hottentotta is a genus of scorpion belonging to the family buthidae .

it is distributed widely across africa .

species also occur in the middle east , the arabian peninsula , southeastern turkey , iraq , iran , afghanistan , pakistan , india , nepal , cape verde islands , slovenia ( rarely ) and sri lanka ( introduced ) .

hottentotta

development of protective agent against hottentotta saulcyi venom using camelid single - domain antibody .
hottentotta hottentotta are parthenogenetic . that means that a female of this species can produce off springs without ever mating with a male . gestastion period every 3 - 4 months .
arachnoboards - here are some very neat scorpion photos featuring parabuthus leiosoma and hottentotta trilineatus .
i also feed them 2x a week . hottentotta hottentotta are very aggressive scorpion . the venom level is a 3 - 3 . 5 out of 5 and able to take down bigger prey .
trancriptomic approach reveals the molecular diversity of hottentotta conspersus ( buthidae ) venom . - pubmed - ncbi
arachnoboards - here are some great photos documenting the development of a brood of hottentotta franzwerneri scorpions .
development of protective agent against hottentotta saulcyi venom using camelid single - domain antibody . - pubmed - ncbi
arachnoboards - see photos of three species of hottentotta scorpion moms with broods of babies on their backs .
first report on hottentotta tamulus ( scorpiones : buthidae ) from sri lanka , and its medical importanc . . .
a revision of the genus hottentotta birula , 1908 , with descriptions of four new species ( scorpiones : buthidae ) .
hottentotta songi : teruel & rein , 2010 : 7 ; sun et al . , 2010 : 40–12 , figs 25–29 .
adult female holotype of hottentotta flavidulus sp . n . : ( a ) carapace ; . . . | download scientific diagram
kovarik ( 2007 ) has published a revision of the genus hottentotta . note that the medical important mesobuthus tamulus and two other asian mesobuthus have been transfered to hottentotta . kovarik ' s revision can be downloaded here ( browse down to issue 58 ) .
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hottentotta minox : scorpions , taxonomy
are often found under the bark of acacia trees . the sting is painful .
a total of 373 scorpions including hottentotta rugiscutis , hottentotta tamulus , lychas tricarinatus and heterometrus swammerdami were collected , identified and maintained successfully , achieving a 97 % survival rate . hottentotta rugiscutis yielded 6 . 0 ml of venom by electrical stimulation . the ld 50 of h . rugiscutis venom was estimated to be 3 . 02 mg / kg of body weight in female swiss albino mice .
i hadn ' t heard that on the hottentotta species until just a few minutes ago reading some stuff on wikipedia . . .
arachnoboards - check out these great photos of some hottentotta gentili scorpions , including a female with a big brood on her back .
map of karnataka showing the locations of different scorpion species . at the bottom : a hottentotta rugiscutis ( pocock , 1897 ) ; b hottentotta tamulus ( fabricius , 1798 ) ; c lychas tricarinatus ( simon , 1884 ) , d heterometrus swammerdami ( simon , 1872 )
arachnoboards - a member shares photos of a beautiful group of hottentotta franzwerneri scorpions that were collected in morocco and are now reproducing in captivity .
hottentotta : fet and lowe , 2000 : 134–135 ; kovařík , 2007 : 2–3 , 8–10 . sun et al . , 2010 : 40 .
extraction of venom by electrical stimulation method . setup for milking of venom from hottentotta rugiscutis by the electrical stimulation method using step - down transformer and restrainer
photo of parabuthus leiosoma ( left ) by jan ove rein ( c ) photo of hottentotta sp . ( right ) by jan ove rein ( c )
i know soils and eco earth is a good substrate , but with the small size of h . h . and hiding all the time . i was wondering if i could have a pretty setup . i wanted to mix black and purple calcium carbonate sand for a pure sand substrate . is this ok for hottentotta hottentotta ?
hottentotta and tityus are both
hot
; i ' m not sure which species in particular , but if you want a bark scorpion that ' s not as hot you could try centruroides vitattus or margaritatus . i ' m not sure what is a good replacement for hottentotta though . maybe scorpio maurus or some other desert species ? urltoken
well i didn ' t mean to spark any controversy . as far as blanket statements are concerned i am interested in tarantulas and scorpions because they are beautiful interesting animals to keep and observe but basically if it can kill me . . . even is the chance is only 1 in 100000 . . . i don ' t want it in my home . hence the reason for this thread . i will get the list of species that the guy was selling and edit this post again so maybe the advice can be more specific . i appreciate the time you guys are taking in giving the advice . the specific species being offered are : hottentotta eminii hottentotta franzwerneri gentili hottentotta polysticus hottentotta tamulus sindicus sincere thanks .
i heard coconut fiber stuff is best for the little hottentotta juves . thats what i use and hes doing good . ( i mixed some exoterra black sand with it also ) for desert feel
kovařík , f . 2007 . a revision of the genus hottentotta birula , 1908 , with descriptions of four new species ( scorpiones , buthidae ) . euscorpius , no . 58 : 1 - 107 .
foden , w . & potter , l . 2005 . polygala hottentotta c . presl . national assessment : red list of south african plants version 2017 . 1 . accessed on 2018 / 07 / 09
a new species of hottentotta birula , 1908 from afghanistan , with a note on the generic position of mesobuthus songi lourenço , qi et zhu , 2005 ( scorpiones : buthidae ) . euscorpius 94 : 1−8 .
all androctonus spp should be up there imo since they push out a ton of venom each sting . and no hottentotta spp has a venom rating of more than 4 , maybe 4 . 5 is pushing it .
scorpions were successfully maintained for 18 months . herein we have also documented a simple , cost - effective method of venom extraction by electrical stimulation using a modified restrainer . furthermore , hottentotta rugiscutis was reported for the first time in karnataka .
several species in this family are highly toxic , but fewer than 20 can be lethal to man . the most notorious species are found in the genus androctonus , centruroides , hottentotta , leiurus , parabuthus and tityus . see scorpions of medical importance page for further information .
four different scorpion species were collected , among which three species were maintained in the laboratory in containers that mimic their natural habitat . venom was extracted from hottentotta rugiscutis by electrical stimulation at 8 v for 18 months and ld 50 was estimated by the graphic method of miller and tainter .
i ' ve scratched the hottentotta from my collection list lol thanks for all the advice and information . the fellow selling the scorpions is very well regarded and he told me they were not very dangerous . i will excercise more caution when dealing with him in the future . take care guys .
this species is incredibly easy if you follow my example , and i hope you enjoy them ! hottentotta caboverdensis can be kept the same ways . they love their moisture , but need it to evaporate quickly and not to have that high of humidity . jacksoni and junceus are the same way . it ' s tricky ! theyre truely a beautiful species , and i hope to have a large communal of adults in a year or more .
a scorpion species proved to be lethal to humans was recently recorded from jaffna peninsula ( 9°40 ' 0 ' ' n 80°0 ' 0 ' ' e , mean annual temperature 26 . 2°c ) , in the northern dry zone of sri lanka . this species is morphologically different from all other known scorpions in sri lanka . the species was identified as hottentotta tamulus ( scorpiones : buthidae ) , which is commonly found in maharashtra , india , . . . [ show full abstract ]
. . . hottentotta tamulus stings observed in the jaffna peninsula were associated with clinical features of autonomic nervous system overactivity such as changes in pulse rate and blood pressure , sweating , diaphoresis and pulmonary oedema . myocardial injury with elevated cardiac biomarkers has not been reported in sri lanka , although it is a known complication after the ' red scorpion ' stings in india [ 1 , 2 ] . scorpion venom contains a mixture of several low molecular weight basic proteins , neurotoxins , . . .
however , their size and color do not tell us much about their danger or the level of toxicity of the poison they produce . some believe that the large and black species are the most deadly , but curiously the small red or yellow are the ones that often cause the greatest health problems in humans . the indian red scorpion ( hottentotta tamulus ) , the arizona bark scorpion ( centruroides sculpturatus ) or the deathstalker ( leiurus quinquestriatus ) , are examples of scorpions that you should avoid .
figure 2 : adult female holotype of hottentotta flavidulus sp . n . : ( a ) carapace ; ( b ) tergites ; ( c ) left pedipalp , dorsal view ; ( d ) left movable finger , dorsal view ; ( e ) sternopectinal region ; ( f ) metasomal segments i–ii , lateral view ; ( g ) metasomal segments iii–iv , lateral view ; ( h ) metasomal segment v and telson , lateral view ; ( i ) metasomal segment v and telson , ventral view .
in the world , the 7 genera found in xizang were recorded distributing to the south of xizang . modern species of genera chaerilus , euscorpiops and scorpiops are limited to tropical areas of south asia and southeast asia , although they reached considerable altitudes in kashmir , nepal , and tibet ( kovařík , 2000a , 2000b ) . the distribution of the species of genera hottentotta , isometrus , heterometrus and the close related genera of tibetiomachus also suggest the scorpion fauna of xizang is close to south asia and southeast asia .
and as telow pointed out for most scorpions it ' s only sick , infants or old people that dies ( mostly ) . . . therefor how
deadly
a scorpion is ( most casualties ) could easily be coupled with where in the world the scorpion is ( foreksample : do the native have bad health due to starvation , deceases or anything else and how is the medical care in the area where the scorpion comes from ? ) and i think that is why i read that hottentotta tamulus was
as shown by an internal survey , hottentotta rugiscutis ( pocock , 1897 ) scorpions are prevalent , live alongside the human habitat in the chirathagundu village ( karnataka , india ) and are known to cause considerable public health problems due to envenomations compared to three other regions – namely hiriyuru , nandihalli and hindaskatte – where human activity is limited . as there is hardly any data on the lethality of h . rugiscutis venom , it is important to research these scorpions and to find out their effects on the local population .
. . . in sri lanka 18 species of scorpion are known [ 14 ] , the commonly encountered species is the black scorpion ( heterometrus species ) ( figure 1 ) and none of these species caused fatal stings . however , in recent past , fatal envenom - ing of indian red scorpion ( hottentotta tamulus ) occurred in jaffna peninsula of sri lanka and believe that the species were moved to peninsula while transporting the goods for indian peacekeeping forces between 1987 and 1990 [ 7 , 9 ] . . . .
scorpions are arthropods belonging to the class arachnida and order scorpiones . globally , 1988 species are known , among which 113 species from 25 genera belonging to six families have been recorded in india [ 1 ] . scorpions of the family buthidae are of prime importance due to the lethality of their venom to humans , especially to children in many tropical regions [ 2 ] . a buthidae family scorpion , hottentotta tamulus ( fabricius , 1798 ) , is widely distributed throughout the deccan plateau of southern india [ 3 , 4 ] .
a study of 74 patients from allahabad , india , documents a mortality rate following scorpion stings of almost 10 % ( singhal et al . 2009 ) . unfortunately this study also fails to give details regarding morphological identification of the scorpions , but mesobuthus tamulus ( = hottentotta tamulus ) and palamneus swammerdami were held to be responsible for the serious cases . a dramatic increase in the incidence of stings was observed during the hot summer months . over 60 % of those stung were male , and almost 95 % of the patients came from rural areas , where it is common for people to work in sugar cane , coconut or banana plantations . these are the habitats of these scorpions .
toxicity of venom from hottentotta rugiscutis of chirathagundu region was studied by estimating the ld 50 value under in vivo conditions . five different doses covering the range of mortality from 0 to 100 % were tested . the test group mice were subcutaneously injected with one of five concentrations ( 2 . 60 , 2 . 80 , 3 . 02 , 3 . 26 , 3 . 52 mg / kg b . w . ) of venom dissolved in 0 . 2 ml of phosphate buffered saline ( pbs ) . control group was injected with equivalent volume of pbs only . the animals were monitored for 24 hours and the ld 50 was calculated by the graphical method of miller and tainter [ 18 ] .
i got stung by a 5i h . hottentotta a few months ago , but the experience is still as transparent in my mind as the day i got stung . it was the single most agonizing pain i ' ve ever felt in all of my life . nothing i ' ve experienced can compare to the searing hot pain , but i can best describe it as : take an iron skillet put it on a gas stove on high for 15 minutes , then take your middle finger and press down in the middle of the skillet and keep it there for 6 hours without your nerves ever dying . and as much as i wish i was exaggerating , that ' s the closest accurate description i can give that doesn ' t sound completely inconceivable .
so ive got back up on the horse so to speak with a pair of hottentotta trilineatus on there way from tarantula canada ! although they are wild caught i have high hopes for a male female pair and will hopefully be bringing them into canada as captive bred . i know its unlikely to get 1 . 1 but if not ill order more : biggrin : . any ways i have constructed two rubbermaid enclosures measuring 9 inches long , 6 inches wide and 2 inches tall . is this sufficient for adults of this species as they rarely go over 2 inches ? any way i ' ll post some pics , tell me what you think ! the substrate is 50 % sand 50 % eco - earth and 10 % aquarium gravel ( washed in water ) .
heterometrus swammerdami and h . bengalensis habitat in simlipal national park , majurbanj district , orissa ( india ) . photo : thorsten kroes ( c ) ( permission through carlos turiel ) heterometrus swammerdami and h . bengalensis habitat in simlipal national park , majurbanj district , orissa ( india ) . photo : thorsten kroes ( c ) ( permission through carlos turiel ) heterometrus swammerdami habitat in eastern india . photo : manish ranjan ( c ) ( permission through george carnell ) heterometrus swammerdami habitat in eastern india . photo : manish ranjan ( c ) ( permission through george carnell ) heterometrus swammerdami habitat in eastern india . photo : manish ranjan ( c ) ( permission through george carnell ) heterometrus swammerdami habitat in eastern india . photo : manish ranjan ( c ) ( permission through george carnell ) heterometrus swammerdami habitat in eastern india . photo : manish ranjan ( c ) ( permission through george carnell ) nebo hierochonticus habitat in israel ( hottentotta judaicus and scorpio maurus fuscus were also collected in the area ) . photo : liron samuels ( c ) nebo hierochonticus habitat in israel ( hottentotta judaicus and scorpio maurus fuscus were also collected in the area ) . photo : liron samuels ( c ) nebo hierochonticus habitat in israel ( compsobuthus sp . was also collected in the area ) . photo : liron samuels ( c ) nebo hierochonticus habitat in israel ( compsobuthus sp . was also collected in the area ) . photo : liron samuels ( c ) nebo h ierochonticus habitat in israel ( compsobuthus sp . was also collected in the area ) . photo : liron samuels ( c ) nebo omanensis habitat in united arab emirates . photo : gunther witt ( c )
wow then i was kinda off there i guess huh ? hahaha on a healthy adult human it would not be as bad as thought i know that the deaths caused by any of these are because lack of proper medical procedure for this kind of thing or it is a younger person or older person or they have allergic reactions and realy the worst thing believe it or not in alot envenomations can be shock . like in the us its quite rare you would die from an envenomation because of the amount of medical procedures taken with something like that even when it comes to the venomous snakes theres more chance of you living than dieing if you are in medical care in the reigh amount of time bla bla bla haha hottentotta tamulus gangeticus i have had like this guy haha but i dont think they are realy that dangerous it would most defenitly cause alot of pain but on a healthy adult it would cause something like this pain at the sting site localized swelling tingling some muscle spasms and maybe a little brusing and tenderness to the gerenal sting area but if you had an allergic reaction or you were elderly or realy young or went into shcok that where i see the possablity of death with hotentotta tamulus but generly they are not that dangerous ( just my personal thoughts on them ) odontobuthus odonturus i always wondered about those haha now im gonna have to get some somehow and some odontobuthus doriae just to lad mice test the venom on yeah ok i feel like im rambling now hahaha
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, this family is the largest of the scorpion families . this family is widespread around the world ( not found in antarctica and new zealand ) , and are found in tropical , subtropical and partly in temperate habitats .
volschenk , mattoni & prendini ( 2008 ) has synonymized the family microcharmidae lourenco , 1996 with buthidae . the two genera ( microcharmus and neoprotobuthus ) and 15 species are all transfered to buthidae . information about the old family microcharmidae .
paraorthochirus has been synonymized with orthochirus by navidpour et al . , 2008 ) .
the members of this family are small and medium sized scorpions with a triangular sternum ( some genera have a more pentagonal sternum ) . in many genera ( e . g . , androctonus , apistobuthus , parabuthus , and other old world genera ) the cauda is usually strong and powerful and the pedipalps are often very slender whereas other genera have elongate appendages , especially the males ( e . g . , centruroides , lychas , isometrus and related genera ) . many species are yellow or brown ( or variations of these colors ) , but black forms are also present . some species have quite intricate and attractive patterns ( e . g . , lychas and isometrus ) and colours ( e . g . , centruroides and uroplectes ) . sizes range from about 20 mm ( like microtityus and microbuthus ) to over 120 mm ( as in androctonus , some centruroides , apistobuthus and others ) .
an indentification key to the genus compsobuthus was published by kovarik ( 2012 ) [ free full text ] .
unlike most other scorpion families , the buthidae are of both scientific and public interest due to their medical importance in many parts of the world . several species have also made their way into the hobby . many of these are safe to be kept by experienced collectors , but the most dangerous species should be avoided .
species files : this list of genera and species is based on fet et al . ( 2000 ) . subfamilies and subspecies is not included in the list . i try to update the list as additions and changes are published . * denotes changes after fet et al . ( 2000 ) . i will be grateful for information about new development in the taxonomy of this family . for information about synonyms and bibliographies , see fet et al . ( 2000 )
akentrobuthus lamoral , 1976 ( 2 ) a . atakora vignoli & prendini , 2008 * a . leleupi lamoral , 1976
alayotityus armas , 1973 ( 8 ) a . delacruzi armas , 1973 * a . feti teruel , 2004 * a . granma armas , 1984 a . juraguaensis armas , 1973 a . lapidicola teruel , 2002 * a . nanus armas , 1973 a . pallidus teruel , 2002 * a . sierramaestrae armas , 1973
androctonus ehrenberg , 1828 ( 29 ) a . aeneas c . l . koch , 1839 * a . afghanus lourenço & qi , 2006 * a . aleksandrplotkini lourenço & qi , 2007 * a . amoreuxi ( audouin , 1826 ) a . australis ( linnaeus , 1758 ) a . baluchicus ( pocock , 1900 ) * a . barbouri ( werner , 1932 ) * a . bicolor ehrenberg , 1828 a . cholistanus kovarik & ahmed , 2013 * a . crassicauda ( olivier , 1807 ) a . dekeyseri lourenço , 2005 * a . donairei rossi , 2015 * a . eburneus ( pallary , 1928 ) * a . finitimus ( pocock , 1897 ) a . gonneti vachon , 1948 * a . hoggarensis ( pallary , 1929 ) a . liouvillei ( pallary , 1924 ) * a . maelfaiti lourenço , 2005 * a . mauritanicus ( pocock , 1902 ) a . maroccanus lourenço , ythier & leguin , 2009 * a . pallidus lourenço , duhem & cloudsley - thompson , 2012 * a . robustus kovarik & ahmed , 2013 * a . santi lourenço , 2015 * a . sergenti vachon , 1948 a . simonettai rossi , 2015 * a . tenuissimus teruel , kovarik & turiel , 2013 * a . tigrai lourenço , rossi & sadine 2015 * a . togolensis lourenço , 2008 * a . tropeai rossi , 2015 *
anomalobuthus kraepelin , 1900 ( 2 ) a . rickmersi kraepelin , 1900 a . talebii teruel , kovarík , navidpour & fet , 2014 *
apistobuthus finnegan , 1932 ( 2 ) a . pterygocercus finnegan , 1932 a . susanae lourenço , 1998
babycurus karsch , 1886 ( 22 ) b . ansorgei hirst , 1911 b . brignolii lourenço & rossi , 2017 * b . buettneri karsch , 1886 b . centrurimorphus karsch , 1886 * b . dunlopi kovarik , lowe , seiter , pliskova & stahlavsky , 2015 * b . exquisitus lowe , 2000 * b . gigas kraepelin , 1896 b . jacksoni ( pocock , 1890 ) b . kirki ( pocock , 1890 ) * b . melanicus kovarik , 2000 * b . multisubaculeatus kovarik , 2000 * b . ornatus werner , 1936 b . pictus pocock , 1896 * b . prudenti lourenço , 2013 * b . solegladi lourenço , 2005 * b . somalicus hirst , 1907 b . sofomarensis kovarik , lowe , seiter , pliskova & stahlavsky , 2015 * b . subpunctatus borelli , 1925 b . taramassoi borelli , 1919 * b . ugartei kovarik , 2000 * b . wituensis kraepelin , 1913 b . zambonellii borelli , 1902
birulatus vachon , 1974 ( 3 ) b . astartiae stathi & lourenço , 2003 * b . haasi vachon , 1974 b . israelensis lourenço , 2002 *
buthacus birula , 1908 ( 26 ) b . agarwali zambre & lourenço , 2010 * b . ahaggar lourenço , kourim & sadine , 2017 * b . arenicola ( simon , 1885 ) b . armasi lourenço , 2013 * b . birulai lourenço , 2006 * b . buettikeri hendrixson , 2006 * b . clevai lourenço , 2001 * b . elmenia lourenço & sadine , 2017 * b . foleyi vachon , 1948 b . frontalis werner , 1936 ( nomen dubium ) b . golovatchi lourenço , duhem & cloudsley - thompson , 2012 * b . leptochelys ( ehrenberg , 1829 ) b . macrocentrus ( ehrenberg , 1828 ) * b . maliensis lourenço & qi , 2007 * b . nigerianus lourenço & qi , 2006 * b . nigroaculeatus levy et al . , 1973 * b . occidentalis lourenço , 2000 * b . pakistanensis lourenço & qi , 2006 * b . samiae lourenço & sadine , 2015 * b . spinatus lourenço , bissati & sadine , 2016 * b . stockmanni kovraik , lowe & stahlavsky , 2016 * b . striffleri lourenço , 2004 * b . tadmorensis ( simon , 1892 ) * b . villiersi vachon , 1949 b . willamsi lourenço & leguin , 2009 * b . ziegleri lourenço , 2000 *
butheoloides hirst , 1925 ( 19 ) b . annieae lourenço , 1986 b . aymerichi lourenço , 2002 * b . charlotteae lourenço , 2000 * b . cimrmani kovarik , 2003 * b . granulatus lourenço , duhem & cloudsley - thompson , 2012 * b . grosseri kovarik , 2016 * b . hirsti lourenço , 1996 b . littoralis lourenço , touloun & boumezzough , 2011 * b . maroccanus hirst , 1925 b . milloti vachon , 1948 b . monodi vachon , 1950 b . nuer kovarik , 2015 * b . occidentalis lourenço , slimani & berahou , 2003 * b . polisi lourenço , 1996 b . savanicola lourenço , 2013 * b . schwendingeri lourenço , 2002 * b . slimanii lourenço , 2010 * b . vanderberghi lourenço , 2015 * b . wilsoni lourenço , 1995
butheolus simon , 1882 ( 6 ) b . andersoni ( pocock , 1895 ) * b . gallagheri vachon , 1980 b . hallani lourenço & rossi , 2017 * b . harrisoni lowe , 2018 * b . thalassinus simon , 1882 b . villosus hendrixson , 2006 *
buthoscorpio werner , 1936 ( 5 ) b . chinnarensis aswathi , sureshan & lourenço , 2015 * b . indicus lourenço , 2012 * b . politus ( pocock , 1899 ) b . rayalensis javed , rao , mirza , sanap & tampal , 2010 * b . sarasinorum ( karsch , 1891 ) nb ! b . jinnahii amir , kamaluddin & jabbar , 2005 * and b . rahmatii amir , kamaluddin & jabbar , 2005 * was described in the non - valid genus stenochirus by the authors . i have placed them in buthoscorpio , which is the valid name for stenochirus , but formally this has to be done in a scientific journal before it is valid . javed et al . , 2010 have studied the descriptions of these two species and concluded that they do not belong to the genus buthoscorpio . this decsision was also supported by lourenco , 2012 . the two taxa are now buthidae incertae sedis and are not included in the total number species in buthidae .
centruroides marx , 1890 ( 91 ) c . alayoni armas , 1999 * c . altagraciae teruel , de armas & kovarik , 2015 * c . anchorellus armas , 1976 c . arctimanus ( armas , 1976 ) c . baergi hoffmann , 1932 * c . balsasensis ponce & francke , 2004 * c . bani armas & marcano fondeur , 1987 c . baracoae armas , 1976 * c . barbudensis ( pocock , 1898 ) c . bertholdii ( thorell , 1876 ) c . bicolor ( pocock , 1898 )
charmus karsch , 1879 ( 5 ) c . brignolii lourenço , 2000 * c . indicus hirst , 1915 c . laneus karsch , 1879 c . saradieli kovarik , loewe , ranawana , hoferek & jayarathne 2016 * c . sinhagadensis tikader & bastawade , 1983
chaneke francke , teruel & santibanez - lopez , 2014 * ( 4 ) c . aliciae ( armas & frias , 1998 ) * c . baldazoi kovarik , teruel & lowe , 2016 * c . fogoso francke , teruel & santibanez - lopez , 2014 * c . hofereki kovarik , teruel & lowe , 2016 *
cicileiurus teruel , 2007 * ( 1 ) c . monticola teruel , 2007 *
cicileus vachon , 1948 ( 5 ) c . exilis ( pallary , 1928 ) c . cloudsleythompsoni lourenço , 1999 * c . hoggarensis lourenço & rossi , 2015 * c . latellai lourenço & rossi , 2015 * c . montanus lourenço & rossi , 2015 *
femtobuthus lowe , 2010 * ( 1 ) f . shutuae lowe , 2010 *
gint kovarik , lowe , pliskova & stahlavsky , 2013 * ( 10 ) g . amoudensis kovarik , lowe , just , awale , elmi & stahlavsky , 2018 * g . calviceps ( pocock , 1900 ) g . dabakalo kovarik & mazuch , 2015 * g . gaitako kovarik , lowe , pliskova & stahlavsky , 2013 * g . gubanensis kovarik , lowe , just , awale , elmi & stahlavsky , 2018 * g . insolitus ( borelli , 1925 ) * ( nomen dubium ) g . maidensis kovarik , lowe , just , awale , elmi & stahlavsky , 2018 * g . marialuisae rossi , 2015 * ( nomen dubium ) g . monicae rossi , 2015 * ( nomen dubium ) g . puntlandus kovarik & mazuch , 2015 *
grosphus simon , 1880 ( 31 ) g . ankarafantsika lourenço , 2003 * g . ankarana lourenço & goodman , 2003 * g . annulatus fage , 1929 g . bicolor lourenço , 2012 * g . bistriatus kraepelin , 1900 g . darainensis lourenço , goodman & ramilijaona , 2004 * g . eliseanneae lourenço & wilme , 2016 * g . feti lourenço , 1996 g . flavopiceus kraepelin , 1900 g . ganzhorni lourenço , wilme & waeber , 2016 * g . garciai lourenço , 2001 * g . goudoti lourenço & goodman , 2006 * g . grandidieri kraepelin , 1900 g . halleuxi lourenço , wilme , soarimalala & waeber , 2017 * g . hirtus kraepelin , 1900 g . intertidalis lourenço , 1999 * g . limbatus ( pocock , 1889 ) g . madagascariensis ( gervais , 1843 ) g . magalieae lourenço , 2014 * g . makay lourenço & wilme , 2015 * g . mandena lourenço , 2005 * g . mahafaliensis lourenço , goodman & ramilijaona , 2004 * g . mayottensis lourenço & goodman , 2009 * g . olgae lourenço , 2004 * g . polskyi lourenço , qi & goodman , 2007 * g . rakotoariveloi lourenço , wilme , soarimalala & waeber , 2017 * g . rossii lourenço , 2013 * g . sabineae lourenço & wilme , 2016 * g . simoni lourenço , goodman & ramilijaona , 2004 * g . voahangyae lourenço & wilme 2015 * g . waeberi lourenço & wilme , 2016 *
hemibuthus pocock , 1900 ( 2 ) h . crassimanus ( pocock , 1897 ) h . umarii amir , kamaluddin & khan , 2004 *
hemilychas hirst , 1911 ( 1 ) h . alexandrinus ( hirst , 1911 )
heteroctenus pocock , 1893 * ( 9 ) h . abudi ( armas & marcano fondeur , 1987 ) * h . aridicola ( teruel et armas , 2012 ) * h . bonettii ( armas 1999 ) * h . garridoi ( armas , 1974 ) * h . gibarae ( teruel , 2006 ) * h . granulimanus ( teruel , 2006 ) * h . junceus ( herbst , 1800 ) * h . melloleitaoi ( teruel et armas , 2006 ) * h . princeps ( karsch , 1879 ) *
ischnotelson esposito , yamaguti , souza , pinto da roacha & prendini , 2017 ( 2 ) i . guanambiensis ( lenarducci , pinto - da - rocha & lucas , 2005 ) * i . peruassu esposito , yamaguti , souza , pinto da roacha & prendini , 2017 *
isometroides keyserling , 1885 ( 1 ) i . vescus ( karsch , 1880 )
isometrus ehrenberg , 1828 ( 7 ) i . atherii amir & kamaluddin , 2008 * i . formosus pocock , 1894 i . isadensis tikander & bastawade , 1983 * i . liaqatii amir & kamaluddin , 2008 * i . maculatus ( degeer , 1778 ) i . thurstoni pocock , 1893 i . thwaitesi pocock , 1897
jaguajir esposito , yamaguti , souza , pinto da roacha & prendini , 2017 ( 3 ) j . agamemmon ( c . l . koch , 1839 ) * j . pintoi ( mello - leitão , 1932 ) * j . rochae ( borelli , 1910 ) *
kraepelinia vachon , 1974 ( 1 ) k . palpator ( birula , 1903 )
lanzatus kovarik , 2001 * ( 2 ) l . somalicus kovarik , 2001 * l . somalilandus kovarik , lowe & stahlavsky , 2016 *
leiurus ehrenberg , 1828 ( 12 ) l . abdullahbayrami yagmur , koc & kunt , 2009 * l . arabicus lowe , yagmur & kovarik , 2014 * l . brachycentrus ( ehrenberg , 1829 ) * l . haenggii lowe , yagmur & kovarik , 2014 * l . heberti lowe , yagmur & kovarik , 2014 * l . hebraeus ( birula , 1908 ) * l . hoggarensis lourenço , kourim & sadine , 2018 * l . jordanensis lourenço , modry & amr , 2002 * l . macroctenus lowe , yagmur & kovarik , 2014 * l . quinquestriatus ( ehrenberg , 1828 ) l . savanicola lourenço , qi & cloudsley - thompson , 2006 * l . somalicus lourenço , & rossi , 2016 *
lissothus vachon , 1948 ( 3 ) l . bernardi vachon , 1948 l . chaambi lourenço & sadine , 2014 * l . occidentalis vachon , 1950
lychas c . l . koch , 1845 ( 43 ) l . aareyensis mirza & sanap , 2010 * l . aberlenci lourenço , 2013 * l . albimanus henderson , 1919 l . armasi kovarík , 2013 * l . armillatus ( gervais , 1841 ) * l . asper ( pocock , 1891 ) l . biharensis tikader & bastawade , 1983 l . braueri ( kraepelin , 1986 ) l . brehieri lourenço , 2017 * l . buchardi kovarík , 1997 l . burdoi ( simon , 1882 ) l . cernickai kovarík , 2013 * l . farkasi kovarik , 1997 l . flavimanus ( thorell , 1888 ) l . gravelyi henderson , 1913 l . hendersoni ( pocock , 1897 ) l . heurtaultae kovarík , 1997 l . hillyardi kovarík , 1997 l . hosei ( pocock , 1891 ) l . inexpectatus lourenço , 2011 * l . kaimana lourenço , 2011 * ( nomen dubium ) l . kamshetensis tikader & bastawade , 1983 l . kharpadi bastawade , 1986 l . krali kovarík , 1995 l . laevifrons pocock , 1897 l . lourençoi kovarík , 1997 l . marmoreus ( c . l . koch , 1844 ) l . mjobergi kraepelin , 1916 l . mucronatus ( fabricius . 1798 ) l . nigristernis ( pocock , 1899 ) l . obsti kraepelin , 1913 l . perfidus ( keyserling , 1885 ) l . rackae kovarík , 1997 l . rugosus ( pocock , 1897 ) l . santoensis lourenço , 2009 * l . scaber ( pocock , 1893 ) l . scutilus c . l . koch , 1845 l . serratus ( pocock , 1891 ) l . shelfordi ( borelli , 1904 ) l . shoplandi ( oates , 1888 ) l . srilankensis lorenco , 1997 l . tricarinatus ( simon , 1884 ) l . variatus ( thorell , 1876 )
mauritanobuthus qi & lourenço , 2007 * ( 1 ) m . geniezi qi & lourenço , 2007 *
mesobuthus vachon , 1950 ( 25 ) m . agnetis ( werner , 1936 ) m . bolensis sun , zhu & lourenço , 2010 * m . brutus fet , kovarik , gantenbein , kaiser , stewart & graham , 2018 * m . caucasicus ( nordmann , 1840 ) m . cyprius gantenbein & kropf , 2000 * m . elenae fet , kovarik , gantenbein , kaiser , stewart & graham , 2018 * m . eupeus ( c . l . koch , 1839 ) m . extremus ( werner , 1936 ) m . fuscus ( birula , 1897 ) * m . gallianoi ythier , 2018 * m . gibbosus ( brulli , 1832 ) m . gorelovi fet , kovarik , gantenbein , kaiser , stewart & graham , 2018 * m . intermedius ( birula , 1897 ) * m . karshius sun & sun , 2011 * m . kaznakovi ( birula , 1904 ) * m . kreuzbergi fet , kovarik , gantenbein , kaiser , stewart & graham , 2018 * m . longichelus sun & zhu , 2010 * m . macmahoni ( pocock , 1900 ) m . martensii ( karsch , 1879 ) m . mischi fet , kovarik , gantenbein , kaiser , stewart & graham , 2018 * m . nenilini fet , kovarik , gantenbein , kaiser , stewart & graham , 2018 * m . nigrocinctus ( ehrenberg , 1828 ) * m . parthorum ( pocock , 1889 ) * m . phillipsi ( pocock , 1889 ) * m . vesiculatus ( pocock , 1899 )
mesotityus gonzalez - sponga , 1981 ( 1 ) m . vondangeli gonzález - sponga , 1981
microbuthus kraepelin , 1898 ( 7 ) m . fagei vachon , 1949 m . flavorufus lourenço & duhem , 2007 * m . gardneri lowe , 2010 * m . kristensenorum lowe , 2010 * m . litoralis ( pavesi , 1885 ) m . maroccanus lourenço , 2002 * m . satyrus lowe , kovarik , stockmann & stahlavsky , 2018 *
microcharmus lourenço , 1995 ( 38 ) m . bemaraha lourenço , goodman & fisher , 2006 * m . cloudsleythompsoni lourenço , 1995 m . confluenciatus lourenço , goodman & fisher , 2006 * m . duhemi lourenço , goodman & fisher , 2006 * m . fisheri lourenço , 1998 m . hauseri lourenço , 1996 m . jussarae lourenço , 1996 * m . maculatus lourenço , goodman & fisher , 2006 * m . madagascariensis lourenço , 1999 * m . pauliani ( lourenço , 2004 ) * m . sabineae lourenço , 1996 m . variegatus lourenço , goodman & fisher , 2006 * m . violaceous lourenço , goodman & fisher , 2006 *
microtityus kjellesvig - waering , 1966 ( 38 ) m . angelaerrosae gonzáles - sponga , 2001 * m . barahona armas & teruel , 2012 * m . biordi gonzález - sponga , 1970 m . bivicentorum botero - trujillo , erazo - moreno & perez , 2009 * m . borincanus teruel , rivera & sanchez , 2014 * m . capayaensis gonzález - sponga , 2001 * m . consuelo armas & marcano fondeur , 1987 m . desuzeae gonzález - sponga , 2001 * m . difficilis teruel & armas , 2006 * m . dominicanensis santiago - blay , 1985 m . farleyi teruel , 2000 * m . flavescens teruel , 2001 * m . franckei botero - trujillo & noriega , 2008 * m . fundorai armas , 1974 m . guantanamo armas , 1984 m . iviei armas , 1999 * m . jaumei armas , 1974 m . joseantonioi gonzález - sponga , 1981 m . kovariki teruel & infante , 2007 * m . lantiguai armas & marcano fondeur , 1992 m . litoralensis gonzález - sponga , 2001 * m . lourencoi armas & teruel , 2012 * m . minimus kovarik & teruel , 2014 * m . paucidentatus armas & marcano fondeur , 1992 m . prendini armas & teruel , 2012 * m . pusillus teruel & kovarik , 2012 * m . reini armas & teruel , 2012 * m . rickyi kjellesvig - waering , 1966 m . santosi teruel , rivera & sanchez , 2014 * m . sevciki gonzález - sponga , 2001 * m . solegladi armas & teruel , 2012 * m . starri lourenço & huber , 1999 * m . trinitensis armas , 1974 m . vanzolinii lorenco & eickstedt , 1983 m . vieques teruel , rivera & santos , 2015 * m . virginiae armas , 1999 * m . waeringi francke & sissom , 1980 m . yaracuyanus gonzález - sponga , 2001 *
neobuthus hirst , 1911 ( 7 ) n . awashensis kovarik & lowe , 2012 * n . cloudsleythompsoni lourenço , 2001 * n . berberensis ( hirst , 1911 ) n . eritreaensis lowe & kovarik , 2016 * n . ferrugineus ( kraepelin , 1898 ) * n . kutcheri lowe & kovarik , 2016 * n . sudanensis lourenço , 2005 *
neogrosphus lourenço , 1995 ( 3 ) n . andrafiabe lourenço , wilme & waeber 2015 * n . blanci lourenço , 1996 n . griveaudi ( vachon , 1969 )
odontobuthus vachon , 1950 ( 6 ) o . bidentatus ( lourenço & pezier , 2002 ) * o . brevidigitus lowe , 2010 * o . doriae ( thorell , 1876 ) o . odonturus ( pocock , 1897 ) o . tavighiae navidpour , soleglad , fet & kovarik , 2013 * o . tirgari mirshamsi , azghadi , navidpour , aliabadian & kovarik , 2013 *
orthochiroides kovarík , 1998 ( 3 ) o . insularis ( pocock , 1889 ) * o . socotrensis kovarík , 2004 * o . vachoni kovarík , 1998
orthochirus karsch , 1891 ( 36 ) o . afar kovarik , lowe & stahlavsky , 2016 * o . afghanus kovarik , 2004 * o . aristidis ( simon , 1882 ) o . atarensis lourenço & leguin , 2011 * o . bastawadei zambre , mirza , sanap , upadhye & javed , 2011 * o . bicolor ( pocock , 1897 ) o . blandini ( lourenço & vachon , 1997 ) * o . cloudsleythompsoni lourenço & leguin , 2011 * o . danielleae ( lourenço & vachon , 1997 ) * o . erardi ( lourenço & vachon , 1997 ) * o . farzanpayi ( vachon & farzanpay , 1987 ) * o . feti kovarik , 2004 * o . flavescens ( pocock , 1897 ) o . fuscipes ( pocock , 1900 ) o . glabrifrons ( kraepelin , 1903 ) * o . gromovi kovarik , 2004 * o . gruberi kovarik & fet , 2006 * o . heratensis kovarik , 2004 * o . innesi simon , 1910 o . iranus kovarik , 2004 * o . iraqus kovarik , 2004 * o . jalalabadensis kovarik , 2004 * o . kaspareki ( lourenço & huber , 2000 ) * o . kinzelbachi ( lourenço & huber , 2000 ) * o . krishnai tikader & bastawade , 1983 o . maroccanus lourenço & leguin , 2011 * o . minor lourenço , duhem & cloudsley - thompson , 2012 * o . monodi ( lourenço & vachon , 1997 ) * o . pallidus ( pocock , 1897 ) o . samrchelsis kovarik , 2004 * o . scrobiculosus ( grube , 1873 ) o . stockwelli ( lourenço & vachon , 1995 ) * o . tassili lourenço & leguin , 2011 * o . tibesti lourenço , duhem & cloudsley - thompson , 2012 * o . varius kovarik , 2004 * o . zagrosensis kovarik , 2004 *
pantobuthus lourenço & duhem , 2009 * ( 1 ) p . complicatus lourenço & duhem , 2009 *
parabuthus pocock , 1890 ( 33 ) p . abyssinicus ( pocock , 1901 ) * p . brevimanus ( thorell , 1876 ) p . calvus purcell , 1898 p . capensis ( ehrenberg , 1831 ) p . cimrmani kovarik , 2004 * p . distridor lamoral , 1980 p . eritreaensis kovarik , 2003 * p . glabrimanus prendini & esposito , 2010 * p . gracilis lamoral , 1979 p . granimanus pocock , 1895 p . granulatus ( ehrenberg , 1831 ) p . hamar kovarik , lowe , pliskova & stahlavsky , 2016 * p . heterurus pocock , 1899 p . hunteri pocock , 1895 p . kajibu kovarik , lowe , pliskova & stahlavsky , 2016 * p . kalaharicus lamoral , 1977 p . kraepelini werner , 1902 p . kuanyamarum monrad , 1937 p . laevifrons ( simon , 1888 ) p . liosoma ( ehrenberg , 1828 ) p . maximus werner , 1913 p . mossambicensis ( peters , 1861 ) p . muelleri prendini , 2000 * p . namibensis lamoral , 1979 p . nanus lamoral , 1979 p . pallidus pocock , 1895 p . planicauda ( pocock , 1889 ) p . raudus ( simon , 1888 ) p . schlechteri purcell , 1899 p . setiventer prendini & esposito , 2010 * p . stridulus hewitt , 1913 p . transvaalicus purcell , 1899 p . villosus ( peters , 1862 )
pectinibuthus fet in orlov & vasilyev , 1984 ( 1 ) p . birulai fet in orlov & vasilyev , 1984
physoctonus mello - leitao , 1934 * ( 3 ) p . amazonicus lourenço , 2017 * p . debilis ( c . l . koch , 1840 ) * p . striatus esposito , yamaguti , souza , pinto da roacha & prendini , 2017 *
picobuthus lowe , 2010 * ( 2 ) p . dundoni lowe , 2010 * p . wahibaensis lowe , 2010 *
polisius fet , capes & sissom , 2001 * ( 1 ) p . persicus fet , capes & sissom , 2001 *
pseudolychas kraepelin , 1911 ( 3 ) p . ochraceus ( hirst , 1911 ) p . pegleri ( purcell , 1901 ) p . transvaalicus lawrence , 1961
pseudouroplectes lourenço , 1995 ( 5 ) p . betschi lourenço , 1995 p . lalyae lourenço & ythier , 2010 * p . maculatus lourenço & goodman , 2006 * p . pidgeoni lourenço & goodman , 1999 * p . tsingy lourenço , wilme & waeber , 2016 *
razianus farzanpay , 1987 ( 4 ) r . birulai tahir , navidpour & prendini , 2014 * r . farzanpayi tahir , navidpour & prendini , 2014 * r . xinjianganus lourenco , sun & zhu , 2010 * r . zarudnyi ( birula , 1903 )
reddyanus vachon , 1972 * ( 27 ) r . acanthurus ( pocock , 1899 ) * r . assamensis ( oates , 1888 ) * r . basilicusi ( karsch , 1879 ) * r . besucheti ( vachon , 1982 ) * r . bilyi ( kovarík , 2003 ) * r . brachycentrus ( pocock , 1899 ) * r . ceylonensis kovarik , lowe , ranawana , hoferek , jayarathne & stahlavsky , 2016 * r . corbeti ( tikander & batawade , 1983 ) * r . deharvengi ( lourenço & duhem , 2010 ) * r . feti ( kovarík , 2013 ) * r . heimi ( vachon , 1976 ) * r . jayarathnei kovarik , 2016 * r . jendeki ( kovarík , 2013 ) * r . khammamensis ( kovarík , 2003 ) * r . krasenskyi ( kovarík , 1998 ) * r . kurkai ( kovarík , 1997 ) * r . loebli ( vachon , 1982 ) * r . melanodactylus ( l . koch , 1867 ) * r . navaiae ( kovarík , 1998 ) * r . neradi ( kovarík , 2013 ) * r . petrzelkai ( kovarík , 2003 ) * r . problematicus ( kovarík , 2003 ) * r . ranawanai kovarik , 2016 * r . rigidulus ( pocock , 1897 ) * r . tibetanus ( lourenço & zhu , 2008 ) * r . vittatus ( pocock , 1900 ) r . zideki ( kovarík , 1994 ) *
rhopalurus thorell , 1876 ( 3 ) r . caribensis teruel & roncallo , 2008 * r . laticauda thorell , 1876 r . ochoai esposito , yamaguti , souza , pinto da roacha & prendini , 2017 *
saharobuthus lourenço & duhem , 2009 * ( 1 ) s . elegans lourenço & duhem , 2009 *
sassandiothus farzanpay , 1987 ( 2 ) s . gracilis ( birula , 1900 ) * s . zarudnyi ( birula , 1900 )
thaicharmus kovarík , 1995 ( 4 ) t . guptai mirza , sanap & kunte , 2016 * t . indicus kovarík , 1995 t . lowei kovarík , soleglad & fet , 2007 * t . mahunkai kovarík , 1995
tityobuthus pocock , 1893 ( 19 ) t . antsingy lourenço & goodman , 2004 * t . baroni ( pocock , 1890 ) t . betschi lourenço , qi & goodman , 2008 * t . chelbergorum lourenço , qi & goodman , 2008 * t . darainensis lourenço & goodman , 2002 * t . dastychi lourenço , 1997 t . griswoldi lourenço , 2000 * t . guillaumeti lourenço , 1995 t . ivohibe lourenço & goodman , 1999 * t . judsoni lourenço , 1996 t . lokobe lourenço , waeber & wilme , 2016 * t . manonae lourenço , 2000 * t . mccarteri lourenço , qi & goodman , 2008 * t . monodi lourenço , 2000 * t . pallidus lourenço , 2004 * t . parrilloi lourenço , 1996 t . petrae lourenço , 1996 t . pococki lourenço , 1995 t . rakotondravonyi lourenço , 2003 *
tityopsis armas , 1974 ( 2 ) t . inaequalis ( armas , 1974 ) t . inexpectata ( moreno , 1940 )
uroplectes peters , 1861 ( 34 ) u . ansiedippenaarae prendini , 2015 * u . carinatus ( pocock , 1890 ) u . chubbi hirst , 1911 u . emiliae ( werner , 1916 ) u . fischeri ( karsch , 1879 ) u . flavoviridis peters , 1861 u . formosus pocock , 1890 u . gracilior hewitt , 1914 u . insignis pocock , 1890 u . katangensis prendini , 2015 * u . lineatus ( c . l . koch , 1844 ) u . longimanus werner , 1936 u . machadoi lourenço , 2000 * u . malawicus prendini , 2015 * u . marlothi purcell , 1901 u . ngangelarum monard , 1930 u . occidentalis simon , 1876 u . olivaceus pocock , 1896 u . otjimbinguensis ( karsch , 1879 ) u . pardalis werner , 1913 u . pardii kovarik , 2003 * u . pictus werner , 1913 u . pilosus ( thorell , 1876 ) u . planimanus ( karsch , 1879 ) u . schlechteri purcell , 1901 u . schubotzi kraepelin , 1929 u . silvestrii borelli , 1913 u . teretipes lawrence , 1966 u . triangulifer ( thorell , 1876 ) u . tumidimanus lamoral , 1979 u . variegatus ( c . l . koch , 1844 ) u . vittatus ( thorell , 1876 ) u . xanthogrammus pocock , 1897 u . zambezicus prendini , 2015 *
vachoniolus levy , amitai & shulov , 1973 ( 4 ) v . batinahensis lowe , 2010 * v . gallagheri lowe , 2010 * v . globimanus levy , amitai & shulov , 1973 v . iranus navidpour , kovarik , soleglad & fet , 2008 *
vachonus tikader & bastawade , 1983 ( 4 ) v . asiyaae amir & kamaluddin , 2009 * [ nomina dubia ] v . inexpectatus lourenço , 2015 * v . iqbali amir & kamaluddin , 2009 * [ nomina dubia ] v . rajasthanicus tikader & bastawade , 1983
xenobuthus lowe , 2018 * ( 3 ) x . anthracinus ( pocock , 1895 ) * x . arabicus ( lourenço & qi , 2006 ) * x . xanthus lowe , 2018 *
zabius thorell , 1893 ( 3 ) z . birabeni mello - laeitão , 1938 z . fuscus ( thorell , 1876 ) z . gaucho acosta , candido , buckup & brescovit , 2008 *
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i ' m going to quote figures straight from articles ( some require some calculations to give the same ld50 reference ) so draw your own conclusions . please read the section on ' other points to note ' to help you interpret the results . from this table alone , much can be learnt .
this list of scorpion ld50 is , by far , the longest i know on the net .
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urltoken
management of the cardiovascular manifestations of poisoning by the indian red scorpion ( mesobuthus tamulus ) . - pubmed - ncbi
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management of the cardiovascular manifestations of poisoning by the indian red scorpion ( mesobuthus tamulus ) .
the efficacy of nifedipine and prazosin in combination or alone in the management of cardiovascular manifestations caused to mesobuthus tamulus poisoning was investigated .
62 patients who had been stung by a red scorpion were admitted from january to december 1990 : 18 with hypertension , 15 with supraventricular tachycardia , 11 with pulmonary oedema , and 18 with local pain at the site of sting but no systemic involvement . two patients with massive life - threatening pulmonary oedema were given intravenous sodium nitroprusside .
the combination of nifedipine and prazosin was more successful in preventing myocardial damage in 16 patients with hypertension than was nifedipine alone in two other patients with hypertension . prazosin alone helped to alleviate the cardiovascular manifestations in eight patients with pulmonary oedema and 15 with supraventricular tachycardia . one patient with pulmonary oedema died and two recovered after they were given intravenous sodium nitroprusside .
nifedipine alone did not prevent myocardial damage unless the peripheral action of venom was blocked by prazosin .
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objective —the efficacy of nifedipine and prazosin in combination or alone in the management of cardiovascular manifestations caused to mesobuthus tamulus poisoning was investigated .
subjects —62 patients who had been stung by a red scorpion were admitted from january to december 1990 : 18 with hypertension , 15 with supraventricular tachycardia , 11 with pulmonary oedema , and 18 with local pain at the site of sting but no systemic involvement . two patients with massive life - threatening pulmonary oedema were given intravenous sodium nitroprusside .
results —the combination of nifedipine and prazosin was more successful in preventing myocardial damage in 16 patients with hypertension than was nifedipine alone in two other patients with hypertension . prazosin alone helped to alleviate the cardiovascular manifestations in eight patients with pulmonary oedema and 15 with supraventricular tachycardia . one patient with pulmonary oedema died and two recovered after they were given intravenous sodium nitroprusside .
conclusion —nifedipine alone did not prevent myocardial damage unless the peripheral action of venom was blocked by prazosin .
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i know there are tons of care sheets already here , but still there are couple or so inquiries on how i keep mine . a friend suggested to post it here .
temperature : average 29 - 32c at day and 27 - 28 at night .
basically i use coco husk or coco dust for substrate and misting 2x a week . remember not to mist directly at the scorpion .
i started with one female and ended up with more then i can handle . so better think about taking of more 1 - 2 , cause when they start popping there ' s no stopping them : razz :
to all people who have availed our free hh . this caresheet is all base from our own experience . this by far is the best in my own humble opinion .
thats not even the whole collection of hh its only partial . < edit > hehehehe !
to all people who have availed my free hh . this caresheet is all base from our own experience . this by far is the best in my own humble opinion . very very detailed ! the best ! this is very highly recommended ! kudos to you my friend ryan88 !
what ever the sex of hh you get you ' ll end up getting slings .
theyre 2i so i hope its a female : / i heard theres rare cases of males . how many have you gotten ?
out of 3 broods of 30 ' s we got 5 - 6pcs of male only . i asked my friend ryan88 to post some photos of hh mating . i think this is the only photo or record of hh mating . again we might not be sure if theres any record of hh mating but this could be the first one .
thou both male and female produces slings . female gives more slings than males .
originally posted by vixvy out of 3 broods of 30 ' s we got 5 - 6pcs of male only . i asked my friend ryan88 to post some photos of hh mating .
sorry bro , relayed you the wrong information . out of 30 females 5 - 6 males were produce from their brood .
here ' s a couple of photos taken while mating . this was taken 3 years back . it was by accident when i about to make a communal set up for adults .
mating was succesful , however no brood was produce . still don ' t know why ? both are now deceased .
so far i haven ' t use any hides for them from slings to adults , no problem so far . 78f ( that ' s 25 . 5c ) that seems to be too cold for them . their methabolism will go slower and will refuse to eat .
so far no data yet . both never poduced any brood , the male died after 2 months and the female died 3 months after mating . probably from old age


glyphipterix codonias is a species of sedge moths in the genus glyphipterix .

it was described by edward meyrick in 1909 .

it is found in new zealand .

glyphipterix codonias

glyphipterix is a genus of sedge moths . it was described by hübner in 1825 .
glyphipterix is a genus of sedge moths . it was described by hübner in 1825 .
landcare research is the custodian of a number of nationally significant biological and resource collections and databases .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
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the rufous-tailed jacamar ( galbula ruficauda ) is a near-passerine bird which breeds in the tropical new world in southern mexico , central america and south america as far south as southern brazil and ecuador .

the jacamars are elegant brightly coloured birds with long bills and tails .

the rufous-tailed jacamar is typically 25 centimetres ( 10 in ) long with a 5 centimetres ( 2 in ) long black bill .

the subspecies g. r. brevirostris has , as its name implies , a shorter bill .

this bird is metallic green above , and the underparts are mainly orange , including the undertail , but there is a green breast band .

sexes differ in that the male has a white throat , and the female a buff throat ; she also tends to have paler underparts .

the race g. r. pallens has a copper-coloured back in both sexes .

this species is a resident breeder in a range of dry or moist woodlands and scrub .

the two to four rufous-spotted white eggs are laid in a burrow in a bank or termite mound .

this insectivore hunts from a perch , sitting with its bill tilted up , then flying out to catch flying insects .

one commonly preyed upon insect is the social wasp agelaia vicina .

further , the bird distinguishes between edible and unpalatable butterflies mainly according to body shape .

the rufous-tailed jacamar 's call is a sharp pee-op , and the song a high thin peeo-pee-peeo-pee-pe-pe , ending in a trill .

rufous - tailed jacamar

protection / threats / status : rufous - tailed jacamar is common and widespread in its range . the major threats for this species are deforestation and habitat loss . rufous - tailed jacamar populations are not threatened at this moment .
a lateral view of a perched male ' rufous - and - green jacamar ' .
the commonest species is the rufous - tailed jacamar ( galbula ruficauda ) , 25 cm ( 10 inches ) long , found from southern mexico to argentina .
the rufous - tailed jacamar inhabits a range from central america to south america as far as brazil and northern argentina . the beauty of its shimmering green upperparts and rufous underparts cannot be overlooked . while the male’s throat is white , the female’s is rufous .
range : rufous - tailed jacamar is widespread on a large range , from southern mexico to northern argentina , including mexico , costa rica , ecuador , colombia , brazil , argentina , and trinidad and tobago .
behaviour : rufous - tailed jacamar feeds mainly on insects caught on the wing , by flycatching , aerial sallies or pursuit in the air . when the prey is caught , the bird beats it against a branch or other hard surface , in order to kill it , and to remove the more resistant parts of the body and the wings . then , the prey is swallowed whole . this behaviour is observed only for relatively large preys . rufous - tailed jacamar hunts from an exposed perch .
habitat : rufous - tailed jacamar frequents several kinds of habitats , such as shrubby forest edges , gallery forests , second - growth thickets , streams and rivers’ banks , marshes and savannahs with scattered trees . it may be seen from lowlands up to 900 metres of elevation , rarely up to 1300 metres .
flight : rufous - tailed jacamar has swift flight , fairly brief when pursuing preys . if the bird needs to fly long distances , for escaping a danger or between two feeding areas , it flies with bursts of rapid wing beats and glides . at this moment , the flight seems to be undulating .
some might say that the rufous - tailed jacamar ( galbula ruficacauda ) is reminiscent of a green - and - rufous kingfisher for its similar color patterns and heavy bill whereas others might see this bird and think of it as an oversized hummingbird . whatever side you fall on it’s a species that you can’t seem to get enough of and is hard to turn away from for its brilliant colors and sassy attitude .
description : rufous - tailed jacamar is a brightly coloured bird . adult male has shining metallic coppery - green plumage on upperparts . on the wings , the primaries are blackish . the long , graduated tail shows two longer rectrices . the other tail feathers are cinnamon . on the underparts , chin and throat are white . breast shows a broad metallic coppery - green band . belly , vent and undertail are rufous - chestnut . underwing coverts are cinnamon and flight feathers are dark grey .
diet : rufous - tailed jacamar feeds mainly on insects caught by flycatching and sallies . the diet includes a wide variety of insects , even wasps . the bird perches 1 to 3 metres above the ground on relatively exposed perch . when the prey is caught , it beats it several times against the branch , in order to kill it and to remove the indigestible parts before swallowing .
earlier this month at springhill , a high - pitched call of pee - pee - pee alerted us to the presence of a rufous - tailed jacamar nearby . turning out to be just in front of springhill’s main house , employees and guests alike were delighted to spot trinidad and tobago’s only representative of the galbulidae ( jacamar ) family . jacamars are neotropical birds which are similar to old world bee - eaters . they look like oversized hummingbirds and share a few characteristics with ‘hummers’ . they have iridescent feathers , long , thin bills and a fullness of energy .
there are 15 species of jacamar in tropical america which belong in their own family galbulidae situated between the puffbirds and toucans . all belong to the order piciformes along with woodpeckers and honeyguides . there are two species found here in costa rica , the great jacamar ( jacamerops aurea ) found on the caribbean slope and the rufous - tailed jacamar found at low elevations on both caribbean and pacific slopes . they are fairly common here on the osa peninsula mainly found along forest edges , streams and the open understory of tall second growth forests . it is also known to frequent cocoa plantations . we recently saw one perched along a road near one of our avian monitoring points on friends of the osa property in an area that we know as arbolito . it is not as abundant as some species and so it is a special moment to come across one .
voice : sounds by xeno - canto rufous - tailed jacamar’s call is a sharp , thin “peeup” repeated 3 to 10 times by both sexes . it also utters a rapid trill . song is a rapid phrase of several notes ending in trill “peeo - peeo - peea - pee - pee - pe - pe - pe - pe - pe - illllll” . this prolonged song uttered by the male may vary , including melodious or buzzy parts , twittering , ascending trills and low “pee - pee - pee” .
rufous - tailed jacamars breed , in trinidad , from february to june and in tobago , from february to august , where i might add , they are quite common . both sexes share nesting duties and interestingly , during courtship males remove the insects’ wings to feed them to females . clutches of two to four white eggs with cinnamon spots , are laid .
rufous - tailed jacamar nests in burrows excavated by both sexes . it is situated in sandy banks or termitary , and even in higher roots of fallen trees , from the ground up to three metres high . the burrow is usually straight , and the nest - chamber is sometimes partially visible . if there is any obstruction such as roots , the angle may deviate as sideway or downwards . the entrance is usually rectangular with vertical sides . the burrow is about 20 to 50 cm deep , with terminal cavity for the nest - chamber which is unlined .
locally called the ‘king hummingbird’ , the rufous - tailed jacamar is common in humid lowlands – on forest edges , in clearings and in secondary forest . it often perches a few metres above ground alongside a road , narrow stream or other type of clearing . there , it waits for prey , mostly flying insects , for which it hawks then thrashes against a branch in order to de - wing . these lively birds are regularly seen dust bathing on gravel roads . they measure 26 cm in length and usually nest in short tunnels on earth banks or even in termite nests .
rufous - tailed jacamars dig long burrows ( 11 - 20” ) in a bank , the root mass of an upturned tree or a termitary in which to put their nest . parents feed their 2 – 4 young during a 3 week nestling period by regurgitating insect parts . by the time the nestlings are ready to fledge the nest can look like a tomb of glittery insect wings and chitinous body parts .
it is highly sedentary , only performing some short dispersal , but it does not migrate . rufous - tailed jacamar is very active , often seen in pairs in shrubs , hunting for insects . during breeding season , the male performs regular courtship - feeding . it catches insects for its mate , offered without wings or hard parts . both mates perch close to each other while the male bobs its head upwards , downwards and sideways , and swings the tail up and down . at this moment , the male utters low notes and female gives trills . at other moment , always perched side to side , both mates fan their tails and bow together .
vary slightly in the amounts of black on the chin and in the number of green central rectrices , but in general males are an iridescent coppery / golden green above with a white throat and cinnamon - rufous underparts . females are a slightly duller green and have a cinnamon - buff throat .
feed almost exclusively on flying insects , especially dragonflies , butterflies and moths . these birds forage from a perch on an exposed branch 1 to 3 meters from the ground , and sally out to catch insects on the wing . after the jacamar has caught an insect it beats it several times against a branch to stun it and remove the insect ' s wings before it swallows .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
sacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .
justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is very large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
partners in flight estimate the total population to number 500 , 000 - 4 , 999 , 999 individuals ( a . panjabi in litt . 2008 ) . trend justification : despite this species tolerance of degraded and man - made habitats declines have been reported in panama and costa rica owing to hunting pressure , human interference and habitat loss ( del hoyo et al . 2002 ) .
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cuvier 1816 ) is a beautiful inhabitant of forest edges and clearings of central and south america . it occurs in several disjunct populations : from eastern mexico south to western panama ; from eastern panama south to western ecuador , colombia and venezuela ; in guyana ; and from bolivia east to eastern brazil . the six recognized subspecies of
) , version 1 . 0 . in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa .
hbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .
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josep del hoyo , pieter de groot boersma , greg baker , carlos gussoni , david ascanio , lucas andrei campos - silva , keith blomerley , antonio silveira , max roth , alex garcía · videoaves , thore noernberg , peter nash , keith and lynn youngs , jacob . wijpkema , cedric prys - roberts , pere sugranyes , richard garrigues , manakincarmelo , daniêl jimenez , mauricio rueda , rigdon currie , yaiza aragón , yoël jimenez , eldert groenewoud , monicayhector , pedro h ramos , rodrigo y castro , sidnei sampaio , agustin carrasco .
margareta wieser , carlos gussoni , lars petersson , luis r figueroa , antonio silveira , lmarce , richardgreenhalgh031 , manakincarmelo , lsargentini , phillip edwards , steve garvie , sanjiv parasram , joe tobias , philgunson , stephen romany , josep del hoyo , kperezleon , jacqueserard , rolando chavez , lutz duerselen , ian barker , anselmo d affonseca , mikko pyhälä , miriam bauman , paul van giersbergen , róger rodríguez , netosevero , nimali digo and thilanka edirisinghe , delareina , hal and kirsten snyder , mauricio rueda , orlando jarquín g . , nigel lallsingh , eduardo freitez gassan , gustavo a . rodríguez , marco valentini , markus lilje , digitalbcon , sirroyalty , hector ceballos - lascurain , jacob . wijpkema , josé frade , luca boscain , nelsonlage , sam shaw , anderson rosado gomez , horacio luna , carlos ruiz . - guerra , marianhw , juanjaimemg , marinês eiterer , aisse gaertner , stu elsom , daniêl jimenez , dubi shapiro , pedro h ramos , frédéric pelsy , zanon , michaelp , andre zambolli , juan carlos marín , kevin b agar , bjørn kjellemyr , roger ahlman , samantha klein , erkki lehtovirta , holger teichmann , luis eduardo urueña , ken havard , mattias hofstede , dusan m . brinkhuizen , sebastian duque , sam , tomas grim , joselito nardy ribeiro , daniel avendaño , tadeusz stawarczyk , lindolfo souto , greg baker , josef widmer .
josep del hoyo , joe klaiber , peter boesman , noé eiterer , antonio silveira , dusan m . brinkhuizen .
male heard of forest edge of tropical dry forest . recording distance was 15 meters .
one individual seen and heard on forest edge of secondary vegetation at understory near a pasture . it was catching insects at fly . recording distance was 6 meters .
heard on forest interior at understory of lowland rain forest . recording distance was 10 meters or more .
probably a male at understory into forest interior of dry forest . different individual from xc382459 .
a single individual perched and flying for catching cicadas on forest edge of dry forest . recording distance was 8 meters .
recorded in the edge of vereda at if ' s school farm , in the company of ruan henrique silveira martins .
grabación hecha en el marco del proyecto
estudio técnico y participativo de la biodiversidad aviar del municipio de ibagué – tolima , como estrategia para la consolidación del ecoturismo de aves , la conservación de sus hábitats y el desarrollo de procesos de educación ambiental
universidad de ibagué - rednatur - colciencias .
singing while perched about 12 m from me . this was more than 2 km from my other recording of this species in this area ( xc402069 ) , so it is a different bird .
a pair , singing together . these three recordings were taken from about 1 - 1 / 2 hours of following these birds and attempting to get good recordings ; wind , some children , a photographer , and chickens caused me to not include many others .
original recording . habitat riparian strip of forest along arroyo de coloso at ecoparque ecoloso .
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
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these colours fit right in with christmastime , so we presume that the bird’s unusual appearance at asa wright was a fitting start to the holiday season .
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myavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .
there are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .
there are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .
howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :
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horse , ( equus caballus ) , a hoofed , herbivorous mammal of the family equidae . it comprises a single species , …
animal , ( kingdom animalia ) , any of a group of multicellular eukaryotic organisms ( i . e . , as distinct from…
female resembles male , but she has cinnamon - buff chin and throat . she is slightly paler and duller than male .
juvenile has shorter bill and tail than adults . the upperparts are duller , and the breast band is less regular and broader than in adults .
head is metallic green . the long , sharp black bill is about 4 to 5 cm length . eyes are dark brown with bare greyish eye - rings and lores . legs and feet are yellowish - brown .
we find six subspecies : g . r . melanogenia ; g . r . pallens ; g . r . brevirostris ; g . r . ruficauda ; g . r . rufoviridis ; g . r . heterogyna . they differ in varying amount of colours in plumage and bill size .
female lays 2 to 4 white eggs . incubation lasts about 19 to 23 days , shared by both parents , and female mainly at night . calls and displays occur at each change of incubating bird . at hatching , the chicks are covered with long whitish down . they are fed by both adults with insects caught around the nest - site , within 50 metres from the burrow . young fledge about 20 to 26 days after hatching . adults and youngs roost at night in the burrow after fledging , and during about 8 weeks . this species produces one brood per season , but probably two .
they measure in at about 9 inches ( 23 cm ) long and weight approximately 27 g . those long bills are used for capturing insects . they perch on horizontal branches swaying their bill back and forth in search of flying insects . they are known to capture bees and beetles as well as large brilliantly colored butterflies such as morpho and swallowtails . their long beak allows them to grab hold of butterfly bodies while keeping flapping wings as well as bee stings at bay .


archips nigricaudanus is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .

it is found in china ( liaoning ) , korea , japan and russia ( ussuri , sakhalin , siberia ) .

the wingspan is 16 – 22 mm for males and 22 – 23 mm for females .

adults are on wing from april to june in china .

the larvae feed on diospyros , malus , morus , pyrus and quercus .

archips nigricaudanus

archips ( archips ) nigricaudanus ( walsingham , 1900 ) = archips nigricaudana walsingham 1900 .
archips subrufanus is a species of moth of the tortricidae family . it is found in china ( heilongjiang , jilin ) , korea , japan and russia ( primorye ) .
this study was carried out to clarify the fauna of the tribe archipini , which belongs to the family tortricidae in northeast china . in the present study , fifty - four species of the tribe were recognized and enumerated . based on the present study , two species , archips viola falkovitsh and choristoneura evanidana ( kennel ) , are reported for the first time from china . also five species , archips dichotomus falkovitsh , archips similis ( butler ) , argyrotaenia angustilineata ( walsingham ) , choristoneura longicellana ( walsingham ) , and gnorismoneura orientis ( filipjev ) , are newly recorded from northeast china . all available information , including host plant , distributional range , and biological information , are listed .
foundation item : this study was support by kosef ( korea science & engineering foundation ) with the program of “korea and china young scientist exchange program” ( 2002–2003 ) .
biography : * byun bong - kyu ( 1963 - ) , male , ph . d . , researcher in korea national rrboretum , korea
( clerk ) in korea [ j ] . korean j . appl . entomol . ,
byun , b . k . , bae , y . s . , park , k . t . 1998 . illustrated catalogue of tortricidae in korea ( lepidoptera ) [ r ] . insects of korea , vol . 2 , pp 317 .
byun , b . k . , k . t . park and b . y . lee . 1996 . five species of tortricinae new to korea [ j ] . korean j . entomol . ,
falkovitsh , m . i . 1965 . new eastern - asiatic species of leaf rollers ( lepidoptera , tortricidae ) [ j ] . ent . obozr . ,
jaros j . , spitzer , k . , havelka , j . and park k . t . 1992 . synecological and biogeographical outlines of lepidoptera communities in north korea [ j ] . insects of koreana ,
kawabe , a . 1982 . tortricidae and cochylidae [ c ] . in : h . inoue , s . sugi , h . kuroko , s . moriuti , a . kawabe ( eds ) moths of japan , vol . 1 : 62–258 , vol . 2 : 158–183 , pls . 14–31 , 227 , 279–295 .
kuznetsov , v . i . 1973 . leaf - rollers ( lepidoptera , tortricidae ) of the southern part of the soviet far east and their seasonal cycles [ j ] . ent . obozr . ,
liu youqiao . 1983a . cochylidae and tortricidae [ c ] . in : animal research institute of chinese academy sciences ( ed ) iconographia heterocerorum sinicorum ( 1 ) beijing : science press , p 28–56 , pls . : 6–8 . ( in chinese )
hübner ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) [ j ] . zool . res . ,
liu youqiao , bai jiuwei . 1977 . lepidoptera , tortricidae , part 1 [ c ] . in : economic insect fauna of china ( vol . 11 ) . beijing : science press : p 1–93 , 24 pls .
hübner ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) with description of two new species [ j ] . acta zool . sinica ,
liu youqiao , li guangwu . 2002 . insecta , lepidoptera , tortricidae . [ c ] in : editorial committee of fauna sinica , chinese academy sciences ( ed ) fauna sinica ( vol . 27 ) . beijing : science press , pp . 463 , plates . 1–136 , colour plates 1–2 .
hübner ( lepidoptera , tortricidae ) [ j ] . acta zool . cracov . ,
yasuda , t . 1972 . the tortricinae and sparganothinae of japan ( lepidoptera , tortricidae ) . part i [ j ] . bull . univ . osaka prefect . series b ,
yasuda , t . 1975 . the tortricinae and sparganothinae of japan ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) . part ii [ j ] . bull . univ . osaka prefect . series b ,
bong - kyu , b . , shan - chun , y . & cheng - de , l . journal of forestry research ( 2003 ) 14 : 93 . urltoken
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curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .
species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .
download ' korean pear ( pyrus pyrifolia ) from the republic of korea - fresh fruit / vegetables - import health standard ' | mpi - ministry for primary industries . a new zealand government department .
your document ' korean pear ( pyrus pyrifolia ) from the republic of korea - fresh fruit / vegetables - import health standard ' should start downloading automatically . if it does not , follow this link to your document .
the wingspan is about 11 mm . adults are on wing from july to mid - september .
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the abyssal grenadier , coryphaenoides armatus , is an abyssal fish of the genus coryphaenoides , found in all the world 's oceans , at depths between 800 and 4,000 m. its adult length is 20 to 40 cm , although fishbase gives lengths up to 1 m .

the abyssal grenadier 's body is unique in that it contains two dorsal spines and about 124 dorsal soft rays , which are the flexible jointed rays supporting a fin nearest to the back in the spinal column .

it has no anal spines , but has 115 anal soft rays along its body .

the head and eyes of this fish are very large , while the mouth is very small .

the color of the abyssal grenadier is brown apart from the abdomen , which is bluish .

abyssal grenadier

when they are brought up from the depths , gases in their bladders expand , popping the fish ' s stomachs and making their eyes bug out . no abyssal grenadier has ever been kept in captivity .
distinguishing between the abyssal macrourids coryphaenoides yaquinae and c . armatus from in situ photography
distinguishing between the abyssal macrourids coryphaenoides yaquinae and c . armatus from in situ photography - sciencedirect
the abyssal plains , covering more than half the earth ' s surface , are the world ' s largest habitat .
amazingly , while many fish species are suffering , the abyssal grenadier populations are booming ! they live so far down that they aren ' t affected by the fishing industry , and between 1989 and 2004 they doubled in number . scientists don ' t know much else about them though . their reproductive habits are unknown , and they have never been kept in captivity .
most experts agree that abyssal grenadiers are slow - growing animals , but estimates of their life spans vary from 6 to 60 years .
the scavenging fish communities at abyssal depths of the pacific ocean are dominated by two species of macrourids ; the rough abyssal grenadier coryphaenoides yaquinae iwamoto and stein , 1974 and the abyssal grenadier c . armatus ( hector , 1875 ) . these two species are morphologically very similar , and in the absence of physical specimens are notoriously difficult to distinguish from photographic data . in an era of increasing reliance on imaging technology in the deep sea , we provide an analysis of images of the two species from around the pacific rim with supplementary data from the atlantic and southern oceans . our results show that image - specific morphometric characters are inadequate to distinguish the two species . however , the way in which artificial illumination is reflected from the body is both sufficient , and consistently different to distinguish between the two species . the results are also corroborated by known geographic and bathymetric distributions . this analysis is intended to provide a reliable method of identification from deep - sea imaging systems in the absence of standard fishing techniques .
these fish live in the abyssal plains , flat expanses of the ocean floor at depths of 10 , 000 to 20 , 000 feet ( 3 , 000 to 6 , 000 meters ) . abyssal grenadiers , for example , have more than doubled in number between 1989 and 2004 , according to a new study .
today ' s animal is one of those deep sea fish that we so uncommonly see alive . even though they live in all of the world ' s oceans , the abyssal grenadiers normally hang out between 1 , 000 and
european regional assessment : least concern ( lc ) coryphaenoides armatus is a common species in the bathypelagic of the most ocean basins on the abyssal plain . it lives at depths too great to be of commercial interest , and there are no known major known threats . therefore , c . armatus is assessed as least concern .
abyssal grenadiers have a very distinct look to them . they have large heads ( featuring large eyes ) but bodies that taper out into a tail that completely lacks a caudal fin , along with spined fins that run down both their dorsal and central sides . these fish are known to be very slow - growing , and live as long as 60 years .
abyssal grenadier fish coryphaenoides yaquinae were coryphaenoides armatus and observed arriving at baits deployed within view of a free - fall video vehicle ( fvv ) camera on the sea floor at two stations in the north pacific , sta . f 32°50′n , 124°w , 4400 m deep in the vicinity of the california current and sta . cnp 31°n , 159°w , a 5900 m deep oligotrophic station . included within each bait deployment were one or two ingestible acoustic transmitters . a total of 23 fish at sta . f and 13 fish at sta . cnp ingested transmitters and were tracked using an acoustic tracking system ( atex ) . the number of fish within view of the camera increased to a mean maximum of 4 . 7 at 60 min at sta . f and 11 . 8 by 400 min at sta . cnp , a paradox in view of presumed lower fish population density at sta . cnp . fish that ingested transmitters moved away at radial velocities between 1 and 15 cm s −1 , reaching a mean radius of 233 m by 370 min at sta . f and 622 min at sta . cnp .
the estimated combined abundance of coryphaenoides armatus and c . yaquinae increased by 275 % ( from an annual average abundance of 7 . 5 ind / ha in 1989 to 28 . 1 ind / ha in 2004 ) via towed cameras between 1989 and 2004 at approximately 4100 m depth at station m ( bailey et al . 2006 ) . station m is located in the abyssal northeast pacific about 220 km west of point conception , california . the abundance was not reported by species , so it is unclear whether the increase is attributable to c . armatus . coryphaenoides armatus was the most abundant macrourid sampled by long - line in the mid - atlantic ridge ( fossen et al . 2008 ) .
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greek , koryphaina = dolphin fish + suffix oides = similar to ( ref . 45335 )
from ' cyklos ' meaning circle and ' lepis ' meaning scale ( ref . 6885 )
marine ; bathypelagic ; depth range 282 - 5180 m ( ref . 50610 ) . deep - water ; 65°n - 61°s , 180°w - 180°e ( ref . 1371 )
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 102 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 1371 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 2 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 123 - 124 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 115 . the head is large ; the eyes also large . the snout is elongated , somewhat conical ; the mouth is small and inferior . the body tapers from behind the first dorsal fin . the light organ extends past midway between the anal origin and the ventral insertion . color is uniformly brownish , except for the abdomen which is bluish .
a deep - slope upper continental rise species , common in deep waters of most oceans ( ref . 1371 ) . bathypelagic ( ref . 58426 ) . feeds on a variety of benthic invertebrates ( especially crustaceans and holothuroids ) when young , switching to primarily mesopelagic and bathypelagic fish , and sea urchins and cephalopods as adults ( ref . 1371 ) . sex ratio was 2 . 6 : 1 male to female ( n = 449 ) in the rockall tough , n . e . atlantic ( ref . 40742 ) .
cohen , d . m . , t . inada , t . iwamoto and n . scialabba , 1990 . fao species catalogue . vol . 10 . gadiform fishes of the world ( order gadiformes ) . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of cods , hakes , grenadiers and other gadiform fishes known to date . fao fish . synop . 125 ( 10 ) . rome : fao . 442 p . ( ref . 1371 )
) : 1 . 9 - 5 . 1 , mean 3 . 3 ( based on 3307 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 6 ±0 . 52 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : very low , minimum population doubling time more than 14 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : high to very high vulnerability ( 68 of 100 ) .
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coryphaenoides armatus is common to the deep waters of most oceans , between 2000 and 4700 m ( cohen et al . 1990 ) . in the northeastern atlantic , c . armatus is found from southern iceland and ireland to madeira and the canary islands . it is likely more widely distributed than what is known . it is found at depths ranging from 2000 to 4700 m .
iceland ; ireland ; portugal ( azores , madeira , portugal ( mainland ) , selvagens ) ; spain ( canary is . , spain ( mainland ) ) ; united kingdom ( great britain , northern ireland )
coryphaenoides armatus is a deep - slope , upper continental rise species found between 2000 and 4700 m . the diet of c . armatus changes ontogenetically , from benthic invertebrates ( especially crustaceans and holothuroids ) when young to mesopelagic and bathypelagic fish , sea urchins and cephalopods as adults ( cohen et al . 1990 ) . examination of the stomach contents of c . armatu s collected by trawling at depths below 2600 m in hudson canyon provided evidence that a major portion of the diet comes from the deep mesopelagic and bathypelagic regions ( haedrich and henderson 1974 ) . the largest c . armatus collected by trawling at depths below 2600 m in hudson canyon in 1973 was 102 cm total length ( haedrich and henderson 1974 ) . it has been suggested that c . armatus is semelparous , as few ripe females and no spent individuals have been collected ( stein and pearcy 1982 , drazen 2001 ) .
coryphaenoides armatus is large and taken in moderate numbers by oceanographic research vessels , but lives at depths too great to be of commercial potential ( cohen et al . 1990 ) .
coryphaenoides carapinus is not a commercially targeted species , however it is taken as bycatch in deepwater fisheries ( priede et al . 2010 )
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► in situ images of coryphaenoides yaquinae and c . armatus were compared . ► image - specific morphometric characters were inadequate to distinguish species . ► reflection of artificial light off the body revealed interspecific differences . ► reflection characteristics were sufficiently consistent to differentiate the species . ► these data were corroborated by known bathymetric and geographic distributions .
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fish appear to be active foragers with no evidence for a “sit and wait” foraging strategy . grenadiers generally remained near the sea floor as they dispersed . only one vertical movement to an altitude of
25 m was recorded and this comprised less than 0 . 2 % of tracking time . the number of fish present at the bait was found to correspond to the following relationship :
is the bait decay constant . in accordance with optimal foraging theory staying time ( β ) is longer at sta . cnp .
a deep - slope upper continental rise species , common in deep waters of most oceans ( ref . 1371 ) . bathypelagic ( ref . 58426 ) . feeds on a variety of benthic invertebrates ( especially crustaceans and holothuroids ) when young , switching to primarily mesopelagic and bathypelagic fish , and sea urchins and cephalopods as adults ( ref . 1371 ) . sex ratio was 2 . 6 : 1 male to female ( n = 449 ) in the rockall tough , n . e . atlantic ( ref . 40742 ) .
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although many fish populations are declining , a few species appear to be increasing their numbers , in particular those beyond the reach of fishing fleets .
the fish also called rattails or deep - sea grenadiersgrow to about 2 feet ( 60 centimeters ) long and are long - lived . but almost nothing is known about their reproductive habits .
david bailey , a research fellow at the scripps institution of oceanography in la jolla , california , is the lead author of the new study . he sees two reasons for the species flourishing .
first ,
bailey said ,
natural climatic and oceanographic changes have increased food supply to the seafloor , triggering an increase in deep - sea fish abundances .
second , the absence of direct fishing pressure on the deep - sea fish has allowed these changes .
the report appears in the march issue of the journal
the researchers used a camera sleda camera - equipped rig towed behind and below a shipto survey the depths .
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these fish are abundant in the dark depths of the oceans . as adults they can grow nearly a meter in length , though smaller sizes are more common . they feed on other fish , sea urchins , crustaceans , and cephalopods .
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