merlucciidae are a family of cod-like fish , including most hakes .

they are native to cold water in the atlantic and pacific oceans , and typically found at depths greater than 50 metres ( 160 ft ) in subtropical , temperate , sub-arctic or sub-antarctic regions .

the best known species are in the genera macruronus and merluccius .

these are large , up to 1.55 m ( 5 ft 1 in ) in length ( though most only reach about half that length ) , predatory fish inhabiting the waters of the continental shelf and upper continental slope , where they feed on small fish such as lanternfishes .

several species are important commercial fish , for example the blue grenadier ( macruronus novaezelandiae ) that is fished in the southwest pacific and the north pacific hake ( merluccius productus ) that is fished off western north america .

merlucciidae

kento furui added the japanese common name
メルルーサ科
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merlucciidae
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dianne j . bray , southern hakes . . . , merlucciidae in fishes of australia , accessed 10 jul 2018 , urltoken
in order to describe the structure and evolution of merlucciidae and related gadiformes mitochondrial control region we analysed 470 bp of 31 taxa belonging to 28 different species . the general structure and conserved sequence blocks observed in gadiformes mitochondrial control region are similar to those present in other teleost fishes . the length of this segment is variable among related species due to the presence of numerous indels at domain i . domain ii is the most conserved region with a high g content . the gtggg - box is absent in all merluccius and seven other gadidae species . several methods of phylogenetic analyses has revealed the monophyly of gadiformes , gadinae and merlucciidae . merlucciidae is most closely related to gadidae . within merlucciidae , american and euroafrican clades show similar levels of differentiation to those within gadinae where trisopterus and micromesistius are sister taxa . genetic distance values for merluccius subspecies pairs are less than half of those between species , comparable to intra specific differentiation levels in marine fish species .
galleguillos , r . , troncoso , l . & oyarzún , c . ( 1999 ) evolutionary relationships in southern pacific hakes merluccius gayi , merluccius australis and merluccius hubbsi ( pisces : merlucciidae ) . revista chilena de historia natural , 72 , 315–324 .
lloris , d . , j . matallanas & p . oliver . 2005 . hakes of the world ( family merlucciidae ) . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of hake species known to date . fao species catalogue for fishery purposes . no . 2 . fao , rome 57 pp .
lindquist , d . c . , r . f . shaw & t . farooqi . 2006 . merlucciidae : hakes , pp . 633 in richards , w . j . ( ed ) . early stages of atlantic fishes : an identification guide for the western central north atlantic . crc press , taylor and francis group , boca raton , fl , 2640 pp .
inada , t . 1990 . family merlucciidae , pp . 319 - 345 in cohen , d . m . , t . inada , t . iwamoto & n . scialabba . fao species catalogue . vol . 10 . gadiform fishes of the world ( gadiformes ) . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of cods , hakes , grenadiers and other gadiform fishes known to date . fao fisheries synopsis no . 125 , vol . 10 . food and agriculture organization of the united nations , rome . 442pp .
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distribution : atlantic , eastern pacific , tasmania , and new zealand . dorsal fins 2 , except lyconodes with one . second dorsal fin and anal fin with a posterior notch . chin barbel lacking . small cycloid scales . teeth present on head of vomer . spinous first principal dorsal ray . mouth large and terminal ; long , pointed teeth in most species . a large v - shaped ridge appears on the upper side of the head . pelvic fin rays 7 - 10 . branchiostegal rays 7 . pyloric caeca absent . species of merluccius are voracious predators inhabiting the continental shelf and upper slope . the three species of macruronus live in large schools on the continental shelf in subantarctic waters .
latin , mare , maris = sea + latin lucius = pike ( ref . 45335 ) .
cohen , d . m . , t . inada , t . iwamoto and n . scialabba 1990
the list below must not be used as an authority reference synonymy list like those found in scientific published revisions , which must be the source to be used and cited eventually when they exist .
rather , it reflects the current content of fishbase , and the progress with respect to synchronization with the catalog of fishes . however , we think it can be useful for users to assess the quality of information in fishbase , to start new work on the family , or to cross - check with other lists .
but we appreciate to be cited in publications when this list has been of any working value . in particular , for published scientific , we suggest then to cite it in the material and method section as a useful tool to conduct the research , but again , not as a taxonomic or nomenclatural authority reference .
unless it is explicitly precised , the list is not complete , please search all original names published for the family in the catalog of fishes ( genera , species ) , including those with uncertain or unknown status , that are not included in fishbase when they are not attached to a valid species .
this list uses some data from catalog of fishes ( not shown but used to sort names ) .
in the column coff , the digit indicates the status of synchronization with coff : 0 : not checked ; 1 : same status ; 2 : different status ; 3 : other combination ; 4 : synonym in coff ; 5 : species / subspecies issue ; 6 : synonym of another species in coff ; 7 : not in coff ; 8 : should not be in coff . the coff version currently used is the one published on 23 - 07 - 2014 ( ref . 97102 ) .
when subfamilies are recognized , nominotypical subfamily first then other subfamilies by alphabetical order .
type genus of the family first ( or of subfamily when subfamilies are recognized ) then other genera by chronological order of description ( and alphabetical order ) .
type species of the genus first by chronological order ( and alphabetical order ) , with last listed misapplied names in a light gray font .
yan wong changed the thumbnail image of
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yan wong marked
file : gadus morhua - cod - 2 - atlanterhavsparken - norway . jpg
as trusted on the
gadus morhua
page .
jennifer hammock split the classifications by smithsonian type specimen data from gadus to their own page .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
a diverse family of commercially important fishes found worldwide , mostly in temperate southern waters .
small family with about 18 or more described species in 4 or 5 genera ; two described species in two genera are found in australian waters . with the exception of merluccius , researchers disagree about the placement of genera in this family .
found in temperate and cold - temperate waters throughout the atlantic and in parts of the pacific and indian oceans of both hemispheres . merluciids are most abundant on the continental slope in southern waters . they are benthic or benthopelagic fishes inhabiting the continental shelves and slopes in moderate to abyssal depths to 2500m , although juveniles are found in shallower waters .
body elongate , fusiform , compressed posteriorly , tapering in one subfamily ; head large , pointed , with a v - shaped dorsal ridge ; eye moderate to large , mouth large , terminal , oblique , lower jaw protruding slightly beyond upper ; jaws with well - developed , strong pointed teeth ; branchiostegal rays 7 , chin barbel absent . one or two dorsal fins , if two present , the first short - based , high , with spinous anterior elements , second long - based , somewhat bilobed in one genus , with a distinct or confluent caudal fin ; anal fin long - based , anterior rays spinous ; pelvic fin insertion slightly before or behind pectoral - fin insertion ; caudal fin either distinct , truncate to forked , or , tapering and confluent with dorsal and anal fins . scales small , cycloid , deciduous .
these active and voracious predators feed mainly on other fishes ( including myctophids , gadiform fishes and nototheniids ) , and on on squids , crustaceans and benthic invertebrates . species of the genus macruronus reportedly feed mostly on lanternfishes ( family myctophidae ) .
oviparous , spawn small , smooth , spherical , pelagic eggs , 0 . 8 - 1 . 2 mm diameter , oil globule single , yolk homogenous . larvae pelagic , tadpole - shaped at hatching , gut short with single loop exiting laterally rather than medially through finfold , eyes round , unpigmented , mouth non - functional , pigmentation well - developed ; caudal fin forms first . gradual transformation to juvenile stage is followed by a pelagic - juvenile stage . juveniles descend to the bottom in shallower continental shelf waters . blue grenadier , macruronus novaezelandiae , spawn in winter to early spring in deep continental slope waters ; juveniles are found in shallower water on the continental shelf and gradually move to deeper water , attaining sexual maturity at 3 years of age and about 60 cm fl .
many species of this commerically important family live in large schools and are marketed fresh , frozen and as fishmeal . the genera macruronus and merluccius support large targeted fisheries and are caught primarily by demersal trawl , but also with gillnets and longlines . blue grenadier ( macruronus novaezelandiae ) is fished year - round in southeastern australia , mostly in tasmanian and victorian waters from may to august , but also targeted extensively in new zealand and off south america . the flesh is good eating , especially when fresh ; imported mostly as hoki ( plus cod or hake ) from new zealand . hakes of the genus merluccius support large targeted fisheries and have a high market value . southern hake ( merluccius australis ) is targeted commercially off south america , and in multispecies fisheries in new zealand waters .
fahay , m . p . & d . f . markle . 1984 . gadiformes : development and relationships , pp . 265 - 283 in moser h . g . , w . j . richards , d . m . cohen , m . p . fahay , a . w . kendall , jr . & s . l . richardson ( eds ) . ontogeny and systematics of fishes . am . soc . ichthyol . herpetol . spec . publ . no . 1 .
howes , g . j . 1991 . anatomy , phylogeny and taxonomy of the gadoid fish genus macruronus günther , 1873 , with a revised hypothesis of gadoid phylogeny . bull . br . mus . ( nat . hist . ) zool . 57 ( 1 ) : 77 - 110 .
inada , t . 1981 . studies on the merlucciid fishes . bull . far seas fish . res . lab . 18 : 1 - 172 .
iwamoto , t . & d . m . cohen . 2003 . phycidae , gaidropsaridae , merluciidae , and gadidae . pp . 1005 - 1025 . in carpenter , k . e . ( ed . ) the living marine resources of the western central atlantic . volume 2 : bony fishes part 1 ( acipenseridae to grammatidae ) . fao species identification guide for fishery purposes and american society of ichthyologist and herpetologists special publication no . 5 . fao , rome .
matallanas , j . & d . lloris . 2006 . description of merluccius tasmanicus sp nov . and redescription of merluccius australis ( pisces : merluciidae ) . j . mar . biol . assoc . u . k . 86 : 193 - 199 .
punt , a . e . , d . c . smith , r . b . thomson , m . haddon , x . he & j . m . lyle . 2001 . stock assessment of the blue grenadier macruronus novaezelandiae resource off south - eastern australia . mar . freshwater res . 52 ( 4 ) : 701 - 717 .
cohen , daniel m . , tadashi inada , tomio iwamoto , and nadia scialabba
mecklenburg , catherine w . , t . anthony mecklenburg , and lyman k . thorsteinson
moore , jon a . , karsten e . hartel , james e . craddock , and john k . galbraith
nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h . espinosa - pérez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , et al . , eds .
full author list : nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , héctor espinosa - pérez , lloyd t . findley , carter r . gilbert , robert n . lea , and james d . williams
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
this page was last edited on 20 october 2015 , at 21 : 32 .
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learn how to say words in english correctly with emma saying free pronunciation tutorials . over 140 , 000 words were already uploaded . . . check them out ! visit my homepage : urltoken


the slender-billed white-eye ( zosterops tenuirostris ) is a species of bird in the family zosteropidae .

it is endemic to norfolk island .

its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests .

it is threatened by habitat loss .

slender - billed white - eye

other english names : long - billed silvereye or white - eye ; slender - billed white - eye ; grinnell .
nobody uploaded sound recordings for slender - billed white - eye ( zosterops tenuirostris ) yet .
robinson , d . ( 1988 ) . ecology and management of the scarlet robin , white - breasted white - eye and long - billed white - eye on norfolk island . report to australian national parks and wildlife service , canberra .
robinson , d . ( 1988 ) . ecology and management of the the scarlet robin , white - breasted white - eye and long - billed white - eye on norfolk island . report to the australian national parks and wildlife service , canberra .
the white - chested white - eye can be distinguished from the norfolk island white - eye by its slightly larger size , white throat and breast and darker and more extensive brown markings on the flanks ( higgins et al . , 2006 ) .
is grey on back and chest , has shorter , straighter bill , is less yellow overall . white - chested white - eye
the taxonomy presented here follows the international consensus in treating the norfolk island white - eye as a separate species .
van balen , b . ( 2018 ) . slender - billed white - eye ( zosterops tenuirostris ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
the norfolk island white - eye feeds in noisy flocks that move through the forest with much calling and agitation ( hermes 1985 ; hermes et al . 1986 ) . its appearance , behaviour and calls are generally similar to the silvereye , which occurs in the same habitats as the white - eye and with which the white - eye sometimes associates ( bell 1990 ; mees 1969 ; moore 1981 ; smithers & disney 1969 ) . the norfolk island white - eye is also similar in appearance and calls to the white - chested white - eye , which is thought to be extinct ( higgins et al . , 2006 ) . the norfolk island white - eye can be distinguished from the silvereye by its greater size , greyish back and underparts and longer , decurved bill ( hermes 1985 ; mees 1969 ) .
bell , b . d . ( 1990 ) . the status and management of the white - breasted white - eye and other birds on norfolk island . royal australasian ornithologists union , melbourne .
rooke , i . ( 1986 ) . survey of the white - breasted white - eye and the norfolk island boobook owl on nofolk island , october - november 1985 . raou report 20 . royal australasian ornithologists union , melbourne .
the majority of the norfolk island white - eye population occurs in and around the mount pitt section of norfolk island national park . the management plan for the park contains provisions for the management of all resident species , including norfolk island white - eye ( r . ward july 2005 , pers . comm . ) .
the norfolk island white - eye , zosterops tenuirostris , is not listed under the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 , or any state / territory government legislation .
the foraging behaviour of the white - eye and silvereye also differs , even at sites at which both species occur : the white - eye forages more often in native plant species and takes most of its food by probing bark and crevices of branches and trunks , whereas the silvereye uses exotic plants more often and forages mainly by gleaning from foliage ( bell 1990 ; gordon 1983 ; robinson 1988 ; rooke 1986 ; schodde et al . 1983 ) . the white - eye also appears to take less nectar than the silvereye ( bell 1990 ) .
there have been no confirmed records of cross - breeding between the norfolk island white - eye and other zosterops species . cross - breeding could potentially occur between the norfolk island white - eye and the silvereye z . lateralis , which colonised norfolk island in 1904 ( paynter 1967 ) . minor hybridisation may have occurred between the norfolk island white - eye and the immigrant silvereyes z . lateralis in the early stages of the 20th century ( gill 1970 ; grant 1978 ; mees 1969 ) , but there is no evidence of this now ( gill 1970 ; schodde & mason 1999 ) .
it has been recommended that the white - eye be introduced to phillip island once the vegetation there is considered capable of maintaining an introduced population ( bell 1990 ; garnett & crowley 2000 ; robinson 1988 ) .
at present , introduced predators probably pose the greatest potential threat to the white - eye population . rats and cats are common on norfolk island , even within the national park and other forested reserves ( bell 1990 ; robinson 1988 ) , and although the impact of predation upon the white - eye population is not known ( robinson 1988 ) , their small population size renders them vulnerable to any increase in predation pressure ( robinson 1988 ; rooke 1986 ) .
the calls of the two species are easily distinguished by experienced observers ( bell 1990 ) , with the white - eye said to have a higher pitched , wheezier and more sibilant call than the silvereye ( birdlife international 2000 ) .
no recovery or conservation plans exist specifically for the norfolk island white - eye although a multi species recovery plan is currently being prepared for the island by deh in consultation with norfolk island administration ( r . ward july 2005 , pers . comm . ) . both robinson ( 1988 ) and bell ( 1990 ) contain recommendations for the direction of conservation efforts for the species . as a resident of norfolk island national park , the white - eye is covered under norfolk island national park ' s plan of management .
the white - eye prefers to forage in native plants such as norfolk island pine , white oak , maple , beech , ironwood and norfolk island palm , but they will also use introduced species including eucalypts , red guava , african olive , lantana and wild tobacco solanum mauritianum . they nest in trees , shrubs and saplings ; nests have been recorded in eucalypts and ironwoods nestegis apetala .
gill , f . b . ( 1970 ) . hybridization in norfolk island white - eyes ( zosterops ) . condor . 72 : 481 - 2 .
at rocky point reserve , the white - eye inhabits regenerating forest consisting of norfolk island pines and a sparse understorey of native hardwoods ( mainly white oak ) and a few weed species ( rooke 1986 ; smithers & disney 1969 ) . the species has also been recorded in degraded pasture that had been invaded by thickets of woody weeds ( smithers & disney 1969 ) , though they typically avoid lower thickets as well as garden and forest edges ( schodde et al . 1983 ) .
13 - 14 cm . medium - sized , warbler - like bird with long , slightly decurved bill . sexes similar . greyish - brown upperparts , including head and flanks , with olive cast . white eye - ring . black lores . suffused olive - yellow upperwing - coverts . yellow - tinged undertail - coverts . grey bill , paler lower mandible .
the norfolk island white - eye population in norfolk island national park has been censused by having an observer walk a series of 250 m long transect routes through four different habitats , between 05 : 00 and 09 : 00 , at five to eight day intervals , and recording any birds within 20 m on either side of the transect ( robinson 1988 , 1997 ) .
the norfolk island white - eye is usually seen in small flocks of up to 20 birds , but has also been recorded singly and in pairs ( bell 1990 ; hermes 1985 ; mees 1969 ; moore 1981 , 1985 ; smithers & disney 1969 ) . it is sometimes seen in company with silvereyes ( moore 1981 ) . no data is available on territories or breeding dispersion .
13–15 cm ; 16–18 g . has black lores continuing under and behind medium - sized white eyering , latter interrupted at front by the black of lores ; forehead , crown , . . .
the norfolk island white - eye has been surveyed on five occasions : in 1978 , as part of the raou census of norfolk island ( schodde et al . 1983 ) ; and in 1985 , 1987 , 1989 and 1996 , during investigations of the status of native birds in norfolk island national park and at selected sites outside of the park ( bell 1990 ; robinson 1988 , 1997 ; rooke 1986 ) .
the norfolk island white - eye is non - migratory ; it is present on norfolk island throughout the year ( hermes 1985 ) . banding data suggests that they roam over small areas ; of 18 birds re - sighted after trapping during spring and early summer in 1987 , none were seen more than 60 m from the trapping sites , and some were observed near their trapping sites six weeks after banding ( robinson 1988 ) .
because the estimated total population size of the norfolk island white - eye is so small , all populations are important to the survival and recovery of the species . of particular importance is the population that occurs in and around the mount pitt section of norfolk island national park , which is the largest of the species ' populations on norfolk island ( bell 1990 ; hermes 1985 ; hermes et al . 1986 ; robinson 1988 , 1997 ; schodde et al . 1983 ) .
the norfolk island white - eye breeds from september to december ; eggs have been recorded in october and november ( hermes 1985 ; mathews 1928 ; mees 1969 ; north 1899 ; robinson 1988 ) . it builds a cup - shaped nest of moss , roots and grass , lined with hair , that is suspended by the rim from thin twigs or branchlets in trees , shrubs and saplings , including eucalypts eucalyptus spp . and ironwoods nestegis apetala ( bell 1990 ; hermes 1985 ; north 1899 ; robinson 1988 ) .
area of occupancy is estimated at 8 km² ( garnett & crowley 2000 ) . this estimate is considered to be of high reliability . though no baseline data exists , area of occupancy has apparently declined since european settlement due to the degradation and clearing of habitat ( smithers & disney ) ; and recent studies show that area of occupancy is still decreasing today ( garnett & crowley 2000 ) . in the past century the white - eye has disappeared from several sites throughout the central and eastern parts of norfolk island , e . g . ball bay , steels point , and near burnt pine and point blackbourne .
the norfolk island white - eye occurs only on norfolk island ( christidis & boles 1994 ; mees 1969 ; paynter 1967 ; sibley & monroe 1990 ) , where it occurs mainly in areas of tall , native forest ( hermes 1985 ; mills 2003 ; schodde et al . 1983 ) . the largest numbers are found in and around the mount pitt section of norfolk island national park , in the north - west corner of the island ( bell 1990 ; hermes 1985 ; hermes et al . 1986 ; robinson 1988 , 1997 ; schodde et al . 1983 ) . it is recorded only at scattered sites elsewhere on the island ( bell 1990 ; robinson 1988 , 1997 ; schodde et al . 1983 ) , including at rocky point reserve on the south - west coast , where it is common ( hermes 1985 ; hermes et al . 1986 ; mills 2003 ; robinson 1988 ) . there have been no recent records from the eastern side of the island ( bell 1990 ; mills 2003 ; robinson 1997 ) .
they show a preference for foraging in native plant species , such as norfolk island pine , white oak , maple , beech , ironwood and norfolk island palm ( bell 1990 ; gordon 1983 ; robinson 1988 ) , though they will occasionally feed on introduced plants including red guava , eucalypts , african olive , lantana and wild tobacco ( robinson 1988 ) . the preference for foraging in native vegetation makes them vulnerable to habitat modification and the replacement of indigenous plants by introduced species ( robinson 1988 ) .
these birds are highly mobile with movement possibly driven by food sources and shelter requirements which would change regularly as the island is subject to winds from all quarters . when an owl is disturbed in daylight hours it is not unusual for white - eyes in the immediate area to attempt to harass the owl out of their area . the noise they make whilst pressuring the owl attracts many other individuals which observers would otherwise not see or be aware of ( r . ward july 2005 , pers comm . ) .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
christidis , l . and boles , w . e . 2008 . systematics and taxonomy of australian birds . csiro publishing , collingwood , australia .
this species is listed as near threatened because although it has a very small range and population on a single island ( and has declined historically ) , its population is estimated to have been stable for several decades . it has not been significantly affected by introduced predators , including rats , and therefore there is not thought to be any plausible threat likely to lead to very rapid future declines . if such a plausible future threat were to be identified it would warrant classification as vulnerable .
, where it is thought to number c . 4 , 500 mature individuals . the species is mostly restricted to the norfolk island national park but is also found in the botanic garden and one hundred acres reserve ( m . christian
2016 ) . it underwent declines since the 1960s , particularly outside the park , which continued in the period 1987 - 1997 , however numbers since appear to have stabilised .
a survey in 2010 estimated a population of c . 4 , 000 birds in the national park on the basis of 74 records in point counts at a density of c . 900 / km
the species has been declining since the 1960s , particularly outside the norfolk island national park , a decline which has continued in the period from 1987 to 1997 ( garnett and crowley 2000 ) . numbers are since thought to have stabilised , as a 2010 survey found detected similar numbers along transects to previous surveys ( garnett
it lives in rainforest and tall secondary growth . it uses its long , down - curved bill to probe fissures in bark for insects , although it also takes fruit , including those of exotic species . it is also observed feeding on nectar from flowers of the endemic
the species has gradually disappeared from all parts of the island that have been extensively cleared for timber , cultivation , pasture and continued development ( m . christian
. this species is also presently threatened by the replacement of cleared native forest with invasive weeds ( m . christian
the norfolk island national park was declared in 1986 , encompassing most of the main remaining stands of native trees on the island . rat baiting and cat trapping is carried out within its boundaries . in 2006 , it was noted that control measures for rats were budget - constrained and limited in their effectiveness ( s . garnett
. responsible cat ownership is being encouraged , through sponsorship of a cat neutering clinic . the norfolk island region threatened species recovery plan ( director of national parks 2010 ) recommends a set of recovery measures required to reduce or remove threats to native species on the island . rabbits have been removed from phillip island .
monitor trends in the population through analysis of birdwatchers ' records . consider introducing the species to phillip island . eliminate mammalian predators from areas in which there is strong community support ( m . christian
2016 ) , and prevent reintroduction ( director of national parks 2010 ) . carry out research into the impacts of introduced predators ( m . christian
. the idea of installing a predator - proof fence around the national park , hundred acre reserve and other important areas of habitat was once proposed but hasn ' t gained traction , likely due to the costs and maintenance this would involve ( m . christian
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recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : zosterops tenuirostris . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
closely related to z . lateralis ; extinct † z . strenuus ( formerly occurring on lord howe i ) sometimes treated as conspecific with present species . monotypic .
sept–dec . nest a cup - shaped structure composed of mosses , fibrous roots and grasses , lined with hair , suspended by rim from thin . . .
endangered . restricted - range species : present in norfolk island eba . confined to small island of norfolk , less than 35 km² in extent , where moderately abundant in its . . .
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internal structure much clarified by recent genetic studies # r # r , which also show that speirops and woodfordia do not represent monophyletic assemblages and are best subsumed within present genus ; one species previously included herein ( wallacei ) is better transferred to heleia .
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hbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .
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for information to assist regulatory considerations , refer to policy statements and guidelines , the conservation advice , the listing advice and / or the recovery plan .
the action plan for australian birds 2010 ( garnett , s . , j . szabo & g . dutson , 2011 ) .
listed as near threatened ( global status : iucn red list of threatened species : 2017 . 1 list )
at present , the extent of occurrence is considered stable based on documented data ( garnett & crowley 2000 ) .
these birds are highly mobile and there would need to be a lot of monitoring to get a reliable perspective on their numbers ( r ward july 2005 , pers . comm . ) .
this species occurs at only one location , norfolk island . a single threatening event such as the introduction of a predator , wildfire or severe storm activity may affect all individuals present .
the species ' distribution on the island is severely fragmented by cleared land such as farmland and the airstrip which does not provide suitable habitat for this forest - dwelling bird ( garnett & crowley 2000 ; r . ward july 2005 , pers . comm . ) .
the total population size of the species has most recently been estimated at 2000 breeding birds . however , this estimate is considered to be of low reliability ( garnett & crowley 2000 ) . no attempt at surveying populations of these birds has been made in recent times ( r . ward july 2005 , pers . comm . ) .
generation length is estimated at three years . this estimate is considered to be of low reliability due to a lack of reliable life history data ( garnett & crowley 2000 ) .
there is no information on ages of sexual maturity or natural mortality . one adult banded at norfolk island was recaptured at its banding place more than 13 months after banding ( unpublished data from australian bird and bat banding scheme in higgins et al . , 2006 ) .
clutch - size is said to range from two to six ( basset hull 1909a ; hermes 1985 ; mathews 1928 ; mees 1969 ; north 1899 ; robinson 1988 ) . the eggs are pale blue , slightly glossy and elongated oval in shape , and measure 19 . 5 - 23 . 2 x 13 . 5 - 16 . 3 mm ( basset hull 1909a ; mathews 1928 ; mees 1969 ; north 1899 ) . one nest appeared to have been preyed upon by rats ( bell 1990 ) .
recovery objectives should focus on maintaining a viable population on norfolk island , with a view to introducing the species to phillip island in the future ( garnett & crowley 2000 ) .
control of introduced predators in norfolk island national park through rat baiting and cat trapping .
encouragement of responsible cat ownership through sponsorship of a cat de - sexing clinic . there is also support for a ban on the importation of reproductively - capable cats .
the conservation of remaining suitable habitat and the restoration or creation of suitable habitat through the removal of introduced weeds and the encouragement of native tree - planting programmes on both norfolk and phillip islands . this is critical and is occurring in the national park including phillip island .
the introduction of birds to phillip island once revegetation is established . to be assessed when vegetation has advanced to provide for the species ' requirements .
the implementation of co - operative rodent control programs across norfolk island , with the aim of eradicating rats from the island .
enhancement of the current rat baiting and cat trapping programs on norfolk island and monitoring of their efficacy and the need for this to be undertaken beyond the national park area .
gordon , m . ( 1983 ) . feeding ecology of two silvereyes zosterops lateralis and zosterops tenuirostris on norfolk island with different bill sizes . unpublished report , wildlife management department , south australian college of advanced education .
anpws ( 1994 ) . plan of managment norfolk island national park and norfolk island botanic garden . australian national parks and wildlife service . australian national parks and wildlife service .
basset hull , a . f . ( 1909a ) . the birds of lord howe and norfolk islands . in : proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales . 34 : 636 - 93 .
birdlife international ( 2000 ) . threatened birds of the world . barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk : . birdlife international and lynx edicions .
christidis , l . & w . e . boles ( 1994 ) . the taxonomy and species of birds of australia and its territories . royal australasian ornithologists union monograph 2 . melbourne , victoria : royal australasian ornithologists union .
garnett , s . t . & g . m . crowley ( 2000 ) . the action plan for australian birds 2000 . canberra , act : environment australia and birds australia . available from : urltoken .
gordon , m . ( 1983 ) . feeding ecology of two silvereyes , zosterops lateralis and zosterops tenuirostris , on norfolk island with different bill sizes . unpublished report . wildlife management department , south australian college of advanced education .
grant , p . r . ( 1978 ) . recent evolution of zosterops lateralis on norfolk island , australia . canadian journal of zoology . 56 : 1624 - 6 .
hermes , n . ( 1985 ) . birds of norfolk island . wonderland publications , norfolk island .
hermes , n . , o . evans & b . evans ( 1986 ) . norfolk island birds : a review . notornis . 33 : 141 - 149 .
higgins , p . j . , j . m . peter and s . j . cowling ( 2006 ) . boatbill to starlings . in : the handbook of australian , new zealand and antarctic birds . 7 . melbourne : oxford press .
mathews , g . m . ( 1928 ) . the birds of norfolk and lord howe islands and the australasian south polar quadrant . h . f . & g . witherby , london .
mees , g . f . ( 1969 ) . a systematic review of the indo - australian zosteropidae ( part iii ) . zoologische verhandelingen . 102 : 1 - 390 .
mills , k . ( 2003 ) . a survey of the birds of norfolk island - unpublished report .
moore , j . l . ( 1981 ) . norfolk island notes 1971 to 1980 . notornis . 28 : 50 - 56 .
moore , j . l . ( 1985 ) . norfolk island notes . notornis . 32 : 311 - 318 .
north , a . j . ( 1899 ) . nests and eggs of birds found breeding on lord howe and norfolk islands . australian museum catalogue . 12 : 407 - 416 .
paynter , r . a . ( 1967 ) . check - list of birds of the world . paynter , r . a . , ed . 12 . museum of comparative zoology , cambridge , massachusetts .
robinson , d . ( 1997 ) . an evaluation of the status of the norfolk island robin following rat - control and weed - control works in the norfolk island national park .
schodde , r . & i . j . mason ( 1999 ) . the directory of australian birds : passerines . melbourne , victoria : csiro .
schodde , r . , p . fullagar & n . hermes ( 1983 ) . a review of norfolk island birds : past and present . australian national parks and wildlife service special publication . 8 .
sibley , c . g . & b . l . monroe ( 1990 ) . distribution and taxonomy of the birds of the world . new haven , connecticut : yale university press .
smithers , c . n . & h . j . disney ( 1969 ) . the distribution of terrestrial and freshwater birds on norfolk island . australian zoologist . 15 : 127 - 140 .
department of the environment , water , heritage and the arts ( dewha ) ( 2008zzp ) . non - current threat abatement plan for predation by feral cats . department of the environment , water , heritage and the arts . available from : urltoken . in effect under the epbc act from 01 - oct - 2008 . ceased to be in effect under the epbc act from 23 - jul - 2015 .
garnett , s . , j . szabo & g . dutson ( 2011 ) . the action plan for australian birds 2010 . csiro publishing . available from : urltoken .
epbc act email updates can be received via the communities for communities newsletter and the epbc act newsletter .
citation : department of the environment ( 2018 ) . zosterops tenuirostris in species profile and threats database , department of the environment , canberra . available from : urltoken . accessed tue , 10 jul 2018 04 : 38 : 28 + 1000 .
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, where it is thought to number c . 4 , 500 mature individuals , mostly restricted to the norfolk island national park . it underwent declines since the 1960s , particularly outside the park , which continued in the period 1987 - 1997 , however numbers since appear to have stabilised .
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