balaena is a genus of cetacean ( whale ) in the family balaenidae .

balaena is considered a monotypic genus , as it has only a single extant species , the bowhead whale ( b . mysticetus ) .

it was first described in 1758 by linnaeus , who at the time considered all of the right whales ( and the bowhead ) as a single species .

historically , both the family balaenidae and genus balaena were known by the common name , " right whales " , however balaena are now known as bowhead whales .

throughout history , the family balaenidae has been the subject of great taxonomic debate .

authorities have repeatedly recategorized the three populations of right whale plus the bowhead whale , as one , two , three or four species , either in a single genus or in two separate genera .

in the early whaling days , they were all thought to be a single species , balaena mysticetus .

eventually , it was recognized that bowheads and right whales were in fact different .

later , morphological factors such as differences in the skull shape of northern and southern right whales indicated at least two species of right whale — one in the northern hemisphere , the other in the southern ocean .

as recently as 1998 , dale rice , in his comprehensive and otherwise authoritative classification , marine mammals of the world : systematics and distribution , listed just two species : balaena glacialis ( the right whales ) and balaena mysticetus ( the bowheads ) .

a dna study by rosenbaum in 2000 , and another study by churchill in 2007 finally provided clear evidence to conclude that the three living right whale species do comprise a phylogenetic lineage , distinct from the bowhead , and that the bowhead and the right whales are rightly classified into two separate genera .

the right whales , therefore , are now officially in the eubalaena genus .

the fossil record of balaena , dating to the late miocene , encompasses ten species known from finds in europe , north america , and south america .

balena , described by scopoli in 1777 , and leiobalaena , described by eschricht in 1849 , are junior synonyms of balaena .

balaena

balaena may be derived from the genus balaena , which contains the bowhead whales .
the bowhead whale ( balaena mysticetus ) is a species of the family balaenidae , in suborder mysticeti , and genus balaena , which once included the right whale .
' the balaena ' - a whaling song with old photos from dundee , scotland .
blue balaenas are blue with yellow gas bags . they can drop big balaena sand bags .
' the balaena ' - a whaling song with old photos from dundee , scotland . - youtube
mix - ' the balaena ' - a whaling song with old photos from dundee , scotland .
a high - coverage genome of the bowhead whale ( balaena mysticetus ) , the longest - lived mammal .
shelden , k . , d . rugh . 1995 . the bowhead whale , balaena mysticetus : its historic and current status .
[ 0021 ] george et al . ( 1999 ) , age and growth estimates of bowhead whales ( balaena mysticetus ) via aspartic acid racemization
kovacs m . k . , bowhead whale ( balaena mysticetus ) . environmental monitoring of svalbard and jan mayen . retrieved on 27 may 2014
what made you want to look up balaena ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .
[ 0890 ] zeh et al . ( 2002 ) , survival of bowhead whales , balaena mysticetus , estimated from 1981 - 1998 photoidentification data ( pubmed )
krutzikowsky , g . , b . mate . 2000 . dive and surfacing characteristics of bowhead whales ( * balaena mysticetus * ) in the beaufort and chukchi seas .
purple balaenas are mauve and reddish - purple in coloration with blue gas sacs . they can drop big balaena water bags . they are only found in primordia waters .
balaena prisca , one of the five balaena fossils from the late miocene ( ~ 10 mya ) to early pleistocene ( ~ 1 . 5 mya ) , may be the same as the modern bowhead whale . the earlier fossil record shows no related cetacean after morenocetus , found in a south american deposit dating back 23 million years .
to cite this page : justice , j . 2002 .
balaena mysticetus
( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken
search for ' balaena mysticetus ' returned 9 matching records . click on one of the taxon names listed below to check the details . [ new search ] [ direct link ]
european cetacean society . bowhead whales ( balaena mysticetus ) sighting in the franz josef land area . archived 23 may 2014 at the wayback machine . . retrieved on 24 may 2014
george , j . , j . bada , j . zeh , l . scott , s . brown . 1999 . age and growth estimates of bowhead whales ( * balaena mysticetus * ) via aspartic acid racemization .
bowhead whale ( balaena mysticetus ) scientific name : balaena mysticetus higher classification : balaena rank : species , kingdom : animalia , phylum : chordata , class : mammalia , order : cetacea , suborder : mysticeti , family : balaenidae , genus : balaena , species : b . mysticetus , type : mammal , diet : carnivores , size : about 14 m ( 46 ft ) to 18 m ( 59 ft ) in length , weight : as much as 100 tons , lifespan : live for more than 100 years , possibly up to 200 years , * * balaena mysticetus , is a species of the right whale family balaenidae , in suborder mysticeti , and genus balaena . a stocky dark - colored whale without a dorsal fin , it can grow 14 m ( 46 ft ) to 18 m ( 59 ft ) in length . this thick - bodied species can weigh from 75 tonnes ( 74 long tons ; 83 short tons ) to 100 tonnes ( 98 long tons ; 110 short tons ) . [ 3 ] they live entirely in fertile arctic and sub - arctic waters , unlike other whales that migrate to low latitude waters to feed or reproduce . the bowhead was also known as the greenland right whale or arctic whale . american whalemen called them the steeple - top , polar whale , [ 4 ] or russia or russian whale . the bowhead has the largest mouth of any animal . more info : urltoken
ford jr , t . j . ; werth , a . j . ; george , j . c . ( 2013 ) .
an intraoral thermoregulatory organ in the bowhead whale ( balaena mysticetus ) , the corpus cavernosum maxillaris
.
gross a . , 2010 background document for bowhead whale balaena mysticetus . the ospar convention and musée des matériaux du centre de recherche sur les monuments historiques . isbn 978 - 1 - 907390 - 35 - 7 . retrieved on 24 may 2014
clark , c . , w . ellison . 2000 . bioacoustics ( 80 ) - calibration and comparison of the acoustic location methods used during the spring migration of the bowhead whale , balaena mysticetus , off pt . barrow , alaska , 1984 - 1993 .
we had a fantastic time at cafe balaena , dean really creates a fabulous atmosphere and his humor that is infectious . my husband thoroughly enjoyed having a banter and laugh with him . the setting on these cool june evenings was warm and inviting with gas heaters . . .
the okhotsk sea bowhead is a subpopulation of balaena mysticetus linnaeus , 1758 . see also global assessment for the bowhead whale . genetic analyses have confirmed that the okhotsk sea bowheads are distinct from the bering - chukchi - beaufort sea bowheads and are a separate , isolated subpopulation ( leduc et al . 2005 ) .
carl linnaeus first described this whale in the 10th edition of his systema naturae ( 1758 ) . [ 8 ] seemingly identical to its cousins in the north atlantic , north pacific and southern oceans , they were all thought to be a single species , collectively known as the
right whale
, and given the binomial name balaena mysticetus .
this song , ' the balaena ' , is a whaling song from old dundee ( sung here by lowland folk ) and is taken from a vinyl album i ' ve had for many years . my great grandfather was apparently a whaler from dundee , but i have no idea if he ever sailed on this ' balaena ' ! what i do know is that on one of his trips to greenland he got iced in for so long that when he got back home he walked in and frightened my great grandmother who , of course , had given up hope for his safe return , and took him for a stranger . if he happened to return today he would ( no doubt ) be very disappointed to find that this great grandchild is very anti - whaling ! but the world & its situations have changed greatly in the last 100 or so years ! anyway , i hope you like this great old song & the visuals .
reilly , s . b . , bannister , j . l . , best , p . b . , brown , m . , brownell jr . , r . l . , butterworth , d . s . , clapham , p . j . , cooke , j . , donovan , g . , urbán , j . & zerbini , a . n . ( 2012 ) . balaena mysticetus . the iucn red list of threatened species doi : 10 . 2305 / iucn . uk . 2012 . rlts . t2467a17879018 . en
historical range could have been broader and more southern than that of currently regarded as bowheads had been abundant among labrador and newfoundland ( strait of belle isle ) , and northern gulf of st . lawrence at least until 16th and 17th century although it is unclear this was whether or not due to colder climate of those periods . [ 36 ] distributions of balaena during pleistocene were far more southerly as fossils have been excavated from italy and north carolina , and thus could have overlapped between those of eubalaena based on locations where fossils have been excavated . [ 37 ]
currently , three species of right whales are recognized by scientists . they are the north pacific right whale ( eubalaena japonica ) , the north atlantic right whale ( eubalaena glacialis ) and the southern right whale ( eubalaena australis ) . while recent genetic data supports this three - species taxonomy , right whales in the north atlantic and north pacific are still listed under the endangered species act as a single species ( balaena glacialis ) . separate listing of the north pacific right whale would force the preparation of a recovery plan and other actions to protect the species and its habitat .
balaena vista is a development of self catering apartments located in st . helena bay along the west coast of south africa . we offer a combination of one , two and four bedroom units in a rustic location . the apartments offer an unspoilt 180 degree view of the bay , a haven for dolphins and whales throughout the year . the apartments have easy access to shops , restaurants and numerous tourist attractions , including the west coast and boland wine routes , while still within driving distance of the family holiday havens of langebaan and saldanha . more information is provided under the local information section . take a look at our accomodation page to find out more about what we can offer you and your family on your holiday !
what other hervey bay cafe can offer you the stunning views over the marina to fraser island ? at night you can enjoy the beauty as the moon rise over the water or see the raw power of nature as storms light up the sky over fraser island . whether you choose to come for breakfast , lunch or dinner you will be able to choose from an extensive menu that showcases the freshest and finest ingredients that hervey bay and the fraser coast has to offer . we cater for all tastes and all dietary requirements . no matter what time you choose to visit cafe balaena you will always find the atmosphere to be relaxed and easy going . soft music in the background . . . warm sun and gentle breezes in summer . . . cozy warmth on our cool winter nights . . . and the very best that hervey bay has to offer . . . you simply won ' t find a cafe with a better atmosphere in hervey bay .
show me : neomonachus schauinslandi arctocephalus pusillus arctocephalus tropicalis arctocephalus forsteri arctocephalus australis arctocephalus galapagoensis arctocephalus philippii a . p . philippii a . p . townsendi callorhinus ursinus zalophus japonicus zalophus californianus zalophus wollebaeki eumetopias jubatus neophoca cinerea phocarctos hookeri otaria byronia odobenus rosmarus erignathus barbatus phoca vitulina phoca largha pusa hispida p . h . ladogensis p . h . saimensis pusa caspica pusa sibirica halichoerus grypus pagophilus groenlandicus histriophoca fasciata cystophora cristata monachus tropicalis monachus monachus monachus schauinslandi mirounga leonina mirounga angustirostris leptonychotes weddellii ommatophoca rossii lobodon carcinophaga hydrurga leptonyx ursus maritimus enhydra lutris lontra felina neovison macrodon eubalaena glacialis eubalaena japonica eubalaena australis balaena mysticetus caperea marginata eschrichtius robustus megaptera novaeangliae balaenoptera acutorostrata balaenoptera bonaerensis balaenoptera edeni b . e . brydei balaenoptera omurai balaenoptera borealis balaenoptera physalus b . p . physalus b . p . quoyi balaenoptera musculus b . m . brevicauda physeter macrocephalus kogia breviceps kogia sima ziphius cavirostris tasmacetus shepherdi indopacetus pacificus hyperoodon ampullatus hyperoodon planifrons mesoplodon hectori mesoplodon mirus mesoplodon europaeus mesoplodon bidens mesoplodon grayi mesoplodon perrini mesoplodon peruvianus mesoplodon bowdoini mesoplodon traversii mesoplodon carlhubbsi mesoplodon ginkgodens mesoplodon stejnegeri mesoplodon layardii mesoplodon densirostris mesoplodon hotaula platanista gangetica inia geoffrensis inia boliviensis lipotes vexillifer pontoporia blainvillei monodon monoceros delphinapterus leucas cephalorhynchus commersonii cephalorhynchus eutropia cephalorhynchus heavisidii cephalorhynchus hectori c . h . hectori c . h . maui steno bredanensis sousa teuszii sousa chinensis sousa plumbea sousa sahulensis sp . nov . sotalia fluviatilis sotalia guianensis tursiops truncatus tursiops aduncus stenella attenuata stenella frontalis stenella longirostris stenella clymene stenella coeruleoalba delphinus delphis delphinus capensis lagenorhynchus albirostris lagenorhynchus acutus lagenorhynchus obliquidens lagenorhynchus obscurus lagenorhynchus australis lagenorhynchus cruciger lissodelphis borealis lissodelphis peronii grampus griseus peponocephala electra feresa attenuata pseudorca crassidens orcinus orca globicephala melas globicephala macrorhynchus orcaella brevirostris orcaella heinsohni neophocaena phocaenoides phocoena phocoena phocoena sinus phocoena spinipinnis phocoena dioptrica phocoenoides dalli trichechus manatus trichechus senegalensis trichechus inunguis dugong dugon hydrodamalis gigas or
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urltoken
thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
the taxonomy of the bowhead whale is not in doubt . there are four identified subpopulations two of which ( okhotsk sea and east greenland - svalbard - barents sea ) have separate iucn red list assessments .
the global ( pan - arctic ) population of the bowhead whale appears to be increasing , due primarily to the well - documented increase in the large bering – chukchi – beaufort seas subpopulation ( also known as the western arctic population or stock ) . the global population size , at over 25 , 000 animals , is well above the iucn red list vulnerable threshold for a non - declining population . the bering – chukchi – beaufort subpopulation ( estimated to be over 16 , 000 and increasing at 3 % per year or more ) may have recovered to near or even above its level prior to commercial whaling . the east canada – west greenland subpopulation is estimated to exceed 4 , 000 , and has probably been increasing but is still below its pre - whaling level . bowhead whale numbers in the east greenland – svalbard – barents sea subpopulation remain at a small fraction of pre - whaling abundance with no estimate of trend . the main reduction in the global population occurred before the three - generation time window that would trigger the red list population reduction ( a ) criterion . the east greenland – svalbard – barents sea and okhotsk sea subpopulations have separate red list assessments , in addition to being included in this global assessment .
bowhead whales are found only in arctic and subarctic regions . until recently they have spent much of their lives in and near sea ice and they migrate seasonally to avoid ice entrapment and to take advantage of food concentrations ( moore and reeves 1993 ) . with the reduction of sea ice cover , bowhead whales now occur increasingly in open water during the summer ( moore 2016 ) . the scientific committee of the international whaling commission ( iwc ) has traditionally recognized five stocks named for the regions in which bowheads occur : bering – chukchi – beaufort seas ; hudson bay – foxe basin ; davis strait – baffin bay ; svalbard – barents sea ( spitsbergen ) ; and okhotsk sea ( rugh et al . 2003 ) . movements of tagged bowheads indicating somewhat overlapping ranges , and lack of clear genetic differences , has discredited the traditional distinction between the hudson bay – foxe basin and the davis strait – baffin bay populations ( heide - jørgensen et al . 2006 , postma et al . 2006 , alter et al . 2012 , iwc 2012 ) . four main subpopulations are now recognized : bering – chukchi – beaufort seas ; east canada – west greenland ; east greenland – svalbard – barents sea ; and okhotsk sea . the boundary between the bering – chukchi – beaufort seas and eastern canada – west greenland subpopulations is liable to become more porous as sea ice cover diminishes ( heide - jørgensen et al . 2012 ) .
with the exception of the okhotsk sea , genetic divergence between bowhead whales in different parts of their range appears to be low , and there is some evidence of movement between the main areas of occurrence ( iwc 2013 ) . the okhotsk sea subpopulation appears to be genetically and geographically isolated .
based on direct observations and telemetry , the summer range of the bering – chukchi – beaufort seas subpopulation extends from chaunskaya guba ( russian federation ) in the western chukchi sea through the beaufort sea and east to amundsen gulf ( canada ) and viscount melville sound ( heide - jørgensen et al . 2012 ) . most of the whales appear to migrate into the bering sea in winter ( iwc 2013 , quakenbush et al . 2012 , citta et al . 2015 ) . in the 19 th century , substantial catches were also taken in summer in the bering sea , but the climatic conditions were quite different then than at the present ( iwc 2013 )
bowhead whales belonging to the east canada – west greenland subpopulation are observed in hudson bay , foxe basin , hudson strait , davis strait , baffin bay , gulf of boothia , prince regent inlet , and other waters of the canadian arctic archipelago . tracking of satellite - tagged whales has confirmed movements from foxe basin through fury and hecla strait into the gulf of boothia and prince regent inlet , and from cumberland sound into prince regent inlet , gulf of boothia , foxe basin , and hudson strait , while animals tagged in west greenland moved to prince regent inlet and hudson strait ( heide - jørgensen et al . 2012 ) . the whales move out of the summering areas as ice forms in autumn to wintering areas in polynyas ( holst and stirling 1999 ) , unconsolidated pack ice , and open water near the ice edge off west greenland ( reeves and heide - jørgensen 1996 ) and eastern baffin island . sightings and strandings have occurred in recent years in the western north atlantic as far south as newfoundland ( ledwell et al . 2007 ) and the gulf of maine ( accardo et al . in press ) .
the east greenland – svalbard – barents sea subpopulation occurs from the east coast of greenland across the greenland sea , including the northeast water polynya off northeastern greenland , in the barents sea , in the franz josef land archipelago , and in the kara sea at least as far as far as severnaya zemlya . there have also been sightings further south , exceptionally reaching iceland and the coast of finnmark . vagrants have been observed as far south as the western british isles and france ( de boer
. 2014 ) . there is no evidence of migration into or out of the okhotsk sea .
. 2011 ) . bowheads also commonly feed on mysids and gammarid amphipods , and the diet includes at least 60 species ( lowry 1993 ) .
the seasonal distribution of bowhead whales is strongly influenced by prey availability and pack ice conditions ( moore and reeves 1993 ) . during the winter , they occur within areas of sea ice ( stafford
2015 ) . during the spring , they use leads and cracks in the ice to penetrate areas that were inaccessible during the winter due to heavy ice coverage . during the summer and autumn , they concentrate in areas where zooplankton production is high or where large - scale biophysical processes create local concentrations of calanoid copepods ( finley 1990 , finley
2017 ) . nearly all life history data come from the bering – chukchi – beaufort seas population . female age at sexual maturity is estimated at 18 - 33 years ( rosa
. ( 2007 ) estimated the mean generation time for bowhead whales to be about 52 years , assuming an age at first reproduction of 20 years . females give birth every 3 - 7 years ( rugh
limited subsistence whaling on the bering – chukchi – beaufort subpopulation by indigenous people of alaska and chukotka is permitted by the iwc on the basis of advice from its scientific committee ( under its aboriginal subsistence whaling management procedure ) . small hunts are also authorized in canadian waters under co - management agreements between federal agencies and indigenous communities , and in west greenland under the iwc management procedure . the reported average annual take in alaska and chukotka during 2006 - 15 was about 55 animals struck of which about 75 % were successfully landed ( allison 2017 , suydam et al . 2017 ) .
extensive commercial hunting , beginning in the 1500s , depleted bowhead whales throughout their range . commercial whaling for the species has been prohibited under international conventions since the 1930s . the limited subsistence whaling by indigenous communities mentioned above has not impeded the recovery of the affected populations .
accidental human - caused deaths are relatively few . during 2010 - 15 , two dead - stranded and one live bowhead were observed to be entangled with fishing gear but it was unclear whether the entanglement was the cause of death . of the bowhead whales taken in alaskan hunts during 1990 - 2012 , 12 % showed scars or wounds from fishing gear and 2 % showed scars or wounds from ship strikes ( george et al . 2017a ) .
there has been concern since the 1970s that disturbance from oil and gas exploration and extraction activities in the arctic region would affect bowhead whales . effects on diving behavior ( robertson et al . 2013 ) and calling rates ( blackwell et al . 2015 ) in the vicinity of seismic surveys have been observed , but to date there has been no discernible population - level impact . examination of whales taken in subsistence hunts off alaska since 1980 found relatively low levels of morbidity , which would be consistent with an increasing population and good individual animal health ( george et al . 2017b ) .
during this century , a profound reduction in the extent and thickness of sea ice in the arctic has occurred and this reduction is predicted to continue , possibly leading eventually to the complete disappearance of sea ice in summer as mean arctic temperatures rise faster than the global average ( frey et al . 2015 ) . the short - term effects of reduced ice cover on bowhead whales in the western arctic appear to be positive , due to increased feeding opportunities ( george et al . 2015 , moore 2016 ) . however , the long - term effects are less clear . the emergence of bowheads as a separate , ice - adapted species may have coincided with the appearance of sea ice in the late pliocene , and bowheads could lose out to non - ice - adapted species in the long term , but no projections of the time scale of such an eventuality are available ( harington 2008 , iwc 2016 ) .
there is also concern that , as the sea ice diminishes , the opening up of the arctic to increased vessel traffic , fishing activities , and extractive industries will increase human - caused impacts on bowhead whales ( reeves et al . 2012 , 2014 ) .
bowhead whales were legally protected from commercial whaling under the international convention for the regulation of whaling ( icrw ) since its entry into force in 1948 , and by its predecessor the convention on the regulation of whaling since the 1930s . all range states except canada are parties to the icrw . limited aboriginal subsistence whaling of bowhead whales is allowed by the iwc ( the regulatory body established under the icrw ) from the bering - chukchi - beaufort seas stock and off west greenland on the basis of scientific advice ( see threats section ) . hunting by indigenous people in canada is co - managed by the federal government and regional bodies created under land - claim agreements . the bowhead whale has been included in the convention on international trade in endangered species appendix i since 1975 and it is listed on the convention on the conservation of migratory species of wild animals appendix i . bowhead whales are managed under national threatened species legislation in the u . s . a . , canada , and the russian federation .
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) once inhabited oceans throughout the northern hemisphere . over the last hundred years the population of bowhead whales has been greatly reduced into five geographically secluded stocks . these stocks are : the spitsbergen stock , which inhabit the north atlantic ; the davis strait and hudson bay stocks , which both inhabit the west - northern atlantic ; the okhotsk stock , which are found in the okhotsk sea ; and bering sea stock , found in the area of the bering sea ( shelden and rugh 1995 ) . bowhead whales inhabit the arctic ocean and associated seas . they are rarely found below 45 degrees north latitude ( nowak 1999 ) .
lives in the colder waters of the northern hemisphere . of the current total population , approximately 700 are found in the north atlantic while 7 , 000 are located in the north pacific .
usually follow the receding ice drifts ( shelden and rugh 1995 ) . during summer they can be found in bays , straits , and estuaries ( nowak 1999 ) .
) . the name
bowhead
comes from their bow - shaped mouth . the lower jaw makes a u - shape around the upper jaw . this lower jaw is usually marked with white spots , contrasting with the rest of the whale ' s black body ( nowak 1999 ) . baleen in the bowhead whale ' s mouth is the largest of any cetacean with 300 baleen plates measuring 300 - 450 centimeters in vertical length . the skull makes up almost one - third of the total body length , is curved and asymetric ( lanier 1998 ) . bowhead whales , on average , are sixty feet in length and weigh around 100 tons . contributing to the whale ' s mass is a two foot thick layer of insulating blubber ( nicklen 2000 ) .
also has a small pectoral fin for its size , less than 200 centimeters in length ( nowak 1999 ) . bowhead whale females measure between 16 and 18 meters in length , males measure between 14 and 17 meters in length . bowhead whales weigh from 75 , 000 to 100 , 000 kg .
through songs . it is unknown how long these pair bonds last or how many matings male bowhead whales take part in during mating season .
usually occurs during late winter and early spring . spring migration takes place soon after this and the female gives birth between april and june , with most births occurring in may . it takes twenty years for a bowhead whale calf to reach sexual maturity . at this time , they can be between 12 . 3 and 14 . 2 m in length ( shelden and rugh 1995 ) . females usually reach sexual maturity before males and are also 1 to 2 meters larger than males at this time ( george et al . 1999 ) . in some cases pseudohermaphroditism can occur , leaving a whale to appear female , but also having male sex organs ( shelden and rugh 1995 ) .
( george , et al . , 1999 ; shelden and rugh , 1995 )
breeding interval typical calving intervals are every 3 to 4 years in bowhead whales .
when a calf is born , its average length is 4 . 25 to 5 . 25 m . calves grow approximately 1 . 5 cm a day . the calf is fed with its mother ' s milk until it is weaned , which occurs between nine and fifteen months after birth . after weaning , growth rate decreases . after births occur , whales segregate into groups in order to migrate . calves and mothers are in the front group . perhaps this is to allow them to be the first to feed on food aggregations that are encountered . for the most part it seems that females take care of the young , although there have been some cases of
travelling in groups of three : a mature male , a mature female , and a calf ( shelden and rugh 1995 ) .
has a remarkable lifespan . the average age of animals captured during whaling is estimated at 60 to 70 years old , based on examination of changes in the nucleus of the eye over time . however , several individuals have been discovered with ancient ivory and stone harpoon heads in their flesh and examination of their eye nucleus has resulted in estimated lifespans up to 200 years ( george et al . 1999 ) , making bowhead whales the longest lived mammalian species . there is little knowlege of diseases in
when migrating , bowhead whales divide into three smaller groups in which to migrate during the spring and fall . the groups they segregate into are : subadults , intermediate mature whales , and large adults . each of the five stocks show distinct migration patterns dependent on the supply of food and the extension or recession of the polar ice cap ( shelden and rugh 1995 ) .
is a baleen whale , which means that they filter water through baleen plates , feeding on the organisms caught in the plates and pushing the rest of the water out .
can sometimes feed opportunistically during the spring migration , but mostly feed during the winter months on their feeding grounds . they eat crustacean zooplankton , epibenthic organisms , and some benthic organisms . crustacean zooplankton , such as copepods , are not important food sources for young
, but increase in importance with age ( shelden and rugh 1995 ) . copepods are small crustaceans , which a bowhead whale can filter at approximately 50 , 000 per minute ( stover 2001 ) .
sometimes form groups of up to fourteen individuals , in which they make a v - shape formation . in this formation they travel at the same speed and filter feed together ( nowak 1999 ) .
bowhead whales are protected from predators by their large size . they are also known to take shelter under ice drifts . as the oceanic waters of the polar regions become frozen , bowhead whales will swim beneath the extending polar ice cap . in order to survive under the ice cap ,
can break through the ice in order to breathe without making themselves accessible to other marine predators ( stover 2001 ) . in a study in 1995 , it was found that one - third of the animals of the davis strait stock showed scars from killer whale attacks ( shelden and rugh 1995 ) .
as both a mode of transportation and a way to encounter fresh food supplies ( lanier 1998 ) . bowhead whales play an important role as predators of plankton in the arctic ocean .
is a benefit to the whaling industry . because of their large size , one whale can bring a large bounty of whale meat , massive baleen , and the blubber for which it is primarily hunted . in fact ,
is the most economically valuable of all cetaceans ( nowak 1999 ) . many native people such as eskimos also depend on these resources for the survival of their communities economically by using baleen for tools , blubber for fuel , and whale meat for food and trade ( nicklen 1995 ) .
may interfere with humans is in marine fishing . the large bowhead whale has been known to collide with sailing vessels on rare occassions as well as get caught in nets fishing for other oceanic life ( shelden and rugh 1995 ) .
involve reducing or ending the hunting of this species . agencies who are playing parts in the conservation of the species are the alaskan eskimo whaling commission ( aewc ) and the national oceanic and atmospheric administration ( noaa ) ( shelden and rugh 1995 ) . native people have been allowed to take only one whale every two years ( nicklen 2000 ) . whale populations plummeted as a result of a huge expansion in the whaling industry from the 1600s to the early 1900s ( shelden and rugh 1995 ) .
james justice ( author ) , university of northern iowa , jim demastes ( editor ) , university of northern iowa .
the body of water between europe , asia , and north america which occurs mostly north of the arctic circle .
the body of water between africa , europe , the southern ocean ( above 60 degrees south latitude ) , and the western hemisphere . it is the second largest ocean in the world after the pacific ocean .
body of water between the southern ocean ( above 60 degrees south latitude ) , australia , asia , and the western hemisphere . this is the world ' s largest ocean , covering about 28 % of the world ' s surface .
having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .
humans benefit economically by promoting tourism that focuses on the appreciation of natural areas or animals . ecotourism implies that there are existing programs that profit from the appreciation of natural areas or animals .
animals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature . endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia , although it may have arisen in a ( now extinct ) synapsid ancestor ; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities . convergent in birds .
a method of feeding where small food particles are filtered from the surrounding water by various mechanisms . used mainly by aquatic invertebrates , especially plankton , but also by baleen whales .
offspring are produced in more than one group ( litters , clutches , etc . ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ) . iteroparous animals must , by definition , survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ) .
the area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .
the regions of the earth that surround the north and south poles , from the north pole to 60 degrees north and from the south pole to 60 degrees south .
reproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female .
animal constituent of plankton ; mainly small crustaceans and fish larvae . ( compare to phytoplankton . )
raloof , j . 2000 . cetacean seniors : whales that give new meaning to longevity .
stover , d . 2001 . science and technology : the wisest whale of the sea .
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ewan maccoll & a . l . lloyd - south australia ( sea shanty )
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linnaeus , c . ( 1758 ) . systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima , reformata . laurentius salvius : holmiae . ii , 824 pp . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 75 [ details ]
van der land , j . ( 2001 ) . tetrapoda , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 375 - 376 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
university of michigan museum of zoology . animal diversity web . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
mead , j . g . ; brownell , r . l . jr . ( 2005 ) . cetacea . in wilson , d . e . & d . m . reeder ( eds ) . mammal species of the world . a taxonomic and geographic reference ( 3rd ed ) , johns hopkins university press , 2 , 142 pp . 723 - - 743 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
rice , d . w . ( 1998 ) . marine mammals of the world . systematics and distribution . society for marine mammalogy special publication . 4 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
hershkovitz , p . ( 1966 ) . catalog of living whales . bulletin of the united states national museum . ( 246 ) : 1 - 259 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
jefferson , t . a . , m . a . webber and r . l . pitman . ( 2008 ) . marine mammals of the world . academic press , amsterdam . [ details ]
perrin , w . f . ; würsig , b . ; thewissen , j . g . m . ( 2009 ) . encyclopedia of marine mammals . second edition . academic press : london . isbn 978 - 0 - 12 - 373553 - 9 . xxix , 1316 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
type specimen type locality greenland seas . no type specimen ; based on the greenland right whale of whalers and authors . [ details ]
these whale - like creatures ' dorsal sacs house vaporized biofluid that swells the organs like hot - air balloons , granting them aerial mobility . in rare cases , these dorsal sacs remain inflated after death , resulting in the carcass remaining airborne for years , and causing unique ecologies to form around them .
though generally slow , jet mechanisms near their tails allow for high - speed locomotion . they can also shell foes from afar with a kind of biological mortar . monogamous in nature , balaenas produce a single offspring every three years , the rearing of which is handled by both partners . this period of raising young is streaked with irritability , resulting in the predation of creatures that the usually gentle balaenas would typically regard as symbionts .
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banks , r . c . , r . w . mcdiarmid , and a . l . gardner
checklist of vertebrates of the united states , the u . s . territories , and canada
mead , james g . , and robert l . brownell , jr . / wilson , don e . , and deeann m . reeder , eds .
mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vol . 1
mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 2nd ed . , 3rd printing
with contributions by bernadette n . graham , adam p . potter , and mariana m . upmeyer
status : cites - appendix i ; u . s . esa - endangered ; iucn - critically endangered ( spitzbergen population ) , endangered ( okhotsk sea subpopulation and baffin bay - davis strait stock ) , vulnerable ( hudson bay - foxe basin stock ) , lower risk ( cd ) ( bering - chukchi - beauf . . .
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
the taxonomy is not in doubt . there are five traditionally recognised geographical populations . the species was once commonly known in the north atlantic and adjacent arctic as the greenland right whale . however , the common name bowhead whale is now used almost exclusively for the species .
justification : this species is assessed as not applicable as it is of marginal occurrence in the european mammal assessment region .
bowhead whales are found only in arctic and subarctic regions . they spend much of their lives in and near the pack ice , migrating to the high arctic in summer , and retreating southward in winter with the advancing ice edge ( moore and reeves 1993 ) . the iwc recognises five stocks : bering - chukchi - beaufort sea ; hudson bay - fox basin ; davis strait - baffin bay ; spitsbergen ; and the okhotsk sea ( rugh et al . 2003 ) . the spitsbergen stock extends from the east coast of greenland across the greenland sea , the barents sea and the kara sea as far as severnaya zemlya , and going as far south as the ice front , exceptionally reaching iceland and the coast of finnmark ( norway ) .
current population size the range - wide abundance is not known with precision but numbers over 10 , 000 individuals , with 10 , 500 ( 8 , 200 - 13 , 500 ) ( in 2001 ) in the bering - chukchi - beaufort seas ( zeh and punt 2005 ) , and a provisional estimate of 7 , 300 ( 3 , 100 - 16 , 900 ) for a part of the range of the hudson bay - foxe basin and baffin bay - davis strait stocks ( cosens et al . 2006 ) . there are no reliable abundance estimates for the small okhotsk sea and spitsbergen stocks . population trends the bering - chukchi - beaufort ( bcb ) population has been monitored for more than 30 years and has been increasing over this period at an estimated rate of 3 . 4 % ( 1 . 7 % - 5 % ) per year in the presence of subsistence hunting ( zeh and punt 2005 ) . no quantitative estimates of trends in the other bowhead populations are available , but inuit hunters and elders report that they are observing more bowheads in the eastern canadian arctic than they did in the 1960s - 1970s , and that the geographic distribution of the whales has expanded in recent years . no estimates of population trend are available for the svalbard - barents sea and okhotsk sea stocks . pre - whaling population sizes all bowhead populations were severely depleted by commercial whaling , which was established in the north - eastern atlantic by 1611 ( ross 1993 ) . basque whalers took bowheads in the north - west atlantic ( labrador ) in the 16th century , but ambiguities over the species identity of whales taken in early commercial whaling make pre - 1600 catch records difficult to interpret . minimum pre - whaling stock sizes are estimated to have been 24 , 000 for the svalbard - barents sea stock , 12 , 000 for the hudson bay - foxe basin and baffin bay - davis strait stocks , and 3 , 000 for the okhotsk sea stock ( woodby and botkin 1993 ) . the spitsbergen and okhotsk sea stocks are at a small fraction of their pre - whaling levels . demographic parameters a high longevity ( > 100 years ) is suggested by biochemical methods and the finding of old - fashioned stone harpoon heads in harvested animals ( george et al . 1999 ) . if this high longevity is confirmed , it would be among the longest known for a mammal .
the seasonal distribution is strongly influenced by pack ice ( moore and reeves 1993 ) . during the winter they occur in areas near the ice edge , in polynyas , and in areas of unconsolidated pack ice . during the spring these whales use leads and cracks in the ice to penetrate areas that were inaccessible during the winter due to heavy ice coverage . during the summer and autumn they concentrate in areas where zooplankton production is high or where large - scale biophysical processes create local concentrations of calanoid copepods ( finley 1990 , finley et al . 1998 ) . small to medium - sized crustaceans , especially krill and copepods , form the bulk of the bowhead ' s diet ( lowry et al . 2004 ) . they also feed on mysids and gammarid amphipods , and the diet includes at least 60 species . bowheads skim feed at the surface and feed in the water column . it has recently been suggested that they also feed near the bottom , but probably do not directly ingest sediments as gray whales routinely do . during surface skim feeding , coordinated group patterns have been observed , including whales feeding in echelon ( v - shaped ) formation .
heavy commercial hunting , beginning in the 1500s , depleted all populations of bowheads . the bering - chukchi - beaufort sea stock has recovered substantially since the end of commercial hunting in the early 20th century to around 10 , 000 animals , while recent provisional estimates of the hudson bay - foxe basin and baffin bay - davis strait stocks suggest that a significant recovery has probably occurred . there is no reliable evidence of recovery of the svalbard - barents sea and okhotsk sea stocks . limited aboriginal subsistence whaling on the bcb stock ( by native peoples of alaska and chukotka ) is permitted by the iwc on the basis of advice from its scientific committee ( most recently under its new aboriginal subsistence whaling management procedure ) . these takes have not impeded the recovery of the stock . very small takes by indigenous hunters are allowed in canadian waters , so far too few to seriously impede recovery of the stocks , but there will be pressure to increase these takes given the recent , higher population estimates for the eastern canadian arctic . there has been concern since the 1970s that disturbance from oil and gas exploration and extraction activities in the arctic region might affect bowhead whales . there is also evidence of incidental mortality and serious injury caused by entanglement in fishing gear and ship strikes ( philo et al . 1992 , 1993 ; finley 2000 ) . environmental threats , such as pollution ( bratton et al . 1993 ) , and disturbance from tourist traffic ( finley 2000 ) may affect bowhead whales but the impacts have not yet been well characterized or quantified . during this century , a profound reduction in the extent of sea ice in the arctic is expected , and possibly a complete disappearance in summer , as mean arctic temperatures rise faster than the global average ( anonymous 2005 ) . the implications of this for bowhead whales are unclear but warrant monitoring .


anabarilius macrolepis is an extinct species of ray-finned fish in the genus anabarilius that was endemic to yilong lake .

it is believed that it became extinct when yilong lake dried up in 1981 , as a result of water abstraction for agriculture .

the species was not observed in 1983-4 , and was declared extinct in 2011 .

anabarilius macrolepis

zhou , w . and g . - h . cui , 1992 . anabarilius brevianalis , a new species from the jinshajiang river basin , china ( teleostei : cyprinidae ) . ichthyol . explor . freshwat . 3 ( 1 ) : 49 - 54 . ( ref . 26693 )
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justification : considered to have gone extinct when the yilong lake dried up as a result of water abstraction for agriculture in 1981 . the species was surveyed for in 1983 and 1984 , but was not found , and recent surveys by the kunming institute of technology have also not found the species ( w . zhou pers . comm . 2011 ) .
the water level of the lake declined since the 1950s . in 1981 the lake completely dried up ( for about 20 days ) as a result of water abstraction for agriculture . the lake is also polluted by increased organic pollution caused by sedimentation from the surrounding catchment .
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maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 14 . 8 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 33784 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00813 ( 0 . 00342 - 0 . 01933 ) , b = 3 . 05 ( 2 . 85 - 3 . 25 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 2 ±0 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( assuming fec < 10 , 000 ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 31 of 100 ) .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
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acryptolechia torophanes is a moth in the depressariidae family .

it was described by meyrick in 1935 .

it is found in china ( henan , shaanxi , zhejiang , hubei ) and korea .

acryptolechia torophanes

this is the place for torophanes definition . you find here torophanes meaning , synonyms of torophanes and images for torophanes copyright 2017 © urltoken
acryptolechia torophanes ; lvovsky , 2010 , zool . zh . 89 ( 3 ) ent . review 90 ( 2 ) : 255
here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word torophanes . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word torophanes and , of course , torophanes synonyms and on the right images related to the word torophanes .
cryptolechia torophanes meyrick , 1935 ; mat . microlep . fauna chin . prov . : 81
acryptolechia facunda ; lvovsky , 2010 , zool . zh . 89 ( 3 ) ent . review 90 ( 2 ) : 255
acryptolechia malacobyrsa ; lvovsky , 2010 , zool . zh . 89 ( 3 ) ent . review 90 ( 2 ) : 255
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nb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .
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= meleonoma ; park & park , 2016 , j . asia - pacif . biodiv . 9 ( 4 ) : 485
assam , japan , n . china , e . china . see [ maps ]
leptosaces facunda meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 1 ) : 155 ; tl : khasis
japan , korea , china ( fujian , henan , jiangxi , shaanxi , sichuan ) , taiwan . see [ maps ]
= ; ridout , 1981 , ins . matsumurana 24 : 35 ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196
china ( henan , shaanxi , zhejiang , shanghai ) , korea . see [ maps ]
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
wang , 2003 a study of cryptolechia zeller ( lepidoptera : oecophoridae ) in china ( i ) , with descriptions of fifteen new species ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 195 - 213
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dissolophodes is a genus of moth in the family geometridae .

it contains only one species , dissolophodes curvimacula , which is found in new guinea .

dissolophodes

this is the place for dissolophodes definition . you find here dissolophodes meaning , synonyms of dissolophodes and images for dissolophodes copyright 2017 © urltoken
here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word dissolophodes . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word dissolophodes and , of course , dissolophodes synonyms and on the right images related to the word dissolophodes .
parsons et al . ( 1999 ) included only 1 species in the genus dissolophodes .
genus : dissolophodes warren , 1907 . novit . zool . 14 : 155 . [ bhl ]
a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .
the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .
the author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by
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and the number of omitted authors .
attribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .
all diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .
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type - species : tephroclystia curvimacula warren , 1906 . novit . zool . 13 : 129 . [ bhl ]
type specimens : type ( s ) new guinea : [ papua new guinea ] , angabunga river , ( ? depository ) . .
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a number of errors have been located in the treatment of the sterrhinae and larentiinae in part 10 , and also some comments are made on material that came to hand when the text was virtually complete . the following are typographical errors :
paratypes should be 3 , 1 as holotype ; 3 , 3 as holotype but site 25 ; 1 as holotype but site 7 .
is misspelt galastis ( also on pp . 215 , 229 and plate and figure legends ) .
warren ( chloroclystis ) and a . thaumasta prout ( chloroclystis ) should be added as new combinations .
the specimen tentatively identified as a female of scopula pallidiceps warren is illustrated in plate 7 of this volume .
the phthonoloba species taken by herbulot is illustrated in plate 8 and fig 312 of this volume . more material is needed to enable it to be described .
a synonym of eupithystis infuscata warren was not listed . it is tephroclystia foedatipennis warren ( 1901 , novit . zool . 8 : 32 )
a strongly marked female of this form of the variable s . usta prout was taken on the slopes of g . kinabalu ( colln herbulot ) . the forewing fasciation is more grey - green than in typical specimens , with a strongly blackened medial band . the male genitalia are as in usta .
walker , 1862 , list specimens lepid . insects colln br . mus . , 27 : 21 .
the wings are fasciated greenish - grey on pale grey as illustrated . the strong antemedial of the forewing and the rather dentate central part of the hindwing postmedial are distinctive .
the slender valves , well - developed saccus , single cornutus of the aedeagus in the male genitalia of this species and its close australian relative , g . bryodes turner comb . n . , suggest placement in gymnoscelis . g . fragilis warren comb n . ( new guinea ) has the same facies type and is also probably related .
sri lanka , india , hong kong , peninsular malaysia , borneo , java , and possibly the philippines and sulawesi ( not dissected ) .
the only bornean specimen is a female in colln herbulot from kundasang at 1200m on the southern slopes of g . kinabalu .
prout was consistently misspelt percrinata ( pp . 81 , 283 , 304 ) .
yazaki ( 1994 , moths of nepal 3 : 23 ) placed pogonopygia xanthura prout as a synonym of p . pavida bastelberger ( himalaya , taiwan , japan ) .
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† placostylus cuniculinsulae was a species of large air-breathing land snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family bothriembryontidae .

this species was endemic to lord howe island , australia .

it is now extinct .

placostylus cuniculinsulae

syn . bulimus bivaricosus var . cuniculinsulae ( cox ) , bulimus cuniculinsulae ( cox ) , placostylus bivaricosus var . cuniculinsulae ( cox ) , placostylus bivaricosus cuniculinsulae ( cox )
scientific name : placostylus bivaricosus . common name : lord howe flax snail . other names : lord howe placostylus . three subspecies of the lord howe flax snail are currently recognised on the basis of shell morphology ( australian museum 2001 ) ; placostylus bivaricosus bivaricosus , p . bivaricosus cuniculinsulae and p . bivaricosus etheridgei .
threatened species scientific committee ( 2005bn ) . non - approved commonwealth conservation advice on lord howe placostylus ( placostylus bivaricosus ) . available from : urltoken .
left : rabbit island flax snail ( placostylus cuniculinsulae ) depiction from ' james c . cox : descriptions of new land - shells from australia and the south - sea islands . proceedings of the zoological society of london 1872 , 18 - 20 ' urltoken
lord howe placostylus placostylus bivaricus ( gaskoin , 1855 ) recovery plan ( new south wales national parks and wildlife service ( nsw npws ) , 2001b ) [ state recovery plan ] .
new south wales national parks and wildlife service ( nsw npws ) ( 2001a ) . lord howe placostylus placostylus bivaricosus ( gaskoin 1855 ) recovery plan . hurstville , new south wales : new south wales national parks and wildlife service .
lord howe island placostylus - profile ( nsw office of environment and heritage ( nsw oeh ) , 2012ap ) [ internet ] .
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : placostylus bivaricosus j . s . gaskoin , 1854 - id : 3884965709
blackburn island ( also named as rabbit island ) is a tiny islet within the lagoon of lord howe island . the flax snails of this island were described as a distinct species in the year 1872 . but they are sometimes regarded as a subspecies of the lord howe flax snail ( placostylus bivaricosus cuniculinsulae ) . the flax snails of blackburn island died out already in the 19th century . after the islet ' s vegetation was destroyed by feral animals , the snails and their eggs were eaten by introduced rats ( rattus rattus ) .
ponder , w . & r . chapman ( 1999 ) . survey of the land snail placostylus bivaricosus on lord howe island . unpublished report to new south wales national parks and wildlife service .
placostylus bivaricosus ( a large land snail ) - endangered species listing . nsw scientific committee - final determination ( nsw department of environment , climate change and water ( nsw deccw ) , 1997e ) [ internet ] .
citation : department of the environment ( 2018 ) . placostylus bivaricosus in species profile and threats database , department of the environment , canberra . available from : urltoken . accessed tue , 10 jul 2018 04 : 52 : 50 + 1000 .
parrish , r . , g . sherley & m . aviss ( 1995 ) . giant land snail recovery plan placostylus spp . , paraphanta sp . threatened species recovery plan series no . 13 . new zealand : threatened species unit , department of conservation .
sherley , g . , i . a . n . stringer , g . r . parrish & i . flux ( 1998 ) . demography of two land snail populations ( placostylus ambagiosus , pulmonata , bulimulidae ) in relation to predator control in the far north of new zealand . biological conservation . 84 : 83 - 88 .
sherley , g . ( 1994 ) . translocations of the mahoenui giant weta deinacrida n . sp . and placostylus land snails in new zealand : what we have learnt ? . in : reintroduction biology of australian and new zealand fauna . serena , m : 57 - 63 . surrey beatty and sons , chipping norton , new south wales .
the age of sexual maturity and lifespan of the lord howe flax snail are unclear , but related placostylus species in new zealand reach sexual maturity at three to five years and may live for 20 years or more ( parrish et al . 1995 ) . the lord howe flax snail lays small clutches of round eggs in the soil beneath leaf litter , probably during late spring and summer . the eggs hatch into small - shelled snails about 7 mm in length and 5 mm in width . hatchling and juvenile mortality is high ( ponder & chapman 1999 ) .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
gland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .
the value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .
a recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .
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for information to assist regulatory considerations , refer to policy statements and guidelines , the conservation advice , the listing advice and / or the recovery plan .
recovery plan required , included on the commenced list ( 1 / 11 / 2009 ) .
. department of environment and climate change ( nsw ) , sydney . available from :
department of the environment , water , heritage and the arts ( 2009 ) .
. department of the environment , water , heritage and the arts . available from :
listed as critically endangered ( global status : iucn red list of threatened species : 2017 . 1 list )
listed as extinct ( global status : iucn red list of threatened species : 2017 . 1 list )
the distribution shown is generalised from the departments species of national environmental significance dataset . this is an indicative distribution map of the present distribution of the species based on best available knowledge . some species information is withheld in line with sensitive species polices . see map caveat for more information .
the lord howe flax snail is a large land snail . it has a pointed , conical shell up to 8 cm long , is medium to dark brown in colour ( weathering to white in older specimens ) and has a thickened lip in mature adults . the soft body parts are black ( new south wales national parks and wildlife service 2006 ) .
the total population of the lord howe flax snail is estimated to be less than 1000 mature individuals . the abundance of dead snail shells provide an indication of the historical widespread abundance of the lord howe flax snail in the mid - island lowlands . in some areas , shells occur in densities of up to 30 shells / m² in many parts of the settlement area ( ponder & chapman 1999 ) .
p . bivaricosus etheridgei has declined in range and abundance . it may survive as a number of small , isolated local populations , based on the identification of hatchling snails collected from leaf litter in the 1970s ( ponder & chapman 1999 ) . given the persistent threats to the species , it is suspected the lord howe flax snail will continue to undergo a reduction in numbers .
the two populations of the lord howe flax snail are included in permanent park preserve and environment protection areas ( lord howe island board 1986 ) . however , the majority of recent records are outside the island ' s formal reserve system , with many occurring in the settlement area where they may be at risk from development ( nsw npws 2001a ) .
the lord howe flax snail is believed to feed on the fallen dead leaves of broadleaf trees ( ponder & chapman 1999 ) .
adult lord howe flax snails are readily identifiable due to their large size and pointed , conical shell . however , juvenile snails may be easily confused with other species and generally require expert identification .
preparing and distribute educational brochures and erect signage to inform the local community and tourists about the species .
a captive breeding program for the lord howe flax snail has commenced , which engages the help of the local school on lord howe island . the program involves the construction of a number of rat - proof pens , which are provided with shade and appropriate leaf litter , in which breeding populations of the lord howe flax snail may be established and maintained . adult snails reared in the program are released back into natural populations to maintain genetic diversity ( ponder & chapman 1999 ) .
documents relevant to the management of the lord howe flax snail can be found at the start of the profile .
australian museum ( 2001 ) . threatened and endangered land snail species . page ( s ) 2001 . australian museum invertebrate zoology internet site .
billing , j . ( 1999 ) . the management of introduced rodents on lord howe island . unpublished report by lord howe island board .
brazier , j . ( 1889 ) . mollusca . the general zoology of lord howe island ; containing an account of the collections made by the australian museum collecting party , aug . - sept . , 1887 . etheridge , r . , ed . memoirs of the australian museum . 2 : 3 - 42 .
curtis , h . s . ( 1998a ) . snail collection - lord howe island . unpublished report to lord howe island board .
department of environment and climate change ( nsw ) ( 2007 ) . lord howe island biodiversity management plan . department of environment and climate change ( nsw ) , sydney . available from : urltoken . in effect under the epbc act from 25 - may - 2008 .
hutton , i . ( 1991 ) . birds of lord howe island : past and present . coffs harbour , nsw : author published .
iredale , t . ( 1944 ) . the land mollusca of lord howe island . australian zoologist . 10 ( 3 ) : 299 - 330 .
lord howe island board ( 1986 ) . lord howe island regional environmental plan 1986 .
pickard , j . ( 1983 ) . vegetation of lord howe island . cunninghamia . 1 : 133 - 265 .
smithers , c . , d . mcalpine , p . colman & m . gray ( 1977 ) . lord howe island . special issue of australian natural history . page ( s ) 23 - 26 . sydney : the australian museum .
sutherland , l . & a . ritchie ( 1977 ) . defunct volcanoes and extinct horned turtles . in : smith , n . , ed . lord howe island . page ( s ) 7 - 12 . australian museum , sydney .
australian biological resources study , ed . ( 2013 ) . australian faunal directory . australian biological resources study . available from : urltoken .
commonwealth of australia ( 2005b ) . inclusion of species in the list of threatened species under section 178 of the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 ( 37 ) ( 26 / 10 / 2005 ) . f2005l03547 . canberra : federal register of legislative instruments . available from : urltoken . in effect under the epbc act from 16 - nov - 2005 .
epbc act email updates can be received via the communities for communities newsletter and the epbc act newsletter .
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iredale t . ( 1944 ) .
the land mollusca of lord howe island
. australian zoologist 10 ( 3 ) : 299 - 334 , plates 17 - 20 .
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smith , b . j . 1992 ,
non - marine mollusca
, ed . houston , w . w . k . ( ed . ) , zoological catalogue of australia . non - marine mollusca , vol . 8 , australian government publishing service , canberra
iredale , t . 1944 ,
the land mollusca of lord howe island
, the australian zoologist , vol . 10 , pp . 299 - 334
gaskoin , j . s . 1855 ,
descriptions of two new species of land shells
, proceedings of the zoological society of london , vol . 1854 , p . 152
cox , j . c . 1872 ,
descriptions of new land - shells from australia and the south - sea islands
, proceedings of the zoological society of london , vol . 1872 , pp . 18 - 20
hedley , c . 1891 ,
the land and freshwater shells of lord howe island
, records of the australian museum , vol . 1 , pp . 134 - 143
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : b525af06 - 7e8a - 4744 - 858a - 56f04065230e
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : e1dbbc77 - b9b0 - 4250 - 82c3 - 62f45c6029db
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : a1e6b79a - 3238 - 4401 - 9765 - 0ea2968c5627
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 468264
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point radius ( mm ) 0 . 1 0 . 2 0 . 3 0 . 4 0 . 5 0 . 6 0 . 7 0 . 8 0 . 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
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brycon insignis , the tiete tetra , is a species of fish in the family characidae .

b. insignis migrates upstream to spawn and has traditionally been important to fisheries , but it is now a threatened species .

some authorities recognize b. acuminatus as a separate , possibly extinct species , but recent authorities treat it as a synonym of b. insignis .

brycon insignis

figure 23 . brycon insignis , mzusp 103045 , 259 . 0 in a revision of the cis - andean species of the genus brycon müller & troschel ( characiformes : characidae )
structural analysis of oocytes , post - fertilization events and embryonic development of the brazilian endangered teleost brycon insignis ( characiformes ) .
figure 23 . brycon insignis , mzusp 103045 , 259 . 0 in a revision of the cis - andean species of the genus brycon müller & troschel ( characiformes : characidae ) | zenodo
figure 23 . brycon insignis , mzusp 103045 , 259 . 0 mm sl : brazil , rio de janeiro , rio paraíba do sul .
structural analysis of oocytes , post - fertilization events and embryonic development of the brazilian endangered teleost brycon insignis ( characifor . . . - pubmed - ncbi
brycon insignis is a species of fish in the characidae family . it is endemic to the paraíba do sul river basin in southeast brazil . 1999 research suggests it may actually be extinct but no status changes have been made .
world conservation monitoring centre 1996 . brycon acuminatus . 2006 iucn red list of threatened species . downloaded on 4 august 2007 .
greek , ebrykon , brykomai = to bite , to gnaw ( ref . 45335 )
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 36 . 9 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 38504 )
lima , f . c . t . , 2003 . characidae - bryconinae ( characins , tetras ) . p . 174 - 181 . in r . e . reis , s . o . kullander and c . j . ferraris , jr . ( eds . ) checklist of the freshwater fishes of south and central america . porto alegre : edipucrs , brasil . ( ref . 38504 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01202 ( 0 . 00558 - 0 . 02589 ) , b = 3 . 05 ( 2 . 87 - 3 . 23 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 6 ±0 . 3 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 35 of 100 ) .
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c1faa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c42d7 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 3257b0c4 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 325d0972 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 32ab226b - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
froese r . & pauly d . ( eds ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase ( version feb 2018 ) . in : roskov y . , abucay l . , orrell t . , nicolson d . , bailly n . , kirk p . m . , bourgoin t . , dewalt r . e . , decock w . , de wever a . , nieukerken e . van , zarucchi j . , penev l . , eds . ( 2018 ) . species 2000 & itis catalogue of life , 30th june 2018 . digital resource at urltoken species 2000 : naturalis , leiden , the netherlands . issn 2405 - 8858 .
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 75c78437 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
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isaú za 1 , rizzo e , amaral tb , mourad nm , viveiros at .
department of animal science ( dzo ) , federal university of lavras ( ufla ) , mg , brazil .