the bay whiting , sillago ingenuua , is a species of coastal marine fish of the smelt-whiting family sillaginidae .

the bay whiting 's range extends throughout the west indian ocean , including northern australia , thailand , india and taiwan , where it inhabits protected waters .

it is benthic in nature , preying on shrimps , polychaetes and molluscs , however little else is known of its biology .

bay whiting are an important part of some inshore fisheries around australia and asia , where subsistence and commercial fishermen regularly take the species .

bay whiting

whiting bay is a lovely village and not too far to travel . . .
copyright © whiting bay bed & breakfast . b & b website by barnstormer design group
keep a watch for tuesday nights at the common table at whiting bay b & b .
we found great results , but some are outside whiting bay . showing results in neighbouring cities .
better still , you can join whiting bay golf club for just £190 pa for 2 years , starting 2018 .
or enjoy a round of golf this summer at whiting bay at our great value green fee of just £20 .
glenashdale waterfall located to the west of whiting bay some 2km from the sea - about 2 hours for the walk .
whiting bay bed & breakfast ~ whiting , maine your homeplace when visiting lubec , campobello , and the downeast region . 207 - 733 - 2402 ~ address , map , and directions
whiting bay golf course is a hidden gem of a course , set above the village on the south east coast of arran .
milne bay , papua . 1942 - 09 . flying officer j . c . whiting serving with 76 fighter squadron raaf in . . .
milne bay , papua . 1942 - 09 . flying officer j . c . whiting serving with 76 fighter squadron raaf in new guinea .
whiting bay is a pleasant resort situated 4 miles south of lamlash and 8 miles south of brodick in the southern half of isle of arran .
the shark bay seasnake occupies shallow embayments of shark bay in the vicinity of limestone reefs and adjacent rocky and sandy seafloor ( storr et al . 1986 ) .
gorgeous open bay to the south of brodick on isle of arran . . .
whiting bay is the third largest of the isle of arran ' s settlements after lamlash and brodick , and is named after the bay it runs along for over two miles near the southern end of arran ' s east coast .
the shark bay seasnake is thought to be represented in the incidental bycatch for trawls in the shark bay region but numbers caught are not available ( bunting 2002 ) .
the dramatic red siltstone cliffs below boyds tower on the far side of twofold bay .
cozzie and i set out to chase a bag of king george whiting from south port phillip bay , we go through techniques and how to clean the fish .
milne bay , papua . 1942 - 09 . flying officer j . c . whiting serving with 76 fighter squadron raaf in . . . | the australian war memorial
anderson , p . 1997 . shark bay dugongs in summer . i : lek mating .
* the first european to sight twofold bay was captain james cook in april , 1770 .
the species is occasionally called the ' yellow - cheek whiting ' and also ' school whiting ' , a broad name applied to a number of australian sillaginids .
how can i tell if a therapist is right for me ? therapists in whiting are able to work with a wide range of issues . for example , if you ' re seeking a marriage counselor in whiting you ' ll find that most therapists are trained in marriage counseling or couples counseling in whiting and couples therapy . and they welcome families for family counseling in whiting or family therapy in whiting .
whiting bay is a lovely village and not too far to travel from ferry . nice mix of the bay - deli - eat i g opportunities and our favourite beach and glen ashdale walk . roads are truly appalling a d north ayrshire needs to make this a priority .
snapper fever - port phillip bay fishing with ange and anton . location , tips and rigging techniques
the lamlash bay hotel is on the isle of arran , 150 metres from the beach . it offers panoramic views over brodick bay , rooms with free wi - fi and an italian restaurant .
the lamlash bay hotel is on the isle of arran , 500 ft from the beach . it offers panoramic views of brodick bay , rooms with free wi - fi and an italian restaurant .
today ' s whiting bay retains much of the quiet gentility of an earlier era . the grand villas remain , with many - especially towards the north end of the village - having been converted to hotels , guest houses and restaurants . the result is that whiting bay offers a significant proportion of the accommodation available on arran . the whiting bay golf club continues to thrive , while , for those with more limited golfing aspirations , the putting green established on the seaward side of the main road near the centre of the village also remains open for business .
there is no information available on the clutch size or seasonality of reproduction for the shark bay seasnake .
offering a restaurant , burlington guest house is located in whiting bay . free wifi access is available . featuring a shower , private bathroom also comes with a hairdryer . extras include bed linen .
cruickshanks boutique b & b in whiting bay provides adults only accommodations with a garden and a shared lounge . all rooms feature a flat - screen tv with cable channels and a private bathroom .
cruickshanks boutique b & b in whiting bay provides adults - only accommodation with a garden and a shared lounge . all rooms feature a flat - screen tv with cable channels and a private bathroom .
, the japanese whiting has a slightly compressed , elongate body tapering toward the terminal mouth .
area auto widened to ocean county - no sexual addiction therapists were found in whiting , nj .
but more commonly seen below 23 cm . like most sillaginids , the stout whiting has a slightly more
is the most dependable diagnostic feature . japanese whiting have a swim bladder characterised by a single , long
discussions with fishermen along the victorian coastline also suggest that the coastal fishery is characterised by short - term temporal dynamics similar to that of the port phillip bay fishery . this is consistent with fish passing through coastal areas and not remaining resident for long periods . one way of confirming the migration of king george whiting from victorian waters to spawning areas in south australia is tag / recapture . currently few king george whiting are tagged in victorian waters . however , the few fish that have been tagged in port phillip bay and recaptured outside the bay , have been recaptured in areas well to the west of port phillip bay ( patrick coutin , personnel communication ) . demonstration of migration of adult king george whiting from victoria to south australia would be critical to understanding the importance of spawning in victorian waters .
by car , proceed south through whiting bay village centre . turn right at ' the coffee pot ' , following the signs up the hill and back along the golf course road to the club . plenty of car parking available .
until the late 1950s , steamer services to arran from the mainland called at whiting bay as well as brodick . the change to a brodick - only car ferry service in 1957 led to a decline in the fortunes of whiting bay . the old steamer pier closed in the early 1960s . today the village pier is a very modest affair , projecting out from the shore close to the line of tiny shops backing onto the sea in the centre of the village .
, the first being steindachner and döderlein in 1885 . studies into various aspects of the japanese whiting ' s
© 2018 deborah whiting , msw , mft | san francisco & cupertino counseling . all rights reserved . login
early post - settlement habitat and diet shifts and the nursery function of tidepools during sillago spp . recruitment in moreton bay , australia
* permission was given by the governor to establish a town at twofold bay in 1834 but it was not laid out until 1843 .
in whiting bay the beach runs from sandbraes right through to the village at low tide . easily accessible , the beach at the village end has a small jetty - the remains of what was at one time the longest pier on the clyde !
jenkins gp , may hma ( 1994 ) variation in settlement and larval duration of king george whiting , sillaginodes punctata ( sillaginidae ) , in swan bay , victoria , australia . bulletin of marine science 54 ( 1 ) , 281 - 296 .
( lawler , et al . , 2002 ; marsh , et al . , 2002 ; whiting , 2008 )
the origins of some of these settlements are very ancient . on the hillside behind largymore at the southern end of whiting bay are the giants graves , a prehistoric burial site . meanwhile , at the village ' s northern end , kingscross point , a dun or fortified farmstead has been found dating back the better part of two thousand years . rather more recently , kingscross was used by vikings as a settlement and burial site , and it has been suggested that the bay to the south was named after them , with
viking bay
later becoming corrupted to whiting bay . kingscross also achieved a footnote in history when it became the place from which robert the bruce sailed for ayrshire in february 1307 , en route to regaining control of his kingdom from the english .
lovely relaxed place . the giant’s grave and glenashdale falls walk is very close by and gives great views of whiting bay . be sure you’re up early enough to catch the beautiful sunrises . we ate at coast which was only a 10 minute walk from the burlington guest house . beautiful views out onto the sea , and delicious food , although slightly pricey . not much choice in the way of restaurants or pubs in whiting bay , so we found ourselves heading into lamlash and brodick a couple of times .
are hyaline . there have been records of geographical variation in colour amongst the species , especially within shark bay . the shark bay fish may have faint gold bars trending 50 degrees above the mid lateral silvery band , and may have black dusting on the dorsal and anal fins .
many interesting boats visit mounts bay , from the surreal floating yacht - hotels to mighty ships like the four - masted windjammer , kruzenshtern .
whiting bay golf course is an 18 hole par 63 course playing 4092 yards from the yellow tees . it was founded in 1895 . although quite short , the course is a fair test for golfers of all abilities and features some particularly challenging par 3s .
beyond the graves the path begins to descend , with more great views over whiting bay village . the descent becomes quite steep before eventually rejoining the outward route at the sign near the start . turn right to return to the road and the parking area .
there are parking areas both north and south of ashdale bridge towards the southern end of whiting bay . there are also picnic tables here with a great outlook over the bay . the walk begins up the signed path on the south side of the bridge . pass the barrier and continue to a signpost - keep ahead here for the falls ( the path on the left is the return leg ) .
the japanese whiting , sillago japonica , ( also known as the japanese sillago or shiro - gisu ) is a common species of coastal marine fish belonging to the smelt - whiting family , sillaginidae . as suggested by its name , the japanese whiting was first recorded from japan in 1843 , but has subsequently been found to extend to korea , china and taiwan .
located down a private road , beach cottage is a few steps from the beach and boasts scenic views towards the holy isle and lamlash bay .
located down a private road , beach cottage is a few steps from the beach and features scenic views towards the holy isle and lamlash bay .
whiting bay was a very relaxing place to stay . not a huge selection of restaurants but we enjoyed a lovely meal at coast one evening . local people very welcoming . arran is a small island and it ' seems easy to visit all aresounds of the island .
join paul worsteling & david kramer as they spend a day on victorias port phillip bay . they go in search of whiting & squid then later even dive for some tasty scallops . then david shares his quick & easy recipes for scallops & squid ! delicious ! ! urltoken
two humpback whales ( left and right ) approach and pursue a female killer whale . © alisa schulman - janiger / monterey bay whale watch .
disaster bay lookout and bittangabee bay if you decide to drive to green cape lighthouse you should pause at disaster bay lookout which provides excellent views to the south over disaster bay , wonboyn lake and nadgee nature reserve . to the left is a turnoff to bittangabee bay where in the 1840s the imlay brothers established a base for their whaling operations which were eventually taken over by benjamin boyd in 1848 . the stone ruins of an old house set amidst a garden area , probably started by the imlays but never completed , can be found near the bittangabee camping area . there are interpretative placards . the beaches surrounding bittangabee are ideal for swimming , fishing and picnicking and the light to light track heads south for 7 km ( 2 . 5 hours one way ) to green cape . on the way you will travel along a track which was built for a horse drawn tram which carried the materials from bittangabee bay to build the green cape lighthouse .
sulition , o . ; s . watanabe and m . yokota ( 1999 ) . [ expression error : missing operand for >
reproduction of the japanese whiting , sillago japonica , in tateyama bay
] . suisan zoshoku 47 ( 2 ) : 209–214 . issn 0371 - 421 .
figure 1 . map of the victorian coast showing locations and zones where samples of king george whiting were collected from 2002 - 2004 .
without a more detailed investigation of the king george whiting inhabiting deeper waters along the victorian coast we cannot be conclusive as to the importance of king george whiting spawning in victorian coastal waters . the only known locations for king george whiting spawning along the south - eastern coastline of australia are situated in south australian waters , in particular around kangaroo island ( fowler and mcgarvey 2000 ) . however , there has been no investigation of king george whiting populations in waters between kangaroo island and victoria , and modelling of larval drift would suggest that king george whiting recruiting into victorian bays and inlets could come from unknown spawning grounds in this region ( jenkins et al . 2000 ) .
whiting , s . 2008 . movements and distribution of dugongs ( dugong dugon ) in a macro - tidal environment in northern australia .
situated on the scenic isle of arran , this 19th century farmhouse has been converted into a family - run guest house overlooking the bay with panoramic sea views .
located on the scenic isle of arran , this 19th century farmhouse has been converted into a family - run guest house overlooking the bay with panoramic sea views .
saltwater bay saltwater bay is typical of ben boyd national park . for most of the year it is sparsely populated and ideal for safe swimming and productive fishing . there is a 9 km walking track ( part of the light to light 29 km track - check out the excellent map at urltoken ) which heads south through high heaths , beside rugged cliffs , and down onto rock platforms and lonely beaches before reaching bittangabee bay . on the way you are likely to see eastern grey kangaroos and if you go in spring the countryside is awash with native wildflowers . beyond hegarty ' s bay there is a remarkable purple and yellow coloured headland .
this superb circular walk climbs up through a wooded glen to reach a viewing platform for the glenashdale falls - a double cascade which is the finest on arran . the route then continues to visit the giant ' s graves - two chambered cairns - with a fantastic outlook over whiting bay and holy island .
sulistion , o . ; s . watanabe , m . yokota and s . kitada ( 1999 ) . [ expression error : missing operand for >
age and growth of japanese whiting sillago japonica in tateyama bay
] . fisheries science 65 ( 1 ) : 117–122 . issn 0919 - 9268 .
) . in may , herring showed a higher fi than herring , whereas in july blue whiting seemed to show lower values than the other species ( tukey hsd test : herring vs . blue whiting , p < 0 . 05 ; mackerel vs . blue whiting , p < 0 . 001 ; mackerel vs . herring , p < 0 . 05 ) , except in 2010 , when mackerel had the lowest value (
finding whiting king george are widely distributed from approximately jurien bay in western australia around the southern half of australia up to around botany bay but they are reputedly rare that far north . as a generalisation bigger fish will usually inhabit deeper coastal waters while juveniles will more often be found inside estuaries and bays . south australia’s coffin bay is a prime example of a true nursery existing inside the shallow and sheltered waters of kellidie bay where it’s hard to catch a legal sized fish but offshore around the island groups in encounter bay it’s a very different story where big fish are plentiful ! regardless of whether you fish for them in sheltered waters or offshore whiting are synonymous with structure . find some sea grass or reef edge in this part of the world and there is a better than average chance there will be a school of whiting somewhere nearby . in shallower waters the key to good whiting ground is finding sand patches amongst the sea grass but in deeper water where there are still plenty of fish this type of visual fishing is harder to achieve . in deeper water dropping on a reef edge is more likely going to bring you results . i have fished for whiting in hard running currents and slower water locations , and by far the most productive place to fish for them is where there is some run in the water . king george tend to find you and bite more aggressively when the tide is flowing while in slower water you need to spend more time searching , a cast bait slowly retrieved often gets a bite while a stagnant bait is not touched .
indo - pacific : endemic to australian waters from fremantle northward to shark bay ( western population ) , and from southern queensland to new south wales ( eastern population ) .
figure 4 . histological section of a female king george whiting ovary collected in april and classified as macroscopic stage 2 ( magnification x 100 ) .
the spawning areas and times estimated for king george whiting caught in port phillip bay , western port and corner inlet ( fig . 1 ) have previously only been identified using indirect methods . research by jenkins and may ( 1994 ) has shown that the daily rings on ear - bones ( otoliths ) of juvenile king george whiting in port phillip bay provide an estimate of the length of time of the larval phase in bass strait prior to entering a bay , and thereby an estimate of the time of spawning . kgw larvae entering port phillip bay were aged between 100 and 170 days and were predicted to have been spawned between april and july ( jenkins and may 1994 ) . computer modelling of the currents in bass strait predicted that juvenile king george whiting in port phillip bay , western port and corner inlet could have been spawned in western victoria and southeastern south australia ( jenkins et al . 2000 ) . the centre of the predicted spawning distribution was approximately 500 km west of the bays , with a region of intense spawning spread along approximately 300 km of coastline ( jenkins et al . 2000 ) . interestingly , however , the model also predicted that juveniles in corner inlet could have been spawned close by ( wilsons promontory , fig . 1 ) . to date , however , the spawning times and locations of king george whiting in victoria have not been measured directly , leaving a major gap in our understanding of the biology of this species .
previous modelling suggested that king george whiting larvae that recruit to bays and inlets in central victoria are spawned from south - east of sa to central victoria ( jenkins et al . 2000 ) . even though large whiting are caught along the victorian coast , it is not known whether these fish actually spawn in victorian waters , and therefore whether they contribute directly to the fishery in this region . to address where kgw spawn in victorian waters , we sampled fish from a broad geographic range of locations along the victorian coast . these included portland , port fairy , warrnambool , apollo bay , lorne , torquay , southern port phillip bay and western port , waratah bay , corner inlet , shallow inlet and the eastern side of wilson ' s promontory ( fig . 1 ) . details of collections are included in table 1 .
( whiting , 2008 ;
australian government great barrier reef marine park authority
, 2002 ; lawler , et al . , 2002 ; marsh , et al . , 2002 ; marsh , 2009 ; whiting , 2008 ;
arkive . images of life on earth .
, 2003 )
whiting bay itself was quiet . i visited off peak . few places were open when i arrived . ( around 19 : 30 / 20 : 00 ) but i drove elsewhere for dinner , as the places that were open didn ' t take cards . will return in peak season , to see what it is like .
whiting beach is a two - hour walk from the steamers cark park in booderee national park . if you visit at the right time you might catch a glimpse of a little waterfall at the back of the beach . the beach is inside a quiet bay , perfect for snorkelling or swimming in the clear and fairly shallow water .
bunting , j . ( 2002 ) . draft bycatch action plan for the shark bay prawn managed fishery ( full report ) . department of fisheries , western australian government , perth .
kazunori , arayama ; kono hiroshi ( 2004 ) . [ expression error : missing operand for >
vertical distributions of the japanese whiting , sillago japonica , larvae and juveniles and their food organisms at a sandy beach in tateyama bay , central japan
] . suisan zoshoku 52 ( 2 ) : 167–170 . issn 0371 - 4217 .
the stout whiting is also a major prey species itself for a number of species , with seals , dolphins and larger fish known predators of the species .
weighted by the total estimated abundance per station ) , in percentages , for mackerel , herring and blue whiting in different water masses in may and july .
in other countries where other sillaginids are more prevalent , japanese whiting are caught as a byproduct of smaller inshore fisheries , usually alongside other species of sillago .
the mean age of fish was lowest for the southern end of port phillip bay and increased with distance to the west of port phillip bay ( fig . 7 ) . the highest mean age was for portland fish ( fig . 7 ) . fish from waratah bay were predominantly 4 year - old ( fig 7 ) . we did not age any fish from corner inlet , but based on their size and previous ageing work we would be confident that the majority of these fish were of age 3 years and younger ( see figs . 8b and 9b ) .
and movement of the juveniles differs between the eastern and western populations . in the western population , unlike many co - occurring sillaginids , stout whiting do not move
figure 7 . comparison of the mean age ( ± 1 standard error ) of king george whiting collected by recreational anglers across sampling locations from east to west .
the b & b is well located for day trips . you ' re also free to explore the natural landscape of the b & b ' s bay - front property during your stay .
whale watching most of the harbours along the new south wales south coast now offer whale watching experiences in cruises and individual boats . there is a strong argument , if you have time and can choose , for going to eden during the whale watching season ( late september to late november ) when the whales , having wintered around hervey bay , are making their way slowly down the coast . firstly there is a sense of occasion when whales get near twofold bay : the killer whale museum sounds a siren and people rush to the vantage points . secondly twofold bay is rich with krill ( a favourite food for whales ) and humpback whales will actually pause at the bay to feed . there are a number of charter operators working out of eden harbour . for more information check out urltoken
figure 8 . a ) length frequency distributions for female and male king george whiting sampled by recreational anglers from victorian waters and examined for reproductive condition , november 2002 - june 2004 , and b ) mean length ( ± 1 standard error ) of king george whiting sampled by recreational anglers compared across sampling locations from east to west .
* by the early 1830s the imlay brothers had started whaling in twofold bay . they trained local aborigines to become whalers . peter imlay arrived at twofold bay around 1833 and decided to settle . his brothers george and alexander followed and they are credited with erecting eden ' s first building , a small slab and bark hut at snug cove . unfortunately the depression of the 1840s destroyed the family financially .
the species ' distribution is restricted to the mid - west coast of western australia , especially shark bay . despite this , isolated specimens have been found further south ( storr et al . 1986 ) .
saltwater creek to bittangabee bay - 9 km , 3 hours - through wildflowers in spring , scrubby heathland , past yellow and purple rocky headlands . to the ruins of the green cape storehouse and landing wharf
the transformation of a group of tiny settlements into the whiting bay we see today began with the establishment of a ferry to saltcoats in 1790 . this was followed from the 1830s by the arrival of steamers from glasgow and elsewhere in the clyde estuary . clearance of arran ' s inland crofting areas from the 1830s produced a demand for more accommodation on the coast , here and elsewhere on the island . but of all arran ' s villages , whiting bay seems to have attracted the most upmarket clientele , and the result was a succession of fine villas being built along the landward side of the road running behind the bay . meanwhile , a golf course was established in 1895 , as were tennis courts , a bowling club and a putting green . the building of a new pier in 1901 , which allowed steamers to land passengers directly rather than via flit boats , only confirmed the growth of the village . a village hall was added in 1926 .
table 1 . details of numbers , sizes , sex and macroscopic reproductive condition of adult king george whiting collected by recreational anglers along the victorian coast , 2002 - 2004 .
figure 9 . a ) age versus length of king george whiting sampled by recreational anglers in victorian ocean waters and the entrance regions of port phillip and western port bays , november 2002 - june 2003 , b ) age versus length with von - bertalanffy growth curve fitted for all king george whiting aged from victorian waters including bays and inlets .
fowler aj , short da ( 1998 ) validation of age determination from otoliths for king george whiting ( perciformes : sillaginodes punctata ) . marine biology 130 , 577 - 578
coastal and bush walking there are a number of short walks around eden all of which are worth doing because they offer excellent views over twofold bay and the nearby beaches . the most popular walks are ( 1 ) the lake curalo walkway ( 3 km return , 40 minutes ) north of the town centre which is excellent for bird watching . it takes the visitor on a boardwalk beside a melaleuca swamp forest and it can connect to the aslings beach walk or the maritime heritage walk ( 2 ) the aslings beach walk which is a pleasant stroll along the beach from the rock pool at the southern end to lake curalo at the northern end ( 3 ) cocora beach walk is a charming walk around the headland with dramatic views over snug cove and the wharf area and ( 4 ) the cattle bay wharf walk which is a one hour long walk around the western edge of twofold bay to boydtown passing cocora beach , bungo beach , rixons beach , quarantine bay , nullica bay and reaching boydtown for an afternoon drink .
wild fisheries research program ( 2008 ) . status of fishery resources in nsw 2006 / 07 : stout whiting . new south wales department of primary industries . pp . 1–3 .
this investigation has provided limited evidence for the occurrence of spawning by king george whiting in victorian waters . of the approximately 1600 specimens examined we found complete gonad maturation in only one female and did not find any fully mature males . although we found several females in a highly developed reproduction state there was no evidence that these fish had spawned prior to capture or were about to spawn . these results suggest that king george whiting are not spawning where recreational anglers target them along the victorian coast , and importantly , they imply that spawning king george whiting are not exploited by victorian anglers . our observation supports the anecdotal information supplied by recreational anglers during the project that suggests king george whiting in roe are rarely captured .
indo - west pacific : india to the gulf of thailand , north to taiwan , south to northern australia from shark bay around the northern coast to adolphus passage , queensland . possibly more widely distributed than indicated .
) . blue whiting diet was clearly different from the diet of the other two species . with the exception of may 2005 , when copepods appeared as dominant prey items , euphausiids and amphipods dominated the diet both in may and july . amphipods in particular were more common in the blue whiting diet than the other diets . some ingestion of large prey was also detected ( e . g . fish of order actinopterygii in may 2008 ) . copepod contribution in the blue whiting diet for may decreased during the last sampling years ( 2009–2010 ) (
) . as for both mackerel and herring , the fi for blue whiting was positively affected by lower temperatures . it also increased with increasing length and a year effect was apparent .
) . however , the diet width of blue whiting and herring was similar in may , while in july significant differences were observed , especially for blue whiting compared with the other species ( tukey hsd test , p < 0 . 001 ) and , to a lesser extent , between mackerel and herring ( tukey hsd test , p < 0 . 1 ) (
burchmore , j . j . ; d . a . pollard , m . j . middleton , j . d . bell and b . c . pease ( 1988 ) .
biology of four species of whiting ( pisces : sillaginidae ) in botany bay , new south wales
. australian journal of marine and freshwater research 39 ( 6 ) : 709–727 . doi : 10 . 1071 / mf9880709 .
mccormack , catherine ( january 2006 ) . annual status report 2005 : finfish ( stout whiting ) trawl fishery . queensland government department of primary industries . pp . 1–17 . issn 0727 - 6273 .
fowler aj , mcgarvey r ( 2000 ) ' development of an integrated fisheries management model for king george whiting ( sillagnodes punctata ) in south australia ' . frdc project 95 / 008 final report .
* whaling was the reason the area was settled . as early as 1791 whalers were in the area . the migration , mostly of right whales , to and from the antarctic resulted in large numbers passing twofold bay between may and november .
our results , based on diet data of mackerel , herring and blue whiting acquired during spring and summer 2005–2010 , showed that mackerel and herring diets largely overlapped , with calanoid copepods being their main prey item , while the blue whiting diet consisted of larger prey items , particularly amphipods . mackerel were not present in the study area in spring , and seemed to show good feeding conditions and predation success in the ns during summer . herring showed their highest feeding incidence during the spring . however , contrary to expectations , herring showed a similar degree of stomach fullness as mackerel in summer , but with a diet composed more of larger macrozooplankton rather than copepods , indicating that in particular larger herring adopt a strategy of migrating into cold waters and search for larger prey . blue whiting seemed to avoid competition with co - occurring herring by feeding on different prey , and the higher stomach fullness degree , feeding incidence and condition factor observed for the largest blue whiting suggested a higher feeding success than that observed for small blue whiting .
( lawler , et al . , 2002 ; marsh , et al . , 2002 ; marsh , 2009 ; whiting , 2008 ;
arkive . images of life on earth .
, 2003 )
bittangabee bay to green cape - 7 km , 2 . 5 hours , along a section of the old rail track which was used to carry stores and materials to green cape lighthouse . there is an audio tour which can be downloaded at urltoken
although we found evidence of spawning , our results provide no indication of extensive spawning by king george whiting along the victorian coastline . our results in combination with previous work lead to the generation of two hypotheses to explain the lack of spawning king george whiting observed in victorian coastal waters during this project . the first hypothesis is that king george whiting spawn in highly localised , deep - water habitats , and are therefore difficult to detect with angler - based surveys . the second hypothesis is that most king george whiting that spend their juvenile years in victorian bays and inlets migrate back to the major spawning grounds in eastern south australia . in order to determine which of the hypotheses is correct future research should involve more extensive sampling of deeper water habitats and / or investigation of adult migration behaviour to determine if victorian juveniles are returning to south australian waters as adults .
whiting tactics whiting are a foraging fish that spend the vast majority of their time on the bottom nose down looking for their next meal . small crabs , saltwater nippers or yabbies , shrimps , molluscs , worms and tiny fish as well as algae all form part of the food sources available and depend on the availability and size of the fish . the next big whiting taken on a whole pilchard in deeper water intended for a snapper won’t be the last showing that as the fish get larger they become less fussy and more aggressive in their feeding habits . these feeding habits are a fair clue on how to zone in and target them .
more run more fun . whiting tend to bite well mid tide and can go missing on slack water periods , often this is the time to move or chase some squid which lurk in similar area’s as king george
the shark bay seasnake has been identified as a conservation value in the north - west ( dsewpac 2012y ) marine region . the
species group report card - marine reptiles
for the north - west ( dsewpac 2012y ) marine region provides additional information .
located on the picturesque isle of arran , tigh an eilean offers free wi - fi and free on - site parking . just 50 yards from the shores of lamlash bay , the property also offers en - suite rooms and a garden . . . .
for ideas on where to refuel during your self catering holiday in penzance . or if you fancy a restaurant with spectacular views , the bay in penzance is the place to go . read more on our blog : restaurants with the best views in west cornwall .
gorgeous open bay to the south of brodick on isle of arran with views of the holy isle and ailsa craig ( paddy ' s milestone ) . excellent challenging golf course ( 1 of 7 on arran ) and yes you can play them all in 1 day .
parenting is one of the most challenging experiences we humans encounter . in the bay area , many of us are juggling so much that just surviving each day can be overwhelming . with time , despite your best efforts , you may find yourself yelling or giving in .
o ' neill , m . ; kate yeomans , ian breddin , eddie jebreen & adam butcher ( march 2002 ) . the queensland stout whiting fishery : 1991 to 2002 . dpi , queensland government . pp . 1–52 .
) . the dietary overlap between herring and blue whiting was lower than expected by chance for all comparisons , except for july without co - occurrence . also between mackerel and blue whiting , the dietary overlap was lower than expected by chance both with and without co - occurrence . mackerel and herring had a higher dietary overlap when they co - occurred ( 0 . 77 ) , but lower than would have been expected by chance without co - occurrence (
annual increment formation has previously been validated for king george whiting by fowler and short ( 1998 ) . we aged individual king george whiting by counting annual increments in sectioned otoliths ( sagittae ) . birth date was fixed at 1st july ( i . e . end of spawning season ) . we aged 317 individuals that were made up of 4 samples of 60 - 100 randomly selected individuals from each two - month period from november 02 to june 03 . age and length were compared among sampling locations to examine trends in age and length with distance from the major juvenile nursery areas in central victoria ; port phillip bay and western port . we also deliberately aged several of the largest fish to determine the maximum age of fish sampled .
figure 5 . a ) mean ( ± 1 standard error ) gonosomatic indices for female and male king george whiting sampled along the victorian coast from december to july , b ) relationship between ovary weight and ovary free fish weight .
cockrum k s , jones g k ( 1992 ) the reproductive biology and fecundity of king george whiting ( sillaginodes punctata ) in south australian waters , 1953 - 1988 . south australian research and development institute . no . 25 .
average diet width , condition factor , stomach fullness and feeding incidence ( ± 2se ) for mackerel , herring and blue whiting , per year ( from 2005 to 2010 ) and separated by seasons ( may vs . july ) .
weighed with the total estimated abundance per station ) for mackerel , herring and blue whiting in spring and summer and from 2005 to 2010 , based on the highest taxonomic level categorization ( i . e . 45 prey groups ) .
guinea , m . l . & s . d . whiting ( 2005 ) . insights into the distribution and abundance of sea snakes at ashmore reef . the beagle ( supplement 1 ) . page ( s ) 199 - 206 .
fowler aj , mcleay l , short da ( 1999 ) reproductive mode and spawning information based on gonad analysis for the king george whiting ( percoidei : sillaginidae ) from south australia . marine and freshwater research 50 , 1 - 14 .
overall , an average of between 1 and 3 different prey groups were consumed by blue whiting , which tended to consume a broader diet than herring . no significant inter - annual variation was observed in the diet width in any season (
on a sunny day , st . michael’s mount , mount ' s bay and penzance seafront might be mistaken for the mediterranean . sitting in the corner of a sheltered and attractive bay , the town has been a popular resort since the napoleonic wars when the wealthier english people were cut off from the continent and searched closer to home for fresh air and the newly - discovered benefits of sea - bathing . the temperature in penzance is always a little warmer than elsewhere ; sub - tropical plants grow well in morrab gardens and in the gardens on st . michael’s mount .
hyndes ga , platell me , potter ic , lenanton rcj ( 1998 ) age composition , growth , reproductive biology and recruitment of king george whiting ( sillaginodes punctata ) in south - western australia . fishery bulletin 96 , 258 - 270 .
fowler aj , mcleay l , short da ( 2000a ) spatial variation in size and age structures and reproductive characteristics of the king george whiting ( percoidei : sillaginidae ) in south australian waters . marine and freshwater research 51 , 11 - 22 .
weighted by total estimated abundance per station ) , in percentages , for mackerel , herring and blue whiting , per year ( i . e . , from 2005 to 2010 ) and season ( i . e . , may and july ) .
* hearing the reports of the survivors , george bass , travelled down the coast in december , 1797 . on his return in early 1798 he entered twofold bay and named snug cove , where eden wharf now stands , because he believed it was suitable as a resting place for passing vessels .
fowler aj , black kp , jenkins gp ( 2000b ) determination of spawning areas and larval advection pathways for king george whiting in southeastern australia using otolith microstructure and hydrodynamic modelling . ii . south australia . marine ecology progress series 199 , 243 - 254
estimated fish abundance distribution per year ( 2005–2010 ) in may and july for ( a ) mackerel ( july ) , ( b ) herring and ( c ) blue whiting . abundances per grid square ( see section 2 . 3 ) are defined as thousands of tonnes for herring and blue whiting , and in cpue for mackerel . black symbols represent sampling stations . dark grey lines indicate water - mass boundaries for each year and season , and light grey lines represent the average boundaries during each season .
) , also known as sea cows , have a broad but fragmented range , encompassing tropical waters from east africa to vanuatu , about 26 degrees both north and south of the equator . this range spans at least 48 countries and about 140 , 000 km of tropical coastline . the largest population of sea cows is found in the northern waters of australia between shark bay ( western australia ) and moreton bay ( queensland ) . the second largest population is found in the arabian gulf . dugongs are not considered migratory but are known to travel great distances within their range in order to find food .
cite this article as : krück nc , chargulaf ca , saint - paul u , tibbetts ir ( 2009 ) early post - settlement habitat and diet shifts and the nursery function of tidepools during sillago spp . recruitment in moreton bay , australia . mar ecol prog ser 384 : 207 - 219 . urltoken
jenkins gp , black kp , hamer p a ( 2000 ) determination of spawning areas and larval advection pathways for king george whiting in southeastern australia using otolith microstructure and hydrodynamic modelling . i . victoria . marine ecology progress series 199 , 231 - 242 .
parameters of models predicting ( a ) condition factor ( cf ) , ( b ) stomach fullness degree ( sfd ) and ( c ) feeding incidence ( fi ) for mackerel , herring and blue whiting ( see section 2 . 6 for model explanation ) .
figure 3 . a ) histological section of the ovary from a female king george whiting collected in may that was classified as macroscopic stage 3 ( magnification x 100 ) , b ) close up of a cortical alveoli or developing oocyte stage ( magnification x 250 ) .
figure 6 . a ) age frequency distribution for king george whiting sampled by recreational anglers from victorian coastal waters and the entrance regions of port phillip and western port bays , november 2002 - june 2003 , and b ) age frequency by sex , n = 317 .
n fish and n station denote the number of fish samples and sampling stations in each case , respectively . sd is the standard deviation . ( 1 ) sfd units : x10 - 5 mg mm - 1 . ‘mac’ mackerel ; ‘her’ herring ; ‘bwh’ blue whiting .
research is required that directly measures the reproductive state of adult king george whiting along the victorian coast so that the spawning times and locations of king george whiting in victorian waters can be determined . a direct method of investigating spawning times and areas is by studying gonad condition . it is possible to assess the stage of gonad development and the imminence of spawning in fish using macro - and microscopic characteristics of gonads from male and female fish ( hunter and macewicz 1985 ) . this type of research has been conducted for many of our commercially important species ( farely and davis 1998 ) . major studies of this type have been carried out for king george whiting in western australia ( hyndes et al . 1998 ) and south australia ( cockrum and jones 1992 , fowler et al . 1999 , 2000a ) . in this study we examine the reproductive characteristics of adult fish collected by recreational anglers along the victorian coastline . the aim of this work is to identify whether king george whiting spawn along the coastline of victoria , and if so , where and when does spawning take place .
although spawning adults were largely absent from recreational catches , we cannot rule out the possibility that spawning may occur in areas not fished by recreational anglers . previous investigations of the spawning behaviour of king george whiting in western australia have suggested that spawning may occur in depths from 6 to at least 50 m ( hyndes et al . 1998 ) . although research in south australia suggests that spawning may occur predominantly in deeper waters , it has been observed in waters shallower than 10 m ( fowler et al . 2000 ) . although king george whiting were collected over a broad geographic range , the majority of samples obtained from recreational anglers came from water depths of less than 20m . this reflected the fishing behaviour of victorian anglers , who target king george whiting in shallow water where they can visualise the bottom habitat .
) , were especially abundant as prey in may , while these were partially replaced by euphausiids and amphipods in july . the seasonal difference in diet was most obvious in the coastal water mass . no seasonal or water mass differences were observed for the ingestion of appendicularians . the amount of copepods ingested by blue whiting was generally low and limited to the atlantic water mass . larger euphausiids and / or amphipods dominated blue whiting diet in all water masses and seasons , and fish were also found in the stomachs from two coastal stations in july (
stout whiting are fast growers in comparison to most other smelt - whitings , reaching 80 % of its final length after 2 years of life . the species is known to reach a maximum age of 7 years , although most individuals do not survive more than 3 years .
figure 2 . a ) images of reproductively mature king george whiting that were supplied to anglers involved in collection of frames ( photo courtesy of dr . tony fowler , south australian research and development institute ) , b ) developing female collected during april in victorian coastal waters .
blue whiting showed lower dietary overlap with herring in co - occurring stations than in those stations without co - occurrence in both may and july . this suggests that they are able to avoid competition by feeding on different prey than herring when the two species co - occur .


turbinella laevigata , common name the brazilian chank , is a species of very large sea snail with a gill and an operculum , a marine gastropod mollusk in the subfamily turbinellinae of the family turbinellidae .

turbinella laevigata

turbinellidae » turbinella laevigata , id : 545494 , shell detail « shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc .
delsaerdt , a . : a new subspecies of turbinella laevigata . matthysen , e . & robbrecht , v . : report on some land snails from east tyrol ( austria ) with notes on the distribution of abida secale ( draparnaud , 1801 ) . delsaerdt , a . : de familie cassidae ( 1 ) . new taxon : turbinella laevigata rianae n . ssp .
belongs to turbinella according to b . landau and c . marques da silva 2010
formosa / shells / turbinella pyrum 223 . 5mm . w / o . big
formosa / shells / turbinella pyrum 228 . 5mm . w / o . big
formosa / shells / turbinella pyrum 197mm . w / o . red lip .
formosa / shells / turbinella pyrum 215 . 5mm . w / o . big
formosa / shells / turbinella pyrum 126 . 5mm . nature . w / o .
formosa / shells / turbinella pyrum 123 . 8mm . nature . w / o . freak
genre turbinelle . ( turbinella , lam . ) spécies général et iconographie des coquilles vivantes 6 21 pls .
these species are sometimes known as
chanks
or
chank shells
. one species in this genus is the sacred chank , turbinella pyrum ; see
shankha
for the cultural and religious use of the shell of that species .
verzeichniss der conchylien xvi + 110 pp . [ stated date : 09 oct 1838 . ]
gloria maris 26 1 - 7 . [ stated date : - - feb 1987 . ]
animal - based remedies constitute an integral part of brazilian traditional medicine . due to its long history , zootherapy has in fact become an integral part of folk medicine both in rural and urban areas of the country . in this paper we summarize current knowledge on zootherapeutic practices in northeast of brazil , based on information compiled from ethnobiological scientific literature .
in order to examine the diversity of animals used in traditional medicine in northeast of brazil , all available references or reports of folk remedies based on animals sources were examined . 34 sources were analyzed . only taxa that could be identified to species level were included in assessment of medicinal animal species . scientific names provided in publications were updated .
the review revealed that at least 250 animal species ( 178 vertebrates and 72 invertebrates ) are used for medicinal purposes in northeast of brazil . the inventoried species comprise 10 taxonomic categories and belong to 141 families . the groups with the greatest number of species were fishes ( n = 58 ) , mammals ( n = 47 ) and reptiles ( n = 37 ) . the zootherapeutical products are used for the treatment of different illnesses . the most widely treated condition were asthma , rheumatism and sore throat , conditions , which had a wide variety of animals to treat them with . many animals were used for the treatment of multiple ailments . beyond the use for treating human diseases , zootherapeutical resources are also used in ethnoveterinary medicine
the number of medicinal species catalogued was quite expressive and demonstrate the importance of zootherapy as alternative therapeutic in northeast of brazil . although widely diffused throughout brazil , zootherapeutic practices remain virtually unstudied . there is an urgent need to examine the ecological , cultural , social , and public health implications associated with fauna usage , including a full inventory of the animal species used for medicinal purposes and the socio - cultural context associated with their consumption .
humans depend on biodiversity and the capacity of ecosystems to provide a multitude of goods and services that underpin a healthy human and natural environment . biodiversity is essential for human health , for example , in the provision of the raw materials for medicines . indeed , some 20 , 000 species are used in traditional medicine , which forms the basis of primary health care for about 80 percent of the 3 billion people in developing countries . more than half of the world ' s modern drugs are derived from biological resources , which supports the traditional and modern pharmaceutical sectors [
] . although plants and plant - derived materials make up the majority of ingredients used in most traditional medical systems globally , whole animals , animal parts , and animal - derived products ( e . g . , urine , fat , etc . ) also constitute important elements of the materia medica . indeed , zootherapy , the use of animal products in healing , is an ancient and widespread practice across most cultures [
little attention has been paid to the cultural , medical , economic , or ecological significance of zootherapeutic practices , even though the federal government ' s national policy of pharmaceuticals ( política nacional de medicamentos , portaria no . 3916 / 98 ) specifies that
the support to research aiming to use the therapeutic potential of the national flora and fauna , with emphasis on certification of their medical properties , should be continued and expanded
[
] . nevertheless , since the 1980s various publications have shown the importance of zootherapy for traditional communities from distinct socio - cultural - environmental landscapes in brazil . most of the available information on the subject is concentrated in the northeast of the country [
in addition , the edibility of these medicinal resources must be analyzed because there must be complex interactions between diet and the medicinal use . a number of food animals are also used as remedies [
] . although often regarded as supplementary to local peoples ' diet , wild food and medicine are essential in times of crisis and play an important nutritional role . the neglect of traditional food and medicines may seriously deteriorate the health and well being of traditional peoples [
] . furthermore , nature - based traditional food and medicine are generally viewed as interchangeable , diet being highly regarded as the primary basis for sustaining and / or restoring health and well - being . consequently , foods are considered and often times chosen for their distinctive medicinal or healing values .
the total area of the brazilian northeast is 1 , 561 , 177 . 8 km
, which extends from 02°54 to 17°21s and from 35° to 46°30w and includes nine states : maranhão , piauí , ceará , rio grande do norte , paraíba , pernambuco , alagoas , sergipe and bahia ( figure .
] . this region is home to around 51 million people , representing 28 . 9 % of the total population of brazil , most of whom live in the urban area . the inhabitants of northeast brazil exhibit a high degree of race mixing . according to the 2006 census of brazilian institute for geography and statistics ( ibge ) , people of multiracial ( european , amerindian and african ) background make up 62 . 5 % of the population , while those of total or predominantly black ancestry account for 7 . 8 % . this region was not heavily affected by the wave of european immigration that took place in southern brazil during the 19th century – the northeast was ( and still is ) the poorest part of brazil , and therefore there was little incentive for new immigrants to stay [
the predominant vegetation type in this region is composed of several forms of caatinga biome . the structure of these forests can vary considerably from forests composed of mostly spiny trees , 6 to 10 m tall , often with a ground - layer of small deciduous shrubs and annual herbs , predominantly leguminosae , to deciduous woodlands of lower stature , with a high proportion of shrubs and subshrubs and the presence of many cacti , bromeliads and euphorbiaceae [
] . the northeast region as a whole holds more types of vegetation than any other region in brazil . in addition to the caatinga biome , there are the atlantic rainforests , seasonal forests and inland mountain forests ,
and shore dunes , mangroves , cerrados ( savannah - like vegetation ) and ' campos rupestres ' , all of which exhibit rich animal and plant biodiversity .
] . 34 ethnobiological sources documenting the medicinal use of animals were analyzed . only taxa that could be identified to species level were included in the data base . scientific names were updated in accordance with the integrated taxonomic information system ' s
catalogue of life : 2008 annual checklist
[
categories of diseases treated with zootherapeutic remedies in northeast brazil , according to the brazilian centre of diseases classification and the number of species used per category .
the review revealed that at least 250 animal species ( 178 vertebrates and 72 invertebrates ) are used for medicinal purposes in northeast of brazil . the inventoried species comprise 10 taxonomic categories and belong to 141 families ( additional file
) . the groups with the greatest number of species were fishes ( n = 58 ) , mammals ( n = 47 ) and reptiles ( n = 37 ) ( figure .
examples of animals used as medicine in northeast brazil . a : boa constrictor ( photo : gentil a . pereira - filho ) , b : iguana iguana , c : chelonoidis carbonaria , d : amazona aestiva , e : coragyps atratus and f : ucides cordatus ( photos b , c , d , e , f : rômulo r . n . alves ) .
the number of medicinal species catalogued was quite expressive and demonstrate the importance of zootherapy as alternative therapeutic in northeast of brazil . ethnobiological studies encompassing information on the medicinal use of biological resources cover 06 states : paraíba , piauí , pernambuco , alagoas , maranhão and bahia , the latter being state with the highest number of studies ( figure .
) . no published accounts were found for the states of ceará , sergipe and rio grande do norte . due to the lack of studies in some states of northeast brazil , and to the fact that only taxa that could be identified to the species level were included in the review , is expected the number of medicinal animals to be greater than the 250 species compiled .
of the 250 medicinal animal species which have been recorded , 175 ( 70 % ) were also used as food . the high number of animals used both as food and medicine is not surprising given the important role played by wildlife as a source of protein in different parts of the world . in at least 62 countries worldwide , wildlife ( including fish ) provides significant proteins , calories , and essential fats to rural communities [
] . the degree of overlap between medicinal and nutritional uses of wild animals observed in our study was high , and left no doubt about the importance of wild animals in human diets and healing activities .
medicinal animals recorded can be used whole or in parts such as fat , flesh , bone , bone marrow , cartilage , skin , tail , feather , liver , bile (
fel
) , milk , rattle ( from rattlesnakes ) , spine , shell , honey , wax , scale , rostral expansion , otolith , penis , carapace , blood , gizzard , beak , cocoon , teeth , tongue , egg , egg shells , tibia , secretions , head , heart , urine , foot , leg , nest , guts , pollen , ear , spawn , nail , horn , sucking dish and eye . examples of zootherapeutic products used as remedies in northeast brazil are showed in figure
examples of animal products used as remedies in northeast brazil . a : fats of mammals and reptiles , b : alligator leather ( paleosuchus palpebrosus ) , c : dried seahorses ( hippocampus reidi ) and d : dried starfish ( oreaster reticulatus ) .
beyond the use for treating human diseases , zootherapeutical resources are also used in ethnoveterinary medicine . barboza et al . [
] recorded the utilization of animals ( zootherapeutics ) as sources of medicines in folk veterinary medicine ( ethnoveterinary ) in semiarid northeast region and verified that 15 animals are used in the prevention or cure of animals ' illnesses in that region .
distinct preparation and administration manners of the zootherapic resources are reported in the works , but in general , hard parts , such as teeth , nails , shells , rattles from snakes , fish scales , bone , and cartilage , generally are dried in the sun , grated , and crushed to powder , and then administered as tea or taken during meals . fat , body secretions , and oil are either ingested or used as an ointment . some animals are utilized in combination with plants and / or other animal species , constituting the ingredients of what the interviewees call
garrafadas
a concoction defined by camargo [
the zootherapeutic resources recorded were used to treat different diseases . the most widely treated condition were asthma , rheumatism and sore throat , conditions , which had a wide variety of animals to treat them with . many animals were used for the treatment of multiple ailments . the highest numbers of animal species ( 132 , 52 . 8 % ) have been reported for the treatment of respiratory system related problems . injuries , poisoning and other consequences of external causes are treated with 77 species ( 30 . 8 % ) . 71 ( 28 . 4 % ) animal species are reported in uses in undefined illnesses category ( that includes all citations for diseases with unspecific symptoms ) . problems of osteomuscular system and conjunctive tissue are reported to be treated with 71 ( 28 . 8 % ) species . circulatory system related problems are treated with 64 species ( 25 . 6 % ) ( table
] . these observations point to the need for sanitary measurements to be taken with medicinal animal products and the importance of including considerations about zootherapy into public health programs . although the need for implementation of sanitary measures to the trade of animal or their parts for medicinal purposes is evident , adoption of regulatory measures faces considerable challenges , among them ensuring adequate participation of all stakeholders involved , monitoring of the activity , and combating illegal , unreported and unregulated trade [
] , which makes the use of available , affordable animal and plant remedies an important alternative .
the high number of species registered evidenciates that the animals are therapeutic resources culturally important . nevertheless , the lack of zootherapeutic studies in brazil ( and in the world in general ) has contributed to an underestimation of the importance of zootherapeutic resources in this country . alves and rosa [
] , suggest that one of the factors that certainly contribute to the information scarcity on the subject is the semi - clandestine or clandestine nature of the trade and use of medicinal animals , generally result in usuaries and traders being more resistant to provide information . the most of medicinal animals are wild and protected by law . nevertheless , although brazilian legislation forbids commercial use of wild fauna ( article 1 law 5 , 197 january 3 , 1967 and article 29 of law 9 , 605 february 12 , 1998 ) , medicinal products and derivatives made from animals are commonly traded in many brazilian cities [
= 230 ; 92 % ) are wild caught . in most cases remedies were prepared from dead specimens . many of the medicinal animals are of conservation concern . many of the recorded species ( 52 out of 250 ) are on either the iucn red list of threatened species , [
] . these results demonstrate the need to assess the implications of the use and trade of animal used in traditional medicines on their wild populations .
] , there is a need to increase our understanding of the biology and ecology of species commonly used as remedies to better assess the impacts of harvesting them ( for medicinal or other purposes ) on their wild populations . medicinal species whose conservation status is in question should receive urgent attention , and aspects such as habitat loss and alteration should be discussed in connection with present and future medicinal uses . as anyinam [
] remarked , environmental degradation affects users of traditional medicine both by limiting their access to the resources traditionally used and by diminishing the knowledge base in their community upon which traditional medicine is constructed . studies on traditional uses of faunistic resources should be carried out with other links to conservation biology , public health policies , sustainable management of natural resources and biological prospection is of great importance [
additional file 1 : medicinal animals and its respective uses in popular medicine , northeast of brazil . the data provided a list of medicinal animals and its respective uses in popular medicine in the northeast of brazil . ( pdf 170 kb )
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food chain and the reasons for food taboos in the amazon and in the atlantic forest coast .
( schweiger 1812 ) ( testudines : podocnemididae ) for medicinal purposes in two communities in north of brazil .
os ' bichos ' que curam : os animais e a medicina ' folk ' em belém do pará .
produtos e subprodutos da medicina popular comercializados na cidade de boa vista , roraima .
plants and animals utilized as medicines in the jau national park ( jnp ) , brazilian amazon .
markets and the use of wild animals for traditional medicine : a case study among the tsimane ' amerindians of the bolivian rain forest .
medicinal and poisonous diversity of the flora of
cariri paraibano
, brazil .
aspectos sócio - econômicos do comércio de plantas e animais medicinais em área metropolitanas do norte e nordeste do brasil .
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( of xancus laevigatus ( anton , 1839 ) ) matthews , h . r . 1967 . notas sobre a família xancidae no nordeste brasileiro . arquivos da estação de biologia marinha da universidade federal do ceará 7 : 143 - 145 . [ details ]
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collected at 10 - 15 m by lobster divers . some defect on body whorl made by predatores . but an unusual dwarf with salmon double lip
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description of calantica darwini d . s . jones & a . m . hosie , 2009
, common name
baby ' s toes
, is a . . .
is a species of small crustaceans ( ca . 1 . 0–1 . 3 millimetres . . .
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copidognathus oculatus is a species of mite in the halacaridae family .

the scientific name of the species was first published in 1863 by hodge .

copidognathus oculatus

bartsch , i . , 1977c . zur oculatus - und gibbus - gruppe der gattung copidognathus ( halacaridae , acari ) . ent . mitt . zool . mus . hamb . , 6 : 1 - 12 .
bartsch , i . ( 1977 ) . zur oculatus - und gibbus - gruppe der gattung copidognathus ( halacaridae , acari ) . ent . mitt . zool . mus . hamb . 6 : 1 - 12 . [ details ]
abstract - five copidognathus species , taken on the shores of rottnest island , western australia , are described . the five species , c . culoatus sp . nov . , c . facetus sp . nov . , c levigatus sp . nov . , c . pumicatus sp . nov . , and c . rasilis sp . nov . , can be attributed to the copidognathus oculatus group . the oculatus group and the 28 species attributed to this group are diagnosed , the geographical distribution summarized in a map . the southern hemisphere proved to be more rich in species than the northern .
( of halacarus oculatus hodge , 1863 ) hodge , g . , 1863 . contributions to the marine zoology of seaham harbour . on some undescribed marine acari . trans . tyneside nat . fld cl . , 5 ( 4 ) : 298 - 303 . [ details ]
lohmann , h . ( 1989 ) . die unterfamilie der halacaridae murr . und die meeresmilben der ostsee . zool . jb . ( syst . ) . 4 : 269 - 408 . [ details ]
bartsch , i . , 2001 . acarina - halacaridae , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 237 - 241 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
green , j . ; macquitty , m . ( 1987 ) . halacarid mites ( arachnida : acari ) : keys and notes for the identification of the species . synopses of the british fauna ( new series ) , 36 . e . j . brill / w . backhuys : london . isbn 90 - 048196 - 8 . vii , 178 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
trouessart , e . , 1888 . note sur les acariens marins recueillis par m . giard au laboratoire maritime de wimereux . c . r . acad . sci . paris , 107 : 753 - 755 . [ details ]
hayward , p . j . ; ryland , j . s . ( ed . ) . ( 1990 ) . the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe : 1 . introduction and protozoans to arthropods . clarendon press : oxford , uk . isbn 0 - 19 - 857356 - 1 . 627 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
bartsch , i . ( 1993 ) . a synopsis of the antarctic halacaroidea ( acari ) . synopses of the antarctic benthos . koeltz scientific books , koenigstein . 176 . [ details ]
bartsch , i . ( 2006 ) . halacaroidea ( acari ) : a guide to marine genera . organisms diversity & evolution . 6 ( 2 ) : 125 - 125 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
green , j . ; macquitty , m . ( 1987 ) . halacarid mites ( arachnida : acari ) : keys and notes for the identification of the species . synopses of the british fauna ( new series ) , 36 . e . j . brill / w . backhuys : london . isbn 90 - 048196 - 8 . vii , 178 pp .
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lohmann , h . , 1889 . die unterfamilie der halacaridae murr . und die meeresmilben der ostsee . zool . jb . ( syst . ) , 4 : 269 - 408 .
bartsch , i . , 2001 . acarina - halacaridae , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 237 - 241
( hodge , 1863 ) . in : costello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvantidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2014 ) european register of marine species , accessed through pesi at
this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license
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andré , m . , 1946 . halacariens marins . faune de france 46 : 1–152 .
bartsch , i . , 1977b . interstitielle fauna von galapagos xx halacaridae ( acari ) . mikrofauna meeresboden 65 : 1–108 .
( halacaridae , acari ) und beschreibung zweier neuer arten . zool . beitr . n . f . 28 : 1–16 .
( halacaridae ) from the caribbean region . stud . fauna curaçao 67 : 1–14 .
viets , 1936 ( halacaridae ) , a redescription . stud . fauna curaçao 67 : 15–20 .
bartsch , i . , 1984e . halacaridae ( acari ) von den west - indischen inseln . bijdr . dierk . 54 : 185–196 .
bartsch , i . , 1991 . on the identity of some north atlantic halacarid species ( acari ) . jl . of nat . hist . 25 : 1339–1353 .
from the caribbean area and notes on the subfamily actacarinae and its species ( arachnida : acari : halacaridae ) . senckenberg . biol . 75 : 229–241 .
– gruppe ( acari , halacaridae ) . entomol . mitt . zool . mus . hamburg 13 : 37–48 .
bartsch , i . & t . m . iliffe , 1985 . the halacarid fauna ( halacaridae , acari ) of bermuda caves . stygologia 1 : 300–321 .
brady , g . s . , 1875 . a review of the british marine mites , with descriptions of some new species . proc . zool . soc . lond . 20 : 301–311 .
fountain , h . c . , 1953 . an examination of the original slides of marine acari of hodge 1863 . j . mar . biol . ass . u . k . 32 : 357–364 .
gosse , p . h . , 1855 . notes on some new or little known marine animals . ann . magaz . nat . hist . 16 : 27–36 .
green , j . & m . macquitty , 1987 . halacarid mites . synopses of british fauna ( n . s . ) 36 , e . j . brill / dr w . backhuys , leiden , the netherlands . 178 pp .
halbert , j . n . , 1915 . clare island survey part 39 ii , acarinida ii . terrestrial and marine acarina . proc . r . ir . acad . 31 ( 39 ) sect . 2 : 45–136 .
hodge , g . , 1863 . contributions to the marine zoology of seaham harbour . on some undescribed marine acari . trans . tyneside nat . field . cl . 5 : 298–303 .
, a new species of arenicolous mite ( prostigmata : halacaridae ) from the caribbean coast . ann . ent . soc . am . 64 : 594–598 .
lohmann , h . t . , 1889 . die unterfamilie der halacaridae murray und die meeresmilben der ostsee . zool . jb . 4 ( 2 ) : 269–408 .
lohmann , h . t . , 1893 . die halacarinen der plankton – expedition . ergebnisse der plankton – expedition der humboldt - stiftung 2 : 11–95 .
newell , i . m . , 1947 . a systematic and ecological study of the halacaridae of eastern north america . bull . bingham oceanogr . coll . 10 : 1–232 .
rosen , d . e . , 1975 . a vicariance model of caribbean biogeography . syst . zool . 24 : 431–464 .
schuster , r . & i . bartsch , 1986 . order acari ( mites and ticks ) . marine fauna and flora of bermuda . john wiley & sons , new york : pp . 270–275 .
somerfield , p . j . , 1988 . new records of marine halacaridae ( acari : prostigmata ) from rocky shores around the irish coast . bull . ir . biogeogr . soc . 11 : 6–21 .
trouessart , e . l . , 1889a . sur les acariens marins des côtes de france . compte rendu hebdomadaire de séances de l ' academie des sciences 108 : 1178–1181 .
trouessart , e . l . , 1889b . revue synoptique de la famille des halacaridae . bull . sc . france belgique 20 : 225–251 .
viets , k . , 1927 . halacaridae . tierwelt der nord und ostsee xic : 1–72 .
viets , k . , 1936a . zoologische ergebnisse einer reise nach bonaire , curaçao und aruba im jahre 1930 . no . 18 . halacariden aus westindien . zool . jb . , syst . 67 : 389–424 .
viets , k . , 1936b . spinnentiere oder arachnoidea vii . wassermilben oder hydracarina ( hydrachnellae und halacaridae ) . tierwelt deutschlands 31–32 : 516–562 .
chatterjee , t . & de troch , m . hydrobiologia ( 2001 ) 457 : 235 . urltoken
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
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