the blind electric ray ( typhlonarke aysoni ) is a little-known species of sleeper ray in the family narkidae , endemic to new zealand .

it is found on the bottom , typically at a depth of 300 – 400 m ( 980 – 1,310 ft ) .

reaching 38 cm ( 15 in ) in length , this species has a thin , nearly circular pectoral fin disc without visible eyes , and a short tail with a single dorsal fin .

its pelvic fins are divided in two , with the anterior portion forming a limb-like appendage ; in males the claspers do not extend past the disc margin .

a weak swimmer , the blind electric ray likely pushes itself along using its pelvic fins .

it is known to feed on polychaete worms , and can defend itself with an electric shock .

reproduction is aplacental viviparous .

the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) does not have enough information to assess the conservation status of this species .

blind electric ray

benthobatis yangi , a new species of blind electric ray from taiwa . . . : ingenta connect
well , the blind electric ray isn’t technically blind ( as neither was the blind shark ) … it just has tiny eyes that aren’t really visible , instead being beneath the surface of their skin .
the blind electric ray is a very small poorly - known electric ray with the typical round body shape , small fleshy tail , one dorsal fin , and almost useless eyes . more
learn about the blind electric ray with the fins united initiative . | learn about : rays | pinterest | shark habitat
thick and flabby with a rudimentary tail , the oval electric ray seems virtually incapable of swimming .
notice of an electric ray new to the fauna of new zealand , belonging to the genus astrape .
blind electric ray typhlonarke aysoni can give an electrical shock and has almost useless eyes . this poorly - known ray uses electroreceptors to
see .
this numbfish has one dorsal fin and lives at great depths ( 200 - 900 m ) .
the blind electric rays are two species of poorly - known electric rays of the genus typhlonarke , belonging to the sleeper ray family , narkidae . the group is known for producing electric shocks for defense . both species are deep - sea rays endemic to the waters off new zealand . more
greek , typhlops = blind + greek , narke = numbness ( ref . 45335 )
by blind electric ray may 3 , 2005 share this 2 . grundies buy grundies mugs , tshirts and hoodiesyour underpants . . . my grundies are soiled by mh jun 6 , 2003 share this 3 . more
tetronarce cowleyi , sp . nov . , a new species of electric ray from southern africa ( chondrichthyes : to . . .
the blind electric ray is dark brown in colour , and is potentially vulnerable to fisheries activity since its known distribution coincides with major trawl fishery grounds . however , recent marine sanctuaries around new zealand provide some safe havens . more
juvenile speciman of the marbled electric ray , torpedo marmorata risso , 1810 founded in the neum bay . photo by a . gajić .
species has led to uncertainty regarding the extent of the oval electric ray ' s distribution . both species are found off the eastern coast of
continental slope , blind electric ray genus that remains poorly understood . revue / journal title bulletin of marine science issn 0007 - 4977 coden bmrsaw source / source 2003 , vol . 72 , no3 , pp . 923 - 939 ( 1 p . more
head indistinguishable from disc ( e . g . , stingrays like the bat ray )
- 2 dorsal fins ( the first closer to pelvis ) , electric organ ( e . g . , the electric rays )
, endemic to australia ) , the other composed of the electric rays ( narcinidae ) and the shortnose electric rays ( narkidae ) .
garrick , j . a . f . ( 1951 ) .
the blind electric rays of the genus typhlonarke ( torpedinidae )
. zoology publications from victoria university college ( 15 ) .
atlantic torpedo ray may be up to 1 . 82 m ( 6 ft . ) in length
now , the specific blind electric ray we’re talking about today is typhlonarke aysoni . there’s another two : the brazilian blind electric ray ( benthobatis kreffti ; endemic to brazil ) and the taiwanese blind electric ray ( benthobatis yangi ; endemic to taiwan ) . typhlonarke aysoni is endemic to… you can’t guess it , can you ? it’s not in the common name , like it seems to always be when it comes to these guys . yet , i get to share waters with these guys - yup , they’re endemic to new zealand ! they’re usually found around cook strait ( and on the continental shelves and slopes that are southward from there ) , anywhere from 100 - 900 meters ( 328 - 2 , 952 ft ) deep . also known as the “blind legged torpedo” ( i can’t help but giggle at that name ) or “numbfish , ” this deep - watered ray has an interesting genus name , “typhlonarke , ” that explains its common names . “typhlops” is greek , translating to “blind” and “narke” is also greek , roughly translating to “numbness” or “paralysis . ” and while it may be electric ( zap ! ) the organs capable of producing their electric discharge varies between 8 volts and 220 volts . no worries , though - at that depth , they pose no threat to you . they do pose a threat to their prey ( like polychaete worms , for example ) , though .
most electric rays bury themselves under sand during the day and come out at night to feed . if prey is encountered , the ray will stun the creature with electricity . then , the ray will guide the food with its pectoral fins to its mouth , which is located under its body .
yeah . freaky , huh ? it leads to them having pretty bad eyesight either way , but i wouldn’t completely label them as “blind . ”
de carvalho , m . r . , l . j . v . compagno and d . a . ebert , 2003 . benthobatis yangi , a new species of blind electric ray from taiwan ( chondrichthyes : torpediniformes : narcinidae ) . bull . mar . sci . 72 ( 3 ) : 923 - 939 . ( ref . 75959 )
in addition to stunning potential prey and dissuading prospective predators , the electric organs of electric rays may also be used to detect prey and to communicate with each other .
rays range in size from just a few inches to over 22 feet wide . the smallest ray is the short - nose electric ray , which is the size of a pancake ; it is only 4 inches ( 10 cm ) across and weighs about 1 pound ( 0 . 5 kg ) . the biggest ray is the manta ray which is over 22 feet ( 6 . 7 m ) wide and weighs many tons ( thousands of pounds ) . most rays are in - between these two extremes . more than half of all ray species are over 20 inches ( 50 cm ) long . in fact , rays are some of the largest fish in the sea !
largely unknown . blind electric rays of both species have been trawled from 46 to 800 m , but are most common between 300 to 400 m . the flabby disc and rudimentary tail suggest blind electric rays are very poor swimmers and they probably push themselves along the bottom with their well developed pelvic appendages . diet includes polychaete worms . reproduction is probably ovoviviparous . litter size is up to 11 . size at birth is 9 to 10 cm . maximum size 35 cm total length .
uncertain due to confusion with t . aysoni . blind electric rays have been recorded off east coast north island south of east cape , south island , stewart island , chatham rise ( mernoo bank and chatham islands ) and snares shelf to 49s .
its mid - length . electric organs visible through skin of ventral surface , elliptical and about
the bluespotted ribbontail ray taeniura lymna is a very common , timid ray with an oval - shaped disc and two venomous tail spikes toward the tip of its tail . it grows to be 2 . 25 ft ( 0 . 7 m ) long .
hamilton , a . ( july 1902 ) .
notice of an electric ray new to the fauna of new zealand , belonging to the genus astrape
. transactions and proceedings of the new zealand institute 34 : 224–226 .
the mouth of the australian coffin ray ( hypnos monopterygium ) is enormous , allowing it to gulp prey half the size of its body .
the following terminology was used to describe shark behaviour and to assess the effects of the electric field .
example of interaction with a change of direction ( proxy for a reaction to the electric deterrent ) .
example of interaction during which a shark approached within 0 . 5 m of an activated electric deterrent .
( greatest transverse width of electric organ at level of third gill slit or its mid - length ) .
all living creatures produce electricity - even humans - but electric rays have two special kidney - shaped organs that generate and store electricity like a battery . large atlantic torpedo rays can generate enough power to produce a shock of about 220 volts , while smaller rays , like the lesser electric ray ( narcine brasiliensis ) can only muster a shock of about 37 volts .
greek , benthos = depth of the sea + greek , batis , - idos = a ray ( raja sp . ) ( ref . 45335 )
the primary threat to the taiwanese blind electric ray is shrimp trawling throughout its limited distribution , where it is taken as bycatch . shrimp trawl fisheries operate along the southwestern coast of taiwan island and may range down to depths of 500 m ( d . ebert pers . obs . 2007 ) . fine mesh nets are used in this fishery , thus it is unlikely that the species can avoid or escape the nets , which may also be causing habitat damage .
for sharks , and carvalho ( 1999a , 1999b ) for electric rays . compared to other elasmobranchs , elec -
kalmijn a ( 1971 ) the electric sense of sharks and rays . journal of experimental biology 55 : 371–383 .
smith ed ( 1973 ) electric anti - shark cable . civil engineering and public works review 68 : 174–176 .
of extant batoids , but their highly specialized electrogenic organs — combined with the fact that the oldest known batoid fossils are very guitarfish - like — would seem to argue against this interpretation . the electric rays appear to fall into two suborders , the first composed of the torpedo rays ( torpedinidae ) and the short - tailed electric ray ( hypnidae — represented by a single species ,
kalmijn a ( 1974 ) the detection of electric fields from inanimate and animate sources other than electric organs . in : fessard a , editor . handbook of sensory physiology vol iii / 3 . berlin : springer - verlag . 147–200 .
rays and skates have a long gestation period and produces relatively few young ( compared to other fish ) . the growth of ray populations , therefore , is slow .
manta ray manta birostris is the largest ray . this graceful swimmer is up to 29 . 5 ft ( 9 m ) wide . mantas eat microscopic plankton , small fish , and tiny crustaceans . they funnel the food into their mouth while they swim , using two large , flap - like cephalic lobes which extend forward from the eyes .
justification : this small endemic electric ray has a very limited known distribution in the waters of the outer shelf in depths of less than 300 m off southwestern taiwan , province of china . the taiwanese blind electric ray ( benthobatis yangi ) is taken as bycatch in the local shrimp trawl fishery , which uses nets of very fine mesh , likely preventing any capture avoidance . the level of bycatch is not known , however the species is generally retained by the fishing vessels and discarded on landing . the species may also be discarded at sea . although little information has been gathered on its biology and ecology , the high level of endemicity suggests that this species is threatened by incidental fishing mortality . given that intense shrimp trawl fisheries operate throughout this species’ limited range , it is assessed as vulnerable on the basis of suspected declines as a result of continuing , high levels of exploitation .
at long last , season 11’s blind auditions came to a close on the voice tonight , with coaches adam levine , miley cyrus , alicia keys and blake shelton filling the last few spots of their teams before heading into the fiery battle round .
disc of the oval electric ray is ovoid in shape , tapering smoothly towards the rear , and has a very thick margin . the eyes are minute and located 2–3 mm ( 0 . 079–0 . 12 in ) beneath the surface of the skin ; though not visible externally , their positions are marked by small white patches . the
citation : huveneers c , rogers pj , semmens jm , beckmann c , kock aa , page b , et al . ( 2013 ) effects of an electric field on white sharks : in situ testing of an electric deterrent . plos one 8 ( 5 ) : e62730 . urltoken
lesser electric rays may bear only 2 pups at a time , while atlantic torpedo rays can deliver as many as 60 pups at a time .
- 2 dorsal fins ( the first closer to pelvis ) , no electric organ ( e . g . , the guitarfish , banjo shark )
compagno , l . j . v . and p . c . heemstra ( may 2007 ) .
electrolux addisoni , a new genus and species of electric ray from the east coast of south africa ( rajiformes : torpedinoidei : narkidae ) , with a review of torpedinoid taxonomy
. smithiana , publications in aquatic biodiversity , bulletin 7 : 15–49 .
depending on the species , electric rays may eat fishes , worms , and crustaceans . adult atlantic rays consume eels , flounders , and small sharks .
atlantic torpedo rays ( torpedo nobiliana ) , for example , live along the coastlines of canada , the united states , united kingdom , and south africa . but they also have been found in the open ocean at depths of approximately 450 m ( 1 , 475 ft . ) . blind electric rays ( typhlonarke aysoni ) have been discovered in waters as deep as 900 m ( 2 , 950 ft . ) .
with age , the nerves got worse . eight years ago , i had a stressful eye operation that triggered the worst bout of
nerves
in my life . i started waking up in the middle of the night with my heart pounding and obsessive thoughts about going blind .
. the skin is completely smooth . the oval electric ray is dark brown above , lightening towards the disc margins and on the underside . the area around the mouth and nostrils , and the underside of the pelvic appendages , are white . this species can grow to 36 cm ( 14 in ) long , but most do not exceed 30 cm ( 12 in ) .
this study indicates that the behavioural response of white sharks and the level of risk reduction resulting from the electric field is contextually specific , and depends on the motivational state of sharks . the electric field we tested had an effect on white shark behaviour up to two metres from the efs and reduced the incidence of predatory strike , but did not deter or repel this species in all situations nor did it repel all individuals . given that the static bait experiments showed that the electric field did not reduce the likelihood of baits being taken , the effects observed in the seal decoy study are likely to be situation - specific . the large discrepancy in the findings from the present study compared to those of smit and peddemors [ 29 ] also highlights the need for future studies to focus on testing the effects of electric fields at different distances from the efs . an accurate map of the electric field produced by different voltage strengths would also aid in determining the electric current levels eliciting behavioural response and the distance from which white sharks can be expected to first detect and react to the electric field . finally , the study was undertaken on white sharks and further study should include other elasmobranch species , as the behavioural responses to electric fields are known to vary across species [ 22 ] .
white bars represent trials with the electric field source ( efs ) turned off ; black bars represent trials with the activated efs ; standard error bars are shown .
histograms of the minimum distance between white sharks and the electric field source ( efs ) when it was turned off ( white ) and on ( black ) .
smit cf , peddemors vm ( 2003 ) estimating the probability of a shark attack when using an electric repellent . south african journal of statistics 37 : 59–78 .
typhlonarke tarakea is a poorly known electric ray , endemic to new zealand . it is apparently rare , however , its distribution and status is uncertain due to confusion with the similar t . aysoni . t . tarakea is potentially vulnerable to fisheries activity since its known distribution coincides with major trawl fishery grounds , but insufficient information is available to assess the species beyond data deficient at this time .
a new species of electric ray of the genus benthobatis alcock , 1898 is described on the basis of five specimens from the continental slope off tungkang , southwestern taiwan . benthobatis yangi , n . sp . , is distinguished from all other species of the genus by a unique combination of characters , including a dark brown to purplish–black dorsal and ventral coloration with irregular creamy blotches ventrally , a narrow nasoral region , a small mouth with slender jaws and shallow circumoral groove , a second dorsal fin with a more broadly rounded apex and more convex posterior margin compared to the first dorsal fin , an interdorsal distance greater than the distance between second dorsal and caudal fins , a narrow and not posteriorly arched suprascapula , size at sexual maturity , and a relatively high number of caudal vertebral centra , and consequently , total vertebral centra . benthobatis yangi is known from adults and juveniles of both sexes . it is only the fourth valid species of benthobatis , and only the second species from the vast indo - pacific region . benthobatis is a continental slope , blind electric ray genus that remains poorly understood .
a new species of electric ray of the genus benthobatis alcock , 1898 is described on the basis of five specimens from the continental slope off tungkang , southwestern taiwan . benthobatis yangi , n . sp . , is distinguished from all other species of the genus by a unique combination of characters , including a dark brown to purplish - black dorsal and ventral coloration with irregular creamy blotches ventrally , a narrow nasoral region , a small mouth with slender jaws and shallow circumoral groove , a second dorsal fin with a more broadly rounded apex and more convex posterior margin compared to the first dorsal fin , an interdorsal distance greater than the distance between second dorsal and caudal fins , a narrow and not posteriorly arched suprascapula , size at sexual maturity , and a relatively high number of caudal vertebral centra , and consequently , total vertebral centra . benthobatis yangi is known from adults and juveniles of both sexes . it is only the fourth valid species of benthobatis , and only the second species from the vast indo - pacific region . benthobatis is a continental slope , blind electric ray genus that remains poorly understood .
. rays live mostly on or near the sea bed . different ray species are found in habitats ranging from close to shore to the extreme depths of the ocean ( over 10 , 000 feet = 3 , 000 m deep ) .
like sharks , rays lack a swim bladder and use their oily liver to maintain buoyancy ( other fish use an air - filled bladder to help them float ) . when a ray stops swimming , it sinks down to the sea bed .
rays have a flattened body shape and an elongated tail . the pectoral fins are large and connected to the body to form the ray ' s
disc .
the shape of the disc differs from species to species and may be circular , oval , wedge - shaped or triangular . some body shapes are adapted for living on the sea bed ; others are adapted for almost constant swimming . the ray ' s distinctive tail also varies from species to species . it ranges from stubby ( on the shorttailed electric rays ) to incredibly long ( e . g . , over 10 feet ( 3 m ) long on the whip - like sting rays ) .
elasmobranchs can detect minute electromagnetic fields , < 1 nvcm –1 , using their ampullae of lorenzini . behavioural responses to electric fields have been investigated in various species , sometimes with the aim to develop shark deterrents to improve human safety . the present study tested the effects of the shark shield freedom7™ electric deterrent on ( 1 ) the behaviour of 18 white sharks ( carcharodon carcharias ) near a static bait , and ( 2 ) the rates of attacks on a towed seal decoy . in the first experiment , 116 trials using a static bait were performed at the neptune islands , south australia . the proportion of baits taken during static bait trials was not affected by the electric field . the electric field , however , increased the time it took them to consume the bait , the number of interactions per approach , and decreased the proportion of interactions within two metres of the field source . the effect of the electric field was not uniform across all sharks . in the second experiment , 189 tows using a seal decoy were conducted near seal island , south africa . no breaches and only two surface interactions were observed during the tows when the electric field was activated , compared with 16 breaches and 27 surface interactions without the electric field . the present study suggests that the behavioural response of white sharks and the level of risk reduction resulting from the electric field is contextually specific , and depends on the motivational state of sharks .
i didn ' t get shocked this time but another time i was shocked and it felt like i sprained my ankle . ouch ! electric rays can thrust forward quickly to attack prey or to defend themselves from predators . they can discharge an electrical jolt up to 220 volts and 30 amps . their electric discharge can stun their prey or painfully shock a diver .
. . . a litter size of 1–2 with a size at birth of > 96mm tl has been observed in the recently described brazilian blind torpedo benthobatis kreffti ( rincon et al . 2001 ) and a litter size of two in the western numbfish narcine lasti with size at birth probably close to 80mm tl ( carvalho and séret 2002 ) . the taiwanese blind numbfish b . yangi is known only from a limited number of specimens detailed in its original description while the dark blindray b . moresbyi is known only from five specimens ( carvalho et al . 2003 ) . there remains numerous undescribed species within the family , including the deepwater narcine sp . . . .
digitally recorded video footage from each trial obtained from the underwater camera was reviewed , and independently and ‘blindly’ coded . coding refers to recording the number of approaches and interactions , and estimating the minimum distance between the shark and the efs during each interaction . the coder was termed ‘blind’ as they did not participate in the trials and had no prior knowledge of whether an electric field was being produced when coding videos of each trial . the observer data recorded during the trials were used to identify sharks responsible for each approach .
electric rays belong to the superorder batoidea , which includes stingrays , skates , guitarfishes , and sawfishes . like their relatives the sharks , batoids have skeletons made of tough connective tissue called cartilage .
bratton b , ayers j ( 1987 ) observations on the electric discharge of two skate species ( chondrichthyes : rajidae ) and its relationship to behavior . environmental biology of fishes 20 : 241–254 .
jordan lk , mandelman jw , kajiura sm ( 2011 ) behavioral responses to weak electric fields and a lanthanide metal in two shark species . journal of experimental biology and ecology 409 : 345–350 .
out of the five response variables used to assess the effects of the electric field , the time it took to take the bait , number of interaction per approach , and the minimum distance between sharks and the efs were significantly affected by the electric field ( table 2 ) . additionally , the random factor ( individual sharks ) was also significantly different for all parameters ( table 2 ) .
rincon , g . , stehmann , m . f . w . and vooren , c . m . 2001 . results of the research cruises of frv ' walther herwig ' to south america . lxxiv . benthobatis kreffti n . sp . ( chondrichthyes , torpediniformes , narcinidae ) , a new deep - water electric ray from off south brazil and the third species of the genus . archive of fishery and marine research . 49 ( 1 ) : 45 - 60 .
sharks were still capable of taking baits ∼230 cm away from the efs , but the number of interactions within two metres of the efs decreased when it was activated . such a reduction in the number of interactions towards a stimulus placed two metres away from the efs has previously been observed in other species ( e . g . , galapagos sharks ( carcharhinus galapagensis ) ( robbins , unpublished data ) . although behavioural effects two metres from the efs were observed in both studies , white sharks were observed less than 0 . 5 m from the efs on several occasions ( e . g . , video s10 ) , and galapagos sharks consumed sardines ( sardinops sagax ) two metres away from an efs ( robbins , unpublished data ) . scalloped hammerhead sharks ( sphyrna lewini ) and leopard sharks ( triakis semifasciata ) were affected by a strong pulsed electric field , but were also able to swim through the electric field and into voltage gradients greater than 30 v / m [ 32 ] . four species of small benthic rays and sharks , fiddler ray ( trygonorrhina fasciata ) , eagle ray ( myliobatis australis ) , yellowback stingaree ( urolophus sufflavus ) , and spotted catshark ( asymbolus rubiginosus ) , have been observed to approach a bait positioned next to the same electric field as used in the present study [ 51 ] . these studies confirm that electric fields can affect the behaviour of sharks , but that some rays and sharks , including white sharks , are able to be in close proximity to the efs and consume baits close to electric fields .
ray , t . c . , king , l . j . , & grandin , t . ( 1988 ) . the effectiveness of self - initiated vestibular stimulation in producing speech sounds in an autistic child . journal of occupational therapy research , 8 , 186 - 190 .
while several studies have investigated the behavioural response of elasmobranchs to electric fields [ 22 ] , [ 32 ] , most were conducted under laboratory conditions . a field study that tested the efficiency of a personal electric deterrent on white sharks ( carcharodon carcharias ) concluded that the probability of an attack was reduced from about 0 . 70 in power - off mode to about 0 . 08 in power - on mode [ 29 ] . limited information about approach distance and number of approaches was presented , which would have allowed for a better understanding of the behavioural response of white sharks to electric deterrents . additionally , the product tested ( sharkpod™ ) during this previous study is no longer available and has been replaced by the shark shield™ ( shark shield pty ltd , adelaide , australia ) product range . while the waveform and voltage difference between the electrodes produced by the shark shield™ is not different from that of the sharkpod™ , the electrode configuration differs between the two products . this results in differences in the maximum electric field produced and the distribution of the electric field relative to the body of the person using the device . the electrodes of the shark shield freedom7™ trail behind the leg of the user ( fig . 1 ) , while in the case of the sharkpod™ , one electrode is placed on the scuba tank with the other electrode on the ankle of the diver . as a result , the electric field source of the shark shield freedom7™ is located behind the person wearing the device compared to being centred on the diver when wearing a sharkpod™ . prior to this study , the shark shield freedom7™ had not been independently and scientifically tested , and there remains a need to assess how different electrode configurations and locations of the electric field source may impact the efficiency of the electric deterrent .
the bait was consumed on 91 out of 116 trials ( 78 % ) , with the electric field not significantly affecting the likelihood of the bait being consumed ( poisson exact test : p = 1 . 00 ) . out of the 18 identified sharks that interacted with the bait , 14 ( 78 % ) consumed the bait , with 13 ( 72 % ) consuming the bait in the presence of the electric field . six sharks consumed the bait on several occasions , with one shark consuming the bait a total of 23 times including 14 times when the electric field was being produced . sharks responsible for consuming the baits could not be identified on 15 occasions ( 16 % ) .
the only previous study testing in situ behavioural responses of white shark to an electric field found an 80 % reduction in the probability of a shark taking the bait [ 29 ] . this result contrasts with the results from the current study , which did not find any differences in the proportion of baits consumed . because the electric pulse and waveform produced during the previous and present study were the same ( shark shield pty ltd , pers . comm . ) , the disparity between these results is likely due the different configuration of the electrodes and position of the bait . smit and peddemors [ 29 ] attached the bait between the electrodes producing the electric field , whereas this study placed the efs ∼230 cm away from the bait , similar to the way a diver would wear the product tested . further testing should assess the impact that distance between the efs and a bait has on the probability of the bait being consumed . this should be investigated against an accurate map of the electric field produced by the efs to estimate the field strength at which white sharks first detect the field and at which they display a retreat response . this is yet to be carried out in situ , but studies in laboratory conditions have measured the minimum electric field strength that elicits a behavioural response for several shark species [ 13 ] , [ 22 ] , [ 23 ] , [ 32 ] . the mean maximum field strength tolerated by hammerhead and leopard sharks before they displayed a retreat response was 18 . 50±13 . 27 and 9 . 64±10 . 28 vm –1 , respectively [ 32 ] . both are higher than the threshold of 3–7 vm –1 suggested by smith [ 27 ] who investigated the use of an electric field to produce an electric barrier , supporting the idea that behavioural responses to electric fields varies between species [ 22 ] , and that findings for one species should not be generalised to others .
the objective of this study was to assess the behavioural effects of the electric field produced by the shark shield freedom7™ ( hereafter referred to as the ‘electric field source ( efs ) ’ ) on white sharks ( carcharodon carcharias ) . this species was selected because it is responsible for the most unprovoked attacks and fatalities [ 30 ] , [ 33 ] . white sharks demonstrate considerable plasticity in swimming patterns depending on their habitats and likely hunting strategies [ 34 ] . in response to this , we tested the effect of the electric field on white sharks in two different situations and locations : around a static bait at the neptune islands off south australia , and breaching on a towed seal decoy at seal island , false bay in south africa .
electric rays were used by the ancient greeks as a kind of anesthetic , the electricity supposedly numbing the pain of operations and childbirth — in fact , the greek work for these rays is narke , from which we get our word ' narcotic ' .
kalmijn a ( 1978 ) electric and magnetic sensory world of sharks , skates , and rays . in : hodgson e , mathewson r , editors . sensory biology of sharks skates , and rays . arlington , va : office of naval research . 507–528 .
there were two potential analytical biases inherent in the data we collected : 1 ) temporal correlation ( lack of temporal independence ) due to the potential habituation of individual sharks or changes in their motivation through time , and 2 ) pseudo - replication due to instances where the same shark interacted with the bait within and across trials . sharks may have become habituated to the electric field , or sharks that consumed the bait , may have become less likely to respond to the electric field due to the positive reinforcement provided by the bait .
this is a deepwater electric ray with a known bathymetrical distribution of 400 to 600 m depth at bottom water temperatures from 8 to 9°c . it feeds mainly on polychaetes and isopod crustaceans , which it unearths from the sediment . maximum size is around 26 cm total length ( tl ) . matures at 14 to 15 cm tl ( males ) and 20 to 21 cm tl ( females ) . ovoviviparous ; number of young one or two per litter ; size at birth 0 . 96 cm tl . may breed year - round since different gestation stages were found in a single capture , but gestation time and reproductive periodicity unknown .
ninety - eight of the 189 tows were performed with the efs turned off and 91 with the efs turned on . due to logistical difficulties including electrodes wrapping around the equipment , poor visibility , and lack of light penetrating through the water surface , video footage was obtained from 169 tows . eighty - six videos were taken with the efs turned off and 83 with the efs turned on during which 61 interactions ( 43 with efs on , 18 with efs off ) between a shark and the decoy were recorded . interactions visible from the surface accounted for 29 of the 61 interactions observed . the number of interactions per tow across all experiments was 0 . 32 and decreased from 0 . 44 to 0 . 20 when the electric field was produced . the strongest effects of the electric field were recorded for breaches , with no breaches observed when the electric field was produced compared with 16 breaches when the efs was off . the number of surface interactions per tow decreased from 0 . 28 to 0 . 02 when the electric field was produced ( fig . 6 ; table 4 ) .
the proportion of underwater interactions was expected to increase when the efs was activated as a result of sharks aborting their predatory behaviour . the number of breaches and surface interactions decreased when the efs was turned on , but it did not affect the number of underwater interactions . this suggests that white sharks either aborted their breaches outside of the range of the camera or did not initiate a breaching approach . on most days , the visibility was estimated to be less than 5 m indicating that sharks would have to be affected by the electric field further away than 5 m . this contradicts the results obtained from the static bait experiments , which indicate that the electric field did not affect white sharks further than a distance of two metres . the electric field might not reduce the consumption of bait two metres away from the efs , but white sharks might detect the electric pulse from further away and prior to initiating the predatory attack . they might decide not to initiate a breaching approach , which would explain the reduction in breaches and surface interactions and the lack of associated increased number of underwater interactions .
schematic representation of ( a ) the experimental set - up used to test the effects of an electric field during static bait trials at north neptune island , and ( b ) the experimental set - up used with the towed seal decoy at seal island off south africa .
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white sharks may have become acclimatised to the electric field because of habituation to the electric field , or conditioning to the positive rewards resulting from consumption of the bait . for example , a shark that took the bait within the electric field may be more likely to take subsequent baits , because the discomfort caused by the electric field may not have been strong enough to counteract the reward . such temporal correlation and decrease in the effectiveness of an electro - magnetic field has previously been observed in several species [ 48 ] , [ 49 ] . this potential bias was examined but there was no strong decrease with time in the number of approaches per trial , interactions per approach , minimal distance , time to first appear , or time to take the bait . the lack of temporal correlations has also been observed in other species [ 22 ] , [ 50 ] . it is likely that the small number of food rewards provided and the alternation of positive and negative reinforcements from the efs being randomly activated for each trial prevented habituation from occurring and inducing any temporal effects in the study . the proportion of unidentified sharks ( 30 . 6 % ) may have impacted our ability to detect a decreasing response of individual sharks to the pulses . the issue of habituation or conditioning might have also occurred with the towed seal decoy . however , given the low number of interactions recorded when the electric field was present , the likelihood of habituation is low .
proportion of breaches / tow ( white ) , surface interactions / tow ( light grey ) , underwater interactions / video ( dark grey ) , and total number of interactions recorded ( surface and on video ) / video ( black ) when the electric field source was turned off or on .
a new species of torpedo ray , tetronarce cowleyi , sp . nov . , is described from specimens collected from the southeastern atlantic ocean . the new species is placed in the genus tetronarce based on a uniform dorsal coloration and absence of papillae around the spiracles . the new species is distinguished from its closest congeners , the north atlantic tetronarce nobiliana bonnaparte , 1835 , and . . . [ show full abstract ]
finally , the effects of the electric field were tested by comparing the distributions of the minimum distance recorded for each interaction using a kolmogorov - smirnov ( k - s ) test [ 42 ] and by comparing the proportion of interactions within 2 m using the minlike two - sided poisson exact test from the exactci r package .
the behavioural responses observed in the present study varied across individuals , with some sharks less affected by the electric field than others . the reason for this variation is unknown and may be a combination of motivation , different natural feeding histories , dominance hierarchies , individual experiences , or behavioural syndrome ( consistency of responses across situations ) . intra - specific variability was also noted for hammerhead and leopard sharks , as seen by the large standard deviations of the maximum voltage gradient and the difference in the voltage gradient required to elicit head twitches [ 32 ] . the electric deterrent tested produced a behavioural reaction in some sharks , but cannot be relied on to prevent shark attacks in all situations .
each trial was observed by two people and lasted 15 minutes or until a shark took the bait . the status of the efs ( on or off ) was randomised by a coin toss before each trial . the efs was tested to ensure that electric impulses were being produced prior to and following each trial during which the efs was switched on .
rays and sharks are a type of fish that have no bones , only cartilage . some parts of their skeleton , like their vertebrae , are calcified . cartilage , a strong fibrous substance , is softer than bone ; our nose and ears are made of cartilage . even the ray ' s skull is flattened . rays belong to the group of fishes called elasmobranchii , which also includes the sharks , skates , and ratfish . the elasmobranchii are all fish that have no bones , only cartilage .
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there was no significant difference in the number of approaches per trial when the electric field was produced ( glmm ( poisson , identity ) : t 105 = 0 . 87 , p = 0 . 39 ) ( fig . 4 ) . the number of interactions per approach , however , increased from 1 . 33±0 . 08 when the efs was turned off to 2 . 20±0 . 20 when the efs was turned on ( glmm ( poisson , log ) : t 163 = 3 . 66 , p < 0 . 001 ; table 3 ) . this suggests that the sharks did not approach the bait more often when an electric field was produced , but interacted with the bait more often within each approach ( fig . 4 ) .
huveneers c , rogers pj , semmens j , beckmann c , kock aa , et al . . ( 2012 ) effects of the shark shield™ electric deterrent on the behaviour of white sharks ( carcharodon carcharias ) . final report to safework south australia . sardi publication no . f2012 / 000123–1 . sardi research report series no . 632 . adelaide : sardi - aquatic sciences .
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the efficacy of the electric field in repelling white sharks from attacking a towed seal decoy was assessed by comparing the number of breaches , surface interactions , underwater interactions , and total number of interactions standardised by the number of replicates ( i . e . , the number of tows or number of videos ) using the minlike two - sided poisson exact test from the exactci r package [ 40 ] . a binomial distribution based on the probabilities of breaches and surface interactions occurring with the efs activated was also used to estimate the probabilities of the observed number of breaches and surface interactions occurring when the efs was off . the proportion of aborted breaches and investigations coded and the proportion of underwater interactions with a reaction to the electric field were tested using the same minlike two - sided poisson exact test .
forty - nine of the 116 trials were performed without an electric field and 67 with an applied electric field . a total of 314 approaches and 527 interactions by 18 different white sharks were observed . identification of white sharks was not possible for 132 approaches ( 42 % ) and 179 interactions ( 34 % ) . sharks interacted with the bait in up to 27 trials ( 6 . 89±1 . 6 , mean ± standard error ) . the number of approaches per identified shark ranged from 1 to 40 ( 10 . 11±2 . 5 ) , while the number of interactions per identified shark ranged from 1 to 71 ( 19 . 33±4 . 9 ) . during a single trial , the maximum number of approaches , interactions , and interactions per approach was 12 , 29 , and 18 , respectively .
the number of breaches per tow , surface interactions per tow , and total number of interactions recorded were significantly less with the electric field being emitted compared to when the efs was turned off ( poisson exact test : p < 0 . 001 for each test ) . the number of underwater interactions per video , however , did not change significantly whether the efs was turned on or off ( poisson exact test : p = 1 . 00 ) . based on the probability of occurrence estimated when the efs was off ( 0 . 16 and 0 . 28 for breaching and surface interaction , respectively ) , the probability of no breach , or two or less surface interactions occurring with the activated efs was < 0 . 001 . it is therefore unlikely that the lack of breaches and small number of surface interactions observed with the electric field was due to chance alone .
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sharks first approached the bait within a short period ( 80±11 seconds ) . this was not affected by the electric field , with no significant difference in the time it took sharks to first be sighted whether the efs was turned off ( 77±21 seconds ) or on ( 82±12 seconds ) ( glmm ( gamma , inverse ) : t 49 = −0 . 17 , p = 0 . 87 ; table 3 ) ( fig . 4 ) . sharks took , on average , 197±23 seconds from the start of a trial to consume the bait . although the electric field did not affect the time it took sharks to be first sighted , sharks took twice as long to take the bait when the efs was turned on ( 244±32 seconds ) than when it was turned off ( 122±24 seconds ) ( glmm ( gamma , inverse ) : t 61 = −2 . 58 , p = 0 . 01 ; table 3 ) ( fig . 4 ) .
our study assessed the behavioural effects of the electric field produced by the shark shield freedom7™ . the study was performed in two locations and tested two distinct approach and behavioural situations to assess whether the response to the shark shield™ was consistent across behaviours . the electric field did not affect the proportion of static baits consumed , but significantly decreased the number of breaches , and surface interactions on a towed seal decoy . while the differences observed could be due to location or the different white shark populations [ 46 ] , it is more likely related to the behavioural states being tested and associated energetic costs . since rapid swimming is necessary to leave the water , the energy required for a breach is higher than that expended during inquisitive behaviour [ 47 ] . considering the energetic cost of breaching , white sharks might be less likely to breach if they can sense any factor that could reduce their chance of being successful or which appears different to natural situations . on the other hand , a white shark might still be inquisitive around a static bait , regardless of the electric field because such approach requires similar energy expenditure to normal swimming . the inquisitive nature of the shark during the static bait trials is supported by the number of times the same white sharks were observed attempting to consume the bait ( e . g . , one white shark approached the static bait in 27 different trials , and another individual had 18 interactions in one trial ) .
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gymnoscelis admixtaria is a moth in the geometridae family .

it was described by walker in 1862 .

it is found in sri lanka , india and japan .

gymnoscelis admixtaria

gymnoscelis yurikae is a moth in the geometridae family that is endemic to japan .
gymnoscelis daniloi is a moth in the geometridae family that is endemic to cape verde .
the double - striped pug ( gymnoscelis rufifasciata ) is a moth of the family geometridae .
a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .
the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .
the author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by
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and the number of omitted authors .
attribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .
all diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .
created by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .
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eupithecia dentifascia hampson , 1891 , illustr . typical specimens lep . het . colln br . mus . , 8 : 117 .
bastelberger , 1905 , ent . zeits . ( guben ) , 19 : 76 , syn . n . eupithecia eupitheciata walker sensu holloway , 1976 : 67 .
both this and the next species have forewing facies as in the generic description . the anterior half of the forewing postmedial is straight in dentifascia , slightly concave distad in intentata walker . the hindwing of the male in the latter is reduced in size , rather triangular , grading from pale fawn basally to brown distally , without the fasciation seen in male dentifascia and females of both species . examination of the genitalia is recommended to confirm identity .
true m . eupitheciata walker appears to be restricted to the australasian tropics . the ductus bursa in the female is unsclerotised , the seventh segment unmodified and the boomerang signum narrow . in both bornean species the ductus is sclerotised and the seventh segment modified .
all bornean material seen was taken between 1200m and 2110m on g . kinabalu .
hampson , 1893 , illustr . typical specimens lep . het . colln . br . mus . , 9 : 154 .
the taxon malachitis is brought into synonymy with filicata as the new guinea race . the male genitalia differ little from those of himalayan filicata . the australian thalassia turner may also prove to be a race of filicata .
n . e . himalaya , borneo ; sulawesi ( ssp . mochleutes ) ; seram , new guinea ( ssp . malachitis ) .
the only bornean specimen seen is a female from 1930m on g . kinabalu .
a related , somewhat more strongly marked , undescribed species occurs in seram and new guinea .
most records are from g . kinabalu : 450m at poring hot springs to 1930m on the main ascent . one specimen was taken in a cocoa plantation at tuaran in 1997 .


the golden-lined spinefoot ( siganus lineatus ) is a species of rabbitfish .

like all rabbitfishes , it has venomous spines on the dorsal , anal , and pelvic fins .

it is reef associated fish species that inhabit waters at depths from 0 to 25 m ( 0 to 82 ft ) .

the maximum length is 43 cm ( 17 in ) .

it is a common commercially important fish in many tropical countries .

golden - lined spinefoot

also known as golden rabbitfish , golden spinefoot , gold - lined rabbitfish , gold - lined spinefoot , golden - lined rabbitfish , golden - lined spinefoot , goldenspot spinefoot , goldspot rabbitfish , goldspot spinefoot , gold - spotted spinefoot , lined spinefoot , spinefoots . found in schools over mangroves , rocky areas and seagrass beds of protected bays and lagoons . they feed on algae . length - 35cm depth - 0 - 30m widespread indo - west pacific rabbitfish are usually found in algae rich reefs . they have venomous spines in the anal fin and at both ends of the ventral fin . these can inflict extremely painful injuries .
search golden lined spinefoot and thousands of other words in english definition and synonym dictionary from reverso . you can complete the definition of golden lined spinefoot given by the english definition dictionary with other english dictionaries : wikipedia , lexilogos , oxford , cambridge , chambers harrap , wordreference , collins lexibase dictionaries , merriam webster . . .
the ratio of two lengths , equal in value to 1 . 618033988 . . . , and given by b / a = ( b + a ) / b ; it is the reciprocal of the golden section and also equal to ( 1 + golden section ) .
a light golden - coloured treacle produced by the evaporation of cane sugar juice , used to sweeten and flavour cakes , puddings , etc .
a strait between the pacific and san francisco bay : crossed by the golden gate bridge , with a central span of 1280 m ( 4200 ft . )
any of several plovers of the genus pluvialis , such as p . apricaria of europe and asia , that have golden brown back , head , and wings
latin , siganus = a fish , rabbit fish ; by the similarity of the nose ( ref . 45335 )
marine ; reef - associated ; depth range 0 - 25 m ( ref . 90102 ) , usually 0 - 20 m ( ref . 27115 ) . tropical ; 25°c - 29°c ( ref . 27115 ) ; 27°n - 30°s , 71°e - 171°e
indo - west pacific : maldives , laccadive archipelago , india , sri lanka , ogasawara islands ( japan ) , eastern indonesia , new guinea , australia , solomon islands , vanuatu , new caledonia and philippines ; palau and yap in micronesia . records from viet nam ( ref . 2682 ) is probably siganus guttatus .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 43 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 9710 ) ; common length : 25 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 9813 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 13 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 10 ; anal spines : 7 ; anal soft rays : 9 ; vertebrae : 13 . blue dorsally , silvery below ; a bright yellow spot below last few rays of dorsal fin ; a prominent blue line beside posterior margin of orbit running diagonally across cheek to corner of mouth . preopercular angle 92° - 104° ; strong scales almost completely cover cheeks ; midline of thorax scaled , not pelvic ridges . anterior nostril encircled by a very low rim , slightly expanded posteriorly . spines stout , pungent and venomous ( ref . 1419 ) .
juveniles found in mangrove areas and seagrass flats ; adults in protected waters such as lagoons and bays in the vicinity of rocky substrata or reefs . forms schools that diminish with age , down to 10 - 25 fish by adult stage , although congregations may consist of several thousand fish during spawning period . feeds by scraping encrusting algae from beach rock or pavement areas of coral reefs or by browsing on larger coarse algae . common in markets where it is sold fresh ( ref . 9813 ) .
smallest female to spawn was 23 cm , the largest 33 cm sl . spawning apparently occurs not until the fish is 2 years old .
woodland , d . j . , 1990 . revision of the fish family siganidae with descriptions of two new species and comments on distribution and biology . indo - pac . fish . ( 19 ) : 136 p . ( ref . 1419 )
) : 24 . 9 - 29 , mean 28 ( based on 726 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01778 ( 0 . 01092 - 0 . 02895 ) , b = 2 . 99 ( 2 . 86 - 3 . 12 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 0 ±0 . 00 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( k = 0 . 6 ; tm = 2 ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 25 of 100 ) .
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the most flourishing and outstanding period , esp . in the history of an art or nation
the great classical period of latin literature , occupying approximately the 1st century b . c . and represented by such writers as cicero and virgil
any north american plant of the genus chrysopsis , esp . c . mariana of the eastern u . s . , having yellow rayed flowers : family compositae ( composites )
the fleece of a winged ram that rescued phrixus and brought him to colchis , where he sacrificed it to zeus . phrixus gave the fleece to king aeëtes who kept it in a sacred grove , whence jason and the argonauts stole it with the help of aeëtes ' daughter
the mongol horde that devastated e europe in the early 13th century . it established the westernmost mongol khanate , which at its height ruled most of european russia . defeated by the power of muscovy ( 1380 ) , the realm split into four smaller khanates in 1405
a number between 1 and 19 , used to indicate the position of any year in the metonic cycle , calculated as the remainder when 1 is added to the given year and the sum is divided by 19 . if the remainder is zero the number is 19
something old or long - established , esp . a hit record or song that has remained popular or is enjoying a revival
the proportion of the two divisions of a straight line or the two dimensions of a plane figure such that the smaller is to the larger as the larger is to the sum of the two . if the sides of a rectangle are in this proportion and a square is constructed internally on the shorter side , the rectangle that remains will also have sides in the same proportion
a share in a company that controls at least 51 % of the voting rights , esp . one retained by the uk government in some privatization issues
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batodonoides ( often misspelled as batonoides ) is a genus of extinct shrew-like mammals , which includes a species that is possibly the smallest mammal to have ever lived .

species of batodonoides lived about 42 to 53 million years ago during the early to middle eocene epoch in north america .

the genus contains four species : the type species b. powayensis , the older b. vanhouteni , b. walshi and b. rileyi .

batodonoides

the smallest mammal alive today is the bumblebee bat , which is only slightly larger than batodonoides .
length : 2 . 5 cm ( 1 in ) weight : 1 . 3 g ( 0 . 05 oz ) time : 55 , 400 , 000 - 42 , 000 , 000 b . c . location : california and wyoming , united states species : batodonoides powayensis batodonoides vanhouteni
a shrew - like , insect - eating mammal , batodonoides appears to be the smallest mammal ever to walk the earth . the smaller and older species ,
while batodonoides is the smallest mammal ever , the largest animal - - mammal or otherwise - - is the blue whale , with a heart the size of a small car .
53 million years old , and it may be the smallest mammal that has ever lived . batodonoides vanhouteni was a shrew - like mammal that scientific illustrator jen christiansen has deftly described in this illustration .
jonathan i . bloch , kenneth d . rose , philip d . gingerich ; new species of batodonoides ( lipotyphla , geolabididae ) from the early eocene of wyoming : smallest known mammal ? , journal of mammalogy , volume 79 , issue 3 , 21 august 1998 , pages 804–827 , urltoken
full reference : j . i . bloch , k . d . rose , and p . d . gingerich . 1998 . new species of batodonoides ( lipotyphla , geolabididae ) from the early eocene of wyoming : smallest known mammal ? . journal of mammalogy 79 ( 3 ) : 804 - 827
53 million years old , and it may be the smallest mammal that has ever lived . batodonoides vanhouteni was a shrew - like mammal that scientific illustrator jen christiansen has deftly described in this illustration . in addition to being an illustrator , christiansen is also scientific american ' s art editor of information graphics .
the smallest mammal that ever lived could be sitting right on your shoulder and you would hardly know it . batodonoides vanhouteni , which lived about 50 million years ago in what is now wyoming , was so small that it could climb up a pencil - - and it weighed as little as a dollar bill .
paleontologist jonathan bloch found a tiny fossil jaw of batodonoides .
under a microscope , i realized i was looking at the smallest mammal teeth i had ever seen ,
bloch said . several slightly larger species of these mini - mammals lived between 55 and 42 million years ago , but they are now all extinct .
composing an illustration with only a few , spare elements can be incredibly difficult , moreso if the aim is to inform instead of to simply look pleasing . there is a remarkable economy of information in this piece : we can see just how tiny the batodonoides vanhouteni is next to a modern etruscan shrew . the familiar wooden ruler prompts us to what ' s important about the relationship between the wee mammals .
with mammals as large as the blue whale ( balaenoptera musculus ) and the african elephant ( loxodonta africana ) , it may be hard to imagine that the world’s smallest mammal is only about the size of your fingernail . this miniature mammal , batodonoides vanhouteni , was an ancient ancestor of the modern day shrew and weighed about 1 . 3 grams— the equivalent mass of a single dollar bill ! this species of tiny rodents is said to have inhabited the underbrush of prehistoric forests .
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, had teeth roughly a millimeter ( one - tenth of an inch ) in length and is thought to have weighed 1 . 3 grams ( 0 . 05 oz ) , the weight of a dollar bill and slightly lighter than the smallest mammal in our time , the etruscan shrew .
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full reference : m . j . novacek . 1976 . early tertiary vertebrate faunas , vieja group , trans - pecos texas : insectivora . pearce - sellards series 23
average measurements ( in mm ) : m1 1 . 11 x 0 . 64
type specimen : um 101991 , a maxilla . its type locality is sc - 303 , which is in a wasatchian terrestrial horizon in the willwood formation of wyoming .
average measurements ( in mm ) : m1 0 . 750 x 0 . 540
all scientific illustrators bring different skill sets into their work . looking at this , i can ' t help but think that the simplicity and pared down elements common to the best infographics was informing christiansen ' s compositional choices
you can see more of jen christiansen ' s work - both her own illustrations and infographics she has guided and edited - at her site + portfolio .
for the third year running , we are turning september into a month - long celebration of science artists by delivering new sciart to invade your eyeballs . the sciart blitz ! can’t get enough ? check out what was previously featured on this day :
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glendon mellow is a fine artist , illustrator and tattoo designer working in oil and digital media based in toronto , canada . he tweets @ flyingtrilobite and is on instagram . you can see glendon ' s work - in - progress at the flying trilobite blog and portfolio at urltoken .
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note : count is of distinct taxa , meaning named species plus genera with no identified species at this locality .
note : assorted invalid combinations involving the same synonymous species name are counted separately .
note : many of these species are small marsupials , rodents , or insectivorans .
notes : regression equations perform poorly for very large species , and some of these estimates are likely to be too high . proboscidean sizes are estimated from m2 , not m1 .
note : authors receive half - credit for co - authored actions . taxonomic contributions of lander and frick each appeared mostly in just one publication .
notes : authors receive half - credit for co - authored lists . most of kihm ' s lists are from an unpublished ph . d . thesis . most of skinner ' s
lists
are locality descriptions with identifications provided by other authors .
note : only senior authors are counted . nineteenth - century authors ( including matthew ) are excluded .
/ bloch , jonathan i . ; rose , kenneth d . ; gingerich , philip d .
bloch , jonathan i . ; rose , kenneth d . ; gingerich , philip d . /
author =
bloch , { jonathan i . } and rose , { kenneth d . } and gingerich , { philip d . }
,
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see it ( and compare it to the largest land mammal . . . ) when you visit
extreme mammals
at the field museum !
at chicago ' s field museum . ( it closes january 6th , so if you ' re interested , go now ! ) one of the very first thing that you come across is a display of both the largest land animal ever (
is that very creature - - the smallest mammal ever discovered . this itty bitty , tiny little shrew - like critter lived during the eocene between 53 and 42 million years ago . it was so small that is weighed less than a dollar bill and could comfortably sit on the top of a pencil !
there are three species within the genus , the first of which was discovered back in 1976 . all have been found in the western united states . the smallest of the three ,
of course , we still have tiny mammals today . the smallest still alive , the
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there’s one contender not noted in the other answers so far : hadrocodium wui , a species from the early jurassic known from a skull . it is estimated at 32mm in length and 2g in mass .
that estimate could be wrong , since none of the postcranial body is known .
it is probably not quite a mammal , but a very , very close relative of mammals .
, garden expert , and gardengail1 on yahoo answers , i ' ve worked at the home depot for 21 years , 35 years garde . . .
smallest animals in the world ! 5 weird animal facts - ep . 14 : animalbytestv
animal records ( biggest , longest , tallest , fastest . . ) ever !


cymothoe caenis , the common glider , is a species of butterfly of the family nymphalidae .

it is found in guinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , togo , southern nigeria , cameroon , the republic of the congo , the central african republic , angola , the democratic republic of the congo , uganda , tanzania and zambia .

the habitat consists of forests and heavy woodland .

it is a migratory species .

the larvae feed on rawsonia usambarensis , rawsonia lucida , caloncoba gilgiana , caloncoba glauca , oncoba spinosa , oncoba welwitschii , lindackeria and uapaca species .

cymothoe caenis

cymothoe caenis ( the common glider ) . starting a butterfly collection . set specimens . add to favourites . the butterfly has a base colour of sandy brown . all wings have creamy white with brown . all wings have a lovely pattern .
here are 72 described species in the genus cymothoe , a group of large and magnificent butterflies commonly known as gliders . the genus is entirely afrotropical in distribution .
tom , you will find hereafter some pictures of my old collection ! from c . a . r . from r . d . c . , kivu , beni that shows you the variability of cymothoe caenis . almost all the female forms have been named . white ones are conformis , orange ones are adelina , etc . many papers have been written on c . caenis migrations , and i need to find a good one amongst these to pass you the reference . . . a + , michel
the males vary in colour , ranging from the pure white of caenis , and the deep ochreous yellow and chocolate brown of fumana , to the fabulous and aptly named blood red glider sangaris .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
there are no formally recognized subspecies for this taxon , nor are there any widely used synonyms .
genus and has a huge extent of occurrence covering the entire west african and equatorial forest zone ( t . larsen pers . comm . 2009 ) . in addition to having a widespread distribution , the butterfly appears to be highly adaptable to secondary habitats , and is able to utilize a wide variety of larval host - plants . this makes it particularly robust to any threats arising across its range . this is clearly a species of least concern .
while specific quantitative population records are lacking for this forest butterfly , it is known to be one of the most common and ecologically adaptable members of the genus ( t . larsen pers . comm . 2009 ) .
this species is known in most of the west african and equatorial forest zone , occurring in forest at various altitudes , as well as heavy woodland ( t . larsen pers . comm . 2009 ) . the butterfly penetrates open country more effectively than any other member of the genus and is more at home in secondary habitats than in primary forest . occasional population explosions may give rise to mass migrations ( t . larsen pers . comm . 2009 ) .
. the larvae are communal and drop off the tree when interfered with ( t . larsen pers . comm . 2009 ) .
there are no major , immediate threats to this forest butterfly . the species is highly adaptable , and is common in secondary habitats as well as primary forest ( t . larsen pers . comm . 2009 ) . hence , the main regional threats of deforestation and forest degradation do not pose a significant threat to this widespread and robust species at present .
no species - specific conservation measures are currently in place or required for this common species .
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is distributed across the forested regions of africa from guinea to congo , uganda and zambia .
his species is found mainly in secondary forest and disturbed areas of primary forest .
on sunny mornings males spend their time high in the tree tops . later in the day they descend to bask on bushes and saplings , choosing spots where dappled sunlight filters through the canopy to the understorey .
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. most of the following specimens were caught within a 2 day period in august 2014 , when the migration of this species passed through bunia , drc . most are in rough shape , but hopefully the next time they pass through i ' ll be able to nab ones in better shape . ( also , sorry for the different lighting conditions , i ' ve been working on improving this . )
i ' d also be interested to know if anyone has further information on this species ' migratory behaviour .
also a good example on why a scientific collection has so many of the same species , though i think you ' ve gone over the top with so many gynandromorphs , i think just one would do , lol . . though i have noticed that one of your gynandromorphs appears to be half male and half male ! ! rich
also a good example on why a scientific collection has so many of the same species , though i think you ' ve gone over the top with so many gynandromorphs , i think just one would do , lol . . though i have noticed that one of your gynandromorphs appears to be half male and half male ! !
i guess you talk about the specimen in box 3 ! it is a perfect bilateral with male on the left side and female form conformis on the right side . . . very unusual
awesome ! ! thanks for sharing those pictures ! i knew you ' d have something interesting to add .
i would say that about 50 / 55 % are form adelina ( full orange brown ) and the proportion of the other females forms is well represented in box 4 and 5 . . .
interesting . . . i don ' t remember that form being the most common when they came through bunia . on the other hand , i was ignoring any specimen that wasn ' t sufficiently different from the ones i ' d previously caught . so , my memory is probably skewed .
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larsen tb . 2005 . butterflies of west africa . apollo books , stenstrup , denmark .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
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this species is known in most of the west african and equatorialforest zone , occurring in forest at various altitudes , as well as heavy woodland ( t . larsen pers . comm . 2009 ) . the butterfly penetrates open country more effectively than anyother member of the genus and is more at home in secondary habitats than in primary forest . occasional populationexplosions may give rise to mass migrations ( t . larsen pers . comm . 2009 ) .
. the larvae are communal and dropoff the tree when interfered with ( t . larsen pers . comm . 2009 ) .
the larvae feed on rawsonia usambarensis , rawsonia lucida , caloncoba gilgiana , caloncoba glauca , oncoba spinosa , oncoba welwitschii , lindaeckeria and uapaca species .
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helice is a genus of crabs , containing four species : helice formosensis rathbun , 1931 helice latimera parisi , 1918 helice tientsinensis rathbun , 1931 helice tridens ( de haan , 1835 )

helice ( genus )

genus : helice chambers , 1873 . can . ent . 5 : 187 . [ bhl ]
species delimitation and historical biogeography in the genus helice ( brachyura : varunidae ) in the northwestern pacific .
have a fact about helice ( genus ) ? write it here to share it with the entire community .
have a definition for helice ( genus ) ? write it here to share it with the entire community .
species delimitation and historical biogeography in the genus helice ( brachyura : varunidae ) in the northwestern pacific . - pubmed - ncbi
species helice latreilli edw . accepted as helice latreillei h . milne edwards , 1837 accepted as helice tridens ( de haan , 1835 )
species helice latreillei h . milne edwards , 1837 accepted as helice tridens ( de haan , 1835 )
species helice gaudichaudi h . milne edwards , 1853 accepted as neohelice granulata ( dana , 1851 )
species helice lucasi h . milne edwards , 1853 accepted as austrohelice crassa ( dana , 1851 )
species helice spinicarpa h . milne edwards , 1853 accepted as chasmagnathus convexus ( de haan , 1835 )
type - species : helice pallidochrella chambers , 1873 . can . ent . 5 : 188 . [ bhl ]
click on the first link on a line below to go directly to a page where
helice
is defined .
species helice japonica k . sakai & yatsuzuka , 1980 accepted as helicana japonica ( k . sakai & yatsuzuka , 1980 )
species helice pilimana a . milne - edwards , 1873 accepted as parahelice pilimana ( a . milne - edwards , 1873 )
helice chambers , 1873 , was placed on the official index of rejected and invalid generic names in zoology : name number 486 .
a junior homonym of helice de haan , [ 1833 ] , in siebold , fauna japon . ( crustacea ) : 5 ; [ 1835 ] , ibidem : 28 , - crustacea . there is no objective replacement name but helice chambers , 1873 , was placed by braun , 1919 , can . ent . 51 : 203 , as a senior subjective synonym of theisoa chambers , 1874 ; the latter is thus available for use as a subjective replacement name .
( of helice latreilli edw . ) bouvier , e . l . ( 1915 ) . decapodes marcheurs ( reptantia ) et stomatopodes recueillis a l ' ile maurice par m . paul carie . bull . scient . fr . belg . 3 ( 48 ) : 178 - 318 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
to barcode of life ( 2 barcodes ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 32 publications ) to biological information system for marine life ( bismal ) ( from synonym ocypode ( helice ) tridens de haan , 1835 ) to biological information system for marine life ( bismal ) to encyclopedia of life to genbank ( 6 nucleotides ; 3 proteins ) to mnhn crustaceans type collection ( syntype ( s ) : 2013 - 14768 ) ( from synonym cyclograpsus latreillii h . milne edwards , 1837 ) to usnm invertebrate zoology arthropoda collection ( 1 record )
hartnoll , r . g . ( 1975 ) . the grapsidae and ocypodidae ( decapoda : brachyura ) of tanzania . j . zool . london 177 , 305 - 328 [ details ]
database contains : 10 . 643 species ( 763 with photo ) , 1 . 682 genera , 124 families
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warning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .
yin w 1 , fu c , guo l , he q , li j , jin b , wu q , li b .
ministry of education key laboratory for biodiversity science and ecological engineering , institute of biodiversity science , fudan university , shanghai 200433 , china .
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lee sy . ( 1993 ) . invertebrate species new to science recorded from the mai po marshes nature marshes , hong kong . in : morton b , editor . proceedings of the first internationl conference on the marine biology of hong kong and the south china sea . the marine biology of the south china sea . hong kong university press , hong kong . 1 : pp 199 - 209 . [ details ]
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