skania is a middle cambrian fossil arthropod that is closely related to the early cambrian primicaris larvaformis from the chengjiang biota , china .

it bears a superficial resemblance to the ediacaran organism parvancorina .

a single specimens of skania are known from the greater phyllopod bed , where they comprise < 0.01 % of the community .

skania

other deposits : skania sundbergi lin et al . 2006 from the kaili formation , china .
skania – from skana , the name of a glacier near mount robson , british columbia , canada .
skania fragilis was first described by walcott ( 1931 ) in a posthumous monograph published by his assistant charles resser . resser compared skania to the trilobites and naraoia . however in a redescription by delle cave and simonetta ( 1975 ) , it was suggested instead that skania was closely related to the ediacaran taxon parvancorina minchami glaessner 1958 . this affinity has been much discussed ( gehling , 1991 ; conway morris , 1993 ; simonetta and insom , 1993 ; lin et al . 2006 ) , and skania has also been compared extensively with primicaris zhang et al . 2003 . skania and primicaris have also been interpreted as juveniles ( protaspides ) of naraoiids ( hou and bergström , 1997 ) .
the ecology of skania is poorly known because the details of its morphology remain enigmatic . the form of the appendages is assumed to be biramous based on the overall similarity with primicaris , which possesses biramous appendages , meaning that both animals may have walked on the seafloor , using their filamentous appendages for oxygen exchange and occasional swimming . skania lacks eyes , so it likely used its antennae to sense the environment . the feeding strategy is unknown .
the m / f skania is a modern passenger and freight unit , of a service standard comparable to the polonia ferry . it has been in the unity line colours since 2008 . it can take on board up to :
skania fragilis ( rom 60752 ) – part and counterpart ( first and second rows ) . complete specimen showing antennae . specimen length = 11 mm . specimen dry – polarized light ( left column ) and wet ( right column ) . raymond quarry .
delle cave , l . and a . m . simonetta . 1975 . notes on the morphology and taxonomic position of aysheaia ( onycophora ? ) and of skania ( undetermined phylum ) . monitore zoologico italiano new series , 9 : 67 - 81 .
the skania ferry guarantees a high comfort of travelling . on the unit there are 194 cabins : for 2 , 3 or 4 persons , de - luxe class included . every cabin is air conditioned , it has its own bathroom and extra facilities for passengers . the guests travelling on the ferry may also use comfortable airplane style armchairs .
time for a meal ? on the skania ferry everyone will find something suitable for their needs and tastes . at the travellers disposal there are , amongst others , an ą la carte restaurant , a self - service restaurant and snacks and drinks bars . over 400 people can be served there at the same time . dishes for gourmets are exquisite and sophisticated , and for people looking for a fast meal - tasty and cheap . bon appetite !
on the skania ferry there is no place for boredom . 85 members of the crew take care to make the journey as pleasant as possible . during the cruise one may dance in a disco , play in a casino with a roulette and slot - machines or admire sea views on the open deck . it is also worth doing shopping in a well - stocked shop . the highest quality cosmetics , sweets , alcohol one can buy at very reasonable prices . and the kids will be thrilled by a playground room and the holiday club of the little viking . what a cruise it is going to be !
the skania ferry is a perfect place for organising a conference or a company trip . on the ferry there are two conference rooms - for 60 and 48 persons . the rooms are separated with a sliding door so if there is such a need , there could even be a meeting organised for 110 people ! at your request we can prepare individual decoration of the rooms and extra attractions . and if there is such a need , there is also a possibility of prolonging the conference in one of the hotels in ystad , trelleborg , malmö , ängelholm or copenhagen . so let ' s get to work !
skania has a single , undifferentiated , soft dorsal shield that is roughly kite - shaped . the dorsal shield is rounded at the front of the head , and tapers towards the posterior of the body , ending in a pair of short margin spines at the posterior end . at the point of maximum width there are sharp genal spines directed posteriorly . the posterior margin of the head is delineated by a narrow rim that is strongly arched forward , with the cephalic region occupying one - quarter of the exoskeletal length . a midgut is preserved in the axial region of the body trunk . appendages are poorly preserved but consist of a pair of anterior antennae and ten or more paired body limbs .
the affinity of skania is controversial , but most agree it is related to the arthropods . it is similar to primicaris ( lin et al . , 2006 ; zhang et al . , 2007 ) , and both taxa have been compared to soft - bodied trilobites like naraoia ( walcott , 1931 ; zhang et al . , 2007 ; hou and bergström , 1997 ) . other researchers suggest these taxa are related to the enigmatic ediacaran taxon parvancorina ( delle cave and simonetta , 1975 ; gehling , 1991 ; conway morris , 1993 ; simonetta and insom , 1993 ) , with all three taxa forming a clade in sister group position relative to the trilobites ( lin et al . , 2006 ) .
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current links for doi : 10 . 2110 / palo . 2003 . p05 - 070r
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mega rc model truck collection vol . 1 ! rc mb arocs , rc scania , rc man , rc trucks , rc us truck
scania r620 v8 longline p . van den blucke ( sth ) france interior - black amber replica ( hd )
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fragilis – from the latin fragilis , “brittle , ” referring to the delicate nature and small size of the animal .
holotype – usnm 83950 in the national museum of natural history , smithsonian institution , washington , dc , usa .
middle cambrian , bathyuriscus - elrathina zone ( approximately 505 million years ago ) .
conway morris , s . 1993 . ediacaran - like fossil in cambrian burgess shale - type faunas of north america . palaeontology , 36 : 593 - 635 .
gehling , j . g . 1991 . the case for ediacaran fossil roots to the metazoan tree , p . 181 - 223 . in b . p . radhakrishna ( ed . ) , the world of martin f . glaessner . geological society of india , bangalore .
hou , x . and j . bergström . 1997 . arthropods of the lower cambrian chengjiang fauna , southwest china . fossils and strata , 45 : 1 - 116 .
lin , j . , s . m . gon iii , j . g . gehling , l . e . babcock , y . zhao , x . zhang , s . hu , j . yuan m . yu and j . peng . 2006 . a parvancorina - like arthropod from the cambrian of south china . historical biology , 18 : 33 - 45 .
simonetta , a . m . and e . insom . 1993 . new animals from the burgess shale ( middle cambrian ) and their possible significance for the understanding of the bilateria . bolletino di zoologia , 60 : 97 - 107 .
walcott , c . d . 1931 . addenda to descriptions of burgess shale fossils . smithsonian miscellaneous collections , 85 : 1 - 46 .
zhang , x . , d . shu and d . h . erwin . 2007 . cambrian naraoiids ( arthropoda ) : morphology , ontogeny , systematics , and evolutionary relationships . palaeontological society memoir , 68 : 1 - 52 .
thanks to numerous facilities and entertainment spots the journey passes fast and in a very pleasant way . in the gastronomy and entertainment areas travellers may have a meal in a bar or a restaurant , dance in a disco , do some shopping and play in a casino .
a great advantage of the ferry is a night departure from the ports and the alternating journey times with the polonia ferry . it offers the opportunity for convenient , even one - day long trips to sweden . on the way to scandinavia , travellers may have a nap - and then they wake up relaxed and ready for the rest of the journey or sightseeing .
cafeteria : 128 places , open : 05 : 30 - 07 : 00 , 11 : 30 - 19 : 30 ( low season : 11 : 30 - 15 : 00 , 17 : 00 - 19 . 30 ) 21 : 30 - 24 : 00
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> > t h e m e b y r o x i e < < < theme by roxie | urltoken 2016 ⓒ all rights reserved . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - >
yooo ! i ' m kanae and this is my multi - fandom blog . it ' s heavy on my otps and favorite characters , so please do check them out before following . buy me a coffee ? | |
holy crap , the cg fandom is every bit as delusional if not worse then i remembered it to be . can’t believe that in year of the lord 2k18 there’s still people that deny how dear shirley was to lelouch’s heart and even people that try to defend rolo’s character and make him out to be something he was not at all or cling to lelouch being the cart driver . like ? ? it’s been a decade since the series ended ? ? ?
“that’s right , harry… come on , think of something happy…” “something happy ? ” he said , his voice cracked . “we’re all still here , ” she whispered , “we’re still fighting . come on , now…” there was a silver spark , then a wavering light , and then , with the greatest effort it had ever cost him , the stag burst from the end of harry’s wand .
and there you’d be wrong about the rebuilds but right about the manga . though i wouldn’t say i’m a bigger fan of it ; i take each of them as their own canon , so while i have my preferences the original nge comes before everything else .
rc to sebastian : “a servant shall not open their mouth without the master’s permission . you are an earsore . ”
1 second later , rc to oc : “aww , i’m so glad that i was able to meet you , my only family in this world , again . * smile * ”
if lizzy shows up to draw a sword on the shinigami again when / if they threaten r ! ciel , all these months without her will have been worth it .
honestly , i’ve been expecting r ! ciel to call her and for her to reveal she’s been there all along , just like tanaka and undertaker were . and for her arrival to be the cliffhanger of the chapter , since o ! ciel seeing her and knowing that she knows and lizzy seeing him with r ! ciel in the room is going to be everything .
but badass lizzy ? lizzy vs the otherwordly again ? ohhh man . even if it’s just a couple of panels before undertaker gets the situation under control , i’m so here for it .
hereditary was pretty good . really heavy on eerie atmosphere and not ridiculous jump scares with bad sound design . my only grievance is that it really goes out of it’s way to be subtle and focus on visual story telling until the very end betrays that . it just randomly turns into a big exposition dump right before credits roll . not sure if that was the producers wanting to spell it out to dummies or what . would recommend it though , especially if you’re all about slow burns and atmosphere .
as always , i haven’t watched the movie myself , these are what i got from various fan accounts online . the plot development generally remained the same , but there are several brief ( relative to overall plot ) but major changes . ( source : 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 with the twitter ones can only be viewed from pc if you don’t have the fusetter account )
now that’s out of my chest , i seriously hope to be more active this summer ! ! not only for free ! 3rd season but also because lizzy should hopefully already be back in the manga by then . maybe even some darlifra depending on how that ends lol
harurinharu , mc x aigis , cielizzy , eruri & kiznaiver . with a dash of eren / annie and stony .
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legg , d . a . 2015 , the morphology and affinities of . . . bulletin of geosciences , 90 , 509 - 518 .
bulletin of geosciences published by © czech geological survey , w . bohemia museum pilsen individual sponsors issn : 1802 - 8225 ( online ) , 1214 - 1119 ( print )
, from the middle cambrian ( series 3 , stage 5 ) burgess shale formation ( yoho national park , british columbia , canada ) , is redescribed based on 14 new specimens reposited at the royal ontario museum . these specimens provide a clearer picture of the morphology of this taxon and help to resolve conflicting opinions regarding potential homology of particular features . specifically , the anchor - shaped anterior , which has been compared to a similar structure in the putative precambrian arthropod
, weakening claims that crown - group arthropods were present in the neoproterozoic . the removal of these taxa from arthropoda is in keeping with recent molecular clock analyses , which demonstrate a cambrian diversification of euarthropoda . a phylogenetic analysis resolved
, united by the presence of a cordiform dorsal shield . similarities between these taxa and marrellids may indicate that the elongate posterior spines of
and related taxa , and the dorsal shield of acercostracans have a common origin akin to the carapace anlagen of extant crustaceans .
bengtson , s . 2000 . teasing fossils out of shale with cameras and computers .
beurlen , k . 1930 . vergleichende stammesgeschichte grundlagen , methoden , probleme unter besonderer berücksichtigung der höheren krebse .
conway morris , s . 1993 . ediacaran - like fossils in cambrian burgess shale - type faunas of north america .
crabb , p . 2001 . the use of polarised light in photography of macrofossils .
delle cave , l . & simonetta , a . m . 1975 . notes on the morphology and taxonomic positon of
( arthropoda , marrellomorpha ) from the middle cambrian burgess shale , british columbia , canada .
gehling , j . g . 1991 . the case for ediacaran fossil roots to the metazoan tree , 181 - 223 .
goloboff , p . a . 1999 . analysing large data sets in reasonable times : solutions for composite optima .
goloboff , p . a . , farris , j . s . & nixon , k . c . 2008 . tnt , a free program for phylogenetic analysis .
harrington , h . j . 1968 . general description of trilobita , o38 - o117 .
gen . et sp . nov . and heterochronic events in early crustacean evolution .
hou , x . g . & bergström , j . 1997 . arthropods from the lower cambrian chengjiang fauna , southwest china .
hou , x . g . , ramsköld , l . & bergström , j . 1991 . composition and preservation of the chengjiang fauna - a lower cambrian soft - bodied biota .
lee , m . s . y . , soubrier , j . & edgecombe , g . d . 2013 . rates of phenotypic and genomic evolution during the cambrian explosion .
legg , d . a . , sutton , m . d . & edgecombe , g . d . 2013 . arthropod fossil data increase congruence of morphological and molecular phylogenies .
legg , d . a . , sutton , m . d . , edgecombe , g . d . & caron , j . - b . 2012 . cambrian bivalved arthropod reveals origin of arthrodization .
lin , j . p . , gon iii , s . m . , gehling , j . g . , babcock , l . e . , zhao , y . l . , zhang , x . l . , hu , s . x . , yuan , j . l . , yu , m . y . & peng , j . 2006 . a
nixon , k . c . 1999 . the parsimony ratchet , a new method for rapid parsimony analysis .
olesen , j . 2013 . the crustacean carapace : morphology , function , development , and phylogenetic history , 103 - 139 .
ortega - hernández , j . & brena , c . 2012 . ancestral patterning of tergite formation in a centipede suggests derived mode of trunk segmentation in trilobites .
rota - stabelli , o . , daley , a . c . & pisani , d . 2013 . molecular timetrees reveal a cambrian colonization of land and a new scenario for ecdysozoan evolution .
schram , f . r . & koenemmann , s . 2004 . are the crustaceans monophyletic ? , 319 - 329 .
simonetta , a . m . & delle cave , l . 1981 . an essay in the comparative and evolutionary morphology of palaeozoic arthropods . origine dei grandi phyla dei metazoi . accademia
simonetta , a . m . & insom , e . 1993 . new animals from the burgess shale ( middle cambrian ) and their possible significance for the understanding of the bilateria .
siveter , d . j . , briggs , d . e . g . , siveter , d . j . , sutton , m . d . , legg , d . & joomun , s . 2014 . a silurian short - great - appendage arthropod .
siveter , d . j . , fortey , r . a . , sutton , m . d . , briggs , d . e . g . & siveter , d . j . 2007 . a silurian ‘marrellomorph’ arthropod .
stormer , l . 1944 . on the relationships and phylogeny of fossil and recent arachnomorpha .
treatise on invertebrate paleontology . part r . arthropoda vol 4 ( 1 ) .
van roy , p . , orr , p . j . , botting , j . p . , muir , l . a . , vinther , j . , lefebvre , b . , el hariri , k . & briggs , d . e . g . 2010 . ordovician faunas of burgess shale - type .
vannier , j . & chen , j . y . 2002 . digestive system and feeding mode in cambrian naraoiid arthropods .
waggoner , b . m . 1996 . phylogenetic hypotheses of the relationships of arthropods to precambrian and cambrian problematic fossil taxa .
walcott , c . d . 1931 . addenda to descriptions of burgess shale fossils .
wills , m . a . , briggs , d . e . g . , fortey , r . a . , wilkinson , m . & sneath , p . h . a . 1998 . an arthropod phylogeny based on fossil and recent taxa , 33 - 105 .
zhang , x . l . , han , j . , zhang , z . f . , liu , h . q . & shu , d . g . 2003 . reconsideration of the supposed naraoiid larva from the early cambrian chengjiang lagerstätte , south china .


the pseudogarypidae are a small family of pseudoscorpions .

most recent species are found in north america , while one species is endemic to tasmania .

pseudogarypidae

the family pseudogarypidae includes two genera , pseudogarypus with several extant species in north america and several baltic amber ( eocene ) species from europe , and neopseudogarypus from tasmania .
muchmore , w . b . 1981 . cavernicolous species of larca , archeolarca , and pseudogarypus with notes on the genera , ( pseudoscorpionida , garypidae and pseudogarypidae ) . journal of arachnology 9 : 47 - 60 .
muchmore , w . b . ( 1981 ) . cavernicolous species of larca , archeolarca and pseudogarypus with notes on the genera , ( pseudoscorpionida , garypidae and pseudogarypidae ) . journal of arachnology 9 : 47 - 60 .
benedict , e . m . and malcolm , d . r . 1978 . the family pseudogarypidae ( pseudoscorpionida ) in north america with comments on the genus neopseudogarypus morris from tasmania . journal of arachnology , 6 : 81 - 104 .
benedict , e . m . and malcolm , d . r . ( 1978 ) . the family pseudogarypidae ( pseudoscorpionida ) in north america with comments on the genus neopseudogarypus morris from tasmania . journal of arachnology 6 : 81 - 104 .
henderickx , hans , veerle cnudde , bert masschaele , et al . “description of a new fossil pseudogarypus ( pseudoscorpiones : pseudogarypidae ) with the use of x - ray micro - ct to penetrate opaque amber . ” zootaxa 1305 ( 2006 ) : 41–50 . print .
henderickx h , cnudde v , masschaele b , dierick m , vlassenbroeck j , van hoorebeke l . description of a new fossil pseudogarypus ( pseudoscorpiones : pseudogarypidae ) with the use of x - ray micro - ct to penetrate opaque amber . zootaxa . 2006 ; ( 1305 ) : 41–50 .
henderickx , hans , veerle cnudde , bert masschaele , manuel dierick , jelle vlassenbroeck , and luc van hoorebeke . 2006 . “description of a new fossil pseudogarypus ( pseudoscorpiones : pseudogarypidae ) with the use of x - ray micro - ct to penetrate opaque amber . ” zootaxa ( 1305 ) : 41–50 .
henderickx , h . , cnudde , v . , masschaele , b . , dierick , m . , vlassebroeck , j . , and van hoorebeke , l . 2006 . description of a new fossil pseudogarypus ( pseudoscorpiones : pseudogarypidae ) with the use of x - ray micro - ct to penetrate opaque amber . zootaxa , 1305 : 41 - 50 .
henderickx , h . , cnudde , v . , masschaele , b . , dierick , m . , vlassenbroeck , j . , & van hoorebeke , l . ( 2006 ) . description of a new fossil pseudogarypus ( pseudoscorpiones : pseudogarypidae ) with the use of x - ray micro - ct to penetrate opaque amber . zootaxa , ( 1305 ) , 41–50 .
pseudogarypidae chamberlin : kishida , 1929 : 124 ; chamberlin , 1931a : 230 ; beier , 1932a : 239 ; beier , 1932g : 185 ; roewer , 1937 : 271 ; petrunkevitch , 1955 : 82 ; dubinin , 1962 : 442 ; benedict and malcolm , 1978b : 82 - 85 ; muchmore , 1982a : 99 ; harvey , 1985b : 150 ; harvey , 1991a : 232 ; harvey , 1992c : 1405 - 1406 .
the pseudogarypinae were first recognized by chamberlin ( 1923 ) who removed the genus pseudogarypus from the family garypidae , where it had previously been placed . chamberlin ( 1923 ) proposed a close relationship with the feaellinae , which he later recognized as a distinct family ( chamberlin 1929 ) . these two taxa have generally been considered each other’s closest relatives , although muchmore ( 1982 ) suggested that the pseudogarypidae were more similar to garypidae and its relatives , whilst the feaellidae were retained in the feaelloidea which was placed within the monosphyronida . harvey ( 1992 ) demonstrated that pseudogarypids and feaellids were sister taxa , which were referred to the feaelloidea .
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pseudogarypus synchrotron sp . n . , a new eocene fossil pseudoscorpion from baltic amber is described , propagation phase - contrast x - ray synchrotron microtomography and surface crack restoration with epoxy are used to visualize the morphology , and notes on the other fossil members of the genus are given .
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europe ( benedict and malcolm , 1978 ; harvey , 1996 , 1998 ) . four fossil species have been described from baltic amber ( harvey , 2011 ; henderickx et al . , 2006 ) . the fossil inclusions are often only partially preserved or only partially visible (
examined here are two pieces of eocene baltic amber , obtained from a dealer in lithuania ( holotype ) and in the united states ( paratype ) .
the holotype is an inclusion embedded near the surface in a dark yellow ovoid amber stone , 3 . 1 gram , 24 x 16 x 15 mm ( figure 2 . 1 ) .
the dorsal side and one chela are obscured , due to distortions in the amber . the ventral side is turned towards the surface of the amber piece , however , the specimen holds an air bubble , which obscures the larger part of the coxa ( figure 2 . 2 ) .
in order to solve some details of the anatomy of the holotype more clearly , the specimen was observed at the european synchrotron radiation facility in grenoble ( france ) , using a propagation phase contrast protocol at different resolutions . the first scan was performed in id19 beamline at 2 . 14 μm of voxel size and consisted of 1999 projections , acquired through 360 degrees rotation , with pink beam at 19 . 1 kev , 0 . 3 seconds of exposure time and 120 mm of propagation between the sample and the detector ( figure 4 ) .
optically visible details of both specimens were observed and measured using reflected and translucent illumination on a leitz microscope and a canon mp - e objective in combination with zerene stacker image processing software . all measurements are in mm ; ( length = l x width = w ) , the ratio is the length / width index of an article .
male holotype ( figure 5 ) in baltic amber , matrix dimensions 24 x 16 x 15 mm . the holotype is deposited in the mrac , royal museum for central africa , tervuren , belgium ( sample nr 236 934 ) . male paratype in baltic amber , matrix dimensions 26 x 18 x 10 mm , in coll . henderickx .
the word
synchrotron
is used here as a noun in opposition . the species epithet refers to the equipment that allowed detailed visualization of the optically hidden parts of the fossil .
a medium - large sized pseudogarypus with slender pedipalps . the posterolateral protuberances anterior of the pleural alae are extending very wide . femur length is more than 1 . 0 mm with pedipalpal fingers with moderately spaced regular teeth .
adult male . habitus figure 5 . opisthosoma ventrally covered with areas of thin , white emulsion , cuticular structure visible . colour overall orange - yellowish due to the amber matrix . ventral side turned towards amber surface , right chela partially missing , distal tip of fixed finger of left chela missing , left leg i and ii holding an air bubble which obscures the coxa and genital region , pleural folds visible , tergites and carapace invisible .
carapace wider than long ( 0 . 87x as long as width , medial measurement ) , irregular in outline , widened by two large posterolateral protuberances anterior of pleural alae . anterior margin with relatively deep notch between anterolateral and median protuberances , the latter slightly longer than the anterolateral . posterior margin elevated into a ridge . first and second pair of eyes about the diameter of one eye spaced , posterior eyes covered with cuticle , anterior eyes facing forward . cucullar furrow weak , a broad , shallow central depression , which becomes obsolete anteriorly , extending forward from an elevated median disk . carapace , sclerites , chela and leg cuticle reticulated with an irregular cellular structure . chaetotaxy of carapace and opisthosoma not visible , chelicerae not observable .
abdomen longer than wide , ovate ( l / w = 1 . 21 ) . pleural membranes raised into three folds ( figure 4 . 1 and figure 2 ) , no pleural plates , plaques or sclerite chaetotaxy observable .
the ventral side was only partially observable in visible light , but reconstructed with ppc - srµct ( figure 2 . 4 ) . figure 6 . 1 shows the coxa and sternites .
pedipalp ( figure 3 . 1 ) with reticulated cuticle , the distal part of the fingers ( trichobothrial zone ) is smooth . palpal articles cylindrical in cross - section . maxilla 2 . 45 x , trochanter 1 . 00 x , femur 6 . 88 x , patella 3 . 52 x , chela ( with pedicel ) 5 x , hand ( with pedicel ) 2 . 19 x longer than broad . femur 1 . 82 x as long as carapace . movable finger with 4 trichobothria , 4 trichobothria could be observed on the antiaxal side of the fixed chelal finger , position illustrated on figure 6 . 5 . fixed finger with 34 , movable fingers with 24 pointed teeth . the teeth in the distal part of the fingers are pointed , moderately spaced , and the most proximal teeth are reduced to small projections ( figure 1 . 1 , 1 . 4 ) . the teeth on the movable finger are triangular , pointed and on the fixed finger slightly curved proximally . the movable finger is 1 . 28 x as long as the hand . each finger has a large terminal or apical tooth ( not visible on figure 1 ) .
leg i ( figure 6 . 2 ) with trochanter 1 . 15 , femur 1 . 00 , patella 2 . 33 , tibia 3 . 25 , and tarsus 5 . 42 x longer than broad . leg iv ( figure 6 . 3 ) with trochanter 1 . 86 , femur 1 . 90 , patella 2 , 52 , tibia 5 . 37 and tarsus 10 . 5 x longer than broad . arolium shorter than claws .
measurements ( mm ) . body length 2 . 52 . pedipalp : trochanter 0 . 26 / 0 . 26 ; femur 1 . 17 / 0 . 17 ; patella 0 . 60 / 0 . 17 ; chela ( with pedicel ) 1 . 30 / 0 . 26 ; hand ( with pedicel ) 0 . 57 / 0 . 26 ; movable finger l = 0 . 73 .
carapace 0 . 64 / 0 . 74 ; cucullus l = 0 . 19 ; anterior ocular diameter 0 . 06 , posterior eyes covered , diameter with cuticle 0 . 07 . leg i : trochanter 0 . 15 / 0 . 13 ; femur 0 . 12 / 0 . 12 ; patella 0 . 28 / 0 . 12 ; tibia 0 . 26 / 0 . 08 ; tarsus 0 . 38 / 0 . 07 .
the shape of the pedipalpal teeth was interpreted from optical microscopy . on the ppc - srµct reconstruction there are artefacts at the teeth apex , giving them a longer appearance , especially on the fixed finger . this appearance is probably caused by turbulence in the amber caused by movements of the freshly trapped specimen .
opisthosoma ventrally covered with a thick white emulsion , dorsally partially obscured with white opaque amber . carapace wider than long ( 0 . 55 x 0 . 72 , 0 . 76 x ) , irregular in outline as in holotype , the posterolateral protuberances anterior of the pleural alae typically extending wide ( w = 0 . 72 , 0 . 74 in holotype ) .
dimensions . total length 2 . 53 , dimensions of chela ( figure 3 . 3 , figure 6 . 5 ) femur 1 . 19 / 0 . 19 ( 6 . 2 x ) ; patella 0 . 56 / 0 . 17 ( 3 . 29 x ) ; chela ( with pedicel ) 1 . 30 / 0 . 26 ( 5 x )
we are grateful to the esrf , id19 and bm05 beamlines that provided the beamtime necessary for these investigations .
thanks are due to m . harvey ( perth ) , v . mahnert ( genève ) , j . bosselaers ( beerse ) and the anonymous referees for correcting the manuscript ; to m . veta ( lithuania ) for the cooperation in the search for new amber inclusions .
beier , m . 1937 . pseudoscorpione aus dem baltischen bernstein . festschrift zum 60 . geburtstage von professor dr . embrik strand , 2 : 302 - 316 .
beier , m . 1947 . pseudoscorpione im baltischen bernstein und die untersuchung von bernstein - einschlüssen . mikroscopie , 1 : 188 - 199 .
chamberlin , j . c . 1923 . the genus pseudogarypus ellingsen ( pseudoscorpionida – feaellidae ) . entomological news , 34 : 146 - 149 , 161 - 166 .
harvey , m . s . 1996 . the biogeography of gondwanan pseudoscorpions ( arachnida ) . revue suisse de zoologie , vol . hors série : 255 - 264 .
harvey , m . s . 1998 . pseudoscorpion groups with bipolar distributions : a new genus from tasmania related to the holarctic syarinus ( arachnida , pseudoscorpiones , syarinidae ) . the journal of arachnology , 26 : 429 - 441 .
harvey , m . s . 2011 . pseudoscorpions of the world , version 2 . 0 . western australian museum , perth . urltoken
henderickx , h . 2005 . a new geogarypus from baltic amber ( pseudoscorpiones : geogarypidae ) . phegea , 33 ( 3 ) : 87 - 92 .
koch , c . l . and berendt , g . c . 1854 . die im bernstein befindlichen myriapoden , arachniden und apteren der vorwelt . in berendt , g . c . ( ed . ) die im bernstein befindlichen organischen reste der vorwelt gesammelt in verbindung mit mehreren bearbeitet und herausgegeben 1 ( 2 ) . nicolai , berlin .
lak , m . , neraudeau , d . , nel , a . , cloetens , p . , perrichot , v . , and tafforeau , p . 2008 . phase contrast x - ray synchrotron imaging : opening access to fossil inclusions in opaque amber . microscopy and microanalysis , 14 : 251 - 259 .
langenheim , j . 2003 . plant resins : chemistry , evolution , ecology and ethnobotany . timber press , portland , cambridge .
lyckgaard , a . , johnson , g . , and tafforeau , p . 2011 . correction of ring artifacts in x - ray tomographic images . international journal of tomography & statistics , 18 ( f11 ) : 1 - 9 .
perreau , m . and tafforeau , p . 2011 . three new species of leiodidae ( coleptera ) from baltic amber : pushing further the paleoentomological descriptions by virtual dissection of fossils using phase - contrast x - ray synchrotron microtomography . systematic entomology , 36 : 573 - 580 .
soriano , c . , archer , m . , azar , d . , creaser , p . , delclos , x . , godthelp , h . , hand , s . , jones , a . , neraudeau , d . , ortega - blanco , j . , perez - de la fuente , r . , perrichot , v . , saupe , e . , solorzano - kraemer , m . , and tafforeau , p . 2010 . synchrotron x - ray imaging of inclusions in amber . comptes rendus palevol , 9 : 361 - 368 .
tafforeau , p . , boistel , r . , boller , e . , bravin , a . , brunet , m . , chaimanee , y . , cloetens , p . , feist , m . , hoszowska , j . , jaeger , j . j . , kay , r . f . , lazzari , v . , mariva , l . , nel , a . , nemoz , c . , thibault , x . , vignaud , p . , and zabler , s . 2006 . applications of x - ray synchrotron microtomography for non - destructive 3d studies of paleontological specimens . applied physics a : materials , science and processing , 83 : 195 - 202 .
morris , j . c . h . ( 1948 ) . a new genus of pseudogarypin pseudoscorpions possessing pleural plates . papers and proceedings of the royal society of tasmania 1947 : 43 - 47 .
data and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish , wildlife , and plants in idaho .
† pseudogarypus hemprichii ( c . l . koch & berendt , 1854 ) — fossil ; baltic amber
pseudogarypus pangaea henderickx n . sp . , a new fossil pseudoscorpion from baltic amber , is described . epoxy embedding and x - ray micro - ct are used to visualize the morphology of the single available specimen .
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the family saturniidae , commonly known as saturniids , by most measures include the largest species of moths .

they are a family of lepidoptera , with an estimated 2,300 described species worldwide .

the saturniidae include such lepidoptera as the giant silkmoths , royal moths and emperor moths .

adults are characterized by large size , heavy bodies covered in hair-like scales , lobed wings , reduced mouthparts , and small heads .

they lack a frenulum but the hind wings overlap the forewings , producing the same effect of an unbroken wing surface .

these moths are sometimes brightly colored and often have translucent eyespots or " windows " on their wings .

sexual dimorphism varies by species , but males can generally be distinguished by their larger , broader antennae .

most adults possess wing spans between 1 and 6 in ( 2.5 and 15 cm ) , but some tropical species , such as the atlas moth ( attacus atlas ) , may have wing spans up to 12 in ( 30 cm ) .

together with certain noctuidae ( chiefly calpinae and catocalinae , such as the genera ascalapha , erebus , or thysania ) , the saturniidae contain the largest lepidoptera , and some of the largest insects alive today .

saturniidae

saturniidae of prince edward island livestock for sale . pictures of and information about the saturniidae of prince edward island
thibaud decaens saturniidae collection this site features images of live saturniidae adults and their caterpillars from around the world .
since we have accumulated many different saturniidae and sphingidae pupae and saturniidae cocoons this fall , we decided to compare them .
moths of western north america . 1 . distribution of saturniidae of western north america
balcazar lm , wolfe lk . cladistics of the ceratocampinae ( lepidoptera : saturniidae )
saturniidae , butterflies and moths of north america . accessed january 10 , 2013 .
saturnia homepage . wolfgang nässig ' s pages about saturniidae and other bombycoid moths .
( lepidoptera : saturniidae ) : unique origin and repeated reduction of the aeropyle crown .
( graells 1849 ) ( lepidoptera : saturniidae ) . eos . 1975 ; 49 : 285–92 .
tree of life web project . 2010 . saturniidae . version 02 december 2010 ( temporary ) .
family saturniidae - giant silkworm and royal moths , bugguide . net . accessed january 10 , 2013 .
moths of western north america . 1 . distribution of saturniidae of western north america ( 32 . 49mb )
racheli l , racheli t ( 2006 ) phylogenetic hypothesis and classification : theoretical and methodological issues with reference to some studies on saturniidae ( lepidoptera : saturniidae ) . shilap revista de lepidopterología 34 ( 133 ) : 5–12 .
what you see here is the amazing caterpillar of saturniidae moth . the family saturniidae includes the largest species of moths which generally feature heavy bodies covered in hair - like scales , lobed wings , reduced mouthparts , and small heads .
saturniidae ( bombycoidea ) ; [ nacl ] , 108 ; van nieukerken et al . , 2011 , zootaxa 3148 : 217
saturniidae caterpillar , it was
served
as breakfast by the locals on one of the jobs we did in central africa .
( graells , 1849 ) ( lepidoptera : saturniidae ) . shilap soc hispano luso am lepid . 1992 ; 20 : 29–49 .
the cecropia moth is one of the large , showy moths of the family saturniidae . getty images / corbis documentary / darrell gulin
systematic monography of the palaearctic species of saturniidae , brahmaeidae , eupterotidae and endromididae ( lepidoptera ) ( w . a . nässig )
wlss contributer of the year is bart coppens , who has provided great images of many saturniidae adults and larvae from around the world .
saturniidae , pieridae , noctuidae and nymphalidae were the more species consumed with 16 , 11 , 9 , and 8 species , respectively .
( graells , 1849 ) ( lepidoptera , saturniidae ) en la provincia de cuenca . españa graellsia . 2010 ; 66 : 9–20 .
skipper larvae ( hesperiidae ) , and those of moth families including lasiocampidae , arctiidae , saturniidae , notodontidae and zygaenidae pupate within cocoons .
[ larvae - pupae parasitoids of hylesia metabus cramer ( lepidoptera : saturniidae ) in northeastern venezuela : a case of natural biological control ] .
adult feeding moths ( sphingidae ) differ from non - adult feeding ones ( saturniidae ) in activity - timing overlap and temporal niche width .
what made you want to look up saturniidae ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .
studies on summer diapause in pupae of antheraea yamamai ( lepidoptera : saturniidae ) : i . shortening of the ' pupal ' duration under certain environmental conditions
pupa and other smerinthinae pupae are not very typical sphingidae , resembling saturniidae pupa more since it lacks a proboscis and not excessively elongated and pointy . o
constructed a molecular phylogeny of the moth genus hemileuca ( saturniidae ) and the h . electra species complex to examine patterns of character evolution and conservation implications
this site hosts pages for over 2500 saturniidae species / subspecies from around the world with over 1550 species / subspecies depicted in over 10 , 000 images .
bombycidae ) have been used for centuries for the production of silk . several species in the family saturniidae including antheraea mylitta also produce silk of commercial quality .
[ larvae - pupae parasitoids of hylesia metabus cramer ( lepidoptera : saturniidae ) in northeastern venezuela : a case of natural biological control ] . - pubmed - ncbi
adult feeding moths ( sphingidae ) differ from non - adult feeding ones ( saturniidae ) in activity - timing overlap and temporal niche width . - pubmed - ncbi
i am personally committed to sharing information about all of the world ' s saturniidae . hence , this site will continue to be a work - in - progress .
, but many saturniidae pupae are even easier to sex because the male antennae are much more pectinate than the female ones , and this can be seen clearly on the pupa .
rubinoff , d . 1998 . field observations on mating behavior and predation of hemileuca electra ( saturniidae ) . the journal of the lepidopterists ' society , 52 : 212 - 214
to coordinate the studies on bombycoidea , a small “informal annual meeting of saturniidae researchers” for employed and amateur lepidopterists is organised on occasion of the annual frankfurt insect exchange in early november each year .
( graells , 1849 ) , una nueva especie para la fauna lepidopterológica de almería ( españa ) ( lepidoptera : saturniidae ) . shilap soc hispano luso am lepid . 2008 ; 36 : 427–30 .
i am constantly seeking natural setting images of saturniidae in all stages of development from around the world . as images become available , they will be woven into html text format for your viewing and enjoyment .
the wild silk moths of north america : a natural history of the saturniidae of the united states and canada , by paul m . tuskes , james p . tuttle , and michael m . collins .
the family saturniidae contains many of the largest and most spectacular moths on earth including the giant atlas moth attacus atlas which measures up to 25cms across the wings , and the amazing madagascan comet moth argema mittrei which has 15cm long tails extending from the hindwings . the name of the family saturniidae is derived from the ' saturn ' s rings ' ocelli on the wings . click on the images below for more photos and detailed descriptions .
this is the first number of a series of atlases detailing the distributional occurrence of the moths of north america . the atlas of saturniidae by richard peigler and me covers the documented distribution of a well - known group .
rubinoff , d . m . san jose and r . peigler . 2017 . multi - gene phylogeny of the hemileuca maia complex ( saturniidae ) across north america suggests complex phylogeography and rapid ecological diversification . systematic entomology .
michener , c . d . 1952 . the saturniidae ( lepidoptera ) of the western hemisphere - morphology , phylogeny , and classification . bulletin of the american museum of natural history 98 ( 5 ) : 341 - 501 .
deml , r . and k . dettner . 2002 . morphology and classification of larval scoli of saturniinae and hemileucinae ( lepidoptera : saturniidae ) . journal of zoological systematics and evolutionary research 40 ( 2 ) : 82 - 91 .
rubinoff , d and f . a . h . sperling . 2004 . mitochondrial dna sequence , morphology and ecology yield contrasting conservation implications for two threatened buckmoths ( hemileuca : saturniidae ) . biological conservation 118 : 341 - 351 .
rubinoff , d . and f . a . h . sperling . 2002 . evolution of ecological traits and wing morphology in hemileuca ( saturniidae ) based on a two gene phylogeny . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 25 : 70 - 86 .
tuskes , p . m . , j . p . tuttle , and m . m . collins . 1996 . the wild silk moths of north america : a natural history of the saturniidae of the united states and canada . cornell university press .
this moth is a member of the family saturniidae - or giant silk worm moths . members of this family are responsible for the production of silk for use in fabrics , rugs and other items . they are among the largest and most beautiful of all moths .
further , the results of the travel to bolivia shall be used as basis for a planned “field guide” of the saturniidae of the bolivian department of santa cruz . further research travels are intended for the coming years to close gaps in the knowledge of special questions .
this article is a step by step guide to the rearing of large numbers of saturniidae in outdoor sleeves . one can start at any one of the four metamorphic stages : 1 ) ova , 2 ) larva , 3 ) pupa / cocoon , 4 ) moth .
regal moth , , ( subfamily citheroniinae ) , any of a group of moths in the family saturniidae ( order lepidoptera ) that are large and brightly coloured and occur only in the new world . the ferocious - looking but harmless hickory horned devil caterpillar ( larva of the royal walnut moth , citheronia…
regier , j . c . , c . mitter , r . s . peigler , and t . p . friedlander . 2002 . monophyly , composition and tribal relationships of saturniinae ( lepidoptera : saturniidae ) : evidence from two nuclear genes . insect systematics and evolution 33 : 9 - 21 .
elizabeth a . blake , michael r . wagner ; collection and consudlption of pandora moth , coloradia pandora lindseyi ( lepidoptera : saturniidae ) , larvae by olvens valley and mono lake paiutes , bulletin of the entomological society of america , volume 33 , issue 1 , 1 march 1987 , pages 22–27 , urltoken
regier , j . c . , c . mitter , r . s . peigler , and t . p . friedlander . 2002 . monophyly , composition , and relationships within saturniinae ( lepidoptera : saturniidae ) : evidence from two nuclear genes . insect systematics and evolution 33 ( 1 ) : 9 - 21 .
the atlas moth ( attacus atlas ) is one of the largest moths in the world , with a wingspan of over 9 . 8 inches . females are slightly larger than males . like other moths in the family saturniidae , adults do not have working mouth parts and only live for a few days to a week .
since we have begun to accumulate quite a lot of different saturniidae and sphingidae pupae lately , we decided to compare some of them side by side . above are ventral , lateral , and dorsal views of seven different pupae , the five on the left being satuniidae and the two on the right sphingidae . from left to right : ♀
regier , j . c . , m . c . grant , r . s . peigler , c . mitter , c . p . cook , and r . rougerie . 2008 . phylogenetic relationships of wild silkmoths ( lepidoptera : saturniidae ) inferred from four protein - coding nuclear genes . systematic entomology 33 : 219 - 228 .
friedlander , t . p . , k . r . horst , j . c . regier , c . mitter , r . s . peigler , and q . q . fang . 1998 . two nuclear genes yield concordant relationships within attacini ( lepidoptera : saturniidae ) . mol . phyl . evol . 9 : 131 - 140 .
friedlander , t . p . , k . r . horst , j . c . regier , c . mitter , r . s . peigler , and q . q . fang . 1998 . two nuclear genes yield concordant relationships within attacini ( lepidoptera : saturniidae ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 9 ( 1 ) : 131 - 140 .
…asiatic giant silkworm moths ( family saturniidae ) . the larvae and sometimes the adults of a few species are used for food . the larvae of one skipper ( rhopalocampta libeon , or caeliades libeon ) are collected in large quantities in the congo , and the 10 - cm ( 4 - inch ) caterpillars of giant skippers ( family megathymidae ) , known in…
since these are silk moths of family saturniidae they should be relatively easy to sex as pupae . the female pupa will have an extra pore compared to the male one , and also if the antennae of male and female adults are different ( in many species the males have much broader antennae ) you should be able to see this difference in the pupal case .
in this paper , we reported the butterflies and moths that are consumed in mexico . we identified 67 species of lepidoptera that are eaten principally in their larval stage in 17 states of mexico . these species belong to 16 families : arctiidae , bombycidae , castniidae , cossidae , geometridae , hepialidae , hesperiidae , lasiocampidae , noctuidae , nymphalidae , papilionidae , pieridae , pyralidae , saturniidae , sesiidae , and sphingidae .
larvae pass through growth stages called instars . they have to shed old skins to make room for new growth . it is generally not a good idea to move larvae while they are reparing or attempting to shed skins . most saturniidae larvae spend about 6 - 8 days in their first instar and that is why i like to move larvae outdoors after only 3 - 4 days in their indoor hatching containers .
thousands of people , all over the world , have reared saturniidae . for most , the experience has largely been one of finding a few larvae , taking them home , feeding them some leaves in an aquarium , large jar , etc . , watching them spin their cocoons , and then waiting for the adult emergence . many people have found an h . cecropia larva on an ornamental tree in the yard .
even people with no particular love of insects find the giant moths ( and caterpillars ! ) of the family saturniidae fascinating . the name is thought to refer to the large eyespots found on the wings of some species . the eyespots contain concentric rings , reminiscent of the planet saturn ' s rings . these showy moths are easy to rear in captivity if you can find enough foliage to keep their very hungry caterpillars fed .
most females of the large saturniidae lay tiny eggs , either singly or in small rows on the underside of leaves . trying to find these eggs would be like looking for a needle in a haystack . most people obtain ova in the following ways : 1 ) obtain them from a dealer , 2 ) capture a gravid female at a light , 3 ) obtain cocoons from a dealer or from the wild and secure a mating .
saturniidae larvae are usually left in the sleeves to spin cocoons . some species ( cynthia and promethea ) always use a leaf wrap and remain attached to branches . other species sometimes use a leaf wrap , ( luna , cecropia , polyphemus ) , while others either spin attached to branches or trunks ( cecropia , columbia ) or in the folds of the sleeve - - a most annoying practice : polypphemus , cecropia , luna , io .
i raise mostly cecropia and polyphemus moths , but i’ve been trying other species too . this year i’ve been raising prometheas , and i have some buck moth pupas that i’m hoping will hatch so i can try raising them . in 2011 , i’ve been raising luna moths . one advantage of these giant silk moths ( the family saturniidae ) is that the adults don’t eat , so it’s possible to keep them for a day or two to try to mate them and get eggs .
there are about 1 , 400 species world - wide in the moth family saturniidae . for over thirty years , the author has been studying more than three hundred of them . furthermore , he has professionally photographed the stages of development from the egg , through the larval stages and pupation , to the adult moth . the result is a unique documentation of the metamorphosis of these fascinating animals . with 2 , 949 illustrations , the author unfolds to us the unexpected variety and beauty of saturniid larvae .
this is one of those books that , once you see a copy , you will have to have it . books like this go a long way to encourage young naturalists to become entomologists . as a professor , i know that many young people do not collect books , thinking that they can get everything they need on the internet . but this book is not expensive considering its attributes , so i hope that every admirer of saturniidae will acquire it . when your computer crashes or the power goes out , you can immerse yourself in lampe’s beautiful book using natural daylight or candlelight until those things get fixed .
the saturniidae are members of the superfamily bombycoidea . these species are medium to very large in size , and this family includes the largest moths in north america . adults have a wingspan of 3 to 15 centimeters , relatively small heads , and densely hairy bodies . larvae are usually very fleshy , with clumps of raised bristles . buck moth and io moth caterpillars have sharp , stinging hairs . caterpillars mostly feed on leaves of trees and shrubs ; some cause severe damage . pupa develop in silken cocoons or in the soil . this family does not contain the commercial silkworm moth ( bombyx mori ) , which is not native to north america .
rudolf lampe has produced an excellent contribution that will be both scientifically useful and aesthetically enjoyable for those who rear and study saturniidae . for more than 30 years , lampe has reared and photographed saturniids , and this book is a wonderful culmination of his efforts . each [ of the more than 300 species ] is documented in an appendix giving the locality data , dates of the rearing , and what hostplant was used . close - up views of eggs , all larval stages , pupae , cocoons ( for those species that make cocoons ) , and pinned adults are given , usually of both sexes , and sometimes live adults are also shown in natural repose .
2010 , in english and german , 368 pages , 336 color plates ( 2 , 949 photos ) , 9 color & 2 b / w figures . there are ~ 1 , 400 species world - wide in the moth family saturniidae . for over 30 years , the author has been studying more than 300 of them . he has professionally photographed the stages of development from the egg , through larval stages and pupation , to the adult moth . the result is a unique documentation of the metamorphosis of these fascinating animals . the unexpected variety and beauty of saturniid moths is extensively portrayed in this remarkable book . hardcover ; 8 - 1 / 2 x 12
.
males and females of most large saturniidae are attracted to lights , especially mercury vapour or black lights . i have purchased both types of lights from hardware stores and use them regularly to attract females . mercury vapour lights are often used as floodlights or security lights on large buildings : schools , warehouses , car dealerships , etc . i have a five mile circuit that i make quite regularly during prime flight times in the spring and summer to visit such sites from 11 : 00 pm to 1 : 00 am looking for moths . police are notified and landowners ' permission is obtained in advance . a warm , overcast , moonless or at least
dark
, night offers the best collecting .
actually the metamorphosis of lepidoptera ( from ovum to imago ) is strongly governed by their environment ( temperature , humidity , air flow , photo period , available resources , etc ) . that ' s why i designed all of my rearing / breeding cages and plant storage methods so i could control all of the environmental factors to match the normal conditions during the peak seasons of a species . short photo period slows them down , can induce early aestivation / hibernation , both that can result in smaller livestock / imago ' s . how sever is dependent on the species and the conditions . i ' ve reared a lot of different species of saturniidae since 1964 , and they are a product of their environment same as they are from all lepidopteran families . fwiw - hth
( luna month ) actias luna classification kingdom : animalia class : insecta order : lepidoptera family : saturniidae genus : actias species : actias luna environmental information habitat : forested areas of north america . description of identifying characteristics / physical appearance food habits : caterpillar feeds on foliage of various species of hickory , walnut , sweet - gum , persimmon , and birch trees . luna moths predators : birds , bats , and spiders . moths are large , with a 4 to 5 inch wingspan . wings are light green , transparent spots and a pink - purple or yellow , hind wings bearing long twisted tails and antennae are feathery , luna moths have often been used in classrooms to help teach insect life cycles . economic importance for humans : positive importance to humans and / or the environment resources used urltoken urltoken urltoken urltoken urltoken
the female emperor moth is above , and the male below . this moth is considered by some to have the best sense of small of any animal . a male can smell the pheromone the female releases to attract him to mate from seven miles away ! this moth is found throughout the paleartctic , and is the only member of the saturniidae family found in the u . k . , it is normally seen in moorland and open country . the two specimens here are preserved , but in life the males have much brighter orange hindwings , the female colouring is similar , but less bright . males fly by day especially on sunny days , and their flight is rapid . females by night . the flight period is april and may . male wingspan is 60 mm , and female 80 mm . male forewing length is 27 - 32 mm , and female is 35 - 41 mm .
larvae pupate in different ways depending on which family they belong to . a larva from the family nymphalidae for example will spin a tiny button of silk on a leaf or stem , and anchor itself to it by its tail . the tail has an appendage called a cremaster , which is equipped with microscopic hooks to hold it securely to the silk . larvae of papilionidae and pieridae do the same , but additionally spin a silken girdle around their waist . lycaenidae and riodinidae don ' t possess cremasters so they either pupate on the ground , or attach themselves by a silk girdle to a leaf or stem . hesperiidae pupate loosely , usually within a flimsy silken tent . the larvae of most moths pupate loosely in a chamber just below the surface of the ground . others , including saturniidae , bombycidae and lasiocampidae pupate inside a tough silk cocoon spun on the leaves , stems or branches of their foodplants .
actually if you use a hand lens it is really quite obvious , much clearer than in the photo . the only difference between the sexes is in the one segment i indicated , presence or absence of the pore . this difference is present in all lepidoptera , but you need to familiarise yourself with each species , as pupae can look quite different , and the shape of the female pore varies between specimens of the same species ( sometimes quite short , sometimes there ' s a slit across the whole segment ) as well as between species , but the principle is the same : male no pore , female with a pore in the position indicated . you will soon get the hang of the difference between sexes , and be able to spot it for different species . the hemileuca you are rearing will have basically the same difference between sexes . i do know that some of the saturniid breeders will deliberately cut open the cocoons , check the sex of the pupae and put them back inside . if done carefully it has no effect on the pupae at all . i ' m not sure if this applies to hemileuca , but many saturniidae pupae are even easier to sex because the male antennae are much more pectinate than the female ones , and this can be seen clearly on the pupa . adam .
according to classic ecology , resource partitioning by segregation along at least one of the three main niche axes ( time , food , and space ) must take place for the coexistence of species with similar ecological requirements . we used nocturnal light traps to investigate the assemblage structuration of two moth families : sphingidae ( 23 species ) and saturniidae ( 13 species ) . because competition for food among adults potentially occurs only among sphingids , only for this family did we expect less overlap of diel activity patterns than expected by chance and also a greater temporal niche width compared to saturniids . moreover , we expected a greater number of sphingid species pairs to differ in activity timing compared to saturniid pairs . we also hypothesized that in the case of a lack of temporal structuration , sphingids would be morphologically structured in relation to proboscis length . contrary to what we expected , both families overlapped their activity patterns more than expected by chance alone and sphingid moths were not morphologically structured . nevertheless , there were 173 significant pairwise differences in temporal activity between sphingids , contrasting with no interspecific differences between saturniids . sphingid species also showed a wider temporal niche width than saturniids , as expected . predation risk and abiotic factors may have caused the overall similarities in activity patterns for both families . the temporal niche seemed not to be determinant for the assemblage structuration of moths as a whole for either of the studied families , but segregation along the temporal niche axis of some potentially competing species pairs can be a relevant factor for the coexistence of nectar - feeding species .
while we were at it , we also decided to compare some of our saturniidae cocoons . below are five different species , the three on the left being in the saturniinae tribe and the two on the right in the attacini tribe . from left to right : antheraea mylitta , antheraea polyphemus , actias luna , samia ricini , and hyalophora cecropia . all are unopened except the a . luna cocoon since it was from a brood reared in 2013 ; the rest are unopen and were obtained or reared this year . despite the close relation between the two antheraeas , their cocoons are surprisingly different . the mylitta is huge and perfectly smooth and ovular , made of extremely tough and thick beige colored silk . there also is a long silk stalk at the top for hanging to branches . in comparison , polyphemus is less perfectly shaped and flatter , with a tough but thinner shell . there is not stalk since they are either affixed to the tree or in the leaf litter . the a . luna cocoon resembles the a . polyphemus cocoon very much but is brown and the shell is much thinner , shinier , and smoother . the s . ricini cocoon is far less compact and the silk is softer and white . the shape is sort of irregular , being flat and tapered at the ends . the h . cecropia cocoon is also tapered at the ends - - very much so at the top , but the silk is very course and thick , though not as compact a the antheraeas ' . it is the largest cocoon by far and is like a bag , with a little escape hole at the top for when the moth ecloses . between the three saturniinaes and two attacini cocoons the former have more or less ovular cocoons while the attacini cocoon are more irregular shaped , but are usually tapered at the ends with a escape hole at the top .
insects have been a good and natural source of human diet for long periods of time . the tradition has been actively pursued in a number of continents where the collection of insects as food is an essential part of the people’s livelihoods .
the concept of ingesting insects has only been acknowledged and researched very recently due to exposure and interests . publications found on the topic are spread across many journals in a lot of disciplines , varying from biochemistry , nutrition , food science , anthropology , history , entomology , agriculture , health , ecology , and sociology .
such publications have started dealing with studies in order to understand the biology and ecology of edible insects , along with other factors to determine their availability , significance as food sources to sustain livelihoods , and their importance of ethno - entomological knowledge .
in addition , these publications also showcase technology transfer’s role to help people in utilizing their traditional knowledge for improving the worth of insects as food sources in their lives . the works created by françoise malaisse , jun mitsuhashi , and gene defoliart deserve special attention and applause in this field .
edible insects carry a high quality of amino acids , proteins , and vitamins for human beings . these insects also contribute to a higher rate of food conversion than regular livestock . for instance , cricket needs 6 times lesser feed quantity than regular cattle , 4 times lesser than a sheep , and two times lesser than a pig or a broiler chicken , in order to generate the equivalent sum of protein .
what’s more , edible insects also emit lesser ammonia and greenhouse gases than the traditional livestock . edible insects are capable of growing on organic wastes too . as a result , these insects are potential sources for the regular production of protein , both for direct consumption by humans or for indirect recomposed food items , and as protein sources to be used in feedstock mixtures .
there are many numerous advantages of eating edible insects as a natural source of food . breeding of such insects in comparison to livestock is , in fact , a better step towards being environmentally friendly . this is due to the lesser amount of land occupancy , water pollution problems , and much lesser greenhouse gas emissions . eating house cricket has actually been proven as a more resourceful form of feed conversion .
moreover , the tremendous augmentation in population around the world has necessitated the need for a good source of protein , which is hardly met by reason of the limited quantity of available farmlands .
in addition , it is most noteworthy to mention the economic advantages of eating insects in relation to the plant cultivations . for example , in mexico , collecting insects for human use led to a considerable shrinking in the degree of pesticides , which are usually used in an agricultural production . this has also lessened the economic burden for the cultivating farmers . among the many dangers , faced by everyone across the world , is the food diversity loss . hence , the utilization of a varied choice of insects as food would count as a big step in alleviating the problem .
at present , there are almost 2 billion people , who consume a large range of edible insects on a regular basis both raw and cooked .
follow the list of insects , which have been authorized as edible and safe to eat by the u . n . :
beetles : these insects turn cellulose in trees to digestible fat , and contain more protein quantities than other insects .
ants : ants are low on carbs , and contain all essential proteins , calcium , iron , etc .
grasshoppers : these are a tremendous source of protein , and are usable in any curry flavor .
stinkbugs : this edible insect tends to put in an apple - like flavor to any sauce , and is a good iodine source .
there is a large variety of edible insects , which can be used for regular consumption . a number of edible insects are in fact packed with good fats , fundamental minerals , proteins , and fibers , which amount to an equivalent of any other food source . other than an ‘icky’ factor , there is no real issue in consuming insects for an all round diet .
have you ever wondered insects can be a great source of nutrition ? well , some people will say – oh my god , how could we eat insects , given the fact , we have so many fine foods and vegetables for ourselves ? and some will argue by saying – from an ancient time , people have been eating insects to get nutrition and vitamins , which are not present in our body .
in this article , we are going to take the support of the second types of people who believe insects are in fact , a fantastic way to provide nutritional value to our body . we will talk about what kind of nutrition you can get from insects and which insects provide the best value . so , let us have a look at the article . before going to the depths of the topic , we want you to know that there has been a constant debate as to whether the insects are a good source of nutrition . this debate has grown over the years because of lack of knowledge . for example – have you observed how birds feed insects to their young ?
basically , the young birds become ready to fly and leave their nest in just three weeks . so , how do they get the strength in such short time ? the answer is insects have a combination of nutritional elements and fluids , which provides the necessary nutritional value to the birds , making them strong enough to fly .
as we have said earlier that insects are a genuine source of food for birds and animals , humans can also get benefits by eating them . you will see many articles and research studies , citing the significance of eating insects . even from different archaeological explorations , you will find out people in ancient time had eaten them on a regular basis . for example – one painting from an archaeological site depicts that mankind had utilized tools to collect termites from the mounds for food .
if we talk about recent times , you will be amazed to know around 80 % people of the world are eating insects every day . in mexico , more than 200 edible insects have been used as foods and in thailand , there are more than 20 , 000 insects firms . not to mention , cambodia is the top exporter of edible insects .
so , what do you understand from this information ? insects contain protein and other nutritive elements such as vitamins , mineral , prebiotic fiber , beneficial fats , etc . in that case , you could say that insects are the new frontier in nutrition and we have much more to discover from them .
from a health point of view , insects contain a high amount protein with vitamins and minerals in abundance . there is also beneficial fats and different amino acids . besides , one vitamin , name vitamin b12 is not found in plant sources . in fact , nuts and pulses don’t simply have this vitamin . however , insects can provide this vitamin easily . even insects include the combination of unsaturated omega - 3 and omega - 6 fatty acids , which are high in fish , pork , and cattle .
furthermore , when you will eat insects , you have to eat them in whole , meaning that the complete exoskeleton , vital organs , and muscle tissues will be consumed by you . this fact is the most significant fact as you will be able to enjoy the high micro - nutritional value of insects .
1 . grasshoppers and crickets : grasshoppers and crickets are two of the best edible insects . a 3 . 5 - ounce grasshoppers can provide you with 14 - 28 grams of protein . this amount of protein is significant , given the fact , the grasshopper is a small insect . in relation to this fact , 30 - 60 % of women need 46 grams of protein daily and 25 - 50 % of men need 56 grams of protein each day . in that case , a grasshopper can meet this protein demand of men and women smoothly .
additionally , crickets and grasshoppers contain unsaturated fats . according to the food and agriculture organization of the united nations , unsaturated fats are essential for reducing the risk of heart disease . on a side note , humans cannot synthesize essential fatty acids as they have to obtain this health nutritional element via diet . therefore , crickets can easily deliver this nutrition as they have a fantastic omega 3 : 6 balance .
2 . ants : according to national geographic website , a 3 . 5 - ounce red ants are enough to provide 14 grams of protein . the same amount of red ants can supply 5 . 7 milligrams of iron . now , men need 8 milligrams of iron each and women need 18 milligrams every day . thus , these red ants can cover almost 71 % of the men’s iron demand . they can also meet one - third of iron demand of the women as well . not to mention , red ants along with other types of ants are a great source of calcium .
the fact of the matter is insects have certainly nutritional value and you can grow them just anywhere you want . along with other food items , you can add them to your food list because when you start eating insects for nutrition , you are putting less pressure on nature , meaning that we can have a sustainable environment altogether . so , if you have any questions regarding our opinion , please share your thoughts in the comments section .
insects are a good source of food supply in both humans and animals . this is why reports of various nutrient contents are often researched and found in fields of most disciplines varying from zoology to anthropology . a primary application of such nutrient contents of insects , especially the house cricket , is utilized as an essential nutritional food source for human beings .
more than 2 , 000 species in the insect world are acknowledged to be fit to be eaten . a number of evidence from ancient archeological sites proves that such insects have always been and are still an essential human food resource . in this article , we will primarily study about the nutrient content of the house cricket , also called acheta domesticus in latin .
there are a number of advantages to taking up insects as a source of food . in comparison to livestock , breeding of insects is a better environment - friendly action , due to land use , water pollution , and lesser greenhouse gas discharges .
consumption of house cricket proves to be a more efficient form of feed conversion . the increase in population growth all over the world augments the requirement of good sources of protein but is hardly met due to the limited amount of on hand farmland .
additionally , the economic advantages of consuming insects in comparison to the plant’s cultivation must be taken into account . for instance , collecting insects in mexico for human eating decreased the extent of pesticides being used in agricultural production , along with a lessened economic burden on the farmers .
although the tradition of using insects is not much common in every country nowadays , these insects continue to be a good source of nutrition in many cultures over the world .
the house cricket or acheta domestica is mostly found to be bred and eaten through appropriate farming conditions in europe . whilst the house cricket is sometimes eaten in its raw form , most of the time they are processed and consumed by human beings typically by roasting , drying , frying , or boiling .
in addition , the dietary composition of such cultured insects like the house cricket has been researched and used as a food source to captivated insectivorous reptiles , mammals , or birds , which are kept in the zoos .
the nutritional elements in different insects and their different stages differ . hence , there is no generalization of such data relating to their nutritional content . analysis of the insects is made based on their level of protein , moisture , fat , fiber , and ash .
it has been found that whole and raw insects by and large hold 55 - 85 % of moisture . on the other hand , the whole insects containing a lower content of moisture are normally the ones that have a higher fat content . the insects developed for human eating , in general , hold lesser moisture in comparison to the raw insects due to their processing , which typically engages some form of drying so as to prolong their shelf life .
house crickets are one of the most commonly consumed insects all over the world . these are more commonly farmed by cultivators in thailand . this breed of house crickets is more well - liked than the native breed of cricket species attributable to its better quality texture and taste . the house cricket is typically consumed as a deep fried food snack and is sold off as a protein extract or as a protein powder .
to conclude , the house cricket or acheta domesticus is a completely well rounded edible insect and can be relied on for long periods . due to the overpopulation issue all over the world , most people have taken to the consumption of alternatives to livestock and plant - based food sources . insect farming is quite a popular concept nowadays , which has driven a number of farmers to a better crop cultivation , devoid of fertilizers .
gun safety is always a foremost concern . before indulging in a personal gun , you must be assured of your pre - chosen gun safe and secret zones . to responsibly use a gun is easy , provided you have your checks and balances ready and in control . the tool is used by people of all genders and races for protection against an unknown and surprising force .
more often than not , the gun is typically kept in the car because anyone can experience an unintentional mishap from an outside force , and hence you need to have a defensive stance at all times . people often experience burglary or crime cases while traveling in their cars and the display of the gun can thwart such a confrontation .
while the gun is a good defense mechanism to be kept in the vehicle ; at the same time , one must be aware of the dangers of keeping such a powerful weapon on hand . if the gun is kept in the car , the owner must have a good way to lock and secure the weapon . this is so that further unwanted accidents or incidents are prevented . a loose firearm must be adhered to and should not be taken lightly .
most gun owners use a gun safe for keeping their guns safe . the gun safe is used by most law enforcement officials for keeping their guns safe . we have hence provided some very well researched and noteworthy pointers on the benefits of having a gun safe for your gun in regular and emergency needs .
security : in a gun safe , the gun is sealed in stealing cases and locked securely .
strength : a gun safe has enough strength in its security to prevent any illicit or unwanted entry by children , thieves , or other non - permitted persons .
easy to use and fast in functionality : you can easily and effortlessly access and close your gun safe readily in times of an urgent need for a limited time .
there are a few common places in a car , which people commonly use to protect their guns . however , such places are not always safe as anyone can find the weapon , risking both you and your co - passengers in the car .
to mention an unsafe place , the console or glove compartment is a good example . it is the first place that a thief or an unwanted party would look into and is basically an insecure place to hold a gun . additionally , the glove box or the console is not discreet at all . such areas for keeping your gun can make it very obvious as to the existence of the gun and may pose problems from thefts or threats . plus , it is too far away from the driver , in case he or she should need to make a defensive move .
instead of keeping your gun in an inaccessible area in your car , you could find more inventive ways to keep your gun safely in your car . it is very important to keep your gun within your hand’s reach . you can simply have your gun kept out in the open while concealing it well inside the car . you could use the space provided beneath your steering column or beneath your seat .
there are a number of seat holster companies for cars , which have recently manufactured products , meant to be used for attaching the gun beneath your car seat . through such a way , your gun remains cleverly hidden out of sight , and you can access it without any difficulty .
gun safety is a prior concern and should not be taken lightly . it is very important that you act responsibly so that no one else is harmed accidentally in the venture . thus , these are the points that you should keep in mind while keeping your gun in the car . do use a gun safe in your car so that your gun remains safe and secure . and , avoid the places where you should not keep your gun .
bathroom ceiling fans are the most efficient must - haves in any regular bathroom . these bathroom fans can not only provide your home with a good ventilation system but also help save your bathroom walls from moisture and humidity . these ceiling fans are less costly and very useful for personal hygiene and proper flow of air around the house .
ceiling fans are used in bathrooms as a good way to air the bathroom space and protect the walls and corners . more often than not , the humidity stuck in any regular bathroom space can ultimately give rise to a batch of whole other problems like mildew and mold . bathroom fans tend to remove the extra moisture from such walls , thus preventing wallpapers and paints to peel off or become warped .
the bathroom ceiling fans add ventilation , improve airflow , and reduce the excess humidity in a bathroom space . in addition , these bathroom fans can serve well to remove unwanted odors from the body or products to create a well - ventilated environment . these fans are of tremendous use for times when a homeowner may wish to take a steam bath or spa in their bathrooms , which otherwise wreak havoc on the air quality . thus , they maintain the utmost air quality indoors and keep the homeowner comfortable .
the pressure cooker is the most useful and time saving tool among all the other inventions by humankind . it is a tool to be used for easy cooking in the day to day purposes . in the present millennium , this apparatus is a common and everyday object used in almost every household around the world .
whether you wish to make a luxurious and scrumptious meal or a simple home cooked meal , the pressure cooker can come to assist in the most simple and innovative recipes . these recipes can range from the toughest food items like chickpeas and beans to the most complex roasts or stews . we have made a list of the best and easy food items that you can cook in a pressure cooker , along with good tips to get the optimal results while using it and if you are looking for a high quality pressure cooker the instant pot ip - duo60 7 - in - 1 programmable pressure cooker review is a product we can´t recomment enough .
chicken with tomatoes , chickpeas , and chorizo : this recipe is a common meal in all american households . the pressure cooker helps elevate and intensify the smoky flavors of the ingredients while the chicken is roasted inside it .
beef american stew : this is another classic dish , which cuts more than half time through the use of the pressure cooker . the cooker is used mainly for easy tenderizing of a tough piece of beef meat and takes about 45 minutes .
smoky beans : the pressure cooker can be used to bring out the earthy smell of the beans . you can additionally use some more ingredients while cooking beans in a cooker and gain the optimal tang .
chicken and bean stew : while preparing a meat - based stew , the pressure cooker can be of ultimate convenience in saving a load of the cook’s time and bringing out the best zest . a cooker can efficiently make your chicken tender by making it fall off the bone level .