kikihia is a genus of cicada in the family cicadidae .

most species contained in the genus are endemic to new zealand , with a single australian species ( k. convicta ) .

the genus was established in 1972 by dugdale with eleven species formerly classed within the genus cicadetta .

kikihia

no one has contributed data records for kikihia yet . learn how to contribute .
kikihia subalpina is a small new zealand endemic cicada ( body length : . . .
no one has contributed data records for kikihia angusta yet . learn how to contribute .
new zealand cicadas ( troutbum . co . nz ) large photos of kikihia and amphipsalta .
kathy hill added text to
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kikihia subalpina ( hudson 1891 )
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kikihia peninsularis voucher 01 . mc . bpt . 11 elongation factor 1 alpha ( ef1 alpha ) gene , partial sequence
kikihia nelsonensis voucher 01 . sd . cul . 02 elongation factor 1 alpha ( ef1 alpha ) gene , partial sequence
kikihia murihikua voucher 94 . fd . rds . 01 elongation factor 1 alpha ( ef1 alpha ) gene , partial sequence
kikihia nelsonensis voucher 01 . nn . wrr . 01 cytochrome oxidase subunit ii ( coii ) gene , partial cds ; mitochondrial
kikihia murihikua voucher 94 . fd . rds . 01 cytochrome oxidase subunit ii ( coii ) gene , partial cds ; mitochondrial
kikihia nelsonensis voucher 01 . nn . wrr . 01 cytochrome oxidase subunit i ( coi ) gene , partial cds ; mitochondrial
kikihia murihikua voucher 94 . fd . rds . 01 cytochrome oxidase subunit i ( coi ) gene , partial cds ; mitochondrial
the cicada genus kikihia dugdale ( hemiptera , homoptera ) : the new zealand green foliage cicadas . national museum of new zealand
notes : “x” indicates crosses for which intermediate song phenotypes have been observed and recorded . kikihia species for which putative hybrids have not yet been identified are not included in the table . boxes shaded in gray indicate taxa within the kikihia muta species complex .
kikihia scutellaris voucher 97 . to . ope . 60 _ scu elongation factor 1 alpha ( ef1a ) gene , exons 3 through 6 and partial cds
kikihia cauta voucher 94 . wn . haw . 72 _ cau elongation factor 1 alpha ( ef1a ) gene , exons 3 through 6 and partial cds
kikihia horologium voucher 11 . mc . car . 01 _ hor elongation factor 1 alpha ( ef1a ) gene , exons 3 through 6 and partial cds
kikihia scutellaris voucher 07 . ri . ran . 01 _ scu elongation factor 1 alpha ( ef1a ) gene , exons 3 through 6 and partial cds
kikihia cauta voucher 06 . nd . kau . 01 _ cau elongation factor 1 alpha ( ef1a ) gene , exons 3 through 6 and partial cds
kikihia paxillulae voucher 06 . nc . loe . 01 _ pax elongation factor 1 alpha ( ef1a ) gene , exons 3 through 6 and partial cds
marie - claude lariviere added an association between
identification guide to new zealand cicadas ( insecta : hemiptera : cicadidae )
and
kikihia
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kikihia ( dugdale ) ( hemiptera , homoptera ) . part 1 . the new zealand green foliage cicadas . natl . mus . n . z . rec
kikihia sp . ' westlandica south ' voucher 02 . nc . apv . 01 _ wes elongation factor 1 alpha ( ef1a ) gene , exons 3 through 6 and partial cds
cases of putative song hybrids in the genus kikihia ( e . g . , see fig . 3 ) observed at locations of geographic contact or overlap between the proposed parental species
there’s a new paper from sarah e . banker , elizabeth j . wade , and chris simon titled “the confounding effects of hybridization on phylogenetic estimation in the new zealand cicada genus kikihia” .
second , there’s cicada central’s new zealand cicada website , which features an electronic field guide of new zealand cicada species , a specimen database , and a photo gallery featuring kikihia , amphipsaltas and maoricicada .
kikihia nelsonensis voucher 01 . nn . wrr . 01 trna - asp gene , partial sequence ; atp synthetase subunit 8 gene , complete cds ; and atp synthetase subunit 6 gene , partial cds ; mitochondrial
kikihia murihikua voucher 94 . fd . rds . 01 trna - asp gene , partial sequence ; atp synthetase subunit 8 gene , complete cds ; and atp synthetase subunit 6 gene , partial cds ; mitochondrial
sarah e . banker , elizabeth j . wade , chris simon , the confounding effects of hybridization on phylogenetic estimation in the new zealand cicada genus kikihia , molecular phylogenetics and evolution , volume 116 , november 2017 , pages 172 - 181 , issn 1055 - 7903 , urltoken urltoken
david c . marshall , kathy b . r . hill , john r . cooley , chris simon ; hybridization , mitochondrial dna phylogeography , and prediction of the early stages of reproductive isolation : lessons from new zealand cicadas ( genus kikihia ) , systematic biology , volume 60 , issue 4 , 1 july 2011 , pages 482–502 , urltoken
haplotypes representing individuals from three other kikihia species ( or putative species ) nested within sections of the k . muta tree . specifically , one k . paxillulae sequence was found within the t1 clade , the k . longula ( chatham is . ) haplotype grouped with the ae1 clade ( fig . 2a ) , and both tasmani sequences grouped with the wn1 clade ( fig . 2b ) .
a ) chronogram of kikihia ingroup phylogeny with kikihia muta complex haplotypes included ( indicated by gray bars ) . order of taxa is the same as the phylogram in figure 2 . b ) ltt plot for chronogram in a . dotted line highlights apparent recent shift in the rate of lineage splitting expected to correspond to the transition from between - to within - species coalescence patterns ( see methods section ) . this shift corresponds to lineages that diverged during the middle pleistocene ( ca . 1 ma ) according to the divergence time analysis of marshall et al . ( 2008 ) . black stars indicate splits that correlate with species - specific song differences . text discusses evidence that all splits younger than the recent diversification rate shift that correlate with song differences are due to hybridization and mtdna introgression .
three of the six loci were found to violate the hwe in no more than 2 of the 15 populations tested . heterozygote deficiency increases due to factors such as inbreeding , population stratification , null alleles , and genotyping errors . it is not surprising that species of kikihia display high levels of inbreeding or population stratification since field observations suggest low dispersal rates . however , these were not explicitly tested here .
the large number of potential hybrid zones between multiple species of kikihia makes this genus uniquely suited for the study of hybrid zones . many of these potential hybrid zones are between nonsister species that vary in their divergence times from less than 1 million years to more than 3 million years ( marshall et al . 2008 , 2011 ) . the markers developed in this study will be useful for investigations of the evolutionary past and future of this interesting species radiation .
current taxonomy and putative species diagnosed by dna - based methods ( see text ) contrasted with putative species diagnosed by male song characters . letter plus number codes refer to mtdna clades shown in figure 2 . type locality information suggests that mtdna clade m1 corresponds to true kikihia muta . gmyc analysis of mtdna branching - rate patterns ( monaghan et al . 2009 ) . statistical parsimony = method of templeton et al . ( 1992 ) with a 95 % reconnection limit .
notes : ml ( gtr + i + γ ) pairwise distances ( substitutions / site ) from the partitioned garli analysis are below the diagonal and p distances ( uncorrected pairwise percentage / 100 ) are above . cells in gray correspond to comparisons of clades with the same song phenotype predominating . outlined cells indicate contrasts for which haplotypes were excluded due to hybridization in contact zones . note that the wn1 , wn2 , and ws clades are only distantly related to the remaining k . muta complex clades in the kikihia mtdna tree ( fig . 1 ) .
ml ( fig . 2 ) analysis of the extended kikihia mtdna data set yielded a tree that differed from the previous results of marshall et al . ( 2008 ) mainly at deeper poorly supported nodes joining major species groups . these deeper level relationships were estimated in marshall et al . ( 2008 ) with a combined nuclear plus mtdna genetic data set and they are not considered further here . the likelihood score of the final ml tree , shown in figure 2 , was − 8501 . 614 , and the total tree length was 1 . 380 substitutions / site ( s / s ) . the estimated substitution model and relative rate parameters are shown in table 2 .
recent studies ( e . g . , monaghan et al . 2005 , hart and sunday 2007 ) have applied statistical parsimony using the program tcs ( clement et al . 2000 ) , usually under default settings , as a means to identify candidate taxa . for comparison purposes , we analyzed the complete data set ( k . muta group unique haplotypes plus single exemplars for other kikihia species ) each using tcs version 1 . 2 . 1 under the default ( 95 % ) reconnection limit . statistical parsimony ( templeton et al . 1992 ) uses maximum parsimony to join haplotypes into an unrooted network until the chosen limit of confidence is exceeded ( “parsimony connection limit” ) , depending on sequence length and variability .
a total of 1467 bases were amplified from most of the k . muta complex specimens , 789 from coi and 678 from coii ; 107 unique mitochondrial haplotypes were observed in the concatenated k . muta complex data set and 209 parsimony - informative sites were found across the entire data set ( including the other kikihia taxa and outgroups ) . the alignment was unambiguous and contained no gaps . the tests of homogeneity of base frequencies were nonsignificant in all four tests ( p = 1 ) . gard tests on the two halves of the data set found no evidence of recombination . genbank accession numbers are given in table 1 , and the data matrix has been deposited with treebase at the following address : urltoken : s11130 .
examples of putative hybrid songs observed in contact zone sites , with the two proposed parental species . a ) aotea west ( upper song ) , aotea east ( lower song ) , and hybrid ( middle song ) . b ) kikihia muta ( upper song ) , nelsonensis ( lower song ) , and hybrid ( middle song ) . arrows and brackets in a and b highlight characters showing intermediate states and combinations . c ) nelsonensis ( upper song ) , tuta ( lower song ) , and hybrid ( middle song ) . note that tuta lacks an introductory section . the introductory section of the putative hybrid combines qualities of the nelsonensis introduction and the two - part song cue of tuta , and the putative hybrid produces the two - part cue of tuta inconsistently .
html public
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urltoken
larivière m - c , larochelle a 2013 - 2015 . identification guide to new zealand cicadas ( insecta : hemiptera : cicadidae ) .
each factsheet includes more than one species , i . e . species that are most closely similar morphologically but not necessarily closely related phylogenetically ( not necessarily descendants from a single immediate ancestor ) . the geographic areas listed in the range of each species follow crosby
copyright © 2013 - present : m - c larivière , a larochelle , and landcare research new zealand ltd .
phylogenetic signal and pattern differ dramatically among nuclear genes but always weak on south island .
three nuclear species trees support major north island but not south island mitochondrial clades .
first , there’s the new zealand cicadas ( hemiptera : cicadidae ) : a virtual identification guide which features photographs and extensive information about the cicadas of new zealand . the site has an abundance of information , and a wonderful design & layout .
i asked david marshall of urltoken , “when does new zealand cicada season start and end ? ” his answer essentially is that it depends on the location , elevation and species , but the best months are between december and april . interestingly , in certain locations k . muta sing every month of the year .
david also mentioned the amphipsalta zelandica ( feb - march ) which calls using wing - clicks ! here is a video .
read the downloadable article chorus cicada , amphipsalta zelandica ( boisduval ) , males calling with only wing - clicks by kathy b . r . hill , the weta ( 2012 ) 43 ( 1 ) : 15–20 , for more information .
update : here’s some google trends data . more people search for cicada & cicadas in february in new zealand .
urltoken is an excellent source of cicada photos , and it is where i go for cicada photos from new zealand . this is a sample of the cicada photos you will find on urltoken .
photo by sid mosdell . auckland new zealand . cc by 2 . 0 .
photo by nuytsia @ tas . punakaiki , paporoa national park , new zealand . cc by - nc - sa 2 . 0 .
photo by rosino . auckland , new zealand . cc by - sa 2 . 0 .
photo by aliceskr . new zealand . cc by - nc - nd 2 . 0 .
photos by jon sullivan . auckland , new zealand . cc by - nc 2 . 0 .
photo by jon sullivan . auckland , new zealand . cc by - nc 2 . 0 .
visit new zealand cicadas ( hemiptera : cicadidae ) : a virtual identification guide for in - depth information about the cicadas of new zealand .
© 1996 - 2018 cicada mania - 22 years of providing cicada information and fun on the web ! all content on urltoken is owned and copyrighted by the content ' s creator . site map | terms & conditions , privacy policy , and help
flies , caddisflies , craneflies , damselflies dragonflies , gnats , mayflies . midges , mosquitoes
insects ( ants , beetles , bugs , cicadas , cockroaches , centipedes , crickets , grasshoppers , lacewings , ladybirds , mantis , millipedes , scale , shield bugs , stick insects , wetas , weevils , etc . ) .
bug ( shield bug ) ( brown shield bug ) ( dictyotus caenosus ) .
bug ( shield bug ) ( brown marmorated stink bug ) ( halyomorpha halys ) .
bug ( shield bug ) ( brown soldier bug ) ( cermatulus nasalis ) .
bug ( shield bug ) schellenberg ' s soldier bug ( oechalia schellenbergii ) .
bug ( shield bug ) ( yellow spotted stink bug ) ( erthesina fullo ) .
bug ( shield bug 5th instar ( brown shield bug ) ( dictyotus caenosus ) .
reptiles ( frogs , geckos , skinks , snakes , lizards , turtles ) .
trees & shrubs ( new zealand native ) botanical names a to f with photo .
trees & shrubs ( new zealand native ) botanical names g to l with photo .
trees & shrubs ( new zealand native ) botanical names m to q with photo .
trees & shrubs ( new zealand native ) botanical names r to z with photo .
trees ( new zealand ) hebes and their hybrids & cultivars ( photos ) .
weeds & escapee plants : a to f ( common names with photo ) .
weeds & escapee plants : g to l ( common names with photo ) .
weeds & escapee plants : m to q ( common names and photo ) .
weeds & escapee plants : r to z ( common names with photo ) .
the adult male cicada possesses two ribbed membranes called tymbals , one on each side of its first abdominal segment . by contracting the tymbal muscle , the cicada buckles the membrane inward , producing a loud click . as the membrane snaps back , it clicks again . the two tymbals click alternately . air sacs in the hollow abdominal cavity amplify the clicking sounds . the vibration travels through the body to the tympani , which amplify the sound further .
© copyright 2008 - 2018 - t . e . r : r . a . i . n . all rights reserved . last update : 11 - apr - 18 . site designed & hosted by smokeylemon .
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format summary genbank genbank ( full ) fasta asn . 1 xml insdseq xml tinyseq xml feature table accession list gi list gff3
db = nuccore | term = % 22kikihia % 22 | query = 1 | qty = 38 | blobid = ncid _ 1 _ 268768777 _ 130 . 14 . 22 . 215 _ 9001 _ 1531167446 _ 863710040 _ 0meta0 _ s _ megastore _ f _ 1 | ismultiple = false | min _ list = 5 | max _ list = 20 | def _ tree = 20 | def _ list = | def _ view = | url = / taxonomy / backend / subset . cgi ? | trace _ url = / stat ?
finds sub - sequence or patterns in the sequence and highlights the matching region . the tool works with standard single letter nucleotide or protein codes including ambiguities and can match prosite patterns in protein sequences . more . . .
marie - claude lariviere added an association between
identification guide to new zealand cicadas ( insecta : hemiptera : cicadidae )
and
notopsalta
.
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1 department of ecology and evolutionary biology , university of connecticut , 75 north eagleville rd . , ct 06269
2 corresponding author , e - mail : ude . nnocu @ edaw . htebazile
copyright © the author 2015 . published by oxford university press on behalf of the entomological society of america .
this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution non - commercial license ( urltoken ) , which permits non - commercial re - use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original work is properly cited . for commercial re - use , please contact journals . permissions @ urltoken
phylogenetic and phylogeographic studies using mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequences have provided insight into the evolutionary history of the genus ( arensburger et al . 2004a , b ; marshall et al . 2008 , 2009 , 2011 ) . extensive field study and molecular investigation into this genus identified 20 contact zones between different species that are possible sites of hybridization ( marshall et al . 2011 ) . individuals found in these proposed hybrid zones possess morphological and acoustic traits that are intermediate between parental species found away from the hybrid zones . although species in the genus are estimated to have diverged more than 6 million years ago , hybridization seems confined to species that diverged 2 million years ago or less ( marshall et al . 2008 ) .
cicada specimens were identified in the field based on morphology and song traits . taxonomic descriptions are pending for many
species as denoted by informal names in quotes . populations located as far from putative hybrid zones as possible were chosen as species - typical or “parental” populations . subsequently , 24–36 individuals per species from 1 to 5 largely species - typical populations were investigated to test these new microsatellite markers (
) . whole body specimens were placed in 95 % ethanol or three legs were removed and stored in 95 % ethanol and the bodies were pinned . all ethanol specimens are stored at −20°c .
2 . 5 km n . of opawa river on sh1 , s . of grovestown
species nw , k . “northwestlandica” ; sw , k . “southwestlandica” ; mur , k . “murihikua” ; muta , k . muta , k . “nelsonensis , ” k . “tuta , ” k . angusta ; n , number of specimens per population ; site code , the first two letters represent new zealand district codes and the last three letters are unique collecting location codes ; lat , latitude ; long , longitude ; e , elevation in meters
) . pcr amplifications were performed in 15 µl reactions containing 0 . 4 u
populations for the six described primer pairs were multiplex amplified using the qiagen type - it microsatellite pcr kit according to the manufacturer’s instructions ( qiagen , boston , ma ) , including an annealing temperature of 57°c for all multiplexed pcrs .
f , forward primer sequence ; r , reverse primer sequence ; label , fluorescent label on 5’ - end of forward primer ; s a , amplicon size range ; mm , multiplex mix ; n a , total number of alleles .
genemarker v2 . 2 . 0 ( softgenetics , llc , kalamazoo , mi ) was used to visualize and score alleles .
files were converted between different formats using convert v1 . 31 ( glaubitz 2004 ) . arlequin v3 . 5 . 1 . 2 ( excoffier et al . 2005 ) was used to assess the number of alleles per locus , the allele frequencies , and expected and observed heterozygosity . deviations from hardy–weinberg equilibrium ( hwe ) for each locus in each population were tested with genepop v4 . 2 . 1 ( rousset 2008 ) using the markov chain method . microchecker v2 . 2 . 3 ( van oosterhout et al . 2004 ) was used to test for the presence of null alleles and large allele dropout . microsatellite neutrality was tested using the fst - outlier method implemented in lositan ( beaumont and nichols 1996 , antao et al . 2008 ) . lositan was run for 100 simulations using the neutral mean fst and force mean fst settings for a 0 . 99 confidence interval and infinite alleles model .
. only one marker , a553 , showed stutter patterns that made scoring of some individuals difficult . the largest peak was used , and individuals that were ambiguous because of stutter were marked as missing data . the other five markers had minimal stuttering that did not influence peak calling . the number of alleles per locus varied from 14 to 47 in a total of 213 individuals from seven species .
n a , number of alleles ; n p , number of private alleles ; h o , observed heterozygosity ; h e , expected heterozygosity ; x , missing data . h e cells colored gray represent loci that violate hwe .
antao t . , lopes a . , lopes r . j . , beja - pereira a . , luikart g . 2008 .
list of the specimens of homopterous insects in the collection of the british museum . part 1 , british museum ( natural history ) , london
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
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in this paper , we examine a related question—the degree to which clades identified using mtdna exhibit divergence in phenotypic traits functionally connected to reproductive isolation , a central process for many species concepts . in one of the few studies directly addressing this question , monaghan et al . ( 2006 ) found that morphological species of rivacindela beetles diagnosed using male genitalic traits were only loosely correlated with a classification obtained by dna barcoding and that several morphological species were incongruent with the mtdna phylogeny . pons et al . ( 2006 ) also compared results from dna taxonomy ( based on analysis of branch length patterns ) in beetles to results obtained from morphological analyses that included genitalia , and their results suggest that mtdna - based barcoding may be conservative compared with morphology - based methods . in a related analysis , hickerson et al . ( their fig . 5 2006 ) summarized a range of empirical studies and found that pairwise mtdna genetic distances were poor predictors of the degree of reproductive isolation .
when mate - attracting signals can be easily measured ( mainly acoustic , vibratory , visual—and typically of males ) , the characters comprising these signals often distinguish closest relatives more effectively than do genitalia or other morphological attributes , an observation that may be related to ( 1 ) greater evolutionary lability of behavioral traits and ( 2 ) the fact that sexual signals function earlier in the mating sequence ( alexander 1964 , alexander et al . 1997 ) . these qualities make sexual pair - forming signals attractive as taxonomic indicators and potentially useful for examining the correspondence of mtdna phylogeography with early stages of phenotypic divergence and reproductive isolation ( e . g . , salzburger et al . 2002 ) .
phylogenetic analysis was conducted using maximum likelihood ( ml ) because of the need for good branch - length estimates . maximum parsimony methods do not correct for multiple hits , and branch lengths in bayesian likelihood–based analyses can be strongly affected by choices of prior probability distributions ( e . g . , marshall et al . 2006 , brown 2010 , marshall 2010 ) . we used garli - part version 0 . 97 ( see zwickl 2006 ) to obtain our phylogenetic tree . garli - part allows data partitioning , which has been shown to lead to improvements in phylogenetic inference in bayesian likelihood - based analyses ( e . g . , nylander et al . 2004 , brown and lemmon 2007 ) as well as in genetic distance estimates ( papadopoulou et al . 2010 ) .
in the ml analysis , five independent partitioned garli runs from random starting trees , using the best - fit model for each data partition , were conducted to verify repeatable convergence on a single best topology and branch length solution . node support was estimated by a nonparametric bootstrap of 100 pseudoreplicates , implemented in a separate garli analysis .
field recordings of cicada song were made using a sony tcd - d8 dat digital recorder , a marantz pmd - 660 compact flash recorder , or a marantz pmd - 670 compact flash recorder , combined with a sennheiser me - 62 omnidirectional microphone mounted in a sony pbr - 330 parabolic reflector . songs were sampled at 44 . 1 or 48 khz . canary version 1 . 2 . 1 ( cornell bioacoustics laboratory , ithaca , ny ) was used to visualize song patterns in the form of oscillograms ( plots of sound intensity over time or waveforms ) .
homology assessments of song characters are facilitated by knowledge of which male song element elicits female replies ( song structure across the genus is shown in fig . 1 ) . ad hoc trials using simulated female wing - flick replies ( e . g . , finger snaps ) and free - flying males allowed us to determine the correct placement of the female reply for each of the song types . males of all taxa flew readily to the observer when simulated wing flicks were made only after the correct cueing component of the song ( see the caption of fig . 1 ) . in many species , the cue is repeated several times in series and / or alternated with an additional song element ( minor - cue ) that does not elicit female replies .
the statistical correlation between song phenotype and mtdna haplotype was examined using arlequin v 3 . 1 . 1 ( excoffier et al . 2005 ) . individual sequences were grouped according to song phenotype ( as coded in fig . 2 of results ) , and an analysis of molecular variance was conducted to estimate the fraction of genetic variation explained by the resulting song groupings . significance was assessed using a null distribution of the test statistic obtained using 1000 random permutations of the data .
the gmyc model was fitted to the resulting chronogram in r across the interval range from 0 to 10 ( wider interval settings were explored to confirm that this did not change the outcome ) . both single - and multiple - threshold models were examined using the log - likelihood test provided in the gmyc package . because initial results identified nearly all the tip branches as putative species , we re - ran the analyses with identical haplotypes reduced to single exemplars following ahrens et al . ( 2007 ) . the gmyc package also produced a lineage - through - time ( ltt ) plot , which we visually evaluated for changes in branching rate .
to compare dna divergence levels of candidate species , pairwise genetic distance values were calculated in paup * for all the mtdna clades identified using the gmyc technique plus three geographically coherent clades identified visually and diagnosed in some preliminary analyses . for each clade , two sequences were selected to represent the maximum and minimum root - to - tip distance within the group . then , the distance between two clades was estimated using the average of the four interclade distances measured between the representative sequences . uncorrected ( p ) pairwise distances were calculated as well as with model - corrected ml distances using the model parameters estimated from the garli analysis . finally , the same pairwise distance relationships were calculated by summing path lengths on the ml tree for comparison with the paup * distances . for these comparisons , haplotypes corresponding to isolated cases of hybridization in contact zones ( see below ) were excluded .
the best - fitting model for the first data partition ( first - and second codon positions ) was gtr + i + γ , whereas gtr + γ was best fitting for the third codon positions . the akaike information criterion weights for the best - fit model were 0 . 895 and 0 . 760 , respectively , for the first - and second position sites combined and for the third position sites alone .
notes : descriptions of characters are as follows : a , introductory section present : 0 = no , 1 = yes ; b , introductory section form : 0 = syllable rate uniform ( “buzz” ) , 1 = syllable rate accelerating ( “zeet” ) ; c , delay before cueing section : 0 = equal to delay between major song cues , 1 = half as long ; d , minor - cue : 0 = absent , 1 = present ; e , primary doublet form : 0 = out - click suppressed , much quieter than in - click , 1 = in - and out - clicks both loud , often equal amplitude . this song character is correlated with a morphological difference in the timbal ( 0 = five ribs , 1 = four ribs ) ; f , extended cueing section : 0 = absent , 1 = present . species with an extended cueing section produce more than 50 repeated cues in the average cueing phrase ; g , amplitude modulation pattern of introductory section : 0 = absent ( steady amplitude ) , 1 = high–low–high , 2 = low–high .
additional gmyc analyses conducted with congeneric sequences removed ( all k . muta complex data only , muta group only , and westlandica group only ) did not give the same results as the whole - genus analysis . some tests failed to find a statistically significant shift in branching rate , and all yielded different sets of diagnosed mtdna clades ( data not shown ) .
the tcs analysis diagnosed 9 geographically coherent mtdna clades ( fig . 5 ) , 5 of them matching song - defined groups ( note that the clade containing groups m1 and m2 is geographically coherent when the distribution of alluvial lowlands is considered ) . six of these ( n1 , n2 , n3 , aw , t , and ws1 ) corresponded to clades diagnosed using the gmyc method .
uncorrected mtdna sequence divergence ( concatenated coi + coii ) within the k . muta complex ranged up to 6 . 7 % for comparisons between individuals of the most divergent k . muta groups ( table 6 ) . this maximum corresponds to an ml model–corrected distance of 0 . 104 expected substitutions / site . pairwise distances inferred by summing branch lengths on the ml tree were larger than the paup * - corrected pairwise distances , with the maximum contrast reaching 0 . 116 s / s ( data not shown ) , presumably because of the influence of topological information on model parameter estimates .
when individual cases of likely hybridization and introgression were excluded from consideration ( see below ) , average uncorrected distances between mtdna clades within individual song species ranged from 0 . 7 % to 2 . 4 % in most cases ( 0 . 008–0 . 028 s / s , model - corrected distance ) ( see gray cells in table 6 ) . contrasts involving likely hybridization in contact zones ( not shown , and excluded from outlined cells in table 6 ) , involved much larger pairwise distances ranging up to 0 . 060 uncorrected s / s ( 0 . 087 s / s corrected distance ) . no genetic “gap” or break - separated values of within song–species contrasts from between song–species contrasts , and identical values were observed in comparisons of some within - and between - species contrasts ( e . g . , n1 or n2 vs . t3 in table 6 ) .
comparatively few species have been described solely on the basis of sexual mate attracting signals . the taxonomic significance of songs in the “singing insects” ( crickets , katydids , and cicadas ) was not recognized until the early 20th century ( e . g . , fulton 1915 , davis 1922 , alexander 1964 ) , and the use of songs in taxonomic studies has been steadily increasing ( e . g . , lloyd 1990 , henry 1994 , otte 1994 , marshall and cooley 2000 , percy et al . 2006 , sueur and puissant 2007 , sueur et al . 2007 , gogala et al . 2008 , tobias et al . 2010 ) . our results validate the anticipated utility of sexual signals for identifying clades in the earliest stages of population differentiation .
the genetic distance estimates suggest no clear genetic “break , ” or bimodal distribution , to support a threshold that could be applied to distinguish “intraspecific” and “interspecific” comparisons in our mtdna trees ( see also mallet et al . 2007 ) . early studies suggesting that such gaps are prevalent may have suffered from insufficient geographic or population sampling within species ( moritz and cicero 2004 ) , so there may be little hope for automated species delimitation based on such thresholds ( see also meyer and paulay 2005 , vogler and monaghan 2007 ) .
interestingly , the gmyc single - threshold model also grouped six of the non - k . muta congeners into three clusters of two species each . one of these splits , k . cutora exulis and k . cutora cutora , involves a kermadec islands subspecies with minimal , if any , song divergence from its north island relative and another , k . rosea rosea and acoustica , involves two taxa with minimal song divergence . the third , murihikua and k . angusta , is a suspected case of recent mtdna introgression ( see above ) . although additional refinements of the gmyc technique are apparently needed before it can be applied in a repeatable manner across data sets , it does appear that the single - threshold method can serve as a useful heuristic tool for detecting independent lineages when used in combination with other information .
although songs in the k . muta complex seem to change reliably soon after lineages begin to diverge ( fig . 4b ) , we know from other groups that song evolution does not always precede significant morphological and / or ecological divergence . for example , r . leptomera , a beach - grass cicada of north island , and r . microdora , a shrub cicada of the eastern north and south islands , are morphologically and ecologically distinctive , yet their complex songs are all but identical ( see also maoricicada iolanthe and m . campbelli — buckley et al . 2006 ) . failure of advertisement signals to distinguish some morphologically identifiable species was also noted in a recent study of neotropical frogs ( padial et al . 2009 ) . such examples are rare ; however , we are aware of fewer than 10 cases out of the hundreds of morphologically distinctive species that we have recorded .
this work was supported by the national science foundation [ deb 05 - 29679 , deb - 04 - 22386 , deb - 06 - 19012 ( reu ) , deb 07 - 20664 , deb 09 - 55849 ] ; the university of connecticut research foundation faculty large grants program ; and the new zealand marsden fund .
asymmetric viability of reciprocal - cross hybrids between crested and marbled newts ( triturus cristatus and t . marmoratus )
the promise of dna taxonomy . philos . trans . r . soc . lond
rapid morphological radiation and convergence among races of the butterfly heliconius erato inferred from patterns of mitochondrial dna evolution . proc . natl . acad . sci . u . s . a
evolution of new zealand ' s terrestrial fauna : a review of molecular evidence . philos . trans . r . soc . lond
the fate of clades in a world of recurrent climatic change : milankovitch oscillations and evolution . ann . rev . ecol
lohse k . 2009 . can mtdna barcodes be used to delimit species ? a response to pons . ( 2006 ) . syst . biol . 59 : 439–442
reverse taxonomy : an approach towards determining the diversity of meiobenthic organisms based on ribosomal rna signature sequences . philos . trans . r . soc . lond
glacial refugia and reticulate evolution : the case of the tasmanian eucalypts . philos trans . r . soc . lond
papadopoulou a . , monaghan m . t . , barraclough t . g . , vogler a . p . 2009 . sampling error does not invalidate the yule - coalescent model for species delimitation . a response to lohse ( 2009 ) . syst . biol . 58 : 442–444
the nature of the lower north island floristic gap . n . z . j . bot
environmentally - induced modification of the chirp length of males of the true katydid , pterophylla camellifolia ( f . ) ( orthoptera : tettigoniidae )
conflict between nuclear and mitochondrial dna phylogenies of a recent species radiation : what mtdna reveals and conceals about modes of speciation in hawaiian crickets . proc . natl . acad . sci . u . s . a
using new zealand examples to teach darwin ' s “origin of species : ” lessons from molecular phylogenetic studies of cicadas . n . z . sci . rev
paup * . phylogenetic analysis using parsimony ( * and other methods ) . version 4
a cladistic analysis of phenotypic associations with haplotypes inferred from restriction endonuclease mapping and dna sequence data . iii . cladogram estimation
© the author ( s ) 2011 . published by oxford university press , on behalf of the society of systematic biologists . all rights reserved . for permissions , please email : journals . permissions @ urltoken
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cicada season in new zealand begins in november and lasts throughout their summer months .
the species maoricicada hamiltoni ( myers , 1926 ) aka hamilton’s cicada , in particular , emerges in november . m . hamiltoni is known for its abundant hair - like setulae ( see an image on this page ) .
new zealand cicadas ( hemiptera : cicadidae ) : a virtual identification guide ( landcareresearch . co . nz ) a wonderful web site . includes a visual identification guide , checklist , and image gallery . photos of dozens of species .
cicada central : new zealand ( uconn . edu ) cicada central’s new zealand cicada pages .
suzy’s world cicada page ( suzy . co . nz ) fun , kid - friendly presentation of cicada information .
an encyclopaedia of new zealand ( teara . govt . nz ) three paragraphs of information .
introducing cicadas ( teara . govt . nz ) photos , sounds and 4 paragraphs of information .
we have around 40 species of cicada in new zealand , and probably the most familiar to us is the clapping cicada , which is actually two very closely related species that form the basis of our summer soundtrack in much of the country .
awesome cicada photos from new zealand : steve reekie is a great nature photographer . take a look at some of his cicada photos : gone but not forgotten , chorus cicada , cicada nymph , and little grass cicada
save my name , email , and website in this browser for the next time i comment .


chlamydogobius is a genus of gobies from australia .

all but one coastal species ( c. ranunculus ) are found in inland waters , such as springs , pools , creeks and streams .

most species live in extreme environments ; for example , several species of chlamydogobius are found in the water that emerges from geothermal springs , such as the dalhousie goby , found in the waters around dalhousie springs .

these fish can live in water with a wide range of temperatures , ph , salinity , and oxygen levels ; for example they are found in water with a ph between 6.8 and 9.0 , and temperatures between 3 and 43 °c ( 37 – 109 °f ) .

they can tolerate salinity as high as 60 parts per thousand ( almost twice that of sea water ) .

they have been found in water with extremely low oxygen levels ( as low as 0.8 ppm ) .

their water habitats often exhibit oxygen levels below 5 milligrams of oxygen per litre .

to cope with extremely low oxygen levels , they will emerge from the water to " gulp " air ( known as aerial respiration ) .

they also will position themselves over beds of algae to capture the produced oxygen .

they will hide in the mud and silt at the bottom of a stream , or in a plant or under a rock to avoid more extreme water temperatures .

sometimes they will emerge from very hot water for brief periods to take advantage of evaporative cooling .

they can survive even if there are drought conditions that reduce the size of their habitat .

if there is a flood that results in drastically increased water flow , they anchor themselves to rocks with their pelvic fins .

chlamydogobius fish are able to change their colours to blend in with their environments .

human drilling activities in australia have often reduced the pressure of the aquifers that feed the australian hot springs that chlamydogobius rely on , so some species are endangered .

chlamydogobius

the desert goby differs from all other chlamydogobius species in lacking scales on the head a breast .
unmack , p . j . ( 2003a ) . chlamydogobius micropterus larson 1995 elizabeth springs goby . available from : urltoken .
the genus chlamydogobius currently contains 6 described species , of which the relatively widespread c . ranunculus is also known in the aquarium hobby .
a male desert goby , chlamydogobius eremius , courting a female . source : t . k . lehtonen . license : cc by attribution
department of the environment and heritage ( 2006aba ) . chlamydogobius micropterus in species profile and threats ( sprat ) database . canberra : deh . available from : urltoken .
glover , c . j . m . 1971 . the taxonomy and biology of chlamydogobius eremius ( zietz , 1896 ) : masters thesis , department of zoology , university of adelaide .
unmack , p . j . & r . wager ( 2006 ) . threatened fishes of the world : chlamydogobius micropterus larson , 1995 ( gobiidae ) . environmental biology of fishes . available from : urltoken .
miller , p . j . 1987 . affinities , origin and adaptive features of the australian desert goby chlamydogobius eremius ( zietz , 1896 ) ( teleostei : gobiidae ) . journal of natural history 21 ( 3 ) : 687 - 705 .
citation : department of the environment ( 2018 ) . chlamydogobius micropterus in species profile and threats database , department of the environment , canberra . available from : urltoken . accessed tue , 10 jul 2018 05 : 39 : 50 + 1000 .
thompson , g . g . , and p . c . withers , 2002 - comparative biochemistry and physiology part a : molecular & integrative physiology 131 ( 4 ) : 8717 - 879 aerial and aquatic respiration of the australian desert goby , chlamydogobius eremius .
larson , h . k ( 1995 ) . a review of the australian endemic gobiid fish genus chlamydogobius , with description of five new species . the beagle , records of the museums and art galleries of the northern territory . 12 : 19 - 51 .
larson , h . k . 1995 . a review of the australian endemic gobiid fish genus chlamydogobius with descriptions of five new species . the beagle , records of the museums and art galleries of the northern territory 12 : 19 - 51 figs 1 - 14 pls 1 - 2
the following is an abbreviated summary of the extent of impacts largely drawn from summaries by harris ( 1992 ) and ponder ( 1986 ) .
the water in the great artesian basin ( gab ) was first tapped in the late 1870 ' s when the first bores or wells were sunk . this caused an initial period of drawdown or loss of pressure in the aquifer which resulted in a decline in spring discharge . this probably affected most springs within the gab to some degree . virtually all springs in the bogan and bourke supergroups are extinct or nearly so ( pickard 1992 ) , many in the eulo supergroup are extinct ( ponder 1986 ) , and only 1 spring , elizabeth springs ( which flows at < 95 % of its original rate ) remains active in the springvale supergroup ( habermehl 1982 ) . many of the lake eyre supergroup springs are also reduced in flow based on comparisons between descriptions by early explorers . today , the gab is in equilibrium between recharge and discharge ; that is , no further decrease in spring flow is expected providing no new developments occur . in an effort to reduce the wastage of water , there is an active program underway to control or cap flowing bores . this should hopefully improve the situation somewhat and may actually enhance spring flows . one development that threatens the lake eyre supergroup is the olympic dam mining venture . presently , the mine with draws 15 megalitres ( 4 , 000 , 000 gal ) per day , however , it is planned to expand this to 33 megalitres ( 8 , 700 , 000 gal ) per day ( harris 1992 ) . present levels of extraction has impacted several nearby springs , the impacts of increased extraction are difficult to accurately predict . further , there is a proposal to establish an iron smelting plant near coober pedy . this will presumably use artesian water in considerable amounts , if not for industrial processes then certainly for the proposed township . there is also another mining proposal at cloncurry ( near julia creek , queensland ) that hopes to use gab water ( r . wager pers . comm . ) .
virtually every spring has cattle or sheep grazing on it except those at dalhousie springs where grazing ceased in 1985 ( harris 1989 ) . a few of the lake eyre springs were fenced in 1986 - 1988 ( harris 1992 ) , and a few springs are protected within carnarvon gorge national park ( ponder & clark 1990 ) . due to the lack of water and fodder , stock tend to congregate around springs . this results in considerable trampling of the surrounding area as well as disturbance to the spring itself . faeces tend to pollute springs by causing high ammonia concentrations . occasionally , stock get trapped in soft mud and die , or they just happen to be in a spring when they die . in very small springs this results in the complete loss of fauna , in larger springs the total biomass tends to be reduced .
many springs in queensland have been dug out by pastoralists to improve water supply for stock ( ponder & clarke 1990 ; r . wager pers . comm . ) . why primarily in queensland ? this is probably because many of the springs there are fairly small and it has a higher density of people and pastoral properties ( ranches ) . none of the springs have been channelised or diverted primarily because of their small size , no irrigation has occurred in central australia , and the springs were generally easily accessible to stock .
the only recorded introduced species is damnbusia , which occurs in a few springs in the neales river and frome creek portions of the lake eyre supergroup , and a few scattered queensland springs . they are gradually expanding their range primarily through flood dispersal . they are a major problem at edgbaston springs where they threaten redfinned blue eye and edgbaston goby ( unmack & brumley 1991 ; wager & unmack in prep . ) . no efforts have yet been made to eradicate damnbusia from any spring . fortunately , due to its isolation , dalhousie springs remains free of exotic fish . however , this could easily change with increased tourist numbers , and the large warm pools ( 32 - 38°c ) ( 90 - 100°f ) may make ideal environments for some tropical fish species .
there is considerable debate as to whether fencing springs to prevent animal grazing is threatening or protecting them . the few lake eyre supergroup springs which have been fenced have become overgrown with phragmites australis . this may result in a change to the plant and animal communities of unknown proportions . if the springs are not fenced , then they risk being destroyed by cattle trampling and pollution . there is also disagreement as to how much grazing occurred on the springs prior to european settlement . did the spring flora and fauna ever experience grazing ? have the springs had time to come into equilibrium with cattle grazing ? have the springs changed to the point where they are dependent upon grazing to maintain aquatic habitats ? for example , p . australis tends to decrease water depth by collecting sediment , but they were present before cattle grazing . also , what was the water depth then ? ( although the flow rate was higher then too ) . we also don ' t know how the aborigines managed the springs . it is thought that they may have used fire to maintain access to the springs or to catch game , etc . another historical question is , what where the springs like when the mega - fauna roamed around the springs before their extinction around 10 , 000 years ago ? these are challenging management questions , which no one has attempted to answer yet .
habermehl , m . a . 1982 . springs in the great artesian basin , australia - their origin and nature . bureau of mineral resources , geology & geophysics , australia report no . 235 .
harris , c . 1989 . dalhousie springs - an introduction . in , natural history of dalhousie springs . eds . zeidler , w . & ponder , w . f . south australian museum , adelaide . pp 1 - 4 .
harris , c . 1992 . mound springs : south australian conservation initiatives . the rangeland journal . 14 ( 2 ) : 157 - 173 .
pickard , j . 1992 . artesian springs in the western division of new south wales . the graduate school of environment working papers series , macquarie university . paper no . 9202 . pp 123 .
ponder , w . f . 1986 . mound springs of the great artesian basin . in , limnology of australia . eds . dedeckker , p . & williams , w . d . csiro , australia and w . junk , the hague . pp 403 - 420 .
ponder , w . f . & clark , g . a . 1990 . a radiation of hydrobiid snails in threatened artesian springs in western queensland . records of the australia museum . 42 ( 3 ) : 301 - 363 .
unmack , p . & brumley , c . 1991 . initial observations on the spawning and conservation status of the redfinned blue - eye , ( scaturiginichthys vermeilipinnis ) . fishes of sahul . 6 ( 4 ) : 282 - 284 . ( journal of the australian new guinea fishes association , australia ) .
wager , r . n . e . & unmack , p . j . ( in prep ) threatened fishes of the world , scaturiginichthys vermeilipinnis .
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greek , chlamys , - idos = cloak , cape + latin , gobius = gudgeon ( ref . 45335 )
freshwater ; demersal ; ph range : 7 . 0 - 8 . 0 ; dh range : 9 - 19 . temperate ; 10°c - 35°c ( ref . 2060 ) , 136°e - 137°e
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 6 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5259 )
occurs in pools and streams associated with artesian springs and bores ( ref . 5259 , 44894 ) . lives in shaded areas around plants or rocks ( ref . 44894 ) . found in harsh environment characterized by rapid fluctuations in temperature and salinity ( ref . 5259 , 44894 ) . field observations and laboratory experimentation indicate that it can withstand wide ranges of temperature ( 5° - 41°c ) , salinity ( 0 - 60 p . p . t . ) , ph ( 6 . 8 - 11 . 0 ) and very low dissolved oxygen level ( ref . 44894 ) . feeds on insects , crustaceans , filamentous algae and detritus ( ref . 5259 ) .
female deposits eggs on the ceiling of a rocky crevice . male guards the nest until hatching , which requires 10 to 17 days at temperatures ranging from 27° - 30° c .
larson , h . k . , 2001 . a revision of the gobiid fish genus mugilogobius ( teleostei : gobioidei ) , and its systematic placement . rec . west . aust . mus . ( suppl . no . 62 ) : 1 - 233 . ( ref . 43716 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5156 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00724 ( 0 . 00323 - 0 . 01625 ) , b = 3 . 00 ( 2 . 81 - 3 . 19 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 7 ±0 . 31 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( tm = 0 . 5 ; fec = 20 - 250 ; assuming multiple spawning ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 13 of 100 ) .
' the bubbler ' is an artesian mound spring located near the type locality of c . eremius . a population of gobies inhabits the overflow channel of the spring .
unlike many gobies the fry do not undergo a pelagic stage as part of the life cycle . . .
. . . rather they settle directly onto the substrate and begin to forage almost immediately .
this slightly older juvenile has recently had a meal of artemia , visible as an orange mass inside the stomach .
another view of ' the bubbler ' . the overflow channel where the fish are found is visible in the top right of the image .
despite lacking a swim bladder this species does make forays away from the substrate at times .
type locality is ‘coward spring , in a small pool of water around an artesian well , central australia’ , and this species is endemic to the lake eyre drainage basin , south australia .
it’s quite widely - distributed in southern and western parts of the basin , with a range extending southwards from the neales river to clayton bore , west of the small town of marree .
lake eyre is a vast endorheic basin within which lies the lowest point in australia at some 15 m bmsl . it only fills with water occasionally and when it does so forms the country’s largest salt lake .
c . eremius does not occur in the lake itself since no fishes are able to survive there , rather it inhabits isolated freshwater springs , flowing artesian bores ( wells ) , and ephemeral waterholes where it tends to be associated with rocks and other submerged cover .
it’s capable of withstanding extreme variations in temperature ( 5 - 41°c / 41 - 105 - . 8°f ) , ph ( 6 . 5 - 11 . 0 ) , salinity ( 1 - 37 . 5 ppy ) and dissolved oxygen ( down to 0 . 8 ppm o2 ) .
although not an amphibious species , it can also survive in hypoxic conditions via a method of aerial respiration in which a bubble of air known as a buccal bubble is held against the roof of the mouth .
one example of a natural habitat is ‘the bubbler’ , an artesian mound spring comprising a central pool measuring a few metres across , plus a short overflow . it’s located a few kilometres away from the type locality in the wabma kadarbu conservation park and c . eremius is restricted to the overflow channel where it can be found among algae and marginal vegetation .
a sandy substrate is ideal though fine - grade gravel will also work , and in soft water areas coral sand or gravel may be required in order to maintain ph and hardness .
other décor should consist of rocky structures and / or terracotta pipes or plant pots forming a network of crevices and caves .
filtration should not be too strong but a degree of water movement is appreciated .
marine salt can also be added at a rate of around 1 teaspoon per litre should you wish , though the fish will survive and breed in pure freshwater provided it isn’t too soft or acidic .
temperature : a value between 20 – 28 °c seems best for general care .
this species is an opportunistic omnivore by nature and an unfussy feeder in captivity . it will accept most dried foods but for best colour and condition should be offered meals of small live and frozen invertebrates such as artemia , daphnia , bloodworm , etc .
it also has a long , elaborately - coiled intestine suggesting a natural predilection for algae and other herbivorous matter , so we suggest offering greenstuffs on a regular basis .
not an ideal community fish and in most cases is best maintained alone . if you do want to keep it with other fishes choose robust but peaceful species that dwell in the upper part of the water column and enjoy similar water conditions .
males can be aggressive when in spawning condition and should be observed closely , especially in smaller aquaria , as they may attack and even kill conspecifics . for this reason it’s essential to provide sufficient cover ( see ‘maintenance and decor’ ) so that subdominant or non - breeding individuals can seek shelter .
adult males have have relatively larger jaws than females and are much more colourful when in good condition , with a yellow to brownish body and bands of blue , black , and white pigment in the dorsal , caudal , anal and ventral fins .
males can , however , change colour to a surprising extent and may appear very similar to females when newly - introduced to an aquarium , or in the presence of a dominant male or other stressor . if in doubt the fish can easily be sexed by examining the urogenital papillae , which in males is longer and more slender than in females .
this species deposits its eggs in crevices or caves and they’re defended aggressively by the male until hatching . in nature it’s been recorded to spawn when water levels are highest , between november and march , but in captivity will breed year - round .
in a well - structured set - up you may find a few fry survive alongside the parents but in most cases it’s best to spawn the fish in a separate tank , or have somewhere else to move the adults to once eggs have been laid .
once in spawning condition males attempt to attract passing females via a courtship display involving jerky body movements and flaring of the dorsal and anal fins . a receptive female will eventually enter the spawning site and deposit the eggs on the roof , after which she is ejected .
at this point the female ( s ) are best - removed for their own safety while the male can be left in place to tend the eggs . incubation is temperature - dependant to an extent but normally 10 - 17 days , and once the eggs have hatched the male can also be removed as he will prey on fry given the opportunity .
the fry settle directly onto the substrate with no pelagic larval phase as in some other gobies , and are large enough to accept artemia nauplii or similarly - sized live foods immediately .
this species is sometimes traded as c . eremius ‘gold’ or ‘gold desert goby’ , but both names appear to refer to the natural form of the species .
the grouping is often included in the subfamily gobionellinae alongside genera such as brachygobius , mugilogobius , pseudogobiopsis , rhinogobius , schismatogobius , and stigmatogobius .
allen , g . r . , h . midgley , and m . allen , 2002 - csiro : i - xiv + 1 - 394 field guide to the freshwater fishes of australia .
symons , n . , p . a . svensson , and b . b . m . wong , 2011 - plos one 6 ( 6 ) : e20576 do male desert gobies compromise offspring care to attract additional mating opportunities ?
i currently have 3 remaining female gobies from a batch of eggs hatched dec 2013 , originally it was only 4 females and 1 male that grew to adulthood but a the male and a female died a few weeks ago . sine then i have noticed 1 of the remaining females has gradually changed in colour and has taken on the appearance of a male and is now darker in the fins but not quite as vibrant blue as a male would be and without the white trim . she looks very different to the other two females who are still of a pale mottled sandy colour . i’m sure she is still physiologically a female but is it possible for a female goby can transform to ‘appear’ like a male ? . . and has there been any record of this happening ? can supply photo if needed .
a small sexually dimorphic goby found in the lake eyre catchment in south australia . desert gobies are greyish - brown with 7 - 8 darker saddles along the back , and marbled brown markings on the upper sides . the first dorsal fin has a bright blue median band and a yellow submarginal band , and the underside of the head is yellow .
the brightly - coloured breeding males have vivid yellow and blue markings on the first dorsal fin , and white margins on the second dorsal , anal and caudal fins .
these little gobies are remarkably well adapted to life in the desert . they occur in a wide range of habitats – from permanent desert springs to ephemeral rivers and streams where water temperatures and dissolved oxygen levels fluctuate greatly . when oxygen levels in the water are low , they survive by gulping air at the water surface .
endemic to the western and southern parts of the lake eyre drainage basin , south australia , from north of the flinders ranges to the neales river .
desert gobies inhabit both permanent and ephemeral water bodies , including spring - fed pools and bores , and desert streams . they live on the bottom , preferring shaded areas around plants or rocks . during the day , they mostly shelter under rocks and in crevices .
individuals can tolerate extreme variations in temperature ( 5 - 41°c ) , ph , salinity and dissolved oxygen levels .
dorsal fin iv - vi + i , 6 - 8 ; anal fin i , 5 - 8 ; pectoral fin 12 - 15 ; caudal fin ( segmented rays ) 16 - 17 ( branched rays ) 14 - 16 ; pelvic fin i , 5 ; vertebrae 10 - 11 + 16 - 18 = 27 - 29 ; gill rakers 2 - 3 + 5 - 10 = 7 - 13 ; horizontal scale rows 13 - 19 ; midlateral scales 32 - 57 ( usually 40 - 51 ) .
body cylindrical anteriorly , compressed posteriorly . head short , somewhat rounded , length 2 . 8 - 3 . 5 in sl . snout rounded to rather flattened . anterior nostril in short tube , placed on edge of preorbital , tube oriented down and forward , preorbital sometimes curved forward slightly to accommodate nostril . posterior nostril small , oval , placed halfway between front centre margin of eye and edge of preorbital .
eyes lateral , high on head , top usually part of dorsal profile , 2 . 6 - 5 . 6 in hl . interorbital broad , flat to very slightly convex ; top of head , from rear of interorbital space up to snout tip , with scattering of very fine villi . lips usually fleshy , smooth , lower lip free at sides , fused across front .
mouth terminal to subterminal , slightly oblique , upper jaw slightly overhanging lower jaw ; generally reaching to below mid - eye in males and front half of eye in females ; teeth of upper jaw in 4 - 6 rows , outermost usually larger than others , stout and curved or almost upright , others slightly smaller ; teeth of lower jaw in 5 - 6 rows ; teeth not differing much between males and females ; tongue thick and fleshy , usually blunt to rounded . gill opening restricted to pectoral base ; inner edge of shoulder girdle either smooth and fleshy , or hard - edged . ctenoid scales on side of body at least as scattered scales on caudal peduncle and patch behind pectoral fin . predorsal scales usually absent , when present , midline of nape naked with scales extending forward at sides to above opercle , or 0 - 10 small scales immediately before first dorsal fin or scattered unevenly over nape ; operculum generally naked , occasionally a few dorsally ; cheek naked ; pectoral fin base naked ; prepelvic area usually naked ; belly sometimes with naked mid - line , otherwise covered with cycloid scales and isolated patch under pelvics of weakly ctenoid scales . lateral line absent ; lateral scale series 33 - 57 . head pores absent . two dorsal fins , first low , rounded , spines not reaching second dorsal when depressed ; second dorsal and anal fins low , last rays barely reaching caudal fin in largest males . pectoral fin broad , rounded . pelvic fins united into complete disc , small , rounded to oval , occasionally reaching half distance to anus . caudal fin oval to rounded or nearly truncate .
head and body greyish - brown with 7 - 8 brown clearly defined square saddles or highly marbled patches across the back , saddles not extending past the mid - side , replaced below by marbled blotches , square blotches or irregular spots merging ventrally with background ; caudal fin base with 1 - 3 dark brown to greyish brown spots , sometimes forming y - shape or vertical bar , with yellowish brown background surrounding spots ; silvery white peritoneum usually evident through body wall .
top and sides of head marbled and spotted with brown , sometimes 1 - 2 dark brown bars from eye to upper lip ; lips bluish grey ; iris deep golden , with dark brown margin .
first dorsal fin greyish brown with deep yellowish submarginal band , above narrow blue line that widens posteriorly to form bright blue spot ; second dorsal fin with pale greyish brown membrane , dark brown fin rays and darker brown blotches along base .
caudal fin pale greyish brown with irregular , vertically oriented rows of fine brown spots . pectoral fin pale greyish brown to hyaline , fin base with brown blotch on upper half .
breeding males with diffuse markings ; first dorsal fin very dark grey , with vivid yellow and blue ; second dorsal and anal fins dark grey to blackish with broad bright white margin ; fins speckled basally with blue ; caudal fin dark grey with narrow dull whitish fin margin .
desert gobies are omnivores and feed on insect larvae , crustaceans , fish eggs , algae and detritus . larvae consume zooplankton .
the territorial males establish nests beneath rocky crevices , and attract females with conspicuous courtship displays . during the breeding season from november to march , females lay 150 - 300 demersal eggs onto the underside of the rock in the nest . males aggressively guard and constantly fan the eggs until they hatch after 10 - 17 days . the larvae measure 5 . 7 mm tl at hatching , and settle directly onto the bottom with no pelagic larval phase .
a number of behavioural studies on desert gobies have been undertaken in recent years - see references below .
gobius eremius zietz , a . h . c . ( 1896 ) . pisces . pp . 176–180 pl . 16 in spencer , b . ( ed . ) report on the work of the horn scientific expedition to central australia . part 2 . zoology . london [ 180 , pl . 16 ( 5 ) ] . central australia .
allen , g . r . 1989 . freshwater fishes of australia . neptune , new jersey : t . f . h . publications 240 pp . , 63 pls .
allen , g . r . , midgley , s . h . & allen , m . 2002 . field guide to the freshwater fishes of australia . perth : western australian museum 394 pp .
glover , c . j . m . 1973 . adaptations of a central australian gobiid fish . bulletin of the australian society for limnology 5 : 8 - 10
hammer , m . p . & walker , k . f . 2004 . a catalogue of south australian freshwater fishes , including new records , range extensions and translocations . transactions of the royal society of south australia 128 ( 2 ) : 85 - 97
larson , h . k . 2001 . a revision of the gobiid fish genus mugilogobius ( teleostei : gobioidei ) , and its systematic placement . records of the western australian museum , supplement 62 : 1 - 233 .
lehtonen , t . k . , svensson , p . a . & wong , b . b . m . 2011 . both male and female identity influence variation in male signalling effort . bmc evolutionary biology 11 : 233 . doi : 10 . 1186 / 1471 - 2148 - 11 - 233 pdf
lehtonen , t . k . , svensson , p . a . & wong , b . b . m . 2016 . the influence of recent social experience and physical environment on courtship and male aggression . bmc evolutionary biology 16 ( 1 ) : 1 - 10 . doi : 10 . 1186 / s12862 - 016 - 0584 - 5 pdf open access
merrick , j . r . & schmida , g . e . 1984 . australian freshwater fishes biology and management . sydney : j . r . merrick 409 pp . figs 280 col . figs .
michelangeli , m . , tuomainen , u . , candolin , u . & wong , b . b . m . 2015 . habitat alteration influences male signalling effort in the australian desert goby . behavioral ecology 26 ( 4 ) : 1164 - 1169 . doi : 10 . 1093 / beheco / arv060 pdf open access
michelangeli , m . & wong , b . b . m . 2014 . a recent predatory encounter influences male courtship in a desert - dwelling fish . behavioral ecology 25 ( 4 ) : 928 - 932 . doi : 10 . 1093 / beheco / aru056 pdf open access
mossop kd , adams m , unmack pj , smith date kl , wong bbm , and chapple dg ( 2015 ) dispersal in the desert : ephemeral water drives connectivity and phylogeography of an arid - adapted fish . journal of biogeography . doi : 10 . 1111 / jbi . 12596 abstract
scott , t . d . , glover , c . j . m . & southcott , r . v . 1974 . the marine and freshwater fishes of south australia . adelaide : government printer 392 pp . figs .
svensson , p . a . , lehtonen , t . k . & wong , b . b . m . 2010 . the interval between sexual encounters affects male courtship tactics in a desert - dwelling fish . behavioral ecology and sociobiology 64 : 1967 - 1970 . abstract pdf
svensson , p . , lehtonen , t . k . & wong , b . b . m . 2010 . the interval between sexual encounters affects male courtship tactics in a desert - dwelling fish . behavioral ecology and sociobiology 64 ( 12 ) : 1967 - 1970 . doi : 10 . 1007 / s00265 - 010 - 1007 - z abstract
svensson , p . a . , lehtonen , t . k . , wong , b . b . m . 2012 . a high aggression strategy for smaller males . plos one 7 ( 8 ) : e43121 . pdf
symons n , svensson pa , wong bbm ( 2011 ) do male desert gobies compromise offspring care to attract additional mating opportunities ? plos one 6 ( 6 ) : e20576 . doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0020576 pdf open access
wong , b . b . m . & svensson , p . a . 2009 . strategic male signalling effort in a desert - dwelling fish . behavioral ecology and sociobiology 63 : 543–549 . abstract
unmack , p . j . 2001 . biogeography of australian freshwater fishes . journal of biogeography 28 : 1053 - 1089 .
van lieshout , e . , svensson , p . a . , wong , b . b . m . 2013 . consequences of paternal care on pectoral fin allometry in a desert - dwelling fish . behavioral ecology and sociobiology 67 ) 3 ) : 513 - 518 . doi : 10 . 1007 / s00265 - 012 - 1470 - 9 abstract
zietz , a . h . c . 1896 . pisces . pp . 176–180 pl . 16 in spencer , b . ( ed . ) report on the work of the horn scientific expedition to central australia . part 2 . zoology . london .
occurs in pools and streams associated with artesian springs and bores ( ref . 5259 , 44894 ) . lives in shaded areas around plants or rocks ( ref . 44894 ) . found in harsh environment characterized by rapid fluctuations in temperature and salinity ( ref . 5259 , 44894 ) . field observations and laboratory experimentation indicate that it can withstand wide ranges of temperature ( 5° - 41°c ) , salinity ( 0 - 60 p . p . t . ) , ph ( 6 . 8 - 11 . 0 ) and very low dissolved oxygen level ( ref . 44894 ) . feeds on insects , crustaceans , filamentous algae and detritus ( ref . 5259 ) .
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hey guys , new pair i recently got about a week and half ago . already settled and have their own cave , female has already layed eggs , but the bristlenose and loaches got to them : (
topfin 5 gallon aquarium fish tank from pet smart . 39 . 99 . neon tetras , bumblebee goby , guppies
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 3 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 44894 )
inhabits marshy , vegetated shallow pools ( 1 - 10 centimeters in depth ) fed by mound springs . captive breeding populations have been established to ensure its survival ( ref . 44894 ) .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00912 ( 0 . 00312 - 0 . 02670 ) , b = 2 . 95 ( 2 . 71 - 3 . 19 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 0 ±0 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 10 of 100 ) .
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eschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ; van der laan , r . ( eds ) . ( 2017 ) . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . electronic version . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
for information to assist regulatory considerations , refer to policy statements and guidelines , the conservation advice , the listing advice and / or the recovery plan .
recovery plan required , included on the commenced list ( 1 / 11 / 2009 ) .
. report to department of the environment , water , heritage and the arts , canberra . queensland department of environment and resource management , brisbane . available from :
survey guidelines for australia ' s threatened fish . epbc act survey guidelines 6 . 4
( department of sustainability , environment , water , population and communities ( dsewpac ) , 2011 ) [ admin guideline ] .
elizabeth springs goby ( department of environment and heritage protection ( dehp ) , 2013s ) [ database ] .
enhancing biodiversity hotspots along western queensland stock routes ( queensland department of environment and resource management ( qld derm ) , 2009a ) [ management plan ] .
listed as critically endangered ( global status : iucn red list of threatened species : 2017 . 1 list )
the distribution shown is generalised from the departments species of national environmental significance dataset . this is an indicative distribution map of the present distribution of the species based on best available knowledge . some species information is withheld in line with sensitive species polices . see map caveat for more information .
the elizabeth springs goby is a freshwater fish growing to 6 . 2 cm ( unmack 2003a ) .
formerly distributed throughout the elizabeth springs complex and the outflow stream , spring ck ( wager & jackson 1993 ) . now only found in elizabeth springs and associated pools on springvale station , 80 km se of boulia in sw qld in the great artesian basin ( wager & jackson 1993 ; larson 1995 ; unmack & wager in prep . ) . it occurs in an area 1600 m by 600 m alongside spring ck ( unmack & wager in prep . ) . population size based on area of suitable habitat has been estimated at between 1000 and 2000 individuals ( unmack & wager in prep . ) .
elizabeth springs is a group of about 40 low freshwater mound springs associated with the great artesian basin ( unmack & wager in prep ) . the springs consist of dry or non - flowing mounds with little or no vegetation ; vegetated marshy soaks with no surface water ; springs with small outflows among marshy vegetated areas ; and well - vegetated springs with many short , well - defined outflows . the wetted area of the springs range in diameter up to about 140 m . maximum water depth is 100 mm . this species only occurs in some of the larger springs . during daylight they shelter in or near emergent vegetation , while at night they can be observed some distance from cover and are apparently foraging ( unmack & wager in prep ) .
this species appears to be omnivorous ( unmack & wager in prep . ) .
reproductive information is only available for captive populations . spawning sites have not been found in the wild . spawning and hatching has been recorded at temperatures over 26°c ( unmack & wager in prep ) . males select a site , often a cave beneath a rock . male display involves extension of all fins and jerky swimming movements around the site . the male guides an attracted female to the site . spawning usually occurs at nights and lasts about one hour . 40 - 100 eggs are attached to the ceiling of the cave . elongate , water - hardened eggs are between 2 . 5 - 3 mm in length and hatch after 10 days . newly hatched larvae are 5 - 6 mm in length ( unmack & wager in prep ) .
australian fish collection records ( undated ) . collation of records from australian fish collections .
wager , r . & p . jackson ( 1993 ) . the action plan for australian freshwater fishes . canberra , act : australian nature conservation agency .
commonwealth of australia ( 2000 ) . declaration under s178 , s181 , and s183 of the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 - list of threatened species , list of threatened ecological communities and list of threatening processes . f2005b02653 . canberra : federal register of legislative instruments . available from : urltoken . in effect under the epbc act from 16 - jul - 2000 .
epbc act email updates can be received via the communities for communities newsletter and the epbc act newsletter .
this database is designed to provide statutory , biological and ecological information on species and ecological communities , migratory species , marine species , and species and species products subject to international trade and commercial use protected under the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 ( the epbc act ) . it has been compiled from a range of sources including listing advice , recovery plans , published literature and individual experts . while reasonable efforts have been made to ensure the accuracy of the information , no guarantee is given , nor responsibility taken , by the commonwealth for its accuracy , currency or completeness . the commonwealth does not accept any responsibility for any loss or damage that may be occasioned directly or indirectly through the use of , or reliance on , the information contained in this database . the information contained in this database does not necessarily represent the views of the commonwealth . this database is not intended to be a complete source of information on the matters it deals with . individuals and organisations should consider all the available information , including that available from other sources , in deciding whether there is a need to make a referral or apply for a permit or exemption under the epbc act .
the desert goby occurs in the western and southern lake eyre drainage in australia , in freshwaters fed by artesian springs . it can withstand large fluctuations in temperature , salinity , ph and dissolved oxygen .
the desert goby is brown - grey to yellowish with darker mottling and sometimes 7 or 8 darker saddles across the back . the head is yellow below . the first dorsal fin of males is black with blue and yellow bands .
the desert goby occurs in the western and southern lake eyre drainage , australia .
the map below shows the australian distribution of the species based on public sightings and specimens in australian museums . click on the map for detailed information . source : atlas of living australia .
the desert goby can withstand large fluctuations in temperature , salinity , ph and dissolved oxygen .
allen , g . r . 1989 . freshwater fishes of australia . t . f . h . publications . pp . 240 .
allen , g . r . , midgley , s . h . & m . allen . 2002 . field guide to the freshwater fishes of australia . western australian museum . pp . 394 .
merrick , j . r . & g . e . schmida . 1984 . australian freshwater fishes . biology and management . john r . merrick . pp . 409 .
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yearsley , g . k . , last , p . r . & morris , g . b . 1997 ,
codes for australian aquatic biota ( caab ) : an upgraded and expanded species coding system for australian fisheries databases
, pp . 15 pp . + appendices
fennah , r . g . 1969 ,
fulgoroidea ( homoptera ) from new caledonia and the loyalty islands
, pacific insects monographs , vol . 21 , pp . 1 - 116
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 0fab53f8 - 02e0 - 4459 - 83a5 - a506933e1a3f
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 5ff273fe - b41d - 4328 - a099 - f644ad2f214f
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 409283
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urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : a4363ed7 - 34fd - 4760 - a4d5 - 581a5ca1e53e
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 336aa15c - 682f - 4798 - 92fb - 53556a1ab4f1
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 2583572e - f56c - 453a - 85cc - ab9974dd748d
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 409281
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]