eobania vermiculata also known as helix vermiculata , common name the " chocolate-band snail " is a species of large , air-breathing , land snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family helicidae , the true snails or typical snails .

eobania vermiculata is the type species of the genus eobania .

eobania vermiculata

eobania vermiculata : adult with eggs . ( photo : © j . novak , urltoken )
eobania vermiculata : note pattern variation . ( photo : © j . novak , urltoken )
notton d . 2006 . eobania vermiculata in the uk . mollusc world 11 : 6 .
worms - world register of marine species - eobania vermiculata ( o . f . müller , 1774 )
chocolate banded snail ( eobania vermiculata ) , rab island ( croatia ) . picture : andreas gruber .
introduction of the land snail eobania vermiculata as a bioindicator organism of terrestrial pollution using a battery of biomarkers .
, l . ( 2010 ) : a mediterranean snail eobania vermiculata ( o . f . müller 1774 ) in nw germany (
introduction of the land snail eobania vermiculata as a bioindicator organism of terrestrial pollution using a battery of biomarkers . - pubmed - ncbi
phylogenetic relationships of the land snail ; eobania vermiculata ( müller , 1774 ) from egypt and saudi arabia . a combined morphological and molecular analysis
03 . 07 . 60 . 0164 . 05 - snails - terrestrial snail ( escargot ) species - dried - cepaea nemoralis l . , otala lactea müller , eobania vermiculata müller ( syn . otala vermiculata müller )
03 . 07 . 60 . 0164 . 07 - snails - terrestrial snail ( escargot ) species - chilled - cepaea nemoralis l . , otala lactea müller , eobania vermiculata müller ( syn . otala vermiculata müller )
03 . 07 . 60 . 0164 . 08 - snails - terrestrial snail ( escargot ) species - frozen - cepaea nemoralis l . , otala lactea müller , eobania vermiculata müller ( syn . otala vermiculata müller )
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platydemus manokwari de beauchamp , 1963 , experimental predation on indigenous snail .
and
eobania vermiculata
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habitat and distribution : eobania vermiculata lives on dry vegetation on fields and in hedges , often also inhabits agricultural areas , such as gardens and vineyards .
phylogenetic relationships of the land snail ; eobania vermiculata ( müller , 1774 ) from egypt and saudi arabia . a combined morphological and molecular analysis - sciencedirect
03 . 07 . 60 . 0164 . 06 - snails - terrestrial snail ( escargot ) species - salted or in brine - cepaea nemoralis l . , otala lactea müller , eobania vermiculata müller ( syn . otala vermiculata müller )
introduction of the land snail eobania vermiculata as a bioindicator organism of terrestrial pollution using a battery of biomarkers | school of biology a . u . th .
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the sand hill snail can be told apart from other mediterranean helicid species by the size of its apex and the form of the umbilicus . juvenile chocolate banded snails ( eobania vermiculata ) , for example , relatively have a noticeably larger apex .
1774 ) - only müller ' s name is set into brackets ; he had described it as helix vermiculata in 1774 .
rađa , b . , rađa , t . , puizina , j . , šamanic , i . , & šantic , m . 2012 . shell characteristics of land snail eobania vermiculata ( müller , 1774 ) ( helicidae ) from croatia . american malacological bulletin , 30 ( 2 ) : 299 - 307 .
the species is distributed in all of the mediterranean . in southern france eobania vermiculata also extends its area of distribution into the inner country , such as the upper rhône valley and the upper valley of the garonne river . in other places in europe , such as in bad schwartau in northern germany , in cologne , and in györ in hungary , the species has been introduced . with food transports , it also reached america and australia . in the united states , eobania vermiculata has been introduced in louisiana and texas , but does not pose a severe threat to agriculture . in japan , the first naturalized population has been described from urayasu in the chiba prefecture . in the meantime another population has been reported from that region .
eobania vermiculata is an air - breathing terrestrial snail . the color of the shell is variable , ranging from whitish to greenish yellow , often with multiple color bands or spots ; the lower side frequently has two brown bands and is whitish in color between lowest band and umbilicus . the shell has 4 - 4 . 5 whorls . the width of the shell is 22–32 mm and the height is 14–24 mm . the body of the snail is gray on the dorsal side and yellowish on the ventral side .
hello ! how are you ? i try to see your blog post but it does not open with me . . anyway thanks a lot for your efforts . . i want to add that i had some biological and ecological studies on eobania vermiculata too in cairo , egypt . it has been found cause for the adapting to new climate in egypt considering being one of the mediterranean urltoken a days it become one of the dominant land snails in egypt . anyway thanks a lot it was my pleasure pass to your profile
. . . the obtained results are in conformity with our previous studies that also observed a significant increase in cat activity in eobania vermiculata snails after the administration of pesticides ( el - wakil and radwan , 1991 ) , and might be indicative of a defense mechanism towards cellular damage occurring in the snail as a consequence of reactive oxygen species ( ros ) formation . moreover , oral administration of mice with sublethal doses of imidacloprid significantly caused elevation in the activity of cat ( elgendy et al . , 2010 ) . . . .
like other terrestrial snails eobania vermiculata is used for food in the native lands of europe . this is also a major factor to the spread of this snail , along with the fact it is used in the pet trade also . it has been accidentally introduced into louisiana and texas but is thought to be a minor threat to agriculture . however , since this snail has observed to feed on vineyards and other agricultural crops that grow within these 2 states , the threat of the chocolate - band snail may be larger than previously thought .
description : compared to other helicid snails , eobania vermiculata has got a rather flattened than globular shell , the whorls ascending only little with flat sutures in between . the last whorl descends rapidly towards the aperture ( see picture on the left ) . the apertural lip is evolved noticeably , it completely covers the shell navel ( umbilicus ) . as an adaptation to the snail ' s usually warm and dry environment , the shell has got a thick wall and a white ground colour . on this there are up to 5 dark brown bands ( hence the name chocolate banded snail ) . the shell bands are often dissolved into separate narrow stripes , overlaid by a whitish net pattern ( which led to müller ' s choice of name ) .
. . . the data suggests that increases in antioxidant defenses would be due to enhanced oxygen free radicals production , which could stimulate antioxidant activities ( torres et al . , 2002 ) to cope with this increased oxidative stress and protect the cells from damage . the obtained results are in conformity with our previous studies that also observed a significant increase in cat activity in eobania vermiculata snails after the administration of pesticides ( wakil and radwan , 1991 ) , and might be indicative of a defense mechanism towards cellular damage occurring in the snail as a consequence of reactive oxygen species ( ros ) formation . moreover , oral administration of mice with sublethal doses of imidacloprid significantly caused elevation in the activity of cat ( el - gendy et al . , 2010 ) . fig . . . .
. . . as the digestive gland represents the main target organ for molluscicide impact , the reactions following application of molluscicide should be investigated . up to the present , little information is available about the biochemical changes [ 6 ] [ 13 ] [ 14 ] and the histochemical changes [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 15 ] in the digestive gland tissues of land gastropods induced by molluscicides . therefore , the objectives of the present study were to determine the lethal toxic action of methomyl and methiocarb and to identify the biochemical and histochemical changes as a function of sublethal dose on the digestive gland of e . vermiculata snails under laboratory conditions , using topical application and baiting techniques . . . .
the in vivo effects of methomyl , thiodicarb and metaldehyde on total soluble proteins , total lipids and glycogen content , in addition , the activity of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase , ( got ) , ( gpt ) glutamic pyruvic transaminase and catalase ( cat ) enzymes of terrestrial e . vermiculata snails was studied . the experimental snails were treated with low concentration of 0 . 2 % brain bait w / w of the pesticides for a period of 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 and 10 days . the results showed that methomyl and thiodicarb lead to significant reduction in total soluble proteins , lipids , and glycogen content , while significant increases in the activity of all enzymes tested were noted . metaldehyde treatment showed no significant effect on total soluble proteins , lipids and got level , whereas a significant increase in gpt and cat enzymes was observed . also , metaldehyde resulted a significant reduction in glycogen content of snails .
müller , o . f . 1774 . vermivm terrestrium et fluviatilium , seu animalium infusoriorum , helminthicorum , et testaceorum , non marinorum , succincta historia . volumen alterum . - pp . i - xxxvi [ = 1 - 36 ] , 1 - 214 , [ 1 - 10 ] . havniæ & lipsiæ . ( heineck & faber ) .
shell colour very variable , whitish to greenish yellow , often with colour bands or spots , lower side frequently with two brown bands and whitish between lowest band and umbilicus , 4 - 4 . 5 whorls , last whorl descending abruptly below periphery , apertural margin white , reflected in adult shells , in juveniles only at columellar side , umbilicus narrow and open in juveniles , partly covered by the reflected columellar margin , completely closed in adult shells . juveniles differ from theba pisana ( with likewise umbilicus ) by the larger size of the apex .
14 - 24 x 22 - 32 mm . in n greece variation seems to be lower than in s greece ( gávdos island : 24 . 5 - 33 . 5 mm diameter of adult shells , average 28 - 29 mm , no local variations in shell size )
the species is commercialized and exported from greece to france , which led lazaridou - dimitriadou & kattoulas ( 1981 ) to propose restrictions for size and seasons of collection .
this snail ' s shell is whitish ( with yellow to grey - brown tinge ) in color with four or five chestnut - brown to chocolate stripes that are more or less spotted or speckled with white . albino variants do exist ( i . e . they do not have stripes ) . the peristome is also white . the thick - walled shell of this species has 5 - 6 whorls and may attain a height of 14 - 27 mm and a diameter of 22 - 30 mm although specimens have been reported to measure 35 mm . the umbilicus ( navel ) is inconspicuous .
this species inhabits fields , gardens and vineyards . during the day , the animal aestivates on vertical structures ( e . g . , trees , palms , bushes , fences ) .
cowie et al . 2009 ; pilsbry 1939 ; kerney et al . 1979 ; yildirim et al . 2004
around 70 eggs per snail are laid with the size of the egg being 4 . 1 × 3 mm . juveniles hatch shortly after and grow about 12–13 mm in diameter per year for 2 years . maturity is reached after 2 years when the diameter reaches 25 mm . snails reach 29–30 mm diameter in may / june of the second year , reaching a maximum diameter may take 5 years or more , but mortality increases greatly after 2 years .
u . s . habitat : in a broad variety of habitats , usually in dry vegetation , mainly in coastal vicinity , also in agricultural crops and vineyards .
this species is considered to represent a potentially serious threat as a pest , an invasive species which could negatively affect agriculture , natural ecosystems , human health or commerce . therefore it has been suggested that this species be given top national quarantine significance in the united states .
cowie r . h . , dillon r . t . , robinson d . g . & smith j . w . 2009 . alien non - marine snails and slugs of priority quarantine importance in the united states : a preliminary risk assessment . american malacological bulletin 27 : 113 - 132 .
heller j . 2001 . life history strategies . in : barker g . m . ( ed . ) the biology of terrestrial molluscs . cabi publishing , oxon , uk
dactylorhiza iberica ( iberia dactylorhiza ) ( willd . ) soó - orchid of cyprus
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bouaziz - yahiatene , h . ; pfarrer , b . ; medjdoub - bensaad , f . ; neubert , e . ( 2017 ) . revision of massylaea möllendorff , 1898 ( stylommatophora , helicidae ) . zookeys . 694 ( 1 ) : 109 - 133 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 124 - 127 , figs 13 - 16 [ details ]
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turgeon , d . d . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , w . k . emerson , w . g . lyons , w . pratt , et al .
turgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , et al .
common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks , 2nd ed .
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
in some parts of the mediterranean the helicidae snail family occurs with an exceptionally large richness in species . special centres of distribution are asia minor ( the asian part of turkey ) and the balkan peninsula .
when the danish malacologist otto friedrich müller first described this species in 1774 after having returned from a journey to italy ( which gave him the right to name the species ) , he called it
nudel - snekken
( noodle snail ) , because the shell pattern of dissolved stripes reminded him of italian vermicelli noodles . obviously he had not exclusively been occupied with snails during his voyage . until today the snail is called
dimensions : w : 14 - 27 mm ; h : 22 - 30 mm ; n : 5 - 6 . ( abbreviations ) .
in a large part of its distribution area , the chocolate banded snail is collected as food . this doubtlessly has led to a large extent to the species current distribution throughout the mediterranean and beyond . on crete ,
and other terrestrial snails are commonly sold alive on markets . in france as well , the snail is commonly referred to as
further vernacular names : white italian snail , mediterranean coastal snail . in italian : lumachella ( lazio ) , babbaluceddu ( sicily ) , bovoletto ( venice ) .
sand hill snail ( theba pisana ) on sicily . picture : carlo columba ( source ) .
description : the sand hill snail is a very variable snail species . it has a light yellow to white shell with dark bands or spots and often shows a dark blue grey shell tip ( apex ) . while juvenile shells show a sharp keel , like juvenile aegopis verticillus , the keel disappears at the apertural whorl of adult shells . the aperture often is rose or red coloured inside and the aperture rim is folded back at the columellar side , covering half of the narrow shell navel ( umbilicus ) .
sand hill snails ( theba pisana ) in the camargue . picture : fritz geller - grimm .
the snail ' s body is light yellow in colour , black stripes leading alongside the body up the larger tentacles . those are quite long in theba pisana .
dime nsions : h : 9 - 20 mm ; w : 12 - 25 mm ; n : 5 ½ - 6 . ( abbreviations ) . in greece the shell diameter usually is noticeably smaller .
habitat and distribution : the sand hill snail lives on the coast in or near sandy places ( hence its name ) . theba pisana is able to survive on nearly bare sand with only little vegetation stabilizing the ground . in the hot mediterranean climate the sand hill snails usually aestivates on grasses , shrubs or succulents . in the north of its distribution area , snails do not aestivate but only crawl up plants in warm weather .
the sand hill snail often shares its habitat with the maritime garden snail ( cernuella virgata ) and the pointed snail ( cochlicella acuta ) , but it is better adapted to life on the sand and so usually is found more frequently and farther in sandy habitats . but theba pisana does not survive severe winter frost , which is why its distribution area is limited to the north , for example on the british isles .
sand hill snails live in all of the mediterranean are and the adjacent atlantic coasts , from central morocco as far as belgium and the near atlantic islands , and also in israel and egypt . in spain the sand hill snail may be found also in the inner country . on the british isles , where sand hill snails have been introduced during the 18th century , sand hill snails appear in the south , from south - western england to southern wales as far as eastern and south - eastern ireland . in most of its area of distribution the sand hill snail is very common near the beaches . from southern portugal as far as greece it is among the most frequent terrestrial snails .
theba pisana has also been introduced overseas : the sand hill snail is found in north america , as well as in south africa , australia and tasmania . in the united states sand hill snails can be an agricultural pests , if they appear in large numbers .
threat situation : in spain , a coastal subspecies , theba pisana arietina , is categorized as endangered ( en ) ( see also : iucn threat categories ) .
francisco welter - schultes : theba pisana species homepage . molluscs of central europa : theba pisana .
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department of genetics , development and molecular biology , school of biology , aristotle university of thessaloniki , thessaloniki 54124 , greece . itziou @ urltoken
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turgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , p . m . mikkelsen , r . j . neves , c . f . e . roper , g . rosenberg , b . roth , a . scheltema , f . g . thompson , m . vecchione , and j . d . williams . 1998 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks . 2nd edition . american fisheries society special publication 26 , bethesda , maryland : 526 pp .
this species is native to the mediterranean but introduced to texas and california ( roth and sadeghian , 2003 ) and louisiana ( fullington and pratt , 1974 ) .
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it has been introduced to jackson square , new orleans , louisiana ( pilsbry , 1939 ) .
occurrences are based on some evidence of historical or current presence of single or multiple specimens , including live specimens or recently dead shells ( i . e . , soft tissue still attached without signs of external weathering or staining ) , at a given location with potentially recurring existence . weathered shells constitute a historic occurrence . evidence is derived from reliable published observation or collection data ; unpublished , though documented ( i . e . government or agency reports , web sites , etc . ) observation or collection data ; or museum specimen information .
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fullington , r . w . and w . l . pratt , jr . 1974 . the aquatic and land mollusca of texas . part iii . dallas museum of natural history , bulletin , 1 : 1 - 48 .
pilsbry , h . a . 1939b . land mollusca of north america ( north of mexico ) . volume 1 , part 1 . monograph of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 1 ( 1 ) : 1 - 573 .
roth , b . and p . s . sadeghian . 2003 . checklist of the land snails and slugs of california . santa barbara museum of natural history contributions in science , 3 : 1 - 81 .
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ridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
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. . . in this study , we found different patterns of response due to the concentration of fa in p . patula exposed to the waf of mco ; however , in no case did we find significant results . in contrast , in other mollusk species , significant results were found ( el wakil & radwan , 1991 ; radwan et al . , 1993 ; radwan et al . , 2008 ; lyssimachou et al . , 2009 ) . research . . .
. . . in addition , cat activity decreased in the intestine of p . canaliculata with respect to control . accordingly , previous studies observed a significant decreased and increase in cat activity in terrestrial snails after exposure to met ( el wakil and radwan 1991 ) , suggesting a defense mechanism against cell damage in the organism due to the formation of reactive oxygen species . met formulations are applied to control aquatic snail pests in different countries ( henderson and triebskorn 2002 ) . . . .
. . . the slugs of each species were divided into two groups , untreated and treated and the method of el - wakil and radwan [ 11 ] was used to evaluate the effectiveness of the plant extract against the tested slugs . . . .
. . . following application of metaldehyde , an increase in cat activity was observed in the first two periods of exposure , with a significant increase in the 24 - and 32 - h exposure periods . this result is in conformity with previous studies that also observed a significant increase in cat activity in terrestrial snails after the administration of metaldehyde ( wakil and radwan 1991 ) and might be indicative of a defence mechanism towards cellular damage occurring in the organism as a consequence of ros formation . cat activity did not have statistical differences in the four sampling times of methiocarb exposure when compared with control values , although a decrease was observed after 2 and 3 h of exposure to the carbamate . . . .
impact of certain carbamate and synthetic pyrethroid insecticides on the non - target terrestrial snai . . .
molluscicidal activity & repellency of some inorganic fertilizers against terrestrial snail , theba p . . .
in the present study , five inorganic fertilizer compounds : super - phosphate , potassium sulfate , ammonium sulfate , ferrous sulfate and copper sulfate were chosen and formulated in solution form of 1 . 5 % ( w / v ) with an ad - hesive substance ( arab gum ) . their efficacy as repellent and / or toxic agents against the terrestrial theba pisana snails was investigated . the infested citrus trees with t . pisana . . . [ show full abstract ]
in the present study , five inorganic fertilizer compounds : superphosphate , potassium sulfate , ammonium sulfate , ferrous sulfate and copper sulfate were chosen and formulated in solution form of 1 . 5 % ( w / v ) with an adhesive substance ( arab gum ) . their efficacy as repellent and / or toxic agents against the terrestrial theba pisana snails was investigated . the infested citrus trees with t . pisana . . . [ show full abstract ]
toxicity and biochemical impact of certain oxime carbamate pesticides against terrestrial snail , the . . .
the bran toxic baits ( 0 . 5 % w / w ) of five oxime carbamate pesticides ; aldicarb , aldoxycarb , methomyl , oxamyl and thiofanox were tested for their molluscicidal activity against theba pisana snails under laboratory conditions . in addition , the in vivo effects of these compounds on seven vital enzymes namely acetylcholin‐esterase ( ache ) , glutathion‐s‐transferase ( gst ) , glutamic oxlaoacetic . . . [ show full abstract ]
i got this snail from my garden and i am planning to sequence it . so before sequencing i thought of getting an idea about what i am planning to . . .
first of all i ' m interested in ravines and small valleys regarding land snails . it is obvious that in the wet ravines and small valleys some . . .
there seems to be no well - published detailed research on the haired snails except pfenninger et al . , 2005 (
why do snails have hairs ? . . .
) , but . . .
the rheophile snail ancylus fluviatilis seems quite demanding and difficult to rear in captivity . does anyone have suggestions ? i tried to keep . . .
i ' m sorry because this question is not about snail molluscs . it is known that molluscs may take calcium for shell bilding from water or from . . .
preferably with something tasty . . . however , not all scientists can eat the object of their research . ) )
© school of biology a . u . t . h . 2010 - 2012
1991 . complementary video and acoustic recordings of foraging by two pest species of slugs on non - toxic and molluscicidal baits .
i . henderson ( ed . ) . slugs and snails in world agriculture . bcpc mono . 41 .
1980 . experimental studies on slug - plant interactions : 1 . the acceptability of thirty plant species to the slug
( labiatae ) . leiden botanical series , vol . 4 . leiden university press , the hague .
1985 . edible and commercialized snails of greece—heliciculture . giachoudi - giapouli publications , thessaloniki ( in greek ) .
1981 . adaptive strategies in plants dominanting mediterranean - type ecosystems , pp . 309–315 ,
f . di castri , d . w . goodall and r . l . specht ( eds . ) . mediterranean - type shrublands . elsevier scientific publishing , amsterdam .
n . s . margaris and h . a . mooney ( eds . ) . components of productivity of mediterranean - climate regions ; basic and applied aspects . dr . w . junk publishers , the hague .
1993 . pollination ecology of labiatae in a phryganic ( east mediterranean ) ecosystem .
1988 . a guide to snails of britain and europe . hamlyn , london .
1981 . biometry : the principles and practice of statistics in biological research , 2nd ed . w . h . freeman and co . , new york .
1992 . the allelopathic potential of aromatic shrubs in phyrganic ( east mediterranean ) ecosystems , pp . 303–320 ,
s . j . h . rizvi and v . rizvi ( eds . ) . allelopathy : basic and applied aspects . chapman and hall , london .
1988 . the inhibitory effects of the molluscicide metaldehyde on feeding , locomotion and fecal elimination of three pest species of terrestrial slug .
vokou , d . , tziolas , m . & bailey , s . e . r . j chem ecol ( 1998 ) 24 : 1187 . urltoken
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citation : fernández - lópez de pablo j , badal e , ferrer garcía c , martínez - ortí a , sanchis serra a ( 2014 ) land snails as a diet diversification proxy during the early upper palaeolithic in europe . plos one 9 ( 8 ) : e104898 . urltoken
copyright : © 2014 fernández - lópez de pablo et al . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
data availability : the authors confirm that all data underlying the findings are fully available without restriction . all relevant data are within the paper .
funding : the fieldwork research and the radiocarbon analyses were supported by private funds provided by the fundación adendia in the framework of the research project named “el poblamiento inicial de benidorm y la marina baixa ( alicante ) ” . jfl is supported by a ramón y cajal program postdoctoral research grant ( ref . ryc - 2011 - 09363 ) of the mineco spanish ministry and the consolidated research groug ( ref . sgr - 2014 - 900 ) “group d ' anàlisis de processos socioecológics , canvis culturals i dinàmiques de població a la prehistòria” . the mineco spanish ministry also funded the research projects “paleolítico medio final y paleolítico superior inicial en la región central mediterránea ibérica ( valencia y murcia ) ” ( ref . har2012 - 32703 ) and “paleoflora ibérica en un contexto de complejidad : interacciones fisiográficas , ecológicas y evolutivas” ( ref . 2012cgl - 34717 ) that supported the post - excavation palaeobotanical analyses and the cost of a radiocarbon determination . the funders had no role in the study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish or the preparation of the manuscript .
cova de la barriada is formed by two connected rockshelters , so - called lower and upper rockshelters , respectively , located at the base of a tectonic escarpment of mesozoic limestone on the western slope of the serra gelada mountain ( figure 1 ) . the site is oriented towards the nw at 180 m . a . s . l .
in the upper rockshelter , the archaeological fill was formed by colluvial sedimentation that , for the most part , has been eroded away by water ( karstic ) erosion and subsequent transport as well as recent husbandry and looting activities . test pit 3 , which is 1 m 2 , yielded archaeological materials in clearly secondary position from the dismantled late pleistocene deposits .
only test pit 1 , located at the south of the upper rockshelter , right outside of the roofed area , preserved in situ archaeological levels with combustion structures and associated lithic , faunal and land snail assemblages . the archaeo - sedimentary deposit is formed by a succession of three main stratigraphic units , subdivided into several subunits with different contents of boulders , angular blocks and gravels in a matrix of sands and silts ( figure 2 ) . from top to bottom , the stratigraphic sequence is described as follows :
up left : plan of cova de la barriada site with the location of test pits . bottom left : test pit 1 , once excavated . right : synthetic column of the test pit 1 stratigraphy .
unit i is composed of five subunits . subunit i . 1 is a calcareous flowstone of horizontal geometry . subunits i . 2 to i . 5 are mainly composed by very pale brown ( 10 yr 7 / 3 and 7 / 4 ) thin fraction ( 70 % ) and angular heterometric gravels . subunit i . 5 , which overlies unit ii with an angular unconformity , yielded archaeological evidence ( artefacts and features ) that correspond to archaeological unit a .
unit ii is a 10 - cm thick deposit of massive structure containing a heterometric thick fraction of gravitational boulders and angular blocks and gravels in a matrix of very pale brown ( 10 yr 8 / 3 ) thin fraction . it dips e - w with an inclination of 12–10° . this stratigraphic unit corresponds to archaeological unit b , containing both artefacts and features .
unit iii is composed of five different subunits . subunits iii . 1 and iii . 3 contain 90 % of greyish orange ( 10 yr 7 / 4 ) sands and silts partially separated by a laterally discontinuous subunit of gravels ( iii . 2 ) . the underlying subunit iii . 4 ( 10 yr 8 / 3 and 8 / 4 ) is predominantly composed of a thick fraction ( boulders and angular blocks ) , whereas subunit iii . 5 is mainly formed by massive structure sands and silts . occupational evidence ( archaeological unit c ) is restricted to subunits iii . 1 and iii . 3 .
archaeological units a , b and c have yielded early upper palaeolithic artefacts , faunal assemblages and combustion structures whose basic morphological and dimensional attributes are presented in table 1 . despite the partial conservation of the combustion structures , most of them ( ec - 1 , ec - 2 , ec - 3 , ec - 4 and ec - 5 ) have a flat section associated with heterogeneous carbonaceous lenses and fire - cracked limestone blocks . in contrast , combustion structure bm , which was partially documented because it extended outside the limits of the test pit , has a shallow pit morphology and a concave section containing homogeneous carbonaceous sediments with abundant charcoal . on the other hand , combustion structure ec - 6 has an irregular concave section associated with burnt and fire - cracked limestone blocks .
a series of ams radiocarbon dates from individual and taxonomically determined charcoal samples recovered from the combustion structures were produced to assess the chronology of the stratigraphic sequence ( table 2 ) . the samples are charcoal of pinus nigra from ec - 1 level a , fabaceae charcoal from ec - 5 level b and juniperus sp . charcoal from ec - 6 level c . all samples were plotted at the time of excavation and analysed at the beta analytic laboratories in london . calibration was performed using oxcal v . 4 . 1 . 3 [ 19 ] and the intcal13 calibration curve [ 20 ] .
radiocarbon dates of the test pit 1 of cova de la barriada calibrated with oxcal 4 . 2
radiocarbon dates from levels a , b and c yielded significantly different chronologies in accordance with their stratigraphic position , suggesting two hiatuses between archaeological units c and b and archaeological units b and a . the chronological gaps between the above - mentioned levels are consistent with the erosive contact documented between subunits i . a and ii and subunits iii . 1 and iii . 3 .
figure 3 represents a correlation between the radiocarbon chronology of levels a and b of cova de la barriada and the ams radiocarbon dates from the well - known gravettian units of the nerja and cendres caves , the regional reference sequences in the iberian mediterranean region for this period [ 21 ] – [ 22 ] . in addition , we compared the summed probability chronological distributions with the global climatic 18 o gisp2 curve [ 23 ] and the regional variations of sea surface temperatures obtained in the alborán sea [ 24 ] . according to this tentative correlation , level b falls within the accepted chronology of the h3 heinrich event in the mediterranean sea , whereas level a appears to fall in greenland interstadial 3 .
top : cumulative calibrated dating probability of the radiocarbon dates from the levels a and b of cova de la barriada and the gravettian units of nerja [ 21 ] and cendres sites [ 22 ] plotted with calpal ( vers . october 2013 ) [ 89 ] using the intcal13 calibration curve [ 20 ] . bottom : δ 18 o variation from the gisp2 curve [ 23 ] and sea surface temperatures obtained from alkenonne data from the alborán sea [ 24 ] .
at the time of the early upper palaeolithic occupations in cova de la barriada ( 30–25 ka ) , the mediterranean sea level was 90–100 m lower than today , implying a distance of approximately 20 km between the site and the shore line on the basis of local data on marine floor topography [ 25 ] .
the archaeological and paleontological information presented in this paper involved the direct analysis of 321 paleobotanical specimens , 489 vertebrate specimens and 1484 invertebrate ( land snails ) specimens .
a set of upper palaeolithic artefacts were recovered in association with the land snails and faunal assemblages in test pit 1 . despite the paucity of the lithic assemblages ( n = 39 ) , two dihedral - deviated burins were documented at level a , and two splintered pieces were documented in levels a and b . in addition , three small umbo - pierced marine shells of glycimeris sp . were recovered in levels a ( n = 2 ) and c ( n = 1 ) .
the spectrum of taxa represented in the hearth structure ( bm and ec - 6 ) is very narrow : four amongst the 48 charcoal fragments recovered in bm and just two from the 66 charcoal fragments in fireplace ec - 6 . this might be explained by both the low number of charcoals from each fireplace and their short - term accumulation as a fuel of the last burning episode , thus , reflecting a punctual harvest of firewood . in any case , the flora identified in the combustion structures is in ecological agreement with that recovered from the archaeological units as a result of a longer accumulation process . both charcoals from fireplaces and archaeological units are the result of human agency .
the faunal assemblage of test pit 1 is composed of 489 elements . the ratio of identified specimens at the taxonomic level ( nisp ) is low , varying between 14 . 6 % in level a and 2 . 7 % in level c . four species of ungulates have been identified : aurochs ( bos primigenius ) , horse ( equus ferus ) , red deer ( cervus elaphus ) and the spanish ibex ( capra pyrenaica ) . in addition , lagomorphs are represented throughout the archaeological sequence .
the taphonomic analysis points to both anthropogenic accumulation and post - depositional breakage , with a very marginal contribution by non - human predators . despite the lack of cut marks , partially explained by the high occurrence of post - depositional calcareous concretions , percussion marks have been clearly identified on diaphyseal fragments of ibex ( 1 ) , medium - size ( 2 ) and large - size ( 1 ) ungulates in levels a and b , as well as a human bite mark on a leporid bone ( table 4 ) .
faunal assemblages ( nisp ) from the test pit 1 of cova de la barriada .
to assess the land snail taphonomy and breakage patterns , we established four main fragmentation categories : 1 . complete ( uncrushed ) snails , 2 . partially crushed ( up to the 50 % of the whole shell ) snails , 3 . snail fragments ( between 10–50 % of the whole shell ) and 4 . snail debris or small snail fragments < 10 % of the whole shell . small whorl fragments , of less than 3 mm , are very frequent and were not quantified since most of them were produced during the excavation and by post - depositional diagenetic processes .


severtzov 's jerboa ( allactaga severtzovi ) is an herbivorous species of rodent in the family dipodidae .

it is found in kazakhstan , tajikistan , turkmenistan , and uzbekistan .

severtzov ' s jerboa

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translated from russian . robert s . hoffmann and don e . wilson , eds .
the svertzov ' s jerboa is listed as least concern ( lr / lc ) , lowest risk . does not qualify for a more at risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category , on the iucn red list of threatened species
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
inhabit usually sand , clay , rarely rubbly , and lime ( s kazakhstan ) deserts . avoid moving sands and takyrs . ecology is poorly studied , but generally similar to that of allactaga major . burrows are simple ; wintering nests are at 50 - 85 cm blow ground . reproduction occurs in march , but in favourable years females can give two litters ( in march and in summer ) . embryo number is 3 - 7 in usturt and 3 - 4 in kyzylkum .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
justification : this species has a wide distribution , although it is naturally rare and patchily distributed . some declines in area of occupancy have been reported , but overall population declines are not suspected to be close to the threshold for listing as vulnerable under criterion a ( decline of 30 % over 10 years / 3 generations ) . assessed as least concern .
it occurs in deserts of kazakhstan and middle asia to the north till central usturt , lower syrdarya , sarysu and chu rivers , and southern balkhash . to south till sw turkmenistan , uzboi , along amudarya basin to termez , sw tadjikistan , western part of fergana valley and piedmonts of pamiralai and tien shan ( gromov and erbaeva 1995 ) .
this errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .
( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t858a115053105 .
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deserts in kazakhstan and middle asia to the north till central usturt , lower syrdarya , sarysu and chu rivers , and southern balkhash . to south till sw turkmenistan , uzboi , along amudarya basin to termez , sw tadjikistan , western part of fergana valley and piedmonts of pamiralai and tien shan ( gromov and erbaeva , 1995 ) .
kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name
keskiaasianjerbo
to
allactaga severtzovi vinogradov , 1925
.
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holden , mary ellen , and guy g . musser / wilson , don e . , and deeann m . reeder , eds .
mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vol . 2
shenbrot , g . i . , v . e . sokolov , v . g . heptner , and yu . m . koval ' skaya
mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 2nd ed . , 3rd printing
with contributions by bernadette n . graham , adam p . potter , and mariana m . upmeyer
comments : subgenus allactaga . taxonomic study provided by shenbrot ( 1991d ) , who described chorezmi as a subspecies of a . severtzovi . reviewed by ognev ( 1963b ) and shenbrot et al . ( 1995 ) . karyotype elaborated by vorontsov et al . ( 1969c ) . detailed habitat data provided by naumov and lobachev ( 1975 )
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lobocleta ossularia , the drab brown wave moth , is a moth in the family geometridae .

it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from california to florida , north in the east to new york and illinois .

the wingspan is 13 – 19 mm .

the forewings are greyish-brown with black speckling and four dark brown lines .

the hindwings are similar in both colour and pattern .

adults are on wing from june to september in california .

the larvae feed on stellaria media , galium species and fragaria chiloensis .

lobocleta ossularia

species lobocleta ossularia - drab brown wave - hodges # 7094 - bugguide . net
creative commons attribution - noncommercial - sharealike 2 . 0 generic ( cc by - nc - sa 2 . 0 ) · 3 lobocleta ossularia , drab brown wave
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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
adult : forewing grayish - brown with black speckling and four dark brown indistinct lines ; pm and subterminal lines slightly wavy , curving slightly toward base near costa ; median line usually thicker and more diffuse than other lines ; black discal dot often present between am and median lines ; hindwing has similar color and pattern as forewing .
california to florida , north in the east to new york and illinois ; not yet recorded in canada .
hosts database includes larval food plants common chickweed ( stellaria media , caryophyllaceae ) , species of bedstraw ( galium , rubiaceae ) , and beach strawberry ( fragaria chiloensis , rosaceae ) .
presence in california ; list of 5 specimen records with dates and locations ( u . of california at berkeley )
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a drab brown wave moth in prince george ' s co . , maryland ( 8 / 30 / 2016 ) . determined by aaron hunt / bugguide . photo by barbara thurlow . ( mbp list )
a drab brown wave moth on assateague island , maryland ( 7 / 2 / 2013 ) . photo by scott housten . ( mbp list )
a drab brown wave moth in dorchester co . , maryland ( 9 / 21 / 2017 ) . photo by mark etheridge . ( mbp list )
a drab brown wave moth in worcester co . , maryland ( 6 / 23 / 2013 ) . photo by scott housten . ( mbp list )
a drab brown wave moth in worcester co . , maryland ( 9 / 10 / 2013 ) . photo by scott housten . ( mbp list )
a drab brown wave moth in anne arundel co . , maryland ( 5 / 24 / 2014 ) . determined by ken childs / bamona . photo by bill hubick . ( mbp list )
a drab brown wave moth in anne arundel co . , maryland ( 9 / 21 / 2014 ) . photo by bill hubick . ( mbp list )
a drab brown wave moth in worcester co . , maryland ( 8 / 18 / 2013 ) . photo by scott housten . ( mbp list )
a drab brown wave moth in prince george ' s co . , maryland ( 6 / 24 / 2007 ) . photo by bob patterson . ( mbp list )
a drab brown wave moth in howard co . , maryland ( 8 / 1 / 2017 ) . verified by bob biagi / bugguide . photo by bill harms . ( mbp list )
a drab brown wave moth in howard co . , maryland ( 2002 ) . photo by larry line . ( mbp list )
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scoble , malcolm j . , ed . , 1999 : null . geometrid moths of the world : a catalogue ( lepidoptera , geometridae ) . 1016 .