the rock bunting ( emberiza cia ) is a passerine bird in the bunting family emberizidae , a group now separated by most modern authors from the finches , fringillidae .

the genus name emberiza is from old german embritz , a bunting .

the specific cia is from a local italian name for this bird , from zirlare , " to chirp " .

rock bunting

discovering alpine birds : here rock bunting , here rock bunting , come on . . .
rock bunting , emberiza cia , linnaeus , 1766 , also known as the western rock bunting , eurasian rock bunting or european rock bunting , or as the meadow rock bunting , photographed ríospaso in the principality of asturias , spain ( europe ) .
first rock bunting photo - sun playing havoc with my photo success . . .
rock bunting ( emberiza cia ) is a species of bird in the emberizidae family .
high - pitched rock bunting song with insects , flies and some bird calls in the background .
on my way to looking for the rock buntings [ kill two metaphoric birds with one stone ] . as i was about to enter the ehnbachklamm ( a very tight little gorge ) , i heard my first rock bunting singing in the trees above me .
the corn bunting can be seen all year round - they form flocks in the winter .
cinnamon - breasted bunting , kruger national park , south africa . [ photo trevor hardaker © ]
atuo , f . a . & manu , s . 2013 . territory size and habitat selection of cinnamon - breasted rock bunting emberiza tahapisi in nigeria . ostrich 84 ( 1 ) : 71 - 78 .
is the call on this file of the rockbunting ? i am not shure because there where some other birds like black redstart , goldfinch , common linnet , cirl bunting , i also did see some rock buntings .
although the rock bunting is not especially shy , it lives quite secretively and is easily overlooked . the sharp tsi calls give away its presence but the birds are not easy to locate . the rock bunting loves warm and rocky terrain and occurs mainly in climatically favoured areas in switzerland , where it almost reaches the northern limit of its area of distribution . its main range is in the mediterranean area , in the middle east and in central asia .
rock buntings are resident birds but they are altitudinal migrants , moving to lower levels of mountain sides when it snows .
cinnamon - breasted bunting , hammanskraal , south africa . [ photo peet van schalkwyk © , see also urltoken ]
song , normally from rock or top of tree , a melodic verse with sudden scale changes , and sometimes . . .
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spp . ) , their principal food in most areas . the gyrfalcon is a ptarmigan specialist and its breeding distribution is strikingly similar to that of the rock ptarmigan (
so i headed back down the hill and up the other side of the gorge , towards martinswand and the zirler steinbruch ( quarry ) . it did not take me long to find the next pair to rock buntings , doing just what rock buntings do : sitting on a dead tree , right on a cliff , singing . wonderful .
during the breeding season , the socotra bunting is found in the highland areas of the island , between elevations of 700 and 1 , 200 metres , where it inhabits rocky , grassy slopes and meadows with scattered trees and bushes . in the non - breeding season the bunting migrates down to the flat coastal plains at sea - level ( 2 ) .
this species breeds on steep , boulder - strewn or rocky mountain slopes just above tree line or in glades and alpine meadows just below tree line , although they can be found in coastal regions all the way down to sea level . they can also be identified on the basis of their song . this video captures a male rock bunting singing from a bush :
15–16·5 cm ; 17–29 g . fairly large bunting , with proportionately short wing and long tail . male nominate race in fresh plumage has pale ash - greyish head , . . .
monogamous solitary nester , building a shallow cup of grass , rootlets and fine twigs on a foundation of large twigs , neatly lined with fine grass and rootlets . it is typically placed in a shallow depression in the ground at the base of a grass tuft or rock , on an earthen bank , in a crevice in a small rock face or among scattered rocks in a hollow .
response : this is an adult male rock bunting , emberiza cia , a member of the species - rich passerine family , emberizidae , or sparrows and buntings . in europe , the emberizids are mostly known as buntings whereas they are mostly known as sparrows in the americas , despite the fact that they are only distantly related to the old world sparrows ( family : passeridae ) .
copete , j . l . ( 2018 ) . rock bunting ( emberiza cia ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
breeding in the varied bunting also depends on rainfall . in arizona , when summer rains are delayed , nesting may not begin until august . eggs are polymorphic in color among populations , a rare phenomenon in passerine birds .
wright , d . & jones , p . 2005 . population densities and habitat associations of the range - restricted rock firefinch lagonosticta sanguinodorsalis on the jos plateau , nigeria . bird conservation international 15 ( 3 ) : 287 - 295 .
brandt , m . s . & cresswell , w . 2008 . breeding behaviour , home range and habitat selection in rock firefinches lagonosticta sanguinodorsalis , between the wet and the dry season in central nigeria . ibis 150 : 495 - 507 .
heading out towards the kaiser max grotte ( a cave overlooking innsbruck in the martinswand ) , i picked up yet another rock bunting . it was ridiculous to see how many i was finding of a lifer that has , for all this time , lived just a few minutes walk behind my house . i blame at least part of this on the
i did not expect it so did not find it
psychology . the other part is , quite clearly , my incompetance ; - )
abalaka , j . i . , ottosson , u . , tende , t . and larson , k . 2010 . rock firefinch lagonosticta sanguinodorsalis in the mandara mountains , north - east nigeria : a new subspecies ? abc bull 17 : 210 - 211 .
the corn bunting is often seen perched prominently on a hedge , post or wire , singing its jangling song . in the summer corn buntings prefer open farmland and in winter they may be found in stubbles , root crops , weedy fields and cattle yards or stockyards .
the socotra bunting occurs only on the island of socotra , yemen , where it is known from just a few localities ( 2 ) . located in the north - western indian ocean , socotra island covers an area of 3 , 625 square kilometres ( 5 ) .
abalaka , j . , hudin , n . s . , ottosson , u . , bloomer , p . & hansson , bengt . 2014 . genetic diversity and population structure of the range restricted rock firefinch lagonosticta sanguinodorsalis . conservation genetics doi : 10 . 1007 / s10592 - 014 - 0667 - z .
although the breeding biology of the socotra bunting is not known , it is believed that this species requires specific habitat for nesting , thus restricting it to higher altitudes during the breeding season . it may breed in loose colonies , as clumps of males have been recorded singing together ( 2 ) .
this rare bunting is not thought to be facing any threats at present , but its small distribution and population makes it vulnerable to any future threats ( 2 ) . potential threats include increased livestock grazing in the highlands , which would degrade or destroy suitable breeding habitat for the socotra bunting , and the accidental or intentional introduction of alien species . there are a number of invasive predators already well - established on socotra island , including the feral cat ( felis catus ) , brown rat ( rattus rattus ) and small indian civet ( viverricula indica ) , which may be limiting the population of the socotra bunting ( 2 ) . recent infrastructure developments on the island , including a sea port , airport and roads , have brought positive changes to the local human inhabitants , but threaten the natural landscape and increase the possibility of the introduction of alien species ( 5 ) ( 6 ) .
holder , k . and r . montgomerie . 1993c .
rock ptarmigan ( lagopus mutus ) .
in the birds of north america , no . 51 , edited by a . poole and f . gill . philadelphia , pa : acad . nat . sci . phila . and am . ornithol . union . close
and i had heard rumours of a few rock buntings ( zippammer ) about on the
hot
, rocky northern slopes of the inn valley . so i started to ask about , and it seemed that they had been seen by a few different people right by my house , on the slopes above the winefarm in zirl .
racing up the road to try to get a better position , i got to the quarry edge and heard another two rock bunting ( territory three and counting ! ) , but i carried on up to the little bridge over the rocky channel where i had seen the second pair . poor photographs ensued , and maniacal climbing of cliffs with telescopes . i still didn ' t get a great photo , but at least i got to watch the pair feeding on the cliff . as the pair flew up from the cliff , it was interesting to see how the female would fly to the lower branches of an exposed tree , and the male would fly directly to the top of the tree / bush / snag to sing his merry little heart out .
while the socotra bunting is sometimes seen perching in bushes and trees , it spends most of the time on the ground ( 2 ) . birds belonging to the emberizidae family feed mainly on seeds ( 3 ) . their large feet are adept at scratching at the ground to locate food , and their small , conical bills efficiently peel away the seed coat ( 4 ) .
distribution of cinnamon - breasted bunting in southern africa , based on statistical smoothing of the records from first sa bird atlas project ( © animal demography unit , university of cape town ; smoothing by birgit erni and francesca little ) . colours range from dark blue ( most common ) through to yellow ( least common ) . see here for the latest distribution from the sabap2 .
status resident . description bird which is brownish all over with black stripes on back . grey head and breast . very conspicuous black lines on head . on bushes or ground . similar species cirl bunting . presence all year round . seeing the species relatively easy , but it may go unnoticed because its density is not high . this bird is not wary of humans . where to watch it sangüesa , lumbier - arbayun , belagua .
abalaka , j . i . & jones , p . j . 2012 . population densities of the rock firefinch lagonosticta sanguinodorsalis and some other estrildine and viduine finches on the jos plateau , nigeria . in : harebottle , d . m . , craig , a . j . f . k . , anderson , m . d . , rakotomanana , h . & muchai . ( eds ) . proceedings of the 12th pan african ornithological congress , 2008 . cape town , animal demography unit .
medium - size but relatively slim bunting , with long , thin tail contributing to more attenuated outline than any other congener . shares rufous - buff ground - color to plumage with five other emberiza , best distinguished by rather small , lead - colored bill , strong head pattern of blackish crown - stripes and complete black surround to ear - coverts on greyish ground , and strongly rufous rump . terrestrial , rarely far from rocks . one call distinctive . sexes dissimilar , some seasonal variation in male .
the government of yemen , together with numerous organisations , are working to preserve the biodiversity of the socotra archipelago . a biodiversity conservation zoning plan was developed in 2000 , which integrates the human population’s development needs with environmental protection and the sustainable use of natural resources ( 5 ) . this led to the socotra archipelago being designated a unesco biosphere reserve in 2003 , which recognises the island group as a site which innovates and demonstrates approaches to conservation and sustainable development ( 7 ) . such efforts to preserve the natural biodiversity of socotra will no doubt benefit the island’s vulnerable bunting .
a breeding male indigo bunting is blue all over , with slightly richer blue on his head and a shiny , silver - gray bill . but , like all other blue birds , indigo buntings lack blue pigment . their jewel - like color comes instead from microscopic structures in the feathers that refract and reflect blue light , much like the airborne particles that cause the sky to look blue . females are basically brown , with faint streaking on the breast , a whitish throat , and sometimes a touch of blue on the wings , tail , or rump . immature males are patchy blue and brown .
late april to mid june in switzerland , early may to mid july in hungary , mid may in greece , april to mid june in algeria . nest sit , on or close to ground in cleft in rock or between boulders on slope , usually by bush , etc . , generally hidden by vegetation though sometimes exposed , also in wall or earth bank , or low in dense tree or bush . nest , foundation of dry grass , stalks , and roots , occasionally leaves and bits of bark , lined with fine grasses , rootlets , and some hair . 4 - 5 eggs , incubation , 12 - 14 days , by female only .
i had to smile when i read where you eventually found your rock buntings . i think many birders must have had similar experiences . i travelled miles to ' good ' areas to find pygmy owls before i worked out they could equally well be living in the woods behind our chalupa , went whistling in the dark and promptly found them . even better ( worse ? ) i spent days following up old stories of montagues harriers breeding in the area driving for 2 or 3 hours 3 times a week whilst my wife went swimming in our local town only to find them nesting within sight of the swimming pool . i still can ' t understand how i managed to miss seeing them ' by accident ' for several years . den
indigo buntings eat small seeds , berries , buds , and insects . common seed forage includes thistles , dandelions , goldenrods , and grain such as oats ; berries eaten include blueberries , strawberries , blackberries , serviceberries , and elderberries . spiders and insect prey , which form the majority of their diet during summer months , may include caterpillars , grasshoppers , aphids , cicadas and beetles such as canker worms , click beetles , and weevils . the brown - tail moth caterpillar , which is covered with noxious hairs that cause nasty rashes and respiratory problems in people , presents no obstacle to a hungry bunting . on arrival to breeding grounds in spring , indigo buntings may feed on twigs , buds , and leaves of trees including aspen , cottonwood , oaks , beech , elm , maple , and hickory .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
cramp , s . and simmons , k . e . l . ( eds ) . 1977 - 1994 . handbook of the birds of europe , the middle east and africa . the birds of the western palearctic . oxford university press , oxford .
justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km 2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be increasing , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is extremely large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
afghanistan ; albania ; algeria ; andorra ; armenia ; austria ; azerbaijan ; bosnia and herzegovina ; bulgaria ; china ; croatia ; cyprus ; france ; georgia ; germany ; gibraltar ; greece ; hungary ; india ; iran , islamic republic of ; iraq ; israel ; italy ; jordan ; kazakhstan ; kyrgyzstan ; lebanon ; liechtenstein ; macedonia , the former yugoslav republic of ; monaco ; mongolia ; montenegro ; morocco ; nepal ; pakistan ; palestinian territory , occupied ; portugal ; romania ; russian federation ( central asian russia , european russia ) ; san marino ; serbia ; slovakia ; slovenia ; spain ( canary is . - vagrant ) ; switzerland ; syrian arab republic ; tajikistan ; tunisia ; turkey ; turkmenistan ; ukraine ; uzbekistan
in europe , the breeding population is estimated to number 1 , 930 , 000 - 4 , 230 , 000 pairs , which equates to 3 , 860 , 000 - 8 , 460 , 000 mature individuals ( birdlife international 2015 ) . europe forms c . 50 % of the global range , so a very preliminary estimate of the global population size is 7 , 700 , 000 - 16 , 900 , 000 mature individuals , although further validation of this estimate is needed . trend justification : in europe , trends between 1998 and 2013 show that populations have undergone a moderate increase ( ebcc 2015 ) .
habitat loss as a consequence of agricultural intensification , urbanisation and reforestation led to a decline in the past between 1970 and 1990 ( copete 2016 ) .
conservation actions underway there are currently no known conservation measures for this species within its european range . conservation actions proposed no conservation measures are currently needed for this species within its european range .
( amended version of 2016 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t22720894a111134095 .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
linnaeus , 1766 – c & s europe e to turkey and levant , and n africa ( morocco e to tunisia ) .
e . j . o . hartert , 1904 – crimea and caucasus and e turkey e to iran , and c asia e to w mongolian altai , and s to n & c afghanistan and n baluchistan ( pakistan ) .
f . moore , 1856 – nw himalayas from pakistan ( w to afghan border ) , baltistan and kashmir e to n india ( kumaon ) , extreme sw china ( sw xizang ) and w nepal .
sunny places on rocky slopes in hills and high mountains , ravines , and in clearings in conifer . . .
outside breeding season feeds mainly on seeds of herbs and other plants , and during breeding period mostly on invertebrates . among . . .
season from late mar or apr to jul–aug , occasionally to mid - sept , peak of egg - laying in most of range during may ; sometimes two . . .
n populations partly migratory , some moving short to medium distance s in cold winters . in s of . . .
not globally threatened . locally common ; rather sparsely distributed . european breeding population estimated at c . 1 , 300 , 000 pairs . large decline recorded during 1970– . . .
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previously treated in much broader versions , which included calcariidae and passerellidae , and earlier also cardinalidae and thraupidae # r .
sometimes split up , with recognition of other genera such as fringillaria , melophus , granativora , miliaria , latoucheornis , schoeniclus , cristemberiza and ocyris ; but phylogenetic studies # r # r show that melophus and latoucheornis ( each with a single species ) and perhaps others belong to the clade represented by “true” emberiza ; relationships among species may be better indicated by use of subgenera , thus avoiding destabilizing of established nomenclature # r .
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carlos fabregat , josep del hoyo , juan sanabria , jesús laborda , mkennewell , éric roualet , greg baker , juan josé bazán hiraldo , pere monistrol , e . pelayo , christian dortu , alexander grimwade .
stanislav harvančík , gilgit2 , lars petersson , arodris , josep del hoyo , carlos fabregat , juan josé bazán hiraldo , oriol soler ferrer , jeel bharat patel , éric roualet , cedric mroczko , paul cools , bernat garcia espluga , juan , james eaton , jens thalund , josé frade , lad , fran trabalon , marco valentini , ken havard , alberto soria , fast flo , paul van giersbergen , michaelp , frédéric pelsy , p . manjunath , josep batlle , phil kindermann , michel carre , rafael merchante , andrew emmerson , theo mamais , skua nature , markus lilje , bmarnell39 , norbert uhlhaas , missoum , zotyesz , aleix comas , juan gonzalez valdivieso , pascal christe , anisarkisyan , paleasi , w . h . schulenburg , ricardo rodriguez , chiefredearth , lluís copete , lior kislev .
mimicry of sylvia undata call 0 : 45 ; 0 : 51 . . .
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be increasing , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is extremely large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : emberiza cia . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
image : david álvarez , 4 july 2007 ( with permission , for grrlscientist / guardian use only ) [ velociraptorise ] . canon eos 400d digital , iso : 200 , 300 mm , f / 11 . 0 , 1 / 200 sec .
question : even though this spanish mystery bird comes from a large family , few of its fellow family members reside in europe . why ? can you identify this mystery bird ' s taxonomic family and species ?
based on decreasing species richness , it is likely that the emberizids arose in south america , spread into north america and crossed into eastern asia and expanded westward . this explains the comparative paucity of emberizid species in europe and africa when compared to the americas .
this species has light brown upperparts with darker streaks on its back and an unstreaked rufous coloured rump . the wings are streaked with black , rufous and buff . the head and face have strong contrasty black and white markings that are distinctive ; there are dark stripes on the crown , a dark streak through the eyes and another dark stripe that borders the edge of the cheek . the upper mandible of the beak is darker than the lower mandible , which is pale grey . the tail is long and blunt and has white outer tail corners . its underparts are orange - brown . then throat and upper breast are silvery - white . the sexes are similar although the female may occasionally be paler coloured .
you are invited to review all of the daily mystery birds by going to their dedicated graphic index page .
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extends across lower middle latitudes of west palearctic , from mediterranean to caucasus , from warm temperate to steppe climatic zones . avoids most humid or wet situations , closed forest , and good agricultural land , preferring sunny semi - arid terrain , often stony or rocky , with more or less spare shrub vegetation , and usually with no more than scattered trees . often on slopes or hillsides , up to 1900 m , and extralimitally in asia above 4000 m , frequenting mountain villages and gardens . occupies open areas at upper forest limits , juniper scrub , subalpine meadows with shrubs and screes , stone - walled cultivated areas , and vineyards on hillsides .
emberiza cia is a widespread resident across much of southern europe , which accounts for less than half of its global range . its european breeding population is very large ( > 1 , 300 , 000 pairs ) , but underwent a large decline between 1970 - 1990 . although the trend of the key population in spain was unknown during 1990 - 2000 , the species was stable across most of its european range , and was probably stable overall . nevertheless , its total population size probably remains below the level that preceded its decline .
seeds , mainly of grasses , and other parts of plants , invertebrates in breeding season . feeds principally on ground among rocks and scrubby vegetation , or in short grass in fields , at woodland edges , etc . , but not infrequently in bushes or tall herbs taking both seeds and insects . mostly picks seeds from ground , but will also stand on stems , sometimes several at a time , to bend them over and reach see - head , reaches over to seed - head from neighbouring perch , or pulls seed - head down while standing on ground . catches flying insects in short sallies just above ground .
this species has a large range , with an estimated global extent of occurrence of 1 , 000 , 000 - 10 , 000 , 000 km2 . it has a large global population , including an estimated 2 , 600 , 000 - 8 , 200 , 000 individuals in europe ( birdlife international in prep . ) . global population trends have not been quantified , but the species is not believed to approach the thresholds for the population decline criterion of the iucn red list ( i . e . , declining more than 30 % in ten years or three generations ) . for these reasons , the species is evaluated as least concern . [ conservation status from urltoken ]
avibirds , almere , netherlands 2001 - 2012 - your source to the birds of europe . contact ? mail us : info { @ } avibirds . com
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the bar on the top line indicates during which seasons the species can be observed regularly in switzerland . there can be great seasonal fluctuations of numbers . the middle bar indicates the typical migration seasons of a species . the bottom bar indicates the period during which the species normally breeds . as a rule it spans the period from egg - laying to fledging of the young .
querytime : 0 . 0352 s , querycount : 585 , parsetime : 0 . 5371 s , totaltime : 0 . 5723 s , source : cache
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myavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .
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british ornithologists ' union checklist ( 7th edition , incl . jan 2009 suppl . ) :
howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :
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a small , dark goose - the same size as a mallard . it has a black head and neck and grey - brown back .
a nocturnal bird that can be seen hawking for food at dusk and dawn .
male ring ouzels are particularly distinctive with their black plumage with a pale wing panel and striking white breast band .
there ' s so much to see and hear at minsmere , from rare birds and otters to stunning woodland and coastal scenery .
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this nondescript lowland farmland bird is the largest of the buntings and is most usually seen perched on a wire or post . it is a stout , dumpy bird brown which flies off with a fluttering flight and with its legs characteristically ' dangling ' . its dramatic population decline in the uk makes it a red list species .
* this map is intended as a guide . it shows general distribution rather than detailed , localised populations .
1 in 4 uk birds are now on the red list of conservation concern . this is an emergency for uk bird life .
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classification from species 2000 & itis catalogue of life : april 2013 selected by valter jacinto - see more .
grzegorz jagodziński added the polish common name
głuszek
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emberiza cia linnaeus 1766
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jennifer hammock split the classifications by urltoken import from emberiza cia linnaeus 1766 to their own page .
c . michael hogan changed the thumbnail image of
file : emberiza cia martien brand . jpg
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valter jacinto marked
image of emberiza cia
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emberiza cia
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valter jacinto marked
image of emberiza cia
as hidden on the
emberiza cia linnaeus 1766
page . reasons to hide : low quality
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the bonelli ' s warblers ( berglaubsänger ) were back in full force with at least 20 individuals calling across the mountain slope . good to have them back !
you put your left leg in , you take your left leg out , you do the hokey pokey and turn around . . .
a black redstart alit briefly when i was in
hunting
position . the green in the background is from the distant fields .
you see , it does help to know what you are looking for in order to find it - pyschologists have been telling us for years , and it finally makes sense .
hi dale , well you are right , it is better to know where these little creatures are , and their habits to be sure to get nice shots of them . i love your black redstart shot . it is well composed and the background is awesome .
. . . first time here . i saw you on the nature blog network page . one of my degrees is in german lit , but i never get to use my german . i enjoy reading about the german and austrian birds and seeing their names in german too ! glad i found your blog !
that is a great comment , den . i love the montague ' s story . thank you for stopping by and leaving a comment !
i found this mocha emerald on the 16th of june . it was rather fresh at that time . its eyes will be brilliant green when it matures . [ image : ©2018 steve b . . .
july often means travel , which sometimes means tourist attractions , which occasionally means exotic or introduced bird species . following me here ? . . .
fall migration is officially on ! after almost 2 weeks of unbearably hot weather a cold front moved in thursday night , bringing cooler winds and southboun . . .
the antennae farm on haggerman rd . was loaded with dickcissels and bobolinks this evening . lighting was great , and birds were cooperative .
☀26c * tuesday 3rd july 2018 * ~ * ryton wood * : although part of ryton wood was lost to sand and gravel extraction in the 1960s , the wood has been returned t . . .
i was cycling sunday long distance to my favorite felda krau 1 ( oil palm plantation ) , when noticed the road kill by the road side . what a pity beautiful w . . .
at this time of the year with plenty of daylight i like to make early morning excursions into bowland . bowland ' s lanes and backroads are very quiet and espe . . .
i got very jealous of the * rose - coloured starling * at ashington the other week but news of numbers building up in central europe and an impending invasio . . .
ha llegado el momento de tomarse un respiro . en realidad , lo llevo haciendo
de facto
desde hace unos meses y ahora os lo comunico : este blog no se actual . . .
a field herper ' s dream is to have the kind of perfect timing where every outing produces cool herps . to be honest , on the first outing of the year i will b . . .
coffee and birding go together like bacon and more bacon . birds and beans coffee is the only brand of coffee that solely sells organic , shade - grown , and . . .
has it been a year already ? ? on a quick note i just rented the nikon d850 here are a few early pine warbler shots from various locations .
after waking from the afternoon siesta , i stepped out of the darkness into the brilliant sunshine bathing the small balcony of my room . it did not look pro . . .
another photo from my new mexico trip . i ' ve also posted another video on youtube . the first couple of photos were from the south end of the wilderness are . . .
hi further to our conversation , there are four aged invoices outstanding . please can you look at these and provide an update regarding payment . thank y . . .
a remarkable discovery of a new spectacular antbird just a stone throw away from where birders come regularly for scarlet - banded barbet . but the site is th . . .
lots of lifers i spent a week’s holiday in beautiful curaçao and spotted lots of birds i’d never seen before , like magnificent frigatebirds , bare - eyed pi . . .
sunday 9 october and news came in of a * siberian accentor * ( * prunella montanella * ) on shetland – the first record for britain . this is not a bird i thought . . .
hey there all . don ' t know if anyone even reads this blog anymore as i kind of stopped this past summer as i wasn ' t birding as much and my camera broke and . . .
* the islands of pilgrims * by nigel blake television allows us to experience the many great nature spectacles in this world , exotic places that we can oft . . .
i held my breath and my heart stopped beating as the lions walked no more than 10 feet ( 3 . 048 meters ) from joan’s truck , just ambling past up . . .
in august , 2012 i guided a five - day abridged version of my absolute birding tour . it was with ron and ben barkley , a farther son duo from the u . s . a . ben is . . .
i published my first blog on this site back when it was blogspot back in 2004 . for the last year and a half i’ve run a little experiment posting my blog en . . .
gastbeitrag von susanne stöger bei schönstem herbstwetter erlebte eine gruppe holländischer und belgischer journalisten das halltal von seiner charmant - rau . . .
wir sind viel gewandert in diesem jahr – die blogeinträge waren etwas weniger , da wir die meisten fotos auf unserer facbookseite veröffentlicht haben . die . . .
* click on any image to see larger file in seperate window * i think the saltee islands off the coast of co . wexford must be one of irelands greatest wi . . .
parrots are one of my favorite groups of birds . it all started with me getting involved in a research project at university studying the cape parrot ( poice . . .
keeping a weather eye on birdguides , i see there are a few red - footed falcons and white - winged black terns filtering into the uk at the moment . i’d dearly . . .
i ' ve moved everything over to the * blogspot address * . there ' s nothing more to see here ! update your link to : urltoken
so , putting paid to the idea of an official whale shark season in utila , there have been more whale sharks sighted in june this year , than in may . so far , . . .
a small community that surprises visitors with its authenticity and natural , gastronomic and cultural diversity . try it out . . .
we will give you 11 reasons that sum up our essence . we want to win you over !
the kingdom of navarre has a lively past and a lot to tell . listen up . . .
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vegetables from the plot , flavoursome meats , wines and pacharán , delicious pinchos . . .
to receive the latest news and to get ideas for trips in the different seasons and over public holidays .
if you are planning to get to know navarre , to enjoy a gastronomic get - away , have a rural weekend break with friends or walk the santiago way . . . here are some options that may coincide with your idea . we hope you find them useful !
we suggest a travel plan so that you dont miss out on anything important and you can say you got to know the real navarre .
are you looking for somewhere to stay during your visit ? consult all the options and manage your booking .
here you will find the must - see places and recommendations for activities and experiences to make sure you get the very most out of your trip to navarre .
locate your resource on the map and use the search engines to look for timetables , prices , files . . .
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recommended observation points : sangüesa , lumbier - arbaiun , belagua , etc . . .
observation : relativamente fácil , pero puede pasar desapercibida , pues no presenta densidades elevadas . es un pájaro confiado .
description : pájaro de tonos pardos por todo el cuerpo con rayado negro en espalda . cabeza y pecho grises . líneas negras en la cabeza muy conspícuas . sobre arbustos o en el suelo .
opening hours , dates and guide prices . we recommend you confirm with the entity in question .
classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list 2007 ( 1 ) .
this information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken
allaby , m . ( 1992 ) dictionary of zoology . oxford university press , oxford .
thieme , m . l . , abell , r . , stiassny , m . l . j . , skelton , p . , lehner , b . , teugels , g . g . , dinerstein , e . , kamdem toham , a . , burgess , n . and olson , d . ( 2005 ) freshwater ecoregions of africa and madagascar : a conservation assessment . island press , washington , dc .
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team wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .
this species is affected by global climate change . to learn about climate change and the species that are affected , visit our climate change pages .
wildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa
forest : temperate ; shrubland : temperate ; rocky areas ( eg . inland cliffs , mountain peaks ) : ; artificial / terrestrial : plantations
ioc world bird list ( v7 . 1 ) , gill , f and d donsker ( eds ) . 2017 .
occurs across much of sub - saharan africa , from senegal to ethiopia through the drc , tanzania , zambia , angola and malawi to southern africa . here it is uncommon to locally very common in zimbabwe extending into western and northern mozambique , the eastern half of south africa , lesotho , swaziland , eastern botswana and north - western and central namibia . it generally prefers mountainsides , rocky ridges , dolerite and granite outcrops with scattered bushes and trees , bare rocky clearings in woodland , eroded stony slopes and gullies , dry watercourses and deserted borrow pits and quarries .
largely resident , with some populations ( especially in zimbabwe and north - eastern south africa ) undertaking a northerly winter migration from november - may .
it mainly eats seeds and insects , mainly foraging on bare ground among rocks , occasionally plucking food from grass and hawking termite alates aerially . the following food items have been recorded in its diet :
egg - laying season is from october - june , peaking from january - april .
it lays 2 - 4 eggs , which are incubated by both sexes for about 12 - 14 days .
the chicks are fed by both parents on a diet of mostly seeds , leaving the nester after approximately 14 - 16 days .
hockey par , dean wrj and ryan pg 2005 . roberts - birds of southern africa , viith ed . the trustees of the john voelcker bird book fund , cape town .
vickery , j . & jones , p . j . 2002 . a new ornithological institute in nigeria . bull . african bird club 9 ( 1 ) : 61–62 .
wilson , j . m . & mcgregor , r . 2002 . house sparrow passer domesticus in nigeria . malimbus 24 ( 1 ) : 41–42 .
wilson , j . m . 2002 . first breeding record of little grey woodpecker dendropicos elachus in nigeria . malimbus 24 ( 1 ) : 42–43 .
wilson , j . m . & sallinen , p . 2003 . first records of didric cuckoo chrysococcyx caprius parasitizing cricket warbler spiloptila clamans . malimbus 25 : 95–96 .
ottosson , u . & waldenström , j . 2002 . a yellow - throated leaflove ( chlorochicla flavicollis ) with extra wing feathers among the primaries . afring news 31 ( 1 & 2 ) : 24–25 .
mcgregor , r . & wilson , j . m . 2003 . a major range extension of locust finch ortygospize locustella in west africa . malimbus 25 : 99–101 .
mcgregor , r . 2004 . ortolan buntings rediscovered in nigeria after a 38 year absence . bull . african bird club 11 ( 1 ) : 30 - 31 .
manu , s . , peach , w . & cresswell , w . 2005 . notes on the natural history of the ibadan malimbe malimbus ibadanensis , a threatened nigerian endemic . malimbus 27 : 33 - 39 .
manu , s . , peach , w . , bowden , c . & cresswell , w . 2005 . the effects of forest fragmentation on the population density and distribution of the globally endangered ibadan malimbe malimbus ibadanensis . bird conservation international . 15 : 275 - 285 .
manu , s . , peach , w . & cresswell , w . 2007 . the effects of of edge , fragment size and degree of isolation on avian species richness in highly fragmented forest in west africa . ibis 149 : 287 - 297 .
stervander , m . , ottosson , u . , hulme , m . & molokwu , m . n . 2005 . little rush warbler bradypterus baboecala new to plateau state , nigeria . malimbus 27 : 46 - 47 .
ottosson , u . waldenström , j . hjort , c . & mcgregor , r . 2005 . garden warbler sylvia borin migration in sub - saharan west africa : phenology and body mass changes . ibis 147 : 750 - 757 .
osinubi , t . & agboola , b . 2006 , sighting of the rufous scrub robin cercotrichas galatotes at foot of fusa hills , jos , plateau state , nigeria . malimbus 28 : 46 - 47 .
wilson , j . & cresswell , w . 2006 . how robust are palearctic migrants to habitat loss and degradation in the sahel ? ibis 148 : 789 - 800 .
molokwu , m n . , ottosson , u . & azi , j . observations at a scarlet - chested sunbird chalcomitra senegalensis nest . malimbus 28 : 45 - 46 .
mwansat , g . s . , chaskda , a . a . ; longtong , g . t . 2006 . a preliminary survey of the aquatic insects of amurum forest reserve . scientia africana 5 : 35 - 37 .
wilson , j . m and cresswell , w . 2010 . northern wheatear oenanthe oenanthe in the sahel of west africa : distribution , seasonal variation in abundance and habitat associations . ostrich 81 : 115 - 121 .
mcgregor , r . , whittingham , m . j . & cresswell , w . 2007 . survival rates of tropical birds in nigeria , west africa . ibis 149 : 615 - 618 .
hellgren , o . , waldenström , j . , peréz - tris , j . , szöllősi , e . , hasselquist , d . , krizanauskiene , a . , ottosson , u . & bensch , s . 2007 . detecting shifts of transmission areas in avian blood parasites – a phylogenetic approach . molecular ecology 16 : 1281 - 1290 .
tobler , m . & naurin , s . 2008 . on the occurrence of the alpine swift apus melba in nigeria . malimbus 30 ( 2 ) : 167 - 168 .


scoliodon is a genus of requiem shark , and part of the family carcharhinidae .

it was formerly thought to include only a single indo-pacific species , the spadenose shark ( s. laticaudus ) , but recent taxonomic research has found two species , and the formerly excluded junior synonyms need to be resurrected .

scoliodon

carcharias laticauda , carcharias laticaudus , carcharias muelleri , carcharias mülleri , carcharias palasoora , carcharias sorrahkowah , carcharias ( physodon ) mülleri , carcharias ( prionodon ) palasorra , carcharias ( prionodon ) sorrahkowah , carcharias ( scoliodon ) laticaudus , physodon muelleri , physodon mülleri , physodon mulleri , scoliodon cf . laticaudus , scoliodon palasorrah , scoliodon sorrakawah , scoliodon sorrakowa , scoliodon sorrakowah , squalus ( scoliodon ) laticaudus , squalus ( triglochis ) mulleri
please send your images of
scoliodon laticaudus
to info @ urltoken scoliodon laticaudus müller & henle , 1838 , © randall , j . e . , urltoken
scoliodon laticaudus : spadenose shark - notes for t . y . b . sc . sem vi
froese , rainer and pauly , daniel , eds . ( 2009 ) .
scoliodon laticaudus
in fishbase . august 2009 version .
external characters systematic position phylum : chordata sub - phylum : vertebrata division : gnathostomata superclass : pisces order : squaliformes family : carcharinidae genus : scoliodon species : sorrakowah distribution : indian , pacific west indies and eastern coasts of south america and atlantic oceans . grace white recognises 9 species 4 in indian waters scoliodon sorrakowah is called black shark .
simpfendorfer , c . ( 2009 ) .
scoliodon laticaudus
. iucn red list of threatened species . version 2012 . 2 . international union for conservation of nature .
at the base of caudal fin the tail bears two shallow depressions , one dorsal and one ventral , known as caudal pits , which are characteristics of the genus scoliodon .
setna , s . b . and p . n . sarangdhar , 1948 . description , bionomics and development of scoliodon sorrakowah ( cuvier ) . rec . indian mus . , 46 ( 14 ) : 25 - 53
( of scoliodon sorrakowa ( bleeker , 1853 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of scoliodon sorrakawah ( bleeker , 1853 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of scoliodon palasorrah ( bleeker , 1853 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
thillayampalam , e . m . , 1928 . scoliodon ( the common shark of the indian seas ) . in the indian zoological memoirs on indian animal types . lucknow , methodist publishing house , vol . 2 : 116 p .
springer , v . g . , 1964 . a revision of the carcharhinid shark genera scoliodon , loxodon , and rhizoprionodon . proc . u . s . natl . mus . , 115 ( 3493 ) : 5 59 - 632
wourms , j . p . ( 1993 ) .
maximization of evolutionary trends for placental viviparity in the spadenose shark , scoliodon laticaudus
. environmental biology of fishes 38 : 269–294 . doi : 10 . 1007 / bf00842922 .
{ author1 , author2 . . . } , ( n . d . ) . scoliodon laticaudus müller & henle , 1838 . [ online ] india biodiversity portal , species page : { name of species field } available at : urltoken [ accessed date jul 10 , 2018 ] .
caira , j . n . and s . m . durkin ( 2006 ) .
a new genus and species of tetraphyllidean cestode from the spadenose shark , scoliodon laticaudus , in malaysian borneo
. comparative parasitology 73 ( 1 ) : 42–48 . doi : 10 . 1654 / 4185 . 1 .
white , w . t . , p . r . last and g . j . p . naylor , 2010 . scoliodon macrorhynchos ( bleeker , 1852 ) , a second species of spadenose shark from the western pacific ( carcharhiniformes : carcharhinidae ) . pp . 61 - 76 . in p . r . last , w . t . white , and j . j . pogonoski ( eds ) . descriptions of new sharks and rays from borneo . csiro marine and atmospheric research paper no . 32 . ( ref . 84283 )
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
müller , j . and henle , f . g . j . 1839 . systematische beschreibung der plagiostomen . plagiostomen , berlin .
) is a small coastal shark which is abundant in the northern indian ocean and southeast asia . despite being commonly caught in fisheries there are no data available on the status of the spadenose shark . it is likely that its life history will make it more resilient to fishing than larger , longer - lived , species of elasmobranchs . however , because of its limited fecundity concern exists that fishing will lead to recruitment overfishing .
the spadenose shark is an abundant inshore species throughout southeast asia and northeastern africa . it occurs in the indonesian archipelago as far as java and kalimantan . it is commonly recorded from the lower reaches of rivers in at least malaysia , sumatra and borneo ( compagno 1984b ) .
the abundance of this species in inshore waters makes it a major component of a variety of fisheries in southeast asia . for example , kasim ( 1991 ) reported that the annual recorded catch of spadenose shark in the verval coast , india from 1979 - 1981 averaged 823 t . this was taken mostly by trawl and gillnet fishing . parry - jones ( 1996 ) reported that the spadenose shark was the most commonly observed coastal species in chinese market surveys . unfortunately , there are no data available on the overall catch of this species , or the impact of fishing on stocks . the occurrence of this species in estuarine and inshore areas may also make this species susceptible to the impacts of habitat degradation and modification . however , there are no data available on this subject .
there are no known conservation or management measures that apply specifically to this species .
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description temperature range : 26 . 0 - 29 . 0 °c ( ref . 4959 ) . 120 cm record unconfirmed . found on rocky substrates of coastal waters and . . .
description temperature range : 26 . 0 - 29 . 0 °c ( ref . 4959 ) . 120 cm record unconfirmed . found on rocky substrates of coastal waters and lower reaches of tropical rivers . it is uncertain , however , if this species can live in perfectly fresh water for extended periods . feeds on small bony fishes , shrimps and squids . viviparous , with an unusual columnar placenta ; litter size varies from 1 to 14 . size at birth 12 to 15 cm . forms large schools . utilized for human consumption . [ details ]
the webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license
froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of carcharias macrorhynchos bleeker , 1852 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of carcharias muelleri müller & henle , 1839 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of carcharias palasoora bleeker , 1853 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of carcharias sorrahkowah bleeker , 1853 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of carcharias sorrakowah ( cuvier , 1829 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of physodon muelleri ( müller & henle , 1839 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
hong kong marine fish database . afcd . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
greek , skolex = worm + greek , odous = teeth ( ref . 45335 )
western central pacific : w indonesia , malaysia , gulf of thailand , singapore , borneo , philippines , china , hong kong , taiwan and japan ; exceptions , e indonesia , new guinea , northern australia , and remainder of the oceania region .
maturity : l m ? range ? - 39 . 7 cm max length : 63 . 6 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 84283 ) ; 70 . 7 cm tl ( female )
occurs in shallow , inshore waters , most abundant near large freshwater outflows , e . g . pearl river estuary ( hong kong ) and the large borneo drainage systems ( ref . 84283 ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 7500 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01000 ( 0 . 00244 - 0 . 04107 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 81 - 3 . 27 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 9 ±0 . 5 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 34 of 100 ) .
marine ; brackish ; demersal ; amphidromous ( ref . 51243 ) ; depth range 10 - 13 m . tropical ; 26°c - 29°c ( ref . 4959 ) ; 34°n - 26°s , 32°e - 130°e
indo - west pacific : persian gulf ( ref . 68964 ) , somalia ( ref . 30573 ) , tanzania , mozambique ( ref . 5213 ) , pakistan to java in indonesia ; then japan , china , and taiwan . reported from australia ( ref . 4959 ) .
maturity : l m 34 . 3 , range 33 - 35 cm max length : 100 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5450 ) ; max . reported age : 6 years ( ref . 244 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 0 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 0 . bronze grey above , white below , fins sometimes darker than body ; no conspicuous markings ( ref . 9997 ) .
found on rocky substrates of coastal waters and lower reaches of tropical rivers ( ref . 244 ) . it is uncertain , however , if this species can live in perfectly fresh water for extended periods ( ref . 244 ) . forms large schools ( ref . 244 ) . feeds on small bony fishes , shrimps and cuttlefish ( ref . 244 ) . viviparous ( ref . 50449 ) . common by - catch of the inshore demersal gillnet fisheries , particularly those operating off kalimantan ( ref . 58048 ) . utilized fresh for human consumption ; processed into fishmeal and used as bait for other sharks and bony fishes ( ref . 244 ) . maximum sizes up to 120 cm unconfirmed ( ref . 244 ) .
viviparous , with an unusual columnar placenta ( ref . 244 ) . maternal and foetal placenta comprises the entire placenta ( ref . 39556 ) . transplacental nutrient transfer may be hemotrophic ( ref . 39556 ) . litter size varies from 1 ( ref . 58048 ) to 14 ( ref . 9997 ) . size at birth about 13 to 15 cm tl ( ref . 9997 ) . distinct pairing with embrace ( ref . 205 ) .
compagno , l . j . v . , 1984 . fao species catalogue . vol . 4 . sharks of the world . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date . part 2 - carcharhiniformes . fao fish . synop . 125 ( 4 / 2 ) : 251 - 655 . rome : fao . ( ref . 244 )
) : 25 . 3 - 29 , mean 28 . 5 ( based on 1946 cells ) .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00427 ( 0 . 00243 - 0 . 00750 ) , b = 3 . 03 ( 2 . 88 - 3 . 18 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 8 ±0 . 4 se ; based on diet studies .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : very low , minimum population doubling time more than 14 years ( k = 0 . 88 ; tm = 2 ; tmax = 6 ; fec = 1 ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate to high vulnerability ( 46 of 100 ) .
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. colour light grey , yellowish or brownish grey above , without a colour pattern .
indo - west pacific : tanzania , pakistan india , sri lanka , malaysia , singapore , thailand , java , borneo , china , taiwan island , japan . apparently absent from australasia and oceania .
shark of continental and insular shelves close inshore , frequently in rocky areas . often very abundant in its range and occurring in large schools . the spadenose shark is very common in the lower reaches of
, with an unusual columnar placenta . fertilized eggs are unusually small , 1 mm in diameter and with little yolk . developing embryos apparently derive very little of their nutriment from yolk , have no yolk in their developed yolk sacs , and establish a placental connection with the maternal uterus extremely early in their development . thus embryos and fetuses are nourished by the mother during the entire
sizevaries from 1 to 14 , and size at birth between 13 and 15 cm . in malaysian waters these sharks apparently can
curves and estimated average sizes at ages from 1 to 5 years . his data indicates that both
between 1 and 2 years old and reach a maximum age of about 5 years for the largest known males and at least 6 for the largest females .
gobies ( tripauchenidae ) and bombay ducks ( harpadontidae ) , as well as shrimp and cuttlefish . harmless to people .
at 33 to 35 cm and reaching at least 69 cm ; size at birth 12 to 15 cm , averaging about 14 cm .
in indian and pakistani waters , commonly taken in artisanal and commercial fisheries . caught with
nair , r . v . , k . k . appukuttan and m . e . rajapandian , 1974 . on the systematics and identity of four pelagic sharks of the family carcharhinidae from the indian region . indian j . fish . , 21 ( 1 ) : 220 - 32
teshima , k . , m . ahmad , and k . mizue , 1978 . studies on sharks . 4 . reproduction in the telok anson shark collected from perak river , malaysia . jap . j . ichthyol . , 25 ( 3 ) : 181 - 9
compagno , l . j . v . , 1979 . carcharhinoid sharks : morphology , systematics and phylogeny . unpublished ph . d . thesis , stanford university , 932 p . available from university microfilms international , ann arbor , michigan
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fao fisheries synopsis , no . 125 , vol . 4 , pt . 2
special publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
müller & henle , 1838 : in : database of modern sharks , rays and chimaeras , www . shark - references . com , world wide web electronic publication , version 07 / 2018
: field marks : a small , unmistakable requiem shark , with a very long , flat , laterally expanded , spadelike snout , small eyes , small , smooth - edged bladelike teeth with oblique cusps , distal blades , and no cusplets , a stocky compressed body , short , broad triangular pectoral fins , the first dorsal fin well rearward on the back with its rear tip about over the pelvic midbases , the second dorsal fin much smaller than the first and with its origin well behind the anal origin , the anal fin much larger than the second dorsal and with a straight posterior margin and a base without long preanal ridges , and a caudal fin with its postventral margin only moderately concave , not deeply notched . it is bronzy grey above , white below , without conspicuous markings .
diagnostic features : body moderately stout . head broad , greatly depressed , and trowel - shaped ; snout parabolic or bell - shaped in dorsoventral view , very long , with preoral length greater than internarial space and mouth width ; eyes small , without posterior notches ; spiracles absent ; no papillose gillrakers on internal gill openings ; nostrils small , internarial space about 4 to 6 times nostril width ; anterior nasal flaps very short , narrowly triangular , and not tubular ; labial furrows very short to rudimentary , with uppers shorter than lowers and falling far behind eyes ; teeth similar in upper and lower jaws , anteroposteriors with slender oblique cusps and distal blades but no cusplets or serrations ; cusps of lower teeth not prominently protruding when mouth is closed ; 25 to 33 / 24 to 34 rows of teeth . interdorsal ridge absent or rudimentary ; no dermal keels present on caudal peduncle ; upper precaudal pit transverse and crescentic . first dorsal origin over or behind pectoral rear tips , its midbase much closer to pelvic bases than to pectorals and its free rear tip about over pelvic midbases ; second dorsal fin much smaller than first , its height 1 / 3 of first dorsal height or less , its origin behind anal midbase ; pectoral fins very broad and triangular , not falcate , pectoral length from origin to free rear tip about equal to pectoral anterior margin ; pectoral origins under interspace between fourth and fifth gill slits ; anal fin much larger than second dorsal , with short preanal ridges and a straight or slightly concave posterior margin . colour light grey , yellowish or brownish grey above , without a colour pattern .
) , pakistan to java in indonesia ; then japan , china , and taiwan . reported from australia ( ref .
host - parasite list / parasite - host list ( version : 01 . 04 . 2015 ) 544 pp , 5 , 37 mb new !
found on rocky substrates of coastal waters and lower reaches of tropical rivers ( ref . 244 ) . it is uncertain , however , if this species can live in perfectly fresh water for extended periods ( ref . 244 ) . forms large schools ( ref . 244 ) . feeds on small bony fishes , shrimps and cuttlefish ( ref . 244 ) . viviparous ( ref . 50449 ) . common by - catch of the inshore demersal gillnet fisheries , particularly those operating off kalimantan ( ref . 58048 ) . utilized fresh for human consumption ; processed into fishmeal and used as bait for other sharks and bony fishes ( ref . 244 ) . maximum sizes up to 120 cm unconfirmed ( ref . 244 ) .
indo - west pacific : somalia ( ref . 30573 ) , tanzania , mozambique ( ref . 5213 ) , pakistan to java in indonesia ; then japan , china , and taiwan . reported from australia ( ref . 4959 ) .
100 . 0 cm tl ( male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5450 ) ) ; max . reported age : 6 years ( ref . 244 )
temperature range : 26 . 0 - 29 . 0 °c ( ref . 4959 ) . 120 cm record unconfirmed . found on rocky substrates of coastal waters and lower reaches of tropical rivers . it is uncertain , however , if this species can live in perfectly fresh water for extended periods . feeds on small bony fishes , shrimps and squids . viviparous , with an unusual columnar placenta ; litter size varies from 1 to 14 . size at birth 12 to 15 cm . forms large schools . utilized for human consumption .
bronze grey above , white below , fins sometimes darker than body ; no conspicuous markings ( ref . 9997 ) .
depth range based on 1 specimen in 1 taxon . water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 1 sample . environmental ranges depth range ( m ) : 7 . 5 - 7 . 5 temperature range ( °c ) : 27 . 917 - 27 . 917 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 279 - 0 . 279 salinity ( pps ) : 35 . 691 - 35 . 691 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 4 . 513 - 4 . 513 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 392 - 0 . 392 silicate ( umol / l ) : 4 . 834 - 4 . 834 note : this information has not been validated . check this * note * . your feedback is most welcome .
demersal ; amphidromous ( ref . 51243 ) ; brackish ; marine ; depth range 10 - 13 m
depth : 10 - 13m . from 10 to 13 meters . habitat : demersal . temperature range : 26 . 0 - 29 . 0 °c ( ref . 4959 ) . 120 cm record unconfirmed . found on rocky substrates of coastal waters and lower reaches of tropical rivers . it is uncertain , however , if this species can live in perfectly fresh water for extended periods . feeds on small bony fishes , shrimps and squids . viviparous , with an unusual columnar placenta ; litter size varies from 1 to 14 . size at birth 12 to 15 cm . forms large schools . utilized for human consumption .
amphidromous . refers to fishes that regularly migrate between freshwater and the sea ( in both directions ) , but not for the purpose of breeding , as in anadromous and catadromous species . sub - division of diadromous . migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km . characteristic elements in amphidromy are : reproduction in fresh water , passage to sea by newly hatched larvae , a period of feeding and growing at sea usually a few months long , return to fresh water of well - grown juveniles , a further period of feeding and growing in fresh water , followed by reproduction there ( ref . 82692 ) .
viviparous , with an unusual columnar placenta ( ref . 244 ) . maternal and foetal placenta comprises the entire placenta ( ref . 39556 ) . transplacental nutrient transfer may be hemotrophic ( ref . 39556 ) . litter size varies from 1 ( ref . 58048 ) to 14 ( ref . 9997 ) . size at birth about 13 to 15 cm tl ( ref . 9997 ) . distinct pairing with embrace ( ref . 205 ) .
the following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . no available public dna sequences . download fasta file
used for this species include indian dog shark , sharp - nosed shark , trowel - nose shark , and yellow dog shark .
are small . the corners of the mouth are well behind the eyes and have poorly developed furrows at the corners . there are 25–33 tooth rows in the upper jaw and 24–34 tooth rows in the lower jaw ; each tooth has a single slender , blade - like , oblique cusp without serrations . the first
, which are very short and broad . the second dorsal fin is much smaller than the
. there is no ridge between the dorsal fins . the back is bronze - gray in color , and the belly is white . the fins are plain but may be darker than the body . the maximum known length is 74 cm ( 29 in ) , though there are unsubstantiated reports of individuals reaching 1 . 2 m ( 3 . 9 ft ) .
. it is typically found close to the coast in water 10–13 m ( 33–43 ft ) deep , often close to rocky bottoms . this shark is frequently reported from the lower reaches of rivers in
eggs measure only 1 mm ( 0 . 039 in ) in diameter , while the developing
become dependent on their mother for sustenance at a length of only 3 mm ( 0 . 12 in ) . the placental stalk , formed from the
female spadenose sharks probably mate at least once per year , and breeding takes place year - round . the
of the spadenose shark is five to six months long , and the young are born at a length of 12–15 cm ( 4 . 7–5 . 9 in ) . the litter size is six to 18 . males
at a length of 24–36 cm ( 9 . 4–14 . 2 in ) , and females at a length of 33–35 cm ( 13–14 in ) . estimates of the age at maturity range from six months to two years . the
, and hook - and - line . the meat is eaten or used as bait for other fishes , the fins are valued for
despite its commercial importance , overall fishery statistics for the spadenose shark are lacking . a 1996 report found it to be the most common coastal shark on
fisheries ; from 1979 to 1981 , an average of 823 tons were caught annually off verval , india .
this shark may also be negatively affected by coastal development , due to its inshore habitat preferences .
compagno , l . j . v . ( 1984 ) . sharks of the world : an annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date . rome : food and agricultural organization . pp . 533–535 . isbn 92 - 5 - 101384 - 5 .
carrier , j . c . , j . a . musick and m . r . heithaus ( 2004 ) . biology of sharks and their relatives . crc press . pp . 52 , 502 . isbn 0 - 8493 - 1514 - x .
martin , r . a . hammerhead taxonomy . reefquest centre for shark research . retrieved on august 30 , 2009 .
fowler , s . l . , r . d . cavanagh , m . camhi , g . h . burgess , g . m . cailliet , s . v . fordham , c . a . simpfendorfer , and j . a . musick ( 2005 ) . sharks , rays and chimaeras : the status of the chondrichthyan fishes . international union for conservation of nature and natural resources . p . 313 . isbn 2 - 8317 - 0700 - 5 .
arthur , j . r . , a . t . a . ahmed ( 2002 ) . checklist of the parasites of fishes of bangladesh . food and agriculture organization of the united nations . p . 30 . isbn 92 - 5 - 104854 - 1 .
davidson , a . ( 2003 ) . seafood of south - east asia : a comprehensive guide with recipes ( second ed . ) . ten speed press . p . 125 . isbn 1 - 58008 - 452 - 4 .
sen , d . p . ( 2005 ) . advances in fish processing technology . allied publishers . p . 499 . isbn 81 - 7764 - 655 - 9 .
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1 . body - long , laterally compressed , spindle - shaped tapering at both ends .
6 . largest part of the body is trunk extending from behind the gill - slits upto the cloacal aperture .
9 . mouth - wide crescentric opening , present on the ventral side of the head .
14 . caudal fin present along the ventral and dorsal surfaces of tail and forms dorsal and ventral lobe .
15 . anal fin present in the mid - ventral line . length - 5 cm in front of caudal fin opposite to the second dorsal fin
20 . lateral line - a faint line running on either side of the body extending from head to the tail .
3 . hammer - shaped head i . e . head is flattened in front and expanded sideways into 2 conspicuous lobes
10 . presence of 2 dorsal fin . first is situated in front of the pelvic fin and second is opposite to the anal fin
10 . it inflict wounds on its victim by means of string on the tail .
distribution : mediterranean and atlantic oceans particularly in america , west indies , china and gulf of mexico . in india pristis cuspidata and p . microdon species are found
sketchbook of fishes - 25 . ( longnose ) saw shark - william buelow gould , c1832
distribution : mediterranean , red sea , atlantic and pacific oceans . indian ocean has t . marmorata species
8 . in between the pectoral fins and head on either side - a pair of large eletric organs are present .
3 . naked skin with characteristic of open groove loding the lateral line system .
geographical distribution : marshes and lakes of fresh water and brackish water of west africa , india , burma and malaya . in fresh water of india n . chital is found
6 . short dorsal fins without spine . at the level of the dorsal fin ventral fin is situated
geographical distribution : in tropical and warm parts of atlantic and indian oceans . e . pecilopterus is found in indian ocean to china seas
2 . body colour : bluish and silvery below . pectoral fins have black spots
6 . hypobatic tail i . e . ventral lobe of the tail fin is large
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froese , r . and d . pauly . editors . 2011 . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . < a href = ' urltoken ' target = ' _ blank ' > www . fishbase . org , version ( 10 / 2011 ) . < / a >
< a target = ' _ blank ' href = ' urltoken ' > iucn 2011 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2011 . 2 . exported on 12 january 2012 < / a >
froese , r . and d . pauly . editors . 2013 . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . ; urltoken version ( 12 / 2013 ) .
a general description , with any kind of information about the taxon . its main goal is summarize the most relevant or attractive characteristics of this taxon to the general public .
compagno , l . j . v . and v . h . niem 1998 carcharhinidae . requiem sharks . p . 1312 - 1360 . in : k . e . carpenter and v . h . niem ( eds . ) fao identification guide for fishery purposes . the living marine resources of the western central pacific . fao , rome .
bronze grey above , white below , fins sometimes darker than body ; no conspicuous markings .
viviparous , with an unusual columnar placenta . maternal and foetal placenta comprises the entire placenta . transplacental nutrient transfer may be hemotrophic . litter size varies from 1 ( ref . 58048 ) to 14 . size at birth about 13 to 15 cm tl . distinct pairing with embrace .
breder , c . m . and d . e . rosen 1966 modes of reproduction in fishes . t . f . h . publications , neptune city , new jersey . 941 p .
defines and describes life history of a living organism , meaning the course of obligatory developmental transformations in an organism from fertilised zygote to maturity . it includes stages through which an organism passes , ie , metamorphosis , instars , gametophyte / embryophyte , and , transitions from sessile to mobile forms . also discusses timing , though morphology of each form would be better placed in the field for morphology .
amphidromous . refers to fishes that regularly migrate between freshwater and the sea ( in both directions ) , but not for the purpose of breeding , as in anadromous and catadromous species . sub - division of diadromous . migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km .
riede , k . 2004 global register of migratory species - from global to regional scales . final report of the r & d - projekt 808 05 081 . federal agency for nature conservation , bonn , germany . 329 p .
describes the periodic movement of organisms from one locality to another ( e . g . , for breeding ) . usually includes locality , timing , and hypothesized purpose .
100 . 0 cm tl ( male / unsexed ; ) ; max . reported age : 6 years
bouhlel , m . 1988 poissons de djibouti . placerville ( california , usa ) : rda international , inc . 416 p . compagno , l . j . v . 1984 fao species catalogue . vol . 4 . sharks of the world . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date . part 2 - carcharhiniformes . fao fish . synop . 125 ( 4 / 2 ) : 251 - 655 .
describes average size , max , range ; type of size ( perimeter , length , volume , weight . . . ) .
general description of the sites where the species is found ( ecosystem , forest , environment or microhabitat ) . includes realm ( e . g terrestrial etc ) and climatic information ( e . g boreal ) ; also includes requirements and tolerances ; horizontal and vertical ( altitudinal ) distribution . also includes information referring to territorial extension of the individual or group in terms of its activities ( feeding , mating , etc . ) , associated mostly to vertebrates .
indo - west pacific : somalia , tanzania , mozambique , pakistan to java in indonesia ; then japan , china , and taiwan . reported from australia .
compagno , l . j . v . 1984 fao species catalogue . vol . 4 . sharks of the world . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date . part 2 - carcharhiniformes . fao fish . synop . 125 ( 4 / 2 ) : 251 - 655 .
enumerates geographic entities where the taxon lives . covers ranges , e . g . , a global range , or a narrower one ; may be biogeographical , political or other ( e . g . , managed areas like conservencies ) ; endemism ; native or exotic . does not include altitudinal distribution , which is covered under habitat .
2006 iucn red list of threatened species . www . iucnredlist . org . downloaded july 2006 .
describes the likelihood of the species becoming extinct in the present day or in the near future . population size is treated under population biology , and trends in population sizes are treated under trends . however , this is the preferred element if an object includes all of these things and details about conservation listings .
coppola , s . r . , w . fischer , l . garibaldi , n . scialabba and k . e . carpenter 1994 speciesdab : global species database for fishery purposes . user & quot ; s manual . fao computerized information series ( fisheries ) . no . 9 . rome , fao . 103 p . compagno , l . j . v . 1984 fao species catalogue . vol . 4 . sharks of the world . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date . part 2 - carcharhiniformes . fao fish . synop . 125 ( 4 / 2 ) : 251 - 655 .
known or potential benefits of the species for humans , at a direct economic level , as instruments of education , prospecting , eco - tourism , etc . it includes published material or suggestions from the author or others . in any event , the source must be explicitly quoted . can include ecosystem services . however , benefits to ecosystems not specific to humans are best treated under risk statement ( what happens when the organism is removed )
a checklist of the fishes of kerala state is presented , along with their scientific and common name . . .
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urogenital system in vertebrates : tybsc course semester - vi – usz0601of univer . . .
respiratory system of vertebrates : notes for the tybsc course usz0601sem vi o . . .
nervous systems in vertebrates : t . y . b . sc . sem vi notes
assessment of some hydrological parameters of ulhas river estuary , in the vic . . .
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animal type : shark ( dog fish ) t . y . b . sc . ( zoology ) paper - i university of mumbai , mumbai :
animal type : shark ( dog fish ) t . y . b . sc . ( zoology ) paper - i university of mumbai , mumbai dr . rahul patil assistant professor , department of zoology veer wajekar arts , science & commerce college , phunde , navi mumbai
habits & habitat marine , carnivorous and predaceous feeding on crabs , lobsters , worms an fishes . sharp teeth are weapon sexes are separate fertilization in internal , development is direct viviparous : develop inside uteri .
external characters shape , size and colour body elongated / spindle shaped and laterally compressed streamlined full grown individual measures up to 60 cm . head , trunk and tail head : dorsoventrally flattened , pointed rostrum trunk : almost oval tail : posterior half of the body is bent upwards colour : dark gray dorsally and pale white ventrally .
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it is situated a little behind the apex on the ventral side of the anterior region of the body . mouth is bounded by upper and lower jaws each bearing 1 or 2 rows of sharply , pointed and backwardly directed teeth . teeth are adapted for holding and tearing of the prey .
two crescentic apertures , the nares or nostrils are present ventro - laterally and anterior to mouth .
they are exclusively olfactory , have no role in respiration , as they are not connected to mouth cavity by internal nostrils .
anterior to each pectoral fin , on either side of the body vertically elongated external gill slits or branchial clefts are present in a series of 1 to 5 . they are main respiratory organs .
between two pelvic fins , on the tail region an elongated median groove or cloacal aperture is found .
it leads into a small chamber , the cloaca , which is the common exit for digestive and urinogenital system .
within either lateral edge of cloaca , the abdominal pores are situated on elevated papillae . the abdominal cavity opens to the exterior through these abdominal pores .
a faint lateral line runs along either lateral side of the body . it marks the position of an underlying sensory lateral line canal system which opens outside at intervals through minute pores .
on the head and snout several minute ampullary pores of the ampullae of lorenzini open at dorsal surface . they secrete mucus when pressed .
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eschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ; van der laan , r . ( eds ) . ( 2017 ) . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . electronic version . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of physodon valenciennes , 1838 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of scolliodon ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
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müller , j . & f . g . j . henle in müller , j . & f . g . j . henle . 1838 .
ahmad , a . , a . a . abdul haris hilmi , a . c . gambang , s . ahemad and a . r . solahuddin ( eds . ) ( 2004 ) elasmobranch resources , utilization , trade and management in malaysia . : marine fishery resources development and management department , southeast asian fisheries development center .
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fao - fies ( 2017 ) aquatic sciences and fisheries information system ( asfis ) species list . : retrievef from urltoken ( accessed 08 / 06 / 2017 ) .
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