from their victims . similar to other members of apocrita , wasps have a narrow petiole , or “waist , ” which attaches the abdomen to the
wasps have biting mouthparts and antennae with 12 or 13 segments . they are normally winged . in stinging species , only the females are provided with a formidable sting , which involves use of a modified ovipositor ( egg - laying structure ) for piercing and venom - producing glands . adult wasps may feed on nectar and , in some species , on the secretions produced by larvae . larvae of predatory wasp species typically feed on insects , while larvae of parasitic species feed on their hosts .
wasps are subdivided into two groups : solitary wasps , which live alone , and social wasps , which live in colonies . of the tens of thousands of species of wasps that have been described , the vast majority are solitary in habit . the social wasps are confined to about 1 , 000 species within the family
vespoidea ) and include the hornets and yellow jackets ( yellowjackets ) . they differ from other wasp families in having their wings folded longitudinally when at rest .
. most species build isolated nests , which they provision with paralyzed insects or spiders . the female wasp deposits an egg in each cell of the nest , and the wasp larva hatching from that egg feeds to maturity upon the food with which its cell has been provisioned . the vast majority of solitary wasps nest in the ground , digging tunnels in the soil in which to lay their eggs . but the
habits , with some nesting in wood , pithy plant stems , or in nests made of mud .
( pompilidae ) usually build nests in rotten wood or in rock crevices and provision them with spiders . the
potter , or mason , wasps ( subfamily eumeninae ) of the vespidae build nests of mud , which are sometimes vaselike or juglike and may be found attached to twigs or other objects .
learn about the tarantula hawk ( pepsis species ) , a type of large spider wasp that preys on tarantulas .
the social wasps within the family vespidae are among the best - known species of wasps . most of them belong to the subfamilies vespinae or
, a few drones ( males ) , and sterile females called workers . the queen , a fertilized female , begins the colony in the spring by building a small nest and laying eggs that hatch into workers . the latter enlarge the paperlike nest , which is composed of chewed dry plant material , usually wood , that has been mixed with saliva and regurgitated . the nest consists of one or more layers of cells that are arranged vertically with the openings downward . depending on the species , the nest may be found in cavities in the soil , in tree trunks , or hanging from leaves , branches , or the eaves of buildings .
, which are mostly black , with yellowish markings on the face , thorax , and the tip of the abdomen . the asian giant hornet (
) is the largest known hornet in the world , with some workers growing to nearly 4 cm ( 1 . 6 inches ) in body length and queens typically exceeding that size .
four major groups of solitary wasps are parasitic and do not construct nests . these are the
( family mutillidae ) in the superfamily vespoidea . cuckoo wasps are mostly brilliant metallic - green or - blue in colour and have intricate sculpturing on the
. they lay their eggs in the nests of solitary bees or wasps . the larvae hatching from those eggs feed on the bee or wasp larvae or on the food provisioned by the latter’s parents . the velvet ants have bodies clothed with long thick hair of contrasting colours , often black and red . the females are wingless and antlike in appearance . most of them are parasitic on the larvae and pupae of solitary bees and wasps . most species of tiphiid and scoliid wasps parasitize
chalcids , sawflies , wasps , and lesser - known types . except in the polar regions , they are abundant in most habitats , particularly in tropical and subtropical regions . …
few wasps feed their young pollen or nectar . yellow jackets , however , occurring occasionally in large numbers and visiting flowers for nectar for their own consumption , may assume local importance as pollinators . these insects prefer brownish - purple flowers with easily accessible nectar , such as those of…
…appears to resemble the female wasp of a particular species but also produces the pheromone released by the insect to attract males of the species . the male wasp effects pollination by pseudocopulation with the orchid flower . other insect pollinators include flies , butterflies ( see photograph ) , moths , and mosquitoes . many flowers pollinated…
…is that ant , bee , and wasp sisters share 75 percent of their genes through common ancestry , whereas they share only 50 percent of their genes with their own daughters . …
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the chinese jumping mouse ( eozapus setchuanus ) is a species of rodent in the family dipodidae .

it is monotypic within the genus eozapus .

it is endemic to china where its natural habitat is temperate forests , steppes and meadows in mountainous regions .

it is tolerant of some degree of habitat destruction , and the international union for conservation of nature has assessed its conservation status as being of " least concern " .

chinese jumping mouse

chinese fengshui golden art 8 jumping galloping horse . . . chinese fengshui golden art 8 jumping galloping horse . . .
western jumping mouse - zapus princeps j . a . allen , 1893 - details - encyclopedia of life
preble ' s meadow jumping mouse , zapus hudsonius preblei , is endangered ; the black hills meadow jumping mouse , z . hudsonius campestris , is vulnerable and z . hudsonius luteus is near threatened .
the woodland jumping mouse is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
dobrov v , neronov v . on the boundary between the palearctic and indo - malayan faunal regions on the chinese territory ( concerning the distribution of rodents )
vol . 26 . 2005 . structure of community of small mammals in wawushan natural reserve , sichuan province , china ; pp . 14–18 . in chinese .
chen wenjie still likes to call it a
jumping mouse
. he told xinhua that he has since released the creature .
in the southern parts of its range , the woodland jumping mouse is often restricted to mountain peaks ( 2 ) ( 5 ) .
is when they began to store up enough fat , and the greatest weight gain is noticed . overall the meadow jumping mouse is considered to be a
embed this arkive thumbnail link (
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arkive species - woodland jumping mouse ( napaeozapus insignis )
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brannon , m . p . ( 2005 ) distribution and microhabitat of the woodland jumping mouse , napaeozapus insignis , and the white - footed mouse , peromyscus leucopus , in the southern appalachians . southeastern naturalist , 4 ( 3 ) : 479 - 486 .
the woodland jumping mouse occurs at a range of elevations , from near sea level to around 2 , 000 metres in the appalachian mountains ( 2 ) ( 6 ) .
the food preference of the meadow jumping mouse consists of seeds , but they also eat berries , fruit and insects . usually right after emerging from hibernation they will eat the
stinson , n .
home range of the western jumping mouse , zapus princeps , in the colorado rocky mountains .
great basin naturalist 37 ( 1977 ) : 87–90
can leap . he states that it is capable of long leaps , short hops , and also it can creep through the grass on all fours without having to leap at all and without any difficulty at all . finally in 1935 , townsend was able to witness a leap of two feet , and many more studies afterwards and to the date have concluded that the meadow jumping mouse is capable of jumping anywhere from two to three feet depending on the situation . under certain lab - controlled conditions , the jumping mouse has been measured to jump a few inches longer than three feet . what is clear is that the meadow jumping mouse is capable of leaping a good sized distance compared to its body size . the initial leap of the jumping mouse when startled from a
like all lemurs , mouse lemurs inhabit the island of madagascar off the east coast of africa .
the woodland jumping mouse would benefit from further research into its abundance , the extent of its distribution , and the potential impacts of any threats on its populations ( 1 ) .
a man from northwest china ' s xinjiang uygur autonomous region has found a
jumping mouse
or dwarf three - toed jerboa , which is the smallest rodent in the world .
with elongated ankle bones and long toe bones make it possible for the mouse to leap and jump .
the mouse probably has a lifespan of two years but some individuals may live three or four years .
in 1947 a study was done to see what the jumping mouse preferred for food . for this study many caged jumping mice were fed forty species of plants representing 20 different families . they were also fed many different fruits , such as apples , pears , and also given grains such as oatmeal . to test if they would eat anything they were given , they were also fed prepared rat and mouse concentrate . twenty - eight species of insects , pertaining to ten different orders were collected and fed to the jumping mouse . all were partially or completely eaten except for
the woodland jumping mouse ( napaeozapus insignis ) is a species of jumping mouse found in north america . it can hop surprisingly long distances given its small size . the mouse is an extraordinary part of the rodent family . its scientific name in latin is napaeozapus insignis , meaning glen or wooded dell + big or strong feet + a distinguishing mark . this mammal can jump up to 3 m ( 9 . 8 ft ) when scared , using its extremely strong feet and long tail .
lasts until about mid april to may , with males and females emerging at about the same time with males emerging slightly earlier than females . from the time that the meadow jumping mouse goes into
western jumping mice are found throughout western canada and much of the western united states .
jones , g . s . & jones , d . b . ( 1985 ) .
observations of intraspecific behavior of meadow jumping mice , zapus hudsonius , and escape behaviour of a western jumping mouse , zapus princeps , in the wild
. canadian field naturalist 99 : 378–379 .
the most interesting characteristic of the meadow jumping mouse is its saltatorial powers . quimby states that there is large disagreement , dating back to 1899 , as to how high the jumping mouse can actually jump . in 1899 preble documented that the meadow jumping mouse can jump six to eight feet when disturbed , and in some instances it may be able to jump further . then in 1909 seton stated that it can creep through the grass without hopping , and then suddenly can leap out a distance of ten to twelve feet . later in 1926 bailey says that there are no standards as to how long or far
whitaker jr , j . o . ( 1963 ) food , habitat and parasites of the woodland jumping mouse in central new york . journal of mammalogy , 44 ( 3 ) : 316 - 321 .
between june and august . studies have shown that on average the jumping mouse has a litter during late spring after emergence and then again in later summer , with very little reproductive activity in mid summer .
although usually silent , the woodland jumping mouse may sometimes utter a low clicking or clucking sound , or squeal if disturbed . it may also drum its tail ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 6 ) .
, because the mouse is common and widespread , populations are considered stable , and no major threats exist at present .
davies , thomas ( 6 june 1797 ) .
an account of the jumping mouse of canada . dipus canadensis
. transactions of the linnean society 4 . london ( published 1798 ) . pp . 155–7 .
the jumping mouse is an excellent digger ; it usually burrows in a depression , and begins to dig horizontally with its front limbs , once inside it also uses its powerful hind feet to throw out the loose soil .
. the average litter size is said to be 5 . 3 young , but can range anywhere from two to nine young . the jumping mouse is capable of having two to three litters per year , with most litters
although it may use long leaps to escape danger , the woodland jumping mouse more often walks around on all fours when moving slowly , or uses short hops for greater speed ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . when escaping , it usually makes several leaps before stopping and remaining motionless under nearby cover ( 2 ) ( 4 ) . the woodland jumping mouse climbs well in bushes , but does not ascend trees ( 2 ) ( 3 ) .
like all jumping mice , the woodland jumping mouse has prominently grooved incisors ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) . this species is distinguished from jumping mice in the genus zapus by its white tail tip and by differences in its teeth , and from eozapus species by lacking a dark stripe on the belly ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) . across its range , the woodland jumping mouse varies in appearance , with northern populations generally being larger and paler than those in the south ( 2 ) ( 5 ) . some scientists have recognised up to five subspecies ( 2 ) .
the woodland jumping mouse is a common and widespread species and is not currently considered at risk of extinction . its populations are believed to be stable , and it is not facing any major threats at present ( 1 ) .
female meadow jumping mice provide all the care for their young , until they are weaned and independent .
there are no specific conservation measures currently known to be in place for the woodland jumping mouse . this colourful rodent occurs within a number of protected areas , but there are no conservation efforts targeting its specific needs ( 1 ) .
ovaska , k . and herman , t . b . ( 1988 ) life history characteristics and movements of the woodland jumping mouse , napaeozapus insignis , in nova scotia . canadian journal of zoology , 66 : 1752 - 1762 .
quimby , d . c . ( 1951 ) ,
the life history and ecology of the jumping mouse , zapus hudsonius
, ecological society of america 21 ( 1 ) : 61–95 , doi : 10 . 2307 / 1948646
cranford . j . a . ( 1978 ) .
hibernation in the western jumping mouse ( zapus princeps )
. journal of mammalogy 59 ( 3 ) : 496–509 . doi : 10 . 2307 / 1380226 . jstor 1380226 .
age class of specimens of the new mexico meadow jumping mouse ( zapus hudsonius luteus ) by date of capture for ( a ) valley populations and ( b ) montane populations . age class was determined by characteristics of the skull and dentition .
meadow jumping mice perceive their environment using their eyes , their ears , their nose , and their whiskers .
breeding season : the breeding season of meadow jumping mice occurs shortly after hibernation in late april or may .
. it is not easy to say which member of a given area prefers which insect but as a whole insects do compose an important part of the jumping mouse’s diet . by the time the study was concluded they could not say that any particular mouse from any given area preferred one type of food over another . however when the meadow jumping mice were fed plants , they consumed the only the seeds of some and the roots of others , but the plant itself usually stay intact .
a study conducted in southern gansu in 1996 recorded this species as occurring in previously unknown habitat ( dense shrubland ) , where it was characterized as not so rare ( giraudoux et al . 1998 ) . giraudoux et al . ( 1998 ) also indicate that this species is often recorded by chinese surveys conducted in forests within its range .
meadow jumping mice may eat grain , but numbers aren ' t generally high enough to have a substantial impact .
meadow jumping mice may eat grain , but numbers aren ' t generally high enough to have a large impact .
however , residential , agricultural and industrial development may reduce the habitat available to the woodland jumping mouse in some areas , particularly affecting suitable hibernation sites . in future , a more serious threat is likely to come from climate change , which could cause a decline in the southern populations of this species , which are already restricted to cooler environments at high elevations . climate change may also cause reduced winter snowfall , removing the insulating layer that the woodland jumping mouse needs to survive its hibernation period ( 1 ) .
specimen data used in the evaluation of the phenology of hibernation and reproduction in the new mexico meadow jumping mouse ( zapus hudsonius luteus ) . museums acronyms are defined in text . julian date is the date of capture . age class is described in text .
the meadow jumping mouse is a decent swimmer , it usually will jump in when retreating from danger , or it was noticed as well to jump in when being set free . its method of aquatic locomotion is very similar to its locomotion on land . at first it pushes off with long thrusts using only its hind feet simultaneously , mimicking its long jumps on land . afterwards , the jumping is followed by movement of all four limbs , in an almost doggy - paddle - like form , with its head held high above the water . the meadow jumping mouse is also capable of diving , and a maximum distance of four feet was recorded .
the woodland jumping mouse has rather coarse fur , due to a layer of stiff guard hairs ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) . its fur is quite bright , with yellow - orange to reddish - brown sides , sprinkled with dark hairs . the sides contrast with the brown to black back and top of the head , and with the pure white underparts . the tops of the feet are also white , while the tail is distinctly bi - coloured , being dark brown above and white below , with a white tip ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) . the ears of the woodland jumping mouse are of moderate size and are furred on the outside ( 6 ) . the female woodland jumping mouse is usually slightly larger than the male ( 2 ) .
the pacific jumping mouse is common within its range . population densities vary greatly , from three individuals per hectare in dry grassy areas , to 40 per hectare in mesic meadows where forbs are more abundant than grasses ( cranford 1999 , in wilson and reeder , 2005 ) .
brown , l . n . ( 1970 ) .
population dynamics of the western jumping mouse ( zapus princeps ) during a four - year study
. journal of mammalogy 51 ( 4 ) : 651–658 . doi : 10 . 2307 / 1378291 . jstor 1378291 .
meadow jumping mice are not currently threatened , although local populations may be affected by changes in land use and habitat destruction .
meadow jumping mice are not currently threatened , although some populations may be affected by changes in land use and habitat destruction .
orrock , j . l . , farley , d . and pagels , j . f . ( 2003 ) does fungus consumption by the woodland jumping mouse vary with habitat type or the abundance of other small mammals ? canadian journal of zoology , 81 : 753 - 756 .
in its hypopus stage does not feed on the mouse but simply ' hops a ride ' , and presumably drops off to reach adulthood in the nest .
as a species , the meadow jumping mouse is currently not threatened , and is very widespread and common throughout its range . thus , it is listed as a species of least concern on the iucn red list . however , three recognized subspecies are considered threatened by habitat destruction and overgrazing .
which have been spotted having meadow jumping mice either in their stomachs , or in their mouths . examples of such creatures are common
western jumping mice exhibit low predation by mammalian carnivores during hibernation . one of the reasons for this is that their hibernation chambers are hidden far beneath the layers of snow . also , jumping mice give off little odor during hibernation , making them difficult find .
western jumping mice can live as long as 6 years if they survive their first season of hibernation . half of all juveniles that enter their first winter hibernation will die . because western jumping mice hibernate they are only active for a short period each year .
mouse lemurs are forest dwellers that live in female - dominated groups of up to 15 animals . they spend most of their time in trees , and can move nimbly from branch to branch and tree to tree . mouse lemurs sleep aloft during the day and forage at night for insects , fruit , flowers , and other plants .
the only species in its genus ( 2 ) ( 3 ) , the woodland jumping mouse ( napaeozapus insignis ) is a small rodent with long hind feet and a distinctly long tail , which makes up more than half of its total length ( 2 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) . using the hind limbs for propulsion and the tail for balance , the woodland jumping mouse is able to make large leaps of up to three metres at a time ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) , although it more commonly moves with shorter hops ( 2 ) ( 3 ) .
the diet of the woodland jumping mouse includes a variety of fungi , seeds , caterpillars , beetles , nuts , fruits and other plant material ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) ( 8 ) . fungi often make up over a third of the diet ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ( 8 ) , with underground species such as those in the genus endogone being particularly important ( 2 ) ( 5 ) ( 8 ) ( 9 ) . the association of the woodland jumping mouse with cool , moist habitats may partly relate to the availability of this food source ( 7 ) .
so what’s the issue , then ? if you’re using a trackpad , the answer may be as simple as dirt , jewelry or a faulty third - party power supply . see portables and magic trackpad : jumpy or erratic trackpad operation . if you’re using an optical mouse , it could be that the surface the mouse is sitting on is causing the problem . try a different surface . you can also try a different input device if you’re using an external mouse or trackpad , as the device itself could be bad .
birch mice and jumping mice are small , mouse - like quadrupedal rodents with fairly long semi - prehensile tails . jumping mice hind limbs are moderately elongated , whereas birch mice have no elongation . jerboas are small to medium - sized bipedal , nocturnal rodents adapted to run fast in sparse vegetation . both birch and jumping mice have relatively small and narrow heads , and jerboas have relatively large heads with wide muzzles and flat snouts . jerboas also have big eyes , long vibrissa , and auricles that vary in size from relatively short among three - toed jerboas to extremely long in long - eared jerboa
mouse lemurs are protected from hunting , but they are still captured for the exotic pet trade . they are most threatened by loss of the limited woodland habitat of their madagascar home .
the woodland jumping mouse is most active at night , although it may also be active at dawn and dusk , especially in cloudy or rainy weather ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 6 ) . this species has a long hibernation , usually lasting from september or october until april or may . during the autumn , the woodland jumping mouse starts to accumulate extra body fat in preparation for hibernation , and will sometimes increase to one and a half times its spring weight ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 6 ) . no extra food is eaten over the winter months , so any individuals without sufficient fat reserves do not survive ( 1 ) . in the spring , male woodland jumping mice emerge a couple of weeks before the females ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 10 ) .
western jumping mice need high - energy foods to increase fat storage for their long hibernation periods . the main foods eaten by western jumping mice are arthropods , seeds and leaves . seeds are important in the fat deposition , however , arthropods may be a critical substitute when seeds are not available .
the meadow jumping mouse can range in length , from 180 mm to 240 mm , with its tail taking credit for most of its length , usually about 108 mm to 165 mm . a distinct characteristic about this species is its enlarged hind feet , which can be 28 to 35 mm long , and relatively short forelimbs . this gives it a
western jumping mice are important prey species for many predators in the ecosystems in which they live . they are also important as consumers of seeds and arthropods .
birch mice , jumping mice , and jerboas ( dipodidae ) .
grzimek ' s animal life encyclopedia . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken
meadow jumping mice may live in various habitats that have some low plant cover , but moist grassland is preferred and heavily wooded areas are avoided . grassy fields and thick vegetated areas bordering streams , ponds , or marshes generally have greater numbers of meadow jumping mice . it is possible that these mice prefer habitats with high humidity .
meadow jumping mice range in length from 180 to 240 mm , with the tail accounting for 108 to 165 mm . the hind feet are 28 to 35 mm long .
there are more than 20 species of mouse lemurs , and several have been identified only in recent years . this is a rarity in primate research , and illustrates just how much remains to be known about these fascinating animals .
percent of records by month for the new mexico meadow jumping mouse ( zapus hudsonius luteus ) based on museum specimens from low elevation valleys and montane populations . percent of records by month for bosque del apache national wildlife refuge ( valley , rio grande population ) is based on field data reported by najera ( 1994 ) and sr najera , pj zwank , & m cardenas ( 1994 , unpublished data ) .
meadow jumping mice are an important food source for many predators , and may play a role in spreading the seeds of some of the plants they eat . they have few parasites .
birch mice , jumping mice , and jerboas ( dipodidae ) .
grzimek ' s animal life encyclopedia . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken
the newborn woodland jumping mice are naked and blind and weigh just 0 . 9 grams . the young are fully furred by 24 days old and open their eyes at 26 days ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . weaning takes place by about 34 days old ( 3 ) . neither the male nor female woodland jumping mouse breed until after their first hibernation ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 10 ) . this species may live up to three or four years , but most individuals probably do not survive beyond one or two years ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) .
meadow jumping mice range in length from 180 to 240 mm , with the tail making up 108 to 165 mm of that length . the hind feet are 28 to 35 mm long .
jiang wei , researcher with the center for disease control and prevention in xinjiang , identified that it ' s not a mouse but a dwarf three - towed jerboa , a species of rodent which usually appears in the deserts of southern xinjiang .
most meadow jumping mice in the wild die in their first year ; about 9 % of those who live longer make it into their third year . maximum lifespan in captivity is five years .
as its common name suggests , the woodland jumping mouse is found primarily in wooded habitats . it prefers relatively cool , moist areas with dense vegetation , particularly in spruce - fir and hemlock - hardwood forests ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) ( 7 ) . this species is often found along streams or around bogs or swamps ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) .
latitude , longitude , elevation , temperature equivalent , and predicted date of first emergence of the meadow jumping mouse ( zapus hudsonius luteus ) from hibernation . the temperature equivalent is a relative measure of mean annual temperature that corrects locations for latitude and elevation according to approximate means in new mexico and a temperature lag rate of 0 . 56 °c per 1° latitude and 76 m elevation . the predicted date of first emergence is based on the regression equation in fig . 3 .
populations of pacific jumping mice appear secure , however , potential threats to long term viability exist . as with similar species , populations of pacific jumping mice are often greatly reduced by wildfires and prescribed burns , which are becoming increasingly common throughout its range . because of its reliance on mesic , montane habitats , this species may also be threatened by climate change . but overall there are no major threats to the species at present .
the mating season for the woodland jumping mouse starts at the beginning of summer ( may ) and ends at the end of summer ( august ) . females usually have 2 or more litters a year , each containing 1–12 juveniles . the female nurses the young while the male gets food to feed the young . the young first leave the nest after 16 days , leaving permanently after 34 days or less . about 90 % of young are eaten , every 1 out of 10 lives .
i am grateful to greg wright for his assistance and the many insightful discussions we have had about jumping mice . i thank scott wait of colorado parks and wildlife and jennifer l . zahratka for providing information about jumping mice at sambrito creek . i thank christina kenny for assistance creating the histograms . i thank fs dobson , an anonymous reviewer , and the academic editor , d kramer , for constructive suggestions that greatly improved the paper .
at banwr , najera ( 1994 see also zwank , najera & cardenas , 1997 ) caught jumping mice through september and until 22 october , although all were considered young of the year in these months except an adult female ( 24 . 0 g ) on 12 september and an adult male that weighed 32 . 0 g on 27 september and 35 . 0 g on 1 october , and was imminently ready for immergence ( table 3 ) . wright ( 2012 ) did not catch any jumping mice at banwr in september , but caught a 20 . 0 g young of the year female on 22 and 25 october . this jumping mouse was radio - collared and its last above ground movement was 26 october ( wright , 2012 ) . no jumping mice have been detected above ground at banwr between 27 october and 13 may , despite 1 , 740 trap - nights ( 1 trap - night = 1 trap set for 1 night ) by najera ( 1994 ) in march , april and november and an effort of 7 , 540 trap - nights during relatively warm spells throughout this period ( wright & frey , 2011 ; wright , 2012 ) .
to have eighteen teeth with a dental formula of : 1 / 1 , 0 / 0 , 1 / 0 , and 3 / 3 . the upper jaw is short , and narrow . the incisors are longitudinally grooved , and its cheek teeth are small . preceding the molars is a small peg - like premolar . as a whole the female jumping mouse is slightly larger , and heavier than the male , but their weight varies quite a bit depending on the season . their weight during summer seasons can range from 11 . 15 grams to 24 . 8 grams , with an average at about 16 to 19 grams . just prior to hibernation , jumping mice can obtain a weight of 35 grams or larger .
( quadrupedal hop ) . the jumping mouse can make three to four jumps without touching the substrate with their forelimbs . while the pygmy jerboa moves slowly with short hops , it also can touch the substrate with forelimbs . when it increases its speed , the hind feet work simultaneously , and the forelimbs never touch the substrate . pygmy jerboas cannot run long distances . when chased they demonstrate cryptic behavior and stretch out on the substrate in a shadow of small shrub or hollow . they never use shelter burrows to escape danger .
birch mice and jumping mice feed on fungus , nuts , berries , fruits , and arthropods . they , as well jerboas , do not store food . jerboas represent a diverse spectra of feeding adaptations from carnivory of euchoreutes naso and salpingotus kozlovi
the woodland jumping mouse occurs in the north - eastern united states and south - eastern canada . in canada , it has been recorded from southern labrador , south through quebec , and east through southern and central ontario , as far as manitoba . its range extends south through the north - eastern united states , along the appalachian mountains and as far south as northern georgia ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) . it is also found in northern michigan and northern wisconsin ( 1 ) ( 5 ) .
chen wenjie , a bird lover , discovered the jerboa when driving on a village road in hotan prefecture . under the car lamp , the hopping
mouse
with pig - like face and a body little big larger than a cap of bottled water , stopped in front of chen ' s car .
mass varies substantially with the season . summer weights range between 11 . 15 and 24 . 8 grams , averaging between 16 and 19 g . prior to hibernation , meadow jumping mice may attain weights up to , or greater than , 35 g .
meadow jumping mice make few sounds , except the squeaking of young . adults may call in clucks , chatter their teeth , and drum the ground with their tails . they have a keen sense of smell and probably use scent to communicate as well .
the timing of reproduction for western jumping mice varies from year to year . many females less than 2 years old do not breed . if they do breed it will usually occur later in the season and they produce smaller litter sizes than older females .
reproductive data for female meadow jumping mice ( zapus hudsonius luteus ) that were field - evaluated to be pregnant at bosque del apache national wildlife refuge , socorro county , new mexico , 2009–2010 ( wright , 2012 ; frey & wright , 2012 ) .
, but has been captured in the late evening of a cloudy moist day . this could be because they are coming out to feed a bit earlier because of the conditions , but for the most part all activities occur during the night . the jumping mouse is a docile creature when handled ; amongst its kind it is also pretty calm . there is very little territorial strife amongst them , but by no means are they social creatures . they are solitary animals , rarely if ever seen in pairs , but to contrast that , they are not aggressive towards each other either .
they subsist entirely on their fat reserves while dormant , and do not cache food ; a typical mouse may lose 25 % of its body weight during the eight to ten months of its hibernation . however , the hibernation is not continuous throughout this period , with the mice waking , on average , once every 38 days .
age of new mexico meadow jumping mice ( zapus hudsonius luteus ) by month captured in the middle rio grande valley at bosque del apache national wildlife refuge , socorro county , new mexico . the number of known pregnant females is indicated with a “p” in parentheses .
western jumping mice are found primarily in moist fields , thickets , and woodlands , especially where grasses , sedges , or other green plant cover is dense . they are also found in grassy edges of streams , ponds , and lakes , usually within 50 meters of water .
this small rodent builds a globular nest of dry grass and leaves , usually in an underground burrow , in a hollow log or fallen tree , or in a pile of brush ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) . burrows may be dug by the mouse itself , or taken over from another small animal . the entrance is concealed during the day ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . the breeding season of the woodland jumping mouse runs from may to early september , although births usually peak in june and august ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) . the gestation period is about 21 to 29 days ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 5 ) , and litter size ranges from 2 to 7 ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . females sometimes have two litters a year , particularly in more southerly populations ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 5 ) .
meadow jumping mice are recognized for their extremely long tails and long hind feet . small and slender , they differ from woodland jumping mice in that they do not have a white - tipped tail and are generally duller in color . adults have a dark or olive brown band on their back , which is paler in juveniles . the sides are a pale yellowish - brown , with black hairs lining them , and the underparts are white or buffy - white . the tail has few hairs , is dark brown on top and yellow - white on the bottom , and is longer than the body . the coat is short , thick , and mostly coarse . these mice undergo a yearly molt that usually starts after mid - june for adults or in august for the juveniles and lasts for about three weeks . meadow jumping mice have small and delicate forelimbs with four toes on each foot . the hind limbs are longer and have five toes . the bottoms of the feet are naked . the head is small and narrow , and the nose is short and pointed . meadow jumping mice are the only mammal with eighteen teeth .
the pygmy mouse lemur is the smallest primate in the world . its head and body are less than two and a half inches long , though its tail is a bit more than twice that length . these threatened nocturnal lemurs live in the dry forests of western madagascar and rarely leave the forests ' trees . little is known of these rare primates .
meadow jumping mice may live in various habitats that have some herbacious cover , but moist grassland is preferred and heavily wooded areas are avoided . grassy fields and thick vegetated areas bordering streams , ponds , or marshes generally support greater numbers . it is possible that these mice prefer habitats with high humidity .
mass varies quite a bit with the season . summer weights range between 11 . 15 and 24 . 8 grams , averaging between 16 and 19 g . before hibernation , meadow jumping mice may reach weights up to , or greater than , 35 g . females may sometimes be slightly larger and weigh more than males .
meadow jumping mice may be found throughout northern north america . they are found from the atlantic coast to the great plains in the united states , northward throughout the north eastern and north central states to the arctic tree - line of alaska and canada , and as far south as georgia , alabama , arizona , and new mexico .
western jumping mice resemble typical mice in appearance , but with long hind - feet and reduced forelimbs . they range from 22 to 25 cm ( 8 . 7 to 9 . 8 in ) in total length , including a tail 13 to 15 cm ( 5 . 1 to 5 . 9 in ) long , and weigh from 17 to 40 g ( 0 . 60 to 1 . 41 oz ) . the mouse has coarse , dark - greyish - brown fur over the upper body , with a broad yellow to red band along the flanks , and pale yellowish - white underparts . some individuals have white spots on the upper body , or on the tip of the tail . the two sexes are similar in appearance and size ; females have four pairs of
the woodland jumping mouse will live in either nests or burrows . the nests are usually found in hollow logs , under roots of trees or under rocks . the burrows can be found almost anywhere , although they are usually by a plant that can cover the entrance . their nests are made from soft grasses , reeds and leaves . the burrows usually have multiple chambers , each one dug for a different reason . there is usually a room filled with nesting materials such as grass , reeds and leaves , which is used for sleeping or hibernation . second , most mice have a room where they store and horde food for hibernation . and finally , there is , in most cases and room with some nesting material for mating , and where the juveniles will be nursed .
meadow jumping mice have very long tails and very large feet . they are most common in grassy or weedy fields , where they use runways made by other rodents . if they are frightened , they may creep away through the grass , or make a series of short jumps . they have to put on about six grams of fat in the fall , because they burn about a gram a month in their six months of hibernation . jumping mice have litters of 3 - 6 young after an 18 - day gestation period . most of the mice born late in the summer are not able to put on enough weight to survive hibernation . links : mammal species of the world click here for the american society of mammalogists species account
meadow jumping mice primarily eat seeds , but also feed on berries , fruit , and insects . grasses may be cut in sections to reach the seed heads . these mice may leave these piles of grass debris with rachis and glumes on the surface . in the spring , one half of the diet may consist of animal foods after emergence from hibernation . especially important are
birch and jumping mice and jerboas have little significance to humans . in a plague , some jerboas ( stylodipus telum and allactaga elater ) can be invoked into epizootic process . jerboas play a significant role in desert ecosystems . the density of most abundant species such as stylodipus telum , allactaga elater , or pygeretmus pumilio can reach 40–50 individuals per 2 . 5 acres ( 1 ha ) .
meadow jumping mice may be found throughout northern north america . they are found from the atlantic coast to the great plains in the united states , northward throughout the north eastern and north central states to the arctic tree - line of alaska and canada , and as far south as georgia , alabama , arizona , and new mexico . they have the widest known distribution of mice in the subfamily
western jumping mice mate soon after they emerge from hibernation , usually in june . their gestation period is approximately 18 days and they give birth to 3 to 9 young . a newborn weighs about 1 gram . they can have 2 or 3 litters per year but will usually have only one litter . young born too late in the year do not acquire sufficient fat reserves to survive hibernation .
these adaptable primates store fat in their tails and hind legs , burning it when forage is lean . they may store up to 35 percent of their body weight . female lesser mouse lemurs enter a dormant state during madagascar ' s dry season , from april or may to september or october . females are inactive during this time and may not leave their tree holes . during the same season , however , males are more active . they may be establishing breeding hierarchies for the coming mating season .
meadow jumping mice prefer a habitat which is high in humidity . although they may live in many different areas usually with high herbaceous cover , they prefer moist grasslands , and avoid heavily wooded areas . high numbers are usually found in grassy fields , and thick vegetated areas with streams , ponds , or marshes nearby . they prefer large open areas to thickly wooded areas . as was stated before they are found in large parts of the
activity season of male ( black bars ) and female ( white bars ) new mexico meadow jumping mice ( zapus hudsonius luteus ) from ( a ) valley populations and ( b ) montane populations , based on dates of capture recorded on museum specimen labels . julian date equivalents are 121 , 1 may ; 152 , 1 june ; 182 , 1 july ; 213 , 1 august ; 244 , 1 september ; 274 , 1 october ; 305 , 1 november .
banwr is the southernmost location for z . h . luteus along the rio grande and the lowest elevation location ( i . e . , highest temperature equivalent ) where the species is currently known to persist . field studies at banwr have revealed a sharp reduction in detectable above - ground activity of jumping mice during late summer . in 1991 and 1992 , najera ( 1994 ) caught jumping mice in june , july , september and october , but caught none 16 july–10 september , which included a sampling effort of 4 , 708 trap - nights in august ( najera , 1994 ) . in 2009 and 2010 , wright ( 2012 ) captured only a juvenile male on 16 august during a 30 july–17 august 2009 trapping period with an effort of 2 , 910 trap - nights and a 16 g male on 28 august during a 23 august–20 september 2010 trapping period with an effort of 4 , 320 trap - nights ( table 3 ) .
all groups of dipodidae are nocturnal rodents , although the birch mice and jumping mice can be active in the day time ( mostly in the morning or evening ) . jerboas are strictly nocturnal and sleep in individual burrows with the entrance closed by a soil plug during the daytime . pygmy jerboas build plugs with their tail , whereas all other jerboa species use the muzzle . only in spring is it possible to observe jerboas feeding in dusk before sunrise or immediately after sunset .
generalized schematic of the timing of key life history events for the new mexico meadow jumping mice ( zapus hudsonius luteus ) at ( a ) bosque del apache national wildlife refuge ( banwr ) , and ( b ) in montane populations . solid lines represent time frames documented by observation ; dashed lines represent time frames that are inferred based on timing of other observed events . asterisks indicate pregnant females captured at other valley locations ( sambrito creek and isleta ) that suggest a wider possible time frame for pregnancies at banwr .
najera ( 1994 ) and zwank , najera & cardenas ( 1997 ) suspected that breeding at banwr took place as late as august because they caught young of the year animals in october . however , this estimate of breeding date may be incorrect . the size range of jumping mice they caught in october was 15 . 0 to 24 . 5 g ( mean 18 . 5 g ) . these included a 15 . 5 g female on the last date ( 22 october ) jumping mice were caught . according to quimby ( 1951 ) , this female was approximately 70 days old and hence it had a back - calculated parturition date of 13 august and conception date of 23 july . thus , no breeding ( i . e . , conception ) is verified after july at banwr , though some females may not give birth until early august . similarly , at banwr males with scrotal testes were captured most frequently in june and july , with a smaller proportion in may ; none were found after july ( najera , 1994 ; wright , 2012 ) .
western jumping mice are common in meadows , streamsides , and marshes in northwestern mountains . they also occur in subalpine meadows , and are found at low densities in dry , low - elevation , grassy habitats . the mice have one litter per year . the young nurse for about a month , and after weaning have a month and a half to eat seeds and put on the fat they need to hibernate . their summer weight is 18 - 24 g ; just before hibernation , they can weigh up to 35 g . only about half the juveniles who enter hibernation survive the winter . links : mammal species of the world
western jumping mice have yellow sides with a dark band down the middle of their back . their belly is usually white , but can sometimes have a yellow tinge . the body length including the tail is 215 - 260 mm . they have a long tail ( 126 - 160 mm ) that is darker on the top than the bottom . males and females are similar in size and characteristics . weight ranges from 18 to 24 grams , but can reach up to 35 grams before they enter hibernation . the hind feet are very large with each foot measuring 28 - 34 mm and they can hop up to 2 m . each upper tooth row has 4 molariform teeth with the first reduced in size .
the earliest date of pregnancy recorded at banwr is a 21 . 5 g female was captured on 15 june 2014 that was confirmed pregnant through palpation of embryos and presence of enlarged nipples ( banwr , 2014 ) . two additional female jumping mice ( 23 . 5 g and 26 . 5 g ) were caught on 19 june and confirmed pregnant by palpation of fetuses , and presence of enlarged nipples and vulva ( banwr , 2014 ) . in addition , najera ( 1994 ) caught an 8 g juvenile male ( age 21–30 days according to quimby , 1951 ) on 31 july , that likely would have had been conceived 10–19 june ( najera , 1994 ) . given that there is a lag between conception and ability to detect pregnancy , pregnancies may occur as early as the first week of june at banwr .
on basis of observed patterns in phenology of hibernation and reproduction in other jumping mice , i expected for z . h . luteus that : ( 1 ) emergence from hibernation in spring will be later for higher latitudes and higher elevations due to overall cooler climate and hence cooler soil temperatures ; ( 2 ) immergence into hibernation will be later for lower latitudes and lower elevations due to longer growing seasons ; ( 3 ) the active interval will be shorter for montane populations as opposed to valley populations , and ( 4 ) the number of litters possible will be reduced for montane populations . i also report an apparent midsummer hiatus in above ground activity by z . h . luteus at bosque del apache national wildlife refuge ( banwr ) , which is the lowest elevation and warmest site known to be currently occupied by the taxon .
the breeding season of meadow jumping mice occurs shortly after hibernation in late april or may . males emerge from hibernation slightly before females and are ready to mate when the females emerge . within two weeks after emergence , most females are pregnant . pregnancy usually lasts about 18 days , but may be longer for females that are nursing young . a female may have 2 to 3 litters in a year . the average litter size is 5 . 3 , though the number of young ranges between 2 and 9 . in the north , most young are born and weaned between june and august . small and weighing about 0 . 8 g , the newborns are naked , pink , blind , clawless and deaf , but squeak loudly at birth . in the first week , their ears unfold , fur begins to cover their backs , and their claws appear . they begin crawling between the first and second weeks , and by the third week they can hop , creep , and hear . their front teeth have appeared , and they have tawny coats . by the end of the fourth week , the young have adult fur , and open eyes . weaned , they leave their mother between the 28th to 33rd day . those young females born during the spring may reproduce after two months .
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mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]
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