the guachanche barracuda ( sphyraena guachancho ) , is an ocean-going species of game fish in the barracuda family , sphyraenidae .

it was described by the french zoologist georges cuvier in 1829 .

the description was part of the second edition of le règne animal , or the animal kingdom .

guachanche barracuda are also known simply as guaguanche throughout much of the caribbean .

when used for food , guaguanche barracuda are usually sold fresh or salted .

guachanche barracuda

guachanche barracuda sphyraena guachancho - / animals / aquatic / fish / b / barracuda / guachanche _ barracuda _ _ sphyraena _ guachancho . jpg . html
guachanche barracuda can live in turbid , coastal waters at depths up to 100 m .
guachanche barracuda feed on several fishes from the engraulidae , clupeidae , lutjanidae and synodontidae families .
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how can i put and write and define guachanche barracuda in a sentence and how is the word guachanche barracuda used in a sentence and examples ? 用guachanche barracuda造句 , 用guachanche barracuda造句 , 用guachanche barracuda造句 , guachanche barracuda meaning , definition , pronunciation , synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha . net .
did you know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? there are 26 known species of barracuda . . . . . . . sharpfin barracuda , sphyraena acutipinnis guinea barracuda , sphyraena afra pacific barracuda , sphyraena argentea great barracuda , sphyraena barracuda northern sennet , sphyraena borealis yellowstripe barracuda , sphyraena chrysotaenia mexican barracuda , sphyraena ensis yellowtail barracuda , sphyraena flavicauda bigeye barracuda , sphyraena forsteri guachanche barracuda , sphyraena guachancho heller ' s barracuda , sphyraena helleri sphyraena iburiensis pelican barracuda , sphyraena idiastes japanese barracuda , sphyraena japonica pickhandle barracuda , sphyraena jello lucas barracuda , sphyraena lucasana australian barracuda , sphyraena novaehollandiae obtuse barracuda , sphyraena obtusata southern sennet , sphyraena picudilla red barracuda , sphyraena pinguis sawtooth barracuda , sphyraena putnamae blackfin barracuda , sphyraena qenie european barracuda , sphyraena sphyraena sphyraena tome yellowmouth barracuda , sphyraena viridensis sphyraena waitii
the latest barracuda sensation . there has never been a barracuda guide like this .
a quick look inside of some of the subjects covered : barracuda ( disambiguation ) - films , tom clancy ' s splinter cell : operation barracuda - characters , plymouth barracuda - 1967í69 , great barracuda , barracuda ( disambiguation ) - vehicles , brownsville barracudas , great barracuda - behavior , plymouth barracuda - engines , barracuda ( disambiguation ) - aircraft , barracuda ( disambiguation ) - books and comics , central african empire - op _ ration barracuda , barracuda ( disambiguation ) - ships and submarines , barracuda ( song ) - usage at the 2008 republican national convention , fu wa - killer barracuda , barracuda - as food , caliban ( comics ) - captain barracuda , great barracuda - appearance , pelican barracuda - distribution , plymouth valiant - barracuda , guachanche barracuda - description , barracuda - appearance and physical description , barracuda ( song ) - covers , yellowtail barracuda , jean - b _ del bokassa - operation barracuda , saab ab - saab barracuda llc , tom clancy ' s splinter cell : operation barracuda - plot summary , barracuda ( disambiguation ) - music , splinter cell - tom clancy ' s splinter cell : operation barracuda ( 2005 ) , australian barracuda , barracuda ( song ) - in popular culture , sharpfin barracuda , barracuda ( song ) - catalyst , guachanche barracuda - distribution and habitat , plymouth barracuda - 1970í74 , great barracuda - barracudas and humans , and much more . . . author : ralph skinner pages : 34 format : physical print book , includes free shipping worldwide language : english isbn : 9781488831089 bisac code : reference / general
guachanche barracuda can grow up to 200 cm in length , but have only been recorded to weigh as much as 1 . 75 kg .
the pacific barracuda can be found from the gulf of california as far north as alaska ( ! ) and overlaps on the southern part of it’s range with the great barracuda , mexican barracuda , and lucas barracuda . the great barracuda , northern sennet , and guachanche barracuda are all found on the east coast from new york ( or a bit higher ) down along the gulf of mexico and the caribbean . the southern sennet is native from florida down along the coastline to brazil .
only some species of barracuda grow to a large size . the species which do are the european barracuda , barracouta or spet (
the two larger species , the great barracuda and the guachanche barracuda , have been noted as being brackish tolerant . the great barracuda in particular has been caught in waters as low as 1 . 006 . for long term health , keeping these fish above half strength sea water ( 1 . 012 ) should be sufficient . none of the other species of barracuda have been found in brackish waters in the wild .
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sphyraena japonica bloch & j . g . schneider , 1801 ( japanese barracuda )
known for its large size , fearsome appearance and furious behaviour . the barracuda is a saltwater
u . s . food & drug administration ( usfda ) . 2007 . harzard , market , geographic and nomenclature information for great barracuda ( barracuda ; sphyraena barracuda ) . seafood products research center - center for food safety & applied nutrition - regulatory fish encyclopedia . retrieved october 26 , 2007 .
barracuda are not typically considered small fish . the mexican and pacific barracudas can reach 50 inches or more , the great and guachanche barracudas can reach 78 inches , and the smaller lucas barracuda and southern sennet both can break 24 inches . the most manageable in size of the native species is the northern sennet , which has been noted at 18 inches but supposedly rarely exceeds 15 inches .
sp . nov . ( pisces : sphyraenidae ) : a potential new species of barracuda identified from the central mediterranean sea
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nelson ( 1994 ) reports that the maximum length of barracudas is normally to 1 . 8 meters ( almost 6 feet ) , but are said to reach somewhat longer lengths . only some species of barracuda grow to a large size . the species that do are the european barracuda , barracouta or spet ( s . sphyraena ) , found in the mediterranean and eastern atlantic ; the great barracuda , picuda , or becuna ( s . picuda ) , ranging on the atlantic coast of tropical america from florida to brazil and reaching the bermudas ; the california barracuda ( s . argentea ) , extending from puget sound southwards to cabo san lucas ; the indian barracuda ( s . jello ) and the black - finned or commerson ' s barracuda ( s . commersoni ) , both from the seas of india and the malay peninsula and archipelago .
barracuda are most commonly caught on the top of the reef , off the deep edge of the reef & out on the shallower wreck’s . barracuda are great light tackle fish and available all year round . barracuda are also a deep sea game fish that we commonly find while sailfish fishing , kite fishing , trolling the gulf stream edge and the edge of the deep reef . barracuda can be caught with live bait , dead bait , lures & jigs . they are great on light tackle , the run fast & make amazing leaps out of the water and into the air .
the pacific barracuda is considered to be stable , with an iucn status of least concern . no information is listed on the other species of barracudas .
boats . the record for a hook and line caught great barracuda is 1 . 7 meter ( 5 . 5 ft ) , weighing 44 kilogram ( 103 lbs ) .
temperature depends on species , but for all should remain stable . the majority of these fish are subtropical and will likely be fine around room temperature , but the tropical species ( mexican barracuda , southern sennet ) will all need heaters in the tank . the pacific barracuda is a temperate species and will require a chiller to keep the temperature down . a good target temperature should be around 55f for this species .
in southern nigeria , west africa they are smoked and used in the preparation of different soups . barracuda meat is smoked is because when cooked fresh , the fish is quite soft and disintegrates in the soup .
, some species of barracuda are reputed to be dangerous to swimmers . barracudas are scavengers , and may mistake snorkellers for large predators , following them hoping to eat the remains of their prey . swimmers have reported being bitten by barracuda , but such incidents are rare and possibly caused by poor visibility . large barracudas can be encountered in muddy shallows on rare occasion . barracudas may mistake things that glint and shine for prey .
in most cases , a barracuda is dark blue , dark green , white , or gray on its upper body , with silvery sides and a chalky - white belly . coloration varies somewhat between species . for some species , irregular and unorganized black spots or a row of darker cross - bars occur on each side . their fins may be yellowish or dusky . barracudas live primarily in oceans , but certain species , such as the great barracuda , live in brackish water .
the native barracuda are social fish and are often found in large schools . groups of at least 6 are recommended , as many predatory fish kept in groups of 3 - 5 end with one or more fish getting picked on and killed .
currently , the family sphyraenidae only has a single genus , sphyraena , which is composed of all 13 species of barracuda ( though some unrelated fish are sometimes sold as “freshwater barracudas” ) . eight of these species are found in north american waters :
in general , the barracuda ' s coloration is dark green or grey above chalky - white below . this varies somewhat . sometimes there is a row of darker cross - bars or black spots on each side . the fins may be yellowish or dusky .
barracudas are caught as food and game fish . they are most often eaten as fillet or steak and have a strong taste like tuna or salmon . larger species , like the great barracuda , have in some areas been implicated in cases of ciguatera food poisoning ( usfda 2007 ) .
adults of most species are more or less solitary , while young and half - grown fish frequently congregate . barracudas prey primarily on fish ( which may include some as large as themselves ) . they kill and consume larger prey by tearing chunks of flesh . barracuda are competitive species and often are seen competing against
the larger barracuda are more or less solitary in their habits . young and half - grown fish frequently congregate in shoals . their food is composed almost totally of fishes of all kinds . large barracudas , when gorged , may attempt to hoard a shoal of prey fish in shallow water , where they guard over them until they are ready for another meal .
it contains 52 answers , much more than you can imagine ; comprehensive answers and extensive details and references , with insights that have never before been offered in print . get the information you need - - fast ! this all - embracing guide offers a thorough view of key knowledge and detailed insight . this guide introduces what you want to know about barracuda .
barracuda is the common name for the various marine , ray - finned fish comprising the family sphyraenidae of the order perciformes , characterized by a long , fairly compressed , elongated body covered with small , smooth scales and with a large mouth with strong , fang - like teeth . they are notable for their long size , reaching up to six feet ( two meters ) or more in length . there is only one genus of barracudas , sphraena , which has about 20 species ( nelson 1994 ) .
barracuda are very aggressive , predatory fish and are likely to take a bite out of similar sized fish , though reportedly will leave bigger , similarly aggressive fish alone . anything significantly smaller is too likely to be attacked and consumed . they are also inquisitive fish and in nature are known for investigating divers in the area , sometimes following them in hopes of picking up scraps to eat . these fish are also prone to jumping and tanks should be covered and latched down with a lock or something similar .
barracudas have an elongate body and large mouth , with the lower jaw jutting out beyond the upper ( nelson 1994 ) . their strong , fang - like teeth are unequal in size and set in sockets in the jaws on the roof of the mouth . the head is quite large , pointed , and pike - like in appearance . the gill - covers do not have spines and are covered with small scales . the two dorsal fins are widely separated , with the first having five spines and the second having one spine and nine soft rays ( nelson 1994 ) . the second dorsal fin and anal fin are the same size and are situated on the top and bottom of the barracuda , equidistant from the tail . the lateral line is prominent and extends straight from head to tail . the spinous dorsal fin is placed above the pelvics . the hind end of the caudal fin is forked or concave . it is set at the end of a stout peduncle . the pectoral fins are placed low down on the sides . the barracuda also has a large swim bladder .
barracuda are snake - like in appearance , with prominent , sharp - edged , fang - like teeth , much like piranhas , all of different sizes , set in sockets of their large jaws . they have large , pointed heads with an underbite in many species . their gill covers have no spines and are covered with small scales . their two dorsal fins are widely separated , with the anterior fin having five spines , and the posterior fin having one spine and 9 soft rays . the posterior dorsal fin is similar in size to the anal fin and is situated above it . the lateral line is prominent and extends straight from head to tail . the spinous dorsal fin is placed above the pelvic fins and is normally retracted in a groove . the caudal fin is moderately forked with its posterior edged double - curved and is set at the end of a stout peduncle . the pectoral fins are placed low on the sides . its swim bladder is large .
greek , sphyraina , - es = the name of a fish ( ref . 45335 )
marine ; brackish ; pelagic - neritic ; depth range 0 - 100 m ( ref . 26999 ) . subtropical
western atlantic : massachusetts ( usa ) , northern gulf of mexico , and throughout the caribbean sea to brazil . eastern atlantic : senegal to angola , including the canary islands and cape verde .
maturity : l m ? , range 35 - ? cm max length : 200 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 27000 ) ; common length : 70 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5217 ) ; max . published weight : 1 . 8 kg ( ref . 57401 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 6 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 9 ; anal spines : 2 ; anal soft rays : 8 . diagnosis : 102 - 119 scales in lateral line ; no chevrons on the flanks or , if present , not so well marked as in sphyraena afra ( ref . 57401 ) .
occurs in shallow and generally turbid coastal water over muddy bottoms , often around river estuaries . schooling species ( ref . 6949 ) . occasionally enters estuaries and brackish waters ( ref . 57401 ) . feeds on mainly on fishes belonging to the engraulidae , clupeidae , lutjanidae and synodontidae families and also on squid from the loliginidae family ( ref . 9626 ) . maximum reported size : 71cm ( ref . 57401 ) . marketed fresh and salted .
de sylva , d . p . , 1990 . sphyraenidae . p . 860 - 864 . in j . c . quero , j . c . hureau , c . karrer , a . post and l . saldanha ( eds . ) check - list of the fishes of the eastern tropical atlantic ( clofeta ) . jnict , lisbon ; sei , paris ; and unesco , paris . vol . 2 . ( ref . 6949 )
) : 19 . 4 - 27 . 9 , mean 25 . 1 ( based on 752 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 4 ±0 . 3 se ; based on diet studies .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : very low , minimum population doubling time more than 14 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : very high vulnerability ( 79 of 100 ) .
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dooley , j . , collette , b . b . , aiken , k . a . , marechal , j . , pina amargos , f . , singh - renton , s . & russell , b .
justification : this species is widespread and common where it occurs in shallow coastal waters over soft bottom . while a fishery is in place , exploitation does not appear to be a substantial threat to its global population . it is listed as least concern .
sphyraena guachancho is distributed across the atlantic ocean . in the eastern atlantic it is known from madeira , the canary islands , the cape verde islands , and along west africa from senegal to angola . in the western atlantic it is known from massachusetts south along the u . s . , throughout the gulf of mexico and caribbean sea , and along south america to southern brazil . it appears to be absent from bermuda and the bahamas ( de sylva 1981 , smith - vaniz et al . 1999 , r . robertson pers . comm . 2012 ) .
angola ; anguilla ; antigua and barbuda ; aruba ; bahamas ; barbados ; belize ; benin ; bonaire , sint eustatius and saba ; brazil ; cameroon ; cape verde ; cayman islands ; colombia ; congo , the democratic republic of the ; costa rica ; côte d ' ivoire ; cuba ; curaçao ; dominica ; dominican republic ; french guiana ; gabon ; gambia ; ghana ; grenada ; guadeloupe ; guatemala ; guinea ; guinea - bissau ; guyana ; haiti ; honduras ; jamaica ; liberia ; mexico ; montserrat ; nicaragua ; nigeria ; panama ; portugal ( madeira ) ; puerto rico ; saint barthélemy ; saint kitts and nevis ; saint lucia ; saint martin ( french part ) ; saint vincent and the grenadines ; sao tomé and principe ; senegal ; sierra leone ; sint maarten ( dutch part ) ; spain ( canary is . ) ; suriname ; togo ; trinidad and tobago ; united states ; venezuela , bolivarian republic of ; virgin islands , british ; virgin islands , u . s . ; western sahara
sphyraena guachancho is rather common in the eastern tropical atlantic ( de sylva 1981 ) as well as in the gulf of mexico and caribbean sea ( russell 2002 ) .
this schooling species occurs in shallow and generally turbid coastal waters over muddy bottom , often ascending estuaries well into brackish waters . it feeds mainly on small fishes and shrimps ( bianchi 1981 ) . the maximum size is 71 cm .
sphyraena guachancho is marketed fresh and smoked ( de sylva 1981 ) . the primary fishing areas include coastal waters of the continental and island shelves , particularly the shrimp grounds off the southern coast of cuba , campeche , guianas , and the northern part of the gulf of mexico . it is an important commercial species in the greater antilles . it is caught primarily with trammel nets and bottoms trawls as well as with handlines ( russell 2002 ) . it is considered a delicacy in the west indies and has never been reported as ciguatoxic ( russell 2002 ) . in the gulf of mexico , mexico , this species is taken as incidental catch in fisheries targeting thunnus albacares ( sagarpa 2012 ) .
dooley , j . , collette , b . b . , aiken , k . a . , marechal , j . , pina amargos , f . , singh - renton , s . & russell , b . 2015 .
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despite an unfavorable reputation as dangerous to humans who are scuba diving , snorkeling , or swimming in their waters , unprovoked attacks by barracudas on humans are rare . rather , barracudas generally add value to human life as food and game fish and for the wonder they add to nature . ecologically , they are integral to many marine food chains , serving as the top predator in some tropical and subtropical waters and helping to maintain the balance of nature .
barracudas ( family sphyraenidae and genus sphyraena ) are found in tropical and subtropical oceans worldwide .
barracudas typically have coloration that is dark green or gray above a chalky - white underbelly . sometimes there is a row of darker cross - bars or black spots on each side . the fins may be yellowish or dusky .
barracudas occur both singly and in schools around reefs , but also appear in open seas . swimming in schools , or individually , they are voracious predators and hunt using a classic example of lie - in - wait or ambush . they rely on surprise and short bursts of speed ( up to 27 mph or 43 km / h ) to overrun their prey , sacrificing maneuverability ( rqcsr 2007 ) . they also exhibit some scavenger - like feeding habits .
the larger barracudas are more or less solitary in their habits . young and half - grown fish frequently congregate in shoals . their food is composed of fish of all types . large barracudas , when gorged , may attempt to herd a shoal of prey fish in shallow water , where they guard over them until they are ready for another meal .
like sharks , barracudas have long had a bad reputation as being dangerous to humans . however , unprovoked attacks on humans are extremely rare and millions of scuba divers , snorkelers , and swimmers spend time with them in the water without any incidents . barracudas sometimes do follow snorkelers and scuba divers across a reef , which can make one feel uncomfortable , but they are harmless unless provoked . because barracudas have a scavenger - like tendency , it has been theorized that barracudas tend to follow snorkelers because they believe that the snorkelers might be large predators and if they were to capture prey it would be easy for the barracudas to scavenge whatever may be left behind .
being formidable hunters , they should be respected , as barracudas are perfectly capable of defending themselves against humans that harass them . handfeeding or trying to touch them is strongly discouraged . spearfishing around barracudas can also be quite dangerous , as they are strongly attracted by the wounded fish .
there have been isolated cases where barracudas did bite a human , but these incidents are rare and are believed to be caused by bad visibility . barracudas will stop after the first bite as humans are not their normal food source .
barracudas are prize fish , and can be caught either fly or sea fishing . they are extremely powerful , and require tough and strong rods .
agbayani , e . 2004 . sphyraenidae . fishbase ( eds . r . froese and d . pauly ) . retrieved december 2 , 2007 .
humann , p . , and n . deloach . 2002 . reef fish identification : florida , caribbean , bahamas . jacksonville , fl : new world publications . isbn 1878348302 .
nelson , j . s . 1994 . fishes of the world , 3rd edition . new york : john wiley & sons . isbn 0471547131 .
norman , j . r . , and f . c . fraser . 1949 . field book of giant fishes . new york : g . p . putnam .
reefquest centre for shark research ( rqcsr ) . 2007 . what ' s the speediest marine creature . biology of sharks and rays . retrieved october 26 , 2007 .
rochefort , c . de . 1681 . histoire naturelle et morale des iles antilles de l ' amérique enrichie d ' un grand nombre de belles figures en taille douce … avec un vocabulaire caraïbe . rotterdam : r . leers .
sloane , h . , m . van der gucht , and j . savage . 1707 . a voyage to the islands madera , barbados , nieves , s . christophers and jamaica , with the natural history … of the last of those islands to which is prefix ' d an introduction , wherein is an account of the inhabitants , air , waters , diseases , trade , & c . … ; illustrated with the figures of the things describ ' d . london : printed by b . m . for the author .
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) : 19 . 4 - 27 . 9 , mean 25 . 1 ( based on 752 cells ) . phylogenetic diversity index ( ref .
) : 4 . 4 ±0 . 3 se ; based on diet studies .
) : very low , minimum population doubling time more than 14 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
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trolling lures or bottom fished with cut fish baits , live mullet & calamari .
this aggressive , carnivorous fish frequently attack flashing objects that appear as prospective prey . for best results when trolling from a boat use rapala cd16 to cd18 deep diving lures ( any colour ) &
fished 15ft to 30ft behind the boat at approx 4 to 6 knots - medium drag setting , enough to set the hook without striking . use a rod holder or alternatively if holding the rod , keep the trace up for the best action and hold the rod tight . on all traces add 2ft to 3ft of 40lb wire trace before the hook or lure to prevent biting off !
fish for giant atlantic tarpon in the gambia river estuary . . . . . . .
light tackle species fishing in the oyster mangrove creeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
shore angling safari ' s along gambia ' s unspoilt coastline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
our boston whaler boat will get you to all major fishing grounds within 30 mins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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cas 214646 ( 3 specimens ) taken off marlin beach hotel in sãotomé ; smns 25263 ( 2 specimens ) from fish market at sãotomé city .
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ray - finned fishes notable for their large size ( up to 1 . 8 m or 6 ft ) and fearsome appearance . the body is long , fairly compressed , and covered with small , smooth
sockets in the jaws on the roof of the mouth . the head is quite large and is pointed and
pike - like in appearance . the gill - covers do not have spines and are covered with small scales . the two
dorsal fins are widely separated , with the first having five spines and the second having one spine and nine soft rays . the second dorsal fin equals the anal fin in size and is situated more or less above it . the
lateral line is prominent and extends straight from head to tail . the spinous dorsal fin is placed above the pelvics . the hind end of the
perciformes . along with the smaller grey mullets and sand smelts or atherines , barracudas form the suborder known as mugiloids . members of this group are distinguished from the percoids by the backward position of the pelvic fins , which are located well behind the
predators and hunt using a classic example of lie - in - wait or ambush . they rely on surprise and short bursts of speed ( up to 27mph ) to overrun their prey , sacrificing maneuverability .
, barracudas have long had a bad reputation as being dangerous to humans . however , unprovoked attacks on humans are extremely rare and millions of
snorkelers and swimmers spend time with them in the water without any incidents . barracudas sometimes do follow snorkelers and scuba divers across a reef , which can make one feel uncomfortable , but they are harmless unless provoked . because barracudas have a scavenger - like tendency , it has been theorized that barracudas tend to follow snorkelers because they believe that the snorkeler ( s ) might be a large predator ( s ) and if they were to capture prey it would be easy for the barracudas to scavenge whatever may be left behind .
being formidable hunters , they should be respected , as barracudas are perfectly capable of defending themselves against humans that harass them . handfeeding or trying to touch them is strongly discouraged .
spearfishing around barracudas can also be quite dangerous , as they are strongly attracted by the wounded fish .
there have been isolated cases where barracudas did bite a human thinking that part of it was a fish , but these incidents are rare and are believed to be caused by bad visibility . barracudas will stop after the first bite as humans are not their normal food source .
they are caught as food and game fish . they are most often eaten as fillet or steak and have a strong taste like
trolling with lines baited with fish or other prey . the acute inquisitiveness of barracudas , together with their possessing hearty appetites , means that they will readily bite at
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. they are found near the top of the water and near coral reefs and sea grasses .
e . m . abdussamad , ratheesh , thangaraja , bineesh & d . prakashan , 2015
scuba diver swimming inside a group of sphyraena putnamae off ko tao , thailand .
they also seem to consume smaller species of sustenance that are in front of them .
handfeeding or touching large barracudas in general is to be avoided . spearfishing around barracudas can also be dangerous , as they are quite capable of ripping a chunk from a wounded fish thrashing on a spear , or out of the arm which is holding the spear . humans are not on their preferred menu , but haste can lead to confusion .
barracudas are popular both as food and game fish . they are most often eaten as fillets or steaks . larger species , such as the
those who have been diagnosed with this type of food poisoning display symptoms of gastrointestinal discomfort , limb weakness , and an inability to differentiate hot from cold effectively .
west africans smoke them for use in soups and sauces . smoking protects the soft flesh from disintegrating in the broth and gives it a smoky flavour .
. rome : laboratoire d’ichtyologie générale et appliquée muséum national d’histoire naturelle . pp .
ichthyological bulletin ; no . 3 : the fishes of the family sphyraenidae in the western indian ocean
this article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 12 / 1 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .
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anonymous ( 1997 ) bulletin statistique des pêches , année 1996 . : république de guinée , centre national des sciences halieutiques de boussoura ( c . n . s . h . b . ) . bull . stat . no . 2 . 35 p . + 2 annexes .
böhlke , j . e . and c . c . g . chaplin ( 1993 ) fishes of the bahamas and adjacent tropical waters . 2nd edition . : university of texas press , austin .
carl , h . ( 2003 ) danish fish names . : zoological museum of copenhagen . unpublished .
carvalho , v . a . and r . l . branco ( 1977 ) relação de espécies marinhas e estuarinas do nordeste brasileiro . : p . d . p . documentos técnicos ( 25 ) : 60p .
chinese academy of fishery sciences ( 2003 ) chinese aquatic germplasm resources database . : urltoken
claro , r . ( 1994 ) características generales de la ictiofauna . : p . 55 - 70 . in r . claro ( ed . ) ecología de los peces marinos de cuba . instituto de oceanología academia de ciencias de cuba and centro de investigaciones de quintana roo .
claro , r . and l . r . parenti ( 2001 ) the marine ichthyofauna of cuba . : p . 21 - 57 . in claro , r . , k . c . lindeman and l . r . parenti ( eds ) ecology of the marine fishes of cuba . smithsonian institution press , wahsington and london . 253p .
claro , rodolfo , and lynne r . parenti / claro , rodolfo , kenyon c . lindeman , and l . r . parenti , eds . , 2001 : chapter 2 : the marine ichthyofauna of cuba . ecology of the marine fishes of cuba . 21 - 57 .
de sylva , d . p . ( 1981 ) sphyraenidae . : in w . fischer , g . bianchi and w . b . scott ( eds . ) fao species identification sheets for fishery purposes . eastern central atlantic ( fishing areas 34 , 47 ( in part ) ) , volume 4 . department of fisheries and oceans canada and fao , rome .
erdman , d . s . ( 1983 ) nombres vulgares de los peces en puerto rico ( common names of fishes in puerto rico ) . : commonwealth of puerto rico . technical report , vol 3 . no . 2 , second revised edition . 44 p .
fao - fies ( 2017 ) aquatic sciences and fisheries information system ( asfis ) species list . : retrievef from urltoken ( accessed 08 / 06 / 2017 ) .
froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication .
grabda , e . and t . heese ( 1991 ) polskie nazewnictwo popularne kraglouste i ryby . cyclostomata et pisces . : wyzsza szkola inzynierska w koszalinie . koszalin , poland . 171 p . ( in polish ) .
gulf of maine biogeographic information system ( gmbis ) electronic atlas . 2002 . november , 2002 .
gómez - canchong , p . , l . manjarrés m . , l . o . duarte and j . altamar ( 2004 ) atlas pesquero del area norte del mar caribe de colombia . : universidad del magadalena , santa marta . 230 p .
kotlyar , a . n . ( 1984 ) dictionary of names of marine fishes on the six languages . : all union research institute of marine fisheries and oceanography , moscow . 288 p .
maigret , j . and b . ly ( 1986 ) les poissons de mer de mauritanie . : science nat . , compiègne . 213 p .
mceachran , j . d . ( 2009 ) . fishes ( vertebrata : pisces ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 1223–1316 in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico–origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m press , college station , texas .
murdy , edward o . , ray s . birdsong , and john a . musick , 1997 : null . fishes of chesapeake bay . xi + 324 .
nelson , j . s . , e . j . crossman , h . espinosa - pérez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , r . n . lea and j . d . williams ( 2004 ) common and scientific names of fishes from the united states , canada , and mexico . : american fisheries society , special publication 29 , bethesda , maryland . ix , 386 p . + 1 cd .
north american native fishtanks • barracudas of the family sphyraenidae in the home . . .
sleek , lightning - fast predators , barracudas are certainly impressive fish which are a sight to behold in large schools . but are they suitable for the home aquarium ? they are potentially dangerous animals and can present specially challenges for anybody who wishes to keep them in the confines of an aquarium .
none of these fish are commonly for sale in the aquarium fish trade . in all likelihood , you may never to see one in captivity outside of public aquariums .
one thing to note about these fish is that they do not ship very well and many which are transported longer distances end up dying due to stress or bashing themselves into tank sides . these situations also often end up happening in the home aquarium as well .
in the wild , these are piscivores and may have trouble adapting in the home aquarium . live fish are perhaps required at first ( cheaper fish like damsels and mollies may be used for smaller specimens ) . they should be able to be converted to frozen foods by attaching to feeding sticks and pacing around the top of the tank . barracudas will never accept prepared foods like pellets .
as marine fish , especially those which are found in reef settings , barracudas are best kept in large , stable systems . high carbonate hardness , high ph ( around 8 - 8 . 5 ) , and low levels of fish waste in the water are musts . they are best kept around a specific gravity of 1 . 025 - 1 . 026 . these are large fish and produce a lot of waste . utilizing deep sand beds to aid in nitrification and a working protein skimmer are highly recommended .
immense . even for the smallest species , the northern sennet , hundreds of gallons ( no less than 300 or 400 ) would be the smallest practical tank size . all of these fish are long - distance swimmers in the wild and are capable of great bursts of speed ; small tanks are not going to work long term . there really is no practical home aquarium size for the other species and they really should be left in the wild or to public aquariums which can keep tanks in the thousands , tens of thousands of gallons .
the other concern is that rectangular systems are not really viable either . like the larger sharks , these fish have a hard time turning and never seem to “get” corners . a round or oval system will be necessary if you want to keep these fish alive for anything close to their natural lifespan .
not at all likely to happen in the home aquarium . breeding occurs certain times of the year , in massive numbers of animals . replicating this would require a colossal tank and is not feasible for casual aquarists .
barracudas are interesting fish , but are not for the faint of heart . in addition to the constant risk of being bitten by these fish ( both for tankmates and the aquarist ) , they need massive , specialized tanks beyond what most people can provide . all things considered , these fish are best avoided for home use .
seasonal distribution and richness of fish species in the badagry lagoon , southwest nigeria , olufemi o . soyinka , minasu p . kuton , caroline i . ayo - olalusi
mcclane’s field guide to saltwater fishes of north america , a . j . mcclane
lot of fun today with a great group of 20 anglers . # deepseafishingmiami # spellbound


the genus planigale are small carnivorous marsupials found in australia and new guinea .

it is the only genus in the tribe planigalini of the subfamily sminthopsinae .

there are five species : paucident planigale , planigale gilesi long-tailed planigale , planigale ingrami common planigale , planigale maculata new guinean planigale , planigale novaeguineae narrow-nosed planigale , planigale tenuirostris

planigale

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the common planigale is able to survive in harsh environments simply by modifying its behaviour .
van deusen , h . 1969 . feeding habits of planigale ( marsupialia , dasyuridae ) .
the common planigale is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
(
long - tailed planigale
, 2007 ; davey , 1970 ; grizmek , et al . , 2005 )
(
long - tailed planigale
, 2007 ; davey , 1970 ; grizmek , et al . , 2005 ; hume , 1999 ;
anage entry for planigale ingrami
, 2007 ; tyndale - biscoe and renfree , 1987 )
the long - tailed planigale is endemic to australia , where it has been recorded mainly across the northern part of the country .
(
long - tailed planigale
, 2007 ; fisher , et al . , 2001 ; grizmek , et al . , 2005 ;
anage entry for planigale ingrami
, 2007 ; lee and cockburn , 1985 ; nowak , 1999 ; tyndale - biscoe and renfree , 1987 )
threats to the long - tailed planigale are not well known . it is likely that grazing and trampling by introduced herbivores may degrade planigale habitat by compacting the soil and removing ground cover . the species is also at risk of predation by feral cats , and negatively impacted by altered fire regimes .
although there are currently no major threats to the common planigale , it is at risk from predation by domestic cats ( 1 ) and foxes . it is also vulnerable to poisoning from introduced cane toads , although research has shown that the common planigale has an ability to counteract this risk ( 3 ) .
webb , j . , brown , g . , child , t . , greenlees , m . , phillips , b . and shine , r . ( 2008 ) a native dasyurid predator ( common planigale , planigale maculata ) rapidly learns to avoid a toxic invader . austral ecology , 33 : 821 - 829 .
joao pedro de magalhaes . 2007 .
anage entry for planigale ingrami
( on - line ) . anage . accessed december 05 , 2007 at urltoken .
, long - tailed planigale , is found in northern australia in the northeastern part of the northern territory , mackay and townsville in queensland , and south to brunette downs .
to cite this page : olson , k . 2008 .
planigale ingrami
( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken
there appear to be no major threats to the long - tailed planigale . pastoralism reduces the abundance of this species . localized predation by cats affects long - tailed planigales .
a small but fierce carnivorous marsupial , the common planigale ( planigale maculata ) is endemic to australia ( 1 ) ( 2 ) . it is mouse - like in appearance , with a long , pointed snout , large , rounded ears and a remarkably distinctive flattened skull . the upper body of the common planigale is a varied shade of grey - brown , while the underparts are a pale tawny colour ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . occasionally , small white spots may be found on the belly ( 4 ) .
the first specimen of the common planigale , collected on the clarence river in new south wales , had white spots on its belly . however , most individuals lack these spots .
creative commons licence . 2007 .
long - tailed planigale
( on - line ) . bird : linking the biodiversity community . accessed january 01 , 2007 at urltoken .
grizmek , b . , n . schlager , d . olendorf . 2005 .
urltoken
( on - line ) . long - tailed planigale . accessed january 01 , 2007 at urltoken .
the common planigale is well adapted to live in soil cracks due to its unusually flattened skull and body . survival of this species in harsh environments is ensured by its low energy requirements and its behavioural adaptations to reduce energy and water expenditure , such as basking and short - term hibernation . the common planigale’s insectivorous diet is also advantageous to its survival , due to the high water content of insects ( 7 ) .
the common planigale is widely distributed across northern and eastern australia , including , but not limited to , coastal north - eastern new south wales , coastal east queensland and arnhem land ( 1 ) ( 3 ) .
it is probable , however , that populations of the common planigale in the northern territory are actually a separate species , and that those from barrow island and the pilbara are new , undescribed species ( 1 ) .
the long - tailed planigale is found in grasslands and savannah woodlands across northern australia . it occurs from the kimberley region in western australia east into northwest queensland . its distribution is patchy and population trends are poorly known .
awc is protecting the long - tailed planigale and its habitat on our north australian sanctuaries . we implement a program of fire management and feral herbivore control , and encourage a stable dingo population to decrease the activity of feral cats .
don’t let the size of the long - tailed planigale fool you . although this marsupial is tiny in size it is a ferocious predator with a tremendous appetite ! it attacks prey almost as large as itself and kills its meals using repeated biting with its needle sharp teeth .
the common planigale is a nocturnal marsupial , sheltering during the day in a saucer - shaped nest lined with dry grass , eucalypt leaves or shredded bark ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . an avid predator at night , it hunts for insects and small vertebrates to feed on ( 3 ) . its main diet consists of insects , spiders , small lizards and small rodents such as leggadina species . astonishingly , the common planigale is able to catch and kill grasshoppers practically its own size , and although terrestrial , it is also a capable climber ( 2 ) .
the common planigale is found in many protected areas within its range ( 1 ) . in addition , the office of environment and heritage has outlined eight priority actions to aid this species’ recovery in new south wales . these involve education programmes to ensure the protection and restoration of its habitat , consideration of the species in forest management activities , controlled fire planning , and feral and non - feral predator control . research should also be conducted on habitat use by the common planigale , as well as its dispersal capabilities and habitat preferences , and habitat management should ensure that adequate ground cover is maintained ( 3 ) .
to attract a mate , the female common planigale produces a courtship call of repetitive clicks , described as ‘ tstitts ’ . the male may then respond with a similar call , initiating a duet ( 6 ) . females are able to give birth to more than one litter each year . the gestation period of the common planigale is 19 to 20 days , and its litter size ranges from 4 to 12 young , averaging at 8 ( 2 ) . repeated reproduction throughout the year and efficient dispersal of individuals may contribute to this species’ ability to survive in environments that are not habitable all year round ( 6 ) .
coastal habitat loss and fragmentation due to urban development may also cause some decline in common planigale populations ( 1 ) ( 3 ) . in addition , this marsupial is vulnerable to regular burning and overgrazing of its habitat , which eliminates ground cover , and to disturbance of vegetation around water bodies ( 3 ) .
the fur of the common planigale is thick and soft all over the body , with shorter hairs covering the tail ( 2 ) . males are typically larger than females ( 5 ) , and females have a rear - facing pouch with 5 to 10 , or possibly up to 15 , mammae ( 2 ) .
the common planigale is nocturnal and can be found on the east coast of australia in moist areas . it is not quite as common as the name implies . this little ball of muscle can at times be found under sheets of old iron left around in grassy woodlands , where it may build its leafy nest .
the common planigale is a ferocious hunter , pouncing on its prey that can at times be almost the same size as it , they will even consume house mice although main diet is grasshoppers and spiders . they have approximately 40 very sharp teeth used for shedding its prey such as beetles extracted from cracks in rocks .
flattened triangular - shaped head and a thin tail , roughly the same length or slightly shorter than the slender body . the fur is brown to reddish - brown on the back , merging to pale grey underneath and white on the chin . the caramel - coloured claws help distinguish it from other planigale species in australia .
the common planigale most frequently inhabits savanna woodland and grassland . however , it is also known to be found in rainforest , eucalypt forest , marshland , mangroves and rocky areas , usually close to water ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . this marsupial takes shelter during the day , using either the bases of trees , hollow logs , rocks or clumps of grass as cover ( 2 ) .
this marsupial has demonstrated an ability to adapt to the invasion of the toxic cane toad ( bufo marinus ) across northern australia . this toad is thought to be the cause of many population declines of native predators in the area . the common planigale uses chemical cues to distinguish and therefore avoid this toxic prey , or kills and eats it snout - first in order to avoid the toad’s toxic glands ( 5 ) .
the long - tailed planigale is australia’s smallest marsupial and one of the world’s smallest mammals . it is a tiny 5 . 5 – 6 . 5 cm in head - body length , has a 4 . 5 – 6 cm long tail , and weighs on average 4 . 3 grams . it has a characteristically flattened head that allows it to move through narrow crevices and cracks in the soil . its fur is grey - brown and its tail is long and thin .
the long - tailed planigale is a solitary hunter that lives in grassy savannah woodlands with cracking clay soils . it hunts by pushing itself through cracks in search of its prey of insects , lizards and even young mammals . the female has a well - developed pouch that contains eight to ten teats . the pouch faces to the rear to prevent soil from entering as she squeezes through narrow spaces . the four to eight young per litter first detach from the nipple at six weeks of age and stay in a grassy nest until becoming independent at three months old .
planigales are the smallest of all marsupials with some members of this carnivorous group weighing less than 5 grams .
being small , nocturnal and secretive , they are rarely seen ; however , they are generally common in many parts of the arid interior of western australia .
their small size and puzzling nature makes them difficult to tell apart , but with recent work being undertaken on the planigales collections it has been possible to recognise two species new to science .
although yet to be formally described and published , these species are easiest to tell apart externally by the shape of their footpads , consequently the museum has taken a series of footpad photos to aid in identification of the species comprising this genus .
this information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken
nowak , r . m . ( 1991 ) walker’s mammals of the world . the johns hopkins university press , baltimore and london .
strahan , r . and conder , p . ( 2007 ) dictionary of australian and new guinean mammals . csiro publishing , collingwood , australia .
armati , p . , dickman , c . and hume , i . ( 2004 ) marsupials . csiro publishing , collingwood , australia .
warnecke , l . , cooper , c . , geiser , f . and withers , p . ( 2010 ) environmental physiology of a small marsupial inhabiting arid floodplains . comparative biochemistry and physiology , part a , 157 : 73 - 78 .
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this species is found in barrow island . visit our barrow island topic page to find out more .
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long - tailed planigales live in a variety of habitats . they are commonly found in clay soil woodlands , black soil plains , and the grasslands of australia’s
top end
, which are seasonally flooded during the monsoon from december to the end of march . the grasslands in that region develop dry , deep cracks in the soil during the eight - month dry season . long - tailed planigales use these cracks to hide from predators and hunt for invertebrates and other small animals . they will also hide under tussocks of grass .
long - tailed planigales are the smallest living marsupials . long - tailed planigales weigh 4 . 2 to 4 . 3 grams and are 55 to 65 mm in length . long - tailed planigales are mouse - like marsupials with flat heads and pointed muzzles . their fur is grey - brown with yellow hues and their bellies are lighter in color . they have long bare tails which make up just under half of their total length . the central pads on their feet are smooth and not serrated . their hind limbs are bigger than their front limbs , allowing them to lean back or stand in a semi - crouched position . there is no sexual dimorphism in long - tailed planigales .
little is known about reproduction in long - tailed planigales . they breed year round , but mostly during the wet season . populations living in different parts of australia typically give birth during different parts of the year . they give birth to 4 to 8 young per litter in the northern part of their range and up to 12 per litter in the southern part of their range . young are nursed for up to 90 days , the first 6 weeks of which is spent in the mother ' s pouch . after weaning long - tailed planigales are independent .
breeding season long - tailed planigales living in the northern territories give birth december to march . long - tailed planigales living in queensland give birth in september .
give birth to underdeveloped young . the young spend six weeks in their mother ' s pouch , after which they spend six weeks hidden in in a grassy nest or under bark while their mother searches for food .
long - tailed planigales live for up to 1 . 3 years in the wild .
long - tailed planigales forage constantly . females are quiet and timid if disturbed , whereas males are active and will run quickly for cover . long - tailed planigales are nocturnal , and go into a daily torpor which lasts 2 to 4 hours to conserve energy .
( davey , 1970 ; grizmek , et al . , 2005 ; hume , 1999 )
long - tailed planigales are likely to use chemical and auditory cues , like most mammals . however , there is little information on communication in planigales in the literature .
. they are aggressive predators , pouncing on and often biting their prey multiple times to kill it . they hunt at night and their main diet consists of grasshoppers and crickets . they have been observed eating only the meaty part of the insects , leaving the head and wings . because of their flat head and small body shape , long - tailed planigales can easily reach into the hiding spots of their prey , which hide in the same cracked soil and leaf litter that the planigales do .
long - tailed planigales use their small stature and flat skull to their advantage , they conceal themselves in cracks in soil , leaf litter , and other small crevices to hide and escape from predators . the brownish color of their fur helps them blend in with their surroundings , making it harder for predators to spot them . common predators are larger animals such as cane toads (
long - tailed planigales may help to control populations of the small animals that they prey on .
are northern planigales , ingram ' s planigales , and flat - headed planigales .
kristen olson ( author ) , university of oregon , stephen frost ( editor , instructor ) , university of oregon .
living in australia , new zealand , tasmania , new guinea and associated islands .
having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .
having markings , coloration , shapes , or other features that cause an animal to be camouflaged in its natural environment ; being difficult to see or otherwise detect .
animals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature . endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia , although it may have arisen in a ( now extinct ) synapsid ancestor ; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities . convergent in birds .
forest biomes are dominated by trees , otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality .
offspring are produced in more than one group ( litters , clutches , etc . ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ) . iteroparous animals must , by definition , survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ) .
the area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .
the kind of polygamy in which a female pairs with several males , each of which also pairs with several different females .
that region of the earth between 23 . 5 degrees north and 60 degrees north ( between the tropic of cancer and the arctic circle ) and between 23 . 5 degrees south and 60 degrees south ( between the tropic of capricorn and the antarctic circle ) .
a terrestrial biome . savannas are grasslands with scattered individual trees that do not form a closed canopy . extensive savannas are found in parts of subtropical and tropical africa and south america , and in australia .
a grassland with scattered trees or scattered clumps of trees , a type of community intermediate between grassland and forest . see also tropical savanna and grassland biome .
a terrestrial biome found in temperate latitudes ( > 23 . 5° n or s latitude ) . vegetation is made up mostly of grasses , the height and species diversity of which depend largely on the amount of moisture available . fire and grazing are important in the long - term maintenance of grasslands .
reproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female .
. mosman , n . s . w , australia : royal zoological society of new south wales .
fisher , d . , i . owens , c . johnson . 2001 .
the ecological basis of life history variation in marsupials
( on - line ) . echological archives . accessed december 05 , 2007 at urltoken .
harris , j . , s . barrett . 2006 .
a miniscule marsupial
( on - line ) . abc north west queensland . accessed january 01 , 2007 at urltoken .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
woinarski , j . , van weenen , j . & burbidge , a .
justification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , large population , occurrence in a number of protected areas , lack of major threats , and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category .
long - tailed planigales are the smallest marsupials . they are found mainly on cracking clay grasslands . females give birth to between four and eight young ( fisher 2008 ) .
long - tailed planigales occur in many protected areas , although it is unknown from some within its range .
woinarski , j . , van weenen , j . & burbidge , a . 2016 .
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populations formerly attributed to this species from the barrow island and the pilbara are now thought to represent one or two undescribed species ( n . cooper pers . comm . ) . these populations are not mapped , following the precedent of burnett ( 2008 ) . furthermore , the population in the northern territory is also probably a separate species , and populations in the kimberley appear to represent a species complex containing as many as three species ( n . cooper pers . comm . ) .
justification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , tolerance of a broad range of habitats , presumed large population , lack of major threats , and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category .
this species is endemic to australia , where it is widely distributed in northern and eastern parts of the country .
common planigales occur in a wide variety of habitats , including sclerophyll and temperate forest , grasslands , marshland , mangroves , and rocky areas . it can be found in gardens at the fringes of urban areas and in some agricultural areas . females give birth to a litter of up to 10 young in the east and as many as 12 in the top end ( burnett 2008 ) .
there appear to be no major threats to this species , although it is preyed upon by domestic cats . coastal urban development may result in declines in some areas .
australian wildlife conservancy ' s core business is saving threatened wildlife in places like the kimberley , the top end and central australia .
we need your help to save australia ' s endangered animals . your tax deductible donation will make a difference where it really counts - in the field .
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the female gives birth to 6 - 10 young which are carried in a kind of pouch mortality is high as the young grow and find it difficult to fit , even though as they grow the
pouch
will become more open .
predators are many , cat attacks are common where this species is found near human habitat , please remember to keep your domestic pets safely inside at night so our native nocturnal creatures can co exist in an ever diminishing natural environment .
flattened , triangular - shaped head , thin tail , brown to reddish - brown in colour .
prey includes centipedes , spiders , grasshoppers , moths , beetles and other insects and small lizards .
among the world’s smallest marsupials , weighing less than 10 g , this tiny carnivorous marsupial inhabits arid , semi - arid and some humid sub - tropical areas of eastern australia . it is nocturnal , sheltering during the day in crevices formed in cracking clay soils . at night it hunts either on the surface or within these cracks , often clinging to the vertical sides .
breeding occurs from july to mid - january and females give birth to an average of 6 young per litter , with some females producing 2 litters per year . gestation last around 19 days ; the young migrate to the pouch and remain attached to the teats for around 40 days . young are weaned at 95 days of age and may live for 1 - 2 years in the wild .
population densities tend to fluctuate from year to year . despite some declines in distribution , this species appears stable at present .
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. . . with knowledge gained from studies on other dasyurids ( e . g . woolley 1966 woolley , 1974 woolley , 1990awoolley , 1990bwoolley , 1991 ) of the changes that occur in the reproductive structures in relation to breeding , males and females could be classed as either sexually immature or mature . the signs upon which sexual maturity of males was based included a large scrotum , testes , prostate , bulbo - urethral glands and penis ; zonation of the prostate , sigmoid flexure of the penis and spermatozoa in the epididymis . . . .
. . . these observations lend support to the similarity of the reproductive strategies of p . ingrami , p . tenuirostris and p . gilesi , all classed as strategy v by lee et al . ( 1982 ) and . the p . ingrami examined in this study have a type 1 pouch ( woolley 1974 ) , in which the nipples are exposed in immature and postbreeding females and an anterior skin fold is present when young are being suckled . the maximum extent to which the skin fold covers the young while they are attached to the nipples is not known . . . .
. . . read ' s description of the pouch morphology of these species suggests that they may have a type 2 pouch ( i . e . mammary area partially covered by a crescentic antero - lateral fold of skin ( woolley 1974 ) ) . ( f ) pouch in early lactation , part of lightly pigmented pouch skin with two suckled nipples and one of two associated young ; ( g ) pouch in late lactation , anterior skin fold , three suckled nipples , mammary tissue regressing ; ( h ) pouch after breeding , skin deeply pigmented , nipples small and pale . . . .
. . . by making extreme altriciality possible , lactation made pouches adaptive . if pouches are neither homologous among marsupials ( woolley , 1974 ; russell , 1982 ) nor between marsupials and monotremes ( bresslau , 1920 ) , pouches probably evolved independently in multiple lineages after the divergence of prototherian and therian stocks , and long after the development of lactation . reconstruction of the role of hormones in the evolution of lactation is beyond the scope of this review . . . .
. . . more simple and practical methods of detecting oestrous are desirable to improve monitoring and management of in situ and ex situ marsupial populations . in dasyurids the pouch area typically undergoes marked development during the breeding season , including an increase in size , intense reddening and secretory activity of the tissues ( woolley , 1966 woolley , , 1974 tyndale - biscoe & renfree , 1987 ) . for antechinus stuartii , the abundance of urinary epithelial cells at oestrus is accompanied by changes in the appearance of the pouch area ( selwood , 1982 ) , which suggests this measure could serve as a useful external indicator of reproductive status . . . .
. . . this method provides a simple , accurate and immediate non - invasive tool for assessment of reproductive activity , which could benefit the monitoring of both captive and free - ranging populations . as females approached their first breeding season , the pouch began secreting a pink to reddish oily exudate , signifying the approach of puberty , as documented for other dasyurids ( woolley , 1966 woolley , , 1974 ) . similarly , in the pubescent brush - tail possum trichosurus vulpecula , it is the appearance of an orange - brown pouch exudate that heralds first oestrus ( bolliger & carrodus , 1938 ) . . . .
. . . our concurrent evaluation of reproductive endocrinology and vaginal cytology demonstrated that readily identifiable changes in pouch appearance are associated with specific stages of the oestrous cycle . fleay ( 1935 fleay ( , 1940 ) noted reddening and development of the pouch of the devil and stq during the breeding season , and this feature has been detailed for other dasyurids ( woolley , 1966 woolley , , 1974 ) . o ' donoghue ( 1911 ) determined that similar changes in the eastern quoll pouch result from an increase in size and activity of the cutaneous glands , determining that sweat glands are responsible for producing secretions , whereas hypertrophy of the sebaceous glands results in pouch swelling and enlargement . . . .
. . . the north - western australian p . ingrami subtilissima has been recognised as a distinct species in the past ( lönnberg 1913 ) and can be distinguished from the other two subspecies by its much longer tail , longer lower premolar row and a larger upper third premolar ( p 3 ) ( archer 1976 ) . it also has unusual pouch morphology ( woolley 1974 ) . resolution of the taxonomic status and distribution of the p . ingrami subspecies ( or cryptic species ) will require a detailed morphological and molecular examination of a larger number of northern australian specimens . . . .
. . . however , multiple specimens of p . ingrami from northern australia were unavailable for examination in the current study and it is likely that all specimens examined represent only a single form of p . ingrami . it is worth noting that the subtilissima form was originally accorded full specific status ( lönnberg 1913 ) and is morphologically distinct in several ways ( archer 1976 ) , including an unusual pouch morphology ( woolley 1974 ) . this study highlights the utility of combining allozymes and mtdna data on the same specimens in cases where suitable tissues exist . . . .
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urltoken
body length 70 mm ; tail length 60 mm ; weight up to 11 g . mouse - sized ; mouse - coloured ; male larger than female . flat head ; pointed snout ; cat - like teeth ; inner ' big ' toe on hind foot has no nail . large pendulous scrotum . female has a ' kangaroo - type ' pouch .
dry forests and woodlands , often with blady or kangaroo grass . uncommon throughout outer brisbane suburbs ; also on bribie and russell is . northern australia and down east coast to mid nsw .
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