mealybugs are insects in the family pseudococcidae , unarmored scale insects found in moist , warm climates .

they are considered pests as they feed on plant juices of greenhouse plants , house plants and subtropical trees and also act as a vector for several plant diseases .

mealybug

phenacoccus manihoti ( cassava mealybug ) ; cassava stem ( planting material ) distorted by mealybug infestation .
adult mealybug destroyer lady beetle and its waxy white larva feed within a colony of mealybug nymphs .
several species of mealybug occur in greenhouses or on houseplants . these include pseudococcus calceolariae ( glasshouse mealybug ) , p . longispinus ( long tailed mealybug ) and planococcus citri ( citrus mealybug ) and rhizoecus species ( root mealybugs )
the papaya mealybug can easily be distinguished from maconellicoccus marginatus ( green ) , the pink hibiscus mealybug , because papaya mealybug females have eight antennal segments , in contrast to nine in the latter species .
australia has a large number of native mealybug species , including members of the genera paracoccus , ferrisia and pseudococcus . pest species in field crops include peanut mealybug ( maconellicoccus hirsutus ) and solenopsis mealybug ( phenacoccus solenopsis ) .
biological control . natural enemies of the papaya mealybug include the commercially available mealybug destroyer ( cryptolaemus montrouzieri ) , lady beetles , lacewings , and hover flies , all which are generalist predators that have a potential impact on mealybug populations . in addition to predators , several parasitoids may attack papaya mealybug .
grape mealybug nymph ( ex apple ) ( e . beers , july 1987 )
maconellicoccus hirsutus ( pink hibiscus mealybug ) ; adult females . laboratory specimens . usa
maconellicoccus hirsutus ( pink hibiscus mealybug ) ; infestation , in laboratory . usa .
hosts : citrus , several landscape shrubs . most common mealybug on indoor ornamentals .
spray a mealybug - specific pesticide onto the plant to get immediate results on mealybug control . pesticide sprays , however , are only a short - term solution for mealybug control and should not be used as the only method of controlling the infestation .
almost identical in appearance to obscure mealybug . if poked ( not punctured ) , it will release a reddish orange defensive secretion . obscure mealybug secretion would be clear .
grape mealybug damage to ' anjou ' pear ( e . beers , september 1994 )
maconellicoccus hirsutus ( pink hibiscus mealybug ) ; adult females in a field infestation . usa
maconellicoccus hirsutus ( pink hibiscus mealybug ) ; field infestation on hibiscus spp . usa .
this article will cover simple mealybug facts and detail treatments that will cure the problem .
francois b , 1996 . measuring the impact of mealybug infestation . proceedings of the first symposium on the hibiscus mealybug in the caribbean , 24 - 27 june 1996 , grenada .
provides a key to immature stages of m . hirsutus and five other common mealybug pests .
reviewed the biology of cassava mealybug . the life cycle has been studied in the congo by
cassava contains two significant compounds whose levels increase in response to mealybug infestation . cyanide content acts as a phagostimulant for the mealybug , whereas rutin has an antibiotic effect on the pest . it was found that the use of mulch and manure increased cassava resistance against mealybug infestation (
anonymous . 2014 . dysmicoccus brevipes ( pineapple mealybug ) . invasive species compendium , cabi .
cryptoforce™ is shipped as pre - fed , pre - mated , insectary - reared adults . some popular prey of these beetles include : the citrus mealybug ( planococcus citri ) ; the comstock mealybug ( pseudococcus comstocki ) ; the obscure mealybug ( pseudococcus obscurus ) ; the solenopsis mealybug ( phenacoccus solenopsis ) ; the mexican mealybug ( phenacoccus gossypii ) and many other related species , even the long - tailed mealybug ( pseudococcus longispinus ) can be consumed with greedy abandon , but only if it is present with another species which produce cottony egg - masses .
löhr b , varela a , santos b . exploration for natural enemies of the cassava mealybug ,
hennessey r , neuenschwander p , muaka t . spread and current distribution of the cassava mealybug ,
maconellicoccus hirsutus ( pink hibiscus mealybug ) ; adult male , in a field infestation . usa .
maconellicoccus hirsutus ( pink hibiscus mealybug ) ; foliar damage , from a field infestation . usa .
maconellicoccus hirsutus ( pink hibiscus mealybug ) ; adult female , ventral view . slide mounted specimen .
figure 3 . adult mealybug female . photograph by lyle j . buss , university of florida .
figure 4 . adult mealybug male . photograph by lyle j . buss , university of florida .
schulthess f , baumgärtner j , herren h . factors influencing the life table statistics of the cassava mealybug
pollard gv , 1997 . fao launches regional project on pink mealybug . caraphin news 16 : 3 .
five parasitic wasps , acerophagus notativentris , have emerged from the parasitized and mummified grape mealybug at right .
some species of mealybug feed on plant roots , most of these are rhizoecus species and are also confined to glasshouse and house plants . one species the golden root mealybug , will survive on roots out of doors
if your landscape or interiorscape has a history of serious mealybug problems , consider using only plant species that are not prone to mealybugs for at least a year or two to reduce mealybug density and harborage potential .
the mealybug destroyer can be purchased for augmentative release and is often released in greenhouses and interiorscapes or in citrus orchards after a cold winter has killed off native populations . adult beetles are bicolored with reddish - brown heads and hind ends and black in the middle ; older mealybug destroyer larvae are covered with white wax , which makes them look somewhat like large mealybugs . when releasing mealybug destroyers , focus on periods when there are many mealybug egg sacs , because the lady beetles require mealybug eggs as food to stimulate their own reproduction . there is little point in releasing them when mealybug numbers are low or when they are not reproducing .
how do you get rid of mealybugs on houseplants ? share your mealybug treatment tips in the comments below .
phenacoccus manihoti ( cassava mealybug ) ; second , third and pre - ovipositing fourth instars feeding on cassava .
phenacoccus manihoti ( cassava mealybug ) ; adult of prochiloneurus insolitus , an indigenous hyperparasitoid of p . manihoti .
reviewed the biological control campaign against cassava mealybug in africa . a . lopezi , collected from south america (
figure 1 . an adult pineapple mealybug , dysmicoccus brevipes . photograph by lyle buss , university of florida .
sether dm , ullman de , hu js . 1998 . transmission of pineapple mealybug wilt - associated virus by two species of mealybug ( dysmicoccus spp . ) . phytopathology 88 ( 11 ) : 1224 - 1230 .
dysmicoccus brevipes , commonly called the pineapple mealybug ( figure 1 ) or more specifically the pink pineapple mealybug , is a worldwide pest of pineapple crops and a minor pest of many other crops . its importance as a crop pest of pineapple is tied strongly to its ability to transmit pineapple mealybug wilt - associated virus to pineapples .
sartiami d , watson gw , roff mmn , hanifah mh , idris ab . first record of cassava mealybug ,
meyerdirk de , 1997 . pink mealybug in us virgin islands . caraphin news , 16 : 4 - 5 .
mealybug damage is not as quick to occur or as devastating as it is when you have spider mites on houseplants .
calatayud pa , le rü bp ( 2006 ) cassava - mealybug interactions . paris : ird éditions . 110 p .
norgaard rb ( 1988 ) the biological control of cassava mealybug in africa . am j agric econ 70 : 366–371 .
iheagwam e , eluwa m . the effects of temperature on the development of the immature stages of the cassava mealybug ,
as the mealybug has no known beneficial effects , it seems unlikely that deliberate introduction would occur except for malicious purposes .
) . pesticide spraying against disease vectors may reduce the natural enemy populations at times and allow a resurgence of the mealybug . additional introductions of predators such as cryptolaemus montrouzieri have been used on some caribbean islands to reduce mealybug populations further (
pollard gv , 1995 . pink or hibiscus mealybug in the caribbean . caraphin news , 12 : 1 - 2 .
the pineapple mealybug forms colonies on the lower stem and roots of pineapple plants , just above ground level . they are less commonly found feeding on the leaves , fruit , and blossom cups . the pineapple mealybug is more reclusive than the gray pineapple mealybug , which feeds and resides on the aboveground portions of the plant ( mau and kessing 2007 ) .
specimens of papaya mealybug turn bluish - black when placed in alcohol , as is characteristic of other members of this genus .
neuenschwander p ( 2001 ) biological control of the cassava mealybug in africa : a review . biological control 21 : 214–229 .
it should be noted that the mealybug paracoccus marginatus causes very similar damage on hibiscus to that caused by m . hirsutus (
cabi - plantwise ( 2012 ) cassava mealybug ( phenacoccus manihoti ) factsheet . available : urltoken . accessed 15 may 2012 .
the influence of temperature on increase rates of the cassava mealybug phenacoccus manihoti mat . - ferr . ( homoptera , pseudococcidae )
mani m , 1990 . rid the grape - vine of mealybug . indian horticulture , 35 ( 3 ) : 28 - 29
peters t , 1999 . the pink mealybug ( maconellicoccus hirsutus ) in grenada . paper presented at the evaluation workshop on biological control of hibiscus mealybug . , maconellicocus hirsutus in the caribbean sub - region , 11 - 12 march 1999 , trinidad and tobago .
pineapple mealybug wilt associated virus - 1 ( pmwav - 1 ) presence is reported for the first time in the caribbean basin .
anonymous ( 2007 ) . citrus mealybug . center for urban ecology and sustainability , university of minnesota . ( 12 april 2016 )
the most obvious damage by grape mealybug results from the honeydew it secretes . honeydew is cast off in small drops and falls down through the canopy . when it lands on fruit it causes a coarse , black russet , which is similar to pear psylla russeting . however , mealybug russeting is scattered over the fruit surface , while honeydew from psylla is in patches or streaks . mealybug russeting is
adult females of the pineapple mealybug reproduce parthenogenetically , meaning no males fertilize the eggs . every egg results in a female mealybug . the species is also ovoviviparous , meaning the eggs hatch within the adult female and she births live , fully - formed larvae . the average lifespan of the pineapple mealybug is 95 days , but ranges from 78 to 111 days ( mau and kessing 2007 ) .
ezumah h , knight a , editors . some notes on the mealybug , phenacoccus manihoti mat . ferr . incidence on manioc ( manihot esculenta ) in bas - zaïre . proceedings of the international workshop on the cassava mealybug , phenacoccus manihoti mat ferr ; 1978 .
schauff me , gates m . 2002 . parasitoids of the papaya mealybug ( paracoccus marginatus ) . ec cariforum , caribbean agriculture and fisheries program ,
regional training workshop on management of papaya mealybug
. san juan , puerto rico , 23 - 25 october 2002 .
icac recorder . ( 2008 ) . mealybug : a new threat to cotton production in pakistan and india . international cotton advisory committee .
tinsley ( hemiptera : pseudococcidae ) , the mealybug species recorded first time on cotton and its alternate host plants in gujarat , india .
francis a , 1999 . report on biological control activities ( pink hibiscus mealybug ) st kitts . paper presented at the evaluation workshop on biological control of hibiscus mealybug . , maconellicocus hirsutus in the caribbean sub - region , 11 - 12 march 1999 , trinidad and tobago .
martinez m , moraima s , perez i . 2000 . second mealybug invader . cabi - biocontrol news and information 21 ( 2 ) .
miller dr , williams dj , hamon ab . 1999 . notes on a new mealybug ( hemiptera : coccoidea : pseudococcidae ) pest in florida and the caribbean : the papaya mealybug , paracoccus marginatus williams and granara de willink . insecta mundi 13 : ( 3 - 4 ) .
adult m . hirsutus can encapsulate and kill up to 60 % of anagyrus kamali eggs laid in them , but earlier instars of the mealybug are less able to defend themselves in this way . a . kamali attacks all stages of the mealybug but prefers adult females for oviposition (
) , so pesticides are only used to control heavy infestations of the mealybug ; populations are subsequently maintained at low levels by biological control .
beardsley jw . 1993 . the pineapple mealybug complex ; taxonomy , distribution , and host relationships . acta horticulturae 334 : 383 - 386 .
speare at . 1922 . natural control of the citrus mealybug in florida . u . s . department of agriculture bulletin 1117 : 18 .
people with houseplants , gardens , and flower beds often encounter these pests . the mealybug thrives during the warm months of spring and summer .
if mealybug issues persist after beneficial insects have been released , use a beauveria bassiana product like mycotrol so that the beneficials are not harmed .
commercially available beneficial insects , such as ladybugs , lacewing and the mealybug destroyer ( cryptolaemus montrouzieri ) , are important natural predators of this pest .
winotai a , goergen g , tamò m , neuenschwander p ( 2010 ) cassava mealybug has reached asia . biocontrol news inf 31 : 10n–11n .
neuenschwander p . biological control of the cassava mealybug in africa : a review . biological control . 2001 ; 21 ( 3 ) : 214–29 .
tinsley ( sternorrhyncha : coccoidea : pseudococcidae ) , an invasive mealybug damaging cotton in pakistan and india , with a discussion on seasonal morphological variation .
the effects of temperature on the development of the immature stages of the cassava mealybug , phenacoccus manihoti mat - ferr . ( homoptera , pseudococcidae )
root mealybugs ( rhizoecus species ) are also covered in a white waxy substance and found on plant roots . the golden root mealybug is yellow in colour
some females carry a live mealybug with them on the mating flight and take it to the new colony site , where the mealybug’s offspring provide the honeydew to feed the ant’s initial offspring . generally , however , the female ant does not provide food for her first offspring ; instead , the larvae eat…
figure 4 . adult female papaya mealybug , paracoccus marginatus williams and granara de willink . drawing by d . miller and g . miller , usda .
figure 5 . adult male papaya mealybug , paracoccus marginatus williams and granara de willink . drawing by d . miller and g . miller , usda .
noyes js , hayat m . 1994 . oriental mealybug parasitoids of the anagyrini ( hymenoptera : encyrtidae ) . cab international , uk . 554 pp .
norgaard rb , 1988 . the biological control of cassava mealybug in africa . american journal of agricultural economics , 70 ( 2 ) : 366 - 371
seasonal density of adult and egg sac of tea mealybug , p . viburni in the tea gardens of north of iran during period of 2003 to 2005
remove mummified fruits . in warmer regions , mealy bugs may survive over winter amongst long grass and weeds , removing these helps reduce the mealybug population .
edwards s , 1999 . control of the pink mealybug ( maconellicoccus hirsutus ) in st vincent and the grenadines 1996 - 1998 . paper presented at the evaluation workshop on biological control of hibiscus mealybug . , maconellicocus hirsutus in the caribbean sub - region , 11 - 12 march 1999 , trinidad and tobago .
figure 1 . adults and egg sacs of papaya mealybug , paracoccus marginatus williams and granara de willink . photograph by dale meyerdirk , national biological control institute .
figure 3 . papaya leaf infestation of the papaya mealybug , paracoccus marginatus williams and granara de willink . photograph by dale meyerdirk , national biological control institute .
williams dj , cox jm , yaseen m ( 1981 ) the cassava mealybug and its parasites in paraguay and bolivia . biocontrol news inf 2 : 146 .
gowda dks , manjunath d , 1998 . hibiscus cannabinus as a trap crop of mealybug in mulberry . insect environment , 4 ( 2 ) : 46 .
) . following the establishment of a . lopezi , the cassava mealybug food web was investigated over the whole continent and found to comprise about 130 species (
the citrus mealybug is a common pest of citrus primarily in greenhouses , and of several ornamental plants in florida . it has been recognized as a difficult - to - control pest in europe since 1813 ( where it is called the greenhouse mealybug ) and in the united states since 1879 ( anonymous 2007 ) .
woglum rs , neuls jd . 1917 . the common mealybug and its control in california . united states department of agriculture and farmer’s bulletin 862 : 16 .
growth period and number of generations of tea mealybug , p . viburni in natural condition in tea gardens of north of iran during period of 2003 to 2004
adult beetle presence , larval presence , reduction of pest numbers , “exploded” mealybug egg - masses . these are all signs that cryptoforce™ is hard at work .
the striped mealybug is named for the two dark , dorsal stripes that run longitudinally down its body . these stripes are visible on the mealybug cuticle through bare patches in the waxy covering ( figure 1 ) . length of the adult female body is approximately 2 . 0 - 4 . 5 mm ( kaydan and gullan 2012 ) . additional identifying features of the striped mealybug are the two posterior waxy tails or tassels with a length half that of the mealybug body , the presence of crystalline , hair - like rods extending laterally from the body , and the absence of an ovisac ( egg sac ) ( ferris 1950 ) .
the papaya mealybug is polyphagous and has been recorded on > 55 host plants in more than 25 genera . economically important host plants of the papaya mealybug include papaya , hibiscus , avocado , citrus , cotton , tomato , eggplant , peppers , beans and peas , sweet potato , mango , cherry , and pomegranate .
but if a mealybug infestation goes left untreated , the plant will eventually die . although it will usually take a long time for them to kill a plant .
hodges a , hodges g , buss l , osborne l . 2000 . mealybugs & mealybug look - alikes of the southeastern united states , usda / csrees .
figure 8 . papaya leaf deformation caused by the papaya mealybug , paracoccus marginatus williams and granara de willink . photograph by dale meyerdirk , national biological control institute .
zeddies j , schaab rp , neuenschwander p , herren hr ( 2001 ) economics of biological control of cassava mealybug in africa . agric econ 24 : 209–219 .
ghose sk , 1972 . biology of the mealybug , maconellicoccus hirsutus ( green ) ( pseudococcidae , hemiptera ) . indian agriculturist , 16 : 323 - 332 .
phenacoccus manihoti ( cassava mealybug ) ; ' cassava trees ' used at iita to rear the parasitoid epidinocarsis lopezi , the main natural enemy of p . manihoti .
adults : adults are female only , and have a half - sphere body shape . they are pinkish or pink - orange in color , covered in a thick layer of white wax . identifying the pink pineapple mealybug female from the gray pineapple mealybug female requires microscopic examination and identification of distinguishing features ( anonymous 2007 ) .
in addition , many mealybug species have projections extending from their body , giving them the appearance of having many legs on the side and rear of the body .
figure 3 . a female gill’s mealybug , ferrisia gilli gullan , on the underside of a magnolia leaf . photograph by lyle j . buss , university of florida .
m . hirsutus forms dense colonies in cracks and crevices . the severe distortion of new growth caused by the mealybug on many hosts , creates a microhabitat for them (
recorded transport of m . hirsutus by nymphs of another mealybug species ( ferrisia virgata ) in india . accidental introductions to new countries apparently occur via infested plant material .
use of manure or other fertilizers can result in a reduction in the mealybug population because improved nutrition results in the production of larger parasitoid wasps with higher fertility levels ( schulthess et al . , 1997 ) . mulch and fertilizer use also enhances the antibiotic properties of cassava against mealybug infestation ( tertuliano et al . , 1999 ) .
charleston , k . , addison , s . , miles , m . , & maas , s . ( 2010 ) . the solenopsis mealybug outbreak in emerald .
influence of temperature and relative humidity on the capacity for increase and population dynamics of the cassava mealybug , phenacoccus manihoti ( hom . , pseudococcidae ) , in the congo
jadhav rg , madane np , kathamale , dk . 1996 . record of soybean as a new host in india for citrus mealybug . insect environment 2 : 90 .
similar to citrus mealybug with shorter filaments than other mealybugs in grapes . has a dark stripe on its back . may be found on roots as well as aboveground .
mealybug infestations appear on plants as tiny , soft - bodied insects surrounded by a fuzzy , white mess around the stems and leaf nodes . mealybugs are common indoor pests .
figure 2 . distribution of the papaya mealybug , paracoccus marginatus williams and granara de willink , as of may 2003 . drawing by dale meyerdirk , national biological control institute .
figure 7 . papaya fruit infestation and damage caused by the papaya mealybug , paracoccus marginatus williams and granara de willink . photograph by dale meyerdirk , national biological control institute .
mani m , 1989 . a review of the pink mealybug - maconellicoccus hirsutus ( green ) . insect science and its application , 10 ( 2 ) : 157 - 167
p . manihoti reproduces by parthenogenetic oviparity . the life cycle consists of an egg and four instar stages with the fourth being the adult mealybug . various laboratory experimental results (
nwanze kf , 1982 . relationships between cassava root yields and crop infestations by the mealybug , phenacoccus manihoti . tropical pest management , 28 ( 1 ) : 27 - 32
von ellenrieder n . 2003 . california department of agriculture fact sheet : citrus mealybug ( planococcus citri : pseudococcidae ) . california department of agriculture . ( 12 april 2016 )
avoid unnecessary applications of nitrogen fertilizer on plants with mealybugs . high rates of nitrogen coupled with regular irrigation may stimulate tender new plant growth as well as mealybug egg production .
pollen isn’t the only thing these beetles will eat . they will also consume mealybug honeydew ; they produce a lot . a honeydew substitute product may help encourage the beetles .
. mealybug populations begin to build up in february , and there are nine generations . the largest generation is that during the dry season . population numbers drop at the onset of the rainy season , when many mealybugs are washed off the plant . within cassava fields , this mealybug occurs in a markedly aggregated distribution pattern , which differs between seasons .
meyerdirk de , kauffman wc . 2001 . status on the development of a biological control program for paracoccus marginatus williams , papaya mealybug . internal usda , aphis , ppq report .
neuenschwander p , 1990 . biological control of the cassava mealybug by epidinocarsis lopezi in africa : a review of impact . iita research , 1 ( 1 ) : 1 - 4
a pheromone lure baited with the sex pheromone of grape mealybug is the most reliable way to confirm the presence or absence of this important vector of grapevine leafroll - associated viruses .
no doubt the best mealybug spray is adonis . this concentrate is both odorless and water based making it very safe for use on any non - edible house or yard plant .
franco jc , zada a , mendel z . 2009 . novel approaches for the management of mealybug pests . biorational control of arthropod pests . springer , pp . 233 - 278 .
tested the alkaloid abrine , isolated from seeds of abrus precatorius , on m . hirsutus and found evidence that abrine could have a drastic effect on the population density of the mealybug .
levy j , 1996 . banana inspection guidelines ( re : pink mealybug ) . riverdale , maryland , usa : united states department of agriculture , animal and plant health inspection service .
nwanze kf ; leuschner k ; ezumah hc , 1979 . the cassava mealybug , phenacoccus sp . in the republic of zaire . pans , 25 ( 2 ) : 125 - 130
figure 5 . a farmer in ghana holds up a pineapple plant infected with pineapple mealybug wilt - associated virus . photograph by jennifer l . gillett - kaufman , university of florida .
figure 6 . a pineapple field in ghana with several plants showing symptoms of pineapple mealybug wilt - associated virus . photograph by jennifer l . gillett - kaufman , university of florida .
seasonal density of nymphal instars ( first , second and third instars ) of tea mealybug , p . viburni in the tea gardens of north of iran during period of 2003 to 2005
ants attending mealybugs for their honeydew are known to defend the pests from natural enemies that would otherwise attack them . they have been observed interfering with biological control of cassava mealybug in ghana (
, b ) . results from olfactometer studies indicate that exotic and indigenous species of diomus react more strongly to cassava mealybug , honeydew and exuviae than do indigenous exochomus spp . ( van den
norgaard rb , 1988 . economics of the cassava mealybug ( phpnacoccus manihoti ; hom . : pseudococcidae ) biological control program in africa . entomophaga , 33 ( 1 ) : 3 - 6
miller , d . r . 1999 . identification of the pink hibiscus mealybug , maconellicoccus hirsutus ( green ) ( hemiptera : pseudococcidae ) . insecta mundi 13 : 189203 . [ links ]
kerns d , wright g , loghry j . ( 2001 ) . citrus mealybug ( planococcus citri ) . college of agriculture cooperative extension , university of arizona . ( 12 april 2016 )
if you suspect you have mealybugs infesting your plants , contact your local orkin branch office for an inspection and to prepare an integrated mealybug treatment plan to effectively and efficiently resolve the problem .
) , originating from the neotropics . in the neotropics , the insect was first discovered in paraguay in 1981 by a . c . bellotti of ciat . p . manihoti had earlier been confused with another mealybug species found on cassava in guyana and northern brazil . whilst exploration for the natural enemies of p . manihoti continued , this other mealybug was identified as p . herreni (
ferrisia gilli gullan , or gill’s mealybug ( figure 3 ) , is a native species that is indistinguishable from the striped mealybug in the field and is not a member of the ferrisia virgata complex ( gullan et al . 2003 ) . ferrisia gilli is a pest in pistachio and almond orchards in california , where it is believed to have been introduced ( kaydan and gullan 2012 ) .
gullan pj , kaydan m , hardy nb . 2010 . molecular phylogeny and species recognition in the mealybug genus ferrisia fullaway ( hemiptera : pseudococcidae ) . systematic entomology 35 : 329 - 339 .
gutierrez ap , neuenschwander p , schulthess f , herren hr , baumgaertner ju , et al . . ( 1988 ) analysis of biological control of cassava pests in africa . ii . cassava mealybug
moffit lj , 1999 . economic risk to united states agriculture of pink hibiscus mealybug invasion . report to the animal and plant health inspection service , united states department of agriculture . 15 pp .
roberto padilla m , 2000 . bioecology of the pink mealybug and the risk of its entry into honduras . manejo integrado de plagas , no . 57 : 10 - 22 ; 25 ref .
) . in most countries the mealybug caused severe damage by stunting the growth points of cassava plants , sometimes totally defoliating the plants . storage root yield losses of 84 % have been reported (
pandey rr , johnson mw . 2007 . enhanced production of pink pineapple mealybug , dysimococcus brevipes ( hemiptera : psuedococcidae ) . biocontrol science and technology 16 ( 4 ) : 389 - 401 .
meyerdirk de , dechi lw , 2005 . models for minimizing risks of dangerous pests : the pink hibiscus mealybug and papaya mealybug . in : proceedings 39th annual meeting :
food production , marketing and safety : strategies for caribbean food security
. july 13 - 19 , 2003 , st . gerorge’s , grenada , w . i . pub . caribbean food crops society , in press .
common name mealybug scientific name planococcus citri , pseudococcus longispinus , p . calceolariae and others plants affected many houseplants and greenhouse plants main symptoms fluffy white wax , honeydew and sooty moulds most active year round
) . the most important predators are coccinellids , e . g . , hyperaspis spp . , exochomus sp . , and diomus sp . , which usually occur at high densities of cassava mealybug (
) . ants attending mealybugs for their honeydew are known to defend the pests from natural enemies that would otherwise attack them . they have been observed interfering with biological control of cassava mealybug in ghana (
giga dp , 1994 . first record of the cassava mealybug , phenacoccus manihoti matile - ferrero ( homoptera : pseudococcidae ) , from zimbabwe . african entomology , 2 ( 2 ) : 184 - 185
the predator - parasitoid complex that attacks grape mealybug in orchards has not been thoroughly studied . many generalist predators , such as lacewings , ladybird beetles and predaceous bugs , will feed on this pest . an encyrtid egg parasitoid , acerophagus notativentris , is common in infested orchards . grape mealybug populations are generally reduced to nondamaging levels by natural control in orchards where soft pesticide programs are used for a few years .
kauffman wc , meyerdirk de , warkentin r . biological control of papaya mealybug in the caribbean safeguarding the u . s . presented 2 - 4 august 2001 at the iobc meeting , bozeman , mt .
matile - ferrero d . cassava mealybug in the people ' s republic of congo . in : nwanze kf , leuscher k , editors . proceedings of the international workshop on the cassava mealybug , phenacoccus manihoti mat - fer , ( pseudococcidae ) inera - m ' vuazi , bas - zaire , zaire , june 26–29 , 1977 : international institute of tropical agricuture , nigeria ; 1978 . p . 29–46 .
petty gj , tustin h . 1993 . ant ( pheidole megacephala f . ) - mealybug ( dysmicoccus brevipes ckll . ) relationships in pineapples in south africa . acta horticulturae 334 : 378 - 395 .
rohrbach kg , beardsley jw , german tl , reimer nj , sanford wg . 1988 . mealybug wilt , mealybugs , and ants on pineapple . plant disease 72 ( 7 ) : 558 - 565 .
citrus mealybug populations are naturally regulated by parasitic fungi and predacious insects . summer rains cause mortality by washing the mealybugs from plants . additional control measures may be necessary to reduce populations when infestations are large .
operators of greenhouses or interiorscapes with regular mealybug problems can establish their own mealybug destroyer colonies for self - release . the lady beetle can be reared in wide - mouth jars on mealybugs grown on sprouted potatoes or other hosts . a ring of petroleum or other sticky material smeared inside jars around the top will prevent the flightless mealybugs from crawling out but allows the lady beetles to fly out into the greenhouse .
products containing the systemic insecticide dinotefuran may reduce mealybug numbers on some landscape plants , and plant spikes or granules containing the related insecticide imidacloprid may reduce mealybug crawler numbers on houseplants . these neonicotinoid products are less reliable against mealybugs than against other piercing - sucking insects in many situations . their use should be avoided when possible , especially on flowering plants , because of potential negative impacts on natural enemies and pollinators .
singh t , editor the mealybug problem and its control . root crops in eastern africa proceedings of a workshop held in kigali , rwanda , 23–27 november 1980 ; 1982 : international development research centre , ottowa .
garland ja , 1998 . pest risk assessment of the pink mealybug maconellicoccus hirsutus ( green ) , with particular reference to canadian greenhouses . pra 96 - 21 . ontario , canada : canadian food inspection agency .
michaud jp , evans ga , 2000 . current status of pink hibiscus mealybug in puerto rico including a key to parasitoid species . florida entomologist , 83 ( 1 ) : 97 - 101 ; 9 ref .
the cassava mealybug strongly prefers cassava and other manihot species ; the other host crops and wild hosts are only marginally infested . talinum triangulare , croton and poinsettia species are particularly suitable for laboratory rearing and experiments .
zeddies j ; schaab rp ; neuenschwander p ; herren hr , 2001 . economics of biological control of cassava mealybug in africa . agricultural economics , 24 ( 2 ) : 209 - 219 ; 36 ref .
herren hr , hennessey rn ( 1983 ) biological control and host plant resistance to control the cassava mealybug and green mite in africa : proceedings of an international workshop . ibadan , nigeria : iita . 154 p .
ghose sk , 1970 . predators , parasites and attending ants of the mealybug , maconellicoccus hirsutus ( green ) ( pseudococcidae , hemiptera ) . plant protection bulletin , india , 22 ( 3 ) : 22 - 30
lema km ; herren hr , 1985 . release and establishment in nigeria of epidinocarsis lopezi , a parasitoid of the cassava mealybug , phenacoccus manihoti . entomologia experimentalis et applicata , 38 ( 2 ) : 171 - 175
matile - ferrero d , 1978 . cassava mealybug in the people ' s republic of congo . in : nwanze kf , leuschner k , ed . proceedings of the international workshop on the cassava mealybug phenacoccus manihoti mat . - ferr . ( pseudococcidae ) held at inera - m ' vuazi , bas - zaire , zaire , june 26 - 29 , 1977 . international institute of tropical agriculture . ibadania niger , 29 - 46
schulthess f ; baumgartner ju ; herren hr , 1987 . factors influencing the life table statistics of the cassava mealybug phenacoccus manihoti . insect science and its application , 8 ( 4 - 6 ) : 851 - 856
grasswitz , t . r . & james , d . g . 2008 . movement of grape mealybug , pseudococcus maritimus , on and between host plants . entomologia experimentalis et applicata 129 : 268275 . [ links ]
monga , d . , kumar , r . , pal , v . , & jat , m . c . ( 2009 ) . mealybug , a new pest of cotton crop in haryana : a survey .
invading asia and use them to estimate the climatic suitability for its establishment throughout the region . to further support detection and response efforts , we also provide a taxonomic key that differentiates all mealybug species recorded from the genus
it is recommended that crops infested with pineapple mealybug or pineapple mealybug wilt - associated virus ( figure 6 ) be removed entirely from the field and burned . this includes all crop residue , followed by a field tilling . mealybugs and ants can reside on many plants other than their preferred hosts , and weeds and other debris in and around the field will keep a population stable unless routinely cleared ( mau and kessing 2007 ) .
the full mealybug life cycle is about 7 - 10 weeks . it takes a week or two for the eggs to hatch into nymphs , and then another 6 - 9 weeks for the nymphs to mature into adults .
kaydan m , gullan p . 2012 . a taxonomic revision of the mealybug genus ferrisia fullaway ( hemiptera : pseudococcidae ) , with descriptions of eight new species and a new genus . zootaxa 3543 : 1 - 65 .
u . s . department of agriculture , animal and plant health inspection service . 1999 . control of the papaya mealybug , paracoccus marginatus ( homoptera : pseudococcidae ) . environmental assessment , october 1999 . riverdale , md .
u . s . department of agriculture , animal and plant health inspection service . 2002 . control of the papaya mealybug , paracoccus marginatus ( homoptera : pseudococcidae ) . environmental assessment , june 2002 . riverdale , md .
since its appearance in the caribbean region in 1994 / 1995 , m . hirsutus is regarded as of high quarantine importance by the cppc . the mealybug is regarded as a plant quarantine threat to colombia ( caicedo ramirez and
miller dr , 2001 . identification of the pink hibiscus mealybug , maconellicoccus hirsutus ( green ) ( hemiptera : sternorrhyncha : pseudococcidae ) . insecta mundi ( 1999 ) 13 ( 3 / 4 ) : 189 - 202 .
cassava mealybug spread across the width of africa in a period of 16 years . its accidental introduction damaged a staple crop that is particularly important in times of drought , during a time of drought , leading to famine (
hennessey rd ; muaka t , 1987 . field biology of the cassava mealybug , phenacoccus manihoti , and its natural enemies in zaire . insect science and its application , 8 ( 4 - 6 ) : 899 - 903
james bd , 1987 . the cassava mealybug phenacoccus manihoti mat - ferr ( hemiptera : pseudococcidae ) in sierra leone : a survey . tropical pest management , 33 ( 1 ) : 61 - 66 , 103 , 107
aheer , g . m . , shah , z . & saeed , m . 2009 . seasonal history and biology of cotton mealybug , phenacoccus solenopsis tinsley . journal of agricultural research 47 : 423431 . [ links ]
for the homeowner , mealybug control may not be expensive , but can be very time consuming since success depends upon a very careful inspection process . the easiest solution for the homeowner may simply be tossing out infested plants .
preserve naturally occurring biological control agents by avoiding use of broad - spectrum insecticides for any pests in the area . also keep ants out of mealybug - infested areas and plants because ants protect mealybugs from their natural enemies .
) . it may be advisable to discourage ants in cassava fields if this becomes a problem . the economic impact of biological control of the cassava mealybug , mainly by a . lopezi , has been judged to be excellent (
iheagwam eu , 1981 . the influence of temperature on increase rates of the cassava mealybug phenacoccus manihoti mat . - ferr . ( homoptera , pseudococcidae ) . revue de zoologie africaine , 95 ( 4 ) : 959 - 967
neuenschwander p ; ajuonu o , 1995 . measuring host finding capacity and arrestment of natural enemies of the cassava mealybug , phenacoccus manihoti , in the field . entomologia experimentalis et applicata , 77 ( 1 ) : 47 - 55
parsa s ; kondo t ; winotai a , 2012 . the cassava mealybug ( phenacoccus manihoti ) in asia : first records , potential distribution , and an identification key . plos one , 7 ( 10 ) : e47675 .
ru ble , 1986 . epizootiology of the fungus neozygites fumosa ( zygomycetes , entomophthorales ) in a population of cassava mealybug , phenacoccus manihoti ( hom . : pseudococcidae ) . entomophaga , 31 ( 1 ) : 79 - 89
while adult females are wingless and similar in shape to nymphs , adult male mealybugs , which are rarely seen , are tiny two - winged insects with two long tail filaments . many mealybug species can reproduce asexually without mating .
citation : yonow t , kriticos dj , ota n ( 2017 ) the potential distribution of cassava mealybug ( phenacoccus manihoti ) , a threat to food security for the poor . plos one 12 ( 3 ) : e0173265 . urltoken
the above characters will facilitate recognition of many phenacoccus species , especially the economically important ones . the lanceolate setae are especially distinctive for this genus . regional keys to mealybug faunas , such as the one provided by williams and granara de
on the basis of the exotic origin and rapid spread of the cassava mealybug in africa , classical biological control has been the main and most appropriate approach to the pest problem . among several natural enemies introduced to combat the pest (
hammond wno ; neuenschwander p ; herren hr , 1987 . impact of the exotic parasitoid epidinocarsis lopezi on cassava mealybug ( phenacoccus manihoti ) populations . insect science and its application , 8 ( 4 - 6 ) : 887 - 891
hennessey rd ; neuenschwander p ; muaka t , 1990 . spread and current distribution of the cassava mealybug , phenacoccus manihoti ( homoptera : pseudococcidae ) , in zaire . tropical pest management , 36 ( 2 ) : 103 - 107
nwanze kf , 1978 . biology of the cassava mealybug , phenacoccus manihoti mat . - ferr . in the republic of zaire . in : nwanze kf , leuschner k , ed . proceedings of the international workshop on the cassava mealybug phenacoccus manihoti mat . - ferr . ( pseudococcidae ) held at inera - m ' vuazi , bas - zaire , zaire , june 26 - 29 , 1977 . international institute of tropical agriculture . ibadania niger , 20 - 28
culik , m . p & gullan , p . j . 2005 . a new pest of tomato and other records of mealybug ( hemiptera : pseudococcidae ) from espírito santo , brazil . zootaxa 964 : 18 . [ links ]
ullman de , williams df , fleisch h , hu js , sether d , gonsalves a . 1993 . heat treatment of pineapple : subsequent growth and occurrence of mealybug wilt of pineapple . acta horticulturae 334 : 407 - 410 .
we thank miss m . moghadam for assistance with slide - mounting and checking identifications of mealybug samples . the financial support for this work was supported by university of shahed and technical support was provided by tea research center of iran .
mealybug bodies are distinctly segmented and usually covered with wax . older individuals may have wax filaments around their body margins . in some species the filaments are longer in the rear and can be used to help distinguish between different species .
as with any houseplant pest infestation , when you first spot a problem , begin mealybug treatment immediately . the first thing to do is quarantine the affected plant ( s ) so that you can prevent mealybugs from infesting your other houseplants .
gullan p , downie d , steffan s . 2003 . a new pest species of the mealybug genus ferrisia fullaway ( hemiptera : pseudococcidae ) from the united states . annals of the entomological society of america 96 : 723 - 737 .
u . s . department of agriculture , animal and plant health inspection service . 2000 . control of the papaya mealybug , paracoccus marginatus ( homoptera : pseudococcidae ) . environmental assessment ( supplement ) , june 2000 . riverdale , md .
citation : parsa s , kondo t , winotai a ( 2012 ) the cassava mealybug ( phenacoccus manihoti ) in asia : first records , potential distribution , and an identification key . plos one 7 ( 10 ) : e47675 . urltoken
herren hr ; bird tj ; nadel dj , 1987 . technology for automated aerial release of natural enemies of the cassava mealybug and cassava green mite . insect science and its application , 8 ( 4 - 6 ) : 883 - 885
le ru b ; tertuliano m , 1993 . tolerance of different host - plants to the cassava mealybug phenacoccus manihoti matile - ferrero ( homoptera : pseudococcidae ) . international journal of pest management , 39 ( 4 ) : 379 - 384
in brazil , all these three mealybug species have been recorded in cotton and in other plants ( bastos et al . 2007 ; silva - torres et al . 2013 ; culik et al . 2013 ) . recently , infestations of striped mealybug were found in cotton plants in the semiarid region of pernambuco . this was the first record of f . virgata on cotton in brazil ( torres et al . 2011 ) . the striped mealybug has also been recorded in the state of espírito santo ( williams & granara de willink 1992 ) as well as m . hirsutus ( culik et al . 2013 ) . thus , bioecological studies are needed to develop integrated pest management strategies for f . virgata on cotton .
when mealybug populations are dense , they may enter the calyx ends of fruit , causing contamination problems on processed fruit . their feeding softens tissue in the calyx and around the seed cavity . symptoms resemble those of a disorder called pink end .
bhat a , devasahayam s , sarma y , pant r . 2003 . association of a badnavirus in black pepper ( piper nigrum l . ) transmitted by mealybug ( ferrisia virgata ) in india . current science 84 : 1547 - 1550 .
balikai ra , bagali an , 2000 . population density of mealybug , maconellicoccus hirsutus ( green ) on ber ( zizyphus mauritiana lamarck ) and economic losses . agricultural science digest , 20 ( 1 ) : 62 - 63 ; 3 ref .
chong jh , 2009 . first report of the pink hibiscus mealybug , maconellicoccus hirsutus ( green ) ( hemiptera : pseudococcidae ) , in south carolina . journal of agricultural and urban entomology , 26 ( 2 ) : 87 - 94 . urltoken
cudjoe ar ; neuenschwander p ; copland mjw , 1993 . interference by ants in biological control of the cassava mealybug phenacoccus manihoti ( hemiptera : pseudococcidae ) in ghana . bulletin of entomological research , 83 ( 1 ) : 15 - 22 .
gutierrez ap ; neuenschwander p ; alphen jjmvan , 1993 . factors affecting biological control of cassava mealybug by exotic parasitoids : a ratio - dependent supply - demand driven model . journal of applied ecology , 30 ( 4 ) : 706 - 721
hammond wno ; neuenschwander p , 1990 . sustained biological control of the cassava mealybug phenacoccus manihoti ( hom . : pseudococcidae ) by epidinocarsis lopezi ( hym . : encyrtidae ) in nigeria . entomophaga , 35 ( 4 ) : 515 - 526
milena varela a ; belloti ac ; reyes ja , 1979 . biology and ecology of the cassava mealybug phenacoccus gossypii townsend & cockerell ( homoptera : pseudococcidae ) . revista colombiana de entomologia , 5 ( 1 / 2 ) : 9 - 15
mourier m , 1997 . effects of neem ( azadirachta indica ) kernel water extracts on cassava mealybug , phenacoccus manihoti ( hom . , pseudococcidae ) . journal of applied entomology , 121 ( 4 ) : 231 - 236 ; 17 ref .
neuenschwander p ; schulthess f ; madojemu e , 1986 . experimental evaluation of the efficacy of epidinocarsis lopezi , a parasitoid introduced into africa against the cassava mealybug phenacoccus manihoti . entomologia experimentalis et applicata , 42 ( 2 ) : 133 - 138
souissi r ; rn ble , 1997 . comparative life table statistics of apoanagyrus lopezi reared on the cassava mealybug phenacoccus manihoti fed on four host plants . entomologia experimentalis et applicata , 85 ( 2 ) : 113 - 119 ; 35 ref .
gutierrez ap , neuenschwander p , schulthess f , herren hr , baumgaertner ju , et al . . ( 1988 ) analysis of biological control of cassava pests in africa . ii . cassava mealybug phenacoccus manihoti . j appl ecol : 921–940 .
in crops where the pineapple mealybug is a minor pest , such as in coffee , they may cause an overall weakening of the plant due to feeding . this can result in stunted growth and lower yields ( mau and kessing 2007 ) .
you can buy an organic insecticidal soap spray , or make your own . my recipe for homemade mealybug spray is 1 tsp of dr . bronner’s baby - mild liquid soap per 1 liter of water . the soap kills the bugs on contact .
noyes js , schauff me . 2003 . new encyrtidae ( hymenoptera ) from papaya mealybug ( paracoccus marginatus williams and granara de willink ) ( hemiptera : sternorrhyncha : pseudococcidae ) . proceedings of the entomological society of washington 105 : 180 - 185 .
stsubli dreyer b ; baumgsrtner j ; neuenschwander p ; dorn s , 1997 . the functional responses of two hyperaspis notata strains to their prey , the cassava mealybug phenacoccus manihoti . bulletin de la société entomologique suisse , 70 : 21 - 28 .
once a mealybug infestation has been found , you’ll need to treat the plant with either traditional pesticides or something organic . if the infested plant will be producing edible fruit or vegetables , you may want to limit your treatment to an organic active .
discard the indoor plant if it is heavily infested with the mealybugs . sometimes it may be virtually impossible to get a mealybug infestation under control , and the best course of action may be to replace the plant with one that is not infected .
kauffman wc , meyerdirk de , miller d , schauff m , hernandez hg , villanueva jimenez ja . 2001 . papaya mealybug biological control in puerto rico and dominican republic . presented 11 december 2001 at the esa annual meeting , san diego , ca .
miller dr , miller gl . 2000 . taxonomic information on paracoccus marginatus . technical meeting and workshop for the biological control of the papaya mealybug , paracoccus marginatus , in the caribbean . st . kitts , west indies , 25 - 26 july 2000 .
bennett f , greathead u , editors . biological control of the mealybug phenacoccus manihoti matile - ferrero : prospects and necessity . proceedings cassava protection workshop , ciat , cali , colombia , 7–12 november , 1977 ; 1978 : centro internacional de agricultura tropical .
dewi sartiami ; watson gw ; mohamad roff mn ; hanifah ym ; idris ab , 2015 . first record of cassava mealybug , phenacoccus manihoti ( hemiptera : pseudococcidae ) , in malaysia . zootaxa , 3957 ( 2 ) : 235 - 238 . urltoken
fabres g , 1981 . bioecology of the cassava mealybug ( phenacoccus manihoti hom . pseudococcidae ) in the people ' s republic of congo . ii - - variations in abundance and regulation factors . agronomie tropicale , 36 ( 4 ) : 369 - 377
löhr b ; varela am , 1987 . the cassava mealybug , phenacoccus manihoti mat . - ferr . , in paraguay : further information on occurrence and population dynamics of the pest and its natural enemies . in : herren hr , hennessey rd , bitterli r , eds . proceedings of an international workshop on biological control and host plant resistance to control the cassava mealybug and green spider mites in africa , ibadan , nigeria , 6 - 10 december 1982 . ibadan , nigeria : iita , 57 - 69 .
anon , 1999 . summary of activities associated with maconellicoccus hirsutus in st lucia . paper presented at the evaluation workshop on biological control of hibiscus mealybug . , maconellicocus hirsutus in the caribbean sub - region , 11 - 12 march 1999 , trinidad and tobago .
fabres g ; boussiengue j , 1981 . bioecology of the cassava mealybug ( phenacoccus manihoti hom . pseudococcidae ) in the people ' s republic of congo . 1 - development cycle and biological parameters . agronomie tropicale , 36 ( 1 ) : 82 - 89
geiger , c . a . , daane , k . m . , bentley , w . j . , yokota , g . y . , & martin , l . a . ( 2001 ) . sampling program for grape mealybug improves pest management .
if a minor mealybug infestation is discovered , treating the infested plant ( s ) may require using alcohol - soaked cotton swabs to treat the insects ; removing mealybugs by exposing infested plants to running water ; and / or washing the plants with soapy water .
female mealybugs lay eggs under a white , waxy coating . mealybug nymphs resemble the adult insects and can complete their development in about a month in mid - summer . breeding continues throughout the year in greenhouses , but takes place at a slower rate in winter .
: the challenge , the achievements . in : herren hr , hennessey rn , editors . biological control and host plant resistance to control the cassava mealybug and green mite in africa : proceedings of an international workshop . ibadan , niger : iita . pp 81–102 .
peters t , watson gw , 1999 . the biological control of hibiscus mealybug in grenada . in : bell k , ed . paths to prosperity : science and technology in the commonwealth 1999 / 2000 . london , uk : kensington publications , 130 - 132 .
singh r , 1999 . socio - economic impact and evaluation of the hmbcontrol programme . paper presented at the evaluation workshop on biological control of hibiscus mealybug . , maconellicocus hirsutus in the caribbean sub - region , 11 - 12 march 1999 , trinidad and tobago .
boussienguet j , 1986 . the natural enemy complex of cassava mealybug , phenacoccus manihoti ( hom . coccoidea pseudococcidae ) in gabon . i . - faunistic inventory and trophic relationships . annales de la societe entomologique de france , 22 ( 1 ) : 35 - 44


whartonia carpenteri is a species of trombiculid mite collected from the eastern red bat , lasiurus borealis , and the gray sac-winged bat , balantiopteryx plicata .

whartonia carpenteri

whartonia carpenteri
has been recorded from the state of morelos in central mexico .
. . . remarks : our specimens exhibit a unique suite of features suggesting an as yet undescribed species . the material resembles whartonia ( asolentria ) carpenteri ( brennan , 1962 ) but differs in the ramification of sensilas ( brennan , 1962 ) . . . .
. . . remarks : our specimens exhibit a unique suite of features suggesting an as yet undescribed species . the material resembles whartonia ( asolentria ) carpenteri ( brennan , 1962 ) but differs in the ramification of sensilas ( brennan , 1962 ) . . . .
mitromorpha carpenteri is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family mitromorphidae .
pachodynerus carpenteri is a potter wasp classified in the family vespidae , subfamily eumeninae , native to mexico , colombia and venezuela .
cynoglossus carpenteri , commonly known as the hooked tonguesole is a species of tonguefish . it is commonly found in the indian ocean .
trogolaphysa carpenteri is a species of aquatic springtail that is known from argentina , costa rica , mexico , and cayenne , french guiana .
carpenter ' s yellowtop jewelfish , meganthias carpenteri anderson , 2006 is a pink and yellow fish found in the eastern atlantic ocean named after old dominion university marine biologist kent e . carpenter .
meganthias carpenteri
is a member of the taxonomic subfamily anthiinae , family serranidae .
the species is classified in the subgenus asolentria . the specific epithet honors
lt . cmdr . malcolm scott carpenter , usa , who completed three orbits of the earth in the aurora vii , 24 may 1962 .
trombicula is a genus of harvest mites ( also known as red bugs , scrub - itch mites , berry bugs , or in their larval stage , as chiggers or chigoe ) in the trombiculidae family .
the harvest mite , trombicula autumnalis , is a species of mite of the family trombiculidae .
leptotrombidium ( / ˌlɛptoʊtrɒmˈbɪdiəm / ) is a genus of mites in the family trombiculidae , that are able to infect humans with scrub typhus ( orientia tsutsugamushi infection ) through their bite .
trombicula alfreddugesi , also called eutrombicula alfreddugesi , is a species in the genus trombicula .
trombicula hirsti is a species in the genus trombicula , commonly called the scrub - itch mite , it is found in northern australia .
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. . . these genera parasitize mainly water birds or birds nesting in various ground or tree holes ( nadchatram & upham 1966 ) . small forest or mountain birds , too , are frequently parasitized ( brennan 1948brennan , 1951 brennan , 1962 brennan , 1965 ) . a good example of various host distribution is seen in the largest genus , leptotrombidium nagayo , miyagawa , mitamura and imamura , 1916 , which includes about 340 species ( stekolnikov 2013 ) . . . .
. . . other records . mexico : balantiopteryx plicata : morelos ( brennan 1962 , palacios - vargas & morales - malacara 1983 ) ; oaxaca ( vercammengrandjean et al . 1965 ) . choeronycteris mexicana : [ sic ] mexico ( webb & loomis 1977 ) . . . .
acarofauna ( arachnida : acari ) del estado de morelos . [ mite fauna ( arachnida : acari ) from the state of morelos ] .
the new mites family proterorhagiidae ( acari : endeostigmata ) is described and the genus and types species from mexico .
asiapygmephorus gen . nov . , a new genus of mite family pygmephoridae ( acarina : heterostigmata ) from t . . .
a new genus of pygmephorid mites ( acarina : pygmephoridae ) named asiapygmephorus is described from turkmenistan , with the type species pediculaster paucisetosus sevastianov et chydyrov , 1991 . the redescription of pediculaster paucisetosus is given .
a new genus and twelve new species of mites from mexico and southeast united states ( acarina : blatti . . .
html public
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the species is named for
william k . carpenter of fort lauderdale , florida . mr . carpenter , an outstanding big game fisherman , has long been president and leading sponsor of the international game fish association . his dedicated support of marine science includes generous financial contributions and outstanding personal participation in research activities .
( original description ) the rather small , pale brownish shell is solid and slender . its surface is glossy . the shell contains 8 whorls , somewhat convex , crossed by about twelve strong , elevated , flexuous , smooth , rounded longitudinal ribs , which extend entirely across the upper whorls , and on the body whorl from the suture to the middle , below which the surface is smooth . the interstices between the ribs are deeply concave , wider than the ribs , and perfectly smooth , except the faint lines of growth . the outer lip shows a broad shallow notch , below the suture . the ovate aperture is rather small . the siphonal canal is short , narrow and straight . the columella is nearly straight .
the type specimen was found in the pacific ocean off san pedro , california .
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gymnallabes nops , popularly known as the blind eel catfish , is a species of airbreathing catfish found in the lower congo river basin in the countries of the democratic republic of the congo and the republic of the congo .

it is blind , non-pigmented and grows to a length of 5.7 cm ( 2.2 in ) sl .

gymnallabes nops

gymnallabes nops , roberts , tyson r . & stewart , d . j . , 1976
justification : there are currently no threats to gymnallabes nops known . the construction of inga 3 and grand inga , and the luozi mining project could become threats to the species in the future . it is known from fewer than five locations .
gymnallabes nops roberts & stewart , 1976 - add this species to your
my cats
page . common name ( s ) none type locality lower congo river , near tadi , zaire , 5°14 ' s , 13°56 ' e . more
devaere , stijn , dominique adriaens , gg teugels , et al . “skeletal morphology of the holotype of gymnallabes nops roberts & stewart , 1976 , using micro ct - scanning . ” cybium 29 . 3 ( 2005 ) : 281–293 . print .
dolichallabes microphthalmus and gymnallabes nops , of the scores of the second component ( factor 2 ) taken from a principle components analysis of log - transformed metric variables versus the first principal component ( factor 1 ) taken from a principle components analysis of meristics . more
devaere , stijn , dominique adriaens , gg teugels , nm de clerck , and aa postnov . 2005 . “skeletal morphology of the holotype of gymnallabes nops roberts & stewart , 1976 , using micro ct - scanning . ” cybium 29 ( 3 ) : 281–293 .
devaere s , adriaens d , teugels g , de clerck n , postnov a . skeletal morphology of the holotype of gymnallabes nops roberts & stewart , 1976 , using micro ct - scanning . cybium . soc francaise d ichtyologie ; 2005 ; 29 ( 3 ) : 281–93 .
devaere , s . , adriaens , d . , teugels , g . , de clerck , n . , & postnov , a . ( 2005 ) . skeletal morphology of the holotype of gymnallabes nops roberts & stewart , 1976 , using micro ct - scanning . cybium , 29 ( 3 ) , 281–293 .
gymnallabes : from the greek , gymnos , meaning hidden and allabes , the name of a nilotic fish ( a kind of lamprey ) ; in reference to the shape and nature of the fish .
the type locality of gymnallabes nops is from near tadi , about 50 km downstream of luozi , lower congo river . two additional specimens ( one from banda nyenge about 60km upstream of luozi , and one from near mbelo about 70 km downstream of pool malebo ) have been collected ( amnh ) . the species seems to be present in very low abundance and has been searched for intensively ( stiassny , m . , pers . obs ) .
there are currently no threat to gymnallabes nops known . inga 1 and 2 are existing dams with a minimal impact . inga 3 , to be built in five years , will divert a significant amount of flow . grand inga will block a great part of the mainstream with major impact . given the restricted mainstream habitat and mainstream impacts such as pollution , it can be threatened in the future in the luozi region . the key component of concrete is found in this region , and there is potential to mining in the area .
greek , gymnos = hidden + greek , allabes , - etos = a fish of the nile , a kind of lamprey ( ref . 45335 )
africa : lower congo river basin , democratic republic of the congo ( ref . 78218 ) .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 5 . 7 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 3820 )
probably lives chiefly in crevices between rocks . its diet is unknown , but it is probably predominantly carnivorous ( ref . 78218 ) .
teugels , g . g . , 1986 . clariidae . p . 66 - 101 . in j . daget , j . - p . gosse and d . f . e . thys van den audenaerde ( eds . ) check - list of the freshwater fishes of africa ( cloffa ) . isnb , brussels , mrac , tervuren ; and orstom , paris . vol . 2 . ( ref . 3820 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 7500 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01000 ( 0 . 00244 - 0 . 04107 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 81 - 3 . 27 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 2 ±0 . 5 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 10 of 100 ) .
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lower congo [ zaire ] river , near tadi , zaire [ democratic republic of congo ] , 5°14 ' s , 13°56 ' e .
57mm or 2 . 2
sl . find near , nearer or same sized spp .
in ventral view especially , females are much broader in the body than males of equal age and rearing practices .
bulletin of the museum of comparative zoology v . 147 ( no . 6 )
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special publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
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roberts , tyson r . & stewart , d . j . , 1976 , an ecological and systematic survey of fishes in the rapids of the lower zaire or congo river , bulletin of the museum of comparative zoology at harvard college , 3 147 , no . 6 , pp . 239 - 317 : 277
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