the pallas 's leaf warbler or pallas 's warbler ( phylloscopus proregulus ) is a bird that breeds in mountain forests from southern siberia east to northern mongolia and northeastern china .

it is named for german zoologist peter simon pallas , who first formally described it .

this leaf warbler is strongly migratory , wintering mainly in southern china and adjacent areas of southeast asia , although in recent decades increasing numbers have been found in europe in autumn .

pallas 's leaf warbler is one of the smallest eurasian warblers , with a relatively large head and short tail .

it has greenish upperparts and white underparts , a lemon-yellow rump , and yellow double wingbars , supercilia and central crown stripe .

it is similar in appearance to several other asian warblers , including some that were formerly considered to be its subspecies , although its distinctive vocalisations aid identification .

the female builds a cup nest in a tree or bush , and incubates the four to six eggs , which hatch after 12 – 13 days .

the chicks are fed mainly by the female and fledge when they are 12 – 14 days old ; both parents then bring food for about a week .

pallas 's leaf warbler is insectivorous , feeding on the adults , larvae and pupa of small insects and spiders .

birds forage in bushes and trees , picking items from leaves or catching prey in short flights or while hovering .

the pallas 's leaf warbler has a large range , and its numbers are believed to be stable .

it therefore is evaluated as of " least concern " by the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) .

pallas ' s leaf warbler

select an image : 1 . pallas ' s leaf warbler 2 . pallas ' s leaf warbler 3 . pallas ' s leaf warbler 4 . pallas ' s leaf warbler 5 . pallas ' s leaf warbler 6 . pallas ' s leaf warbler 7 . pallas ' s leaf warbler 8 . pallas ' s leaf warbler 9 . pallas ' s leaf warbler 10 . pallas ' s leaf warbler 11 . pallas ' s leaf warbler 12 . pallas ' s leaf warbler 13 . pallas ' s leaf warbler 14 . pallas ' s leaf warbler 15 . pallas ' s leaf warbler 16 . pallas ' s leaf warbler > > adult 17 . pallas ' s leaf warbler 18 . pallas ' s leaf warbler 19 . pallas ' s leaf warbler 20 . pallas ' s leaf warbler 21 . pallas ' s leaf warbler 22 . pallas ' s leaf warbler 23 . pallas ' s leaf warbler 24 . pallas ' s leaf warbler > > adult 25 . pallas ' s leaf warbler 26 . pallas ' s leaf warbler 27 . pallas ' s leaf warbler 28 . pallas ' s leaf warbler 29 . pallas ' s leaf warbler 30 . pallas ' s leaf warbler 31 . pallas ' s leaf warbler 32 . pallas ' s leaf warbler 33 . pallas ' s leaf warbler 34 . pallas ' s leaf warbler 35 . pallas ' s leaf warbler 36 . pallas ' s leaf warbler 37 . pallas ' s leaf warbler > > adult
the pallas ' s warbler or pallas ' s leaf warbler ( phylloscopus proregulus ) is a leaf warbler which breeds in southern siberia , mongolia and parts of tibet and china . it is strongly migratory and winters in subtropical asia .
note that the sixth edition of clements checklist [ 3 ] refers to pallas ' s grasshopper warbler , rather than this species , as
pallas ' s warbler
.
martens j , tietze dt , eck s . veith m . radiation and species limits in the asian pallas’s warbler complex (
pallas’s leaf warbler was found to be an abundant breeding visitor to the mid - and higher altitudes . martens et al . (
the pallas ' s leaf warbler or pallas ' s warbler is a leaf warbler which breeds in southern siberia ( from novosibirsk oblast east to magadan oblast ) , northern mongolia , and northeastern china . it is strongly migratory and winters mainly in subtropical southern china and northeastern indochina , but also in small numbers in western europe .
like pale - legged leaf warbler , sakhalin leaf warbler pumps its tail steadily , often remaining otherwise motionless . ( craig brelsford )
two different pallas ' s leaf warblers ( phylloscopus proregulus ) singing near erdenebulgan , khovsgol aimag , mongolia , july 2009 .
the pallas ' s leaf warbler or pallas ' s warbler ( phylloscopus proregulus ) is a leaf warbler which breeds in southern siberia ( from novosibirsk oblast east to magadan oblast ) , northern mongolia , and northeastern china . it is strongly migratory and winters mainly in subtropical southern china and northeastern indochina , but also in small numbers in western europe .
pallas’s leaf warbler song was the most conspicuous background bird noise from 750 to 800 m up to the highest forests ( which grew almost to the highest peak ) , with some birds in the taller stands of montane shrubland . loud , near - continuous , song right through to late summer is typical of pallas’s leaf warbler elsewhere ( dementiev and gladkov
these three or four species and the chinese leaf - warbler , p . yunnanensis ( sometimes p . sichuanensis ) were until recently united in the pallas ' warbler sensu lato .
päckert m , blume c , sun y - h , wei l . martens j . acoustic differentiation reflects mitochondrial lineages in blyth’s leaf warbler and white - tailed leaf warbler complexes ( aves :
) . this species does not breed in myohyang . eastern crowned leaf warbler (
) and allows confidence that the observations document the species’s real ecological distribution within myohyang . the sharp lower altitudinal limit to territorial pallas’s leaf warbler in natural forest reflected no change in vegetation obvious to the human eye : it occurred within a wide band of mixed broad - leaf and
of these , phylloscopus chloronotus forresti is possibly also a separate species , but further analysis is required to confirm this . gansu leaf warbler and chinese leaf warbler overlap in breeding range in southern gansu , but are separated ecologically , with gansu leaf warbler using taller forest habitats and chinese leaf warbler in lower , often scrubby habitats .
of these , phylloscopus chloronotus forresti is possibly also a separate species , but further analysis is required to confirm this . gansu leaf warbler and chinese leaf warbler overlap in breeding range in southern gansu , but are separated ecologically , with gansu leaf warbler using taller forest habitats and chinese leaf warbler in lower , often scrubby habitats .
an arrival of spring pallas ' s warblers in coastal habitat in beidaihe , china . filmed using a panasonic g2 .
pallas’s warblers can best be distinguished from the similar yellow - browed warbler ( p . inornatus ) by the stripe on their cap and their bright yellow rump .
——— . kamchatka leaf warbler in shanghai . post to urltoken published 6 june 2017 .
4 . 11 march 2000 kawasaki - shi , kanagawa prefecture . only pallas ' s leaf warbler have yellowish rump in japanese phylloscpus warblers . the call is weak and short ' chui ' . it is softer and shorter than yellow - browed warbler .
on two hill trails , ca . 10 km apart , which led almost directly uphill , the lowest territorial singing pallas’s leaf warblers were consistently at 700–800 m ( table
) suggest that , as with these pallas’s leaf warblers , links with tree species may be particularly strong when the tree is structurally distinct from others in the area .
like its sister species pale - legged leaf warbler , sakhalin leaf warbler has an affinity for sturdy , leafless branches . here , the leaf warbler , drawn by playback of its own voice , is using the perch to investigate the source of the sound . ( craig brelsford )
querytime : 0 . 0498 s , querycount : 810 , parsetime : 0 . 7050 s , totaltime : 0 . 7548 s , source : database
chinese leaf warbler phylloscopus yunnanensis ( syn . p . sichuanensis ) . western china . monotypic .
chinese leaf warbler phylloscopus yunnanensis ( syn . p . sichuanensis ) . western china . monotypic .
martens j , eck s , päckert m . sun y - h . the golden - spectacled warbler
) . however , fir cannot be the only cue for settling pallas’s leaf warblers at myohyang , because the warbler’s lower edge of breeding lies 200–300 m below the lower margin of unplanted firs , and the warbler is abundant within this band . no cause of the warbler’s lower altitudinal limit in natural forest suggested itself during these observations . tree species distributions may be found to have a widespread role in how birds locate themselves on a mountain . among eight
martens j . systematic notes on asian birds : 72 . a preliminary review of the leaf warbler genera
on sun . 17 sept . 2017 at pudong’s cape nanhui , i achieved a personal first : photos of an unmistakable sakhalin leaf warbler phylloscopus borealoides . as expected , the photos show a leaf warbler whose plumage and bare parts are virtually indistinguishable from those of pale - legged leaf warbler p . tenellipes . coupled , however , as they are with sound - recordings of the same individual , ensuring the id , the photos constitute a rare visual record of sakhalin leaf warbler in shanghai .
planting of firs in these temple gardens at altitudes much lower than they naturally grow has apparently stimulated individual pallas’s leaf warblers to settle well below the species’s usual altitudinal zone . not many fir trees are needed : pulyong temple holds only five mature trees yet attracted one singing male , while at kumgang temple many trees within an area 200 m across held three territorial birds , a density broadly similar to those in natural hill forest . pallas’s leaf warbler is a long - distance migrant , wintering in southern china and indochina ( dickinson
— century yielded yet another regional record of sakhalin leaf warbler . evidence is growing that in the shanghai area this passage migrant has been neglected and is more common than previously thought . i recently wrote a series of posts , the latest being this one , on distinguishing sakhalin leaf warbler from its sister species pale - legged leaf warbler .
even when the pallas’s warbler did appear , the views it gave were frustratingly brief – often just a glimmer of yellow wing bars , or a quick flash of its stripy crown as it flitted rapidly between the leaves .
pallas’s warbler is one of the smallest of all british birds – just nine centimetres long and weighing a mere seven grams . so it’s difficult to believe that it can migrate at all , let alone fly several thousand miles from the forests of northern russia all the way to britain .
——— . separating pale - legged & sakhalin leaf warbler on call . post to urltoken published 31 aug . 2017 .
pallas’s leaf warbler ( phylloscopus proregulus ) is a common breeding bird above 700 m in the forests of the myohyang range , korea . within the largely natural forest are several temple gardens , four of which at 140–520 m held territorial pallas’s leaf warblers . all had mature planted firs ( abies ) , which occur naturally in the area only over 1 , 000 m . the planted firs evidently stimulated the warblers to settle below their natural altitudinal range , but cannot be the only stimulus because the natural lower distribution of the warbler is 300 m below that of the tree .
the closely related southern species , pale - rumped warbler ( or lemon - rumped warbler ) , p . chloronotus , and gansu leaf warbler , p . kansuensis , move to lower latitudes in winter , but do not migrate long distances .
here is the recording i made of the calling sakhalin on thurs . 5 oct . apart from a dna assay , call as well as song is the only reliable way to separate sakhalin leaf warbler from pale - legged leaf warbler . at 4 . 9 khz , the “tink” recorded below is a full kilohertz deeper than the call of pale - legged leaf warbler .
brelsford , craig . sakhalin & pale - legged leaf warbler , singing together . post to urltoken published 5 may 2016 .
pale - legged leaf warbler , call , magic parking lot , 4 sept . 2017 ( 00 : 10 ; 2 mb )
pale - legged leaf warbler , call , magic parking lot , 4 sept . 2017 ( 00 : 01 ; 332 kb )
the first description of pallas ' s leaf warbler was by pallas in 1811 as motacilla proregulus . the committe for check - list of japanese birds ( 2000 ) treated it as a polytypic species and described pallas ' s leaf warbler that have been recorded in japanes was p . p . proregulus . many authors , however , treate non - nominate subspecies as full species and the pallas ' s leaf warbler p . proregulus as a monotypic species ( dickinson 2003 , del hoyo et al . 2006 , rheindt 2006 ) . the first record of pallas ' s leaf warbler for japan was in april , 1967 , tsuno - shima , yamaguchi prefecture . it is rare in japan , but recently recorded on the islands in the sea of japan almost annually . there is also some wintering records in main island , honshu . references del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . and christie , d . ( eds ) . 2006 . handbook of the birds of the world vol . 11 . old world flycatchers to old world warblers . lynx , barcelona . dickinson , c . ( ed . ) 2003 . the howard and moore complete checklist of the birds of the world , 3rd edition . christopher helm , london . the committe for check - list of japanese birds ( ed . ) 2000 . check - list of japanese birds sixth revised edition . ornithological society of japan , obihiro . rheindt , f . e . 2006 . split galore : the revolution in asian leaf warbler systematics . birdingasia 5 : 25 - 39 .
madge , s . c . 1987 . field identification of radde ' s and dusky warblers . brit . birds 80 : 595 - 603 .
round , philip d . , pierce , andrew j . , saitoh , takema , & shigeta , yoshimitsu . 2016 . addition of kamchatka leaf warbler phylloscopus examinandus and sakhalin leaf warbler p . borealoides to thailand’s avifauna . bulletin of the japan bird banding association 28 : 9–21 . available here for download ( 708 kb ) through shanghaibirding . com .
experts since at least as far back as 1989 have been arguing that pale - legged leaf warbler phylloscopus tenellipes and sakhalin leaf warbler p . borealoides are separable not only by their distinctive songs but also by their calls . thailand - based birder and urltoken contributor phil round is among those making that argument . round and his co - authors write : “ [ t ] he call of p . tenellipes is markedly higher in frequency than that of p . borealoides ” ( round et al . , “addition of kamchatka leaf warbler phylloscopus examinandus and sakhalin leaf warbler p . borealoides to thailand’s avifauna , ” downloadable through urltoken ) .
the sound - recordings and audio spectrograms below show clearly the difference in frequency between the calls of sakhalin and pale - legged leaf warbler .
pale - legged leaf warbler , call , magic parking lot , 4 sept . 2017 ( 00 : 41 ; 7 . 9 mb )
editor’s note : in the photo above , a pale - legged leaf warbler emits its characteristic “tink” call in microforest 4 , cape nanhui , pudong , 27 aug . 2017 . the tink call of pale - legged is appreciably higher - pitched than that of sakhalin leaf warbler . distinguishing the two calls is the subject of this post . — craig brelsford
c & ne china ( e qinghai , s gansu , shaanxi , shanxi and hebei s to sichuan ) ; non - breeding apparently se asia .
) . no singing pallas’s leaf warbler was ever found during may–june along many kilometres of trail walked ( repeatedly , in all 3 years ) in the intervening natural forest at these low altitudes . to the human eye , a striking difference between the gardens and the surrounding natural forest was that all gardens held mature stands of planted fir (
the new entries on the urltoken list are sakhalin leaf warbler , dusky warbler , and white - throated rock thrush . the new entries on the ebird list are those three plus japanese paradise flycatcher and taiga flycatcher .
) found 15 spring migrant pallas’s leaf warblers , all during 8–26 april except for one atypically late non - singing bird on 25 may 2002 . nor could post - breeding dispersal account for these garden birds ; observations on the sangwon trail suggested such roaming began about 1 july ( table
) , there is no published information on the species’s breeding ecology in korea .
podos j . correlated evolution of morphology and vocal signal structure in darwin’s finches .
featured image : sakhalin leaf warbler phylloscopus borealoides , cape nanhui , shanghai , 17 sept . 2017 . craig brelsford photographed and sound - recorded this individual , getting a rare record of the poorly known species in earth’s greatest city .
here are photos of the sakhalin leaf warbler of 17 sept . 2017 . the bird below is the same individual whose voice i sound - recorded .
pale - legged leaf warbler phylloscopus tenellipes , call , magic parking lot , 4 sept . 2017 ( 00 : 19 ; 3 . 7 mb )
forest which extended several hundred metres above and below the warbler’s limit . nor was there any plausible replacement bird species at lower altitudes . bourski and forstmeier (
sakhalin leaf warbler , call , microforest 4 ( 30 . 953225 , 121 . 959083 ) , 8 may 2016 ( 00 : 15 ; 1 mb )
the pallas ' s leaf warbler occurs exceptionally in central europe . it is a resident of the southeast siberian taiga , of mongolia and china . most of them spend the winter in south china . its size and behaviour is similar to a goldcrest . this species is easy to identify by its yellow supercilium and its pale yellow crown stripe as well as its yellow rump patch .
now consider the spectrograms and sound - recordings of pale - legged leaf warbler below . the spectrogram immediately below was recorded by me on 10 june 2016 in my wife elaine du ’s hometown of boli , heilongjiang , part of the breeding range of pale - legged leaf warbler . the call ( here a grace note ) and song both clock in at about 6 khz , a frequency a full 25 percent higher than the call of sakhalin leaf warbler and , as with sakhalin , consistent with the frequencies of pale - legged calls on xeno - canto . org .
pale - legged leaf warbler p . tenellipes , magic parking lot , cape nanhui , 4 sept . 2017 ( 00 : 19 ; 3 . 7 mb )
last september , in “ pale - legged leaf warbler & the shanghai big 5 , ” i asserted that “pale - legged leaf warbler is safely separable from sakhalin leaf warbler only by song . ” i was wrong . call as well as song is a reliable separator . in this post , i am going to tell you how i arrived at this insight , and i will show you how you too can achieve clear , indisputable ticks of these tricky species through call alone .
this article is part of project phylloscopidae , a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each leaf - warbler , including made - up species .
in the wake of my recent post on distinguishing pale - legged leaf warbler from sakhalin leaf warbler by call , i have been hoping to find more members of this species pair in shanghai . on 4 sept . 2017 at pudong ’s cape nanhui , my hopes were fulfilled in a big way . at the magic parking lot ( 30 . 884889 , 121 . 968222 ) , not one but both species were calling .
that does indeed apply to rare birds from north america , found in places such as the isles of scilly or the western isles , which have been swept across the atlantic on autumn gales . but it isn’t true for those species – like the pallas’s warbler – that birders call “sibes” after their place of origin .
) . most species migrate seasonally ( from seasonal elevational movements to long - distance migration between continents ) . leaf warbler males vocalize a lot in the breeding period . despite a remarkable interspecific variation in leaf warbler song , song characteristics are highly repeatable within species . all that makes phylloscopid warblers a good model to study vocal trait evolution .
bergman s ( 1935a ) några korta brev från korea . fauna och flora 30 : 170–172
ding t - s , yuan h - w , geng s , lin y - s , lee p - f ( 2005 ) energy flux , body size and density in relation to bird species richness along an elevational gradient in taiwan . global ecol biogeogr 14 : 299–306
round , philip d . e - mail message to craig brelsford , 18 oct . 2016 . round’s e - mail message was originally cited in the urltoken post “ pale - legged leaf warbler & the shanghai big 5 , ” published 26 sept . 2016 .
9–10 cm ; 4·6–5·1 g . a small , “chunky” leaf - warbler with well - patterned plumage . nominate race has well - defined pale buffish or whitish . . .
pale - legged leaf warbler , call , microforest 4 ( 30 . 953225 , 121 . 959083 ) , 27 aug . 2017 ( 00 : 01 ; 193 kb )
in shanghai in 2017 , important facts about common birds such as pale - legged leaf warbler and sakhalin leaf warbler remain unknown . this ornithological semi - wilderness is both difficult and exciting . if we rise to the challenge and become better birders , then we will make new discoveries and blaze a trail of knowledge for future birders to follow .
) . breeding leaf warblers could be found between 34°s and 71°n and between 18°w and 41°w ( across eurasia and north america ) with a diversity hotspot in southwest china ( fig .
may have increased in recent years . the presence of an unknown population of swinhoe ' s petrel
sakhalin leaf warbler phylloscopus borealoides , century park ( 31 . 219361 , 121 . 551900 ) , pudong , 5 oct . 2017 ( 00 : 20 ; 3 . 9 mb )
sakhalin leaf warbler phylloscopus borealoides , microforest 1 ( 30 . 953225 , 121 . 959083 ) , cape nanhui , 17 sept . 2017 ( 01 : 03 ; 12 . 2 mb )
bergman s ( 1935b ) glimtar fram djulivet i en koreanask floddal . fauna och flora 30 : 203–209
— white’s thrush : a healthy 11 taking advantage of the high - quality woodland in the park .
( pallas ) goldhanchenlaubsanger . in : dathe h , loskot wm ( eds ) atlas der verbreitung palaearktischer vogel . akademie verlag , berlin , lieferung 17 ( unpaginated )
c . 9–10 cm . a small , rather “chunky” leaf - warbler with prominent head stripes . median crownstripe is pale olive - grey , more distinct posteriorly than anteriorly ( often . . .
alström , p . , clement , p . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . pallas ' s leaf - warbler ( phylloscopus proregulus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
our first exhibit is the spectrogram of a call i sound - recorded of sakhalin leaf warbler on 8 may 2016 in cape nanhui’s microforest 4 ( 30 . 953225 , 121 . 959083 ) . the frequency is 4 . 8 kilohertz , a number that matches closely the frequency of sakhalin calls on urltoken . *
pale - legged leaf warbler , call and song , xidaquan national forest ( 45 . 727751 , 130 . 317316 ) , boli , heilongjiang , 10 june 2016 ( 01 : 59 ; 6 mb )
sakhalin leaf warbler phylloscopus borealoides , call , microforest 4 ( 30 . 953225 , 121 . 959083 ) , cape nanhui , pudong , shanghai , 4 sept . 2017 ( 00 : 02 ; 528 kb )
pallas’s warbler is as small as a goldcrest , and looks like a small plump leaf - warbler . they have olive green backs with distinctive bright yellow rumps . their dark green heads are clearly marked with a yellowish cap stripe and a brighter yellow eye - stripe . their primary wing feathers are brown with pale edges . their inner secondaries and tertials ( large feathers at the base of their wings ) have yellowish edges and two pale stripes run across their wings . their underparts are pale yellowish . they have dark greenish brown legs , dark brown beaks with a yellowish base , and dark brown irises .
bertelli s . tubaro pl . body mass and habitat correlates of song structure in a primitive group of birds .
forced copulation occurs when one animal subverts another’s mating choice and uses physical means to force copulation on that animal .
a stunning black - throated accentor was found by nils kjellén when he was trying to relocate a pallas ' s leaf warbler . it was seen feeding at some clumps of salix and dense herbage several kilometres inland in the southeast part of scania , southernmost sweden . representing the first record for the province of scania and the second for sweden . the previous one was of a ringed individual in june 1988 at stora fjäderägg , västerbotten . a sought after species in the western palearctic and a real stunner !
( left ) typifies the family . it is a small , plain , rather drab but restless little bird whose vocalizations make it much easier to identify than anything in its plumage . as it happens , chinese leaf - warbler is a newly described species , discovered and split from the pallas ' s / lemon - rumped warbler group on the basis of its distinctive song and calls ( alström , olsson & colston 1992 ) . it breeds in a few forested mountains outside of beijing ; its winter range and migration routes are virtually unknown because it is almost impossible to identify when silent . it was initially named
appearance : a small leaf - warbler , about the size of a goldcrest . distinctive markings include two pale wing stripes , bright yellow rump , orange - yellow eye - stripe and pale yellowish stripe on cap .
sakhalin leaf warbler , call , magic parking lot ( 30 . 884889 , 121 . 968222 ) , cape nanhui , pudong , shanghai , 4 sept . 2017 ( 00 : 07 ; 1 . 4 mb )
lee p - f , ding t - s , hsu f - h , geng s ( 2004 ) breeding bird species richness in taiwan : distribution on gradients of elevation , primary productivity and urbanization . j biogeogr 31 : 307–314
to summarize what i argued in the previous post : the calls , as well as the very distinctive songs , of pale - legged leaf warbler and sakhalin leaf warbler are diagnostic–that is , they differ markedly and consistently and are a reliable basis for an id . the diagnosability of the calls of the two species has been affirmed by various researchers , among them yap et al . ( 2014 ; birding asia 21 : 76–81 ) .
gil d , slater pj . graves ja . extra - pair paternity and song characteristics in the willow warbler
altitudinal migrant . post - breeding descent to lower levels in himalayas , and also to s assam hills . . .
distribution map . breeding distribution of leaf warbler ( phylloscopidae ) species according to birdlife international & natureserve ( 2011 ) ; species richness increases from dark blue ( 1 ) via green and yellow to red ( 16 ) .
1 . 22 may 1996 wajima - shi , ishikawa prefecture . the both sides of the head are darker than yellow - browed warbler and the yellow mediun crown stripe is distinct . the supercilium is broader and yellower in front of eye than yellow - browed warbler . the superciliums of both sides join over the forehead , while yellow - browed warbler ' s superciliums are usually not join . the tips of greater and median coverts are yellowish .
leaf warblers ( aves : sylviidae ) : a tale of sexual selection , habitat adaptation , and morphological constraints .
price td , helbig aj . richman ad . evolution of breeding distributions in the old world leaf warblers ( genus
( j . e . gray & g . r . gray , 1847 ) – c & e himalayas ( e from c nepal ) ; non - breeding in foothills at lower altitudes s to s assam hills ( ne india ) .
to assess the generality of this fortuitous observation , there are probably many other culturally revered mountains in north - east asia where , amid a largely natural forest matrix , small manicured gardens hold mature planted trees outside their natural altitudinal zones . of the 12 passerines with myohyang breeding distributions restricted to higher slopes ( author’s unpublished data ) , pallas’s leaf warblers was the only one to settle in the temple gardens ; so perhaps such simple linkage by a bird to a single tree type may be unusual , as further suggested by the lack of previous examples in the literature .
the total data set used for phylogenetic reconstructions comprised sequence data of 80 leaf warbler taxa compared with 30 taxa analyzed by mahler and gil ( 2009 ) . genbank sequences of acrocephalus dumetorum were included in the analysis for hierarchical outgroup rooting .
pallas ' s leaf warbler is named after the german zoologist peter simon pallas , who discovered it on the ingoda river in siberia in 1811 ; the species name proregulus derives from its similar size to the goldcrest regulus regulus . in the past , it was treated as a complex of several subspecies ; apart from the nominate subspecies breeding in northern asia , two to four other subspecies were accepted , breeding much further south at high altitudes in the sino - himalayan mountain system from the western himalaya east to western china ( yunnan north to gansu and hebei ) . even though they differ only slightly in plumage , they are very distinct vocally with both song and calls differing . genetic analysis has also shown them to be distinct , and they are now treated as separate species :
pallas ' s leaf warbler is named after the german zoologist peter simon pallas , who discovered it on the ingoda river in siberia in 1811 ; the species name proregulus derives from its similar size to the goldcrest regulus regulus . in the past , it was treated as a complex of several subspecies ; apart from the nominate subspecies breeding in northern asia , two to four other subspecies were accepted , breeding much further south at high altitudes in the sino - himalayan mountain system from the western himalaya east to western china ( yunnan north to gansu and hebei ) . even though they differ only slightly in plumage , they are very distinct vocally with both song and calls differing . genetic analysis has also shown them to be distinct , and they are now treated as separate species :
) . only in 2003 were the gardens specifically visited , but pohyon temple is beside the site’s main stream , and several territorial pallas’s leaf warblers were found there during river - bird surveys in 2002 ; hence , 2003 was not an aberrant year . at least in pohyon temple and the scenic spots administration office ( the two sites visited on many dates ) , males occurred right through the breeding season , although it is impossible to tell whether it was the same individual birds on each visit . females may also have settled , as suggested by a non - singing bird in mid - june ( table
podos j , southall ja . rossi - santos mr . vocal mechanics in darwin’s finches : correlation of beak gape and song frequency .
some of the siberian vagrants that appear in western europe have managed to survive into winter . records are frequent for richard ' s pipits
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cramp s ( ed ) ( 1992 ) the birds of the western palearctic , vol . vi . warblers . oxford university press , oxford
greig ei , price jj . pruett - jones s . song evolution in maluridae : influences of natural and sexual selection on acoustic structure .
alström p , saitoh t , williams d , nishiumi i , shigeta y , ueda k , et al . the arctic warbler
even though the expectant crowd of birders knew the pallas’s warbler was there , it was not proving easy to see . the bird was doing a feeding circuit with a loose flock of goldcrests , chiffchaffs , long - tailed tits and a lone female blackcap , which meant that we had to wait at least half an hour between sightings . there were the usual false alarms , as a shout would go up , only for our hopes to be dashed when a more familiar bird came into view .
t’s hard to imagine a bird that weighs less than a two pence coin travelling all the way from siberia to end up near my home in somerset . but that’s exactly what the tiny creature making its way through the dense foliage of ivy and sycamores in front of me had just done .
hypothesis 2 : body size is negatively correlated with frequency characteristics ( wallschläger 1980 ; badyaev and leaf 1997 ; mahler and gil 2009 ) .
sakhalin leaf warbler shows the classic features of the pale - sak species pair , among them an olive - brown crown contrasting with olive - green mantle and wings , a long and creamy supercilium , and faint wing bars on the median and greater coverts . ( craig brelsford )
pallas’s warblers used to migrate south and east , to spend the winter in the jungles of south - east asia . but in recent years a significant minority have changed their migration strategy , travelling west , and probably spending the winter in spain or northwest africa . on the way , each october and november , they pass through britain – with up to 100 being seen here every year .
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dean , a . r . 1985 . review of british status and identification of greenish warbler . brit . birds 78 : 437 - 451 .
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the leaf warbler i found was easily identifiable as a member of the pale - sak species pair . it had strikingly pale pink tarsi , an olive - brown crown contrasting with olive - green mantle and wings , a long and creamy supercilium , and faint wing bars on the median and greater coverts .
hypothesis 3 : song characters ( particularly frequency parameters ) are strongly influenced by habitat characteristics ( badyaev and leaf 1997 ; rheindt et al . 2004 ) .
olsson u , alström p , ericson pg . sundberg p . non - monophyletic taxa and cryptic species - evidence from a molecular phylogeny of leaf - warblers (
main season jun–jul , nests with eggs found between mid - jun and late jul ; one brood , in s part of range possibly two . nest built by . . .
we ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe’s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .
basic components of leaf warbler song evolve under a brownian motion model , being possibly innate . although body size is also phylogenetically constrained , it is strongly correlated with frequency even after phylogenetic correction . this indicates a causal correlation for physical reasons reported earlier . the habitat variable might still be too simplified , because it merely reflects increasing habitat density . the impact of habitat on leaf warbler song appears to be more complicated than could be tested in this approach . habitat and geographical dimensions should be replaced by environmental - niche components in order to work out ecological–physiological causalities . this should be further combined with historical biogeography in order to trace song trait evolution more realistically .
in recent months , my work with sound - recordings has helped give shanghai birders a clearer picture not only of sakhalin leaf warbler but also of kamchatka leaf warbler phylloscopus examinandus , like sakhalin a poorly known passage migrant through shanghai ( brelsford , june 2017 ) . in the case of pale - sak in shanghai , a picture is emerging of overlapping migratory pathways . this finding comports with the findings of yap et al . at beidaihe , a thousand kilometers to the north . after analyzing calls obtained at beidaihe of both pale - legged and sakhalin , yap hypothesizes that in coastal hebei “the migratory pathways of the two sister species may largely overlap” ( 2014 ) .
derryberry ep , seddon n , claramunt s , tobias ja , baker a , aleixo a , et al . correlated evolution of beak morphology and song in the neotropical woodcreeper radiation .
lemon - rumped warbler phylloscopus chloronotus . himalaya , sw china . three subspecies , p . c . chloronotus , p . c . forresti , p . c . simlaensis .
the simla warbler is the westernmost subspecies p . chloronotus simlaensis which may be anything between a distinct species and invalid due to clinal variation ( alström 2006 [ 2 ] ) .
lemon - rumped warbler phylloscopus chloronotus . himalaya , sw china . three subspecies , p . c . chloronotus , p . c . forresti , p . c . simlaensis .
tamura k , peterson d , peterson n , stecher g , nei m . kumar s . mega5 : molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood , evolutionary distance , and maximum parsimony methods .
the spectrogram below is of a brief sound - recording i made in microforest 4 this past sunday . the song element of this passage migrant is absent ( though note that i have heard pale - legged and sakhalin singing in shanghai in spring ) . the call has a frequency of 5 . 9 khz and clearly belongs to pale - legged leaf warbler .
: 0 . 7–1 . 1 ) was only detected for the duration of the longest and of the shortest element – much larger than for any other song parameter . a medium signal strength ( blomberg’s
it’s often said that these unexpected autumn visitors are “lost” , or “blown off course” – waifs and strays that have taken the wrong turn , or been the unwitting victims of a rogue weather system .
9–10 cm ; 4·5–7·5 g . a small , short - tailed and extremely active warbler with well - marked plumage . has well - defined pale median crownstripe , equally . . .
phylogeny of leaf - warblers ( phylloscopidae ) . molecular phylogeny of leaf - warblers ( phylloscopidae ) based on a 1900 - bp alignment of three genes ( for details see table s5 ) reconstructed in beast ( genes and codon positions partitioned , gtr + γ + i model for cytochrome b and myoglobin , gtr + i model for 12s rdna , 30 million generations ) .
martens j . 2013 . vocalizations of leaf - warblers and spectacled warblers ( phylloscopus and seicercus ) . double audio cd , no . sx 419 726 , syrinx tonstudio berlin [ urltoken ]
there is no
family book
covering the leaf - warblers so information must be sought in a variety of texts . the next volume of hbw will cover all the sylvioid warblers .
patterson bd , stotz df , solari s , fitzpatrick jw , pacheco v ( 1998 ) contrasting patterns of elevational zonation for birds and mammals in the andes of southeastern peru . j biogeogr 25 : 593–607
: 0 . 7–1 . 1 ) was found in body length and mass as well as habitat . mean elevation , maximal range extension to the west , and main biogeographic region exhibited medium signal strength ( blomberg’s
the exact parameters of the phylloscopidae is not yet known . there are at least 56 species that are currently assigned to the genus phylloscopus , and another 12 assigned to seicercus which , as noted above , is embedded within phylloscopus from a biochemical standpoint . our headline species — chinese leaf - warbler ( above ) — is a phylloscopus , one of several recently described species ( e . g . , alström et al . 1992 , 1997 ) . so a whole lot of this family is composed of these leaf - warblers . dickinson ( 2003 ) has a subfamily
phylloscopinae
that might suggest the limits of this group , but it includes a variety of genera that proved not to be related . for example , both the monotypic genus tickellia ( broad - billed warbler ) and the 3 species in abroscopus proved to be members of the cettiidae . all of the phylloscopidae breed exclusively in the old world , except for arctic warbler phylloscopus borealis , whose range extends across the bering strait into northern alaska .
alström , p . ( 2018 ) . chinese leaf - warbler ( phylloscopus yunnanensis ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
yap , f . , yong , d . l . , low , b . , cros , e . , foley , c . , lim , k . k . & rheindt , f . e . 2014 . first wintering record of the sakhalin leaf warbler in south east asia , with notes on vocalisations . birdingasia 21 : 76–81 . downloadable here ( accessed : 28 sept . 2017 ) .
) . the species’s small size and habitual hover - picking allow it to forage readily within the needle - like foliage of conifers and to feed upon the abundant small arthropods , e . g . spiders ( forstmeier and keßler
orme d , freckleton r , thomas g , petzoldt t , fritz s , isaac n , et al . 2012 . caper : comparative analyses of phylogenetics and evolution in r . r package version 0 . 5 urltoken .
additionally , there is the tendency for more complex song further east in eurasia where the diversity hotspot of leaf warblers is . this could be explained by some contrast reinforcement or acoustic niche partitioning within this bird family .
featured image : pale - legged / sakhalin leaf warbler , yangkou , rudong , jiangsu , 1 may 2014 . photo by craig brelsford . some of the salient characteristics of pale - sak are pointed out . separating pale - legged from sakhalin on the basis of plumage and bare parts is not possible ; because this bird was neither singing nor calling , it cannot be determined to which of the two species it belongs .
in case you’re wondering , this elusive little sprite was named after the 18th - century german - born russian ornithologist peter simon pallas . he also gave his name to a gull , a sandgrouse , a now - extinct cormorant , a volcano , a new kind of meteorite , three species of reptile and no fewer than seven mammals . but when i finally got a decent view of the bird – a two - second glimpse as it flew from one tree to another – i was reminded of its older , and in many ways more appropriate name : lemon - rumped warbler .
in contrast to previous studies , song complexity indicated by both relative element dissimilarity and diversity of leaf warbler songs decreased northwards . in more detail , greig et al . ( 2013 ) found the opposite latitudinal gradient for the same complexity measure ( their “song versatility” is based on the same calculation as “element diversity” in our study ) , while complexity indices ( pcs ) used by mahler and gil ( 2009 ) and cardoso et al . ( 2012 ) were more strongly influenced by syllable structure rather than by element dissimilarity and diversity ( our study ) . although we did not account for repertoire sizes as a measure of complexity in our study while mahler and gil ( 2009 ) did , by far the greatest individual male repertoires in the phylloscopidae were documented from tropical seicercus species , with no < 44 distinct verse types per male ( s . omeiensis ; see martens et al . 1999 ; päckert et al . 2004 ) . thus , even considering repertoire sizes of tropical species , our results cast some doubt on a predicted greater selective pressure at temperate latitudes on male leaf warbler repertoires or on complexity of verse patterns .
precise definitions of all song parameters used for analysis and explanatory variables with phylogenetic signal ( blomberg’s k with p value , pagel’s λ ) , estimated model of evolution ( bm : brownian motion , eb : early burst , ou : ornstein–uhlenbeck , λ : lambda ; alternative models in parentheses , if δaicc < 2 ; for details see text ) and r labels used in the electronic appendix . temporal parameters were measured in seconds to three digits , frequency parameters in kilohertzes to three digits .
alström , p . & christie , d . a . ( 2018 ) . lemon - rumped leaf - warbler ( phylloscopus chloronotus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
a clearer picture will add to our knowledge of the movement of leaf warblers along the central chinese coast , focus attention on little - known east asian species , and heighten the allure of shanghai as a world - class birding location .
why should you care about all this ? because prepared birders have a chance to get solid ticks of “pale - saks” that are merely calling and not necessarily singing . if you hear a pale - sak calling and trust your ear ( or better yet , sound - record the call and later analyze the spectrogram ) , then you may be able to go beyond the safe , boring record of “pale - legged / sakhalin leaf warbler” to a more satisfying full tick .
in leaf warblers trait conservation of element duration might have a strong heritable component , too , at least with respect to the results of experiments with naïve birds reared in acoustic isolation showing that element length is largely innate ( schubert 1976 ; thielcke 1983 ) . although these experiments were conducted with two leaf warbler species only ( p . collybita , p . trochilus ) and thus the results might not easily be generalized for the entire family , element parameters in these species seem to be the relevant song traits involved in species recognition ( schubert 1971 ; helb 1973 ; martens and hänel 1981 ; martens and meincke 1989 ; martens et al . 2004 ) and might therefore be more strongly conserved than other song traits .
in this model , when the female chooses to pair bond with a male , she gains the male’s services in protecting her from forced copulations by other males . females can also combat forced copulations by evolving methods of expelling or not using the resulting sperm .
the bird , which was in microforest 1 , behaved in a way typical of the pale - saks i have observed in the cape nanhui microforests , eight tiny woodlands that dot the coastline of the cape . rarely venturing more than 2 m off the ground , the leaf warbler favored low branches and vines for browsing and sturdy low branches for perching . it pumped its tail steadily , called spontaneously , and upon hearing playback of its own call moved in to investigate the source .
the long distances traveled by phylloscopus warblers present much opportunity for migratory mistakes and vagrancy . a few such birds will go the
wrong way
and become vagrants to western north america . i refuted one claim years ago (
willow warbler ;
roberson & pitelka 1983 ) but recently an actual willow warbler was found as a vagrant in alaska . i ' ve had the good fortune to see both arctic p . borealis and dusky p . fuscatus warblers in california .
answers to these questions are currently unknown , but they are probably knowable , and it is very much possible for the citizen - scientists of shanghai to be the producers of that knowledge . we only need to change our habits . when it comes to identifying lookalike species such as pale - legged and sakhalin leaf warbler , birders need to understand that photos do nothing to cut through the muddle . only sound - recordings lead to indisputable records and a clearer picture of the species in shanghai .
songs in passerine birds are important for territory defense and mating . speciation rates in oscine passerines are so high , due to cultural evolution , that this bird lineage makes up half of the extant bird species . leaf warblers are a speciose old - world passerine family of limited morphological differentiation , so that songs are even more important for species delimitation . we took 16 sonographic traits from song recordings of 80 leaf warbler taxa and correlated them with 15 potentially explanatory variables , pairwise , and in linear models . based on a well - resolved molecular phylogeny of the same taxa , all pairwise correlations were corrected for relatedness with phylogenetically independent contrasts and phylogenetic generalized linear models were used . we found a phylogenetic signal for most song traits , but a strong one only for the duration of the longest and of the shortest element , which are presumably inherited instead of learned . body size of a leaf warbler species is a constraint on song frequencies independent of phylogeny . at least in this study , habitat density had only marginal impact on song features , which even disappeared through phylogenetic correction . maybe most leaf warblers avoid the deterioration through sound propagation in dense vegetation by singing from exposed perches . latitudinal ( and longitudinal ) extension of the breeding ranges was correlated with most song features , especially verse duration ( longer polewards and westwards ) and complexity ( lower polewards ) . climate niche or expansion history might explain these correlations . the number of different element types per verse decreases with elevation , possibly due to fewer resources and congeneric species at higher elevations .
sc & se siberia , from altai mts e to n sea of okhotsk , s to n mongolia , ne china ( heilongjiang , e & n jilin and n inner mongolia ) , sakhalin and n korea ; non - breeding se china , n thailand and n indochina .
cibois , a . , e . pasquet , and t . s . schulenberg . 1999 . molecular systematics of the malagasy babblers ( timaliidae ) and warblers ( sylviidae ) , based on cytochrome b and 16s rrna sequences . molecular phylogenetics & evolution 3 : 581 - 595 .
diversity - tempo index , combining relative element diversity and speed of element delivery according to the formula : complexity2 + zel / tges / 30 . 268 s . tempo component is adjusted to set the fastest tempo in the data set to 1 . 0 ( p . borealis ) .
: 0 . 4–0 . 8 ) was found for all other compositional parameters but the element diversity , for the frequency parameters maximum frequency and maximum element bandwidth , and for complexity2 . element diversity and the remaining frequency parameters as well as complexity1 and complexity3 exhibited a weak signal ( blomberg’s
the most convenient separator of pale - sak is song , the cricket - like trill of pale - legged being easily separable from the metallic whistle of sakhalin . as shanghai is not in the breeding range of either species , pale - sak songs are not often heard in earth’s greatest city . i have heard sakhalin sing only once , on 5 may 2016 at shanghai’s zhongshan park ( brelsford 2016 ) . the song of pale - legged i have heard at various locations in shanghai as well as on its breeding grounds in heilongjiang ( brelsford & du 2017 ) .


the yellow-fronted canary ( crithagra mozambica ) , also called yellow-eyed canary , is a small passerine bird in the finch family .

it is known elsewhere and in aviculture as the green singing finch .

the yellow-fronted canary was formerly placed in the genus serinus but phylogenetic analysis using mitochondrial and nuclear dna sequences found that the genus was polyphyletic .

the genus was therefore split and a number of species including the yellow-fronted canary were moved to the resurrected genus crithagra swainson 1827 .

this bird is a resident breeder in africa south of the sahara desert .

its habitat is open woodland and cultivation .

it nests in trees , laying 3 – 4 eggs in a compact cup nest .

the yellow-fronted canary is 11 – 13 cm in length .

the adult male has a green back and brown wings and tail .

the underparts and rump are yellow , and the head is yellow with a grey crown and nape , and black malar stripe .

the female is similar , but with a weaker head pattern and duller underparts .

juveniles are greyer than the female , especially on the head .

the yellow-fronted canary is a common , gregarious seedeater .

its song is a warbled zee-zeree-chereeo .

yellow - fronted canary

the yellow - fronted canary was first described in 1776 by german zoologist phillip muller .
could it be a yellow - fronted canary ( crithagra mozambica ) ? the only bird that was visually identified in the vicinity was amakihi ( chlorodrepanis virens ) , but i don ' t think it ' s that .
yellow - fronted canaries are important as seed predators and may act as prey for small raptors , snakes , and small , carnivorous mammals .
yellow - fronted canaries forage alone or in small groups . however , flocks of up to 100 individuals have been reported and they may join other
yellow - fronted canaries are a popular cagebird throughout the world . mozambique exports 10 , 000 birds annually . the population within this country has been estimated at over 2 million birds ( parker 1999 in fry and keith 2004 ) . yellow - fronted canaries may assist in controlling insect numbers around cultivated fields .
nesting pairs of yellow - fronted canaries are moderately territorial , but two or even three nests have been sited in the same tree on several occasions . home range size varies .
the yellow - fronted canary has a large range , estimated globally at 9 , 500 , 000 square kilometers . it is primarily found in africa , though it has been introduced to the united states and puerto rico . this bird prefers savanna , shrubland , and grassland ecological systems , though it can reside in rural gardens or on pasture or arable land . the population of the bird has not been determined but the species is described as common in many areas despite being heavily traded . the yellow - fronted canary does not currently meet the criteria for the iucn red list and has an evaluation level of least concern .
adult yellow - fronted canaries are agile and can outmaneuver most predators . nestlings and recently fledged birds sustain the highest rates of mortality . likely predators of adults are agile raptors , such as
grey head with two bright yellow streaks : one above the eyes (
eyebrow streak
) and one below the eyes . bright yellow plumage covers the entire underside of the bird , extending from the chin down to the undertail . the rump is also yellow . the top of the neck , back , and wings are a greenish grey with yellow margins to the otherwise blackish wing and tail feathers . juveniles have a pale yellow face and breast with dull greenish - yellow rump and spots / streaks on the sides of the breast .
yellow - fronted canary : towards the end of the 1960s , this species was introduced to the hawaiian islands of oahu , molokai , and hawaii , where they maintain resident colonies . they can be found in dry , open woodlands and also in cultivated areas . this species is native to africa in areas south of the sahara desert .
frequently feeds on cultivated grains . although abundant and widespread , yellow - fronted canaries generally forage in small groups and thus never threaten to wipe out a crop , but consistent feeding in farmlands may contribute to lower crop harvests .
clement , p . ( 2018 ) . yellow - fronted canary ( crithagra mozambica ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
popular cagebirds , yellow - fronted canaries have been released near human settlements around the globe , establishing populations where conditions permit . introduced birds have colonized parts of hawaii , puerto rico , sao tomé , mafia island , mauritius , and réunion among other countries .
adult yellow - fronted canaries ( older than 6 months ) experience annual mortality rates of about 65 % . many birds live 2 to 3 years , although one wild individual lived at least 8 . 5 years . captive birds frequently live beyond 10 years .
) , and have been hybridized with canaries ( green singing cock × border or roller canary hen ) to produce fertile offspring . green singing finches have reportedly also hybridized with : goldbreasted waxbill (
north american fringillidae are generally plumaged in shades of red , yellow , brown and dull green - these colors being more vivid in the case of the hawaiian honeycreepers . male finches are more brightly colored than females , the yellow and black plumage of male goldfinches being especially striking .
yellow - fronted canaries are common through much of sub - saharan africa , they are categorized as a species of least concern on the iucn red list and a cites appendix iii species . this classification is designed to
prevent or restrict exploitation
which , in this case , may result from excessive capture for the pet trade .
yellow - fronted canaries are brightly colored and average 12 cm ( 4 . 75 inches ) in length . adult males have a golden - yellow face , belly , flank , rump , and tail coverts . they have brown to black malar stripes and eyestripes continuing through to the beak , both surrounded by the characteristic golden - yellow . their back , neck , and crown are brown to yellowish olive - green ( fry and keith , 2004 ) . they have sparse dark streaking on their backs , darker brown primaries and secondaries , dark to light brown tail feathers with lighter yellowish or greenish edges , and pale pinkish - brown bills . adult females are similar in plumage to males . they are distinguished by a ring of brown feathers crossing the bottom of the throat , resembling a pearl necklace . they are generally slightly more dull brown and paler yellow , with lighter eye and malar stripes . juveniles are similar to females , with heavy streaking . juvenile males molt out of their necklace markings at around 6 months of age .
fringillidae are known for their seed - eating behavior and cheery songs ; characteristics that facilitated and popularized the domestication of the island canary . finches such as white - winged crossbills are also known for their
irruptive
migrations in search of food sources that can make them locally common one winter and absent the next .
yellow - fronted canaries are socially monogamous . a pair typically defends its territory from other members of the species , although on occasion several pairs may nest in the same tree . at the onset of the breeding season , members of mated pairs frequently chase one another in a slow , stilted , level flight from branch to branch . males feed their mates throughout the breeding season , and also sing loud , trilling songs while perched upright and swaying very slightly .
have been identified , each with subtle variations in plumage , size , wing length , and other body measurements . south african birds exhibit regional color variation , with a gradient from duller individuals in the west to the brightest yellow birds in the east .
yellow - fronted canaries feed primarily on seeds and insects . sorghum and millet seeds are husked and eaten readily , often taken from cultivated fields . to reach seeds still attached to tip of plants , birds may land mid - stalk , pin the plant to the ground , and inch their way up until they reach the seeds . termites , aphids , grasshoppers , and other insects are especially important during the breeding season when chicks demand a relatively high - protein diet . other food items include leaves , fruit , petals , and nectar .
this species builds a cup - shaped nest and should be provided canary nest baskets / pans ( at least 2 at varying heights in the enclosure ) . some pairs will construct the nest within clumps of dried brush affixed to the aviary wall or suspended from the ceiling . ensure that any nest site provided is sheltered from rain and storms . provide coconut fiber , dry / soft grasses , rootlets , kapok , and soft feathers for nesting material .
yellow - fronted canaries are native to much of sub - saharan africa . they are found in most countries below their northern limit of 17˚ north latitude , including mauritania , guinea , liberia , mali , ivory coast , burkina faso , ghana , togo , benin , nigeria , cameroon , chad , central african republic , sudan , eritrea , ethiopia , congo , zaire , uganda , kenya , rwanda , burundi , tanzania , angola , zambia , malawi , mozambique , zimbabwe , and botswana ( fry and keith , 2004 ) . they are notably absent from the arid regions of south africa and the tropical rainforests of the congo basin .
the aptly named crossbills have curious curved bills with crossed tips . although it looks more like a bill deformity than a useful tool , this specialized bill shape is perfect for extracting seeds from pine cones . males of the house , cassin ' s , and purple finch species can sometimes develop yellow or orange rather than red plumage depending upon the amount of carotenoids present in their food sources .
this species has the potential to be housed in a communal aviary , however , green singing finches may show aggression toward other species with similar plumage to their own ( i . e . yellow coloration ) such as saffron finches and cuban melodious finches , and thus should not be housed with these species . additionally , because males can be aggressive toward one another , only one pair of green singers should be housed per enclosure . green singers can be housed in cages , flights , or aviaries ; if housing outdoors in temperate climates , be sure to provide adequate shelter from storms , winds , and cold weather ( below 50°f ) .
green singing finches can become obese if fed too rich a diet year - round and / or not provided with adequate exercise . feeding an austerity diet when not breeding and offering a larger enclosure with perches spaced far apart will help reduce this risk . green singing finches can suffer from intestinal parasites ( including coccidia ) , overgrown nails , egg - binding ( if not fed an adequate diet or provided with natural sunlight ; more commonly seen in first - year and old hens ) , infected bug bites ( typically on nonfeathered skin ) , and a propensity to contort and injure their wings during handling ( so be especially cautious to secure the birds ' wings to the sides of the body during handling as this will prevent the birds from twisting their wings ) . this species may be infrequently affected by scaly leg mite and air sac mites . note that older birds and those with damaged feathers may develop atypical white or yellow markings which are not due to being pied nor having a genetic mutation .
html public
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urltoken
ioc _ names _ file _ plus - 8 . 2g : 8 . 2
przevalski ' s finch , previously called pink - tailed rosefinch , is a relict member of an ancient separate lineage that is as old as , or older than other families of finches ; it belongs in its own monotypic family urocynchramidae , with a name change ( groth 2000 , päckert et al . 2016 )
classification of fringillidae revised for v3 . 3 ; see especially zuccon et al . 2012
europe ( except british isles , sardinia ) to c asia , w , n turkey , c and e caucasus and nw iran .
split gran canaria blue finch from [ tenerife ] blue chaffinch ( sangster et al . 2015 )
( zuccon et al . 2012 , cf kirwan & gregory 2005 , bli , hbw )
( tietze et al . 2013 , cf rasmussen & anderton 2005 , ioc 3 . 5 ) . restore english name to great rosefinch
has priority for species name . change english name to pink - rumped rosefinch ( hbw , clements , h & m 3 )
( wu et al . 2011 , tietze et al . 2013 ; cf collar 2004 )
hawaiian honeycreepers resequenced following pratt 2005 , lerner et al . 2011 ; see also nacc 2015 . needs review of oversplit genera .
island populations of the akepa are recognized as separate species ( nacc 2015 - b - 4c ) ; add island name ( hawaii ) to akepa .
based on lerner et al . ( 2011 ) phylogeny ; see also pratt 2005 .
, is preoccupied by a subspecies of greater akialoa . that conflict no longer exists with placement of kauai amakihi in
( arnaiz - villena et al . 1999 , nguembock et al . 2009 , zuccon et al . 2012 )
( tschusi , 1901 ) as a synonym . permanently invalid . dickinson & christidis , 2014 .
( arnaiz - villena et al . 1999 , nguembock et al . 2009 , zuccon et al . 2012 , nacc )
recognized by bou ( ottvall et al . 2002 , marthinsen et al . 2008 )
pending future analyses ( knox 2001 , ottvall et al . 2002 , marthinsen et al . 2008 , mason & taylor 2015 , bou , h & m4 , nacc 2017 - b - 7 )
se siberia , ne china , korea , sakhalin and kuril is . and japan
( weir and schluter 2004 , smith et al . 2005 ; nacc 2017 - c - 5 )
preliminary genetics suggest that megaplaga and leucoptera are sisters and that bifasciata should be split to avoid paraphyly ( parchman et al . 2007 ) . see also elmberg 1993 re song differences
taczanowski , 1879 as a synonym . permanently invalid . dickinson & christidis , 2014 .
( zuccon et al . 2012 , also arnaiz - villena et al . 1999 , nguembock et al . 2009 , ryan et al . 2004 )
sa : n colombia to trinidad and the guianas , south to n argentina , se brazil , e paraguay .
from thraupidae to a new monotypic family rhodinocichlidae , which follows calcariidae ( barker et al . 2013 , 2015 ; nacc 2017 - b - 6 ) . eng [ 8 . 1 ] = lower case ' tanager '
hbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .
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josep del hoyo , juan sanabria , greg baker , pascal vagner , doug and denise norris , joe angseesing , pieter de groot boersma , daniêl jimenez , peter van dam , bill wayman , yoël jimenez , bob humphries and sally robinson .
lars petersson , paul van giersbergen , éric roualet , juan josé bazán hiraldo , holger teichmann , marvinhyett , mattias hofstede , morten venas , robert erasmus , stan culley , buchert , manakincarmelo , david beadle , frédéric pelsy , billonneau jean claude , laurent demongin , tim cockcroft birding , tomas grim , paul cools , ken simonite , georges olioso , ken havard .
birds on são tomé , previously separated as race santhome , were introduced on that island in late 19th century and exhibit features within range of variation of mainland tando . ten subspecies recognized .
( d’orbigny , 1839 ) – extreme s mauritania , senegal and gambia s to n sierra leone and e to nigeria and n cameroon .
heuglin , 1864 – s chad , central african republic , sw & s sudan and w & s south sudan s to e drcongo , uganda , sw kenya and nw & c tanzania .
( w . l . sclater & mackworth - praed , 1931 ) – se sudan , e south sudan and w & sw ethiopia .
( c . h . b . grant & mackworth - praed , 1945 ) – w eritrea and nw & c ethiopia .
( w . l . sclater & mackworth - praed , 1918 ) – gabon , s congo , w & s drcongo and n & w angola ; also são tomé , where probably introduced .
( c . m . n . white , 1947 ) – se drcongo , ce angola , sw tanzania and ne zambia .
( roberts , 1932 ) – se angola and ne namibia e to sw zambia .
( statius müller , 1776 ) – e kenya s to c & s mozambique , zimbabwe , e & se botswana and ne south africa ( limpopo and north west province s to free state ) .
( clancey , 1957 ) – extreme s mozambique , e swaziland and e south africa ( mpumalanga and kwazulu - natal s to s eastern cape ) .
introduced ( nominate race ) to mafia i , mauritius , reunion , rodrigues , assumption i , hawaiian is ( oahu ) and puerto rico .
11–13 cm ; 8·5–16·2 g . small , short - tailed finch with broad supercilium and prominent face pattern . male nominate race has lower forehead and supercilium bright . . .
song , often given in short bursts , a lively series of sweet , musical phrases e . g .
tseeu - tseeu . . .
mostly seeds , buds , flowers , leaves and some insects . seeds principally of grasses and weed species , including those of
season may–nov in w africa , throughout year in e africa , nov–apr ( mostly dec–mar ) in zimbabwe , sept–mar in . . .
resident and partially nomadic . in non - breeding season large flocks wander in search of feeding . . .
not globally threatened . common , locally abundant and widespread ; absent from some areas of apparently suitable habitat . estimated population in s mozambique in excess of 2 , . . .
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forms three well - defined subfamilies # r , including euphoniinae , previously placed in thraupidae . also includes drepanidini , sometimes treated as a separate family ( as in hbw ) , but here considered merely a tribe of carduelinae . extensive phylogenetic data available , and comparatively few species remain wholly unscreened ; nonetheless , study of internal relationships has been confounded by recurring plumage patterns and use of similar feeding niches by taxa that prove to be far from closely related .
apparently monophyletic clade comprising mostly afrotropical and arabian species traditionally placed in serinus , together with a few that were sometimes included in carduelis # r # r ; two species of s africa , previously placed in pseudochloroptila , also imported herein , as is c . concolor , transferred from monospecific neospiza , based on molecular evidence # r # r . one analysis using mtdna indicates that further subdivision might be warranted , by recognizing dendrospiza ( for , e . g . , c . capistrata , c . hyposticta and c . citrinelloides ) , ochrospiza ( c . citrinipectus , c . mozambica and c . dorsostriata ) and poliospiza ( c . striatipectus , c . reichardi and c . mennelli ) # r , but more complete taxon sampling does not support this at present .
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and gray legs and feet . it feeds on seeds and insects . bounding flight , alternates flapping with gliding . sexes are similar , female is duller .
a group of canaries are collectively known as an
aria
and an
opera
of canaries .
also known as perching birds , the order passeriformes ( pronounced pas - ser - i - for - meez ) is composed of one hundred and eighteen families of birds , among which are included the insectivorous warblers and the seed - eating finches .
the fringillidae ( pronounced frin - jihl - lih - dee ) is a widespread bird family found on most continents and includes two hundred and seven species of finches in thirty - nine genera .
eighty - nine species of fringillidae in twenty - nine genera have occurred in north america and hawaii . these include familiar feeder visitors such as goldfinches and siskins , the nomadic rosy - finches of the high mountains , and a group with several extinct species ; the hawaiian honeycreepers .
fringillidae are primarily small birds with stout , short bills adapted to cracking open seeds and have short legs for a mostly arboreal lifestyle . most species also have slightly forked tails and long wings , both useful for the large amount of flying needed to find seeding plants . although some hawaiian honeycreepers share this general structure , others evolved a variety of bill shapes related to the habitat niches they occupy .
fringillidae in north america occupy forest and non - forest habitats , coniferous forests being favored by most species while native hawaiian forests are necessary for the survival of the hawaiian honeycreepers . the non - forest niche is filled by goldfinches ( birds of weedy fields and desert ) , the house finch ( a desert species that has become adapted to urban environments ) and the rosy - finches of alpine snow fields and tundra .
most fringillidae are adapted to cold weather and only migrate when seed crops on their breeding grounds become scarce . rosy - finches practice
vertical migration ,
moving to nearby lower elevations with better supplies of food during the winter .
members of the fringillidae family are very social birds typically found in flocks outside of the breeding season . although the rosy - finches take much insect prey on the ground and some hawaiian honeycreepers eat nectar , most finches forage for seeds in trees and bushes .
while fringillidae in the united states and canada are doing quite well , most hawaiian honeycreeper species are highly endangered with many having already gone extinct and others in decline because of their high susceptibility to introduced diseases such as avian malaria and changes to the native forests they inhabit .
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also called the supercilicum or superciliary it is the arch of feathers over each eye .
also called whisker , mustache or malar streak , it is the area below the eye and bill on the sides of the chin that stretches downwards .
also called the hindneck or collar , it is the back of the neck where the head joins the body .
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del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population size has not been quantified , but the species is described as common to locally abundant ( clement 1999 , fry and keith 2004 ) , while the population in taiwan has been estimated at < c . 100 introduced breeding pairs ( brazil 2009 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be in decline as a result of the bird trade ( unep - wcmc cites trade database , january 2005 ) .
since 1985 , over 2 , 600 , 000 wild birds have been recorded in international trade ( unep - wcmc cites trade database , january 2005 ) .
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calls from a bird sitting up in a weedy field adjacent to dry forest .
song ? and calls from a bird perched up in weedy growth at the edge of secondary forest .
a male seen displaying for a female on a wire fence in some long grass on the roadside near the end of summer .
a small flock seen singing from a dead tree near long grass where they were eating grass seeds .
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : crithagra mozambica . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
hens are duller overall and some races have a line of grey feathers extending across the lower throat , resembling a grey necklace . only the ( adult ) cock sings , though hey may not sing year - round .
juveniles are difficult to sex until they obtain adult plumage at about 9 months of age . both juvenile cocks and hens may practice singing until they reach full maturity , at which point only the cock sings .
green singing finch hen - notice the grey spots across the lower throat forming a
necklace .
open woodland savanna and plains with occasional trees . sometimes feeds on edges of farmland , reedbeds , and gardens .
toward the breeding season , groups of males may alight in tree tops and sing in concert . they usually build nests in small shrubs , thickets , and trees , choosing a site near the end of a branch where it forks at heights varying from 3 - 20 feet ( most commonly 7 - 10 ft ) above ground . green singing finches only pair up for the breeding season , after which time they separate . during the non - breeding season , green singing finches gather in large flocks and roam together in search of food . they feed primarily on grass seeds , but may also eat weeds , tree flowers , and buds . they become insectivorous when breeding . green singing finches love to bathe , and should be provided with a shallow bird bath regularly . because they have a propensity to shred , ingest , and thus decimate plants , any plantings within their reach should be nontoxic and ideally hardy .
they tend to be long - lived ( a captive life span of 8 - 10 + years is not uncommon ) .
is a species listed in the cites appendices , meaning that international trade of the green singing finch ( export , import ) is restricted . therefore if you obtain a pair , you should strongly consider breeding them to continue their availability in captivity .
autumn / winter in southern hemisphere ; nesting tends to occur from august / september through january ; breeding season can be artificially induced by manipulating temperature , diet , etc .
these birds are best bred between 2 and 4 years of age . breeding can be accomplished in cages , flights , or aviaries . perches within the enclosure should be secured firmly to permit successful copulation . the breeding diet should be introduced about 1 month prior to anticipated breeding . green singing finches are monogamous with a strong pair bond , though some breeders have had success breeding the birds as trios ( 2 hens with 1 cock ) . only house one pair ( or trio ) per enclosure ; colony breeding multiple pairs does not tend to be successful , and housing more than 1 pair together requires a very spacious and well - planted enclosure . ideally pairs should not be kept within ear shot of each other to maximize productivity .
the courtship can be rough ; it often involves a chase prior to copulation , and occasionally the male may pluck some of the female ' s feathers . to limit aggression , before placing the pair in the breeding enclosure , the cock and hen can be introduced via a smaller cage with a central wire divider separating the cock from hen . this allows the birds to become accustomed to each other while limiting physical contact . after about a week , the pair can then be introduced into the breeding enclosure together . the cock feeding the hen is a sign of breeding readiness , and may take place up to a few weeks before nest building starts .
eggs are pale blue in color ( sometimes spotted ) and are incubated by the hen . the cock does not tend to incubate , but does feed the hen while she is sitting on the eggs . some breeders opt to remove each egg as it is laid , replacing it with a plastic dummy egg . then , once the clutch is complete , the breeder returns all of the eggs to the hen at the same time . this ensures that the eggs all hatch on the same day , giving each chick an equal chance at survival . once the chicks hatch , both parents feed them . after the young fledge , the cock continues to wean the babies as the hen starts her next brood . be sure to provide plenty of
for the pair to feed their young . if space restraints require , juveniles can be removed from the breeding enclosure once they are fully weaned - - about 4 weeks after they fledge the nest . breeding pairs typically raise 3 - 4 clutches per season , and may reuse the same nest after re - lining it .
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crithagra mozambica mozambica : coastal kenya and mafia i . ( tanzania ) south to zimbabwe , mozambique , eastern and southeastern botswana , and northeastern south africa ( north west and limpopo to free state )
crithagra mozambica vansoni : extreme se angola and adj . namibia to n botswana , sw zambia
howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :
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prefers open woodlands and grasslands below 2300 m , but may also be found in a variety of other habitats including coastal scrub , mangroves , and sand dunes . they are rarely found in tropical rainforests or arid regions . they frequent cultivated lands where they take advantage of abundant sorghum , millet , and other grains .
both birds collect plant fibers ( mostly fine grasses ) and other suitable material with which the female constructs a small cup - shaped nest . nests are built 1 to 6 meters above ground in forked branches , twigs , or other supportive structures , usually shielded from view by dense foliage .
breeds through the rainy season when there are sufficient food supplies to rear young . because of the tremendous range of the species , the timing of this period varies widely depending on weather patterns . between two and five ( usually 3 ) eggs are laid , one per day until the clutch is complete . incubation by the female alone lasts 13 days and ( at least for captive birds ) typically commences after the last or second - to - last egg is laid . during this period the male feeds his mate regularly and sings from a nearby perch .
breeding interval related birds often raise one to three broods each year , depending on food availability and weather .
breeding season the breeding season varies throughout range but generally coincides with the wet season .
initially after hatching the young require nearly constant brooding by the mother . as the female is able to leave the nest for longer periods , the male joins in feeding the young . the young fledge at around 18 days . the family travels and feeds as a unit until or beyond the time when the young are functionally independent , usually at the age of 6 weeks .
to form mixed - species flocks . small groups roost together in trees and bushes . posturing and vocal communication is common within the group . though generally considered a resident species ,
may migrate short distances to stay close to the best food sources and to avoid bad weather conditions . these seasonal wanderings are particularly pronounced in the northern limits of their range .
posturing between individuals in a group is common . singing competitions are frequent , and males respond strongly to potential competitors with a loud , trilling song that is repeated throughout the day .
. nestlings and hatchlings may be taken by nest predators such as snakes and other arboreal carnivores .
timothy lambert ( author ) , stanford university , terry root ( editor , instructor ) , stanford university .
living in sub - saharan africa ( south of 30 degrees north ) and madagascar .
living in the nearctic biogeographic province , the northern part of the new world . this includes greenland , the canadian arctic islands , and all of the north american as far south as the highlands of central mexico .
living in the southern part of the new world . in other words , central and south america .
body of water between the southern ocean ( above 60 degrees south latitude ) , australia , asia , and the western hemisphere . this is the world ' s largest ocean , covering about 28 % of the world ' s surface .
young are born in a relatively underdeveloped state ; they are unable to feed or care for themselves or locomote independently for a period of time after birth / hatching . in birds , naked and helpless after hatching .
having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .
animals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature . endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia , although it may have arisen in a ( now extinct ) synapsid ancestor ; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities . convergent in birds .
forest biomes are dominated by trees , otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality .
referring to animal species that have been transported to and established populations in regions outside of their natural range , usually through human action .
offspring are produced in more than one group ( litters , clutches , etc . ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ) . iteroparous animals must , by definition , survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ) .
the area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .
islands that are not part of continental shelf areas , they are not , and have never been , connected to a continental land mass , most typically these are volcanic islands .
reproduction in which eggs are released by the female ; development of offspring occurs outside the mother ' s body .
the business of buying and selling animals for people to keep in their homes as pets .
the region of the earth that surrounds the equator , from 23 . 5 degrees north to 23 . 5 degrees south .
a terrestrial biome . savannas are grasslands with scattered individual trees that do not form a closed canopy . extensive savannas are found in parts of subtropical and tropical africa and south america , and in australia .
a grassland with scattered trees or scattered clumps of trees , a type of community intermediate between grassland and forest . see also tropical savanna and grassland biome .
a terrestrial biome found in temperate latitudes ( > 23 . 5° n or s latitude ) . vegetation is made up mostly of grasses , the height and species diversity of which depend largely on the amount of moisture available . fire and grazing are important in the long - term maintenance of grasslands .
finchinfo . com . 2007 .
the green singing finch
( on - line ) . finch info . accessed may 10 , 2007 at urltoken .
arnaiz - villena , a . , m . álvarez - tejado , v . ruíz - del - valle , c . garcía - de - la - torre , p . varela , m . recio , s . ferre , j . martinez - laso . 1999 . rapid radiation of canaries ( genus serinus ) .
moulton , m . 1993 . the all - or - none pattern in introduced hawaiian passeriforms : the role of competition sustained .
to cite this page : lambert , t . 2007 .
serinus mozambicus
( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .