before recent tests failed to establish that the jaguar was divided into different subspecies , it was presumed that different subspecies existed north and south of the amazon river , such as panthera onca onca north of the river , and panthera onca palustris south of the river .

eventually , it was reckoned that geographical barriers , such as the amazon river or the andes mountains , limited the flow of genes between jaguars , if not restricting them to be different subspecies .

southern jaguars disappeared in a number of places , like the pampas ' part of argentina and uruguay .

jaguars south of the amazon river

1 . jaguars are the largest of south america’s big cats and the third largest cats in the world .
the amazon river is home to many different species of animals , including the elusive jaguar , the largest member of the cat family living in the americas . the species predominantly sticks to the rainforests of latin america , especially around the amazon river basin , but they were once found all across south and central america .
2 . at one time jaguars roamed all the way to the us - mexico border , but jaguars are now only occasionally sighted in texas and arizona . most jaguars are found in the amazon river basin .
jaguars are the largest of south america ' s big cats . they once roamed from the southern tip of that continent north to the region surrounding the u . s . - mexico border . today significant numbers of jaguars are found only in remote regions of south and central america—particularly in the amazon basin .
you could once find jaguars all the way from the south - western usa down to the scrublands of central argentina . now they’re mainly confined to the rainforests of the amazon basin , and in the nearby pantanal wetlands – less than half of their historic range .
the amazon river basin , also known as the amazon rain forest , covers almost three million square miles and overlaps the boundaries of nine countries : brazil , colombia , peru , venezuela , ecuador , bolivia , guyana , suriname , and french guiana . by some estimates , this region ( which occupies 40 percent of the area of the south american continent ) is home to one - tenth of the world ' s animal species . on the following slides , you ' ll discover the most important animals of the amazon river basin , ranging from monkeys to anteaters to poison dart frogs .
a symbol of the enigmatic power of the amazon , the jaguar is the largest cat in the americas . jaguars have unusually large , round heads , short legs and a stunning coat dotted with dark rosettes and spots .
jaguars are found on the american continents ; they live in texas , in the cerro colorado mountains in arizona , the southern part of california , and new mexico , in the united states , and are found in rain forests in central and south america . the largest known population exists in the amazon rain forests . black jaguars live in south america . jaguars are also found in africa and asia . until the 1900s , they also roamed the yukon , southern united states to uruguay , and iceland .
few jaguars are ever even glimpsed in their natural habitat ; however , they do surround areas of the pacaya - samiria reserve , where guests travel on international expeditions’ amazon river cruises . jaguars are excellent swimmers , and the river provides a great source of food — from fish to turtles to caimans . they also feast on larger creatures like deer and capybaras ( large rodents about as big as medium - sized dogs ) . jaguars have been known to climb trees to attack their prey from above , so visitors should be sure to keep an eye on the rainforest canopy on their amazon river cruises .
the entire area is characterized by an abundance of poorly - drained heavy mottled clay soils . this type of várzea is different from the seasonal várzea of the middle and upper amazon floodplains , which are inundated annually by rivers swollen with rainwater . the floodwaters of the amazon river are laden with suspended mineral sediments that settle out onto the landscape when the water flow slows . this area is called
region of the islands
because of the intricate labyrinth of sedimentary islands and channels resulting from the constant tidal and fluvial action .
for me jaguars epitomise the mysterious beauty of the amazon . but conserving them is a challenge . jaguars need such big areas of forest , and things get difficult when people feel their livestock is threatened by these great hunters . i like to look at it the other way . if we can keep healthy numbers of jaguar in the amazon , we’ll be closer to protecting the rainforest as a whole . ”
this várzea ecoregion comprises the western half of marajó island , many smaller channel islands , and the surrounding mainland on both the north and south banks of the amazon . the ecoregion reaches west to the mouth of the xingú river where the amazon starts to widen its mouth . a small portion occurs in french guiana . the region also contains bits of both seasonally inundated floodplain forest and permanently inundated swamp forest ( igapó ) . this western half of the marajó island is constructed of recent sediments and hosts the estuarine ( tidal ) várzea forest . the eastern half of marajó island , on older tertiary sediments , is covered by flooded savanna ( campo ) and humid terra firme forest , the forest being fairly homogeneous and distinct from the inundated forest in the west .
the third - largest big cats after lions and tigers , jaguars have had a difficult time of it over the last century , as deforestation and human encroachment has restricted their range across south america . however , it ' s much harder to hunt a jaguar in the dense amazon river basin than out in the open pampas , so the impenetrable portions of the rain forest may be panthera onca ' s last , best hope . no one know for sure , but there are at least a few thousand jaguars preying on the megafauna of the amazon rain forest ; an apex predator itself , the jaguar has nothing to fear from its fellow animals ( except , of course , for human beings ) .
by protecting jaguars and the places where they live , we’re also helping to look after other wildlife – of which there are a lot of in the amazon and pantanal – as well as the people who live and work around there .
the status of the subspecies is unclear . although eight subspecies have been recognized ( seymour 1989 ) , morphological and genetic analyses do not support the existence of discrete subspecies ( larson 1997 , eizirik et al . 2001 , ruiz - garcia et al . 2006 ) . while not elevating the regional differences to the subspecies level , eizirk et al . ( 2001 ) found evidence for four incompletely isolated phylogeographic groups : mexico and guatemala , southern central america , northern south america , and south america south of the amazon river . similarly , ruiz - garcia et al . ( 2006 ) found that the andes mountains incompletely isolates jaguar populations in colombia .
so large that it ' s sometimes known as the ant bear , the giant anteater is equipped with a comically long snout—the better for poking into narrow insect burrows—and a long , bushy tail ; some individuals can approach 100 pounds in weight . like many of the plus - sized mammals of tropical south america , the giant anteater is severely endangered , although , as with many of the animals on this list , the vast , swampy , impenetrable amazon river basin affords the remaining population some level of protection from human encroachment ( not to mention an inexhaustible supply of tasty ants ) .
this forest ecoregion is located at the mouth of the amazon river in eastern brazil . islands are numerous throughout the region . this flooded area captures nutrient rich soils , which are carried down the river ; tidal activity floods the region twice daily . vegetation is shorter than surrounding areas , plant diversity is lower , and palms dominate . fauna diversity is richer ; avifauna is particularly rich with about 540 species .
for the latest travel trends and exciting discoveries . , visit our amazon travel news section .
the taxonomy is currently under review by the iucn ssc cat specialist group . while 32 subspecies have been classically described , on the basis of genetic analysis culver et al . ( 2000 ) suggest six subspecies as follows : p . c . cougar : north america p . c . costaricensis : central america p . c . capricornensis : eastern south america p . c . concolor : northern south america p . c . cabrerae : central south america p . c . puma : southern south america .
the mighty jaguar once roamed from argentina in south america all the way up to the grand canyon in arizona . today , jaguars have been almost completely eliminated from the united states and are endangered throughout their range , which stretches down to patagonia in south america . the jaguar makes its home in a wide - variety of habitats including deciduous forests , rainforests , swamps , pampas grasslands and mountain scrub areas .
jaguars are my favourite animal . they are awesome and i want to go to the amazon rainforest because that is where they live and there are lots of other cool animals there as well .
jaguars live alone and define territories of many square miles by marking with their waste or clawing trees .
description location and general description the marajó várzea is the inundated land in and around the mouth of the amazon river in eastern brazil . the huge river , having completed its 6 , 500 km journey , empties into the atlantic ocean here . the mouth contains numerous islands . the largest is ilha marajó at 48 , 000 km2 . other islands include ilha dos porcos , do pará , mututí , and uituquara . the amazon estuary is a dynamic lowland consisting of holocene ( less than10 , 000 years old ) sediments surrounded by slightly older tertiary deposits . flooding occurs across the landscape twice daily when the ocean tide pushes a large volume of river discharge onto the landscape to a height of 2 to 3 m . there are both low - lying tidal floodplain areas and slightly higher ( 2 to 3 m ) ground that is not normally flooded .
millions of years ago , during the pleistocene epoch , the rain forests of south america were home to giant , multi - ton sloths like megatherium . how things have changed : today , one of the most common sloths of the amazon river basin is the three - toed sloth , bradypus tridactylus , which is characterized by its greenish , algae - crusted fur , its ability to swim , its three toes ( of course ) , and its agonizing slowness—the average speed of this mammal has been clocked at about a tenth of a mile per hour . the three - toed sloth coexists with the two - toed sloth , genus choloepus , and these two animals will sometimes even share the same tree .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
also known as
water jaguars
and
river wolves ,
giant otters are the largest members of the mustelid family , and thus closely related to weasels . the males of this species can attain lengths of up to six feet and weights of up to 75 pounds , and both sexes are known for their thick , , glossy , shiny coats—which are so coveted by human hunters that there are only an estimated 5 , 000 or so giant otters left across the entire amazon river basin . unusually for mustelids ( but fortunately for poachers ) , the giant otter lives in extended social groups consisting of about half a dozen individuals .
the world ' s largest rodent , at up to 150 pounds , the capybara has a wide distribution across south america , but it especially likes the warm , humid environs of the amazon river basin . this mammal subsists on the rain forest ' s copious vegetation , including fruit , tree bark and aquatic plants , and has been known to congregate in herds of up to 100 members ( which should put your own pesky mouse problem into some perspective ) . the rain forest may be endangered , but the capybara isn ' t ; this rodent continues to thrive , despite the fact that it ' s a popular menu item in some south american villages .
the amazon rainforest is being destroyed at a terrifying rate . along with other consequences , this reduces the living space for jaguars and other important wildlife , and isolates populations , making them more vulnerable .
justification of ecoregion delineation this seasonally inundated ecoregion forms the delta and mouth of the solimões ( amazon ) river , the riverine island of marajó and surrounding islands , and extends northwards along the atlantic coastline . delineation’s follow the ibge ( 1993 ) classification of
alluvial vegetation
in the northern and eastern portion , and follows the confines on the solimões river and delta to the south and east . several outliers are also group under this classification to the nw according to historic vegetation coverage and follow the linework of the ibge ( 1993 ) classification for
secondary vegetation / agricultural activities
. portions in the north which abut to french guiana were verified according to granville ( 1979 ) . this ecoregion is distinct from all other surrounding vegetation by its seasonal inundation and subsequent species assemblages , and from other várzea by crystalline arc divisions which influence soil type ( daly and prance 1989 , da silva 1998 ) .
the original version of this assessment was published with an older version of the distribution map . this errata assessment uses the updated distribution map .
10 . from the tip of his nose to the tip of his tail , a jaguar can be 240cm long .
the largest and most dangerous reptile of the amazon river basin , the black caiman ( which is technically a species of alligator ) can approach 20 feet in length and weigh up to half a ton . as the apex predators of their lush , humid ecosystem , black caimans will eat pretty much anything that moves , ranging from mammals to birds to their fellow reptiles . in the 1970 ' s , the black caiman was seriously endangered—targeted by humans for its meat and , especially , for its valuable leather—but its population has since rebounded , which the other animals of the amazon rain forest may not consider a positive development .
riverboats offer another way to see the amazon – chugging along the river , stopping for excursions , sleeping on board . the boats vary in creature comforts , from hammocks to deluxe berths , and trips typically last five to 10 days . reliable operators include amazon eco adventures ( urltoken ) , lo peix ( urltoken ) and swallows and amazons ( urltoken ) .
as a general rule , the more brightly colored a poison dart frog , the more powerful its venom—which is why the predators of the amazon river basin stay far away from iridescent green or orange species . these frogs don ' t manufacture their own venom , but collect it from the ants , mites and other insects that constitute their diet ( as evidenced by the fact that poison dart frogs kept in captivity , and fed other types of food , are much less dangerous ) . the
dart
part of this amphibian ' s name derives from the fact that indigenous tribes across south america dip their hunting darts in its venom .
in the tropical part of their range , jaguars seem to mate in any season . in other areas , they mate in the later part of the year . male and female jaguars live together only during the mating and pregnancy season . after a gestational period of 95 to 110 days , the female gives birth to one to four young cubs ; they usually have 2 cubs . new born jaguars weigh between 1 1 / 2 and 2 pounds ( . 7 and . 9 kilograms ) . the females reach sexual maturity at the age of 3 , the males at 4 ; both have a lifespan of about 20 years .
addressing livestock management and animals that prey on livestock is a high priority for conservation efforts in many jaguar range countries due to the impact of retaliatory killing of jaguars and other predators .
i think jaguars are cool because they are very fast runners and i like them .
one of the more comical - looking animals of the amazon river basin , the keel - billed toucan is distinguished by its enormous , multi - colored bill , which is actually much lighter than it appears at first glance ( the rest of this bird is comparatively muted in color , except for its yellow neck ) . unlike many of the animals on this list , the keel - billed toucan is far from endangered , hopping from tree branch to tree branch in small flocks of six to 12 individuals , the males dueling each other with their protruding schnozzes during mating season ( and presumably not inflicting a whole lot of damage ) .
jaguars are the top predators in their environment , so they play an important role in controlling the populations of other species . this helps keep a balance in the food chain , and a healthy environment .
we are playing a central role in driving sustainable practices and agriculture in the amazon to shift to a green economy .
when their natural prey is hunted or displaced , jaguars might look for other food sources , like domestic cattle . a lot of ranchers and farmers see jaguars as pests , and sometimes kill them to protect their incomes .
for most people , a week is a good amount of time to enjoy and experience the amazon . accounting for two to three days of travel and transfers , that leaves four to five days for excursions and activities . if you’ve got more than a week , consider splitting your time in different areas of the amazon rather than spending it all in one place .
jaguars are still hunted for their attractive fur . ranchers also kill them because the cats sometimes prey upon their livestock .
the canadian population was roughly estimated at 3 , 500 - 5 , 000 and the western us population at 10 , 000 in the early 1990s ( nowell and jackson 1996 ) . the population of central and south america is likely much higher , although it is unclear how abundant pumas are in the dense rainforest of the amazon basin ( nowell and jackson 1996 ) . the florida subpopulation , numbering 100 - 180 , is isolated , and has been supplemented by a reintroduction of pumas from texas ( sunquist and sunquist 2002 , florida fish and wildlife conservation commission 2014 ) . in brazil it is considered near threatened but subspecies outside the amazon basic are considered vulnerable ( machado
5 . jaguars live alone and mark their territory with their waste or by clawing trees .
as a top - level carnivore , the big cat helps prevent overgrazing of vegetation by keeping its prey populations in balance . jaguars are also important in human culture , frequently playing a central role in stories , songs and prayers of indigenous people . yet today , jaguars have been almost completely eliminated from the united states .
also known as the golden marmoset , the golden lion tamarin has suffered terribly from human encroachment : by some estimates , this new world monkey has lost a whopping 95 percent of south american habitat since the arrival of european settlers 600 years ago . the golden lion tamarin only weighs a couple of pounds , which makes its appearance all the more striking : a bushy main of reddish - brown hair surrounding a flat , dark - eyed face . ( the distinctive color of this primate likely derives from a combination of intense sunlight and an abundance of carotenoids , the proteins that make carrots orange , in its diet . )
may to june is a great time to visit , being midway between the rainiest months ( february to april ) and the hottest driest ones ( september to november ) . it’s also when the water level in the amazon river is highest and the surrounding forest is flooded . the amazon rises and falls by an amazing 12 to 15 meters annually , and few experiences are more sublime , or uniquely amazonian , than gliding silently in a canoe through the flooded forest . that said , the dry season is attractive for its clear weather and opportunities for long hikes .
at best , only an estimated 15 , 000 jaguars remain in the wild . bi - national conservation efforts have been successful at protecting a small population of 80 to 120 cats in the remote mountains of sonora , mexico bordering arizona . this population is the largest of three known to remain in sonora , and is the last hope for recovery in the united states .
our southwest team works to protect rare and threatened species like mexican wolves , jaguars and ocelots .
wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of
the jaguar feeds on a wide range of terrestrial and aquatic animals ; it eats more then 80 different kinds of prey , one of which is cattle ( that is one reason why humans kill the jaguar ) . jaguars prey as well on sheep , and feed on rodents , peccaries , deer , birds , fish , armadillos , turtles , and crocodiles . in high grass or bushes , jaguars stalk or ambush their prey such as peccaries , capybaras , deer , and tapirs . in the forests , they hide in the trees to spring on birds and monkeys , or capture turtles on the river banks and fish from the water . on the plains , they prey on sheep and cattle . they eat almost any kind of animal including deer , their favorite food , fish , wild pigs , iguanas , turtles , capybaras and other kinds of rodents . jaguars rarely attack humans .
jaguars have been eliminated from most of the united states due to habitat loss , over hunting and killings to protect livestock . you can help save them » adopt a jaguar »
the jaguar is the third - largest living feline species , after the tiger and lion .
jaguars often live near lakes , rivers and wetlands , and prefer to avoid open forests and grasslands .
7 . jaguars are mammals . they are carnivores and eat a diet rich in meat and fish .
by working in partnership with businesses , we’re helping them use their influence for the good of the planet .
the following is a list of actions that a variety of jaguar range countries have put in place to enhance jaguar conservation .
current status the marajó várzea , because it lies at the mouth of the amazon’s
super highway ,
is a region greatly affected by human activities , both historically and in the present . both the natural habitat and native biodiversity of the marajó várzea have suffered severe degradation from large - scale agricultural , forestry , and ranching operations . there are no protected areas in this ecoregion .
these beautiful and powerful beasts were prominent in ancient native american cultures . in some traditions the jaguar god of the night was the formidable lord of the underworld . the name jaguar is derived from the native american word yaguar , which means “he who kills with one leap . ”
the geographic range of the puma is the largest of any terrestrial mammal in the western hemisphere ( sunquist and sunquist 2002 ) , from canada through the us , central and south america to the southern tip of chile . while the puma is an adaptable cat , being found in every major habitat type of the americas , including the high andes ( 5 , 800 m asl in southern peru ; sunquist and sunquist 2002 ) , it was eliminated from the entire eastern half of north america within 200 years following european colonization ( nowell and jackson 1996 ) . a remnant endangered supopulation persists in florida . recent confirmations and suitable habitat in the midwestern u . s . indicate attempts at recolonization ( larue and nielsen 2011 , larue et al . 2012 ) .
maintain national and regional population connectivity through the identification of corridors for jaguar movement between jcus and applying conservation actions in those corridors through the engagement of corridor stakeholders as in the development of a conservation action plan for the central belize corridor ( kay et al . 2015 ) ;
a uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all
a common way to experience the amazon is at a ‘jungle lodge’ . most lodges feature private rooms , family - style meals and daily excursions , but amenities such as en suite bathrooms and 24 - hour electricity vary . many lodges include a chance to sleep in the forest , whether just a night at an established camp or hiking for two or three days on a ‘survival tour’ . near manaus , amazon antonio jungle tours and amazon gero tours ( urltoken ) have good lodges and reasonable rates . upscale options in the same area include juma lodge and anavilhanas lodge . and one of the best lodges in the entire amazon is uakari lodge ( urltoken ) in mamirauá reserve .
the ‘water governance observatory’ is & nbsp ; an evidence - based , participatory mechanism for continuous , independent assessment of the effectiveness of freshwater policy , management and water governance at the national level in brazil .
wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
- - publisher ' s website .
the jaguar is the largest cat in the americas . the jaguar has a compact body , a broad head and powerful jaws . its coat is normally yellow and tan , but the color can vary from reddish brown to black . the spots on the coat are more solid and black on the head and neck and become larger rosette - shaped patterns along the side and back of the body .
most jaguars are tan or orange with distinctive black spots , dubbed
rosettes
because they are shaped like roses . some jaguars are so dark they appear to be spotless , though their markings can be seen on closer inspection .
the buriti palm mauritia flexuosa and other trees that produce large , fleshy or mealy fruits provide an important source of food for animals that graze on the river bank , such as gray brocket deer ( mazama gouazoubira ) , red brocket deer ( m . americana ) , and capybaras ( hydrochaeris hydrochaeris ) , the world’s largest rodents .
the jaguar is the largest and most powerful wild cat in the western hemispere . the jaguar is larger then the leopard . the jaguar ' s coat has different colors , but they are usually yellow - brownish with black spots , like leopards . some jaguars are even white . the jaguar ' s coat on its side and back is spotted with large black rosettes , each consisting of a circle of spots surrounding a central spot . the spots on its head , legs , and underside are solid black .
tree climbing and sport fishing are also popular in the amazon , and can be arranged as day trips or as part of a lodge or boat tour . for tree climbing , try tropical tree climbing ( urltoken ) or amazon tree climbing ( urltoken ) ; for sport fishing , try maia expeditions ( urltoken ) , all in manaus .
there are a handful of activities virtually every visitor to the amazon does . the most memorable are long hikes or canoe trips to enjoy and learn about the forest , and hopefully spot some wildlife . you may also visit the home of a local family , spend a night in the jungle , and do fun stuff like piranha fishing and cayman spotting . always confirm what activities are included in a tour before booking .
add tags for
mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference
.
daly , d . c . , and j . d . mitchell . 2000 . lowland vegetation of tropical south america . pages 391 - 453 in d . l . lentz , editor , imperfect balance : landscape transformations in the precolumbian americas . new york , columbia university press .
about 600 km downriver from manaus , the small town of alter do chão is the jumping - off point for boats trips along the rio tapajós ( a major tributary of the amazon ) , including fascinating visits with local rubber - tapper communities . alter do chão itself is famous for its white sand beach and bohemian air . mae natureza or areia branca ecotour ( urltoken ) offer recommended tours .
jaguars prefer wet lowland habitats , swampy savannas or tropical rain forests . their favorite habitat is in the tropical and subtropical forests . jaguars also live in forests and grasslands , living near rivers and lakes , in small caves , marshland , and under rock ledges ; they live in shrubby areas as well . jaguars like their homes to have very soft ground . they use materials such as leaves , rotten trees and other soft materials that they may find in the woods or in the rain forest . jaguars would prefer to live alone , and don ' t like other animals to come near their den , as it is a territorial area for the jaguar .
this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
with habitat fragmentation a major threat , and taxonomic research suggesting little significant differences among jaguar populations , an ambitious program has been launched to conserve a continuous north to south habitat corridor through the species range ( rabinowitz and zeller 2010 ) .
ducke , a . , and g . a . black . 1953 . phytogeographical notes on the brazilian amazon . anais da academia brasileira de ciências 25 : 1 - 46 .
thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
hiraoka , m . 1999 . miriti ( mauritia flexuosa ) palms and their uses and management among the ribeirinhos of the amazon estuary . pages 169 - 186 in c . padoch , m . ayres , m . pinedo - vasquez , and a . henderson , editors , changes in soil formation and vegetation on silt bars and backslopes of levees following intensive production of rice and jute . new york : the new york botanical garden press .
pires , j . m . , and g . t . prance . 1985 . the vegetation types of the brazilian amazon . pages 109 - 145 in g . t . prance and t . e . lovejoy , editors , key environments : amazonia . new york : pergamon .
there are a lot of myths about piranhas , such as the one that they can skeletonize a cow in less than five minutes ; the fact is that these fish don ' t even particularly like to attack humans . still , there ' s no denying that the piranha is built to kill , equipped as it is with sharp teeth and extremely powerful jaws , which can chomp down on its prey with a force of over 70 pounds per square inch . given how scary the piranha is , you may or may not want to know about the megapiranha , a giant piranha ancestor that haunted the rivers of miocene south america .
unlike many other cats , jaguars do not avoid water ; in fact , they are quite good swimmers . rivers provide prey in the form of fish , turtles , or caimans—small , alligatorlike animals . jaguars also eat larger animals such as deer , peccaries , capybaras , and tapirs . they sometimes climb trees to prepare an ambush , killing their prey with one powerful bite .
jaguars are solitary animals and live and hunt alone , except during mating season . the male ' s home range is between 19 and 53 square miles and often overlaps with the smaller home ranges of multiple females . a male aggressively protects his home range and resident females from other males .
the várzea forest performs critical ecological functions such as capturing and rapidly cycling nutrients , hosting a great diversity of freshwater fish and aquatic mammals , stabilizing the flooded soils and landscapes , and perhaps providing a source of new taxa that colonize the surrounding terra firme .
the jaguar hunts mostly on the ground , but it sometimes climbs a tree and pounces on its prey from above . it has very powerful jaws and sharp teeth and usually kills its prey with one crushing bite to the skull . unlike most big cats , the jaguar loves the water — it often swims , bathes , plays and even hunts for fish in streams and pools . like all members of the big cat family , jaguars can roar . the jaguar’s roar sounds like a deep , chesty cough .
commercial hunting and trapping of jaguars for their pelts has declined drastically since the mid - 1970s , when anti - fur campaigns and cites controls progressively shut down international markets ( nowell and jackson 1996 ) . however , there is still demand for jaguar paws , teeth and other products , especially in local markets where canines are still considered interesting jewellery . on top of this , jaguars are starting to be considered a replacement for tiger bone for traditional medicine purposes by the increasing asian community in latin america .
the male jaguar will live with the female for a period of four years while the baby or cubs grow up to be healthy and strong . the male will teach the cubs to defend themselves and find their own food and shelter . the female jaguar will feed them their milk so the cubs will keep up their strength and energy . the young will also hunt with their mother during their first two years .
information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
- - publisher ' s website .
( errata version published in 2016 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2015 : e . t18868a97216466 .
mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]
( errata version published in 2018 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t15953a123791436 .
florida panthers , mountain lions , jaguars that become used to human presence can lose their natural wariness of us . if we offer or allow access to food even once , we end up with wildlife that associates us with food .
females have litters of one to four cubs , which are blind and helpless at birth . the mother stays with them and defends them fiercely from any animal that may approach—even their own father . young jaguars learn to hunt by living with their mothers for two years or more .
i love jaguars so much ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! p . s very intreasting facts
with its forest home increasingly being destroyed , and conflict growing with farmers and ranchers , the jaguar is under serious pressure . jaguars now occupy less than half of their historical range . they’re so elusive that we don’t know exactly how many are left in the wild – but we do know their numbers are dropping . help us protect these enigmatic cats .
manaus is the region’s largest city , and the quickest and easiest route into the jungle . you’ll find many good tour operators here , from budget to upscale . the flip side is that tours tend to be more crowded , and the surrounding area is less pristine .
before the mid - 1970s jaguars were often hunted for their beautiful coats . that’s reduced now , thanks to anti - fur campaigns and laws , but there’s still some demand for jaguar parts such as paws and teeth for traditional medicines .
forest certification is a system of inspecting and tracking timber , paper pulp and other forest products to make sure they’ve been harvested according to a strict set of guidelines .
it helps me . whenever its possible , i use this website . its the best website in the world !
jaguars are known to eat deer , peccary , crocodiles , snakes , monkeys , deer , sloths , tapirs , turtles , eggs , frogs , fish and anything else they can catch .
manaus is serviced by direct flights from all over brazil , and even miami . you can also get there by boat from anywhere on the amazon , including belém and porto velho , but be prepared for a long trip ( two to five days ) .
we’re not prepared to stand by and do nothing so we’ve been working to preserve the waters that feed the pantanal .
daly , d . c . , and g . t . prance . 1989 . brazilian amazon . pages 401 - 426 in d . g . campbell , and h . d . hammond , editors . floristic inventory of tropical countries . new york botanical garden , bronx , new york , usa
note : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .
this really helped alot with my project . thank you for all of this information about jaguars ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1
3 . the name jaguar comes from the native american word yaguar , which means “he who kills with one leap . ”
if you’re willing to add a leg your journey , there are some outstanding options in other areas . one of the best is mamirauá reserve , located 675km upriver from manaus , outside the small city of tefé . there’s just one lodge there ( uakari lodge ; urltoken ) , and visits can be pricey , but between the comfortable lodging , highly skilled guides and the reserve ' s stunning richness , you can hardly do better .
the jaguar is the fiercest of the cat family . its roar is between a cough and a growl . the jaguar is a very good hunter and can attack and kill its prey to eat . it also swims well and wades in water to catch a fish . on land , the jaguar stays hidden in caves or bushes and creeps close to its prey , and then jumps . when herds of prey stop to eat or drink , it climbs trees easily , and hides to pounce on its prey . the jaguar seizes its catch with its muscular forelegs , and kills its prey with a bite to the neck .
an adult male jaguar may be four to seven feet long , excluding the long tail . its tail is about 45 to 75 centimeters long . the jaguar stands about three feet high at the shoulder , and it weighs up to 300 pounds when full grown . the jaguar has heavily muscled forearms and shoulders that add strength for capturing its prey . it has a massive head , and long thick legs . the jaguar ' s hindlimbs are longer than its forelimbs to improve jumping . its forepaws are equipped with long , retractile claws to help grab and hold its prey . the jaguar has a rough tongue that is designed for peeling the skin away from the flesh of its prey , and to peel the flesh away from its prey ' s bones . the jaguar has loose belly skin which allows the animal to be kicked by its prey with little chance of injury .
your web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .
references anderson , a . b . , i . mousasticoshvily jr . , and d . s . macedo . 1999 . logging of virola surinamensis in the amazon floodplain : impacts and alternatives . pages 119 - 133 in c . padoch , m . ayres , m . pinedo - vasquez , and a . henderson , editors , várzea : diversity , development , and conservation in amazonia ' s whitewater floodplains . new york , the new york botanical garden press .
flying is , of course , much quicker than taking a boat , and sometimes not much more expensive . then again , long distance boat travel is an experience unto itself : chugging along for days at a time , sleeping in hammocks , and whiling away the hours with other passengers . you won’t see much in terms of wildlife or scenery though , as the boat follows the huge main channel .
jaguars are easy to recognize , as they are covered in rose - shaped black spots . however , some may appear to look more like panthers or other big cats if their fur is dark enough to disguise their spots .
this is like the best . . . . website ever ! ! ! awesome ! it really helped me with my homework with jaguars , where you have to come up with special features it has . you have to choose an animal and i chose a jaguar because its my fave animal !
your list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .
i want emails from lonely planet with travel and product information , promotions , advertisements , third - party offers , and surveys . i can unsubscribe any time using the unsubscribe link at the end of all emails . contact lonely planet here . lonely planet privacy policy .
© 2018 lonely planet . all rights reserved . no part of this site may be reproduced without our written permission .
with muscular shoulders and forearms and powerful jaws , the jaguar is no pussycat .
8 . they can live to be 12 to 15 years old in the wild .
this webseit helped me with my talk on the jaguar . thank you ! ! !
pumas are threatened by habitat loss and fragmentation , and poaching of their wild prey base . they are persecuted across their range by retaliatory hunting due to livestock depredation , and due to fear that they pose a threat to human life ( iucn cats red list workshop 2007 ) . pumas have killed a number of people in western canada and the us in recent years . pumas are legally hunted in many western us states , although hunting was banned by popular referendum in california in 1990 . road kills are the principal cause of mortality in the endangered florida panther subpopulation , and heavily travelled roads are a major barrier to puma movements and dispersal ( sunquist and sunquist 2002 ) .
please choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .
wow ! these facts are awsome ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! whoever made this web page is one of the best people ever ! ! ! p . s this web page totally helped my with ict
very large fish live in the estuary , and they roam through the flooded forest eating and dispersing fruits from the floodplain trees . these fish include pacus ( metynnis and mylossoma ) , tambaqui ( colossoma macropomum ) , pirarucus ( arapaima gigas ) , and sardinhas ( triportheus angulatus ) .
worldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more ››
included on cites appendix i . the jaguar is fully protected at the national level across most of its range , with hunting prohibited in argentina , brazil , colombia , costa rica , french guiana , honduras , mexico , nicaragua , panama , paraguay , suriname , united states , and venezuela , and hunting restrictions in place in guatemala and peru ( nowell and jackson 1996 ) . specific conservation plans for the species have been developed in mexico , panama , honduras , and brazil .
added missing bibliography references for inrena ( 2006 ) and conama ( 2005 ) which were cited in the text .
thanks you help me to do my work about the jaguar . . . . . . . ; - )
scientists have reported 99 mammal species in this ecoregion . the short - tailed opossum monodelphis maraxina is endemic and endangered . other mammals that are found only in this ecoregion , or in few other places , include an armadillo dasypus septemcinctus , bats ( platyrrhinus recifinus , natalus stramineus , and molossops greenhalli ) , primates such as marmosets ( callithrix argentatado ) , tamarins ( saguinus midas ) , night monkeys ( aotus infulatus ) , and savanna foxes ( cerdocyon thous ) . the endangered american manatee ( trichechus manatus ) occurs here . cats include jaguars ( panthera onca ) and pumas ( puma concolor ) .
i am going to use all of these for school ! ! i might even make a booklet thanks to nat geo ! p . s its my dads favourite channel !
i like the facts i am using them for my animal research project but i wish there was more facts though .
according to one indigenous myth , the jaguar acquired its spotted coat by daubing mud on its body with its paws .
i thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , ©2005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352
the e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .
biodiversity features on marajó island , there are 361 known species of birds , on caviana island 145 , and on mexican island 189 . the region as a whole contains a total of 540 species . there is a wide variety of aquatic birds including herons and egrets egretta and ardea , ducks dendrocygna spp . , ibis cercibis spp . , theristicus spp . , and rosette spoonbills ajaia ajaia . birds found here and in only few other places include white - bellied seedeaters sporophila leucoptera , grassland yellow - finches sicalis luteola , chalk - browed mockingbirds mimus saturninus , tropical peewees contopus cinereus , rufous - throated antbirds gymnopithys rufigula , black - breasted puffbirds notharchus pectoralis , and plain - bellied emeralds amazilia leucogaster .
our vision for a trillion trees to be restored , saved from loss , and better protected around the world , by 2050 .
perfect for my homework about animals . you are the best ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
there are no protected areas in this ecoregion . cattle and water buffalo ranching and large - scale commercial logging are the main threats to this ecoregion .
we use cookies to analyse how visitors use our website and to help us provide the best possible experience for users . view our cookie policy for more information
you can reach tefé and alter do chão by air or by boat . for tefé , most flights and boats connect through manaus . for alter do chão , catch a plane or boat from manaus or belém to the city of santarém , and take a bus or taxi from there ( 35km ) . speedboats are available between manaus and tefé , and are faster than an ordinary boat but cheaper than a plane .
the e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .
justification : this species is listed as least concern because it is one of the most widely - distributed mammals in the western hemisphere . although it has been extirpated from its former range in midwestern and eastern north america ( nowell and jackson 1996 ) , it is attempting to recolonize this region ( thompson and jenks 2010 , larue et al . 2012 ) and populations are healthy enough for regulated harvest in western north america . however , it is considered to be declining elsewhere in its range , and as a large carnivore intricately linked to other wildlife and habitat associations , from a social and political perspective its conservation and management presents numerous challenges .


the common skink , oligosoma polychroma , is a species of skink native to new zealand .

although historically classified as a subspecies of oligosoma nigriplantare , it is likely to be given separate species status as data suggests it is a distinct species .

oligosoma polychroma

leiolopisma nigriplanatre polychroma patterson & daugherty 1990 oligosoma nigriplantare polychroma — patterson & daugherty 1995 oligosoma nigriplantare polychroma — hickson et al . 2000 oligosoma polychroma — jewell 2008 oligosoma polychroma — hitchmough et al . 2016 oligosoma aff . polychroma — frank 2017 oligosoma aff . polychroma clade 1a — barrett 2017
the effect of two glyphosate formulations on a small , diurnal lizard ( oligosoma polychroma ) .
the effect of two glyphosate formulations on a small , diurnal lizard ( oligosoma polychroma ) . - pubmed - ncbi
barrett , paul 2017 . observations of insect egg predation by the northern grass skink oligosoma aff . polychroma clade 1a . biogecko ( 4 ) : 70 - 72
variation : three colour morphs of the southern grass skink ( o . aff . polychroma clade 5 )
frank , hermann 2017 . salvage of southern grass skinks ( oligosoma aff . polychroma clade 5 ) in an old riverbed of the rangitata south branch , canterbury , new zealand biogecko ( 4 ) : 35 - 48
patterson , g . b . ; daugherty , c . h . 1995 . reinstatement of the genus oligosoma ( reptilia : lacertilia : scincidae ) . j . royal soc . new zealand 25 ( 3 ) : 327 - 331
oligosoma skinks are both diurnal and nocturnal and and occur in diverse habitats from rocky and sandy shorelines , to forests , to subalpine habitats . nocturnal species tend to live in damp , thickly vegetated , lowland areas in northern new zealand .
sand dunes , grasslands , herbfields , wetlands , rocky areas including rock piles and scree , and scrub .
may live on ground , among rocks or among low dense vegetation ; ' striped ' form favours grass habitats .
' striped ' form : back light to dark straw - brown ( rarely dark grey ) with numerous smooth stripes , including dark brown mid - dorsal stripe continuous virtually to tip of intact tail ; sides with broad dark brown stripe above ( bordered by thin pale stripes ) and below this grey - brown .
' speckled ' form : back mid - to dark brown , with or without various stripes and with or without lighter and darker flecking or grey blotches , sides as for ' striped ' form but often more flecked .
' striped ' and ' speckled ' forms have throat grey - brown , and belly grey - brown to bright yellow , usually unmarked .
' seaward moss ' form reddish - to very dark brown or dark olive - green all over , sides marginally darker than back , undersurface marginally paler , the only markings a dark mid - dorsal stripe and often a blackish snout .
size up to 72 ( occasionally to 79 ) mm from snout tip to vent .
from central north island southwards to stewart island ; on south island mostly found east of main divide , western occurrence restricted to nelson and northern westland ; on stewart island possibly restricted to lowland areas .
' seaward moss ' form confined to the seaward moss conservation area near invercargill .
' striped ' form ranges from stewart island to north otago , on stephens island , and occurs sporadically in marlborough and the north island .
notes about nz threat classification ( hitchmough , et al 2007 ) : unstriped colour morph from seaward moss wetland in southland has declined markedly , possibly to extinction - cause unknown but possibly vegetation succession , normal striped morph remains common .
notes about 2012 - 14 cycle of nz threat classification for reptiles : ( hitchmough , et al .
2012 ) : declining trend documented at rotoiti , stable population trend documented at pukerua bay ; likely to be in decline , but possibly not at 10 % over 3 generations , elsewhere on the mainland .
declining trends on mainland likely offset by increases on islands eradicated of mammals ( and mainland sanctuaries ) .
chapple , d . g . ; hitchmough , r . a . ; jewell , 2009 . taxonomic instability of reptiles and frogs in new zealand : information to aid the use of jewell ( 2008 ) for species identification [ a comment on king 2009 and further commented by jewell ] . new zealand journal of zoology 36 : 59–71
chapple , david g . ; peter a . ritchie , charles h . daugherty 2009 . origin , diversification , and systematics of the new zealand skink fauna ( reptilia : scincidae ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 52 ( 2 ) : 470 - 487 - get paper here
hickson , robert e . ; kerryn e . slack and peter lockhart 2000 . phylogeny recapitulates geography , or why new zealand has so many species of skinks . biological journal of the linnean society 70 : 415–433 - get paper here
hitchmough , rodney a . ; geoffrey b . patterson , and david g . chapple 2016 . putting a name to diversity : taxonomy of the new zealand lizard fauna in : chapple , d . g . ( ed ) . new zealand lizards . springer , pp . 87 - 108 - get paper here
jewell , tony 2008 . a photographic guide to reptiles and amphibians of new zealand [ with corrections and comments in chapple & hitchmough 2009 ] . new holland publishers ( nz ) ltd , auckland , 143 pp .
patterson , g . b . and daugherty , c . h . 1990 . four new species and one new subspecies of skinks , genus leiolopisma ( reptilia : lacertilia : scincidae ) from new zealand . journal of the royal society of new zealand 20 ( 1 ) : 65 - 84 [ erratum p . 252 ]
verhaegh , sjuul 2015 . photo gallery : white - faced herons predating on southern grass skinks . biogecko ( 3 ) : 74
this database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .
monitoring is important in conservation management , essential for assessing population trends , making decisions and allocating resources . artificial retreats can offer a reliable , low impact and efficient method for monitoring cryptic herpetofauna . methods for monitoring artificial retreats vary between different conservation management programmes in new zealand , however , and a deeper understanding of the causes of these variations would encourage greater standardisation and enable more reliable comparisons to be made across temporal and spatial scales .
if you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .
explore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .
find out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .
did you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .
the atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .
< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =
/ manual / evidences
> more . . . < / a > < / p >
help pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .
you are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .
< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the ‘basket’ to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =
/ help / sequence - searches
> more . . < / a > < / p >
we ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe’s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
warning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .
allan wilson centre for molecular ecology and evolution , school of biological sciences , victoria university of wellington , wellington , 6140 , new zealand . carpenter . jk @ gmail . com .
school of biological sciences , university of canterbury , christchurch , 8140 , new zealand . carpenter . jk @ gmail . com .
allan wilson centre for molecular ecology and evolution , school of biological sciences , victoria university of wellington , wellington , 6140 , new zealand .
new zealand has a very diverse group of geckos and skinks . the distribution and habits of many are poorly known , and additional species are still being discovered , and others are being established through genetic studies . geckos are distinguished from skinks by having either velvet - like or bumpy skin and a fixed gaze ( they cannot blink ) . skinks are sleek and shiny with scales that shed one at a time and that shine in the sun .
( green ) geckos are diurnal and tend to be tree - dwelling , and favour shrubland and forest habitats but have been found in tussock grasslands of otago and are known to occur in plantation forests .
geckos ( usually darker colours such as brown ) are nocturnal , and favour rocky outcrops , gullies with rock or log cover and sometimes forest .
geckos to the untrained eye . some individuals have a bight mustard - yellow crescent on the nape of the neck , and often also with blotches of the same colour along body and tail .
geckos can be brightly coloured and have a distinctive orange / yellow mouth lining . they have slender toes and tend to be arboreal and primarily nocturnal .
geckos are slender and elegant animals with distinctive stripes . they are strictly arboreal in habit and nocturnal .
is the single species in the tukutuku genus and this species is only found on stewart island where it is most commonly located in sub alpine scrub .
lizards are critical for ecosystem processes ; they pollinate native plants and disperse native plant seeds through eating fruit .
predation by introduced mammals ( e . g . cats , rats , mustelids ) is the biggest threat posed to new zealand lizards , and lizards can become exceptionally abundant in the absence of mammalian predation . loss and / or fragmentation of habitat through development , habitat degradation by introduced browsing mammals ( e . g . pigs , livestock , deer , goats , possums ) , removal of logs and rocks , and excessive collecting also contribute to on - going declines of lizards over all parts of new zealand .
a small - bodied brown striped diurnal skink that can occupy a range of open habitats .
until very recently ( 2008 ) the canterbury grass skink was considered part of a widespread species called the “common skink” .
maintain wide and interconnected zones of potential lizard habitat , e . g . indigenous forest and shrubland , rocky gullies , cliffs and other distinctive habitat types .
raise awareness of staff and contractors of the presence of lizards and the need to protect them .
take photographs or write a detailed description when lizards are found . this can be used for later identification .
survey for lizards , particularly if first time planting is being considered for the area . note that planned surveys require a permit under the wildlife act ( contact doc for survey methods and permits ) .
whitaker and lyall 2004 . conservation of lizards of the west coast / tai poutini conservancy . 99p .
electronic atlas of the amphibians & reptiles of new zealand ( doc website ) .
department of conservation . 2002 . the penguin guide to new zealand wildlife : native and introduced birds , mammals , reptiles and amphibians . auckland , penguin .
gill b . , whitaker a . 1996 . new zealand frogs and reptiles . auckland , bateman .
department of conservation , te ara , landcare research and the new zealand herpetological society websites .
this translation tool is powered by google . fao is not responsible for the accuracy of translations .
angilletta mj jr , niewiarowski p , navas c ( 2002 ) the evolution of thermal physiology in ectotherms . j therm biol 27 : 249–268
antón fa , laborda e , de ariz m ( 1994 ) acute toxicity of the herbicide glyphosate to fish . chemosphere 28 : 745–753
baylis ad ( 2000 ) why glyphosate is a global herbicide : strengths , weaknesses and prospects . pest manage sci 56 : 299–308
besson aa , cree a ( 2011 ) integrating physiology into conservation : an approach to help guide translocations of a rare reptile in a warming environment . anim conserv 14 ( 1 ) : 28–37
böhm m , collen b , baillie je , bowles p , chanson j , cox n , cheylan m ( 2013 ) the conservation status of the world’s reptiles . biol conserv 157 : 372–385
: some consequences of high body temperature . in : wright jw , vitt lj ( eds ) biology of whiptail lizards . oklahoma museum of natural history , norman , pp 117–132
burger j ( 2006 ) neurotoxicology and behavioural effects in reptiles . in : gardner c , oberdörster e ( eds ) toxicology of reptiles . taylor and francis , new york , pp 173–198
cabanac aj , cabanac m ( 2004 ) no emotional fever in toads . j therm biol 29 : 669–673
campbell kr , campbell t ( 2002 ) a logical starting point for developing priorities for lizard and snake ecotoxicology : a review of available data . environ toxicol chem 21 : 894–898
) exposed to a glyphosate formulation using the micronucleus test and the comet assay . mutagen 22 : 263–268
chiari y , glaberman s , serén n , carretero ma , capellini i ( 2015 ) phylogenetic signal in amphibian sensitivity to copper sulfate relative to experimental temperature . ecol appl 25 : 596–602
davis m , meurk c ( 2001 ) protecting and restoring our natural heritage : a practical guide . technical report . new zealand department of conservation , new zealand
dmi’el ra ( 1972 ) effect of activity and temperature on metabolism and water loss in snakes . am j physiol—legacy content 23 : 510–516
duke so , powles s ( 2008 ) glyphosate : a once - in - a - century herbicide . pest manage sci 64 : 319–325
gibbon jw , scott d , ryan t , buhlmann k , tuberville t , metts b , greene j , mills t , leiden y , poppy s , winne c ( 2000 ) the global decline of reptiles , déjà vu amphibians . biosci 50 : 653–666
dill gm , sammons rd , feng pc , kohn f , kretzmer k , mehrsheikh a , haupfear ea ( 2010 ) glyphosate : discovery , development , applications , and properties . glyphosate resistance in crops and weeds : history , development , and management . wiley , hoboken , pp 1–33
hitchmough r , anderson p , barr b , monks j , lettink m , reardon j , tocher m , whitaker t ( 2013 ) conservation status of new zealand reptiles , 2012 . new zealand threat classification series 2 . department of conservation , wellington , new zealand
hopkins wa ( 2000 ) reptile toxicology : challenges and opportunities on the last frontier in vertebrate ecotoxicology . environ toxicol chem 19 : 2391–2393
hopkins wa ( 2006 ) use of tissue residues in reptile ecotoxicology : a call for integration and experimentalism . in : gardner c , oberdörster e ( eds ) toxicology of reptiles . taylor and francis , new york , pp 35–62
howe cm , berrill m , pauli b , helbing c , werry k , veldhoen n ( 2004 ) toxicity of glyphosate - based pesticides to four north american frog species . environ toxicol chem 23 : 1928–1938
mann rm , bidwell j ( 1999 ) the toxicity of glyphosate and several glyphosate formulations to four species of southwestern australian frogs . arch environ contam toxicol 36 ( 2 ) : 193–199
martin lj , murray b ( 2013 ) a preliminary assessment of the response of a native reptile assemblage to spot - spraying invasive bitou bush with glyphosate herbicide . ecol manag restor 14 : 59–62
merton d ( 1987 ) eradication of rabbits from round island , mauritius : a conservation success story . dodo j jersey wildl preserv trust 24 : 19–43
mineau p ( 2011 ) barking up the wrong perch : why we should stop ignoring non - dietary routes of pesticide exposure in birds . integr environ assess manage 7 : 297–299
neilson ka ( 2002 ) evaporative water loss as a restriction on habitat use in endangered new zealand endemic skinks . j herpetol 36 : 342–348
peixoto f ( 2005 ) comparative effects of the roundup and glyphosate on mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation . chemosphere 61 : 1115–1122
relyea ra ( 2012 ) new effects of roundup on amphibians : predators reduce herbicide mortality ; herbicides induce antipredator morphology . ecol appl 22 ( 2 ) : 634–647
( kunth ) lh bailey ) in hawaii volcanoes national park . pcsu technical report . cooperative national park resources studies unit , university of hawaii at manoa
) embryos and early hatchlings . environ toxicol chem 25 ( 10 ) : 2768–2774
r development core team ( 2013 ) r : a language and environment for statistical computing . r foundation for statistical computing , vienna , austria . isbn 3 - 900051 - 07 - 0 .
tsui mt , chu l ( 2003 ) aquatic toxicity of glyphosate - based formulations : comparison between different organisms and the effects of environmental factors . chemosphere 52 ( 7 ) : 1189–1197
wagner n , reichenbecher w , teichmann h , tappeser b , lötters s ( 2013 ) questions concerning the potential impact of glyphosate - based herbicides on amphibians . environ toxicol chem 32 ( 8 ) : 1688–1700
webb jk , whiting m ( 2005 ) why don’t small snakes bask ? juvenile broad - headed snakes trade thermal benefits for safety . oikos 110 : 515–522
weir sm , suski j , salice c ( 2010 ) ecological risk of anthropogenic pollutants to reptiles : evaluating assumptions of sensitivity and exposure . environ pollut 158 : 3596–3606
williams gm , kroes r , munro i ( 2000 ) safety evaluation and risk assessment of the herbicide roundup and its active ingredient , glyphosate , for humans . regul toxicol pharmacol 31 : 117–165