mastigodryas is a genus of colubrid snakes .

like some other colubrids , they are commonly called racers .

it is a neotropical genus , with members distributed from mexico to argentina and several islands in the caribbean .

some authorities use the older generic name , dryadophis , for these species .

mastigodryas

mastigodryas moratoi montingelli & zaher 2011 mastigodryas moratoi — wallach et al . 2014 : 430
alsophis bruesi barbour 1914 : 337 mastigodryas bruesi — schwartz & henderson 1991 : 626 mastigodryas bruesi — montignelli & zaher 2011 mastigodryas bruesi — wallach et al . 2014 : 429
dryadophis fasciatus hardy 1963 dryadophis cliftoni hardy 1964 dryadophis cliftoni — liner 1994 mastigodryas cliftoni — dixon & tipton 2004 dryadophis cliftoni — valdez - lares et al . 2013 mastigodryas cliftoni — wallach et al . 2014 : 429
masticophis melanolomus cope 1868 : 134 eudryas boddaerti melanolomus x laevis — stuart 1935 : 48 eudryas boddaerti melanolomus — schmidt & andrews 1936 eudryas boddaerti melanolomus — gaige 1936 dryadophis melanolomus — stuart 1939 : 55 ( by implication ) dryadophis sanguiventris taylor 1954 : 722 dryadophis melanolomus — martin 1958 dryadophis melanolomus melanolomus — neill & allen 1959 mastigodryas sanguiventris — peters & orejas - miranda 1970 : 195 mastigodryas melanolomus — peters & orejas - miranda 1970 : 194 dryadophis melanolomus — villa et al . 1988 dryadophis melanolomus — liner 1994 dryadophis melanomus [ sic ] — monroy ibarra et al . 1996 dryadophis melanolomus — lee 2000 : 285 mastigodryas melanolomus — torres - carvajal 2004 mastigodryas melanolomus — dixon & tipton 2004 dryadophis melanolomus — mccranie & castañeda 2005 dryadophis melanolomus — köhler et al . 2005 mastigodryas melanolomus — wallach et al . 2014 : 429 mastigodryas melanolomus laevis ( fischer 1881 ) herpetodryas laevis fischer 1881 : 227 dromicus coeruleus fischer 1885 : 103 drymobius boddaerti var . modesta werner 1903 : 346 dryadophis melanolomus laevis — stuart 1941 : 86 mastigodryas melanolomus laevis — peters & orejas - miranda 1970 mastigodryas melanolomus stuarti ( smith 1943 ) dryadophis melanolomus stuarti smith 1943 : 418 dryadophis melanolomus stuarti — webb 1984 mastigodryas melanolomus tehuanae ( smith 1943 ) dryadophis melanolomus tehuanae smith 1943 : 420 mastigodryas melanolomus tehuanae — peters & orejas - miranda 1970 mastigodryas melanolomus veraecrucis stuart 1941 dryadophis melanolomus veraecrucis — taylor 1949 : 199
coluber boddaerti sentzen 1796 : 59 herpetodryas boddaertii — schlegel 1837 : 185 herpetodryas boddaertii — duméril & bibron 1854 : 210 drymobius boddaerti — cope 1885 : 183 herpetodryas boddaertii — garman 1887 : 284 drymobius boddaertii — boulenger 1894 : 11 dryadophis boddaerti — stuart 1939 : 55 dryadophis boddaertii — roze 1958 : 264 dryadophis boddaertii — hoge 1964 : 76 mastigodryas boddaerti — gorzula & señaris 1999 mastigodryas boddaerti — wallach et al . 2014 : 428 mastigodryas boddaerti boddaerti ( sentzen 1796 ) coluber boddaerti sentzen 1796 : 59 coluber fuscus hallowell 1845 : 241 herpetodryas rappii günther 1858 : 116 herpetodryas reticulata peters 1863 : 285 dryadophis boddaerti boddaerti — stuart 1941 : 66 dryadophis boddaerti boddaerti — beebe 1946 : 25 mastigodryas boddaerti boddaerti — peters & orejas - miranda 1970 : 193 mastigodryas boddaerti boddaerti — gasc & rodrigues 1980 mastigodryas boddaertii dunni ( stuart 1933 ) eudryas dunni stuart 1933 : 5 dryadophis dunni — stuart 1939 : 55 dryadophis boddaertii dunni — stuart 1941 : 76 masticophis boddaertii dunni — peters & orejas - miranda 1970 : 193 mastigodryas boddaertii dunni — mertens 1972 mastigodryas boddaertii dunni — boos 2001 mastigodryas boddaerti ruthveni ( stuart 1933 ) eudryas ruthveni stuart 1933 : 4 dryadophis ruthveni — stuart 1939 : 55 dryadophis boddaertii ruthveni — stuart 1941 mastigodryas boddaerti ruthveni — peters & orejas - miranda 1970 : 193
drymobius heathii cope 1876 : 179 drymobius heathii — cope 1878 : 34 dryadophis [ heathii ] — stuart 1939 : 55 dryadophis heathii — stuart 1941 dryadophis boddaertii heathii — schmidt & walker 1943 mastigodryas heathii — lehr et al . 2002 mastigodryas heathii — wallach et al . 2014 : 429
this species has often been placed in the genus dryadophis , but dixon and tipton ( 2004 ) placed it in mastigodryas on the basis of seniority .
this species has often been placed in the genus dryadophis , but dixon and tipton ( 2004 ) placed it in mastigodryas on the basis of seniority .
mccranie ( 2011 ) resurrected this species from synonymy with mastigodryas melanolomus to encompass populations from honduras to panama , with m . melanolomus occurring from honduras northward .
roberto , igor joventino . 2011 . mastigodryas boddaerti ( boddaert ' s tropical racer ) defensive behavior . herpetological review 42 ( 3 ) : 440 - get paper here
escalante - pasos , jorge armín and elí garcía - padilla 2015 . mastigodryas melanolomus ( cope , 1868 ) . mesoamerican herpetology 2 ( 2 ) : 206 - get paper here
loc - barragán , jesús a . , emmanuel miramontes - medina , david molina and guillermo woolrich - piña . 2016 . mastigodryas cliftoni . diet . mesoamerican herpetology 3 ( 3 ) : 748–749
oviedo - brenes , federico , josé miguel chaves - fallas and juan g . abarca . 2013 . mastigodryas melanolomus ( salmon - bellied racer ) defensive behavior . herpetological review 44 ( 4 ) : 693
dixon , james r . ; tipton , bob l . 2004 . dryadophis versus mastigodryas ( ophidia : colubridae ) : a proposed solution . herpetological review 35 ( 4 ) : 347 - 348 . - get paper here
goldberg s . r . 2006 . reproductive cycle of the salmon - ellied racer , mastigodryas melanolomus ( serpentes , colubridae ) , from costa rica . phyllomedusa 5 ( 2 ) : 145 - 148 - get paper here
villa , r . a . , carrillo - reyes p . and ávila - villegas , h . 2011 . mastigodryas cliftoni ( clifton´s lizard eater ) . méxico . zacatecas . herpetological review 42 : 573 - get paper here
mastigodryas has generally been regarded as closely related to coluber and masticophis . pyron et al . ( 2011 ) recovered it as part of the tropical american colubrine clade that includes cribos ( drymarchon ) , coachwhips ( masticophis ) , tiger snakes ( spilotes ) , green snakes ( opheodrys ) and the vine snakes ( oxybelis ) we looked at in the previous article . within this clade , mastigodryas seems especially closely related to the drymoluber species , also often known as racers .
montingelli , giovanna g . and hussam zaher 2011 . new species of mastigodryas amaral , 1934 from brazilian amazonia and guyana ( serpentes : colubridae ) . journal of herpetology 45 ( 1 ) : 111 - 119 . - get paper here
loc - barragán j . a . , e . miramontes - medina , d . molina y g . woolrich - piña . 2016 . natural notes . mastigodryas cliftoni . diet . mesoamerican herpetology 3 ( 3 ) : 748 - 749 .
beolens , bo ; michael watkins ; michael grayson . 2011 . the eponym dictionary of reptiles . johns hopkins university press . baltimore . xiii + 312 pp . isbn 978 - 1 - 4214 - 0135 - 5 . ( mastigodryas boddaerti , p . 29 . )
oliveira , elciomar araujo de , emil josé hernández - ruz , joyce celerino de carvalho , marcos diones ferreira santana , leandro wronsk da silva and kleiton rabelo de araújo . 2013 . mastigodryas boddaerti ( boddaert ' s tropical racer ) reproduction . herpetological review 44 ( 2 ) : 332
loc - barragán j . a . , e . miramontes - medina , d . molina y g . woolrich - piña . 2016 . natural notes . mastigodryas cliftoni . diet . mesoamerican herpetology 3 ( 3 ) : 748 - 749 . | jesús loc - barragán and david molina - urltoken
justification : mastigodryas heathii is listed as least concern owing to its large distribution . no specific threats have been reported and this species is not thought to be undergoing significant population declines . this species is utilized locally for medicinal trade purposes , so monitoring is required to ensure that any future significant population declines are noted .
siqueira , débora m . ; loana p . nascimento , and maria cristina dos santos - costa 2012 . feeding biology of boddaert ' s tropical racer , mastigodryas boddaerti ( serpentes , colubridae ) from the brazilian amazon . south american j . herp . 7 ( 3 ) : 226 - 232 . - get paper here
mastigodryas boddaerti ( sentzen , 1796 ) : hoff & daszkiewicz ( 2001 ) : 35 . [ statut pour la guyane française ] hoff , m . & daszkiewicz , p . , ( coord . ) 2001 . index faunistique de la guyane française . i : les vertébrés . patrimoines naturels , 35 : 1 - 66 .
atractus reticulatus ( a . ret ) , bothrops alternatus ( b . alt ) , bothrops diporus ( b . dip ) , erythrolamprus jaegerii ( e . jae ) , erythrolamprus poecilogyrus ( e . poe ) , erythrolamprus semiaureus ( e . sem ) , helicops infrataeniatus ( h . inf ) , helicops leopardinus ( h . leo ) , hydrodynastes gigas ( h . gig ) , leptophis ahaetulla ( l . aha ) , lygophis anomalus ( l . ano ) , mastigodryas bifossatus ( m . bif ) , micrurus altirostris ( m . alt ) , micrurus pyrrhocryptus ( m . pyr ) , mussurana bicolor ( m . bic ) , paraphimophis rustica ( p . rus ) , philodryas patagoniensis ( p . pat ) , philodryas olfersii ( p . olf ) , philodryas aestiva ( p . aes ) , sibynomorphus turgidus ( s . tur ) , thamnodynastes chaquensis ( t . cha ) , thamnodynastes hypoconia ( t . hyp ) , thamnodynastes strigatus ( t . str ) , xenodon dorbingyi ( x . dor ) , xenodon merremii ( x . mer ) .
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gaigeae : panama ; type locality : panama , chiriqui , boquete , wright’s ranch , ca . 1219 m elevation ;
sanguiventris : costa rica ; type locality : esquinas , forest reserve , las esquinas ( between palmar and golfito ) , punta arenas province , costa rica .
note : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .
holotype : usnm 24985 , an 1124 mm specimen ( a . schott ) . holotype : kumnh no . 31978 [ sanguiventris ] holotype : zsm 1627 / 0 , adult [ drymobius boddaerti var . modesta ]
the specific name is derived from the latin words me / ano , meaning
black
and lomus , meaning
border or side ,
in reference to the black border on the body and / or tail ( lemos - espinal & dixon 2013 ) .
arias , erick ; federico bolaños 2014 . a checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of san isidro de dota , reserva forestal los santos , costa rica . check list 10 ( 4 ) : 870 - 877 - get paper here
barbour , t . 1915 . recent notes regarding west indian reptiles and amphibians . proc . biol . soc . washington 28 : 71 - 78 - get paper here
bocourt , m . f . 1884 . note sur quelques ophidiens nouveaux , provenant de l ' amerique inter - tropicale . bull . soc . philomath . paris ( 7 ) 8 : 133 - 142 - get paper here
calderon , r . ; cedeño - vázquez , j . r . & pozo , c . 2003 . new distributional records for amphibians and reptiles from campeche , mexico . herpetological review 34 ( 3 ) : 269 - 272 - get paper here
campbell , j . a . 1998 . amphibians and reptiles of northern guatemala , the yucatán , and belize . norman : university of oklahoma press , xiii + 380 pp . - get paper here
canseco - marquez , l . ; gutierrez - mayen , g . & salazar - arenas , j . 2000 . new records and range extensions for amphibians and reptiles from puebla , méxico . herpetological review 31 ( 4 ) : 259 - 263 - get paper here
casas - andreu , g . , f . r . méndez - de la cruz and x . aguilar - miguel . 2004 . anfibios y reptiles ; pp . 375–390 , in a . j . m . garcía - mendoza , j . ordoñez and m . briones - salas ( ed . ) . biodiversidad de oaxaca . instituto de biología , unam - fondo oaxaqueño para la conservación de la naturaleza - world wildlife fund , méxico , d . f .
cope , e . d . 1868 . an examination of the reptilia and batrachia obtained by the orton expedition to equador and the upper amazon , with notes on other species . proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia 20 : 96 - 140 - get paper here
dixon , james r . and julio a . lemos - espinal 2010 . amphibians and reptiles of the state of queretaro , mexico . tlalnepantla unam , 428 pp .
fischer , j . g . 1881 . beschreibung neuer reptilien . archiv für naturgeschichte 47 ( 1 ) : 225 - 238 - get paper here
fischer , j . g . 1885 . ichthyologische und herpetologische bemerkungen . v . herpetologische bemerkungen . jahrb . hamburg . wiss . anst . 2 : 82 - 121 - get paper here
gaige , h . 1936 . some reptiles and amphibians from yucatan and campeche , mexico . carnegie inst . wash . publ . , ( 457 ) : 289 - 304 .
garcía , a . & ceballos , g . 1994 . guia de campo de los reptiles y anfibios de la costa de jalisco , mexico . fundacion ecologica de cuixmala , a . c . instituto de biologia , unam
guerra centeno , dennis ; héctor fuentes rousselin & david morán villatoro 2012 . serpientes de guatemala : guía para didentificación de especies . universidad de san carlos de guatemala , 186 pp .
gutiérrez mayén , ma . guadalupe y jorge salazar arenas 2007 . herpetofauna de los municipios de camocuautla , zapotitlán de méndez y huitzilan de serdán , de la sierra norte de puebla . herpetofauna de tres municipios de la sierra norte de puebla , pp . 197 - 223
heimes , p . 2016 . snakes of mexico . chimaira , frankfurt , 572 pp
hidalgo , h . n . 1981 . additions to the snake fauna of el salvador . herpetological review 12 : 67 - 68 - get paper here
johnson , jerry d . ; vicente mata - silva , elí garcía padilla , and larry david wilson 2015 . the herpetofauna of chiapas , mexico : composition , distribution , and conservation . mesoamerican herpetology 2 ( 3 ) : 272–329 . - get paper here
juárez - peña , carlos , ángel sosa bartuano and silvia sigüenza - mejia . 2016 . new herpetofaunal records for parque nacional montecristo , el salvador . el salvador , santa ana . mesoamerican herpetology 3 ( 4 ) : 1107–1113 - get paper here
köhler , g . 2008 . reptiles of central america . 2nd ed . herpeton - verlag , 400 pp .
köhler , g . ; vesely , m . & greenbaum , e . 2005 . the amphibians and reptiles of el salvador . krieger publishing , 238 pp . [ review in sauria 28 ( 3 ) : 13 )
lee , j . c . 2000 . a field guide to the amphibians and reptiles of the maya world . cornell university press , ithaca ,
lee , j . c . 1996 . the amphibians and reptiles of the yucatán peninsula . comstock , cornell university press , ithaca , 500 pp .
lemos - espinal , julio a . and james r . dixon 2013 . amphibians and reptiles of san luis potosí . eagle mountain publishing , xii + 300 pp .
lemos - espinal , julio a . , geoffrey r . smith 2015 . amphibians and reptiles of the state of hidalgo , mexico . check list 11 ( 3 ) : 1642 - get paper here
luja vh , lópez ja , cruz - elizalde r , ramírez - bautista a 2017 . herpetofauna inside and outside from a natural protected area : the case of reserva estatal de la biósfera sierra san juan , nayarit , mexico . nature conservation 21 : 15 - 38 - get paper here
martin , plul s . 1958 . a biogeography of reptiles and amphibians in the gomez farias region , tamaulipas , mexico . miscellaneous publications , museum of zoology , university of michigan ( 101 ) : 1 - 102 + 7 plates - get paper here
mata - silva , vicente , jerry d . johnson , larry david wilson and elí garcía - padilla . 2015 . the herpetofauna of oaxaca , mexico : composition , physiographic distribution , and conservation status . mesoamerican herpetology 2 ( 1 ) : 6–62 - get paper here
mccoy , c . j . , censky , e . j . , & van de vender , r . r . 1986 . distribution records for amphibians and reptiles in belize , central america . herpetological review 17 : 28 - 29 . - get paper here
mccranie , j . & castañeda , f . e . 2005 . the herpetofauna of parque nacional pico bonito , honduras . phyllomedusa 4 ( 1 ) : 3 - 16 - get paper here
mccranie , james r . 2015 . a checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of honduras , with additions , comments on taxonomy , some recent taxonomic decisions , and areas of further studies needed . zootaxa 3931 ( 3 ) : 352–386 - get paper here
monroy - ibarra , robert c . ; mejenes - lopez , sol de mayo ; mendoza - quijano , fernando 1996 . geographic distribution . dryadophis melanomus veraecrucis . herpetological review 27 : 212 - get paper here
neill , wilfred t . and e . ross allen . 1959 . studies on the amphibians and reptiles of british honduras . publications of the research division ross allen ' s reptiles institute . 2 ( 1 ) : 1 - 76
palacios - aguilar , ricardo & oscar flores - villela 2018 . an updated checklist of the herpetofauna from guerrero , mexico . zootaxa 4422 ( 1 ) : 1 - 24 - get paper here
pérez - santos , c . & moreno , a . g . 1988 . ofidios de colombia . museo reegionale di scienze naturali , torino , monographie vi , 517 pp .
platt , steven g . , thomas r . rainwater , jan c . meerman and stanlee m . miller . 2016 . nature notes . notes on the diet , foraging behavior , and venom of some snakes in belize . mesoamerican herpetology 3 ( 1 ) : 162–170 - get paper here
savage , j . m . 2002 . the amphibians and reptiles of costa rica : a herpetofauna between two continents , between two seas . university of chicago press , 934 pp . [ review in copeia 2003 ( 1 ) : 205 ]
schmidt , k . p , & andrews , e . w . 1936 . notes on snakes from yucatán . field mus . nat hist . zool . ser . 20 : 167 - 187 . - get paper here
smith , hobart m . 1939 . notes on mexican reptiles and amphibians . zoological series of field museum of natural history 24 ( 4 ) : 15 - 35 - get paper here
smith , hobart m . 1943 . summary of the collections of snakes and crocodilians made in mexico under the walter rathbone bacon traveling scholarship . proceeding of the u . s . national museum , 93 ( 3169 ) : 393 - 504 - get paper here
solís , j . m . , l . d . wilson , and j . h . townsend . 2014 . an updated list of the amphibians and reptiles of honduras , with comments on their nomenclature . mesoamerican herpetology 1 : 123–144 - get paper here
solorzano , a . 2004 . serpientes de costa rica - snakes of costa rica . editorial inbio , costa rica , 792 pp .
stuart , l . c . 1933 . studies on neotropical colubrinae ii . some new species and subspecies of eudryas fitzinger , with an annotated list of the forms of eudryas boddaertii ( sentzen ) . occasional papers of the museum of zoology , university of michigan ( 254 ) : 1 - 10
stuart , l . c . 1935 . a contribution to a knowledge of the herpetology of a portion of the savanna region of central peten , guatemala . university of michigan museum of zoology miscellaneous publications 29 : 1 - 56 - get paper here
stuart , l . c . 1939 . a new name for the genus eudryas fitzinger 1843 . copeia 1939 ( 1 ) : 55 - get paper here
stuart , l . c . 1941 . studies of neotropical colubrinae viii . a revision of the genus dryadophis stuart , 1939 . miscellaneous publications , museum of zoology , university of michigan ( 49 ) : 1 - 106 - get paper here
taylor , e . h . 1949 . a preliminary account of the herpetology of the state of san luis potosi , mexico . univ . kansas sci . bull . 33 ( 2 ) : 169 - 215 - get paper here
taylor , e . h . 1954 . further studies on the serpents of costa rica . univ . kansas sci . bull . 36 : 673 - 800 . - get paper here
terán - juárez , sergio a . , elí garcía padilla , vicente mata - silva , jerry d . johnson and larry david wilson . 2016 . the herpetofauna of tamaulipas , mexico : composition , distribution , and conservation status . mesoamerican herpetology 3 ( 1 ) : 43–113 - get paper here
torres - carvajal , o . 2004 . herpetofauna of isla de la plata , ecuador . herpetological review 35 ( 1 ) : 85 - get paper here
wallach , van ; kenneth l . williams , jeff boundy 2014 . snakes of the world : a catalogue of living and extinct species . taylor and francis , crc press , 1237 pp .
webb , r . g . 1984 . herpetogeography in the mazatlán - durango region of the sierra madre occidental , mexico . vetrebrate ecology and systematics - a ribute to henry s . fitch ; museum of natural history , university of kansas , lawrence , pp . 217 - 241
werner , franz 1903 . ueber reptilien und batrachier aus guatemala und china in der zoologischen staats - sammlung in münchen nebst einem anhang über seltene formen aus anderen gegenden . abhandl . königl . bayer . akad . wissensch . , munich , ( ser . 2 ) 22 ( 2 ) : 343 - 384 - get paper here
wilson , l . d . , & meyer , j . r . 1985 . the snakes of honduras . 2d ed . milwaukee publ . mus . publ . , biol . & geol . no . 6 , 150 pp .
woolrich - piña , g . a . , e . garcía - padilla , d . l . desantis , j . d . johnson , v . mata - silva , and l . d . wilson . 2017 . the herpetofauna of puebla , mexico : composition , distribution , and conservation status . mesoamerican herpetology 4 ( 4 ) : 791–884
this database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .
type locality :
plumosas , 22 kilometers east of matatán , elevation 770 meters , sinaloa , méxico .
holotype : ku 73489 , a 1532 mm male ( p . l . clifton , 29 aug . 1962 ) .
beolens , bo ; michael watkins , and michael grayson 2011 . the eponym dictionary of reptiles . johns hopkins university press , baltimore , usa - get paper here
hardy , l . m . 1963 . description of a new species of snake ( genus dryadophis ) from mexico . copeia 1963 ( 4 ) : 669 - 672 - get paper here
hardy , l . m . 1964 . a replacement name for dryadophis fasciatus hardy . copeia 1964 ( 4 ) : 714 - get paper here
ponce - campos , p . & huerta - ortega , s . m . 1998 . dryadophis cliftoni ( clifton’s lizard eater ) . mexico : nayarit . herpetological review 29 ( 3 ) : 176 - get paper here
valdez - lares , r . ; r . muñiz - martínez ; e . gadsden ; g . aguirre - león ; g . castañeda - gaytán ; r . gonzalez - trápaga 2013 . checklist of amphibians and reptiles of the state of durango , méxico . check list 9 ( 4 ) : 714 - 724 - get paper here
wilson , larry david ; vicente mata - silva , jerry d . johnson 2013 . a conservation reassessment of the reptiles of mexico based on the evs measure . amphibian & reptile conservation 7 ( 1 ) : 1–47 - get paper here
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
venegas , p . , cisneros - heredia , d . f . , lehr , e . & yánez - muñoz , m .
de silva , r . , milligan , h . t . , wearn , o . r . , wren , s . , zamin , t . , sears , j . , wilson , p . , lewis , s . , lintott , p . & powney , g .
this species is found in western peru , from the department of tumbes and pacific versant of the department of cajamarca in the north to the department of lima in the south , and the el oro and loja provinces of ecuador . it is found between sea level and 2 , 620 m above sea level .
this species is found in pre - montane dry forest , tropical lowland dry forest , and coastal desert . they are adapted to live in cultivated areas ( p . venegas pers comm . 2014 ) .
this species is used for medicinal purposes in ancash region , peru ( lehr 2000 ) . in loja province is use as ingredient for an alcoholic drink ( d . cisneros and m . yanez - muñoz pers comm . 2014 ) .
this species is killed and stored in alcohol by locals , and this liquid is then used externally as medicine ( lehr 2000 ) . however , this is not regarded as a major threat to this species .
although there are no known species - specific conservation measures in place for this species , it is present in several protected areas throughout its distribution . research into harvest practices to investigate the maximum harvest yield to keep a long term viable population , and monitoring are required as this species is harvested for medicinal purposes .
venegas , p . , cisneros - heredia , d . f . , lehr , e . & yánez - muñoz , m . 2016 .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
lee , j . , calderón mandujano , r . , lopez - luna , m . a . & stafford , p . j .
is listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , tolerance of a broad range of habitats , presumed large population , and because there are no major threats impacting this species .
range on the pacific slope extends from southern sinaloa , mexico , to south - central honduras , and on the atlantic slope from southern tamaulipas south through the yucatan peninsula to the northeastern coast of honduras . it also occurs throughout most of petén , guatemala , the northern yucatan peninsula , and belize . it occurs at elevations from near sea level to around 1 , 040 meters ( mccranie 2011 ) .
this species can be found in all lowland and premontane tropical forests and marginally into lower montane forests , including extensively modified lands ( mccranie 2011 ) . this is an egg - laying species .
currently , this species is of relatively low conservation concern and does not require significant additional protection or major management , monitoring , or research action . the range of this species includes several protected areas .
lee , j . , calderón mandujano , r . , lopez - luna , m . a . & stafford , p . j . 2013 .
justification : listed as least concern because it is relatively widespread , has a large population , and it is adaptable to a wide range of habitats .
this snake is found from northeastern honduras to panama . reported elevational range extends from sea level to 1 , 760 meters ( savage 2002 , mccranie 2011 ) .
this species can be found in all lowland and premontane tropical forests and marginally into lower montane forests , including extensively modified lands . in costa rica , it is uncommon in dry forest region ( savage 2002 ) . this is an egg - laying species .
currently , this species is of relatively low conservation concern and does not require significant additional protection or major management , monitoring , or research action . it is present in a number of protected areas .
justification : this species is listed as least concern on the basis that it is fairly common and widespread , occurs in a number of protected areas , and is tolerant of some degree of habitat modification .
this species has a wide distribution in el salvador , guatemala , nicaragua , and honduras , where it occurs at elevations between 635 and 1 , 900 meters ( wilson and johnson 2010 ) .
this is a common species . as many as six animals have been found in an afternoon during a one - day survey of cerro datanli - el diablo nature reserve in northern nicaragua ( j . sunyer pers . comm . , 2012 )
this snake has a wide distribution in pine - oak forest and lower montane moist forest ( d . ariano and j . sunyer pers . comm . 2012 ) . it is a terrestrial species , commonly found within the forest , although it also appears at forest edge and open areas . it is largely diurnal ; at night , it climbs into vegetation .
there are no major known threats to this species . although deforestation is ongoing within its range , it is known from coffee plantations with nearby forest and from transitional areas between forest and open areas , so it appears able to tolerate a degree of habitat disturbance ( j . sunyer pers . comm . 2012 ) .
currently , this species is of relatively low conservation concern and does not require significant additional protection or major management , monitoring , or research action . it occurs in several protected areas within its range ; in nicaragua these cover much of the snake ' s range in the country ( j . sunyer pers . comm . 2012 ) .
i’m feeling on a roll with the obscure colubrid snakes , so here are some more ( see the previous article if you feel like you need an introduction ) . again , the photos are used with kind permission of bangor university’s wolfgang wüster unless stated otherwise .
like several of the other ‘colubrids’ we’ve looked at before , tropidodryas is a dipsadine , and in fact molecular data indicates that it’s part of the same dipsadine clade as xenoxybelis and philodryas ( two taxa both mentioned in the previous article ) ( pyron et al . 2011 ) .
finally , here’s the peculiar and little - known dotted brown snake sordellina punctata from south - eastern brazil , the only species in its genus . it’s an oviparous dipsadine , named in 1923 , and often said to frequent wet places . pereira et al . ( 2007 ) concluded that sordellina is mostly a snake of well vegetated , boggy waterside habitats . there are suggestions that it eats frogs and their tadpoles , but i don’t know if these are anything more than speculations . procter ( 1923 ) actually found a specimen of the typhlonectid caecilian chthonerpeton indistinctum in the stomach of the holotype .
sordellina ’s affinities are somewhat uninvestigated . one suggestion is that it’s close to the terrestrial , sometimes semi - fossorial graceful brown snakes ( rhadinaea ) ( jenner 1981 ) and part of the dipsadine ‘tribe’ diaphorolepidini . zaher ( 1999 ) said that these ideas weren’t supported by hemipenial anatomy , but beyond this it wasn’t possible to pin down the affinities of this taxon within dipsadinae .
as always , there are so many other snakes that still need some love at tet zoo . we can all help snakes by being more aware of habitat loss and degradation – many of the species here are tropical forest animals that are threatened by logging , mining and other forms of destruction . the mostly asian trade in snake meat , and the global trade in snake skin and other products , desperately needs more regulation : it’s presently completely unsustainable and putting many snake populations in danger . ivan kwan of the lazy lizard’s tales reminds me that cites held a special asian snake trade workshop in china during april 2011 : you can view and / or download numerous free documents from that meeting here .
and i was horribly inconsistent in this article as goes the use of colubrid or ‘colubrid’ , sorry . you’ll know why . right ?
for previous tet zoo articles on colubrid snakes ( using ‘colubrid’ in the maximally inclusive sense ) , see . . .
what was that cute little mexican snake ?
, and other musings . . .
possibly the first ever photos of a live bothrolycus ater . or : a test of how much information exists on a really obscure snake .
snake 195 mm long eats centipede 140 mm long . centipede too big . snake dies .
bailey , j . r . 1967 . the synthetic approach to colubrid classification . herpetologica 23 , 155 - 161 .
greene , h . w . 1997 . snakes : the evolution and mystery in nature . university of california press , berkeley .
jenner , j . v . 1981 . a zoogeographic study and the taxonomy of the xenodontine colubrid snakes . unpublished ph . d . dissertation , new york univ . , new york .
- . & dowling , h . g . 1985 . taxonomy of american xenodontine snakes : the tribe pseudoboini . herpetologica 41 , 161 - 172 .
leal , m . & thomas , r . 1994 . notes on the feeding behavior and caudal luring by juvenile alsophis portoricensis ( serpentes : colubridae ) . journal of herpetology 28 , 126 - 128 .
mattison , c . 1998 . the encyclopedia of snakes . blandford , london .
pereira , d . n . , stender - oliveira , f . , rodrigues , m . g . & bérnils , r . s . 2007 . distribution and habitat use of sordellina punctata ( serpentes , colubridae ) , with a new record from state of são paulo , brazil . herpetological bulletin 100 , 18 - 22 .
procter , j . b . 1923 . on a new genus and species of colubrinae snake from se brazil . annals and magazine of natural history 9 , 227–230 .
pyron , r . , burbrink , f . , colli , g . , de oca , a . , vitt , l . , kuczynski , c . , & wiens , j . ( 2011 ) . the phylogeny of advanced snakes ( colubroidea ) , with discovery of a new subfamily and comparison of support methods for likelihood trees
sazima , i . & puorto , g . 1993 . feeding technique of juvenile tropidodryas striaticeps : probable caudal luring in a colubrid snake . copeia 1993 , 222 - 226 .
tiebout , h . m . 1997 . caudal luring by a temperate colubrid snake , elaphe obsoleta , and its implications for the evolution of the rattle among rattlesnakes . journal of herpetology 31 , 290 - 292 .
zaher , h . 1999 . hemipenial morphology of the south american xenodontine snakes , with a proposal for a monophyletic xenodontinae and a reappraisal of colubroid hemipenes . bulletin of the american museum of natural history 240 , 1 - 168 .
the views expressed are those of the author ( s ) and are not necessarily those of scientific american .
darren naish is a science writer , technical editor and palaeozoologist ( affiliated with the university of southampton , uk ) . he mostly works on cretaceous dinosaurs and pterosaurs but has an avid interest in all things tetrapod . his publications can be downloaded at darrennaish . wordpress . com . he has been blogging at tetrapod zoology since 2006 . check out the tet zoo podcast at tetzoo . com !
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uicn france et al . ( 2017 ) [ statut pour la guyane française ] uicn france , mnhn , gepog , kwata , biotope , hydreco & osl . 2017 . la liste rouge des espèces menacées en france - chapitre faune de guyane française . paris , france . 35 pp .
national inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .
carnivore . lizards , frogs , rats and other animals small enough to be swallowed whole .
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barcode of life data systems ( bolds ) stats public records : 0 specimens . . .
you can try find it as synonym , or use advanced search for searching it other way .
occurs in colombia , venezuela , trinidad and tobago , guyana , french guiana , brazil , ecuador , peru , and bolivia .
with grayish tan bands , with white spots ventrolaterally on anterior ends of the tan bands . chin and throat white have dark brown irregular spots . venter is tan colored . adults are nearly uniform brown dorsally , with traces of bands anteriorly . there is a lateral light tan stripe on anterior half of body . venter is light gray with darker gray smudges on throat .
specimens from brazilian amazonas fed mostly on lizards , followed by mammals and frogs .
boulenger , g . a . 1894 . catalogue of the snakes in the british museum ( natural history ) . volume ii . , containing the conclusion of the colubridæ aglyphæ . trustees of the british museum ( natural history ) . ( taylor and francis , printers ) . london . xi + 382 pp . + plates i . - xx . ( drymobius boddaertii , pp . 11 - 14 . )
cole , c . j . ; townsend , c . r . ; reynolds , r . p . ; macculloch , r . d . ; lathrop , a . ( 2013 ) .
amphibians and reptiles of guyana , south america : illustrated keys , annotated species accounts , and a biogeographic synopsis
.
siqueira , débora m . ; nascimento , loana p . ; santos - costa , maria cristina dos ( 2012 ) .
feeding biology of boddaert ' s tropical racer ,
. zoologische archiv , part 2 . f . a . a . meyer . leipzig . (
stuart , l . c . 1933 . studies on neotropical colubrinae : ii . some new species and subspecies of eudryas fitzinger , with an annotated list of the forms of eudryas boddaertii ( sentzen ) . occ . papers mus . zool . univ . michigan ( 254 ) : 1 - 10 .
this article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 9 / 6 / 2015 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .
i centro de estudos da natureza , universidade do vale do paraíba . campus villa branca , 12327 - 683 jacareí , sp , brazil . e - mail : lencioni @ urltoken ii departamento de zoologia , universidade federal do paraná . caixa postal , 19020 , 81531 - 980 curitiba , pr , brasil . e - mail : amsakakibara @ urltoken
the last - instar nymph of alcmeone robustus ( butler , 1877 ) ( membracidae , darninae , darnini ) is described and illustrated , and some biological and behavioral notes are provided . the nymphs were observed on pera sp . ( euphorbiaceae ) in the locality of jacareí , state of são paulo , brazil , until they became adults . the newly emerged adults , male and female , are also briefly re - described .
in the present paper , we describe the last - instar nymph of alcmeone robustus ( butler , 1877 ) ( corrected spelling for the species - group name ) , and provide some biological / behavioral notes on the species , including observations on the newly emerged adult males and females .
the campus villa branca of universidade do vale do paraíba ( univap ) , is located in the municipality of jacareí , state of são paulo , brazil ( 23°16 ' 12
s , 45°56 ' 38
w ) , where there is a small remnant of atlantic forest in full regeneration , maintained under the protection of the municipality , together with univap . the city of jacareí is located in the valley of rio paraíba , between são paulo and rio de janeiro , the two largest cities in brazil . the valley includes highly industrialized regions as well as areas of preserved forests along the mountain ranges of serra do mar and serra da mantiqueira , besides .
late - instar nymphs of a . robustus were observed on pera sp . ( euphorbiaceae ) . six nymphs were found during the period of observation ( 2008 - 2012 ) . two individuals ( last - instar ) were collected , brought to the laboratory , and maintained on a small branch cut off from the host plant and placed in a recipient with water , to keep it turgid . the attempt , however , failed and the nymphs did not survive until the adult stage . the other nymphs were accompanied directly on the host plant , using a voile surrounding the branch to protect the nymph from predators . two adults , male and female , emerged . many photographs were taken with a canon ® powershot sx101s and also with dino capture ® connected to a stereo - microscope hund wezlar ® .
ceresa robusta butler , 1877 : 216 ( holotype female , type locality : brazil ) ; broomfield , 1971 : 372 ; mckamey , 1998 : 246 ( cat . ) .
alcmeone sinuata [ sic fonseca & diringshofen , 1974 : 156 ( holotype male , type locality : brazil , santa catarina ) ; mckamey , 1998 : 149 ( cat . ) ; andrade , 1999 : 267 ( syn . )
remarks . the main characteristics of the last - instar nymph are the large pronotal cylindro - conical process projected obliquely forward , with bifurcated apex ( fig . 4 ) , and the presence of scoli on the vertex ( fig . 5 ) , mesothorax , and segments of abdomen , including pygofer ( figs 1 - 3 ) .
one individual of fourth instar nymph was also observed . the morphology is very similar to that of the fifth instar , as described above , just smaller and the scoli is slender , relatively longer .
material examined . two nymphs from
brasil . são paulo : / jacareí x - 2012 / campus univap / f . lencioni col .
. the specimens deposited in departamento de zoologia - ufpr , curitiba , paraná , brazil , ( dzup ) .
behavior . the nymphs are solitary and are not attended by ants . they are very mimetic , green in color , hairy , immobile , resembling part of the plant , making them difficult to locate and collect . almost always , near one nymph , or on the same branch , an adult was found . after this observation , other nymphs were located more easily . on the plant , the nymphs prefer the lower branches , those in shadowed places , and at the slender portion near the apex . when touched , they hide , moving rapidly to the other side of the branch .
before transforming into an adult , the nymph usually goes to the undersurface of a leaf , or underside of the branch , inserts the stylets into the plant , and stays still until the transformation occurs . the cuticle opens dorso - longitudinally , along the ecdysial line , and the imago emerges , starting from the head . the exuvia ( fig . 7 ) remains fixed to the branch by the stylets , which anchor the body firmly . thus it does not fall down even with the legs hanging free during emergence . the newly emerged adult is colorless , and stays still for some minutes until the cuticle is hardened and acquires the permanent color .
the adults are also solitary , not attended by ants . one individual is usually found close to a bifurcation point of a branch . the adults and nymphs were found on pera sp . ( euphorbiaceae ) ( figs 11 and 12 ) . adult ( figs 6 and 8 - 10 ) . the adult , in nature ( fig . 6 ) , is light green , with suprahumeral horns , latero - inferior band extended from their bases to humeral angles , and apex of posterior process , dark - brown . forewings brown at base , with large smoky area close to apex and costal margin .
legs : femur and tibia of pro - , meso - , and metathoracic legs without cucullate setae ; metatibia with rows i , ii , and iii with cucullate setae .
male genitalia ( fig . 10 ) . pygopher with lateral plates well developed and distinct , apex rounded ; subgenital plate as long aspygopher , longitudinally incised until near base , apex rounded , curved upwards , concave , spoon - like ; parameres slender , strongly curved almost in right angle , up - and outwards , apex pointed ; aedeagus u - shaped , more or less pyriform , in posterior view widest near apex , in lateral view with upper side flattened bordered with row of tiny spines , or denticles .
material examined . two males and four females from
brasil . são paulo : / jacareí - x - 2012 / campus univap / f . lencioni col .
. all specimens deposited in departamento de zoologia - ufpr , curitiba , paraná , brazil , ( dzup ) .
andrade , g . s . 1999 . nomenclatural and taxonomic notes on alcmeone robusta ( butler ) comb . nov . ( hemiptera , auchenorrhyncha , membracidae ) . revista brasileira de zoologia 16 ( 1 ) : 267 - 268 . [ links ]
bromfield , p . s . 1971 . a catalogue of the membracid types ( homoptera : membracidae ) in the british museum ( natural history ) . bulletin of the british museum ( natural history ) , entomology 25 ( 8 ) : 327 - 386 . [ links ]
butler , a . g . 1877 . on various genera of the homopterous family membracidae , with descriptions of new species . cistula entomologica 2 : 205 - 222 . [ links ]
fonseca , j . p . da & r . v . diringshofen . 1974 . contribuição ao conhecimento dos membracídeos neotrópicos ( homoptera : membracidae , vii ) . arquivos do instituto biológico 41 ( 4 ) : 151 - 160 . [ links ]
mckamey , s . h . 1998 . taxonomic catalogue of the membracoidea ( exclusive of leafhoppers ) : second supplement to fascicle i membracidae of the general catalogue of the hemiptera . memoirs of the american entomological institute 60 : 1 - 377 . [ links ]
submitted : 06 . iii . 2013 ; accepted : 07 . vii . 2013 . editorial responsability : gabriel l . f . mejdalani
caixa postal 19020 81531 - 980 curitiba pr brasil tel . / fax : ( 55 41 ) 3266 - 6823 sbz @ urltoken
colombia ( valle del cauca ) , venezuela ( cojedes ) , bolivia , w brazil ( bahiá , amazonas , pará , rondonia , goiás [ hr 32 : 278 ] , mato grosso , piauí ) , trinidad , french guiana , guyana , peru .
ruthveni : colombia ; type locality : magdalena , sierra nevada de santa marta , slopes san lorenzo , 1676 m elevation .
type : ansp 5651 ( fide koch et al . 2018 ) , unknown fide peters 1960 holotype : ansp 5651 ; colombia , within 200 m . of caracas , venezuela [ coluber fuscus hallowell 1845 ] holotype : ummz [ ruthveni ]
synonymy and subspecies after peters & orejas - miranda 1970 . synonymization of herpetodryas reticulata with dryadophis boddaerti by stuart 1941 is questionable according to peters & orejas - miranda 1970 . type species : coluber boddaerti is the type species of the genus eudryas fitzinger 1843 : 26 . however , the genus name is pre - occupied by eudryas boisduval 1836 ( lepidoptera ) . stuart 1939 proposed dryadophis as replacement name for eudryas fitzinger . distribution : not in ecuador fide omar torres - carvajal , pers . comm . , 8 sep 2016 .
named after dr . pieter boddaert ( 1730 - 1796 ) , a physician , naturalist , zoologist , ornithologist , and physiologist who lectured on natural history at the university of utrecht ( 1793 ) and corresponded regularly with linnaeus ( from beolens et al . 2011 ) .
ávila , r . w . ; r . a . kawashita - ribeiro . 2011 . herpetofauna of são joão da barra hydroelectric plant , state of mato grosso , brazil . check list 7 ( 6 ) : 750 - 755 - get paper here
beebe , william 1946 . field notes on the snakes of kartabo , british guiana , and caripito , venezuela . zoologica 31 : 11 - 52 - get paper here
bernarde , p . s . , albuquerque , s . , barros , t . o . & turci , l . c . b . 2012 . serpentes do estado de rondônia , brasil . biota neotrop . 12 ( 3 ) : 1 - 29 - get paper here
blanco - torres , argelina ; lina báez s . , edgar patiño - flores , juan m . renjifo - r . 2013 . herpetofauna from the middle valley of the ranchería river , la guajira , colombia rev . biodivers . neotrop . 3 ( 2 ) : 113 - 22
boos , h . e . a . 1984 . the terrestrial reptiles of monos island . living world - get paper here
boos , h . e . a . 2001 . the snakes of trinidad and tobago . texas a & m university press , 270 pp .
boulenger , george a . 1894 . catalogue of the snakes in the british museum ( natural history ) . volume ii . , containing the conclusion of the colubridæ aglyphæ . british mus . ( nat . hist . ) , london , xi , 382 pp . - get paper here
carrera , c . et al . 2009 . guía de campo de los pequeños vertebrados del distrito metropolitano de quito ( dmq ) . publicación miscelánea n° 5 . serie de publicaciones del museo ecuatoriano de ciencias naturales ( mecn ) – fondo ambiental del mdmq . 1 - 89 pp . imprenta nuevo arte . quito - ecuador .
castro - herrera , f . & vargas - salinas , f . 2008 . anfibios y reptiles en el departamento del valle del cauca , colombia . biota colombiana 9 ( 2 ) : 251 - 277 - get paper here
castro - herrera , fernando ; anyelet valencia - aguilar , diego villaquiran - martínez 2012 . diversidad de anfibios y reptiles del parque nacional natural isla gorgona universidad del valle , santiago de cali , valle del cauca , 112 pp .
claessen , h . 2003 . de slangen van de guyanas deel vii . lacerta 61 ( 6 ) : 221 - 234 - get paper here
cole , charles j . ; carol r . townsend , robert p . reynolds , ross d . macculloch , and amy lathrop 2013 . amphibians and reptiles of guyana , south america : illustrated keys , annotated species accounts , and a biogeographic synopsis . proceedings of the biological society of washington 125 ( 4 ) : 317 - 578 ; plates : 580 - 620 - get paper here
cope , e . d . 1885 . twelfth contribution to the herpetology of tropical america . proc . amer . philos . soc . 22 : 167 - 194 [ 1884 ] - get paper here
fraga r de , stow aj , magnusson we , lima ap 2014 . the costs of evaluating species densities and composition of snakes to assess development impacts in amazonia . plos one 9 ( 8 ) : e105453 . doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0105453 - get paper here
franca , f . g . r . ; mesquita , daniel oliveira and guarino rinaldi colli 2006 . a checklist of snakes from amazonian savannas in brazil , housed in the coleção herpetológica da universidade de brasília , with new distribution records . occ . pap . oklahoma mus . nat . hist . , univ . oklahoma 17 : 1 - 13