lamprologus signatus is a species of cichlid endemic to lake tanganyika where it prefers deep waters over muddy substrates .

this species is a shell dweller .

this species can reach a length of 5.5 centimetres ( 2.2 in ) tl .

it can also be found in the aquarium trade .

lamprologus signatus

a little research ( actually a lot of it ) led me to consider various species . i wanted something with a little color but also with some distinctive markings . i considered some ' lamprologus ' brevis , but had heard that they weren ' t always active or even visible . i settled on a species that is not very common in the hobby , lamprologus signatus . it took me a while to track them down but i was finally able to obtain a group of 6 juveniles .
just one more tank . . .
l . multifasciatus , n . signatus , n . similis , l . gold occelatus
lamprologus signatus has a more elongated body shape compared to other shell dwellers . another difference is that the male and female have their own distinct patter / coloration . most other species of shelldwellers , with a few exceptions , share the same color patterns in both males and females . usually the only difference between the sexes is size .
i was always told that you appreciate things more when they cost you something , when youve got something personally invested in them . ive usually found this to be true . my lamprologus signatus have made themselves a definite exception to the rule . theyve got the big shelldweller personality with uncommon good looks to boot , making themselves one of my favorites , and i didnt pay a dime for them !
ive very much enjoyed having these guys and continue to watch their interactions with fascination . im content just to watch them glide about and show off their rainbow colors . lamprologus signatus has proven itself to me to be a very interesting and slightly more unique member of a personable little group of fish . even though they didnt cost me anything , i hold them as a valued part of my collection .
after not having a lake tanganyika shelldweller for some time , i got an itch for them again . something about how they change their environment by digging and / or burying their shells makes them extremely amusing and addictive . for such little fish , they pack a ton of personality . the question was which shell dweller to choose ? in the past i had kept ' lamprologus ' multifasciatus and ' lamprologus ' ocellatus
gold
. i decided i wanted to try something different for a newly vacant 29gal tank .
hello all ! i am setting up a 60
r . half with stacked rock for calvus ; half open with shells ; cyp leptosoma swimming above . how compatible are signatus with this setup ? . . . . . 1m / 3f ' s ? . . . . . . i have 12 shells . . . . . too many ? . . . . space shells out evenly - - or in groups of 3 - 4 ? . . . . . . will signatus defend poorly or too violently against the calvus ? . . . .
hey mr . limpit , my signatus are still very young and they are alone in a 10 gallon right now so i am not sure how aggressive / defensive they would be with other fish . i think you can group the shells how every you want . i have 6 shells for the two of them and they are kind of spread out . it shouldn ' t matter too much because in nature the signatus species actually prefers digging out under rocks but in captivity they use shells if they are available . i have a central rock structure that has a few carved caves and then some slate rock . hope this helps somewhat .
since i became interested in the shelldwelling cichlids of the african rift lake , tanganyika , ive had the opportunity to try out the majority of the species . they all display pretty similar behavioral patterns and many have a very similar appearance as well . they are interesting and charming little fish , but once youve kept one , youve pretty much kept them all . not so with l . signatus .
* * help * * my signatus pair have pretty much stopped eating in the past week . has anybody else struck this problem and what are you feeding them ? i have tried flake ( which they pick at ) , crumbles ( nls and redsea - they mouth then spit these out ) , frozen brine / mysis / bloodworm ( not much interest at all , mouth then spit out the ones they do attack ) , live mosquito larvae ( just attack out of territorial aggression then spit out ) . i dont have access to other live foods . any help appreciated . cheers steve
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
gland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .
the value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .
a recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .
snoeks , j . ( freshwater fish red list authority ) & darwall , w . ( freshwater biodiversity assessment programme )
endemic to lake tanganyika where it is restricted to the central shores of the lake .
the habitat is reported to be deep water on soft , mud substrates . feeds on small shrimp . the maximum size of collected specimens was 53 mm at which size the fish were mature . nothing else is known of this species other than it belongs to the shell - dweller group .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
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endemic to lake tanganyika . it occurs around the central part of the lake on the zambian side , around the capes of kabwe ngosye and nundo .
it inhabits fairly deep water around the shoreline in areas with a soft substrate , where the empty shells of snails collect .
18″ x 12″ x 12″ ( 45cm x 30cm x 30cm ) – 40 litres for a pair or trio . a larger tank is required for a colony .
the aquarium should have large open areas of sandy substrate to which should be added a good number of empty snail shells ( see breeding section below ) . more shells should be provided than there are individual fish . the substrate should be at least 2″ deep as this species likes to dig . the water must be hard and alkaline .
live and frozen varieties should form the bulk of the diet , although dried foods are usually accepted .
a territorial species that will defend its shell and the small territory around it vigorously . it can be combined with species that inhabit other areas of the aquarium . good tankmate choices include rockdwellers such as neolamprologus brichardi or smaller species of julidochromis and open water species such as cyprichromis sp . only one male should be kept unless the aquarium is large as males are very aggressive towards conspecifics .
males grow larger than females and have distinct vertical barring on the flanks , which is lacking in females .
possible . shell brooder . it may breed in a community situation but if you want to raise a full brood of these a species tank is best . set up the aquarium as suggested above . provide plenty of snail shells as the females will lay their eggs in these . escargot shells are a good choice and can be obtained from most decent delicatessens . each female will require 4 - 5 shells . water should be hard and alkaline with a ph of around 8 . 0 - 8 . 5 and a temperature of 77 - 80°f .
the species is most easily bred in a harem situation within which spawning pairs will form weak bonds until their broods are large enough to fend for themselves . the bond is not monogamous and both fish may go on to spawn with other individuals . it’s best to keep several females with a single male for breeding purposes . condition the fish well on a good diet of live and frozen foods .
the females will attempt to catch the attention of the male by displaying at the entrance of their chosen shells . when the male is sufficiently interested , the female swims into the shell where she deposits her eggs . she then leaves the shell and the male enters , where he fertilises the eggs .
both parents assist in broodcare , and they will regularly move the entire brood between different shells . the fry are big enough to accept brine shrimp nauplii or microworm once they become free swimming . it is probably better to remove them to a separate rearing tank at this stage to ensure the best survival rate , although the parents do not usually harm them .
as they grew , i became disappointed with the make - up of the group . a group of 4 males and 2 females is not ideal for pairing . fortunately each of the females picked out a male of their own and the two extra males were removed . the tank was set up with a sand substrate and divided into 3 separate areas by 2 pieces of holey rock . each of the three areas had an abundant amount of shells . the pairs took up residence on opposite sides of the tank , leaving the middle area as a no - man ' s land . i hoped that as their fry got larger , they would migrate to the
undeveloped
section of the tank .
setting up a new african cichlid tank ( decorating )
tank talk 9 / 10 / 13 pres . by kgtropicals
ahh ! its great to see another shellie fan on ace ! yes i remember you , how are the callipterus coming along ? i ' m picking my sigs up from anthony today , will let you know how they go . pm sent .
thanks jac . i may select either brevis or occies , since the shells will be on the opposite end of the tank vs the rock structure .
any updates on these fish , i ' m so excited . someone locally is selling only a pair and hopefully i can get my hands on them . are they as easy as multies ? dumb question but . . . i ' m just sooooo excited ! hopefully i can get them
hey miles44 , no they haven ' t spawned yet . i hope they spawn for me soon . cross my fingers .
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .


scincella is a genus of lizards in the skink family , scincidae , commonly referred to as ground skinks .

the exact number of species in the genus is unclear , as taxonomic reclassification is ongoing , and sources vary widely .

scincella species primarily range throughout the temperate regions of the world and are typically small , fossorial lizards , which consume a wide variety of arthropods .

scincella

leiolopisma caudaequinae smith 1951 scincella caudaequinae — smith & taylor 1950 : 158 scincella caudaequinae — greer 1974 : 32 scincella silvicola caudaequinae — liner 1994 scincella caudaequinae — shea & greer 2002 : 156 scincella syvicola caudaequinae — lazcano villarreal & dixon 2002 scincella caudaequinae — garcia - vázquez & feria - ortiz 2006 scincella silvicola caudaequinae — garcía - vázquez et al . 2010 scincella caudaequinae — linkem et al . 2011 scincella silvicola caudaequinae — lazcano et al . 2017
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leiolopisma forbesorum taylor 1937 leiolopisma gemmingeri forbesorum — smith 1951 scincella gemmingeri forbesorum — smith & taylor 1950 : 159 scincella forbesora — greer 1974 : 33 scincella gemmingeri forbesorum — liner 1994 scincella forbesorum — shea & greer 2002 : 156 scincella gemmingeri forbesorum — liner & casas - andreu 2008 scincella gemmingeri forbesorum — garcía - vázquez et al . 2010 scincella forbesora — linkem et al . 2011
scincella kikaapoa garcía - vázquez , canseco - márquez & nieto - montes de oca 2010 scincella kikaapoa — linkem et al . 2011 scincella kikaapoda — wilson et al . 2013 ( in error ) scincella kikaapoa — johnson et al . 2017
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the ground skink ( scincella lateralis ) , also called little brown skink and . . .
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mocoa cherriei cope 1893 : 339 lygosoma assatum var . brevis werner 1903 lygosoma assatum cherriei — stuart 1940 : 13 lygosoma cherriei cherriei — smith 1941 : 181 leiolopisma cherriei cherriei — smith 1946 scincella cherriei cherriei — mittleman 1950 : 20 scincella cherriei cherriei — smith & taylor 1950 : 157 lygosoma cherriei cherriei — mertens 1952 : 57 leiolopisma cherriei — peters & donoso - barros 1970 sphenomorphus cherriei — greer 1974 : 34 scincella cherriei — scott 1976 : 45 sphenomorphus cherriei — liner 1994 sphenomorphus cherriei — köhler 2000 : 93 scincella cherriei — honda et al . 2003 scincella cherriei — garcia - vázquez & feria - ortiz 2006 sphenomorphus cherriei cherriei — liner & casas - andreu 2008 scincella cherriei — linkem , diesmos & brown 2011 sphenomorphus cherriei — köhler 2013 sphenomorphus cherriei — mata - silva et al . 2015 sphenomorphus cherriei — johnson et al . 2015 scincella cherriei ixbaac ( stuart 1940 ) lygosoma assatum ixbaac stuart 1940 : 8 leiolopisma cherriei ixbaac — smith 1946 : 111 scincella cherriei ixbaac — mittleman 1950 : 20 scincella cherriei ixbaac — smith & taylor 1950 : 158 sphenomorphus cherriei ixbaac — liner & casas - andreu 2008 scincella cherriei stuarti ( smith 1941 ) leiolopisma cherriei — smith 1939 : 191 lygosoma cherriei stuarti smith 1941 : 81 leiolopisma cherriei stuarti — smith 1946 : 111 scincella cherriei stuarti — smith & taylor 1950 : 158 scincella stuarti — garcia - vázquez & feria - ortiz 2006 sphenomorphus cherriei stuarti — liner & casas - andreu 2008
comparative cytogenetics of two species of ground skinks : scincella assata and s . cherriei ( squamata : scincidae : lygosominae ) from chiapas , mexico
scincella lateralis ( say , 1823 ) ( sauria : scincidae ) , male , 41 mm svl , symbiotype asumz 32463 collected 5 august 2012 .
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auth , d . l . et al . 1999 . geographic distribution : scincella gemmingeri gemmingeri . herpetological review 30 ( 4 ) : 234 - get paper here
comparative cytogenetics of two species of ground skinks : scincella assata and s . cherriei ( squamata : scincidae : lygosominae ) from chiapas , mexico | castiglia | acta herpetologica
goldberg , stephen r . 2013 . notes on reproduction of the skink scincella melanosticta ( squamata : scincidae ) from thailand . hamadryad 36 ( 2 ) : 180 - 182
ground skink , scincella lateralis ( say , 182 ) 3 ( sauria : scincidae ) , adult male , 43 mm svl , symbiotype asumz 32297 collected 13 april 2012 .
atkinson ct , ayala sc . isospora manchacensis n . sp . , an intranuclear coccidian from the louisiana ground skink , scincella lateralis ( say , 1823 ) ( lacertilia : scincidae ) .
synonymy after smith & taylor 1950 . leiolopisma gemmingeri forbesorum is considered as valid species . oligosoma gemmingeri cope 1864 has been synonymized with scincus lateralis say 1823 by günther 1885 . see also scincella lateralis .
ouboter p e 1986 . a revision of the genus scincella ( reptilia : sauria : scincidae ) of asia , with some notes on its evolution . zoologische verhandelingen ( 229 ) : 1 - 66 - get paper here
synonymy mostly after ouboter ( 1986 ) . shea & greer 2002 list scincella rupicola as valid species . the species livoromica bacboensis was described based on a specimen collected by darevsky in 1986 ( zisp 20006 ) in vietnam , bac can province , village dong - luong ( = type locality ) and listed before as scincella melanosticta ( darevsky et al . , 1986 ) [ v . bobrov , pers . comm . 9 . 9 . 04 ]
mcallister ct , bursey cr , connior mb , durden la , robison hw . helminth and arthropod parasites of the ground skink , scincella lateralis ( sauria : scincidae ) , from arkansas and oklahoma , u . s . a .
luna - reyes , r . , u . o . garcía - vázquez and a . a . mendoza - hernández . 2007 . scincella gemmingeri . geographic distribution . [ first record for chiapas . ] herpetological review 38 ( 3 ) : 353
garcía - vázquez , canseco - márquez & nieto - montes de oca , 2010 . a new species of scincella ( squamata : scincidae ) from the cuatro ciénegas basin , coahuila , mexico . copeia 2010 ( 3 ) : 373 - 381 - get paper here
eremchenko , v . k 2003 . generic and specific redefinition and redescription of the north - vietnam skink ( scincella melanosticta ( boulenger , 1887 ) . izvestiya vuzov ( = proceedings of universitities and institutes ) , bishkek , ( 1 - 2 ) : 20 - 28
{ author1 , author2 . . . } , ( n . d . ) . scincella macrotis ( steindachner , 1867 ) . [ online ] india biodiversity portal , species page : { name of species field } available at : urltoken [ accessed date jul 9 , 2018 ] .
valdenegro - brito , a . e . , d . garcía - morales , j . c . sánchez - garcía and u . o . garcía - vázquez 2016 . geographic distribution : scincella cherriei ( brown forest skink ) . herpetological review 47 ( 3 ) : 424 - 425 .
garcía - vázquez , u . o . and a . a . mendoza - hernández . 2007 . scincella gemmingeri . geographic distribution . [ first record for the municipality of caderayta de montes , querétaro and second record for the state . ] herpetological review 38 ( 2 ) : 219 - 220
the ground skink , scincella lateralis ( say , 1823 ) is a small brownish lizard that ranges from southern new jersey , south to the florida keys , and westward to eastern kansas , and westcentral texas , usa ; isolated geographic distribution records are from central illinois , northeastern missouri , usa , and coahuila , mexico ( conant & collins , 1998 ) . scincella lateralis occurs statewide in arkansas , usa ( trauth et al . , 2004 ) . this skink is commonly found in leaf litter on the forest floor but can also be found in trash piles and dumps where it searches for arthropods .
neang , thy ; somaly chan , nikolay a . poyarkov , jr . . 2018 . a new species of smooth skink ( squamata : scincidae : scincella ) from cambodia . zoological research , doi : 10 . 24272 / j . issn . 2095 - 8137 . 2018 . 008 - get paper here
castiglia , riccardo , alexandra maria ramos bezerra , oscar flores - villela , flavia annesi , antonio muñoz and ekaterina gornung . 2013 . comparative cytogenetics of two species of ground skinks : scincella assata and s . cherriei ( squamata : scincidae : lygosominae ) from chiapas , mexico . acta herpetologica 8 ( 1 ) : 69 - 73
a new species of scincella , previously confused with s . laterals , is described from the cuatro cienegas basin , coahuila , mexico . the new species differs from all congeners in north and middle america by possessing two dark , narrow ventrolateral stripes on each side ( vs . dark , narrow ventrolateral stripes on each side absent in the other species )
the ground skink ( scincella lateralis ) , also called little brown skink and brown bark skink , is a small , diurnal ( active by day ) lizard common in a broad diversity of habitats across the southeastern united states . this species ranges from southern new jersey south to the florida keys and west to eastern kansas and central texas . small isolated populations are also found in illinois , northeastern missouri , and in coahuila , mexico .
the previous use of a specific or subspecific name in combination with the same generic name has relation only to the original designation of a species or subspecies described as new , not to combinations of names resulting from the reference of species or subspecies to some other genus than the one to which it was originally referred
. the species was transferred to several genera ( tiliqua , lygosoma , mocoa , oligosoma , leiolopisma before mittleman ( 1950 . herpetologica 6 ( 2 ) : 17 - 20 ) placed in it scincella .
the number of species increased from 10 , 711 to 10 , 793 , i . e . an increase of 82 species . 66 new species have been described , 9 species have been revalidated from synonymy and 16 subspecies were elevated to full species . . .
over the past 4 months , the number of species increased from 10 , 639 to 10 , 711 .
the number of species has grown from 10 , 544 in the may release to now 10 , 639 ( + 95 species ) .
overall , 212 new taxa have been added or changed their status or name .
the reptile database is a taxonomic database that provides basic information about all living reptile species , such as turtles , snakes , lizards , and crocodiles , as well as tuataras and amphisbaenians , but does not include dinosaurs .
currently there are more than 10 , 000 species and an additional 2 , 700 subspecies . this is making reptiles the largest vertebrate group after fish ( ~ 25 , 000 species ) and birds ( ~ 10 , 000 species ) , and significantly larger than mammals ( ~ 5 , 000 species ) or amphibians ( ~ 6 , 000 species ) .
the reptile database provides taxonomic information for the catalogue of life and the encyclopedia of life . our taxonomic information has also been used by genbank and many other resources and is the only comprehensive reptile database on the web .
the reptile database can be used to find all species within a certain geographic area ( e . g . all snakes of egypt ) . its collection of more than 2 , 500 images allow users to identify a species or at least get an idea how the species or genus may look like . more than 30 , 000 references provide a guide to further information .
this database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .
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banks , r . c . , r . w . mcdiarmid , a . l . gardner , and w . c . starnes
checklist of vertebrates of the united states , the u . s . territories , and canada , draft ( 2004 )
banks , r . c . , r . w . mcdiarmid , and a . l . gardner
checklist of vertebrates of the united states , the u . s . territories , and canada
flores - villela , oscar / mccoy , c . j . , ed .
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
type locality : mexico , coahuila , 4 km se cuatro ciénegas , poza el mojarral , 26°55’11 . 9’’n , 100°06’53 . 2’’w , 739 m elevation .
note : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .
holotype : mzfc 17667 , adult male , 6 july 2005 , a . contreras . paratypes . —all ( n 5 14 ) from mexico , coahuila , cuatro cie ́negas basin : mzfc 17668 , same locality as the holotype ; mzfc 17664–17666 , 13 km s cuatro cie ́negas , poza azul ; mzfc 2012 , ku 47088–47089 , 12 . 5 km se cuatro cie ́negas , poza churince ; uimnh 43231–43236 , 48328 , 9 . 17 km se cuatro cie ́negas .
the new species differs from all congeners in north and middle america by possessing two dark , narrow ventrolateral stripes on each side ( vs . dark , narrow ventrolateral stripes on each side absent in the other species ) ; from all congeners in north and middle america , except s . lateralis , by having three or more pairs of nuchal scales ( vs . fewer than three pairs of nuchals in the other species ) and the first nuchal in contact with the tertiary temporal row ( vs . first nuchal usually in contact with the upper secondary temporal in the other species ) ; and from s . lateralis by having longer limbs ( limbs overlapping by 1–15 scales when adpressed against body , hindlimb length / svl ratio 0 . 30–0 . 42 , x = 0 . 36 ; vs . limbs separated by 2–23 scales when adpressed against body , hindlimb length / svl ratio 0 . 24–0 . 37 , x = 0 . 30 , in s . lateralis ) and usually more scales around midbody ( 28–30 , x = 29 . 0 , n = 15 ; vs . 24–29 , x = 26 . 4 , n = 28 , in s . lateralis ) . similar species : s . lateralis .
etymology . —the specific name kikaapoa is an indeclinable word from the language of the kikapue , the native people that inhabits the center of coahuila , that means ‘‘those who walk on the land . ’’
johnson , j . d . , l . d . wilson , v . mata - silva , e . garcía - padilla , and d . l . desantis . 2017 . the endemic herpetofauna of mexico : organisms of global significance in severe peril . mesoamerican herpetology 4 ( 3 ) : 544–620
linkem , charles w . ; arvin c . diesmos , rafe m . brown 2011 . molecular systematics of the philippine forest skinks ( squamata : scincidae : sphenomorphus ) : testing morphological hypotheses of interspecific relationships . zoological journal of the linnean society 163 : 1217–1243
wilson , larry david ; vicente mata - silva , jerry d . johnson 2013 . a conservation reassessment of the reptiles of mexico based on the evs measure . amphibian & reptile conservation 7 ( 1 ) : 1–47 - get paper here
type locality : salto cola de caballo , 25 miles south of monterrey , nuevo león .
holotype : uimnh 10131 = univ . illinois mus . nat . hist . , paratypes : usnm ( from 10 miles west of naranjo , san luis potosi )
distribution : not listed for san luis potosí by lemos - espinal & dixon 2013 ; not listed for nuevo león by lemos - espinal et al . 2016 ( who consider caudaequinae as a subspecies of s . silvicola , lemos - espinal , pers . comm . 5 june 2016 ) .
garcia - vázquez , u . & feria - ortiz , m . 2006 . skinks of mexico . reptilia ( gb ) ( 49 ) : 74 - 79 - get paper here
garcia - vázquez , u . & feria - ortiz , m . 2006 . scincidos de méxico . reptilia ( spain ) ( 62 ) : 78 - 83
greer , a . e . 1974 . the generic relationships of the scincid lizard genus leiolopisma and its relatives . australian journal of zoology 31 : 1 - 67 . - get paper here
lazcano villarreal , david & dixon , j . r . 2002 . lista preliminar de la herpetofauna del estado de nuevo león . urltoken - get paper here
lazcano , d . , r . quirino - olvera , m . nevárez de los reyes and j . banda - leal 2017 . notes on mexican herpetofauna 29 : association of herpetofauna with sotols and beargrasses in the state of nuevo león , mexico . bull . chicago herp . soc . 52 : 17 - get paper here
smith , hobart m . 1951 . a new species of leiolopisma ( reptilia : sauria ) from mexico . univ . kansas sci . bull . 34 ( 3 ) : 195 - 200 - get paper here
smith , h . m . & taylor , e . h . 1950 . an annotated checklist and key to the reptiles of mexico exclusive of the snakes . bull . us natl . mus . 199 : 1 - 253 - get paper here
beolens , bo ; michael watkins , and michael grayson 2011 . the eponym dictionary of reptiles . johns hopkins university press , baltimore , usa - get paper here
bocourt , m . e . 1873 . in : a . duméril , m . f . bocourt , and f . mocquard , ( 1870 - 1909 ) , etudes sur les reptiles , p . i - xiv ; in recherches zoologiques pour servir a l ' histoire de ia faune de l ' amérique centrale et du mexique . mission scientifique au mexique et dans l ' amérique ce imprimerie impériale , paris , livr . 2 - 15 , pp . 33 - 860 . - get paper here
boulenger , g . a . 1887 . catalogue of the lizards in the british museum ( nat . hist . ) iii . lacertidae , gerrhosauridae , scincidae , anelytropsidae , dibamidae , chamaeleontidae . london : 575pp . - get paper here
boulenger , g . a . 1888 . on the affinity of the north - american lizard fauna . ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 1 : 107 - 109 - get paper here
brattstrom , baynard h . ; adis , nelly b . 1952 . notes on a collection of reptiles and amphibians from oaxaca , mexico . herpetologica 8 : 59 - 60 - get paper here
calzada - arciniega , rafael alejandro ; ernesto recuero , mirna grisel garcia - castillo , gabriela parra - olea 2017 . new records and an updated list of herpetofauna from cerro piedra larga , an isolated mountain massif in oaxaca , mexico herpetology notes 10 : 651 - 658 - get paper here
camarillo , r . j . l . 1995 . distribution records for some amphibians and reptiles from mexico . bull . maryland herp . soc . 31 ( 4 ) : 195 - 197 - get paper here
canseco - marquez , l . ; gutierrez - mayen , g . & salazar - arenas , j . 2000 . new records and range extensions for amphibians and reptiles from puebla , méxico . herpetological review 31 ( 4 ) : 259 - 263 - get paper here
casas - andreu , g . , f . r . méndez - de la cruz and x . aguilar - miguel . 2004 . anfibios y reptiles ; pp . 375–390 , in a . j . m . garcía - mendoza , j . ordoñez and m . briones - salas ( ed . ) . biodiversidad de oaxaca . instituto de biología , unam - fondo oaxaqueño para la conservación de la naturaleza - world wildlife fund , méxico , d . f .
cope , e . d . 1864 . contributions to the herpetology of tropical america . proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia 16 : 166 - 181 . - get paper here
fernández - badillo , leonardo , david r . aguillón - gutiérrez , sharon yedid valdez - rentería , juan alfonso hernández - melo , cristian raùl olvera olvera , francisco javier callejas - jiménez , melisa hernández - ramos , josé carlos iturbe - morgado , ferdinand torres - 2016 . first records for amphibians and reptiles from the municipality of atotonilco el grande , hidalgo , méxico . herpetological review 47 ( 1 ) : 91 - 93
johnson , jerry d . ; vicente mata - silva , elí garcía padilla , and larry david wilson 2015 . the herpetofauna of chiapas , mexico : composition , distribution , and conservation . mesoamerican herpetology 2 ( 3 ) : 272–329 . - get paper here
köhler , g . 2000 . reptilien und amphibien mittelamerikas , bd 1 : krokodile , schildkröten , echsen . herpeton verlag , offenbach , 158 pp .
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mata - silva , vicente , jerry d . johnson , larry david wilson and elí garcía - padilla . 2015 . the herpetofauna of oaxaca , mexico : composition , physiographic distribution , and conservation status . mesoamerican herpetology 2 ( 1 ) : 6–62 - get paper here
smith , h . m . 1949 . miscellaneous notes on mexican lizards . j . washington acad . sci . 39 : 34 - 43 .
taylor , edward h . 1937 . two new lizards of the genus leiolopisma from mexico , with comments on another mexican species . copeia 1937 ( 1 ) : 5 - 11 - get paper here
werning , h . 2017 . der große treck – teil 5 . don’t mess with texas . reptilia ( münster ) 22 ( 128 ) : 68 - 79 - get paper here
woolrich - piña , g . a . , e . garcía - padilla , d . l . desantis , j . d . johnson , v . mata - silva , and l . d . wilson . 2017 . the herpetofauna of puebla , mexico : composition , distribution , and conservation status . mesoamerican herpetology 4 ( 4 ) : 791–884
cherriei : tabasco and n chiapas on atlantic slopes , costa rica on pacific slopes , eastward to panama . type locality : palmar , costa rica .
ixbaac : peninsula of yucatán , southward as far as campeche and n petén , guatemala . type locality : chichen itzá , yucatán .
stuarti : c veracruz , in foothills , southward to the isthmus of tehuantepec ; oaxaca . type locality : potrero viejo , veracruz .
holotype : amnh 9531 ( collected by george k . cherrie ) holotype : ummz 80820 ( ixbaac ) holotype : usnm 115174 ( stuarti ) holotype : zsm 824 / 0 ( lost ) , adult ? [ brevis ]
synonymy , subspecies , and distribution mainly after smith & taylor 1950 , peters & donoso - barros ( 1986 ) . not listed for el salvador by köhler ( 2000 ) . relative abundance in honduras : common
alvarez del toro , m . 1982 . los reptiles de chiapas . 3rd ed . méxico : tuxtla gutiérrez , 248 pp .
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cope , e . d . 1893 . second addition to the knowledge of the batrachia and reptilia of costa rica . proc . amer . philos . soc . 31 : 333 - 347 - get paper here
duellman , w . e . 1963 . amphibians and reptiles of the rainforest of southern el peten , guatemala . univ . kansas publ . mus . nat . hist . 15 : 205 - 49 . - get paper here
espinal , mario ; josé mario solís , carlos o’reilly , and rony valle 2014 . new distributional records for amphibians and reptiles from the department of choluteca , honduras . mesoamerican herpetology 1 ( 2 ) : 298 - get paper here
gonzález - sánchez , v . h . , j . d . johnson , e . garcía - padilla , v . mata - silva , d . l . desantis and l . d . wilson . 2017 . the herpetofauna of the mexican yucatan peninsula : composition , distribution , and conservation status . mesoamerican herpetology 4 ( 2 ) : 264–380 - get paper here
honda , m . ; ota , h . ; kohler , g . ; ineich , i . ; chirio , l . ; chen , s . - l . ; hikida , t . 2003 . phylogeny of the lizard subfamily lygosominae ( reptilia : scincidae ) , with special reference to the origin of the new world taxa . genes and genetic systems 78 ( 1 ) : 71 - 80 - get paper here
köhler , gunther , joseph vargas , johannes j . köhler and milan vesel´y . 2013 . noteworthy distributional records of amphibians and reptiles from costa rica . herpetological review 44 ( 2 ) : 280 - 283
lee , j . c . 2000 . a field guide to the amphibians and reptiles of the maya world . cornell university press , ithaca ,
lee , j . c . 1996 . the amphibians and reptiles of the yucatán peninsula . comstock , cornell university press , ithaca , 500 pp .
mccranie , j . & castañeda , f . e . 2005 . the herpetofauna of parque nacional pico bonito , honduras . phyllomedusa 4 ( 1 ) : 3 - 16 - get paper here
mccranie , james r . 2015 . a checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of honduras , with additions , comments on taxonomy , some recent taxonomic decisions , and areas of further studies needed . zootaxa 3931 ( 3 ) : 352–386 - get paper here
mertens , r . 1952 . die amphibien und reptilien von el salvador . abh . senckenb . naturf . ges . ( frankfurt ) ( no . 487 ) : 120 pp .
mittleman , m . b . 1950 . the generic status of scincus lateralis say , 1823 . herpetologica 6 ( 2 ) : 17 - 24 - get paper here
myers , c w . donnelly m a . 1991 . the lizard genus sphenomorphus ( scincidae ) in panama with description of a new species . american museum novitates ( 3027 ) : 1 - 12 . - get paper here
nicholson , kirsten e . , james r . mccranie and gunther köhler 2000 . herpetofaunal expedition to parque nacional patuca : a newly established park in honduras . herpetological bulletin ( 72 ) : 26 - 31 . - get paper here
savage , j . m . 2002 . the amphibians and reptiles of costa rica : a herpetofauna between two continents , between two seas . university of chicago press , 934 pp . [ review in copeia 2003 ( 1 ) : 205 ]
scott , n . j . 1976 . the abundance and diversity of the herpetofaunas of tropical forest litter . biotropica 8 ( 1 ) : 41 - 58
smith , hobart m . 1939 . mexican herpetological novelties . proc . biol . soc . washington 52 : 187 - 196 - get paper here
smith , hobart m . 1941 . a new race of lygosoma from mexico . proc . biol . soc . washington 54 : 181 - 182 - get paper here
smith , hobart m . 1946 . notes on central american leiolopisma . herpetologica 3 : 110 - 111 - get paper here
solís , j . m . , l . d . wilson , and j . h . townsend . 2014 . an updated list of the amphibians and reptiles of honduras , with comments on their nomenclature . mesoamerican herpetology 1 : 123–144 - get paper here
stuart , l . c . 1948 . the amphibians and reptiles of alta verapaz guatamala . miscellaneous publications , museum of zoology , university of michigan 69 : 1 - 109 - get paper here
stuart , l . c . 1940 . notes on the lampropholis group of middle american lygosoma ( scincidae ) with descriptions of two new forms . occ . pap . mus . zool . univ . michigan 421 : 1 - 16
sunyer , javier 2014 . an updated checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of nicaragua . mesoamerican herpetology 1 ( 2 ) : 186–202 . - get paper here
taylor , e . h . 1956 . a review of the lizards of costa rica . univ . kansas sci . bull . 38 ( part 1 ) : 3 - 322 - get paper here
townsend , j . h . , l . d . wilson , m . medina - flores , e . aguilar - urbina , b . k . atkinson et al . 2012 . a premontane hotspot for herpetological endemism on the windward side of refugio de vida silvestre texíguat , honduras . salamandra 48 ( 2 ) : 92 - 114 - get paper here
urbina - cardona , j . nicolás ; mario olivares - pérez , víctor hugo reynoso 2006 . herpetofauna diversity and microenvironment correlates across a pasture–edge–interior ecotone in tropical rainforest fragments in the los tuxtlas biosphere reserve of veracruz , mexico . biological conservation 132 : 61–75
wilson , l . d . & mccranie , j . r . 2003 . the herpetofauna of the cloud forests of honduras . amphibian & reptile conservation 3 ( 1 ) : 34 - 48 - get paper here
wilson , l . d . & mccranie , j . r . 1994 . comments on the occurrence of a salamander and three lizard species in honduras . amphibia - reptilia 15 : 416 - 421 - get paper here
type locality : la placita , hidalgo , 8 miles south of jacala , elevation 7 , 000 feet .
shea , glenn m . and allen e . greer 2002 . from sphenomorphus to lipinia : generic reassignment of two poorly known new guinea skinks . journal of herpetology 36 ( 2 ) : 148 - 156 - get paper here
type locality : plapoo , 6 miles w . of mt . mooleyit , myanmar ( = burma ) , n . tenasserim .
syntype : msng 27853 holotype + paratypes : usnm 72282 - 84 [ kohtaoensis ] holotype : bmnh 1946 . 8 . 16 . 77 [ rupicola ] bacboensis : zisp 20006 . 1 ( holotype ) , zisp 20006 . 2–20006 . 4 ( paratypes ) .
bobrov v . v . , semenov d . v . 2008 . lizards of vietnam [ in russian ] . moscow , 236 pp .
boulenger , g . a . 1887 . an account of the reptiles and batrachians obtained in tenasserim by m . l . fea , of the genova civic museum . ann . mus . civ . stor . nat . genova , 2 . ser . 5 : 474 - 486 - get paper here
boulenger , george a . 1890 . the fauna of british india , including ceylon and burma . reptilia and batrachia . taylor & francis , london , xviii , 541 pp . - get paper here
chan - ard , t . , parr , j . w . k . & nabhitabhata , j . 2015 . a field guide to the reptiles of thailand . oxford university press , ny , 352 pp . [ see book reviews by pauwels & grismer 2015 and hikida 2015 for corrections ] - get paper here
cochran , d . m . 1927 . new reptiles and batrachians collected by dr . hugh m . smith in siam . proc . biol . soc . washington 40 : 179 - 192 . - get paper here
grismer , l . lee ; thy neang , thou chav , perry l . wood , jr . , jamie r . oaks , jeremy holden , jesse l . grismer , thomas r . szutz and timothy m . youmans 2008 . additional amphibians and reptiles from the phnom samkos wildlife sanctuary in northwestern cardamom mountains , cambodia , with comments on their taxonomy and the discovery of three new species . raffles bulletin of zoology 56 ( 1 ) : 161 - 175 - get paper here
grismer , l . l . et al . 2007 . the herpetofauna of the phnom aural wildlife sanctuary and checklist of the herpetofauna of the cardamom mountains , cambodia . hamadryad 31 ( 2 ) : 216 – 241
grismer , l . l . , neang , t . , chav , t . & grismer , j . l . 2008 . checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of the cardamom region of southwestern cambodia . cambodian journal of natural history 2008 ( 1 ) : 12–28 - get paper here
hartmann , timo ; flora ihlow , sarah edwards , sovath sothanin , markus handschuh and wolfgang böhme 2013 . a preliminary annotated checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of the kulen promtep wildlife sanctuary in northern cambodia . asian herpetological research 4 ( 1 ) : 36–55 - get paper here
manthey , u . & grossmann , w . 1997 . amphibien & reptilien südostasiens . natur und tier verlag ( münster ) , 512 pp . - get paper here
nabhitabhata , j . , t . chan - ard and y . chuaynkern 2000 . checklist of amphibians and reptiles in thailand . office of environmental policy and planning , bankok . 152pp .
nguyen , truong quang ; andreas schmitz , tao thien nguyen , nikolai l . orlov , wolfgang böhme , and thomas ziegler 2011 . review of the genus sphenomorphus fitzinger , 1843 ( squamata : sauria : scincidae ) in vietnam , with description of a new species from northern vietnam and southern china and the first record of sphenomorphus mimicus taylor , 1962 from vietnam . journal of herpetology 45 ( 2 ) : 145 - 154 . - get paper here
sang , nguyen van ; ho thu cuc , nguyen , quang truong 2009 . herpetofauna of vietnam . chimaira , frankfurt , 768 pp .
smith , m . a . 1916 . description of three new lizards and a new snake from siam . j . nat . hist . soc . siam 2 ( 1 ) : 44 - 47 . - get paper here
smith , m . a . 1935 . the fauna of british india , including ceylon and burma . reptiles and amphibia , vol . ii . sauria . taylor and francis , london , 440 pp .
stuart , b . l . & emmett , d . a . 2006 . a collection of amphibians and reptiles from the cardamom mountains , southwestern cambodia . fieldiana zool . n . s . ( 109 ) : 1 - 27 - get paper here
taylor , e . h . 1963 . the lizards of thailand . univ . kansas sci . bull . 44 : 687 - 1077 . - get paper here
taylor , edward h . & elbel , robert e . 1958 . contribution to the herpetology of thailand . univ . kansas sci . bull . 38 ( 13 ) : 1033 - 1189 - get paper here
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description : 3 - 5 . 5 in ( 7 . 5 - 14 . 5 cm ) . ground skinks are small , slender lizards with long tails and short legs . they range from golden brown to almost black in coloration but are most often coppery brown with a darker stripe running along each side of the body . the belly is white or yellowish .
range and habitat : ground skinks range throughout georgia and south carolina and are abundant in all but the wettest habitats . they prefer areas with loose soil and abundant leaf litter and are often found beneath logs , boards , and other cover objects .
habits : unlike many other lizards in our region , ground skinks virtually never climb . rather than running on their tiny legs , ground skinks use their slender bodies to wriggle or
swim
through leaf litter or loose soil , often disappearing in a flash as soon as they are discovered . like other lizards , ground skinks will break off their tail to confuse a potential predator .
prey : ground skinks prey on tiny insects , spiders , and other invertebrates .
reproduction : female ground skinks lay clutches of several eggs in moist soil or rotten logs during the summer . it is suspected that ground skinks may lay several clutches per season .
abundance : ground skinks are abundant in most habitats , particularly open woodlands with abundant leaf litter .
like most skinks , ground skinks have short legs relative to their body length . they have a smooth dorsal surface that varies in color from gold to brown and a pair of dark brown stripes down their back . their cryptic coloration often blends into the environment around them , making them difficult to see . their underside is creamy to yellowish white . ground skinks are one of the smallest reptiles in north america . including the tail , adults measure 7 . 5 - 14 . 5 cm ( 3 - 3 . 5 inches ) .
shy critters , ground skinks are ground dwellers found under the cover of grass , leaves , rocks , and logs . they inhabit the floor of many types of forests , hunting insects , spiders , worms and other invertebrate prey in rotting wood , detritus , and leaf litter . ground skinks also can be found in disturbed areas , such as in gardens of urban areas , especially in warm southern states where they are active year round . further north , ground skinks hibernate underground during the coldest months .
as small , easy prey , ground skinks have numerous predators including snakes , other species of lizards , many types of birds , wolf spiders , cats , shrews , skunks , and armadillos . while ground skinks might swim to escape a predator , they do not climb . their first response to disturbance is to seek shelter . another defense strategy for these lizards is their ability to release their tail . after falling off , the tail thrashes conspicuously , distracting the predator long enough to allow the skink to escape . in comparison to other lizard species ( e . g . anolis carolinensis , which often lives alongside the ground skink ) , the tail released from s . lateralis thrashes faster , and appears to improve the lizard’s escape rate .
ground skinks are vectors for a number of trematodes , cestodes , nematodes , and a tick species . the tick is a the main lyme disease agent , suggesting that more study of ground skink parasites may be epidemically important .
( becker and paulissen 2012 ; franklin 2016 ; hammerson 2007 ; mcallister et al . 2014a ; mcallister et al . 2014b ; missouri department of conservation 2016 ; smith 1997 ; wikipedia 2015 )
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
this is a species complex that is currently under revision ( l . canseco pers . comm . ) .
justification : listed as least concern because it is relatively widespread , common , adaptable and does not appear to be declining fast enough to be listed in a more threatened category .
this species is known from disjunct localities in coastal veracruz and neighbouring states in mexico . it occurs from 200 to 2 , 000 m asl .
it occurs in tropical evergreen forest , oak forest , cloud forest and rainforest , as well as secondary and degraded forest . it also occurs in pasturelands .
its range includes at least two protected areas . no direct conservation measures are needed for this species .
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justification : listed as least concern in view of the large and probably relatively stable extent of occurrence , area of occupancy , number of subpopulations , and population size . no major threats are known .
the large range of this united states species extends from new jersey to southern florida , west to kansas , texas , and north to southern illinois , southern indiana , and southern ohio , and south to the gulf coast ( brooks 1975 , conant and collins 1991 ) . it is not currently known to occur with certainty in mexico .
this species is represented by thousands of occurrences or subpopulations . the total adult population size is unknown but certainly exceeds 100 , 000 and probably exceeds 1 , 000 , 000 . this is a very common lizard in many areas . the extent of occurrence , area of occupancy , number of subpopulations , and population size are large and probably relatively stable .
this species occurs in a wide variety of habitats ; generally it occurs in areas with ground cover ( grass , leaf litter , forest floor debris , rocks , etc . ) , including dry upland woodlands as well as stream and pond edges ( bartlett and bartlett 1999 ) ; often it can be found under ground surface cover . it goes underground in cold weather and may seek cover in water when pursued . eggs are laid in moist humus , logs , rotting vegetation , or under rocks ( ashton and ashton 1985 , minton 1972 ) .
this lizard occurs in many parks and other protected areas . no direct conservation measures are currently needed for this species as a whole .
de silva , r . , milligan , h . t . , wearn , o . r . , wren , s . , zamin , t . , sears , j . , wilson , p . , lewis , s . , lintott , p . & powney , g .
has been assessed as near threatened . although this species has a wide distribution in southern china and northern viet nam it occurs in small isolated populations in less than ten localities , and is threatened by ongoing habitat degradation due to shifting agriculture , infrastructure and development . further information is needed on population numbers , distribution , and ecology .
this species is found in southern china and northern viet nam , and is known from only five localities .
populations are small ( with only a few specimens ) , and isolated in both china and viet nam .
this species inhabits high altitude grassland and secondary forest , up to 1 , 520 m a . s . l . in viet nam and up to 13 , 000 ft in china ( schmidt 1927 , walters 2008 , nguyen et al . 2010b ) .
this species is at risk from habitat degradation and loss due to : shifting agriculture , infrastructure , and development .
this species has been found in pia oac nature reserve , cao bang province in viet nam . further research into population numbers , distribution , and ecology are needed .
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from all congeners in north and middle america , except s . laterals , by having three or more pairs of nuchal scales ( vs . fewer than three pairs of nuchals in the other species ) and the first nuchal in contact with the tertiary temporal row ( vs . first nuchal usually in contact with the upper secondary temporal in the other species )
and from s . laterals by having longer limbs ( limbs overlapping by 1 - 15 scales when adpressed against body , hindlimb length / svl ratio 0 . 30 - 0 . 42 , ( x ) over bar = 0 . 36
vs . limbs separated by 2 - 23 scales when adpressed against body , hindlimb length / svl ratio 0 . 24 - 0 . 37 , ( x ) over bar = 0 . 30 , in s . laterals ) and usually more scales around midbody ( 28 - 30 , ( x ) over bar = 29 . 0 , n = 15
vs . 24 - 29 , ( x ) over bar = 26 . 4 , n = 28 , in s . laterals ) . the new species is geographically closest , and morphologically most similar , to s . lateralis .
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riccardo castiglia , alexandra m . r . bezerra , oscar flores - villela , flavia annesi , antonio muñoz , ekaterina gornung
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chris t . mcallister , r . scott seville , matthew b . connior , stanley e . trauth , and henry w . robison
science and mathematics division eastern oklahoma state college idabel , oklahoma 74745 , usa ude . es @ retsillacmc
science and mathematics division eastern oklahoma state college idabel , oklahoma 74745 , usa ude . es @ retsillacmc ;
a great deal of information is available on the natural history and ecology of this common skink ( brooks , 1975 ) as well as its helminth parasites ( see mcallister et al . , 2014a ) ; however , less is known about its coccidian parasites . atkinson and ayala ( 1987 ) provided a description of an isosporan from s . lateralis in louisiana , and telford ( 1997 ) and telford and bursey ( 2003 ) described an eimerian and isosporan from florida specimens , respectively . however , nothing , to our knowledge , has been published on coccidia of s . lateralis from arkansas . here , we describe a new species of choleoeimeria and isospora from ground skinks of the state .
two ( 3 % ) and 11 ( 15 % ) s . lateralis was found to be passing oöcysts of two new species of coccidia , which are described below .
poison spring battlefield historic monument off st . hwy 76 , ouachita county , arkansas , usa ( 33 . 63759°n , 92 . 987573°w ) .
2 of 75 ( 3 % ) overall ; 2 of 6 ( 33 % ) ouachita county .
exogenous . all oöcysts were passed in feces unsporulated or partially sporulated and fully sporulated within 5 days at c . 23°c .
unknown . oöcysts were passed in faeces and host tissues were not collected or preserved for histological sectioning .
the specific epithet is given for ouachita county , arkansas , usa ( from –ensis ) where the host was collected . the county was formed on 29 november 1842 , and named for the ouachita river .
nomarski interference - contrast photomicrographs of sporulated oöcysts of choleoeimeria ouachitensis n . sp . and isospora koberi n . sp . 1 oöcyst of c . ouachitensis showing polar granule ( pg ) and sporozoite ( sz ) ; 2 oöcyst of c . ouachitensis showing sporocyst residuum ( sr ) in sporozoite and collapsed sporocyst wall at suture ( su ) ; 3 oöcyst of isospora koberi showing stieda body ( sb ) and substieda body ( ssb ) ; 4 oöcyst of isospora koberi showing bi - layered oocyst wall ( ow ) . scale bars 15 μm .
composite line drawings of oöcysts of 5 choleoeimeria ouachitensis n . sp . ; 6 isospora koberi n . sp .
oöcyst ( n = 20 ) colourless , smooth , ellipsoidal to cylindroidal ; 27 . 2 × 15 . 6 ( 26–28 × 15–17 ) , length / width ( l / w ) ratio 1 . 7 ( 1 . 6–1 . 8 ) . wall bi–layered , c . 1 . 0 , inner c . 0 . 4 , outer c . 0 . 6 . micropyle absent , oocyst residuum absent , 1 - 2 polar granule ( s ) present .
sporocysts ( n = 20 ) four , colourless , smooth , ovoidal , 8 . 9 × 6 . 8 ( 8–10 × 6–8 ) ; l / w ratio 1 . 3 ( 1 . 2–1 . 5 ) ; wall single - layered c . 0 . 5 with two valves joined by longitudinal sutures . stieda body , sub - stieda body , and para - stieda body absent ; sporocyst residuum consists of dispersed granules between sporozoite .
sporozoites two , banana–shaped , pointed at 1 end , c . 10–13 long in situ ; with single ellipsoidal posterior refractile body and spheroidal anterior refractile body , with nucleus slightly posterior to midpoint .
choleoeimeria ouachitensis is most similar to two other coccidians described from north american skinks as follows : choleoeimeria ( = eimeria ) egregia telford , 1997 from the peninsula mole skink , plestiodon egregius onocrepis ( cope , 1871 ) from florida possesses wider oöcysts ( 17 μm ) and larger sporocysts ( 10 × 8 μm ) without a polar granule ( telford , 1997 ) ; choleoeimeria ( = eimeria ) scincellae telford , 1997 described from s . lateralis from florida possesses larger oöcysts ( 30 × 16 μm ) and sporocysts ( 11 × 8 μm ) without a polar granule ( telford , 1997 ) . in addition , the only eimerian previously described from arkansas skinks ( pleistiodon fasciatus ) is choleoeimeria ( = eimeria ) fasciatus upton , mcallister , and trauth , 1991 ( upton et al . , 1991 ) . however , oöcysts of c . fasciatus are considerably larger ( 34 . 9 × 16 . 2 μm vs . 27 . 2 × 15 . 6 μm ) than the new species .
mull , marion county , arkansas , usa ( 36°04’20 . 1”n , 92°35’59 . 6”w ) .
10 s . lateralis ; 1 female , 35 mm svl , collected 5 october 2012 from 3 km n of calion , calhoun county ( 33°22’37 . 1”n , 92°30’23 . 7”w ) ; 1 male , 33 mm svl , collected 11 january 2013 from harrell , calhoun county ( 33°30’36 . 4”n , 92°30’55 . 5”w ) and 1 male , 47 mm svl collected 3 august 2012 from mull , marion county ( 36°04’20 . 1”n , 92°35’59 . 6”w ) ; 1 male , 44 mm svl , collected 26 october 2012 from 6 . 5 km se of bluff city at holeman cemetery , ouachita county ( 33°40’10 . 9”n , 93°05’46 . 4”w ) ; 5 males , 30 , 32 , 39 , 43 , 46 mm svl and 1 female 27 mm svl collected september 2012 - january 2013 from grady bell road , el dorado , union county ( 33°12’48 . 7”n , 92°35’9 . 5”w ) .
11 of 75 ( 15 % ) s . lateralis overall ; 2 of 5 ( 20 % ) calhoun county ; 2 of 2 ( 100 % ) marion county ; 1 of 6 ( 17 % ) ouachita county ; 6 of 29 ( 21 % ) union county .
exogenous . all oocysts were passed in faeces unsporulated or partially sporulated and fully sporulated within 5 days at c . 23°c .
unknown . oöcysts were passed in feces and host tissues were not collected or preserved for histological sectioning .
the specific epithet is given in honor of christian albert kober ( 1901–1968 ) , who accompanied his maternal grandson ( ctm ) on many memorable occasions in the field and who first taught him to appreciate the fauna of arkansas .
oöcyst ( n = 20 ) colourless , smooth , ovoidal ; 25 . 1 × 20 . 5 ( 20–26 × 19–21 ) ; l / w ratio 1 . 2 ( 1 . 1– 1 . 2 ) . wall bilayered , c . 1 . 2 , outer c . 0 . 7 , inner c . 0 . 5 ; micropyle absent , oöcyst residuum absent ; single polar granule present ( rarely ) .
sporocysts ( n = 20 ) two , colourless , smooth , ovoidal , 11 . 4 × 8 . 6 ( 10–12 × 8–9 ) ; l / w ratio 1 . 3 ( 1 . 2–1 . 4 ) ; wall single - layered wall c . 0 . 4 . prominent nipple–like stieda body present , sub - stieda body present and para - stieda body absent ; sporocyst residuum consists of condensed granules dispersed between sporozoite .
sporozoites ( not measured ) four , sausage–shaped ; with single with spheroidal anterior refractile body and single posterior refractile body with nucleus slightly posterior to midpoint .
are larger ( 26 . 5 × 24 . 3 μm and 14 . 9 × 10 . 4 μm ) than the new species . given these differences when compared to three other described isosporans from north american skinks , we feel confident that we are describing a new species .
) . of the 13 species of north american skinks , coccidians have now been reported from five ( 38 % ) species .
† originally described as eimeria spp . ( see modrý and jirků , 2006 , for taxonomic changes of new combinations ) .
‡ an undescribed eimerian reported from gall bladder epithelium and most likely a choleoeimeria sp .
mcallister et al . ( 1994 ) previously examined a sample of 26 s . lateralis from arkansas , oklahoma , and texas and did not find any to be passing coccidia . in addition , their survey included 20 other non - infected skinks , including two southern coal skinks , plestiodon anthracinus pluvialis ( cope , 1880 ) from arkansas , and two great plains skinks , plestiodon obsoletus baird & girard , 1852 , eight southern prairie skinks , plestiodon septentrionalis obtusirostris ( bocourt , 1879 ) and eight four - lined skinks , plestiodon tetragrammus baird , 1859 from texas . in addition , none of the 20 s . lateralis we examined in the present survey from oklahoma was found to be passing coccidia . it appears that prevalence of coccidia among north american skinks is low and finding infected hosts outside of species already reported herein ( particularly those which range into the more arid western us states ) may be challenging .
we thank patricia a . pilitt ( usnpc ) for her expert curatorial assistance . the arkansas game & fish commission issued scientific collecting permits to ctm and mbc . this study was funded , in part , by grants from the national center for research resources ( p20rr016474 ) and the national institute of general medical sciences ( p20gm103432 ) from the national institutes of health to rss . the content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the national institutes of health .
science and mathematics division eastern oklahoma state college idabel , oklahoma 74745 , usa ude . es @ retsillacmc .
department of zoology and physiology university of wyoming casper , wyoming 82601 , usa .
health and natural sciences south arkansas community college el dorado , arkansas 71730 , usa .
department of biological sciences arkansas state university state university , arkansas 72467 , usa .
3rd ed . ( expanded ) . houghton mifflin ; boston : 1998 . p . 616 .
jirků m , modrý d , šlapeta jr , koudela b , lukes j . the phylogeny of goussia and choleoeimeria ( apicomplexa : eimeriorina ) and the evolution of excystation structures in coccidian .
mcallister ct , duszynski dw , fisher rn , austin cc . a new species of eimeria schneider , 1875 ( apicomplexa : eimeriidae ) from the solomon ground skink , sphenomorphus solomonis ( sauria : scincidae ) from papua new guinea .


bicyclus lamani is a butterfly in the nymphalidae family .

it is found in gabon , northern angola and the democratic republic of the congo .

the habitat consists of open grassy woodland at altitudes between 700 and 1,500 meters .

bicyclus lamani

bicyclus ephorus weymer , 1892 ; stettin ent . ztg 53 ( 4 - 6 ) : 79
bicyclus auricruda ; [ bow ] : pl . 115 , f . 2 ; [ nhm card ]
bicyclus anynana ; [ bk ] : 271 , pl . 29 , f . 419 ; [ afrl ]
bicyclus vansoni condamin , 1965 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 27 : 1101
bicyclus similis condamin , 1963 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 25 : 902
bicyclus sylvicolus condamin , 1961 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 23 : 788
bicyclus nachtetis condamin , 1965 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 27 : 1104
bicyclus maesseni condamin , 1970 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 32 : 1071
bicyclus xeneoides condamin , 1961 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 23 : 791
bicyclus howarthi condamin , 1963 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 25 : 908
bicyclus sambulos cyaneus condamin , 1961 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 23 : 783
bicyclus sambulos unicolor condamin , 1970 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 32 : 1068
bicyclus campina ; [ bow ] : pl . 115 , f . 3 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afrl ]
bicyclus campinus carcassoni condamin , 1963 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 25 : 1164
bicyclus matuta idjwiensis condamin , 1965 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 27 : 1440
bicyclus sanaos melas condamin , 1965 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 27 : 1442
bicyclus sophrosyne overlaeti condamin , 1965 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 27 : 1103
bicyclus smithi eurypterus condamin , 1965 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 27 : 1445
bicyclus ignobilis acutus condamin , 1965 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 27 : 1447
bicyclus xeneas occidentalis condamin , 1965 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 27 : 1108
bicyclus trilophus jacksoni condamin , 1961 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 23 : 796
bicyclus saussurei angustus condamin , 1970 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 32 : 1073
bicyclus suffusa ituriensis condamin , 1970 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 32 : 1076
= bicyclus denina ; lamas , 2010 , shilap revta . lepid . 38 ( 150 ) : ( 197 - 204 )
bicyclus is a butterfly genus from the subfamily satyrinae in the family nymphalidae . the species are found in the afrotropical ecozone .
bicyclus moyses condamin & fox , 1964 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 26 : 629
bicyclus ignobilis eurini condamin & fox , 1963 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 25 : 1166
bicyclus kenia ; [ bafr ] , 169 ; [ bk ] : 266 , pl . 28 , f . 403 ; [ afrl ]
bicyclus mandanes ; [ bafr ] , 169 ; [ bk ] : 267 , pl . 28 , f . 404 ; [ afrl ]
bicyclus vulgaris ; [ bafr ] , 170 ; [ bk ] : 267 , pl . 28 , f . 406 ; [ afrl ]
bicyclus sandace ; [ bafr ] , 170 ; [ bk ] : 267 , pl . 28 , f . 407 ; [ afrl ]
bicyclus ena ; [ bafr ] , 170 ; [ bk ] : 268 , pl . 29 , f . 409 ; [ afrl ]
bicyclus buea ; [ bafr ] , 172 ; [ bk ] : 269 , pl . 29 , f . 411 ; [ afrl ]
bicyclus golo ; [ bafr ] , 174 ; [ bk ] : 270 , pl . 29 , f . 416 ; [ afrl ]
bicyclus safitza ; [ afrl ] ; larsen & vane - wright , 2012 , shilap revta . lepid . 40 ( 157 ) : 85
bicyclus campus ; [ bafr ] , 178 ; [ bk ] : 271 , pl . 29 , f . 421 ; [ afrl ]
bicyclus milyas ; [ bafr ] , 179 ; [ bk ] : 272 , pl . 30 , f . 423a ; [ afrl ]
bicyclus pavonis ; [ bafr ] , 179 ; [ bk ] : 272 , pl . 30 , f . 423 ; [ afrl ]
bicyclus funebris ; [ bafr ] , 179 ; [ bk ] : 273 , pl . 30 , f . 424 ; [ afrl ]
bicyclus sophrosyne sophrosyne ; [ bafr ] , 173 ; [ bk ] : 269 , pl . 29 , f . 413 ; [ afrl ]
bicyclus smithi smithi ; [ bafr ] , 174 ; [ bk ] : 270 , pl . 29 , f . 415 ; [ afrl ]
bicyclus xeneas ; [ afrl ] ; [ bow ] : pl . 117 , f . 6 ( text only ) ; [ nhm card ]
bicyclus safitza safitza ; [ bafr ] , 178 ; [ bk ] : 271 , pl . 29 , f . 420 ; [ afrl ]
bicyclus mesogena mesogena ; [ bafr ] , 168 ( text ) ; [ bk ] : 266 , pl . 28 , f . 402 ; [ afrl ]
bicyclus rileyi condamin , 1961 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 23 : 792 ; tl : cameroun , bitje - ja
bicyclus jefferyi ; [ bk ] : 268 , pl . 28 , f . 408 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ bafr ] , 170 ; [ afrl ]
bicyclus istaris ; [ bk ] : 269 , pl . 29 , f . 412 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ bafr ] , 172 ; [ afrl ]
bicyclus mollitia ; [ nhm card ] ; [ bafr ] , 173 ; [ bk ] : 269 , pl . 29 , f . 414 ; [ afrl ]
bicyclus saussurei angustus ; [ nhm card ] ; [ bafr ] , 177 ; [ bk ] : 270 , pl . 29 , f . 418 ; [ afrl ]
bicyclus taenias ; [ bow ] : pl . 118 , f . 2 ( text only ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ bafr ] , 179 ; [ afrl ]
dicothyris karsch , 1893 ; berl . ent . z . 38 ( 1 / 2 ) : 203 ; ts : mycalesis sambulos hewitson
w . nigeria , cameroun , gabon , congo republic , zaire , equatorial guinea . see [ maps ]
hewitsonii nyongensis ( birket - smith , 1960 ) ( mycalesis ) ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 22 : 550
ephorus bergeri condamin , 1965 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 27 : 1099
mycalesis graueri rebel , 1914 ; ann . mus . wien . 28 : 256
s . nigeria - cameroun , gabon , fernando póo ( macías nguema i . ) . see [ maps ]
idiomorphus zinebi butler , 1869 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 4 ) 3 ( 13 ) : 19 , pl . 9 , f . 4 ; tl : gold coast
kenya , e . zaire , uganda ( toro ) . see [ maps ]
mesogena mesogenina grünberg , 1912 ² ; ergeb . dt . z . - afr . exped . 3 ( zool . 1 ) : 509
mycalesis sambulos hewitson , 1877 ; ill . exot . butts [ 4 ] ( mycalesis & idiomorphus ) : [ 65 ] , pl . [ 34 ] , f . 63 - 64 ; tl : gaboon
c . kenya ( highlands ) , loita , mau hills , n . tanzania , n . lake victoria , s . sudan . see [ maps ]
mycalesis ( ? ) kenia rogenhofer , 1891 ; ann . mus . wien 6 ( 3 ) : 462 , pl . 15 , f . 8
senegal - w . kenya , tanzania ( forests ) , uganda , zaire , gabon , angola . see [ maps ]
gambia - angola , uganda , tanzania , w . kenya . see [ maps ]
mycalesis tolosa plötz , 1880 ; stettin ent . ztg 41 ( 4 - 6 ) : 197 ; tl : abo , aburi und victoria
burundi , rwanda , tanzania , zaire , uganda , w . kenya . see [ maps ]
mycalesis sandace hewitson , 1877 ; ill . exot . butts [ 4 ] ( mycalesis & idiomorphus ) : [ 65 ] , pl . [ 34 ] , f . 65 ; tl : fernando po
zululand - swaziland , e . transvaal , rhodesia - kenya , uganda . see [ maps ]
moçambique , rhodesia , zambia , zimbabwe - zaire , e . kenya . see [ maps ]
rhodesia , mozambique , malawi , zambia , s . tanzania , s . zaire ( shaba )
e . tanzania ( usambara mts . - iringa ) . see [ maps ]
mycalesis albocincta rebel , 1914 ; ann . mus . wien . 28 : 260 , pl . 21 , f . 33 - 34
mycalesis neustetteri rebel , 1914 ; ann . mus . wien . 28 : 257 , pl . 21 , f . 29 - 32
mycalesis matuta karsch , 1894 ; ent . nachr . 20 ( 14 / 15 ) : 228
mycalesis persimilis joicey & talbot , 1921 ; bull . hill mus . 1 ( 1 ) : 76 , pl . 13 , f . 38 - 40 ; tl : ruwenzori , western slopes
w . tanzania ( kungwe - mahale mts . ) . see [ maps ]
mycalesis ( monotrichtis ) buea strand , 1912 ; archiv naturg . 77 ( suppl . 4 ) : 109 ; tl : buea ; musake
brunnea ( jackson , 1951 ) ( monotrichtis ) ; proc . r . ent . soc . lond . ( b ) 20 : 97
w . kenya , uganda , e . zaire , s . zaire . see [ maps ]
mycalesis abnormis dudgeon , 1909 ; bull . ent . soc . lond . 1909 : lii
mycalesis fernandina schultze , 1914 ; ent . rundsch . 31 ( 9 ) : 49 ; tl : fernando po
smithi poensis condamin , 1963 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 25 : 906
mycalesis technatis hewitson , 1877 ; ill . exot . butts [ 4 ] ( mycalesis & idiomorphus ) : [ 66 ] , pl . [ 34 ] , f . 67 ; tl : gaboon
e . nigeria - cameroun , gabon , congo republic . see [ maps ]
mycalesis nobilis aurivillius , 1893 ; ent . tidskr . 14 : 269 , pl . 6 , f . 1 - 2
mycalesis ignobilis butler , 1870 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1870 ( 1 ) : 124 ; tl : gold coast
mycalesis alboplaga rebel , 1914 ; ann . mus . wien . 28 : 257 , pl . 21 , f . 27 - 28
mycalesis elionas hewitson , 1866 ; ill . exot . butts [ 4 ] ( mycalesis vii - viii ) : [ 59 ] , pl . [ 31 ] , f . 41 - 42 ; tl : old calabar
mycalesis dekeyseri condamin , 1958 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 20 : 1348
ghana - cameroun , s . zaire ( shaba ) , uganda . see [ maps ]
mycalesis dubia aurivillius , 1893 ; ent . tidskr . 14 : 270 , f . 4
zaire , uganda , rwanda , burundi , w . tanzania , kenya ( montane ) . see [ maps ]
burundi , rwanda , e . zaire ( kivu ) , uganda , nw . tanzania , w . kenya ( mt . elgon )
mycalesis saussurei suffusa riley , 1921 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1921 ( 1 - 2 ) : 240 ; tl : nw . rhodesia , solwezi
rhodesia , moçambique , natal , swaziland - ethiopia , s . somalia , kenya , uganda , e . zaire , comoros , socotra . see [ maps ]
mycalesis anynana var . neglecta thurau , 1903 ; berl . ent . z . 48 : 119 [ dry - season ]
kenya - tanzania , zambia , malawi , mozambique , rhodesia , botswana , s . africa , comoro is .
anynana centralis condamin , 1968 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 30 : 603
mycalesis safitza ab . semicoeca strand , 1910 ; soc . ent . 25 ( 2 ) : 6 ; tl : usambara
sw . tanzania ( mpanda ) , zambia , malawi , n . rhodesia . see [ maps ]
n . zambia , s . zaire ( shaba ) , s . tanzania , w . tanzania . see [ maps ]
senegal - ethiopia , w . kenya - mozambique , zimbabwe . see [ maps ]
w . africa , cameroun , c . a . r . , n . zaire , sudan , uganda , ethiopia
mycalesis milyas hewitson , 1864 ; ill . exot . butts [ 4 ] ( mycalesis v - vi ) : [ 57 ] , pl . [ 30 ] , f . 34 ; tl : white nile
mycalesis pavonis butler , 1876 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 4 ) 18 : 481 ; tl : abyssinia
funebris orientalis ( ungemach , 1932 ) ( mycalesis ) ; mém . soc . sci . nat . phys . maroc 32 : 50
guinea , sierra leone - gabon , c . zaire ( kasai ) . see [ maps ]
mycalesis uniformis bethune - baker , 1908 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 2 ( 12 ) : 470 ; tl : makala - beni
mycalesis hyperanthus bethune - baker , 1908 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 2 ( 12 ) : 469 ; tl : makala ; beni - mawambe
nigeria , cameroun - gabon , congo republic , c . zaire . see [ maps ]
mycalesis sciathis hewitson , 1866 ; ill . exot . butts [ 4 ] ( mycalesis vii - viii ) : [ 62 ] , pl . [ 32 ] , f . 55 - 56 ; tl : old calabar
guinea - nigeria , zaire , w . uganda ( bwamba ) . see [ maps ]
mycalesis feae aurivillius , 1910 ; ann . mus . stor . nat . genova ( 3 ) 4 / 44 : 516 ; tl : moca , 1400m
mycalesis analis aurivillius , 1895 ; ent . tidskr . 16 : 113 , f . 1 ; tl : camerun , yaunde
mycalesis mildbraedi gaede , 1915 ; int . ent . zs . 9 ( 13 ) : 71 ; tl : bezirk jaunde , cameroons
mycalesis kenia var . inocellata gaede , 1915 ; ent . rundsch . 32 : 50 ; tl : kitumu , s . kenya
mycalesis ( monotrichtis ) hintzi strand , 1912 ; archiv naturg . 77 ( suppl . 4 ) : 110 ; tl : musake
mycalesis campides strand , 1912 ; archiv naturg . 77 ( suppl . 4 ) : 110
mycalesis owassae schultze , 1914 ; ent . rundsch . 31 ( 9 ) : 49 ; tl : o - wassa , fernando - poo
mycalesis noblemairei janet , 1894 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 1894 : cclvi ; tl : french congo , niari
mycalesis langi holland , 1920 ; bull . am . mus . nat . hist . 43 ( 6 ) : 139 , pl . 10 , f . 10 ( preocc . mycalesis langi de nicéville , 1883 ) ; tl : congo
mycalesis erysichton ehrmann , 1894 ; j . n . y . ent . soc . 2 : 77 ; tl : piquinini sess , liberia , west africa
mycalesis eleutheria rebel , 1911 ; ann . mus . wien . 24 : 412 , pl . 14 , f . 7 - 8
mycalesis completa gaede , 1915 ; int . ent . zs . 9 ( 13 ) : 71 ; tl : bezirk jaunde , cameroon
mycalesis chapini holland , 1920 ; bull . am . mus . nat . hist . 43 ( 6 ) : 140 , pl . 7 , f . 9 ; tl : congo
mycalesis benitonis strand , 1913 ; archiv naturg . 79 a ( 7 ) : 147 ; tl : alen
mycalesis bibundensis strand , 1913 ; archiv naturg . 79 a ( 7 ) : 148 ; tl : w . africa , bibundi in kamerun
mycalesis subignobilis strand , 1913 ; archiv naturg . 79 a ( 7 ) : 149 ; tl : spanish guinea , alen
checklist of afrotropical papilionoidea and hesperoidea ; compiled by mark c . williams , 7th ed . ( 2008 ) ( april 2007 ) ;
[ ² ] this may require parentheses or not . i don ' t have the necessary information for this taxon .
verzeichniss einer von dem herren missionären e . laman und w . sjöholm bei mukinbungu am unteren congo zu sammengebrachten schmetterlings sammlung
zoological results of the swedish expedition to central africa 1921 . insecta 12 . lepidoptera 1
results from the danish expedition to the french cameroons ( 1949 - 1950 ) xxvii . - lepidoptera
on lepidoptera recently collected in british east africa by mr . g . f . scott elliot
description d ' une espèce nouvelle de mycalesis ( lep satyridae ) ( mission p . l . dekeyser et b . holas au libéria , 1948 )
the genera of diurnal lepidoptera , comprising their generic characters , a notice of their habitats and transformations , and a catalogue of the species of each genus ; illustrated with 86 plates by w . c . hewitson
descriptions of some new species of diurnal lepidoptera , collected by mr . harold cookson , in northern rhodesia , in 1903 and 1904
reise der österreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b . von wüllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . band 2 . abtheilung 2 . lepidoptera . rhopalocera
- 120 , ( inhalts - verz . ) 1 - 9 ( pl . 1 - 74 ) , ( felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ) , ( 5 ) : pl .
a list of the butterflies collected by mr . william bonny on the journey with mr . stanley from yambuya on the aruwimi river through the great forest of central africa ; with descriptions of nine new species
illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies selected chiefly from the collections of w . wilson saunders and william c . hewitson
a list of butterflies taken on the march to coomassie by lieutenant alwin s . bell , of the 2nd west - india regiment , between mansu and the river prah , with description of new species
lepidoptera of the congo . being a systematic list of the butterflies and moths collected by the american museum of natural history congo expedition together with descriptions of some hitherto undescribed species
notes on some new or rare rhopalocera from eastern africa . revisional notes and descriptions of some new east african rhopalocera .
new lepidoptera collected by mr . t . a . barns , in east central africa . new forms of rhopalocera
insekten von baliburg ( deutch - westafrika ) gesammelt von herrn dr . eugen zintgraff
die insecten der berglandschaft adeli im hinterlande von togo ( westafrika ) . 1 . abtheilung : apterygota , odonata , orthoptera saltatoria , lepidoptera rhopalocera
verzeichniss der von professor dr . r . bucholz in west - africa gesammelten schmetterlinge
wissenschaftliche ergebnisse der expedition r . grauernach . zentralafrika . 1909 - 1911 . lepidoptera
descriptions of two new species of lepidoptera collected by dr . w . j . ansorge in east africa
a list of the lepidoptera collected by mr . arthur h . neumann , in neumann , a . h . , elephant hungting in east equatorial africa in neumann ,
neue tagfalter - formen aus usambara , gesammelt von herrn prof . dr . j . vosseler
zoologische ergebnisse der expedition des herrn g . tessmann nach sud - kamerun und spanisch - guinea . lepidoptera
neue rhopaloceren aus ost afrika . ergebnisse der nyassa - see - un kenya - gebirgs - expedition der hermann und elise geb . heckmann - wentzel - stiftung
contribution à l ' étude des lépidoptères d ' abyssinie ( pt . 1 , rhopalocères )
weymer , 1892 exotische lepidopteren vi stettin ent . ztg 53 ( 4 - 6 ) : 79 - 125
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
© 2016 , butterfly conservation society , ghana - african butterfly research institute - icom ltd .
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< p > this section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry . it also includes information pertinent to the sequence ( s ) , including < a href =
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> length < / a > and < a href =
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> molecular weight < / a > . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequences _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the < a href =
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> sequence < / a > section indicates if the < a href =
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> canonical sequence < / a > displayed by default in the entry is complete or not . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > the checksum is a form of redundancy check that is calculated from the sequence . it is useful for tracking sequence updates . < / p > < p > it should be noted that while , in theory , two different sequences could have the same checksum value , the likelihood that this would happen is extremely low . < / p > < p > however uniprotkb may contain entries with identical sequences in case of multiple genes ( paralogs ) . < / p > < p > the checksum is computed as the sequence 64 - bit cyclic redundancy check value ( crc64 ) using the generator polynomial : x < sup > 64 < / sup > + x < sup > 4 < / sup > + x < sup > 3 < / sup > + x + 1 . the algorithm is described in the iso 3309 standard . < / p > < p class =
publication
> press w . h . , flannery b . p . , teukolsky s . a . and vetterling w . t . < br / > < strong > cyclic redundancy and other checksums < / strong > < br / > < a href =
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> numerical recipes in c 2nd ed . , pp896 - 902 , cambridge university press ( 1993 ) < / a > ) < / p >
< p > this subsection of the ‘sequence’ section is used for sequence fragments to indicate that the residue at the extremity of the sequence is not the actual terminal residue in the complete protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / non _ ter ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence ( s ) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds ( 100 % , 90 % and 50 % ) based on their membership in uniprot reference clusters ( < a href =
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> uniref < / a > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / similar _ proteins _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than uniprotkb . < p > < a href = ' / help / cross _ references _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this section provides general information on the entry . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ information _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section provides a mnemonic identifier for a uniprotkb entry , but it is not a stable identifier . each reviewed entry is assigned a unique entry name upon integration into uniprotkb / swiss - prot . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section provides one or more accession number ( s ) . these are stable identifiers and should be used to cite uniprotkb entries . upon integration into uniprotkb , each entry is assigned a unique accession number , which is called ‘primary ( citable ) accession number’ . < p > < a href = ' / help / accession _ numbers ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section shows the date of integration of the entry into uniprotkb , the date of the last sequence update and the date of the last annotation modification ( ‘last modified’ ) . the version number for both the entry and the < a href =
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> canonical sequence < / a > are also displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ history ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section indicates whether the entry has been manually annotated and reviewed by uniprotkb curators or not , in other words , if the entry belongs to the swiss - prot section of uniprotkb ( < strong > reviewed < / strong > ) or to the computer - annotated trembl section ( < strong > unreviewed < / strong > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =
/ help / sequence - searches
> more . . < / a > < / p >
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