acanthinucella spirata is a species of predatory sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family muricidae , the murex snails or rock snails .

acanthinucella spirata

so it appears that in this ecosystem at least , the pieces are not interchangeable . the players in an ecosystem have a shared history . spot - bellied rock crabs , acanthinucella whelks , and olympia oysters have had a long time to work things out . the crabs have evolved an effective predatory strategy ; the whelks have evolved a well - founded fear of crabs .
to the native whelk acanthinucella , a crab is a crab . they avoid the exotic green crab as they do the native rock crab . when the green crabs are in the oyster beds , the whelks opt to feed on barnacles instead . but the oyster drills had evolved in a habitat free of competently predatory crabs . they were , as the researchers put it , naïve ; they had no idea how to react to a crab .
( of purpura spirata blainville , 1832 ) blainville h . m . d . de . ( 1832 ) . disposition méthodique des espèces récentes et fossiles des genres pourpre , ricinule , licorne et concholepas de m . de lamarck , et description des espèces nouvelles ou peu connues , faisant partie de la collection du muséum d ' histoire naturelle de paris . nouvelles annales du muséum d ' histoire naturelle . 1 : 189 - 263 , pls 9 - 12 . page ( s ) : 252 , pl . 12 fig . 8 [ details ]
( of acanthina spirata ( blainville , 1832 ) ) turgeon , d . ; quinn , j . f . ; bogan , a . e . ; coan , e . v . ; hochberg , f . g . ; lyons , w . g . ; mikkelsen , p . m . ; neves , r . j . ; roper , c . f . e . ; rosenberg , g . ; roth , b . ; scheltema , a . ; thompson , f . g . ; vecchione , m . ; williams , j . d . ( 1998 ) . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks . 2nd ed . american fisheries society special publication , 26 . american fisheries society : bethesda , md ( usa ) . isbn 1 - 888569 - 01 - 8 . ix , 526 + cd - rom pp . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 90 [ details ]
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microbes represent the most diverse and abundant group of organisms on this planet . they are also known to impact everything from organismal physiologies and metabolism to the functioning of ecological systems and biogeochemical processes . yet we still know very little about the microbial communities associated with marine invertebrate species . we have recently initiated a research project that will quantify ( i ) how the microbiomes of marine mollusks vary across large spatial and environmental gradients ( ii ) how such patterns have evolved and ( iii ) how they are affected by anthropogenic impacts such as coastal eutrophication and climate change .
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purpura lapilloides aurantia dall , w . h . , 1908 : s california , usa
turgeon , d . ; quinn , j . f . ; bogan , a . e . ; coan , e . v . ; hochberg , f . g . ; lyons , w . g . ; mikkelsen , p . m . ; neves , r . j . ; roper , c . f . e . ; rosenberg , g . ; roth , b . ; scheltema , a . ; thompson , f . g . ; vecchione , m . ; williams , j . d . ( 1998 ) . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks . 2nd ed . american fisheries society special publication , 26 . american fisheries society : bethesda , md ( usa ) . isbn 1 - 888569 - 01 - 8 . ix , 526 + cd - rom pp . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 90 [ details ]
jessie kai : acidic mucus… do native c . gracilis crabs care ? trait - mediated interaction between a native crab and an introduced sea slug
jennifer panlilio : size - based predation of cancer spp . on the invasive european green crab , c . maenas
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant no . 0453251 . any opinions , findings , and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author ( s ) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the national science foundation .
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crabs , whelks , and oysters : life in tomales bay’s food chain . category : columns from the berkeley daily planet
we’re surrounded by non - native plants and animals , most of which would qualify as what biologists and resource managers call invasive exotics . the thistles in your garden , the possum in your garage , the house sparrows nesting under your eaves , the argentine ants in your kitchen , the blue gum eucalyptus up the hill—all are invasives . san francisco bay has been called the world’s most invaded estuary , the adopted home of aquatic creatures native to the east coast , europe , asia , and elsewhere . many have displaced native species that filled a similar ecological niche .
you might wonder what difference that process makes in terms of overall ecosystem function . are exotic and native species interchangeable parts in the great machine ? what happens when one kind of ant or clam or shrub replaces another ?
it has become pretty clear that such substitutions can have far - reaching consequences . exotic species can change what ecologists call the trophic flow—the way nutrients travel from primary producer to secondary consumer to predator to scavenger - within natural systems . they can increase the frequency and intensity of wildfires . they can affect human health and livelihood .
some references call it the angular unicorn snail or spotted thorn drupe . the whelk in turn was preyed on by the spot - bellied rock crab ( cancer antennarius ) , which peels open the shells of its victims .
kimbro and his co - authors posit that the crabs are indirect benefactors of the oysters . on one hand , a large enough crab population will keep the whelks in check and reduce predation pressure on the tasty bivalves . on the other , the whelks have evolved anti - crab defensive behavior , namely avoiding areas - including oyster beds—where the rock crabs are likely to be .
enter the invasives . years ago , when the native oyster population had been depleted , growers introduced eastern oysters to supplement them . with the eastern oysters came another predatory whelk , the oyster drill ( urosalpinx cinerea ) . the founding oyster drills at tomales bay originated in long island sound . the european green crab ( carcinus maenas ) arrived in san francisco bay in 1989 and spread north to tomales . both the drill and the green crab can tolerate fresher water than their native counterparts and are more common in the inner portion of the bay , near creek outflows .
that would make the drills easy pickings for the rock crabs . but the green crabs were another story . they’re more generalist feeders , augmenting their mollusk diet with seaworms and algae . instead of peeling off the shells of their prey , they use their claws to crush them . this works for juvenile whelks of both species , but not for adults . once a whelk grows large enough , green crabs are no longer a threat .
the naïve oyster drills , then , are not deterred from preying on oysters by crab avoidance . the rock crabs could potentially control them , but where the green crabs have replaced the native rock crabs , the top - down pressure is off and the oysters bear the brunt . the effect of removing a top tidal - zone predator in tomales bay is similar to what happens on land when , say , coyotes are killed off and foxes , freed from their own predator , wipe out ground - nesting birds .
switch whelks and the oyster beds are no longer a no - go zone . switch crabs and you get a top predator that’s incapable of controlling the lesser predator ; to paraphrase marx , the big bully is no longer picking on the little bully . ( groucho in night at the opera , that is . ) either of those changes is bad news for the oysters , and for anyone who’s trying to raise them .
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andrew v . suarez , neil d . tsutsui ; the value of museum collections for research and society , bioscience , volume 54 , issue 1 , 1 january 2004 , pages 66–74 , urltoken ; 2
the strongest link between museum collections and national security is probably in the realm of public health and safety . collections are often used to track the history of infectious diseases and identify their sources or reservoirs . the most obvious examples are collections of known viruses and bacteria that are stored for comparison with emerging infections . for example , researchers from the centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ) compared isolates from the 2001 anthrax attack in the united states with stored specimens collected from the 1960s and 1970s to differentiate and identify the strain used ( hoffmaster et al . 2002 ) .
the enormity of the 1918 influenza outbreak is difficult to comprehend by today ' s standards : 20 million to 40 million people were killed worldwide , including 675 , 000 people in the united states ( crosby 1989 ) . at its peak , people were dying at a rate of more than 10 , 000 per week in some american cities ( crosby 1989 ) . how can we protect ourselves from such devastating pandemics in the future ? one of the most important steps is to identify the origin and causes of previous pandemics .
in 1993 , a mysterious pulmonary syndrome appeared in the southwestern united states , killing 70 percent of afflicted individuals . the causative agent was quickly identified as a hantavirus , but its origin remained less certain . although the virus had been found in deer mice in the southwest before the human outbreak , little was known about its abundance in natural populations or the causes for its sudden jump into human populations ( yates et al . 2002 ) . some citizens expressed concern that the new human infections might be linked to military weapons testing at nearby fort wingate ( horgan 1993 ) .
the financial impact of agricultural pests is enormous : in the united states , arthropod crop pests cost growers over $ 14 billion per year , and arthropod pests of lawns , gardens , and golf courses add another $ 1 . 5 billion to this figure ( pimentel et al . 2000 ) . deliberate introductions of highly damaging species could lead to a frightening jump in agricultural damage , agricultural costs , and lost revenue . these potential costs , coupled with the vulnerability of agricultural resources , have led to a recent appreciation of the threat posed by agricultural bioterrorism ( gewin 2003 , nrc 2003 ) .
natural history collections have long been indispensable resources for studies of earth ' s biodiversity , and the need to maintain them has recently taken on greater urgency ( davis 1996 , ponder et al . 2001 ) . museums offer a unique perspective , providing data over a vast time span ranging from millions of years ago ( paleontological collections ) to the present . three broad areas of study related to species decline and the loss of biodiversity have become crisis disciplines and depend heavily on the baseline information that museum collections offer : species ' response to habitat loss and fragmentation , biological invasions , and the consequences of global climate change .
there is widespread agreement that global climate change threatens the survival of ecological communities and individual species , including humans ( hughes 2000 , ipcc 2001 , mccarty 2001 , walther et al . 2002 ) . by examining museum specimens , researchers have documented the effects of climate change on a variety of organisms and furnished a glimpse of future impacts . the contributions of these studies fall primarily into two categories : ones that document changes in the distribution of species through time ( including their extinction ) and ones that document changes in the biology of particular species in response to climate changes .
museum collections have also shown that the effects of global warming have altered the biology of some species . for example , dunn and winkler ( 1999 ) examined 3450 nest records of tree swallows ( tachycineta bicolor ) in north america ( from a survey of over 21 , 000 nest record cards in museums , universities , and ornithological societies ) and found that the egg - laying date advanced by about 9 days between 1959 and 1991 , most likely as a result of higher air temperatures during the spring breeding season .
the use of museum collections is so widespread , and the scope of research they benefit is so varied , that it would be impossible to review even a small fraction of individual cases . only by considering the frequency with which museums are used can their vast contributions to the biological sciences be properly appreciated ( tables 1 , 2 ) .
scientists often travel to museums to use their collections , and museums loan many specimens to interested researchers ( table 1 ) . for example , in 2002 , the entomology department of the smithsonian institution ' s national museum of natural history hosted 266 visitors , for a total of 3663 visitor days ( scott miller , smithsonian institution , washington , dc , personal communication , 10 february 2003 ) . between 1976 and 1986 , the smithsonian ' s entomological collection loaned , on average , over 100 , 000 specimens each year ( miller 1991 ) . the california academy of sciences ' entomological collection currently has about 750 , 000 specimens on loan to over 40 countries ( norman penny , california academy of sciences , san francisco , personal communication , 4 april 2003 ) .
the knowledge disseminated by the curators of these museums is immense and often stems from the reference collections themselves . for example , one curator ( philip s . ward ) from one museum ( bohart museum , university of california–davis ) studying one family of insects ( formicidae—ants ) typically identifies 3000 to 4000 specimens each year for other institutions ( philip s . ward , university of california–davis , personal communication , 9 january 2003 ) . when extrapolated across curators of all museums in the united states , how many hundreds of thousands of such identifications are made each year ?
museums save time and money . first , as centralized storehouses of reference material , museums act as “biological libraries”—sites of accumulated knowledge and resources that eliminate the need for costly , time - consuming ( and sometimes dangerous ) fieldwork . given the costs of traveling to remote locales to collect specimens , it is easy to believe that museum collections save the scientific community many millions of dollars , a savings that is passed on to citizens whose tax dollars often support scientific research .
second , as with literary libraries , museums eliminate the wastefulness of duplication and redundancy . just as a library liberates borrowers from the expense of purchasing every book they wish to read , museums free researchers from the time and expense of curating all the specimens necessary for a functional reference collection . although a fiscal analysis of the savings achieved by the nation ' s biological collections is not available , a comparison with other collections provides an insightful approximation . the us library of congress , which curates a large collection of reading material , saves the nation ' s libraries $ 268 million a year by cataloging more than 250 , 000 books and serials annually and supplying the bibliographic record ( librarian of congress 2000 ) .
how can the survival of these assets and the untapped knowledge they contain be guaranteed ? first , these collections must be well curated and maintained , which will require a commitment to support and train taxonomists and to maintain modern facilities . second , the benefit of these collections to society must be maximized by stepping up the rate at which this information is entered in databases and made accessible .
we would like to thank colin favret , dina fonseca , richard grosberg , penny gullan , scott miller , craig moritz , norman penny , george roderick , ted schultz , david wake , phil ward , and two anonymous reviewers for support and insightful discussion . we would also like to thank chip clark for providing the wonderful images that accompany this article . financial support was provided by the university of california–davis , center for population biology ( n . d . t . ) , and the miller institute for basic research in science ( a . v . s . ) .
table 1 . examples of some of the largest entomological collections in the united states , including approximate collection size ( number of processed specimens ) and a yearly estimate of loaned material .
table 2 . the number of articles from some leading journals that relied on museums for support and data .
ornithologist roxie laybourne amid the bird collection at the national museum of natural history ( smithsonian institution ) . photograph : chip clark .
egg collections such as these from the national museum of natural history ( smithsonian institution ) have provided insight into the effects of toxin accumulation in the environment ( ratcliffe 1967 , hickey and anderson 1968 ) . photograph : chip clark .
museum collections of small mammals have been used to identify reservoirs of hantavirus ( yates et al . 2002 ) , reconstruct community structure in relation to habitat modification ( pergams and nyberg 2001 ) , and even build a predictive framework for crop pests ( sanchez - cordero and martinez - meyer 2000 ) . photograph : chip clark .
a section of the fish collection at the national museum of natural history ( smithsonian institution ) . stored specimens such as these have allowed scientists to reconstruct the history of contaminants ( such as mercury ) in our food supply ( e . g . , barber et al . 1972 , miller et al . 1972 ) . photograph : chip clark .
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the geelvink imperial pigeon ( ducula geelvinkiana ) is a bird in the family columbidae formerly considered conspecific with the spice imperial pigeon ( ducula myristicivora ) .

it is endemic to the islands of biak , numfoor and mios num in the indonesian province of papua .

geelvink imperial pigeon

islands of numfor , biak and mios num , in geelvink bay ( nw new guinea ) .
del hoyo , j . , collar , n . , kirwan , g . m . & garcia , e . f . j . ( 2018 ) . geelvink imperial - pigeon ( ducula geelvinkiana ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
not globally threatened . common on islands in geelvink bay . presence on nearby mainland ( see movements ) , whether as a wanderer or , presumably scarce , resident remains to be . . .
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del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
ducula myristicivora and d . geelvinkiana ( del hoyo and collar 2014 ) were previously lumped as d . myristicivora following sibley and monroe ( 1990 , 1993 ) .
justification : although this species may have a restricted range , it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population size has not been quantified , but the species is reported to be common ( del hoyo et al . 1997 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .
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hitherto considered conspecific with d . myristicivora , but differs on account of its lack of black knob on bill ( 3 ) ; lack of pale vinous wash on hindneck ( 2 ) ; yellow iris , based on photographic evidence ( at least 2 ) ; darker grey head , breast and mantle , with dirtier , darker lower underparts ( ns [ 1 ] ) ; greener - glossed vs bluer - glossed rump ( inconstant character ; entire upperparts of geelvinkiana tend to be more strongly green [ ns ] ) ; smaller size ( wing length effect size –1 . 636 ; score 1 ) . also closely related to d . rubricera ; a close relationship with d . concinna has also been suggested . monotypic .
( see taxonomy comments ) but smaller ( wing 227–232 mm , versus 257–260 mm ) . lacks pink on hindcrown , ear - coverts . . .
advertising call a medium - pitched , coarse “crwwooo” repeated incessantly at rate of one per second . . .
occurs in forest of all types , including secondary and logged areas , from sea - level to 500 m .
no information available , although presumably exclusively frugivorous , gathering at fruiting trees , usually alone or in pairs .
probably mainly resident , but there is at least one mainland record , from hill forests at c . 400 m . . .
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although this species may have a restricted range , it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : ducula geelvinkiana . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
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bucculatrix solidaginiella is a moth in the bucculatricidae family .

it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from florida , louisiana , maine , missouri , new jersey , mississippi and ohio .

the wingspan is 11-12.5 mm .

the hindwings are brownish ocherous .

the larvae feed on solidago species .

they feed in the growing tips of young shoots of their host plant , destroying the terminal bud , but barely boring into the tip of the stem .

pupation takes place in a white cocoon .

bucculatrix solidaginiella

most authors recognize just a single large genus , bucculatrix , although two australian species , cryphioxena notosema and the scribbly gum moth ( ogmograptis scribula ) are sometimes placed in this family rather than in elachistidae .
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hodges , r . w . et al . , eds . 1983 . check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico . e . w . classey limited and the wedge entomological research foundation , london . 284 pp .
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ridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
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a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .
the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .
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bucculatricidae or ( bucculatrigidae ) is a family of moths . this small family has representatives in all parts of the world . some authors place the group as a subfamily of the family lyonetiidae .
adults of this family are easily overlooked , being very small with narrow wings wrapped around the body at rest . when small , the larvae are leaf - miners , forming distinctive brown blotches on leaves . when larger , they usually feed on the leaves externally . many species have specific host plants . the pupal cases have distinctive longitudinal ridges , leading to members of the family commonly being called ribbed cocoon makers .
this article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 11 / 10 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .
the wingspan is about 7 . 5 mm . the forewings are white , sparsely dusted with pale ocherous - tipped scales . the markings are formed by groups of ocherous and black - tipped ocherous scales . the hindwings are silvery , faintly ocherous tinged .
the wingspan is 22–25 mm . the head is pale yellow - ocherous . the antennae are pale ocherous . the thorax and abdomen are pale yellowish - ocherous . the forewings are light brownish - ocherous , often more or less suffused with whitish - ocherous . the hindwings are gray .
the wingspan is about . the head is light yellow - ocherous sprinkled with whitish . the antennae are whitish - ocherous , with a dark fuscous line above . the thorax is brownish - ocherous sprinkled with whitish and the abdomen is whitish - ocherous , faintly streaked with brownish . the forewings are brownish - ocherous , slightly sprinkled with whitish , although the dorsal half is suffused with pale whitish - ocherous from the base to the cleft . the hindwings are ferruginous - fuscous .
the wingspan is 7–8 mm . the forewings are pale ocherous to dark brownish ocherous , with brilliant silvery marks . the hindwings are pale brownish or reddish ocherous to dark fuscous . adults have been recorded on wing from june to july .
the wingspan is 11 - 12 . 5 mm . the forewings are white , marked with pale ocherous to brownish ocherous . the hindwings are brownish ocherous . adults are on wing from april to august .
the wingspan is 5–6 mm . the forewings are ocherous white with brownish ocherous patches . the hindwings are grey .
the wingspan is 6 . 5 mm . the forewings are whitish with a slight ocherous tinge and dusted with scattered brownish ocherous scales . the hindwings are pale greyish , faintly ocherous tinged . adults have been recorded on wing in july .
the wingspan is about 9 mm . the forewings are pale straw - colour , the marks formed by ocherous brown - tipped scales . the hindwings are pale greyish ocherous , somewhat irrorated .
the wingspan is 14 mm . the forewings are white with ocherous - fuscous . the hindwings are pale brownish ocherous . adults have been recorded on wing in may .
the wingspan is 9 . 5–12 mm . the forewings are white , with scattered minute brown - tipped pale ocherous scales . the hindwings are white or whitish ocherous .


thalpomys is a genus of south american rodents in the tribe akodontini of family cricetidae .

two species are known , both found in the cerrado tropical savanna ecoregion of central brazil .

they are as follows : cerrado mouse ( thalpomys cerradensis ) hairy-eared cerrado mouse ( thalpomys lasiotis )

thalpomys

kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name
karvakorvahiiru
to
thalpomys lasiotis thomas , 1916
.
thalpomys lasiotis type specimen belongs to the genus bolomys , the correct name for this species should be t . reinhardti ( bonvicino and marinho - filho pers . comm . ) .
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mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]
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i thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , ©2005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352
wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of
information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
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this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
a uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all
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wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
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marinho filho , j . , bonvicino , c . r . & vieira , e .
justification : this species is listed as least concern in because of its wide distribution , presumed large population , occurrence in a number of protected areas , tolerance to some degree of habitat modification , and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category .
this species is confined to the cerrado of central brazil ( musser and carleton 2005 ) .
this species occurs in a wide range of habitat , including open grasslands , cerrado , and wet grasslands ( marinho - filho pers . comm . ) .
although habitat destruction is occurring , it is not considered a major threat to this species ( marinho - filho pers . comm . ) .
marinho filho , j . , bonvicino , c . r . & vieira , e . 2017 .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
justification : this species is listed as least concern , although the species is not abundant and is patchy within its wide distribution , it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .
this species is confined to the cerrado of central brazil ( eisenberg and redford 1999 ) .
the species is very difficult to capture in surveys , although it is commonly found in owl pellets ( bonvicino and marinho - filho pers . comm . ) . the species is rare relative to other species in the genus ( marinho - filho pers . comm . ) .
this rodent occurs in open grasslands areas , in campo cerrado transition zones ( marinho - filho pers . comm . ) . its distribution is patchy .
some populations are threatened by habitat destruction and fragmentation ( marinho - filho pers . comm . ) .
we thank to the programa de pós - graduação em ecologia , coordenação de aperfeiçoamento de pessoal de nível superior ( capes ) and the conselho nacional de desenvolvimento científico e tecnológico ( cnpq ) for the graduate scholarships to rs and crr ; cnpq also provided a research grant to jmf and undergraduate scholarships to the people who helped in the field : marina de carvalho , leonardo gomes , leonardo henriques , and david cho . we also thank the fundação de empreendimentos científicos e tecnológicos ( finatec ) for the funding and the personnel at águas emendadas ecological station for their help with capture licenses .
alho cjr ( 2005 ) intergradation of habitats on non - volant small mammals in the patchy cerrado landscape . arq museu nac rio janeiro 63 : 41–48
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colli gr , bastos rp , araújo ab ( 2002 ) the character and dynamics of the cerrado herpetofauna . in : oliveira ps , marquis rj ( eds ) the cerrados of brazil . ecology and natural history of a neotropical savanna . columbia university press , new york , pp 266–284
d’élia g ( 2003 ) phylogenetics of sigmodontinae ( rodentia , muroidea , cricetidae ) , with special reference to the akodont group , and with additional comments on historical biogeography . cladistics 19 : 307–323
dietz jm ( 1983 ) notes on the natural history of some small mammals in central brazil . j mammal 64 : 521–523 . doi :
eisenberg jf , redford kh ( 1999 ) mammals of the neotropics . the northern neotropics , the central neotropics ecuador , peru , bolivia , brazil . university of chicago press , chicago
eiten g ( 1972 ) the cerrrado vegetation of brazil . bot rev 38 : 271–292 . doi :
fernandez fas ( 1995 ) métodos para estimativas de parâmetros populacionais por captura , marcação e recaptura . in : perez - neto pr , valentin jl , fernandez fas ( eds ) oecologia brasiliensis , vol 2 . tópicos em tratamento de dados biológicos , rio de janeiro , pp 01–26
( rodentia : muridae ) in an amazonian savanna . j trop ecol 11 : 419–428 . doi :
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( sigmodontinae , cricetidae ) with description of a new species . j nat hist 24 : 763–783 . doi :
jaksic fm ( 1986 ) predation upon small mammals in shrublands and grasslands of southern south america : ecological correlates and presumable consequences . rev chil hist nat 59 : 201–221
krebs cj ( 1999 ) ecological methodology , 2nd edn . addison weasley longman , ny , usa , p 605
lacher te jr , mares ma , alho cjr ( 1989 ) the structure of a small mammal community in a central brazilian savanna . in : eisenberg jf , redford kh ( eds ) advances in neotropical mammalogy . sandhill crane press , gainesville , pp 137–162
lidicker wz jr ( 1975 ) the role of dispersal in the demography of small mammals . in : golley f , pretrusewicz k , ryskowski l ( eds ) small mammals : their productivity and population dynamics . cambridge university press , cambridge , pp 104–120
lima jefw , silva em ( 2008 ) hidrografia . in : fonseca fo ( ed ) águas emendadas . seduma , brasília , pp 110–116
maia jmf , baptista gmm ( 2008 ) clima . in : fonseca fo ( ed ) águas emendadas . seduma , brasília , pp 101–109
( rodentia : muridae ) in an amazonian savanna . j trop ecol 11 : 179–188 . doi :
mares ma , braun jk , gettinger d ( 1989 ) observations on the distributions and ecology of the mammals of the cerrado grasslands of central brazil . ann carnegie mus 58 : 1–60
marinho - filho js , rodrigues fhg , juarez km ( 2002 ) the cerrado mammals : diversity , ecology , and natural history . in : oliveira ps , marquis rj ( eds ) the cerrados of brazil . ecology and natural history of a neotropical savanna . columbia university press , new york , pp 266–284
( rodentia : cricetidae ) in southern chile . j anim ecol 55 : 281–293 . doi :
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o’connell m ( 1989 ) population dynamics of neotropical small mammals in seasonal habitats . j mammal 70 : 532–548 . doi :
oliveira - filho at ( 1992 ) floodplain “murundus” of central brazil : evidence for the termite - origin hypothesis . j trop ecol 8 : 1–19
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silveira l ( 2004 ) ecologia comparada e conservação da onça - pintada ( panthera onca ) e onça - parda ( puma concolor ) no cerrado e pantanal . 235 p . phd thesis , universidade de brasília , brasília
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vieira mv ( 1997 ) dynamics of a rodent assemblage in a cerrado of southeast brazil . rev bras biol 57 : 99–107
vieira em , baumgarten lc ( 1995 ) daily activity patterns of small mammals in a cerrado area from central brazil . j trop ecol 11 : 255–262 . doi :
white gc , garrot ra ( 1990 ) analysis of wildlife radio - tracking data . academic , new york , p 383
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wolda h ( 1980 ) seasonality of tropical insects . i . leafhoppers ( homoptera ) in las cumbres , panama . j anim ecol 49 : 277–290
langguth , 1975 ( rodentia , cricetidae ) . rev bras genética 10 : 199–208
zar jh ( 1999 ) biostatistical analysis , 4th edn . prentice hall , upper saddle river , new jersey , p 663
ribeiro , r . , rocha , c . r . & marinho - filho , j . acta theriol ( 2011 ) 56 : 275 . urltoken
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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musser , guy g . , and michael d . carleton / wilson , don e . , and deeann m . reeder , eds .
mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vol . 2
mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 2nd ed . , 3rd printing
with contributions by bernadette n . graham , adam p . potter , and mariana m . upmeyer
comments : akodontini . recognized as a genus , as initially diagnosed , by gyldenstolpe ( 1932 ) ; reclassified as a subgenus of akodon by ellerman ( 1941 ) and so observed by cabrera ( 1961 ) , or considered a subjective synonym of bolomys ( reig , 1987 ) . see hershkovitz ( 1990a ) for availability of genus - group name , its differentiating characters from typical akodon , and definition of included species
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
this species is confined to the cerrado of central brazil ( musser and carleton , 2005 ) .
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trematocara kufferathi is a species of cichlid endemic to lake tanganyika .

this species can reach a length of 6.8 centimetres ( 2.7 in ) tl .

trematocara kufferathi

maréchal , c . and m . poll , 1991 . trematocara . p . 511 - 514 . in j . daget , j . - p . gosse , g . g . teugels and d . f . e . thys van den audenaerde ( eds . ) check - list of the freshwater fishes of africa ( cloffa ) . isnb , brussels ; mrac , tervuren ; and orstom , paris . vol . 4 . ( ref . 5708 )
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gland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .
the value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .
a recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .
greek , trematos = hole + greek , kara = head , face ( ref . 45335 )
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 6 . 8 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5708 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5020 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00389 ( 0 . 00180 - 0 . 00842 ) , b = 3 . 12 ( 2 . 94 - 3 . 30 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 2 ±0 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 10 of 100 ) .
: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in
: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in
pronunciation : refer to our pronunciation key for an explanation of the phonetic symbols .
habitat : this is the primary location where the cichlid is found and is a generalization . this does not mean a fish cannot be found in other habitats .
diet : many cichlids specialize in eating one type of food ; notwithstanding , some of these specialized feeders are flexible and can be opportunistic feeders .
temperament : this describes the overall demeanor of a cichlid toward other tankmates that are of a different species . consider that there is variability in temperament due to various factors , including aquarium size , tankmates of similar appearance , stocking levels , and order of introduction . there may even be some variability among individual specimens .
conspecific temperament : this describes the overall demeanor of a cichlid toward other tank - mates of the same species . consider that there is variability in temperament due to such factors as aquarium size , stocking levels and order of introduction . there may even be some variability among individual specimens .
maximum size : this is in regards to total length ( including the tail ) of typical aquarium specimens . wild specimens may not attain this size , or may in fact grow larger than aquarium raised individuals due to various factors . also consider that this is the typical maximum size and there are exceptional individuals that will exceed it .
difficulty : this measure is a relative value , comparing a single species against all other cichlids . this only accounts for maintanence in the aquarium and not breeding considerations . 1 = easy and forgiving , 5 = extremely challenging .
snoeks , j . ( freshwater fish red list authority ) & darwall , w . ( freshwater biodiversity assessment programme )
justification : endemic to lake tanganyika where it is thought to be widespread with no major widespread threats identified .
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .