the caspian snowcock ( tetraogallus caspius ) is a snowcock in the pheasant family phasianidae of the order galliformes , gallinaceous birds .

it is found in the mountains of eastern turkey , armenia , azerbaijan and throughout the alborz mountains of northern iran .

it breeds at altitudes from 1,800 – 3,000 m ( 5,900 – 9,800 ft ) on bare stony ground with some alpine scrub .

it nests in a bare ground scrape and lays 6 – 9 greenish eggs , which are incubated only by the female .

its diet consists of seeds and vegetable matter .

it forms small flocks when not breeding .

caspian snowcock

a caspian snowcock walks on a rocky crag near the chromium mine in the aladag mountain area near çukurbag .
a caspian snowcock walks on a rocky crag near the chromium mine in the aladag mountain area near çukurbag . | peter horrell photography
turkey july 21 2011 : a caspian snowcock walks on a rocky crag near the chromium mine in the aladag mountain area near çukurbag . copyright 2011 peter horrell
a pair of caspian snowcock feeding on a slope . vayots dzor mountains , armenia . other birds heard in the background : cuckoo , mistle thrush , black redstart , wren , red - billed chough , red - fronted serin .
some of the rarest western palearctic birds require a lot of effort and determination to see them . russell slack recounts a trip in july to see one of the rarest resident species , caspian snowcock , an denizen of the mountains of turkey and adjoining countries .
the state game reserve of the glinani ( clay ) island was established on an island in the caspian sea near the apsheron peninsula . it is referred to as a fauna type of protected area and serves to protect migratory and wintering waterfowl birds , sea - gull colonies and caspian seal rookeries .
established upon decree of the supreme assembly of the autonomous republic of nakhchyvan of june 22 , 2009 . purpose : conservation of nature complexes or their components , to keep an ecologic balance . location : territories along dereleyi range ( administrative territories of districts of sharur , kangarli , babek and shahbuz ) . area : 68911 ha . vegetation : juniper , himantoglossum formosum , iris . animals : leopard , polecat , bezoar goat , moufflon , caspian snowcock , bearded eagle .
mcgowan , p . j . k . , kirwan , g . m . & boesman , p . ( 2018 ) . caspian snowcock ( tetraogallus caspius ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
description location and general description this ecoregion covers the lenkoran lowland and talysh mountains of southeast azerbaijan and adjoining territories of northwest iran along the caspian shoreline . part of the iranian - turanian biogeographic subregion , this area represents the hyrcanian refuge of tertiary flora representatives .
several hundred bird species are found here . some examples are the graylag goose ( anser anser ) , white - fronted goose ( anser albifrons ) , little bustard ( otis tetrax ) , glossy ibis ( plegadis falcinellus ) , eurasian spoonbill ( platalea leucorodia ) , night heron ( nycticorax nycticorax ) , red - breasted goose ( branta ruficollis ) , peregrine falcon ( falco peregrinus ) , pelecanidae , buff - backed heron ( bubulcus ibis = ardeola ibis ) , squacco heron ( ardeola ralloides ) , greater flamingo ( phoenicopterus roseus ) , white - headed duck ( oxyura leucocephala ) , and caspian snowcock ( tetraogallus caspius ) .
the lenkoran region occupies lowland areas on the southwestern coast of the caspian sea . a peculiar , semi - subtropical climate with prolonged summer draughts and heavy precipitation in other seasons of the year is typical for this region . the annual average temperature is + 140c , and precipitation ranges from 900 - 1600 mm increasing from south to north .
justification of ecoregion delineation this ecoregion includes the south caspian coastal plain and northern slopes of the elburz mountains at lower altitudes . ecoregion boundaries were defined using hyrcanian and sub - hyrcanian mesic forests from zohary’s ( 1973 ) geobotanical map of the middle east . there is a strong correspondence to the hyrcanian forests in davis et al . ( 1994 ) .
has been included with t . caucasicus and t . himalayensis in a “dark - bellied snowcock” group . races intergrade , and all three may be merely extremes of clinal variation # r ; species has been treated as monotypic # r . race tauricus should not be confused with another proposed taxon of identical name ( tauricus buturlin , 1933 ) , but with different type and type locality ( caucasus ; clearly in error ) # r # r . three subspecies recognized .
the caspian tiger ( panthera tigris virgata ) is now extinct . other mammals which still inhabit the area are critically endangered leopard ( panthera pardus ciscaucasica ) , lynx ( lynx lynx ) , brown bear ( ursus arctos ) , wild boar ( sus scrofa ) , wolf ( canis lupus ) , jackal ( c . aureus ) , jungle cat ( felis chaus ) , badger ( meles meles ) , and otter ( lutra lutra ) .
the mixed forests of the southern coast of the caspian sea represent a key habitat for many different species of avifauna . migratory species visit the area on stopovers between russia and africa . other species , such as little bustard ( otis tetrax ) , peregrine falcon ( falco peregrinus ) , and squacco heron ( ardeola ralloides ) use it as breeding grounds . hyrcanian forests are relicts from the tertiary . consequently , they are rich in relic and endemic plant species . several protected areas such as the gizil - agach strict nature reserve , the zuvand conservation area and girkan strict nature reserve have been set up to protect threatened flora and fauna . habitat destruction for agriculture use is the main threat to the ecoregion .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
aerc tac . 2003 . aerc tac checklist of bird taxa occurring in western palearctic region , 15th draft . available at : urltoken _ the _ wp15 . xls # .
justification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size may be moderately small to large , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the european population is estimated at 4 , 500 - 10 , 800 pairs , which equates to 9 , 100 - 21 , 700 mature individuals ( birdlife international 2015 ) . europe forms approximately 55 % of the global range so a very preliminary estimate of the global population is 16 , 500 - 39 , 500 mature individuals although further validation of this estimate is needed . the population is therefore placed in the band 16 , 000 - 39 , 999 mature individuals . trend justification : the population is declining owing to habitat degradation caused by over - grazing and , in azerbaijan , conflict and also over - hunting throughout much of its range ( del hoyo et al . 1994 ) . the population trend in europe is unknown ( birdlife international 2015 ) .
the following information refers to the habitats of the european population only . the species uses meadows in the sub - alpine and alpine zones between altitudes of 2 , 400 and 4 , 000 m ( tucker and heath 1994 ) and occasionally down to 1 , 800 m . birds are found on steep slopes lacking snow cover and gorges and crags with patches of snow and some herb and grass cover ( mcgowan 1994 ) . birds prefer south - facing slopes in summer and north - facing ones in winter . during winter they avoid areas with a covering of snow and use open ground with steppe - like vegetation instead ( tucker and heath 1994 ) . courtship usually begins in april , with laying in late april and may . typically five to nine eggs are laid ( mcgowan 1994 ) . nests are found on steep slopes in the open , beneath overhanging rocks , amongst stones or in tufts of grass ( tucker and heath 1994 ) . birds feed exclusively on plant material , particularly legumes , feeding on bulbs , flowers , fruit and seeds ( baziev 1978 ) . the species is mainly sedentary and in some areas does not even descend to lower altitudes during heavy snowfall . however some altitudinal movement has been observed in turkey ( mcgowan 1994 ) .
in europe its alpine habitat is threatened by overgrazing , which is easily reached by shepherds with guns , and with their sheep and dogs . in 1993 most of the species ' s range in azerbaijan was suffering with intensive military activity , and it was feared that poaching and the spread of long range firearms could have drastic effects ( mcgowan et al . 2015 ) .
conservation actions underway least concern ( fuller et al . 2000 ) . mace - lande : vulnerable . cites i although it is proposed for downgrading to appendix ii ( anon 2012 ) . included on ussr red list in 1978 . considered vulnerable in turkey ( kirwan et al . 2010 ) , as well as georgia , where the population , at the edge of the species ' s range is believed to be very small . the species is found in five important bird areas in armenia , five in azerbaijan , four in georgia and six in turkey ( anon 2012 ) . conservation actions proposed habitat protection is needed and an extensive survey should aim to locate healthy populations in turkey . species does not adapt well to captivity ( mcgowan et al . 1995 ) .
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i ' m very happy to share this sound after couple of months . this sound and the species is very important in my life and as sure i will never forget .
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size may be moderately small to large , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : tetraogallus caspius . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
( s . g . gmelin , 1784 ) – w azerbaijan and nw iran e to s transcaspia .
55–61 cm ; male 2500–2684 g , female 1800–2344 g ; wingspan 95–105 cm . similar to
territorial call a repeated , far - carrying , drawn - out modulated whistle , “wu - oo - wee - lee - uh” , with a . . .
mountain slopes , mostly from 2400 m up to snowline , but in some places down to 1800 m , and up to . . .
lays in late apr and may ; courtship usually begins in apr . believed to be monogamous . nests in the open or under a rocky overhang , in a . . .
mainly sedentary , but some altitudinal movement recorded in turkey . in some areas does not descend . . .
not globally threatened ( least concern ) . mace lande : vulnerable . cites i . included on ussr red list in 1978 . poorly known : based on extent of available habitat and abundance . . .
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includes , in tetraonini , all taxa that have commonly been separated in families meleagrididae and tetraonidae .
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huge snow partridge found only in alpine and subalpine zones . appears gray overall with fine red - brown , yellow - brown , and black markings on wing coverts and underparts . chin and throat white , with gray cheek stripe and necklace . upper breast bluish - gray sparsely spotted with brown . white wing stripe very conspicuous in flight . females and juveniles smaller , more yellowish - brown on head and neck .
glides rapidly down slopes on stiff wings before landing on broken rocky ground where very difficult to see ; walks slowly back uphill , feeding along the way . sunbathes on huge boulders . usually indicates presence with a loud piercing whistle , audible for up to one kilometer .
steep alpine meadows with numerous rock outcroppings and stony slopes . occurs at 2400 - 3900m , remaining at high elevations even during winter .
cup of dry grass lined with feathers , usually placed under overhanging rock , in crevice , or within tussock of grass .
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status . a vulnerable species of low numbers . listed in the red data book of the former ussr . listed in the iucn red list of threatened species ( ver . 3 . 1 ) as least concern . according to iucn criteria categorized as vulnerable vu b1a + 2a ; c2a ( i ) ; d1 .
distribution . the subspecies is distributed in southern and eastern turkey , lesser caucasus and south caucasus , azerbaijan and northwestern iran .
distribution in armenia . occurs in almost all upland landscapes with cliffs and rocks .
habitats . lives in high mountains , on steep slopes with rocky outcrops at 2500–3500 m above sea level .
biological traits . nestles on the ground , beneath the stones . lays eggs once a year , 5–8 / clutch . feeds on plants , searching for them on slopes .
population size and its trends . available information is insufficient to judge about the population size . the population density is 0 . 05 individuals / ha on the zangezur ridge and twice as lower on the vardenis , pambak and bazum ridges .
major threats . overgrazing , disturbance inflicted by plant gatherers and shepherd dogs , poaching .
conservation measures . habitats are partly protected in khosrov forest reserve and shikahogh reserve . listed in appendix i of the cites . it is essential to reconsider the approaches of livestock grazing in uplands , strengthen anti–poaching activities and to raise local awareness . it looks expedient to establish seasonal sanctuaries or temporary safety zones .
the territory of the talysh region is formed from paleogenic volcanic and volcanogenic - sedimentary deposits . sulfate - carbonate and hydrocarbon mineral thermal springs are common in this region . hyrcanian forests are relicts from the tertiary . consequently , they are rich in relic and endemic species .
lowland has been covered by alder ( alnus barbata ) forests : now this areas are almost totally under agricultural and urban lands . characteristic vegetation on the talysh mountain consists of humid oak forests rich in relic and endemic species . for instance , quercus castaneifolia with parrotia persica , zelkova carpinifolia , albizzia julibrissin , diospiros lotus , etc . with shrubs / semi - shrubs ilex hyrcana , ruscus hyrcanus , danaë racemosa , and lianas - smilax excelsa , hedera pastuchowii , etc . are found in the lower mountain zone . these are replaced by oriental beech forests ( fagus orientalis ) in the middle mountains . upper mountain - subalpine elevations are occupied by steppes and xeric dwarf semi - shrubs ( prilipko , 1970 ) and oriental oak ( quercus macranthera ) which is also characteristic for the elburz mountains . alpine meadows occur at the highest elevations .
biodiversity features the distinctive forests of this region include many range - restricted species as quercus castaneifolia , zelkova carpinifolia , parrotia persica , albizzia julibrissin , buxus hyrcana , danaë racemosa , etc . the region is outstanding for its rich agrobiodiversity with numerous endemic cultivated taxa .
current status the natural landscape has been considerably altered by intensive agriculture development . tea , vegetables , subtropical fruit , and vine production are main agricultural activities ( azerbaijan 1997 ) . the most important protected protected areas areas in azarbaijan part of this ecoregion are : the gizil - agach strict nature reserve ( 88 , 400 ha wetlands and marine area , designated to protect waterfowl ) , the zuvand conservation area ( 15 , 000 ha , mountain meadows and forests , designated to protect game birds , bear , leopard , and rare reptiles ) , and the girkan strict nature reserve ( 3 , 000 ha , humid thermophilous hyrcanian forests , designated to protect the unique plant communities rich in relic and endemic species ) ( vinogradov et al . 1990 ; gasanov , 1990 ) .
types and severity of threats the main threats to this ecoregion are agriculture , unsustainable forestry practices , and poaching .
references azerbaijan . 1997 . state of the environment report . state committee for the environment , and undp , baku .
davis , s . d . , v . h . heywood , and a . c . hamilton , editors . 1994 . centres of plant diversity : a guide and strategy for their conservation . volume 1 . wwf and iucn , cambridge , uk . europe , africa , sw asia , middle east
gasanov , kh . n . 1990 . girkan strict nature resrve ( zapovednik ) . zapovedniks of the caucasus . publishing house
misl
, moscow .
millington s . , and r . gokhelashvili . 2000 . biodiversity assessment for azerbaijan . report to usaid . chemonics international inc , washington , dc .
world wildlife fund 1250 24th street , n . w . washington , dc 20037
the state game reserve of barda established on the base of the ayridjan protected area , which had existed since 1930 on forestry lands . the main purpose of the area is the preservation and restoration of the number of phasianus , francolinus and hare . this protected area is reffered to as a fauna type area .
within the territory of sheki administrative district , at the basin of the river ayrichay , between the roads yevlakh - sheki and sheki - oghuz .
it is referred to as a fauna type of protected area , and serves to protect and restore the number of pheasants ( phasianus ) and other valuable birds .
the state game reserve of bandovan is referred to as of the fauna type and has been established for the protection and restoration of the number of persian gazelle ( gazella sulgutturosa ) , waterfowl birds and little bustard ( otis tetrax ) . it borders the shirvan national park . in its fauna and flora it is similar to the shirvan park .
state game reserve of gerchay was established for the protection of the population of persian gazelle ( gazella sulgutturosa ) .
the state game reserve of lachin создан was established for the preservation and restoration of the number of bezoar goat ( capra aegagrus ) , caucasian brown bear , wild boar and hare . at present the territory of the game reserve is under occupation .
the state game reserve of gusar was established for the preservation and restoration of the number of grey partridge ( perdix perdix ) , pheasants ( phasianus ) , roe , wild boar and hare .
the state game reserve of shamkir was established for the preservation and restoration of the number of pheasants ( phasianus ) , francolinus francolinus , partridge ( alektoris kakelik ) , waterfowl birds .
the state game reserve of zuvand was established for the protection and restoration of the number of pheasant ( phasianus ) , partridge ( alectoris kakelik ) , roe , wild boar , transcaucasian brown bear , leopard and rare reptile species .
the state game reserve of ismailli was established for the protection and restoration of the number of caucasian red deer , chamois , goat , roe , wild boar , transcaucasian brown bear , marten , caucasian black cock , tetraogallus and others . the flora and fauna are similar to those of the ismailli reserve .
the state game reserve of gubadly was established for the preservation and restoration of the number of caucasian brown bear , bezoar goat ( capra aegagrus ) , wild boar , roe and others . at present the territory of the game reserve is under occupation .
within the territory of lankaran administrative district , in the middle and south parts of the small gyzyl - agach bay .
the state game reserve of small gyzyl - agach was established for the portection and restoration of the number of wintering , migrating , and wintering waterfowl - wader and coastal birds , including rare and endangered species . it borders the gyzyl - agach reserve and has similar flora and fauna .
within the territory of gedabey administrative district , in the area of the gyzylja forestry .
the state game reserve of gyzylja was established for the protection and restoration of natural complexes on the eastern slopes of the minor caucasian ridge , also for the restoration of the number of rare and endemic species of plants and animals .
within the territory of shusha administrative district , in the outskirts of shusha city .
the state game reserve of dashalty was established for the preservation of the unique natural complex and landscape of the minor caucasus . from 1992 it is under occupation and was severely damaged during the military operations .
the state game reserve of arazboyu was established for the protection and restoration of the unique natural complexes of the araks tugay forests . at present it is under occupation and is only on the verge of complete degradation .
the state game reserve of gabala was established for the preservation of forest landscapes on the southern slopes of the major caucasus ridge and the restoration of the number of rare and endangered species of flora and fauna .
within the territory of gakh administrative district , on the border with the ilisu state reserve .
the state game reserve of gakh was established for protection of endangered species of animals .
within the territory of agstafa administrative district , in the area of garayazi forests .
the state game reserve of garayazi - agstafa was established for protection of forest landscapes , animals and birds . there are marals , wild boars , wolves , foxes and hares .
restrictions : hunting and fishery of protected fauna species conservation values : endemic species and unique flora and fauna hirkan public game reserve was established in december 2005 within 2252 hectares on the basis of forest fund in administrative territories of districts of lankaran and astara . the key goal is the preservation of forests adjoining hirkan national park , the routes of migration of unique and endangered animals included in the red list of the republic of azerbaijan , integrity of ecosystem and biodiversity in those areas . important species leopard , a large number of endemic species , sub - tropical forests , ironwood .
zagatala public game reserve was established in november 2008 within 6557 hectares on the basis of summer pastures , forest fund of the forest conservation and restoration agency of balakan district in administrative territories of districts of zagatala and balakan . the key objective is coverage of the unified ecosystem in the areas neighboring zagatala public reserve , protection of biodiversity , the routes of migration of unique and endangered animals .
rvarud public game reserve was established by the order of the cabinet of ministers of the republic of azerbaijan of october 2 , 2009 within 510 hectares in the district of lerik .
year of foundation : july 18 , 1969 ( 40 000 ha ) as ordubad state nature sanctuary , in june 16 , 2003 12 131 ha was given to ordubad national park .
established in july 1969 in ordubad district of the autonomous republic of nakhchyvan . 12131 hectares of administrative territory of ordubad district was declared a national park upon the order of the president of the republic of azerbaijan of june 16 , 2003 . the game reserve covers 27869 hectares . the goal is to preserve such unique and precious animals in the area as bezoar goat , chamois , rock squirrel , wolf , jackal , fox , turaj , partridge , pheasant , quail , wood - pigeon . important species black francolin , chucar , wood pigeon , quail , pheasant , bezoar goat , marten , wolf , jackal , fox , leopard .
established on september 23 , 2005 upon order of the speaker of the supreme assembly of the autonomous republic of nakhchyvan . purpose : conservation of nature complexes or their components , to keep an ecologic balance . location : territories along araz river ( administrative territories of districts of sederek , sharur , kangarli , babek , julfa and ordubad ) . area : 9118 ha . vegetation : araz oak , celtis , iris . animals : curly - feather and pink pelicans , spoonbill , bearded eagle , cane cat , manul cat .
it should be noted that two state natural reserves ( beshitchay and gara gol ) and four state reserves ( lachyn , gubadly , dashalty , arazboylu ) ( total area of 44 thousand hectares ) are no longer operating as a result of the armenian aggression .


renea moutonii s a species of land snail with an operculum , a terrestrial gastropod mollusk in the family aciculidae .

this species is endemic to france .

renea moutonii

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reports for liguria from before 1989 not verified and uncertain . falkner et al . 2002 : 68 reported findings of intermediate forms and local gradients connecting moutonii and singularis , ripkeni being an intermediate form along a local gradient . they recognised only one single species , r . moutonii , and regarded singularis as a synonym . references : boeters et al . 1989 : 195 , falkner et al . 2002 : 68 , urltoken ( 07 . 2012 ) , welter - schultes 2012 : 84 ( range map ) .
shell light horny brown , finely ribbed ( 50 - 75 ribs / penultimate whorl ) , 6 - 7 . 5 moderately convex whorls , last 3 whorls almost equal in diameter , aperture with weak sinulus , no angularis , margin very oblique / and c - shaped in lateral view , in some populations with an exaggerated sinulus ( a p - like opening at the suture in the last quarter of the last whorl ) , no cervical callus , but the aperture is slightly reflected at the basal side . locally variable , with spatial gradients . diameter larger than in renea bourguignatiana and renea paillona .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
gland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .
the value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .
a recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .
justification : this species has a restricted extent of occurrence ( 313 km 2 ) and a limited number of locations ( less than 10 ) . however , there are no population data available and it is unclear if its habitat is declining or not . therefore the species is considered to benear threatened ( nt ) , almost qualifying for criterion b . if the habitat is proven to be declining , this species will directly qualify for a threatened category .
this species is endemic to france , where it is found in the siagne and the loup valleys , in the alpes - maritimes .
this species is a ground - dwelling species inhabiting the leaf litter of moist deciduous forests , mostly under ivy .
the threats to the species are unknown . this species might be impacted by the ongoing urbanization in this region and by all the activities from the increasing population .
more research is needed on the population and on the distribution of this species . the species is protected under the french law .
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iucn . 2011 . iucn red list of threatened species ( ver . 2011 . 1 ) . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 30 june 2017 ) .
muséum national d ' histoire naturelle ( ed ) . 2003 - 2010 . inventaire national du patrimoine naturel ( inpn ) . paris available at : urltoken .
dupuy , d . 1849 . catalogus extramarinorum galliæ testaceorum ordine alphabeticus dispositus , brevioribus specierum nondum descriptarum diagnosibus . - pp . [ 1 - 4 ] . paris .
eu red list : near threatened nt . only known from 10 or so localities .
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the star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :
we want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .
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france . alpes maritimes . near camping rives du loup . 2 . 5 km . se of pont du loup . july 1988 .
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it is found on sicily and malta and in north africa , where it has been recorded from tunisia .

the wingspan is 16 – 21 mm .

the ground colour of the forewings is white-yellowish with darker strigulation and hazel-brown markings .

the base of the wing is suffused and the postbasal fascia and median fascia are hazel-brown .

the hindwings are whitish grey , but darker on periphery .

adults have been recorded on wing from april to may .

cnephasia amseli

cnephasia ( cnephasia ) amseli ( d . lucas , 1942 ) | fauna europaea
pesi portal - cnephasia ( cnephasia ) amseli ( d . lucas , 1942 )
cnephasia ( cnephasia ) communana ( herrich - schaffer , 1851 ) = cnephasia caprionica réal 1953 = cnephasia lucia réal 1953 = cnephasia mediocris réal 1953 = cnephasia pseudorthoxyana réal 1953 = cnephasia seminigra réal 1953 .
trematerra , p . ( 2004 ) : cnephasia bizensis réal , 1953 , and cnephasia amseli ( d . lucas , 1942 ) found in italy , two cnephasiini little known for the european fauna ( lepidoptera tortricidae ) . — redia 86 : 67 - 70
cnephasia amseli is a species of moth of the tortricidae family . it is found on sicily and malta and in north africa , [ 2 ] where it has been recorded from tunisia .
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pesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi
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[ nacl ] ; hodges , 1983 check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico check list lep . am . n of mexico
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albania , austria , belgium , bulgaria , great britain , hungary , germany , denmark , greece , spain , italy , latvia , lithuania , luxembourg , netherlands , norway , poland , romania , the soviet union - the european part , finland , france , czech republic , switzerland sweden , estonia , yugoslavia .
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[ 10 ] de jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) ( 2011 ) fauna europaea version 2 . 4 ( faunaeur . org )
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curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .
species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .


the crested jay ( platylophus galericulatus ) is a species of bird traditionally placed in the family corvidae but might belong to the helmetshrikes .

it is monotypic within the genus platylophus .

it is found in brunei , indonesia , malaysia , myanmar , and thailand .

its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests .

it is threatened by habitat loss .

crested jay

information on the crested jay is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
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description : the plushed - crested jay is a south american species which performs co - operative breeding . two or three helpers take part in nesting duties and defence against predators .
protection / threats / status : the plushed - crested jay is threatened by the deforestation , but fortunately , this species is able to live in isolated forest patches of 10 - 20 ha , if larger forests are not too far . illegal pet trade is also an important threat . this jay frequents the urban areas in brazil , and can be common to abundant in its range . currently , the populations of the plushed - crested jay are not threatened .
range : the plushed - crested jay occurs in several parts of south america , from n argentina , to paraguay and uruguay , n and e bolivia . this species is also found in brazil , south of the amazon river .
behaviour : the plushed - crested jay feeds primarily on small invertebrates , mainly insects , and fruits from several plant species . it can sometimes take nestlings and eggs of other bird species , and frogs . it regularly feeds on maize when available and other seeds during the winter . the plushed - crested jay does not eat the animal items when captured , but it brings them to another place . it holds the food with the feet and pecks with the bill . it removes the wings of the large insects .
flight : the plushed - crested jay performs short flights over open areas when foraging . the short , rounded wings allow the bird to fly easily from branch to branch among the trees in forested areas . its flight is undulating , with flapping interspersed with gliding .
diet : the plushed - crested jay feeds mainly on small invertebrates , and mostly insects . it also takes fruits from several plant species such as ficus and phylodendrum , casearia and syagros , and also psidium and rapanea . nestlings and eggs of other bird species , frogs , seeds and maize are also taken , according to the food availability .
voice : sounds by xeno - canto the plushed - crested jay has a large repertoire of more than 20 different sounds . in territorial defence , it gives loud , far - carrying calls . when the birds gather in flocks or move , they give social calls , a single , metallic , low melodious sound . there are two alarm calls : a single note when the predator is still far off and a phrase of 3 - 6 shorter notes when it approaches . the contact calls heard among foraging birds are sequences of 2 - 3 “chyup - chyup” . this jay can also mimicry other birds’ calls .
debus , s . & sharpe , c . j . ( 2018 ) . crested jay ( platylophus galericulatus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
habitat : the plushed - crested jay frequents forest and wooded areas , from typical lowland evergreen forest and tropical deciduous forest to temperate rainforest . it is usually seen up to 1500 metres of elevation , but it may occur at 2800 metres in bolivia . all kinds of forests and wooded areas are suitable for this species , and especially with maize plantations in the surroundings . it also frequents eucalyptus plantations and forest edges , and can be seen in suburban areas .
the plushed - crested jay is a communal breeder , and commonly 2 - 3 helpers take part in nesting duties and defence . but if the co - operative breeding seems to be frequent , this species also breeds in pairs and the young remain within the family group for several months . mate selection occurs at noisy , communal roosts . the male performs courtship feeding to the female , and she responds by jiggling wings and tail . they are monogamous but the pair - bonds are not for the life . they roost communally with some birds as sentinels .
the plushed - crested jay is sometimes co - operative breeder , with two or three young of the previous year as helpers , taking part in nesting duties and defence against predators by mobbing and chasing them away from the territory . the nest is cup - shaped and often placed between 4 and 7 metres in the thick foliage of a tree . the nest is made with twigs , and the interior is lined with finer twigs and plant fibres , layers of bark and roots . other soft materials can be added such as feathers , grass and leaves .
) is a large jay with a black head , white - tipped tail , and distinctive recurved crest . it is endemic to the cerrado woodlands and woodland edges in south - central brazil and parts of paraguay and bolivia . omnivores in the fullest sense , the jays have been known to eat a variety of fruit , arthropods , and even some vertebrates . these jays are territorial , forming groups of 9 to 11 individuals . they are cooperative breeders that actively assist in the feeding and rearing of young . the conservation status of the
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del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
this species is relatively scarce across its range , and is restricted to forest habitats . it is likely to be declining moderately rapidly overall , as a result of on - going habitat loss . it is therefore currently considered near threatened , and should be monitored carefully .
the population size of this species has not been quantified ; it is considered locally common . trend justification : a moderately rapid population decline is suspected to be occurring as a result of forest clearance . the rate of decline is not believed to be more rapid because the species may be tolerant of secondary habitats .
this species occurs in lowland evergreen forest , both primary and tall secondary , up to 1 , 500 m .
rates of forest loss in the sundaic lowlands have been extremely rapid , owing partly to the escalation of illegal logging and land conversion , with deliberate targeting of all remaining stands of valuable timber including those inside protected areas . forest fires have also had a damaging effect ( particularly in 1997 - 1998 ) . the magnitude of these threats may be allayed by this species ' s tolerance of hill and submontane forests , which are under less pressure from logging and agricultural conversion .
no targeted conservation actions are known for this species , although it occurs in a number of protected areas .
conduct repeated surveys within the species ' s range to determine its current distribution and abundance , as well as assess population trends and rates of habitat loss . conduct ecological studies to improve understanding of its precise habitat requirements , tolerance of secondary habitats and response to fragmentation . effectively protect significant areas of suitable forest at key sites , in both strictly protected areas and community - led multiple use areas .
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some confusion has existed over names applied to races ; proposed names scapulatus and ardesiacus ( both with vague type localities in java ) are treated as synonyms of nominate . race lemprieri sometimes thought to be part of a cline and perhaps of doubtful validity , but accepted by recent authors # r . four subspecies recognized .
( raffles , 1822 ) – sumatra and most of borneo ( except n ) .
31–33 cm ; 78–114 g . an unmistakable dark bird with remarkable long crest formed chiefly by two elongated central feathers , tips of which are slightly broader and . . .
noisy . contact call ( often first indication of species ' presence ) an excited , almost explosive . . .
lowland broadleaf forest ; in hill forest reaches to 750 m in thailand , 1000 m in sumatra , and 1800 . . .
surprisingly poorly known . diet a variety of invertebrates , including large hairy caterpillars ( lepidoptera ) , millipedes ( diplopoda ) , . . .
poorly studied . season jun–jul and oct–feb in java ; eggs laid early feb in malay peninsula . solitary breeder . well - made nest . . .
sedentary , as far as is known . may possibly be nomadic to a certain extent , as suggested by . . .
not globally threatened . currently considered near threatened . locally not uncommon , though population estimates lacking . reliance on lowland forest makes it vulnerable to . . .
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traditionally placed in corvidae , but morphological study # r and molecular analyses # r # r # r indicate that it is distinct from that family ; perhaps sister to laniidae # r # r , and has been included therein in one recent work # r .
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classified as near threatened ( nt ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
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single typical loud trill repeated twice - 18 - 19 notes . probably same bird or mate of xc96417 . at least two birds foraging at low levels , mostly calling infrequently
single typical loud trill - about 20 notes . at least two birds foraging at low levels , mostly calling infrequently
there are two distinct calls . one shorter and harsher the other slightly longer and softer . possibly male and female back and forth or something else !
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
) is a distinctly - colored member of the corvidae . it has a dark violet blue back , a black bib , pale yellow underparts , tail band , and nape , spots of blue above and below the eye , and of course , a short crest of stiff , “plush - like” crown feathers , from which its name is derived . it is commonly found in the forests and woodlands of south central south america . these gregarious jays actively forage in groups between ten to twelve individuals , often accompanied by
) , version 1 . 0 . in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa .
is rated as of least concern due to its relative abundance , widespread range , and ability to adapt to anthropogenic habitat changes .
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howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :
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recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : platylophus galericulatus . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
adult has bright indigo - blue upperparts . the upperwing shows brownish inner - edges of primary flight feathers . the graduated tail is tipped pale yellowish or white .
on the underparts , chin , throat , neck sides and breast are black . the rest of the underparts varies from creamy - white to pale yellowish . the undertail is graduated with creamy to pale yellowish rectrices and dark bases . the underwing is brownish .
on the head , the black forehead shows stiffened feathers becoming softer on the crown , and forming a velvety crest . the result is a peculiar plush - like head , giving the bird its english name . forehead , crown and head sides are black . we can see an ultramarine elongated crescent above the eye . this patch is washed white at top . another ultramarine - blue spot is below the rear - eye and joins the large cyan - blue malar stripe , forming a v below the eye . the nape is white washed ultramarine , and the hind neck is pure ultramarine . the bill is black . eyes are yellow . legs and feet are blackish .
both sexes are similar . the juvenile has duller nape , and the facial pattern appears after the first month . the eyes are browner and become yellow at three months .
we can find four subspecies : c . c . diesingii has more dome - shaped crown , smaller ultramarine eye - patches and malar stripe , paler nape and hind neck , and narrower whitish tail tip . c . c . insperatus is similar to diesingii with pure white underparts and tail tip . c . c . tucumanus is similar to nominate race but larger ( here displayed ) . c . c . chrysops is described here .
it forages by hopping on the ground , but also among the foliage and on the branches . when the resources are abundant , it often stores the food on the ground covered with leaves , or in trees between the branches . they often forage in flocks of 3 - 10 birds at all levels . each bird moves singly across the forest clearing and edges . they also fly for short distances over more open areas . on the ground , it turns over the dead leaves by sweeping bill sideways .
reproduction : the breeding season occurs between october and december in paraguay and s brazil .
the female lays 2 - 4 speckled eggs and she incubates during 18 - 20 days . the male feeds her during this period . the chicks fledge 22 - 24 days after hatching , but they are fed by adults for three months more after leaving the nest .


in the black sea it is found in the gulf of varna , saline lagoons near abrau , also near novorossiysk and sochi .

this species occurs in shallow , coastal waters .

it can reach a length of 6.6 centimetres ( 2.6 in ) sl .

chestnut goby

chestnut goby - urdu meaning and translation of chestnut goby , translation , multiple word search ( seperate words with space ) , english to urdu machine translation of chestnut goby and more .
the chestnut goby ( chromogobius quadrivittatus ) is a species of goby found in the mediterranean and black sea .
is a small cryptobenthic goby observed at inshore bottom , under stones or between weed tufts , and into mid - tide pools , occurred most frequently from zero to two metres ( miller 1971 , 1986 ; ahnelt , 1991 ) .
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gland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .
the value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .
a recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .
de silva , r . , milligan , h . t . , lutz , m . , batchelor , a . , jopling , b . , kemp , k . , lewis , s . , lintott , p . , sears , j . , livingston , f . , acero , a . , murdy , e . & van tassell , j .
justification : chromogobius quadrivittatus is distributed throughout the northern and eastern mediterranean sea and from parts of the western and northern black sea . little data are available on the population size , but there are no known major threats to c . quadrivittatus . therefore , c . quadrivittatus is assessed as least concern .
chromogobius quadrivittatus is known from the northern and eastern mediterranean and from the black sea . it has not been recorded from the south - central and southwestern mediterranean ( miller 1986 ) . the most western record is from barcelona , spain , and the most eastern from sochi ( russian federation ) in the black sea . the most southern record is from caeserea ( israel ; miller 1971 ) . chromogobius quadrivittatus is typically found only in shallow intertidal areas , less than about two metres ( van tassell 2001 ) .
bulgaria ; croatia ; cyprus ; france ( corsica , france ( mainland ) ) ; georgia ( abkhaziya ) ; greece ( east aegean is . ) ; israel ; italy ( italy ( mainland ) , sardegna ) ; lebanon ; monaco ; palestinian territory , occupied ; russian federation ( european russia , south european russia ) ; spain ( spain ( mainland ) ) ; turkey ( turkey - in - asia , turkey - in - europe ) ; ukraine
no estimation of population size and trend of c . quadrivittatus has been published . ahnelt ( 1991 ) noted that “records of this species are still scattered and infrequent” and that “the species is only rarely found” . the largest collected sample of this species was of 34 specimens ( pampoulie and bouchereau 1996 ) . based on the present number of known records and the number of collected specimens in these records , and until more data are available , the species should be considered uncommon .
chromogobius quadrivittatus has tolerance for brackish water and in the black sea was recorded also in the small coastal lagoon ( miller 1971 ) . no data exist for lifespan , life cycle and growth pattern ( miller 1986 ) . the studied population from corsica was composed of one year class adult female and juveniles ( pampoulie and bouchereau 1996 ) , suggesting that the generation length is one year or longer .
chromogobius quadrivittatus may be impacted locally , but is not considered threatened across its range .
there are no species - specific conservation measures in place or needed , however it does occur in marine protected areas . chromogobius quadrivittatus was previously assessed as least concern , globally and in the mediterranean ( abdul malak et al . 2011 , iucn 2011 ) .
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justification : chaenogobius annularis has been assessed as least concern due to its large range and no known widespread threats to this species .
distributed throughout russia , china and the korean peninsula , to japan , the kuril islands and sakhalin island .
detailed population information is lacking for this species although it is noted to be stable .
it is not known if there are any conservation measures in place or needed .
greek , chromis = a fish , perhaps a perch + latin , gobius = gudgeon ( ref . 45335 )
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 6 . 6 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 4696 )
anterior opercle with a dark spot on its lower edge . anterior margin of pectoral fin base with a dark vertical band . scales cycloid . sensory papillae : row 1 , 13 - 20 ; row 2 , 11 - 19 ; row 3 , 9 - 16 ; row 4 , 10 - 16 ; row 5 , 7 - 16 ; row y , 3 - 7 ; row tr , 4 - 7 ( ref . 41100 ) .
adults occur in shallow inshore waters , under stones or between weed tufts . also found in mid - tide pools . feed on small decapods and amphipod crustaceans ( ref . 4696 ) . eggs are pear - shaped ( ref . 4696 ) .
miller , p . j . , 1986 . gobiidae . p . 1019 - 1085 . in p . j . p . whitehead , m . - l . bauchot , j . - c . hureau , j . nielsen and e . tortonese ( eds . ) fishes of the north - eastern atlantic and the mediterranean . volume 3 . unesco , paris . ( ref . 4696 )
) : 13 - 21 . 6 , mean 18 . 1 ( based on 174 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 6250 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00617 ( 0 . 00279 - 0 . 01364 ) , b = 3 . 08 ( 2 . 89 - 3 . 27 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 4 ±0 . 52 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 17 of 100 ) .
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[ chromogobius quadrivittatus , syn . : c . kryzanowskii , gobius depressus , g . planiceps , relictogobius kryzhanovskii ]
english - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers
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the brown box crab , lopholithodes foraminatus , is a king crab that lives from kodiak island , alaska to san diego , california .

at depths of 0 – 547 metres ( 0 – 1,795 ft ) .

it reaches a carapace length of 150 millimetres ( 5.9 in ) , and feeds on bivalves and detritus .

it often lies buried in the sediment , and two foramens in the chelipeds allow water into the gill chamber for respiration .

the gill chamber is also sometimes used by the commensal fish careproctus to hold its eggs .

brown box crab

related searches for brown box crab : crab soft shell crab blue crab hermit crab brown crab golden crab coconut crab green crab mud crab imitation crab king crab florida blue crab alaskan king crab frozen blue crab hairy crab more . . .
tags : storage box . | decorative storage boxes | wooden storage box | view larger image
about product and suppliers : urltoken offers 923 brown box crab products . about 2 % of these are fresh seafood , 2 % are crab , and 1 % are shellfish . a wide variety of brown box crab options are available to you , such as crab , lobster , and shellfish . you can also choose from halal , fda , and eec . as well as from mud crab , king crab , and soft shell crab . and whether brown box crab is whole , or surimi . there are 915 brown box crab suppliers , mainly located in asia . the top supplying countries are china ( mainland ) , united kingdom , and malaysia , which supply 97 % , 1 % , and 1 % of brown box crab respectively . brown box crab products are most popular in north america , western europe , and eastern europe . you can ensure product safety by selecting from certified suppliers , including 856 with iso9001 , 10 with other , and 7 with haccp certification .
this past weekend at the tuna harbor dockside market we picked up some box crabs ( our second box crab experience . box crabs are relatively pricey for crabs at the market , hitting $ 8 . 00 per pound . however i will note that this price still seems good for crab .
to read a 1992 report by the national oceanic and atmospheric administration ( noaa ) on box crab , click here .
brown box crab ( lopholithodes foraminatus ) this video was taken at farnsworth bank , catalina island , california / offshore of catalina island , california as a part of data collection for the south coast marine protected area baseline monitoring project . please visit the institute for applied marine ecology ' s website at urltoken to learn more about these and other ongoing projects .
two deep - water species that are occasionally seen in puget sound and also occur in deep water off the coast are the box crab and its close relative the king crab . the latter is called the king crab because of its large size when fully grown ( up to 10 inches wide ) but is not to be confused with the commercial king crab of alaska . these crabs are more apt to be seen by divers than fishers with pots . both are covered with wart - like tubercles and spines and resemble a rough box when their legs and claws are folded against the body . the box crab gets its name from the opening or foramen formed from matching semicircular notches in the claws and first walking legs . when the legs are folded tightly , water enters the gill cavity through this round opening . in the king crab this opening is absent .
box crabs are a species of king crab and have sizable legs with large chunks of meat . brown box crabs are able to fold their legs in close to their body , in an almost perfect fit , leading to their common name . they also have a unique circular opening in their claws that may help them feed . the box crab is found from the coast of alaska down to san diego but is not widely marketed in southern california . since we have been visiting the fish market , box crabs have been a staple and should be available year round in san diego . the crabs available at the market were caught by trap off of the channel islands . we ended up buying two spider crabs for dinner . as soon as we got home from the market , we threw the crabs in the freezer for a humane numbing before their steam bath . our crabs averaged just under three pounds each , so after a twenty - two minute steam - eight minutes per pound ( average weight of each crab ) - and a quick cool down , ingrid got down to picking the meat .
one of the most popular items on washington seafood menus is the dungeness crab . this hardshelled crustacean is fished from the aleutian islands to mexico . the shell is purple - tinged , gray or brown on the back and the tips of the claws are typically white . the dungeness crab can reach ten inches across the back though six to seven inches is more common . in puget sound this crab is most abundant north of seattle , in hood canal , and near the pacific coast . the dungeness crab is frequently associated with eelgrass beds and prefers sandy or muddy substrates .
the brown box crab , lopholithodes foraminatus , like the red king crab , is in the family lithodidae . kodiak island , alaska is the northern extent of its range which extends south to san diego , california . their preferred habitat is mud bottom or on vertical rock faces above the mud , from low intertidal to 600 m . carapace length is to about 150 mm ( 6 inches ) . they feed on bivalves and organic debris and often bury in the mud . while buried , two circular foramins or holes ( partially visible above ) in the claws allow for water circulation to the gills .
another species similar to , but smaller than the dungeness , is the red rock crab ( aka red crab , rock crab ) . this species usually measures less than six inches across the back and is characterized by large claws . despite being less meaty than the dungeness , red rock crab meat is also very tasty . where present in considerable abundance , the red rock crab is a serious predator on both oysters and hard - shell clams . in some areas , controls have been necessary to prevent undue damage to clam and oyster crops . it can be distinguished from the dungeness by the presence of black on the tips of its claws and by its red coloration . the red rock crab also prefers rocky substrates , as the name implies .
it took about a half hour for ingrid to pick the two crabs - again , ingrid is an expert crab picker - and we came away with a pound and a half of meat , which put us at just under $ 30 per pound for actual meat . the cooked meat , without accoutrement , is sweet and satisfying - on par with alaskan king crab . adding old bay seasoning ( a maryland blue crab tradition ) , butter , and / or lemon , provided a little variety to the tasting . old bay and butter was my preferred preparation . picking the meat was fairly comparable to picking alaskan king crab legs , though with a few more sharp spines to watch out for . all in all , our first few experiences with box crabs have been amazing . i am at a loss as to why these crabs are not more widely available in grocery stores , which seem to only have king crab legs and snow crab legs shipped in from afar . abundant , relatively easy to catch ( so we are told ) , tasty , and easy to pick .
in addition to cannibalistic members of their own species , dungeness crab are preyed upon a variety of fishes including halibut , dogfish , hake , lingcod , great marbled sculpin , and wolf eel . the dungeness crab is also a favorite food of the octopus . human endeavors , such as gillnetting for salmon , otter trawling for bottomfish , and dredging to maintain ship channels , all take their toll on dungeness crab .
before a crab sheds its aging shell a flexible new shell forms under the old covering . the old shell splits across the rear along what is known as the splitting or suture line and this allows the new - shelled crab to back out of the old shell . even the coverings of the eye stalks and gills remain with the old shell . on emergence of the new - shelled crab , the tissues are saturated with water and expand the new shell to a larger size . at this stage , the soft - shelled crabs are readily susceptible to predators such as fish and other crabs , especially when confined in a pot . if you find these crab in your pot , please handle them with care . for a couple of days the survival of a new - shelled crab relies on its ability to remain well hidden or buried in the sand . within a few days , the soft - shell crab becomes an active , ravenous feeder . it takes about two months , however , for a soft - shelled crab to fill with meat and become a prime quality , hard - shelled crab .
shells shedded by crab may wash in on beaches in large numbers and become the basis for false reports of dead crabs . in still or quiet waters the back of the shell that lifted during molting to let the soft crab out will drop back into position causing the crab to appear whole and dead . in most cases , molted shells break into several pieces before washing ashore and only a few legs or the top of the shell may be found .
several species of crab are found in washington ' s marine waters and along its shores , though only a few are large enough to be of commercial and sport interest . crabs are crustaceans , having an exterior skeleton or shell . two crab species ( dungeness and red rock ) are harvested locally . crabs are most commonly harvested with crab pots but are also caught using ring nets , dip nets , and by wading in shallow water during spring and early summer .
mating occurs between hard - shelled male crabs and newly molted , soft - shelled female crabs . take care not to disturb these clasping crab when fishing intertidally . the female crab stores the sperm in a seminal receptacle . because the female loses the sperm receptacle during growth molts , she cannot molt at the same time the male molts .
the eggs are fertilized when they are laid or extruded to become attached to the abdomen of the female . the mass of eggs carried by the female is frequently called the sponge . when first laid , eggs are bright orange in color . females in this condition are commonly found buried in the sand or subtidal bottoms . large females may carry in excess of 2½ million eggs . as the embryos develop the eggs darken to a dirty brown and eventually hatch , producing larval crabs . in no way resembling an adult crab at first , the larvae swim freely in the sea and progress through a series of molts in which their appearance changes considerably . dense swarms of crab larvae are often seen in the water and are fed on extensively by other marine organisms , including salmon . after developing into the adult shape and at about a quarter of an inch in width , approximately 12 months after mating , juvenile crab take up residence on the ocean bottom . large numbers of young crabs are found in estuaries where they can tolerate dilutions of two parts fresh water to one part ocean water . the grays harbor and willapa bay estuaries are considered unique nursery areas for dungeness crab and certain fishes , such as english sole , with which they share the bottom environment .
. children find it especially fun to watch these crabs crawl and feed in tide pools . another popular denizen of rocky shores is the hermit crab , characterized by its tendency to use the empty shells of other intertidal creatures as its home .
the examination of stomach contents of dungeness crabs has shown that they feed on a variety of marine forms . stomachs of ocean crabs most commonly contain hardshell and / or razor clam , fish , and crabs . they may also contain material such as sea stars , worms , squid , snails , and eggs that were originally consumed by their fish or crab prey . stomach contents obtained in the wild confirm the cannibalistic nature of dungeness crabs and predation on newly molted crabs by fellow aquarium residents creates problems in laboratory studies . contrary to general belief , laboratory observations and stomach samples indicate that dungeness crab will not consume decayed or rotten food .
because crabs are enclosed in a rigid exterior skeleton they must shed their shell to grow . this molting takes place about seven times during the first year of life and at a decelerating rate there after . an average size of 1¾ inches across the back is reached one year after the crab takes up bottom life . during a molt , the male crab will gain about 65 % in weight . after the second year most crabs are sexually mature and a difference in the rate of growth appears between males and females . females grow slower and only a small percentage attain a size greater than 6¼ inches across the back , despite complete protection from fishing pressure .
tagging studies have shown that the loss of legs reduces the chances of survival , but crabs do have the power to regenerate missing appendages . complete regeneration requires two or three molts , which explains the occurrence of small , misshapen claws or legs . during the early part of life , lost claws or legs are quickly replaced because of frequent molting , but the same loss to an older crab could take years to replace .
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scientific name : greek lophos ( crest ) and lithodes ( stone ) ; and the latin foraminatus ( provided with a hole or perforation ) .
digital photo by jan haaga . references ( a complete list ) in the text include : jensen ( 1995 ) , williams et al . ( 1988 ) , barr ( 1983 ) , or hart ( 1982 ) .
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for more information on fishing , please contact the wdfw fish program . 360 - 902 - 2700 fish program district biologists
several species of tiny shore crabs can be found on washington beaches . contrary to what many believe , these are not the young of larger ocean crabs , but are simply small sized species . under most rocks on puget sound shores you can find tiny black or gray hairy shore crabs ranging in size from smaller than a fingertip to about the size of a half - dollar . these are of two species ,
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exaeretia nechlys is a moth in the depressariidae family .

it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from arizona to california and in nevada .

the larvae feed on sidalcea malviflora , malva , malacothamnus jonesii and sphaeralcea species .

exaeretia nechlys

exaeretia stainton , 1849 ; trans . r . ent . soc . lond . 5 : 152 ; ts : exaeretia allisella stainton
martyrhilda nechlys hodges , 1974 ; moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 46 , pl . 3 , f . 13 ; tl : planet mine , bil williams r . , yuma co . , arizona
exaeretia fuscicostella ; lvovsky , 2013 , ent . obozr . 92 ( 4 ) ent . review 94 ( 2 ) : 264
exaeretia amurella ; lvovsky , 2013 , ent . obozr . 92 ( 4 ) ent . review 94 ( 2 ) : 258
exaeretia boreella ; lvovsky , 2013 , ent . obozr . 92 ( 4 ) ent . review 94 ( 2 ) : 260
exaeretia daurella ; lvovsky , 2013 , ent . obozr . 92 ( 4 ) ent . review 94 ( 2 ) : 263
exaeretia fuscogriseella ; lvovsky , 2013 , ent . obozr . 92 ( 4 ) ent . review 94 ( 2 ) : 265
exaeretia montuesella ; lvovsky , 2013 , ent . obozr . 92 ( 4 ) ent . review 94 ( 2 ) : 268
exaeretia vladimiri ; lvovsky , 2013 , ent . obozr . 92 ( 4 ) ent . review 94 ( 2 ) : 270
exaeretia nebulosella ; [ nhm card ] ; lvovsky , 2013 , ent . obozr . 92 ( 4 ) ent . review 94 ( 2 ) : 268
exaeretia sutschanensis ; [ nhm card ] ; lvovsky , 2013 , ent . obozr . 92 ( 4 ) ent . review 94 ( 2 ) : 269
exaeretia kozhantshikovi lvovsky , 2013 ; ent . obozr . 92 ( 4 ) ent . review 94 ( 2 ) : 265 ; tl : krassnoyarsk , nr . minussinsk
exaeretia exornata wang & zheng , 1998 ; entom . sinica 5 ( 2 ) : 130 ; tl : heihe ( 50 . 2°n , 127 . 4°e ) , heilongjiang , 170m
exaeretia bignatha wang & zheng , 1998 ; entom . sinica 5 ( 2 ) : 129 ; tl : heihe ( 50 . 2°n , 127 . 4°e ) , heilongjiang , 400m
exaeretia magnignatha wang & zheng , 1998 ; entom . sinica 5 ( 2 ) : 128 ; tl : heihe ( 50 . 2°n , 127 . 4°e ) , heilongjiang , 400m
exaeretia indubitatella ; [ nhm card ] ; liu & wang , 2010 , zootaxa 2444 : ( 45 - 50 ) ; lvovsky , 2013 , ent . obozr . 92 ( 4 ) ent . review 94 ( 2 ) : 265
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nb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .
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neu , ceu , siberia , magadan , mongolia , n . china , c . china . see [ maps ]
neu , scotland , siberia , kola peninsula , kamchatka , sakhalin , . . . , california , oregon , washington , idaho , nevada , arizona , alaska , british columbia , northwest territories , alberta , manitoba , michigan , new brunswick , maine , s . quebec , ontario . see [ maps ]
= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 49 ; [ nacl ] , # 908 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; [ nhm card ]
= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 49 ; [ nacl ] , # 908 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; [ nhm card ] ; lvovsky , 2013 , ent . obozr . 92 ( 4 ) ent . review 94 ( 2 ) : 261 ; [ fe ]
depressaria conciliatella rebel , 1892 ; ann . naturh . hofmus . wien 7 : 272 , pl . 17 , f . 14
s . germany , austria , hungary , orenburg , crimea . see [ maps ]
depressaria culcitella herrich - schäffer , 1854 ; syst . bearb . schmett . europ . 5 ( 64 ) : 127 , ( 53 ) f . 435
= ; [ nhm card ] ; lvovsky , 2013 , ent . obozr . 92 ( 4 ) ent . review 94 ( 2 ) : 266 ; [ fe ]
depressaria lepidella christoph , 1872 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 9 : 19 , pl . 1 , f . 16
depressaria lutosella herrich - schäffer , 1854 ; syst . bearb . schmett . europ . 5 ( 64 ) : 122 , ( 53 ) f . 438
s . kazakhstan , turkmenia , uzbekista , kirgizia , libya , arabia , iran , afghanistan , w . pakistan . see [ maps ]
uralsk , daghestan , crimea , azerbaijan , kazakhstan , nw . china . see [ maps ]
depressaria niviferella christoph , 1872 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 9 : 20 , pl . 1 , f . 17
orenburg , chelyabinsk , tula , s . siberia , estonia , latvia , s . sweden , poland , hungary , mongolia . see [ maps ]
depressaria praeustella rebel , 1917 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 67 ( s . b . ) : 19
california , washington , british columbia - s . quebec , idaho , montana , wyoming , new hampshire , connecticut , new york . see [ maps ]
= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 44 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ nacl ] , # 899 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
larva on antennaria luzuloides , gnaphalium hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 44
from ( south dakota , s . british columbia ) - to ( texas , california ) . see [ maps ]
depresaria umbraticostella walsingham , 1881 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1881 : 318 , pl . 36 , f . 8 ; tl : mt . shasta , california ; n . oregon
larva on balsamohirza sagittata , helianthus pumilus hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 45
martyrhilda sordidella clarke , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 90 ( 3107 ) : 132 , pl . 24 , f . 145 , pl . 41 , f . 238 ; tl : shingle creek , penticton , british columbia
larva on ambrosia psilostachya hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 45
: california [ mt . shasta , siskiyou co . ] ; n . oregon
= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 45 ; [ nacl ] , # 903 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 46 ; [ nacl ] , # 904 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; [ nhm card ]
larva on sphaeralcea munroana , sidalcea , malacothamnus jonesii hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 46
larva on sidalcea malvaeflora , malva , malacothamnus jonesii , sphaeralcea hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 47
montana , wyoming , washington , british columbia , alberta . see [ maps ]
: blue l . , ( 7000 ' ) , w of lytton , b . c .
= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 48 ; [ nacl ] , # 906 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; [ nhm card ]
martyrhilda hildaella clarke , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 90 ( 3107 ) : 140 , pl . 24 , f . 148 ; tl : cameron bay , great bear l . , northwest territories , canada
deperssaria scabella zeller , 1873 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 23 ( abh . ) : 236 ; tl : ohio
new brunswick - british columbia - arizona , new mexico . see [ maps ]
ammitis ( meyrick , 1931 ) ( depressaria ) ; an . mus . nac . hist . nat . buenos aires 36 : 393
s . siberia , buryatia , transbaikalia , n . mongolia . see [ maps ]
depressaria ascetica meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 10 ) : 311 ; tl : colombia , c . cordilleras , 11550ft
depressaria hermophila meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 17 ) : 513 ; tl : french guinea , konakri
indubitatella ( hannemann , 1971 ) ( martyrhilda ) ; acta zool . hung . 17 : 263
depressaria lusciosa meyrick , 1915 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1915 ( 2 ) : 211 ; tl : peru , jauja , 11900ft
depressaria mesosceptra meyrick , 1915 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1915 ( 2 ) : 210 ; tl : peru , oroya , 12200ft
montuesellus ( hannemann , 1976 ) ( depressariodes ) ; dt . ent . z . 23 ( 4 - 5 ) : 237
depressaria nebulosella caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 130 ; tl : uralsk
depressaria relegata meyrick , 1920 ; nat . hist . juan fernandez 3 : 268 ; tl : masatierra , juan fernandez is .
remotella ( hannemann , 1971 ) ( martyrhilda ) ; acta zool . hung . 17 : 264
depressaria significa meyrick , 1915 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1915 ( 2 ) : 210 ; tl : ecuador , alausi , 9450ft
sutschanensis ( hannemann , 1953 ) ( matyrhilda ) ; mitt . zool . mus . berl . 29 : 300
[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013
sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;
[ ² ] this may require parentheses or not . i don ' t have the necessary information for this taxon .
systematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa , zugleich als text , revision und supplement zu j . hübner ' s sammlung europäischer schmetterlinge , die schaben und federmotten , ( 1847 - ) 1853 - 1855 )
the moths of america north of mexico including greenland . fascicle 6 . 2 . gelechioidea , oecophoridae
zeller , 1873 beiträge zur kenntniss der nordamerikanischen nachtfälter , besonders der microlepidopteren ( 2 ) verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 23 ( abh . ) : 201 - 334 , pl . 3 - 4
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
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