the genus passerina is a group of birds in the cardinal family ( cardinalidae ) .

although not directly related to buntings in the family emberizidae , they are sometimes known as the north american buntings ( the north american emberizidae are colloquially called " sparrows " although they are also not related to these birds ) .

the males show vivid colors in the breeding season ; the plumage of females and immature birds is duller .

these birds go through two molts in a year ; the males are generally less colorful in winter .

they have short tails and short slim legs .

they have smaller bills than other cardinalidae ; they mainly eat seeds in winter and insects in summer .

the blue grosbeak ( p. caerulea ) was once placed in the monotypic genus , guiraca .

passerina

the genus passerina is in the family thymelaeaceae in the major group angiosperms ( flowering plants ) .
passero is the italian word for
sparrow
, the bird known to italian vinegrowers for its voracious appetite for ripe passerina grapes . the italian
–ina
suffix is a diminutive , and indicates the relatively small size of passerina grapes .
the plant list includes 137 scientific plant names of species rank for the genus passerina . of these 12 are accepted species names .
passerina corymbosa , a medium to tall shrub covered in masses of small creamy flowers , is fast - growing and would be a welcome addition to any fynbos garden .
to cite this page : zumberg , r . 1999 .
passerina cyanea
( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken
khoi people are said to have used certain passerina species as cordage for the purpose of tying together poles for huts , and also plaited it into twine and thongs for whips .
the variety differs considerably from region to region in terms of the wine it makes , but a familiar character of ripe citrus fruit unites passerina wines . in marche , the wines are sharper with an intense minerality whereas , on italy ' s west coast , in lazio the wines are softer with an almost creamy texture . some ampelographers have suggested that passerina is not one grape variety , but several , a hypothesis which is supported by this regional flavor disparity .
passerina corymbosa usually occurs on slopes and sandy flats where it grows amongst dry and asteraceous fynbos . it occurs from tulbagh in the western cape to port elizabeth in the eastern cape , with an altitude variation of 20 - 1850 m .
passerina corymbosa is the most frequently encountered species in the genus passerina and varies in height from 1 - 3 m . the stems , which are made up of extremely tough fibres , are not easy to break and the bark peels off in long , tough strips . a definite distinguishing feature is the young white stems which are partially covered with tiny , linear leaves about 5 mm long . the normal green , linear leaves have a hairy groove beneath and are 3 - 10 mm long .
of the 2015 vintage , fiona beckett said : wowed by the bottles of tesco ' s finest passerina i took round to go with her spagetti with prawns , that ' s a wine that hits the spot somewhere between pinot grigio and sauvignon blanc .
the appellation
offida
controlled and guaranteed designation of origin ( docg ) is used for wines produced in the municipality of offida in ascoli piceno province ( the correct pronunciation is
offìda
) . wines produced with the ancient passerina grape variety that meet the standards of the “offida” docg production rules are classified as “offida passerina” . the rules were approved as doc pursuant to ministerial decree dated 23 . 05 . 2001 , and as docg pursuant to ministerial decree dated 15 . 06 . 2011 [ download the production rules ]
passerina corymbosa is a pioneer species with a short juvenile period . it also has a high seed output and quite large seedbanks . this relatively short - lived species also shows high levels of senescence and mortality in a 10 - 15 - year - old veld .
passerina is an ancient and traditional grape variety used in the white wines of the marche wine region of central italy . it is thought to be a mutation of biancame ( the name by which the bianchello grape is known in marche ) , and it is often confused with bombino bianco and trebbiano toscano . the majority of passerina vines are to be found in marche ' s piceno province ( of rosso piceno fame ) , but there are also significant plantings all across central italy , in abruzzo , emilia - romagna and lazio .
passerina corymbosa , like most other taxa in this genus , was used to heat up ovens . when set alight , a tremendous blaze was produced which rapidly heated the oven . due to its tough stems , the bakkerbos was also very effective in tying down thatch .
the plant list includes a further 34 scientific plant names of infraspecific rank for the genus passerina . we do not intend the plant list to be complete for names of infraspecific rank . these are primarily included because names of species rank are synonyms of accepted infraspecific names .
passerina is a very ancient local white grape cultivar from the central - adriatic region of italy , which is known under many different appellations in other regions . today passerina is widely grown in marche region ( above all in ascoli piceno province where between the 70s and 80s farsighted producers like cocci grifoni invested in this variety ) . it is also grown in abruzzo , umbria and some areas of lazio . many sources indicate passerina as a variety of the trebbiano cultivar . according to some researchers , it originated from a genetic mutation of biancame , also known as bianchello , a grape variety today widely grown in the pesaro area in northern marche . in her “guide to wine grapes” ( published by slow food , 1996 ) , jancis robinson describes passerina as an “ancient grape variety which is perhaps a relative of the trebbiano” . the vine’s hardy resistance to mildew and parasites ensures excellent harvests . some of the more curious appellations of this grape variety ( “pagadebiti” , “scacciacambiali” ) come from these very characteristics , and were passed on by word of mouth as pearls of farming wisdom . ( source : salvatore marsillo , bibenda 7 , ais . ) .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : passerina cyanea . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : passerina ciris . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
passerina also goes by the names uva passera , campolese , and trebbiano di teramo , after the teramo hills ( colli teramane ) in northern abruzzo . it is even sometimes known as pagadebit , meaning debt - payer , although this name is given to several high - yielding italian grape varieties .
varied buntings share the same sequence of molts and plumages as other passerina species , and first - year males exhibit delayed plumage maturation . songs are similar to those of indigo ( p . cyanea ) and lazuli ( p . amoena ) buntings in that individuals share syllables , neighboring males share songs , and population repertoire is limited .
passerina vines have mid - sized , pentagonal leaves and small grapes , which grow in medium - to - large clusters . the berry ' s skin is quite thick and ripens to a deep golden color . the grapes ripen with a high level of natural sugars , and have correspondingly high acidity , making for balanced wines in all but the hottest sites .
the grape varieties used to produce wines under the “marche” igt appellation must be grown in the administrative territory of the provinces of ancona , ascoli piceno , fermo , macerata and pesaro urbino in marche region . marche “passerina” igt wines must have a total alcohol volume of at least 10 % vol . but no more than 15 % vol . [ download the production rules ]
the genus name passerina was given by the great carl linnaeus . the genus passer consists of the passerine group of birds , to which sparrows belong . passer - presumably refers to a sparrow , while - ina relates to the black seeds which resemble a sparrow ' s beak . the species name corymbosa , meaning a cluster , is derived from the greek word korumbos , which may refer to the inflorescence being a corymb , which is a raceme with the lower flower stalks longer than those above . this feature enables all the flowers to be on the same level . two other passerinas included in this series are p . ericoides and p . filiformis subsp . filiformis .
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chief , bird section , u . s . g . s . - b . r . d . - p . w . r . c .
ioc world bird list ( v 5 . 3 ) , website ( version 5 . 3 )
gill , f . , and d . donsker , eds . 2015 . ioc world bird list ( v 5 . 3 ) . available at urltoken [ accessed 04 september , 2015 ]
zoonomen - zoological nomenclature resource , 2015 . 02 . 01 , website ( version 01 - feb - 15 )
banks , r . c . , r . w . mcdiarmid , and a . l . gardner
checklist of vertebrates of the united states , the u . s . territories , and canada
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
the insignificant small flowers , which are dull cream or reddish , are borne in large numbers in the axils of the leaves . however , during the flowering period , from august to november , the red sepals and large yellow anthers are quite showy . ( it is advisable to use a hand lens to observe this magical phenomenon . )
the stamens and exserted anthers , which appear on the long filaments , are attached to the top of the calyx tube . the coloured calyx is inflated below , with four lobes above . there are no petals present .
this widespread shrub is not endangered or vulnerable . it has a status of least concern .
here , this fine - leaved , ericoid shrub grows on some of the driest fynbos patches , and its ability to extract soil moisture from deep underground enables it to survive harsh conditions .
the gonna bush , by which it is more commonly known , also grows on the lowlands where dry fynbos , renosterveld and succulent karoo merge , with soil types ranging from colluvial ( or shallow litho soils derived from quartzite ) , calcareous dunes on coastal forelands , to shales and sil - ferricretes . in mountainous areas this shrub grows well in soil depths of at least 40 cm . annual rainfall throughout its distribution varies from 450 - 950 mm .
other genera in the family include dais , gnidia , struthiola and lachnaea , several of which have also been described on this site .
the gonna bush , with its dry fruit , is wind - pollinated like all other species in the genus . exserted anthers normally release large amounts of pollen . these light , rounded pollen grains are then easily carried by the wind .
in fynbos terms this ericoid shrub is regarded as a seeder - a plant which is killed during a fire and then depends on seed for regeneration . seeds are mainly shed in late summer , with most of it decaying when buried in the veld for more than a year .
in areas of high rainfall it is widespread on coastal dunes due to the fact that the young sandy soil might not be well consolidated and has poor moisture retention . the gonna bush contributes to the forming of a mutualistic relationship through its root system which has the ability to stabilise sandy soils .
fire is an integral part of fynbos and helps shape the vegetation occurring in the cape region . in the long run , this phenomenon contributes towards the creation of a niche for ephemerals ( plants which grow , bloom and quickly shed seed just a few years after the fire ) . it also gives a new lease on life to seeders ( which eventually become senescent when there is no fire ) and resprouters .
this plant plays a vital role in anchoring the sandy soils of coastal dunes , and their removal can cause significant erosion . it is also useful as a filler in floral displays .
sow the relatively fresh seed during autumn using a well - drained medium such as coarse river sand . slightly level the medium , gently scatter seed , and cover lightly with sand or bark . water lightly and keep moist . seeds germinate readily . ( leonard jacobs , pers . comm . 2006 ) . in order to enhance germination , smoke - treat the seed using kirstenbosch seed primer .
once germinated , treat seedlings with diluted liquid fertiliser , as this will strengthen the root system . do this at regular intervals , once every second week .
when ready to pot , start applying liquid fertiliser at the recommended rate . after potting , a granular organic fertiliser can be introduced .
the ideal time for planting in the western cape is autumn to early winter , but planting can also be done during the rest of the year in the eastern cape .
planting during the correct time of the year gives the plant a better chance to establish itself before the onset of a harsh spring / summer . prepare the soil before planting by adding compost and organic fertiliser . this will improve water retention and soil texture . after planting , water well and cover with a fine layer of mulch or compost which will help to keep the soil cool . although this shrub naturally occurs in nutrient - deprived soil , it is recommendable to fertilise the planted area at least twice a year .
it is best used in small groupings and en masse for the small to larger garden respectively .
this shrub , which is also very effective in any water - wise garden set - up , also grows well with other shrubs such as berzelia lanuginosa , restio dispar , chondropetalum tectorum , pelargonium cucullatum , metalasia muricata , protea neriifolia , p . compacta , hymenolepis parviflora , chrysanthemoides monilifera , athanasia crithmifolia , leucospermum conocarpodendron and leucadendron gandogeri .
larger to small groundcovers that complement it well are senecio halimifolius , helichrysum cymosum , h . dasyanthum , plechostachys serpyllifolia , leucospermum oleifolium , carpobrotus edulis , c . acanaciformis and pelargonium capitatum .
bean , a . & johns , a . 2005 . stellenbosch to hermanus . south african wild flower guide 5 . botanical society of south africa , cape town .
cowling , r . 1992 . ecology of fynbos . the nutrients , fire and diversity . oxford university press , cape town .
cowling , r . & richardson , d . 1995 . fynbos : south africa ' s unique floral kingdom . fernwood press , vlaeberg , cape town .
cowling , r . m . , le matre , d . c . , mckenzie , b . , prys - jones , r . p . & van wilgen , b . w . 1987 . disturbances and the dynamics of fynbos biome communities . south african national scientific programmes report no . 135 . csir , pretoria .
dyer , r . a . 1975 . genera of southern african flowering plants , vol . 1 . dicotyledons . national botanical institute , pretoria .
jackson , w . p . u . 1980 . wild flowers of the fairest cape . howard timmens , cape town .
jackson , w . p . u . 1990 . origins and meanings of names of south african genera . university of cape town ecolab , cape town .
trinder - smith , t . 2003 . levy ' s guide to the plant genera of the southwestern cape . bolus herbarium ( university of cape town ) cape town .
usher , g . 1974 . dictionary of plants used by man . constable , london .
usher , g . 1979 . dictionary of botany , edn 4 . redwood burn , london .
van wyk , b - e . & gericke , n . 2000 . people ' s plants . a guide to useful plants of southern africa . briza publications , pretoria .
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citra winery was founded in 1973 . it is located in the region of abruzzo and is now one of the leading wineries in central italy . citra is identified as a reliable partner and a producer of quality wines . also for these reasons citra is represented in 50 countries around the world and our wines ( produced by ourselves , no outsourcing ) have been awarded at the most important international wine tasting competitions . we produce a complete range of excellent wines classified as d . o . c . , i . g . t . , table wine
abruzzo is one of loveliest regions in italy . born where the sea and the mountains meet , a land protected by green mantle of natural parks and national reserve . it is a region bathed by the mediterranean climate , the special climatic condition , are the perfect nourishment for the vine , which is expressed with grapes of excellent quality from which they originate excellent wines , the pride and glory of the region , and awarded in major national and international competition .
) breed throughout eastern north america from the great plains eastward , south of the coniferous forest region . there are also some breeding populations in the western united states , including utah , arizona and california . indigo buntings winter in the coastal regions of mexico , central america , northern south america and the caribbean .
indigo buntings breed in brushy and weedy habitats along the edges of farmed land , woods , road , power lines , railways and riparian habitats . they also breed in clearings in open deciduous woodlands , in weedy or abandoned agricultural fields , and in swamps . during migration they look for open grasslands and leafy trees similar to those in their winter habitat . in winter , indigo buntings choose open habitats , such as weedy fields , citrus orchards , savannas , weedy croplands and low second growth ( payne 1992 ) .
adult male indigo buntings are brilliant blue during the breeding season , with a darker almost purple crown . females and young are brown with buff wingbars and only a tinge of blue on their tail and shoulders . indigo buntings are small birds , from 11 . 5 cm to13 cm long and weighing 12 to 18 g . they have short , conical beaks and black or gray legs and feet . ( payne 1992 , robbins , bruun and zim 1983 )
indigo buntings are socially monogamous . however , pairs only associate until incubation begins , and may switch partners within a single breeding season . fertilizations outside of a breeding pair are not uncommon and approximately 15 % of males have more than one mate .
males do not sing often in courtship , but they do follow their mate around during the nest building and laying periods , often chasing other males away .
indigo buntings breed between may and september , with most activity occurring june through august . they may raise more than one brood per season , and may switch nests or mates between broods . the female chooses the nest site and builds the nest , which may take up to eight days . nests are built in shrubs in fields or at the edges of woods , roadsides and railways . they are constructed of leaves , grasses , stems and strips of bark . after the nest is complete , the female lays 1 to 4 ( usually 3 or 4 ) white eggs . one egg is laid each day , soon after sunrise . the female begins incubating after the last egg is laid . incubation lasts for 11 to 14 ( usually 12 to 13 ) days .
the female broods the altricial chicks for the first few days after they hatch . she also feeds the chicks insects and removes their fecal sacs from the nest . the chicks leave the nest 8 to 14 days after hatching , and become independent about 3 weeks after fledging . indigo buntings are sexually mature at one year old .
breeding interval indigo buntings breed between may and september , with most activity occurring june through august .
breeding season indigo buntings may raise more than one brood per season , and may switch nests or mates between broods .
the male does not generally help with incubation or raising the chicks . the female chooses the nest site and builds the nest . she broods the altricial chicks for the first few days after they hatch , feeds them insects and removes their fecal sacs from the nest . the chicks leave the nest 8 to 14 days after hatching , and become independent about 3 weeks after fledging .
indigo buntings are generally solitary . during the breeding season , males establish and defend a territory 0 . 4 to 8 ha in size . each territory may hold one or more females . during the winter , indigo buntings roost in a flock at night , but spend the days foraging alone or in small groups . there appears to be no dominance hierarchy within these groups . ( payne 1992 )
indigo buntings are migratory , and may fly as far as 2000 miles between their wintering and breeding grounds . they leave their breeding grounds in september and october , and leave their wintering grounds to return in late april and may . they migrate largely at night . ( payne 1992 , robbins , bruun , and zim 1983 , scientific american 1980 )
in one study , 10 % of banded fledglings returned to breed within 1 to 2 km of their natal site ( payne 1992 ) .
indigo buntings use vocalizations and visual cues to communicate . only male indigo buntings sing . each male has one complex song that it sings , during the breeding season to advertise occupancy of a territory to other males and to attract females . males may also court females by performing displays , such as the display in which a male struts in circles in front of a female with his wings spread and his head crouched .
during the breeding season , indigo buntings eat small spiders and insects , seeds of grasses and herbs , and berries . major food items taken include caterpillars , grasshoppers , bugs , beetles , seeds and berries . in winter , indigo buntings eat small seeds , buds , and some insects . their main food in winter is small seeds of grasses . they also frequent feeders , and eat the seeds of rice in rice fields . indigo buntings do not appear to drink frequently , and may obtain sufficient water from their diet . ( payne 1992 )
indigo buntings feed alone during the breeding season and in flocks during the winter . they do not appear to store food for later consumption . ( payne 1992 )
although predation of adult indigo buntings surely occurs , specific predators have not been identified . brooding females , eggs and young are vulnerable to predation from climbing predators , including
when a predator approaches a nest , adult buntings may feign injury and make a chip - chip - chip call to distract the predator and lure them away from the nest . they do not mob predators .
perching birds ( order passeriformes ) as a group play an important role in the earth ' s ecosystems . they consume many varieties and amounts of food and serve as food for others and hosts for parasites ( britannica , 1986 ) . indigo buntings affect the populations of the insects they eat , and help distribute seeds of the plants whose berries they eat . they also host at least one parasite ; hippoboscid flies ( payne 1992 ) .
there is apparent aesthetic importance of songbirds like the indigo bunting to bird watchers and listeners . this brightly colored species is commonly kept as a cage bird ( britannica , 1986 ) .
indigo buntings appear to be increasing in geographic range and density . they are protected under the u . s . migratory bird act , but not under cites or the u . s . endangered species act .
indigo buntings are occasionally killed for sport and food . they are also a popular cage bird in europe and mexico . ( payne , 1992 )
living in the nearctic biogeographic province , the northern part of the new world . this includes greenland , the canadian arctic islands , and all of the north american as far south as the highlands of central mexico .
living in the southern part of the new world . in other words , central and south america .
young are born in a relatively underdeveloped state ; they are unable to feed or care for themselves or locomote independently for a period of time after birth / hatching . in birds , naked and helpless after hatching .
having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .
animals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature . endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia , although it may have arisen in a ( now extinct ) synapsid ancestor ; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities . convergent in birds .
forest biomes are dominated by trees , otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality .
offspring are produced in more than one group ( litters , clutches , etc . ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ) . iteroparous animals must , by definition , survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ) .
the area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .
reproduction in which eggs are released by the female ; development of offspring occurs outside the mother ' s body .
referring to something living or located adjacent to a waterbody ( usually , but not always , a river or stream ) .
a wetland area that may be permanently or intermittently covered in water , often dominated by woody vegetation .
that region of the earth between 23 . 5 degrees north and 60 degrees north ( between the tropic of cancer and the arctic circle ) and between 23 . 5 degrees south and 60 degrees south ( between the tropic of capricorn and the antarctic circle ) .
the region of the earth that surrounds the equator , from 23 . 5 degrees north to 23 . 5 degrees south .
a terrestrial biome . savannas are grasslands with scattered individual trees that do not form a closed canopy . extensive savannas are found in parts of subtropical and tropical africa and south america , and in australia .
a grassland with scattered trees or scattered clumps of trees , a type of community intermediate between grassland and forest . see also tropical savanna and grassland biome .
a terrestrial biome found in temperate latitudes ( > 23 . 5° n or s latitude ) . vegetation is made up mostly of grasses , the height and species diversity of which depend largely on the amount of moisture available . fire and grazing are important in the long - term maintenance of grasslands .
payne , r . 1992 the birds of north america , no . 4 , indigo bunting . a . poole , p . stettenheim , and f . gill , editors .
robbins , bruun , and zim 1983 , a guide to field identification , birds of north america . golden press .
scientific american . 1980 , birds , w . h . freeman and company , san francisco ; p . 68 .
the new encyclopedia britannica , vol . 15 . ! 986 , birds , encyclopedia britannica , inc . chicago ; p . 95 - 96 .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
see
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,
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for definitions .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
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del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is extremely large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
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cramp , s . and simmons , k . e . l . ( eds ) . 1977 - 1994 . handbook of the birds of europe , the middle east and africa . the birds of the western palearctic . oxford university press , oxford .
this species has declined over the long term and apparently continues to do so at a moderately rapid rate . it is therefore considered to be near threatened .
. 1999 ) . the global population is estimated to be 3 . 6 million birds ( rich
iñigo - elias et al . 2002 , rich et al . 2003 ) , with the steepest declines in the eastern population .
this species has undergone a small or statistically insignificant decrease over the last 40 years in north america ( data from breeding bird survey and / or christmas bird count : butcher and niven 2007 ) .
. 2002 , phillips lynch 2004 ) , with part of the declines also being attributed to brood - parasitism by brown - headed cowbird . trapping and sale in local markets occurs in mexico , central america and the caribbean , and overseas to international markets in europe , south america and asia ( ramos 1982 ,
conservation actions underway the species is monitored , but no other specific actions are known .
tightly control any ongoing trade in the species . develop an appropriate management strategy to reverse population declines . develop a comprehensive conservation strategy including adaptive harvesting for populations in the caribbean and latin america (
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the reliability of the model as assessed from the combined outputs of regression tree , bagging trees and randomforest models .
bna account authors : groschupf , kathleen d . , and christopher w . thompson
despite the varied bunting ' s widespread distribution in central mexico , its conspicuous behavior , and its striking male plumage ( a 1901 painting by louis agassiz fuertes is used as a frontispiece for coues 1903 ) , little information is published about the life history of this species . species accounts are anecdotal , and distributional and other information is mostly historical ( e . g . , baird et al . 1875 , ridgway 1901 , van rossem 1931 , brandt 1940 , 1951 ) . there is almost no published information on the natural history of the varied bunting in baja california and its center of distribution , mainland mexico . to provide information for this account , kdg studied varied buntings at chino , rock corral , and montosa canyons in southeastern arizona in august 1992 and may - september 1993 - 1995 . she banded and color - marked 33 adults and 8 nestlings , observed behavior , found nests , and recorded vocalizations . cwt examined egg collections and museum specimens to gain new insight on egg and plumage characteristics .
varied buntings occur from the southern borders of texas , new mexico , and arizona , through mexico , including baja california , to guatemala . they occupy habitat characterized by arid thorn brush at riparian edges , thorn forest , scrubby woodland , and overgrown clearings , and are absent from human residential areas .
varied buntings , however , have larger syllable repertoires , their songs are not stereotyped , and their singing activity depends on rainfall .
breeding in the varied bunting also depends on rainfall . in arizona , when summer rains are delayed , nesting may not begin until august . eggs are polymorphic in color among populations , a rare phenomenon in passerine birds .
there are many ways to contribute—we need species information , photographs , audio , video , translations , maps , distribution data , and bird sightings . there ' s a role for everyone !
) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :
this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is extremely large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
birdlife is reviewing the status of this species for the 2018 red list . please click here to join the discussion
a crisp , pretty sparrow whose bright rufous cap both provides a splash of color and makes adults fairly easy to identify . chipping sparrows are common across north america wherever trees are interspersed with grassy openings . their loud , trilling songs are one of the most common sounds of spring woodlands and suburbs .
particularly in fall and winter , watch for small flocks of chipping sparrows feeding on open ground near trees . in spring and summer , listen for the male’s long , loud trill , then look for the male in the upper branches of a nearby tree .
chipping sparrows will eat many kinds of birdseed , particularly black oil sunflower seeds from feeders , but also seed mixes scattered on the ground . shrubs or small trees in your yard may entice chipping sparrows to build a nest .
this species often comes to bird feeders . find out more about what this bird likes to eat and what feeder is best by using the project feederwatch common feeder birds bird list .
the early naturalists had a gift for description you just don’t see anymore . in 1929 , edward forbush called the chipping sparrow “the little brown - capped pensioner of the dooryard and lawn , that comes about farmhouse doors to glean crumbs shaken from the tablecloth by thrifty housewives . ”
in much of the west , chipping sparrows disperse shortly after breeding to move to areas with better food resources . it ' s not unusual to see chipping sparrows on alpine tundra or along roadsides in open grasslands . this results in the common misperception that they bred in those areas , when really they simply moved there to molt .
chipping sparrows typically build their nests low in a shrub or tree , but every once in a while they get creative . people have found their nests among hanging strands of chili peppers , on an old - fashioned mower inside a tool shed , and on a hanging basket filled with moss .
the nest of the chipping sparrow is of such flimsy construction that light can be seen through it . it probably provides little insulation for the eggs and young .
the oldest recorded chipping sparrow was at least 10 years , 11 months old when it was recaptured and rereleased during banding operations in ontario in 1998 . it had been banded in the same province in 1987 .


it was described by moore in 1875 .

the wingspan is about 60 mm .

adults can be distinguished from related species by two rows of red markings on the hindwings .

there are two forms in both sexes , a typical form and a white-banded form .

the typical form is thought to mimic byasa alcinous , while the latter form mimics pachliopta aristolochiae .

the larvae feed on ulmus species .

there is one generation per year .

the species overwinters in the pupal stage .

epicopeia mencia

epicopeia mencia is a moth in the epicopeiidae family . it was described by moore in 1875 . it is found in china , vietnam , korea , the russian far east , japan and taiwan .
epicopeia mencia moore , [ 1875 ] ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1874 ( 4 ) : 578 , pl . 67 , f . 8 ; tl : shanghai , n . china
epicopeia polydora westwood , 1841 ; arcana entomologica , 1 : 19 , pl . 5 , f . 1 ; tl : assam
epicopeia battaka dempona kishida & endo , 1999 ; trans . lepid . soc . japan 50 ( 1 ) : 48 ; tl : s . sumatra , mt dempo
epicopeia battaka malayana kishida & endo , 1999 ; trans . lepid . soc . japan 50 ( 1 ) : 48 ; tl : malaysia , pahang , cameron highlands
epicopeia simulans leech , [ 1889 ] ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1888 : 611 , pl . 31 , f . 1 ; tl : hakodate
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country : korea wingspan : 60 . 0 ( mm ) photo by : paul jenkins
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curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .
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on the lepidoptera of japan and corea , pt ii . heterocera , sect . i
westwood , 1841 arcana entomologica , or illustrations of new , rare and interesting insects arcana entomologica , 1 : ( 1841 - 1843 ) [ iv ] , 192pp , pl . 1 - 48 ( in 12 parts )
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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hypselobarbus periyarensis is a species of cyprinid fish endemic to periyar lake in kerala , india .

this species can reach 50 cm ( 20 in ) in total length .

hypselobarbus periyarensis

hypselobarbus periyarensis was first described by raj ( 1941 ) from the upstreams of periyar river , near peeramade , kerala , india .
taxonomic notes : hypselobarbus periyarensis was first described by raj ( 1941 ) from the upstreams of periyar river , near peeramade , kerala , india .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
gland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .
the value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .
a recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .
rema devi , k . r . , gopalakrishnan , a . , arunachalam , m . , johnson , j . a . , shrikant , j . , rahul , k . & molur , s .
is restricted to periyar river - lake system and the records of this speceis from other areas need taxonomic verification . the species is confined to an area of less than 30 km
in periyar with several threats impacting its habitat and population . it is therefore listed as endangered .
. however , the size of fish caught from periyar lake is known to have decreased compared to those caught from the upstream regions ( minimol 2000 ) . abundance index of
in periyar lake is less compared to the upstream reaches ( arun 1999 ) .
prefers deep water bodies especially streams flowing into large pools ( minimol 2000 ) as well as cascades with moderate water velocity ( euphrasia and kurup 2002 ) . rock , boulders and cobbles are the favoured substrates ( euphrasia and kurup 2002 ) .
is known to be an omnivore feeding predominantly on leaves , fruits , algae and worms ( minimol 2000 ) .
, is caught occasionally by local fishers in periyar lake and associated streams , and is known to be the fifth most landed fish species in the lake ( minimol 2000 ) . this is the most consumed native fish apart from the three exotics caught in periyar lake ( c . p . shaji pers . comm . ) .
. 2006 , periyar foundation 2006 ) . the township of thekkady on the banks of the periyar lake attracts approximately 4 . 5 lakhs tourists annually . around 6 - 7 diesel and 2 - speed boats ply for sight seeing in the lake on a daily basis , discharging oil into the lake . also the sewage waste from in and around kumily town is being decanted directly into the periyar lake . levels of nitrate and nitrite , phosphate , feacal coliforms , hydrocarbon and lead in the lake are higher than permissible limits ( kurup 2004 ) .
there is no specific conservation action in place . there is an immediate need to carry out research on population size , life history and ecology to inform management plans . the department of forest and wildlife , government of kerala is promoting the fishery of exotic fish species in periyar lake as a means to control their proliferation ( anvar ali pers . obs . )
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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habitat description the african sharptooth catfish is found in lakes , streams , rivers , swamps and floodplains , many of which are subject to seasonal drying ( foa 2012 ) . the most common habitats are floodplain swamps and pools where it can survive during the dry season ( s ) due to its accessory air breathing organs ( foa 2012 ) .
geographical range native range : the african sharptooth catfish is almost pan - africa in distribution ( but is naturally absent from the maghreb , upper and lower guinea and cape provinces ) . it is present in jordan , lebanon , israel , syria and turkey ( fao 2012 ) . known introduced range : the sharptooth catfish has been widely introduced for farming / aquaculture purposes to other parts of africa , europe and asia ( fao 2012 ) .


the hellmayr 's pipit ( anthus hellmayri ) is a species of bird in the family motacillidae .

it is found in argentina , bolivia , brazil , chile , paraguay , peru , and uruguay .

its natural habitats are temperate grassland , subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland , and pastureland .

hellmayr ' s pipit

pipit information . . . pipit index of species . . . pipit species photos
hellmayr , 1921 – highlands of s argentina in neuquén s to w chubut , also se río negro ( somuncurá plateau ) ; also adjacent s chile .
) s to nw argentina ( s to tucumán and la rioja , also in sierras de córdoba ) .
tyler , s . & de juana , e . ( 2018 ) . hellmayr ' s pipit ( anthus hellmayri ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
14–14·8 cm . rather small pipit . nominate race has dusky - streaked whitish supercilium and eyering , small blackish moustachial stripe ; pale buff upperparts boldly . . .
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– se brazil ( s from espírito santo ) , se paraguay , ne & e argentina ( corrientes , e buenos aires ) and uruguay .
) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :
there are many ways to contribute—we need species information , photographs , audio , video , translations , maps , distribution data , and bird sightings . there ' s a role for everyone !
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
sacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .
justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population size has not been quantified , but this species is described as ' fairly common ' ( stotz et al . ( 1996 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .
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on a small bush on a grassy hillside at the edge of montane forest . same bird as in xc84405 .
ibitipoca state park . campo rupestre with a few scattered bushes . several takes of bird recorded earlier in xc84404 . ten minutes after playback .
id certainty 90 % . ( archiv . tape 380 side a track 15 seq . c )
id certainty 90 % . ( archiv . tape 380 side a track 15 seq . a )
after playback . one can even hear the wings . on a stony slope . score for alarm call .
id certainty 90 % . ( archiv . tape 380 side a track 14 seq . b )
id certainty 90 % . ( archiv . tape 380 side a track 14 seq . a )
id certainty 90 % . ( archiv . tape 380 side a track 9 seq . b )
id certainty 90 % . ( archiv . tape 380 side a track 9 seq . a )
id certainty 90 % . ( archiv . tape 380 side a track 6 seq . a )
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
molecular analyses suggest close relationship with a . spragueii , a . furcatus and a . bogotensis ; all may belong to a clade with a . lutescens , a . correndera and a . antarcticus . assertion in hbw that race brasilianus differs “significantly in size , plumage colour and pattern , and voice” , and hence potentially represents a separate species , difficult to reconcile with museum and vocal evidence : it is somewhat smaller ( at least 1 ) , with pale markings above buffier and darker markings browner , less grey ( 1 ) , and underparts slightly buffier , including on vent rather than becoming whitish ( 1 ) ; while on available recordings no differences in song are detectable # r . race dabbenei possibly inseparable from nominate , but geographically remote . three subspecies recognized .
what do ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) mean ? learn more about the scoring system .
song , from perch ( fence post , rock ) or in air , varied , “zilid zilid zidel - zi , zi arr” or “tu - tee - . . .
data on food preferences lacking . forages in grassland in manner of other pipits , picking insects from the ground or from short vegetation .
breeds nov–jan in bolivia . short display - flight , male climbs almost vertically while singing , makes spiralling descent in wide . . .
migrates n in austral winter ; present in sc chile during sept–mar . . . .
not globally threatened ( least concern ) . locally uncommon to frequent as a breeding species . status in argentina poorly understood ; seems to be fairly common in tucumá . . .
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myavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .
there are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .
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anthus hellmayri dabbenei : andes of w argentina ( w neuquén and w chubut ) and adj . chile
howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :
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this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : anthus hellmayri . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
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throughout history , crows , ravens and other black birds were feared as symbols of evil or death . …
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eupanacra pulchella is a moth of the family sphingidae .

it is known from papua new guinea .

it is similar to eupanacra micholitzi .

adults have a dark forewing upperside with yellow stripes and an orange hindwing upperside with a dark marginal band .

there is a conspicuous discal spot on the forewing underside .

the hindwing underside has a pale red inner margin .

eupanacra pulchella

it is similar to
eupanacra pulchella
, except for some differences on the lines on the forewing upperside .
it is similar to
eupanacra tiridates
and
eupanacra regularis regularis
, but have broader forewings .
how can i put and write and define eupanacra in a sentence and how is the word eupanacra used in a sentence and examples ? 用eupanacra造句 , 用eupanacra造句 , 用eupanacra造句 , eupanacra meaning , definition , pronunciation , synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha . net .
it is similar to
eupanacra malayana
but larger , darker and more uniformly coloured .
it is similar to
eupanacra regularis regularis
, but especially males have a similar but darker pattern .
it is similar to
eupanacra sinuata
, but smaller , with a clearer pattern and narrower hindwings .
the forewing underside is similar to
eupanacra metallica
, but the postmedian line is more oblique and abbreviated .
the middle of the thorax upperside and proximal abdominal tergites are pale ( as in similar
eupanacra variolosa
) .
it is similar to
eupanacra regularis regularis
, but the postmedian lines on the forewing upperside are less curved .
the forewing upperside has postmedian lines closer together and more longitudinal than in
eupanacra malayana
, almost parallel to the costa .
the forewing upperside has postmedian lines which are more longitudinal than in
eupanacra sinuata
and run parallel to the outer margin .
it is similar to
eupanacra mydon
, except for the pattern elements found on the upperside of the forewing which are much clearer .
it is similar to
eupanacra elegantulus
but larger and there is no , or just a faint discal spot found on the forewing upperside .
it is similar to
eupanacra automedon
but distinguishable by the forewing outer margin having a blunt double point and generally a darker brown longitudinal shadow present .
it is similar to
eupanacra sinuata
, but the upperside ground colour is more orange and the lines on the forewing upperside have a different trajectory .
it is similar to
eupanacra busiris atima
except for differences in the forewing outer margin and the trajectory of the antemedian lines on the forewing upperside .
the hindwing upperside has a pale median band which is slightly wider than in
eupanacra sinuata
, nearly reaching the costa but obscured by brown scaling anteriorly .
it is very similar to
eupanacra malayana
but distinguishable by the forewing outer margin having a single sharp point at the apex and no darker brown longitudinal shadow .
it is similar to
eupanacra busiris busiris
except for some differences in the patterns on the forewing upperside , which has a pale brown ground colour with various black spots .
eupanacra malayana ( rothschild & jordan , 1903 ) = panacra malayana rothschild & jordan , 1903 = moseri ( gehlen , 1930 ) = albicans ( dupont , 1941 ) = unilunata ( dupont , 1941 ) .
if you know the species , please , click on the picture and write the species name in comments section . also , you can go to the gallery page with all photos of eupanacra sp . ( large size ) .
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status : a rare species , only a few specimens known . endemic for new guinea .
papua localities : roon island ; new guinea : nabire , rattan camp . details in gazetteer .
ne . himalayas - borneo , sumatra , sulawesi , hong kong . see [ maps ]
panacra busiris walker , 1856 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 8 : 158
panacra busiris atima rothschild & jordan , 1915 ; novit . zool . 22 ( 2 ) : 292 ; tl : karwar , south india
panacra busiris marina rothschild & jordan , 1915 ; novit . zool . 22 ( 2 ) : 287 ; tl : andaman is .
panacra mydon elegantulus f . brunnea closs , 1916 ; lepidoptera niepeltiana ( 2 ) : 3 , pl . 16 , f . 8 ; tl : java
oriental tropics - philippines , sundaland , sulawesi , sumba , hong kong . see [ maps ]
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
walker , 1856 list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 8 : 1 - 271 ( 1856 )
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
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copyright © 2013 www . sphingidae - museum . com . all rights reserved .
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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note : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments
* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .
curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .
species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .


bebearia tessmanni , or tessmann 's forester , is a butterfly in the nymphalidae family .

it is found in nigeria , cameroon , equatorial guinea , gabon , the republic of the congo , the central african republic and the democratic republic of the congo .

the habitat consists of forests .

bebearia tessmanni

bebearia tessmanni innocuoides hecq , 2000 ; butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 17 , f . 7 ; tl : nigeria , okomu
euryphene tessmanni grünberg , 1910 ; s . b . ges . naturf . fr . berl . 1910 ( 10 ) : 471 ; tl : spanish guinea
bebearia ( bebearia ) aurora graueri hecq , 1990 ; revue ent . gen . 1 : 31
etude des bebearia ( note no . 6 ) . sous - genre bebearia hemming groupe brunhilda kby
etude des bebearia ( note no . 7 ) . sous - genre bebearia hemming groupe severini aur .
bebearia mandinga beni hecq , 1990 ; revue ent . gen . 1 : 11
bebearia sophus monforti hecq , 1990 ; revue ent . gen . 1 : 20
bebearia hassoni hecq , 1998 ; ent . africana 3 ( 2 ) : 39
bebearia fontaineana intersecta hecq , 1990 ; revue ent . gen . 1 : 35
remarques sur quelques especes de nymphalidae africains des genres euphaedra , bebearia et euriphene .
etude des bebearia ( note no 4 ) . sous - genre apectinaria hecq groupe mardania
bebearia cocalioides hecqi holmes , 2001 ; trop . zool . 14 ( 1 ) : 46
revision du genre bebearia . note no . 1 . le groupe ' flaminia ' stgr .
bebearia dowsetti hecq , 1990 ; revue ent . gen . 1 : 25 ; tl : rwanda
bebearia bouyeri van de weghe , 2007 ; ent . afr . 12 ( 1 ) : 40
etude des bebearia ( note no . 6 ) . les groupes du sous - genre apectinaria hecq
bebearia ultima hecq , 1990 ; revue ent . gen . 1 : 38 ; tl : basse casmance
bebearia faraveli oremans , 1998 ; ent . africana 3 ( 1 ) : 35 ; tl : gabon
bebearia paludicola holmes , 2001 ; trop . zool . 14 ( 1 ) : 47 ; tl : cameroon
bebearia tini oremans , 1998 ; ent . africana 3 ( 1 ) : 37 ; tl : lolo valley
bebearia cocalia insularis kielland , 1985 ; arnoliad zimbabwe 9 ( 19 ) : 271 ; tl : pemba i .
bebearia orientis malawiensis holmes , 2001 ; trop . zool . 14 ( 1 ) : 56 ; tl : malawi
bebearia paludicola blandi holmes , 2001 ; trop . zool . 14 ( 1 ) : 48 ; tl : ghana
bebearia aurora theia hecq , 1989 ; lambillionea 89 : 72 ; tl : shaba , riv . lulua , kapanga
bebearia flaminia leventisi hecq & larsen , 1997 ; lambillionea 97 ( 1 ii ) : 102 , f . 1
bebearia hemming , 1960 ; annot . lep . ( 1 ) : 12 - 17 ; ts : euryphene iturina karsch
bebearia improvisa ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 18 , f . 1
bebearia ivindoensis van de weghe , 2007 ; ent . afr . 12 ( 1 ) : 36 ; tl : gabon
bebearia lopeensis van de weghe , 2007 ; ent . afr . 12 ( 1 ) : 37 ; tl : gabon
= bebearia senegalensis katera ; hancock , 1992 , j . lep . soc . 46 ( 1 ) : 60 ♂ only
bebearia aurora ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 15 , f . 4 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia kiellandi ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 17 , f . 4 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia ikelemba kamituga ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 2 , pl . 3 , f . 1 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia hargreavesi d ' abrera , 1980 ; butterflies of the afrotropical region : 302 ; tl : masisi , n . w . kivu , 5000ft
bebearia fontaineana fontaineana ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 20 , f . 7 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia fontaineana intersecta ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 20 , f . 8 ; [ afrl ]
the genus bebearia closely resembles the allied genus euphaedra in appearance . the females , especially , are very similar on their uppersides . the undersides of bebearia however are invariably cryptically patterned and often resemble dead leaves . in euphaedra the underside is usually yellow with black spots and pink basal patches . euphaedra have orange palpi while those of bebearia are brown . in euphaedra the forewing apex is always rounded and not falcate . the member species are diverse .
bebearia amieti ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 1 , pl . 2 , f . 7 , 10 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia dowsetti ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 11 , f . 3 - 4 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia peetersi ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 17 , f . 1 - 2 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia ducarmei ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 20 , f . 5 - 6 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia bioculata ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 21 , f . 1 - 2 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia cutteri camiadei hecq , 2002 ; lambillionea 102 ( 2 ) : 205 , pl . 2 , f . 2 , 5 ; tl : congo , bangui
bebearia baueri ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 6 , pl . 7 - 8 , pl . 31 , f . 1 - 2
bebearia is a genus of brush - footed butterflies . the species are confined to the afrotropical ecozone mainly in the guinean forests of west africa and the congolian forests .
bebearia hargreavesi ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 12 , f . 2 - 4 , 7 - 8 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia hassoni ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 10 , f . 7 , pl . 13 , f . 6 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia cottoni ; [ bafr ] , 301 ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 9 , f . 3 - 4 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia fulgurata ; [ bafr ] , 303 ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 9 , f . 5 - 6 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia fontainei ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 10 , f . 3 - 4 , pl . 13 , f . 3 - 4
bebearia raeveli ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 5 , pl . 24 , f . 4 , pl . 30 , f . 6 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia allardi ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 10 , f . 5 - 6 , pl . 13 , f . 5 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia picturata ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 5 , pl . 24 , f . 1 - 2 , pl . 30 , f . 5 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia cutteri cuypersi hecq , 2002 ; lambillionea 102 ( 2 ) : 205 , pl . 2 , f . 4 , pl . 3 , f . 1 ; tl : congo , lukolela
bebearia schoutedeni ; [ bafr ] , 316 ( text ) ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 11 , f . 1 - 2 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia ikelemba ; [ ebw ] ; [ bafr ] , 308 ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 2 , pl . 4 , f . 7 - 8 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia discors ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 16 , f . 5 - 6 , pl . 29 , f . 1 - 2 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia oremansi ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 16 , f . 7 - 8 , pl . 29 , f . 3 - 4 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia liberti ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 18 , f . 7 - 8 , pl . 19 , f . 5 - 6 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia tini ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 5 , pl . 23 , f . 7 - 8 , pl . 30 , f . 3 - 4 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia chilonis ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 6 , pl . 27 , f . 3 - 4 , pl . 32 , f . 5 - 6 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia faraveli ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 6 , pl . 24 , f . 5 - 6 , pl . 30 , f . 7 - 8 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia makala ; [ bafr ] , 312 ; [ nhm card ] ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 5 , pl . 25 , f . 1 - 2 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia chloeropis ; [ bafr ] , 312 ; [ nhm card ] ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 5 , pl . 25 , f . 3 - 4 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia braytoni ; [ bafr ] , 304 ( text ) ; [ nhm card ] ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 5 , pl . 25 , f . 5 - 6 ; [ afrl ]
van de weghe , 2007 description de trois nouvelles especes de bebearia du cameroun et du gabon , et mise au point sur certaines especes ( lepidoptera , nymphalidae , limenitinae ) ent . afr . 12 ( 1 ) : 35 - 43
bebearia chriemhilda ; [ bafr ] , 302 ; [ bk ] : 308 , pl . 41 , f . 511 ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 10 , f . 8 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia intermedia ; [ bafr ] , 314 ( text ) ; [ nhm card ] ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 22 , f . 1 - 2 , pl . 30 , f . 2 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia cinaethon ; [ bow ] : pl . 92 , f . 23 ( text only ) ; [ bafr ] , 308 ; [ nhm card ] ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 2 , pl . 4 , f . 5 ; [ afrl ]
defining species groups is a convenient way of subdividing well - defined genera with a large number of recognized species . bebearia species are so arranged in assemblages called
species groups
but ( not superspecies , but an informal phenetic arrangement ) . these may or may not be clades . as molecular phylogenetic studies continue , lineages distinct enough to warrant some formal degree of recognition become evident and new groupings are suggested , but consistent ranking remains a problem .
euryphene tentyris hewitson , 1866 ; ill . exot . butts [ 3 ] ( aterica & euryphene v - vi ) : [ 44 ] , pl . [ 22 ] , f . 21 - 22 ; tl : old calabar
euryphene tentyris var . seeldrayersi aurivillius , 1899 ; k . svenska vetenskakad . handl . 31 ( 5 ) : 201 ; tl : congo , momporo
guinea , sierra leone , libera , ivory coast , ghana . see [ maps ]
ivory coast , ghana , nigeria , cameroon , congo , zaire . see [ maps ]
sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , nigeria , cameroon , gabon , congo , c . a . r . , zaire , w . uganda , nw . tanzania . see [ maps ]
euryphene carshena hewitson , 1871 ; ill . exot . butts [ 3 ] ( euryphene vii ) : [ 48 ] , pl . [ 24 ] , f . 31 - 32 ; tl : old calabar
euryphene tentyris var . languida schultze , 1920 ; ergeb . 2tn . dt . zent . afrika exp . 1 ( 14 ) : 724
papilio absolon fabricius , 1793 ; ent . syst . 3 ( 1 ) : 56
e . guinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , nigeria , cameroon , gabon , congo , c . a . r . , zaire
euryphene entebbiae lathy , 1906 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1906 ( 1 ) : 5 , pl . 2 , f . 1 ; tl : entebbe , uganda
nigeria , cameroon , gabon , congo , c . a . r . , zaire . see [ maps ]
sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , nigeria , cameroon , equatorial guinea , gabon , congo , c . a . r . , zaire , uganda . see [ maps ]
aterica zonara butler , 1871 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1871 : 81 ; tl : fantee , cape coast
: pl . 92 , f . 20 ( text only , spell . ? )
aterica abesa hewitson , 1869 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1869 ( 1 ) : 74 ; tl : cape coast castle
guinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , togo , nigeria , cameroon , gabon , congo , c . a . r . , zaire
euryphene oxione hewitson , 1866 ; ill . exot . butts [ 3 ] ( aterica & euryphene v - vi ) : [ 44 ] ; tl : old calabar
cameroon , gabon , congo , angola , c . a . r . , zaire , uganda
euryphene oxione squalida talbot , 1928 ; bull . hill mus . 2 : 230 ; tl : entebbe
cameroon , congo , zaire , w . uganda ( bwamba , toro ) . see [ maps ]
euryphene comus ward , 1871 ; ent . mon . mag . 8 : 82 ; tl : cameroons
euryphene cinaethon hewitson , 1874 ; ill . exot . butts [ 3 ] ( euryphene ix ) : [ 52 ] , pl . [ 26 ] , f . 40 - 41 ; tl : west africa
euryphene ikelemba aurivillius , 1901 ; ent . tidskr . 22 : 116 ; tl : ikelemba r .
guinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , togo , w . cameroon , congo . see [ maps ]
papilio cocalia fabricius , 1793 ; ent . syst . 3 ( 1 ) : 250
zaire ( kivu ) , w . uganda , w . kenya , nw . tanzania
euryphene badiana rebel , 1914 ; ann . mus . wien . 28 : 245 , pl . 20 , f . 23 - 24
e . nigeria , cameroon , gabon , congo , n . angola , zaire , w . uganda , w . tanzania , w . zambia
senegal , gambia , guinea bissau , n . guinea , n . sierra leone , n . ivory coast . see [ maps ]
euryphene senegalensis herrich - schäffer , [ 1850 ] ; samml . aussereurop . schmett . ( ii ) 1 : 54 , 1 ( ? 6 ) pl . [ 23 ] , f . 95 - 98
euryphene orientis karsch , 1895 ; ent . nachr . 21 ( 18 ) : 277
euryphene mardania dealbata carcasson , 1958 ; occ . pap . coryndon mus . 5 : 8
nigeria , cameroon , congo , w . zaire , n . angola . see [ maps ]
euryphene guineensis c . & r . felder , [ 1867 ] ; reise fregatte novara , bd 2 ( abth . 2 ) ( 3 ) : 430 ; tl : guinea , calabar vetus
papilio sophus fabricius , 1793 ; ent . syst . 3 ( 1 ) : 46
guinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , togo , benin , nigeria , cameroon , . . . ?
euryphene phreone feisthamel , 1850 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . ( 2 ) 8 : 253 ( boisduval )
euryphene sophus audeoudi riley , 1936 ; mitt . schweiz . ent . ges . 16 ( 11 ) : 702 , pl . 7 , f . 2
eyryphene sophus ochreata carcasson , 1961 ; occ . pap . coryndon meml mus . ( 7 ) : 8
aterica barce doubleday , 1847 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 1 ) 20 : 64 ; tl : sierra leone
euryphene barce maculata aurivillius , 1912 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 13 : 178 , pl . 40 a
euryphene staudingeri aurivillius , 1893 ; ent . tidskr . 14 : 199 ; tl : camerun , n ' dian
nigeria , cameroon , gabon , congo , c . a . r . , angola , zaire , uganda , nw . tanzania , n . zambia . see [ maps ]
guinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana . see [ maps ]
e . nigeria , cameroon , e . zaire , gabon . see [ maps ]
nigeria , cameroon , equatorial guinea , congo , c . a . r .
euryphene brunhilda kirby , 1889 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 3 ( 15 ) : 247 ; tl : cameroons
euryphene iturina karsch , 1894 ; ent . nachr . 20 ( 14 / 15 ) : 215
euryphene schoutedeni overlaet , 1954 ; ann . mus . congo belge ( n . s . ) sci . zool . 1 : 490
coastal areas ( e . kenya , e . tanzania ) . see [ maps ]
euryphene chriemhilda staudinger , 1896 ; dt . ent . z . iris 8 ( 2 ) : 370 , pl . 8 , f . 4
euryphene congolensis capronnier , 1889 ; bull . ent . soc . belg . 33 : cxxii ; tl : kassai
euryphene phranza hewitson , 1865 ; ill . exot . butts [ 3 ] ( euryphene ii ) : [ 37 ] , pl . [ 19 ] , f . 7 - 8 ; tl : old calabar
euriphene phranza robiginosus talbot , 1927 ; rev . zool . afr . 15 : 267
cameroon - zaire ( mbandaka - ituri , kasai ) . see [ maps ]
euryphene severini aurivillius , 1898 ; öfvers . k . vetenskakad . förh . stockh . 54 : 280 , f . 2 ; tl : congo , beni - bendi
euryphene aurora aurivillius , 1896 ; öfvers . k . vetenskakad . förh . 53 : 433 ; tl : ubangi
euryphene wilverthi aurivillius , 1898 ; ent . tidskr . 19 : 177 ; tl : congo
aurora kayonza jackson , 1956 ; j . e afr . nat . hist . soc . 23 ( 1 ) : 74
euryphene flaminia staudinger , 1891 ; dt . ent . z . iris , 4 ( 1 ) : 110 , pl . 1 , f . 4 ; tl : barombi station , cameroons
e . nigeria , cameroon , equatorial guinea , congo , zaire , w . uganda ?
euryphene maximiana staudinger , 1891 ; dt . ent . z . iris , 4 ( 1 ) : 112 ; tl : barombi station , cameroons
euryphene intermedia bartel , 1905 ; novit . zool . 12 : 144 ; tl : kamerun , barombi - station
euryphene nivaria ward , 1871 ; ent . mon . mag . 8 : 82 ; tl : cameroons
nigeria , cameroon , gabon , congo , c . a . r . , w . zaire
euryphene phantasiella staudinger , 1891 ; dt . ent . z . iris , 4 ( 1 ) : 114 ; tl : barombi station
euryphene phantasiella simulata van someren , 1939 ; j . e . afr . uganda nat . hist . soc . 14 ( 65 ) : 54 ; tl : katera
euryphene phantasiella var . ? phantasina staudinger , 1891 ; dt . ent . z . iris , 4 ( 1 ) : 114 ; tl : sierra leone
guinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , togo , e . nigeria
sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , w . nigeria , cameroon , congo . see [ maps ]
guinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , togo , w . nigeria
euryphene demetra obsolescens talbot , 1928 ; bull . hill mus . 2 : 230 ; tl : bitje , ja river
euryphene makala bethune - baker , 1908 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 2 ( 12 ) : 473 ; tl : makala , congo free state
euryphene chloeropis bethune - baker , 1908 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 2 ( 12 ) : 474 ; tl : makala , congo free state
euryphene eliensis hewitson , 1866 ; ill . exot . butts [ 3 ] ( aterica & euryphene v - vi ) : [ 46 ] , pl . [ 23 ] , f . 23 - 26 ; tl : gaboon
zaire , s . cameroon , gabon , congo , c . a . r .
evena ceres var . unita capronnier , 1889 ; bull . ent . soc . belg . 33 : cxxiv
euryphene luteola bethune - baker , 1908 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 2 ( 12 ) : 474 ; tl : makala - beni ; ituri forest , mawamba - makala
euryphene ashantina dudgeon , 1913 ; ent . mon . mag . 49 : 204 ; tl : ashanti , gold coast
romaleosoma cutteri hewitson , 1865 ; ill . exot . butts [ 3 ] ( romaleosoma ii - iii ) : [ 31 ] , pl . [ 16 ] , f . 13 - 15 ; tl : old calabar
euphaedra cutteri harleyi fox , 1968 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 30 : 1248 ; tl : wanau forest
euryphene innocua grose - smith & kirby , 1889 ; rhop . exot . [ 2 ] 1 : ( euryphene ) 1 , pl . 1 , f . 3 - 4 ; tl : cameroons
e . nigeria , cameroon , congo , c . a . r . , sw . zaire . see [ maps ]
e . nigeria , cameroun , gabon , congo , w . zaire . see [ maps ]
euryphene castanea holland , 1893 ; can . ent . 25 ( 1 ) : 1 ; tl : kangwé , ogové valley
euryphene ducalis grünberg , 1912 ; ergeb . dt . z . - afr . exped . 3 ( zool . 1 ) : 534
checklist of afrotropical papilionoidea and hesperoidea ; compiled by mark c . williams , 7th ed . ( 2008 ) ( april 2007 ) ;
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
reise der österreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b . von wüllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . band 2 . abtheilung 2 . lepidoptera . rhopalocera
- 120 , ( inhalts - verz . ) 1 - 9 ( pl . 1 - 74 ) , ( felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ) , ( 5 ) : pl .
contribution a la faune du congo ( brazzaville ) . mission a . villiers et a . descarpentries lxviii . lepidopteres nymphalidae , danaidae et riodinidae
( 1902 ) , : ( ragadia - argyronympha - hypocysta ) : 1 - 6 , pl . [ 1 ] ( 1895 ) , [ 2 ]
illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies selected chiefly from the collections of w . wilson saunders and william c . hewitson
lepidoptera of the congo . being a systematic list of the butterflies and moths collected by the american museum of natural history congo expedition together with descriptions of some hitherto undescribed species
new lepidoptera collected by mr . t . a . barns , in east central africa . new forms of rhopalocera
verzeichniss der von professor dr . r . bucholz in west - africa gesammelten schmetterlinge
wissenschaftliche ergebnisse der expedition r . grauernach . zentralafrika . 1909 - 1911 . lepidoptera
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
© 2016 , butterfly conservation society , ghana - african butterfly research institute - icom ltd .
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a diverse genus from african forests . species groups listed are based on larsen ' s ( 2005 ) treatment of the west african fauna .
ackery pr , smith cr , and vane - wright ri eds . 1995 . carcasson ' s african butterflies . canberra : csiro .
larsen , t . b . 2005 butterflies of west africa . stenstrup , denmark : apollo books .
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