the dot-winged crake ( porzana spiloptera ) is a species of bird in the family rallidae .

despite its visual similarities , it probably does not belong to the genus porzana ; like the yellow-breasted crake , which was variously placed in hapalocrex , micropygia , poliolimnas or porzana , it seems to form a badly-resolved complex with the mainly neotropical crakes of genera anurolimnas , coturnicops and laterallus .

it is found in argentina , brazil , and uruguay .

its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry lowland grassland , subtropical or tropical seasonally wet or flooded lowland grassland , freshwater lakes , freshwater marshes , and coastal saline lagoons .

it is threatened by habitat loss .

dot - winged crake

dot - winged crake ( porzana spiloptera ) is a species of bird in the rallidae family .
greater rhea , spotted nothura , black - headed duck , olrog’s gull , dot - winged crake , red and white crake , hudson’s canastero , bay - capped wren - spinetail , sulphur - bearded spinetail , many - colored rush - tyrant .
martinez , m . m . ; bo , m . s . ; isacch , j . p . 1997 . habitat and abundance of speckled crake ( coturnicops notata ) and dot - winged crake ( porzana spiloptera ) in mar chiquita , buenos aires province , argentina . hornero 14 : 274 - 277 .
top ten species : greater rhea , spotted nothura , black - headed duck , olrog’s gull , dot - winged crake , rufous - chested dotterel ( winter ) , hudson’s canastero , bay - capped wren - spinetail , sulphur - bearded spinetail , many - colored rush - tyrant .
taylor , b . , boesman , p . & sharpe , c . j . ( 2018 ) . dot - winged crake ( porzana spiloptera ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
we depart from buenos aires early in the morning . transfer to san clemente area where we’ll explore the grassy meadows which harbours plenty of aquatic birds , rheas and tinamous , among others specialties . the following day we have a full day around punta rasa , where hundreds of shorebirds and seabirds congregate in its tidal mudflats . apart of this , there are extensive brackish grasslands where dot - winged crake is locally common . return to buenos aires at about 18 : 00 hs .
the dot - winged crake of southern south america is tiny , with brown upperparts striped blackish , and whitish barring on the wing coverts , which is only visible in flight . the underparts are dark gray , becoming even darker over the belly , which is barred white . the bill is dark greenish bill , and the legs are gray washed green . this crake is most abundant and widespread in buenos aires province in argentina , but there are also records elsewhere in the same country , as well as from uruguay and southernmost brazil . it usually inhabits temporary and tidal marshes , swamps , wet marshy meadows , and wet to dry grassland , and there is some evidence for a recent decline in the species’ numbers .
14–15 cm . small dark crake , with blackish streaks ( feather centres ) on dark olive brown upperparts ; white markings on upperparts confined to upperwing - coverts and . . .
15 cm . tiny , dark crake . brown upperparts striped blackish . dark wings with whitish barring on coverts , visible in flight . plumbeous underparts . darker belly barred white . dark greenish bill , grey legs washed green .
a good combination of the best places for birding near buenos aires . we start at 6 : 30 hs in a prearranged location . in the morning we visit the important bird area of magdalena , birding the riparian forest and marshlands . after lunch birding in xeric woodlands and the coast at punta indio , located 160 km south of buenos aires city . the second day we move to san clemente area where we explore the grassy meadows which harbours plenty of aquatic birds , rheas and tinamous , among others specialties . the following day we have a full day around punta rasa , where hundreds of shorebirds and seabirds congregate in its tidal mudflats . apart of this , there are extensive brackish grasslands where dot - winged crake is locally common . return to buenos aires at about 18 : 00 hs .
top ten species : dusky - legged guan , giant wood - rail , red - and - white crake , ash - coloured cuckoo , scimitar - billed woodcreeper , straight - billed reedhaunter , curve - billed reedhaunter , many - colored rush - tyrant , diademed tanager , gray - throated warbling - finch .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
sacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .
the vocalisations of this secretive species are still unknown , and its distribution and abundance hence remain poorly understood . however , its population is believed to be small , fragmented , and undergoing a continuing decline , qualifying it as vulnerable .
. 2011 , lucero 2013 ) . it is relatively widespread ( 16 localities in buenos aires with recent records from eight ) , but all records refer to 1 - 2 birds . it was formerly locally frequent to abundant in buenos aires , but is now rare to fairly common . this may be partly attributable to a paucity of observers , but there seem to have been declines ( or perhaps birds are just highly mobile in search of optimum habitat ) at the relatively well - watched sites of punta rasa and the río luján
the population is assumed to fall in the band 2 , 500 - 9 , 999 mature individuals based on the low numbers usually recorded at the relatively small number of known localities with recent records , where it is described as rare to fairly common . this equates to 3 , 750 - 14 , 999 individuals , rounded here to 3 , 500 - 15 , 000 individuals . verification of this estimate is desirable . trend justification : it was formerly locally frequent to abundant in buenos aires , but is now rare to fairly common . this may be partly attributable to a paucity of observers , but there seem to have been declines ( or perhaps birds are just highly mobile in optimum habitat ) at the relatively well - watched sites of punta rasa and the río luján ( m . pearman in litt . 1999 ) . based on this information , a slow decline is suspected .
it occurs in temporary and tidal marshes , swamps , wet marshy meadows , and wet to dry grassland . in argentina , it associates with cord grass
there is land reclamation for agriculture , and high levels of grazing and burning . at punta rasa , a recreational development project has resulted in an increase in visitors . mar chiquita , buenos aires , has been flooded . birds seem to disappear for up to one year after burning
most records are from mar chiquita biosphere reserve ( buenos aires ) , mar chiquita ramsar biosphere reserve ( córdoba ) , punta rasa biological station and the otamendi strict nature reserve . it occurs in lagoa do peixe national park , brazil
. 1999 ) and rio grande do sul . record its voice to enable further surveys using tape - playback . study the effects of cattle - grazing . expand otamendi strict nature reserve to encompass larger tracts of habitat . ensure the
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río luján 2 ( reserva otamendi ) , campana , prov . bs . as .
site 2 bird one . see black rail l . j . murivagans subspecies xc62960 : similar .
site 2 bird one . see the black rail laterallus j . murivagans subspecies ' pw ' call too : cxc56406
after playback . the black rail l . jamaicensis subspecies tuerosi , salinasi & the nominal too have a growl call ( see : xc54566 , xc16582 , xc1145 and others )
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
there are many ways to contribute—we need species information , photographs , audio , video , translations , maps , distribution data , and bird sightings . there ' s a role for everyone !
) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :
se brazil ( rio grande do sul ) # r , argentina ( corrientes–chaco to santa cruz ) # r # r # r and s uruguay .
voice unknown until recently . song is a high note followed by a lower - pitched rattle
kee - . . .
freshwater and brackish wetlands , including tidal and temporary marshes , swamps , wet marshy meadows . . .
recorded as feeding on insects , seeds and marsh weeds . no information on feeding habits .
only recorded nest was found near buenos aires , but no further details were given . in addition , a juvenile was seen with an adult at punta . . .
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myavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .
there are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .
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howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :
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recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : porzana spiloptera . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
4 . grassland - > 4 . 5 . grassland - subtropical / tropical dry suitability : suitable season : resident major importance : no 4 . grassland - > 4 . 6 . grassland - subtropical / tropical seasonally wet / flooded suitability : suitable season : resident major importance : no 5 . wetlands ( inland ) - > 5 . 5 . wetlands ( inland ) - permanent freshwater lakes ( over 8ha ) suitability : suitable season : resident major importance : no 5 . wetlands ( inland ) - > 5 . 7 . wetlands ( inland ) - permanent freshwater marshes / pools ( under 8ha ) suitability : suitable season : resident major importance : no 13 . marine coastal / supratidal - > 13 . 4 . marine coastal / supratidal - coastal brackish / saline lagoons / marine lakes suitability : suitable season : resident major importance : no
1 . land / water protection - > 1 . 1 . site / area protection 2 . land / water management - > 2 . 1 . site / area management
1 . residential & commercial development - > 1 . 3 . tourism & recreation areas
11 . climate change & severe weather - > 11 . 4 . storms & flooding
2 . agriculture & aquaculture - > 2 . 1 . annual & perennial non - timber crops - > 2 . 1 . 3 . agro - industry farming
2 . agriculture & aquaculture - > 2 . 3 . livestock farming & ranching - > 2 . 3 . 2 . small - holder grazing , ranching or farming
2 . agriculture & aquaculture - > 2 . 3 . livestock farming & ranching - > 2 . 3 . 3 . agro - industry grazing , ranching or farming
1 . research - > 1 . 2 . population size , distribution & trends 1 . research - > 1 . 3 . life history & ecology 1 . research - > 1 . 5 . threats
arballo , e . ; cravino , j . l . 1999 . aves del uruguay : manual ornitológico - tomo 1 . editorial agropecuaria hemisferio sur s . r . l . , montevideo .
collar , n . j . , gonzaga , l . p . , krabbe , n . , madroño nieto , a . , naranjo , l . g . , parker , t . a . and wege , d . c . 1992 . threatened birds of the americas : the icbp / iucn red data book . international council for bird preservation , cambridge , u . k .
cuello , j . ; gerzenstein , e . 1962 . las aves del uruguay : lista sistemática , distribución y notas . comunicaciones zoologicas del museo de historia natural de montevideo vi ( 93 ) : 1 - 191 .
escalante , r . 1983 . catálogo de las aves uruguayas . 3a parte , galliformes y gruiformes .
iucn . 2016 . the iucn red list of threatened species . version 2016 - 3 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 07 december 2016 ) .
lucero , f . 2013 . primer registro documentado confirmando la presencia del burrito negruzco ( porzana spiloptera ) para la provincia de san juan , argentina . ecoregistros revista 3 ( 1 ) : 1 - 6 .
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one of the best urban reserves in the world with 336 species of birds recorded in the last 30 years . the reserve opens at 8 : 00hs am and close its doors at 19 : 00hs pm in spring . remember that the reserve normally closes in rainy days , but it’s possible to take a view from outside for a couple of hours . no especial clothing is required , but you must bring insect repellent , suncream and a hat . a small backpack is always useful .
top ten species : black - necked swan , rosy - billed pochard , spot - flanked gallinule , guira cuckoo , checkered woodpecker , narrow - billed woodcreeper , masked gnatcatcher , yellow - billed cardinal greyish baywing , black - and - rufous warbling - finch .
we start at 6 : 30 hs in a prearranged location . in the morning we visit the famous otamendi np , birding the riparian forest and marshlands . after lunch birding in xeric woodlands at ceibas . this is probably the best birding site near buenos aires , a well - known place for birders which it was explored for the last 25 years . normally in a spring day the bird list here is of more than 80 species . return to buenos aires at about 18 : 00 hs .


chloealtis aspasma is a species of grasshopper in the family acrididae .

it is native to northern california and southern oregon in the united states .

it is known by the common names siskiyou short-horned grasshopper and siskiyou chloealtis grasshopper .

chloealtis aspasma

rehn , j . a . g . & hebard . 1919 . trans . amer . entomol . soc . 45 : 82 > > chloealtis aspasma urn : lsid : orthoptera . speciesfile . org : taxonname : 61230
rehn , j . a . g . & hebard . 1919 . a new species of grasshopper of the genus chloealtis ( acrididae ) from the pacific coast . transactions of the american entomological society ( trans . amer . entomol . soc . ) 45 : 82
rehn , j . a . g . & hebard . 1919 . a new species of grasshopper of the genus chloealtis ( acrididae ) from the pacific coast . transactions of the american entomological society ( trans . amer . entomol . soc . ) 45 : 81 - 87
rehn , j . a . g . & hebard ( 1919 ) a new species of grasshopper of the genus chloealtis ( acrididae ) from the pacific coast : transactions of the american entomological society ( trans . amer . entomol . soc . ) 45 : 81 - 87
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maintained at urltoken by daniel otte ( founder and principal author ) , david c . eades ( principal database developer ) , and piotr naskrecki ( developer of osf online , major contributor ) , with the cooperation of the orthopterists ' society
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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gurney , strohecker & helfer . 1964 [ 1963 ] . trans . amer . entomol . soc . 89 : 130
type locality : northern america , northwestern u . s . a . , oregon , jackson county , siskiyou mountains
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
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bey - bienko . 1932 . orthoptera palaearctica critica xi . the group chrysochraontes ( acrid . ) . eos , revista española de entomología ( eos ) 8 : 88
gurney , strohecker & helfer . 1964 [ 1963 ] . a synopsis of north american acridine grasshoppers of the genus group chrysochraontes ( orthoptera : acrididae ) . transactions of the american entomological society ( trans . amer . entomol . soc . ) 89 : 130
hoekstra . 1998 . conserving orthoptera in the wild : lessons from trimerotropis infantilis ( oedipodinae ) . journal of insect conservation ( j . insect conservation ) 2 ( 3 - 4 ) : 180
jago . 1969 . a revision of the systematics and taxonomy of certain north american gomphocerine grasshoppers ( gomphocerinae , acrididae , orthoptera ) . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia ( proc . acad . nat . sci . philad . ) 121 : 293
jago . 1971 . a review of the gomphocerinae of the world with a key to the genera ( orthoptera : acrididae ) . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia ( proc . acad . nat . sci . philad . ) 123 : 293
otte , d . 1981 . acrididae : gomphocerinae and acridinae . north american grasshoppers , harvard university press , cambridge 1 : 44 , 235
otte , daniel , 1995 : grasshoppers [ acridomorpha ] d . orthoptera species file 5 . 630 .
rehn , j . a . g . 1928 . on the relationship of certain new or previously known genera of the acridine group chrysochraontes ( orthoptera , acrididae ) . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia ( proc . acad . nat . sci . philad . ) 80 : 189


mylabris is a genus of beetles in the family meloidae , which is endemic to the palearctic ecozone .

the species-rich genus hycleus ( c. 430 spp. ) was historically confused with mylabris .

it is superficially similar , but is centered on the afrotropics .

mylabris

valter jacinto marked
mylabris quadripunctata
as trusted on the
mylabris quadripunctata
page .
valter jacinto marked
milabris‑dos‑4‑pontos / / blister beetle ( mylabris quadripunctata )
as trusted on the
mylabris quadripunctata
page .
medical uses of mylabris in ancient china and recent studies . - pubmed - ncbi
no one has contributed data records for mylabris quadripunctata yet . learn how to contribute .
valter jacinto changed the thumbnail image of
milabris‑dos‑4‑pontos / / blister beetle ( mylabris quadripunctata )
.
genius , thank you , i think you are right , i think it is the [ mylabris variabilis ] .
mylabris species , blister beetle , oil beetle from europe stock photo , picture and royalty free image . image 19275050 .
blister beetle ( mylabris sp : meloidae ) , a warningly coloured species , feeding on a flower , in savannah , ghana .
this short paper deals with the first record of mylabris klugi redt . and the subgenus argabris kuz . in turkey . illustrations of the adult insect and its habitat are given .
beetles aren ' t my area but i thought it looked like what i understand a blister beetle should be . so , with that in mind i did a quick search . could it be a mylabris species ? see -
mylabris phalerata ( mp ) is an insect used in the preparation of mylabris , a korean medicine listed in the korean herbal pharmacopoeia that is used to treat tumors . mp has antitumor effects and a proliferative effect on leucocytes [ 8 , 9 ] . the major component of mp , cantharidin , also has anticancer and apoptotic effects on cancer cells [ 10 ] . norcantharidin , a demethylated form of cantharidin , is used as an anticancer drug in china [ 11 ] .
mylabris variabilis ( pallas , 1781 ) : tronquet ( 2014 ) : 553 . [ statut pour la france métropolitaine ] tronquet , m . [ coord . ] 2014 . catalogue des coléoptères de france . revue de l’association roussillonnaise d’entomologie , 23 ( supplément ) : 1 - 1052 .
j . - e . huh , k . - s . kang , k . - s . ahn , d . - h . kim , i . saiki , and s . - h . kim , “mylabris phalerlata induces apoptosis by caspase activation following cytochrome c release and bid cleavage , ”
the scientific name for a genus of blister beetle , several species of which ( mylabris phalerata and m . cichorii ) have been used in traditional chinese medicine as a vesicant and antitumor agent . skin exposure to the crushed body of the beetle results in contact dermatitis . the blistering agent in the beetle , cantharides , is also known as spanish fly .
mylabris oculata , the cmr bean beetle , is a large , conspicuously - colored beetle in the family meloidae ( blister beetles ) that i saw quite commonly during my stay in south africa . “cmr” refers to the cape mounted rifle corps , a police force in the old cape colony whose uniforms sported black and yellow bands that resemble the colors of this beetle .
when we screened the tnf - α secretion in m2 macrophages using 400 species of herb , mylabris phalerata , genkwa flos , solani nigri herba , pinelliae tuber , sambuci lignum , sanguisorbae radix , euphorbiae kansui radix , phaseoli radiati semen , poria , and melandrii herba were the most potent top 10 herbs without endotoxin . although there are some reports on anti - inflammatory effects of these 10 herbs , macrophage polarization by these herbs has not been studied .
ty - jour ti - a new mylabris species from south - eastern iran and a key to the iranian species of the nominate subgenus ( coleoptera , meloidae ) t2 - zookeys vl - 219 ur - urltoken pb - pensoft publishers py - 2012 sp - 81 ep - 86 do - 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 219 . 3674 au - serri , sayeh au - pan , zhao au - bologna , marco kw - iran kw - key to the species kw - new species kw - taxonomy er -
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[ g . a cockroach found in mills and bakehouses , fr . mylē , mill ]
pustulata were identified in a study from the western part of neighboring state of orissa .
by kasab ( 1983 ) and schneider ( 1991 ) are now assigned to other genera such as croscherichia and hycleus .
and coryna species ( coleoptera : meloidae ) infesting pearl millet in the nigerian sudan savanna .
, a compound that has been used in china as a medicinal agent for 2000 years and for the treatment of cancer , particularly hepatoma [ 1 ] .
pustulata ( thunberg ) has emerged as a predominant insectpest of pigeonpea flowers in punjab .
pustulata ( blister beetle ) was studied for the enzymes involved in hydrolysis of cellulose .
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copyright © 2017 hwan - suck chung et al . this is an open access article distributed under the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original work is properly cited .
tumor burden comprises a group of heterogeneous cells , including t cells , neutrophils , and macrophages . the major cells comprising the tumor burden are macrophages , accounting for approximately 50 % of the burden . tumor - associated macrophages ( tam ) are involved in tumor progression and metastasis , and the number of tam in the tumor burden is positively correlated with poor prognosis [ 1 ] . macrophages can be m1 polarized by stimulation with ifn - γ or lps , and these m1 - polarized macrophages secrete il - 12 , tnf - α , and il - 1 β , which kill cancer cells [ 2 ] . however , m2 macrophages are polarized by stimulation with il - 4 , il - 13 , or m - csf and release il - 10 , ccl17 , and ccl22 , which help in tumor progression and metastasis . m2 macrophages have phenotypes and functions similar to tam [ 3 , 4 ] . because tam play a critical role in tumor progression and metastasis , many researchers have studied the control of tam and have shown that switching tam or m2 with m1 significantly inhibits tumor progression and metastasis [ 5 – 7 ] . therefore , switching tam or m2 with m1 is a potential target for cancer treatment .
we screened 400 herbal ethanol extracts to examine the effect of m1 polarization on m2 - polarized macrophages induced by il - 4 and il - 13 . we found that the ethanol extract of mp ( emp ) polarized m2 into m1 and that this effect was not mediated by endotoxins .
animal procedures were approved by the iacuc in the korea institute of oriental medicine . bone marrow cells ( bmc ) were isolated from the tibia and femur of 6 - week - old male c57bl / 6 mice ( samtako bio korea , gyeonggi - do , south korea ) . bone marrow macrophages ( bmm ) generated using bmc were differentiated in the rpmi1640 medium supplemented with 10 % fbs and macrophage colony - stimulating factors ( m - csf , 60 ng / ml , peprotech , rocky hill , nj , usa ) for 1 week . the medium was replaced with a fresh m - csf - containing medium 3 days after seeding the cells .
to prepare tam , mice were subcutaneously implanted with lewis lung carcinoma ( llc ) cells ( 2 × 10 5 / mouse ) . they were sacrificed after 3 weeks , and tumor tissues were isolated . single cells were dissociated from tumor tissues using a tumor dissociation kit ( cat . 130 - 096 - 730 , miltenyi biotec , bergisch gladbach , germany ) following the manufacturer’s instructions . to separate the macrophages , the cells were labelled with cd11b microbeads ( cat . 130 - 049 - 601 , miltenyi biotec ) , and the cd11b + cells ( macrophages ) were isolated with macs columns . approximately 10 % –20 % of the tumor - dissociated cells were cd11b + . when we analyzed the purity of tam , over 90 % were cd11b + .
mp was purchased from an herbal supplier ( yeongcheon herb , yeongcheon , korea ) , and a voucher specimen ( number e233 ) was deposited in the herbal bank of the korea medicine application center , korea institute of oriental medicine . to prepare emp , dried mp ( 30 g ) was ground into a fine powder , soaked in 300 ml of 70 % ethanol , and extracted in a shaking incubator at 40°c for 24 h . the extract was filtered through a testing sieve ( 150 μ m ; retsch , haan , germany ) , evaporated on a rotary evaporator , concentrated by lyophilization , and then stored at −20°c . emp powder ( 50 mg ) was dissolved in 10 ml of 50 % ethanol ( v / v ) and filtered through a 0 . 22 μ m disk filter . endotoxin was examined using the pierce lal chromogenic endotoxin quantitation kit ( thermo scientific , bonn , germany ) according to the manufacturer’s protocol .
to polarize bmm to m2 , they were treated with recombinant il - 4 ( 20 ng / ml ) and il - 13 ( 20 ng / ml ) for 6 h . emp was added for 18 h , and the supernatants were harvested and kept at −80°c until use . tnf - α and tgf - β were analyzed by opteia elisa kit ( bd biosciences pharmingen , san diego , ca , usa ) and ebioscience™ human / mouse tgf beta 1 elisa ready - set - go ! ™ kit , 2nd generation ( cat . 88 - 8350 - 76 , ebioscience , san diego , ca , usa ) , respectively , following manufacturer’s instruction .
to polarize bmm to m2 , they were treated with recombinant il - 4 ( 20 ng / ml ) and il - 13 ( 20 ng / ml ) for 6 h . emp was added for 18 h , and the cells were harvested . total rna was extracted using the easyblue rna extraction kit ( intron biotechnology , inc . , seongnam , korea ) . the quality and concentration of the rna were assayed using the nd - 1000 spectrophotometer ( nanodrop technologies , wilmington , de , usa ) . cdna was synthesized using cyclescript reverse transcriptase ( bioneer , seoul , korea ) and stored at −20°c . real - time pcr was conducted using the cfx96 touch real - time pcr system ( bio - rad , ca , usa ) employing the accupower greenstar qpcr master mix ( bioneer , daejeon , korea ) . the pcr protocol comprised 10 min at 95°c followed by 45 cycles of 10 s at 95°c , 10 s at 60°c , and 10 s at 72°c . after the cycles were completed , the signal at each temperature between 65°c and 95°c was recorded to generate a dissociation curve . the sequences of the murine primers were listed in table 1 . the target mrna levels were compared by calculating the crossing point ( cp ) value and normalized to the reference gene gapdh .
raw264 . 7 cells ( 5 × 10 6 ) were pretreated with il - 4 ( 20 ng / ml ) + il - 13 ( 20 ng / ml ) for 6 h to polarize to m2 and then treated with emp for 1 h . nuclear and cytoplasmic extracts were prepared using ne - per nuclear and cytoplasmic extraction reagents ( thermo fisher scientific , rockford , il , usa ) according to the manufacturer’s protocol .
cells were washed with phosphate - buffered saline ( pbs ) and lysed using the radioimmunoprecipitation assay buffer ( millipore , ma , usa ) containing protease and phosphatase inhibitors . total protein ( 15–20 μ g ) was separated by 10 % sds - page gel electrophoresis , transferred to polyvinylidene fluoride ( pvdf ) membrane , and immunoblotted with specific antibody . antibodies for arginase - 1 , β - actin ( santa cruz biotechnology , ca , usa ) , phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 ( p - stat3 ) ( tyr705 ) , p - stat6 ( tyr641 ) , p65 , p - i κ b - α , and proliferating cell nuclear antigen ( pcna ) ( cell singling technology , ma , usa ) were used in this study . chemiluminescent signals were detected using the chemidoc imaging system ( bio - rad laboratories , ca , usa ) and a chemiluminescence reagent ( thermo scientific , rockford , il , usa ) .
cell migration was assayed using a 24 - transwell chamber with a diameter of 6 . 5 mm and an 8 μ m pore polyethylene terephthalate ( pet ) membrane ( spl lifesciences , seoul , korea ) as described by kim et al . [ 12 ] .
el4 - luc2 cells , a lymphoma cell line from c57bl / 6 mice expressing the firefly luciferase gene ( caliper life science , ma , usa ) , were used to evaluate drug efficacy on macrophage tumoricidal activity in coculture conditions . bmm were pretreated with il - 4 ( 20 ng / ml ) + il - 13 ( 20 ng / ml ) for 6 h to polarize to m2 and then with emp for 18 h . the cells were washed with dpbs and 3 × 10 4 cells in 200 μ l of media were seeded in 96 - well white plates . el4 - luc2 cells ( 1 × 10 4 cells ) were cocultured with bmm for 48 h . luciferin ( 150 μ g / ml ) was added and luminescence was detected using the spectramax l microplate reader ( molecular devices , sunnyvale , ca , usa ) .
for all analyses ) was assessed by one - way anova followed by tukey’s post hoc test for multiple comparisons using the prism 5 . 01 software ( graphpad software inc . , san diego , ca , usa ) .
because tnf - α is a prominent m1 marker , we screened 400 types of herbal extracts for their effect on tnf - α release in m2 macrophages . m2 macrophages were induced by treating bmm with mouse recombinant il - 4 ( 20 ng / ml ) and il - 13 ( 20 ng / ml ) for 6 h , after which emp was added for 18 h . among the 400 herbal extracts , emp showed the strongest effect on tnf - α release in m2 macrophages . tnf - α induction in m2 macrophages by emp was also shown in tam ( figure 1 ) . on the other hand , tgf - β is a typical m2 marker . tgf - β release was reduced by emp treatment in tam and bmm ( figure 1 ) . to exclude the possibility of tnf - α release by endotoxin contamination in emp , we also examined the endotoxin level in emp and found that it was less than 0 . 1 eu / ml ( data not shown ) .
. ( a ) tam were isolated with cd11b microbeads after dissociation of tumor tissue into single cells . cd11b
tam were treated with various doses of emp for 24 h . ( b ) bmm were pretreated with il - 4 ( 20 ng / ml ) + il - 13 ( 20 ng / ml ) for 6 h to polarize to m2 and then emp was added for 18 h . tnf -
we analyzed the expression of m1 and m2 genes after emp treatment in m2 macrophages . although the increased m2 markers ( fizz1 , ym1 , and arg1 ) were significantly inhibited by emp , m1 ( tnfa and inos ) markers were significantly increased by emp based on the real - time rt - pcr analysis ( figure 2 ( a ) ) . when we analyzed m1 ( cd86 ) and m2 ( cd68 ) phenotype changes using flow cytometry after emp treatment in m2 macrophages , emp significantly increased cd86 expression but did not affect cd68 expression ( figure 2 ( b ) ) . arginase - 1 catalyzes l - arginine as a substrate and produces l - ornithine and urea . it is known that the depletion of l - arginine by arginase - 1 could inhibit the l - arginine - dependent immune functions [ 13 ] . for instance , l - arginine depletion suppresses t - cell proliferation [ 14 ] . although macrophages polarized to m2 by il - 4 and il - 13 displayed a significantly increased expression of arginase - 1 , emp alleviated the increased expression of arginase - 1 in a dose - dependent manner . intriguingly , lps did not significantly alter the increased expression of arginase - 1 ( figure 2 ( c ) ) .
. ( a ) effect of emp on mrna expression in m2 macrophages . bmm were pretreated with il - 4 ( 20 ng / ml ) + il - 13 ( 20 ng / ml ) for 6 h to polarize to m2 and then emp was added for 18 h . the amounts of mrna were quantified by real - time rt - pcr . the expression levels of mrna were normalized by dividing the values by the gapdh intensity . ( b ) cd86 + and cd68 + bmm after emp treatment were analyzed by flow cytometry . ( c ) arginase - 1 expression was determined by western blotting . nd = not detected . values are indicated as the mean ± sem .
we studied the effect of macrophages polarized by emp on llc tumor cell migration . to exclude a direct effect of emp on llc , emp - treated macrophages were washed out with dpbs and the macrophages were seeded in the lower compartment and then llc were cultured in the upper compartment of the transwell chamber . as shown in figure 3 ( a ) , emp treatment in m2 macrophages attenuated the migration of llc tumor cells in a dose - dependent manner . we also evaluated the tumoricidal activity of emp - treated macrophages in coculture conditions with el4 - luc2 lymphoma . lps - and emp - treated macrophages significantly reduced el4 - luc2 proliferation compared with the control group ( figure 3 ( b ) ) . these data show that emp - treated m2 macrophages can inhibit tumor metastasis and progression .
. ( a ) a transwell migration assay was performed to determine the migration of llc tumor cells by emp - treated macrophages . llc tumor cells on the lower surface of the transwell membrane were stained with crystal violet solution and observed under a phase contrast microscope with 50x magnification . ( b ) el4 - luc2 lymphoma was cocultured with emp - treated macrophages for 48 h . values are indicated as the mean ± sem .
to study the mechanism of emp in m2 macrophages , we analyzed stat6 phosphorylation , which is a critical transcription factor in the m2 polarization induced by il - 4 and il - 13 . although m2 macrophages increased stat6 phosphorylation , there were no significant differences in stat6 phosphorylation upon emp treatment ( figure 4 ( a ) ) . nf - κ b is a critical transcription factor for proinflammatory cytokines such as tnf - α , il - 6 , and il - 1 β . although lps treatment increased the translocation of p65 ( nf - κ b subunit ) into the nucleus and the phosphorylation of i - κ b α in cytoplasm , emp did not show any significant changes in nf - κ b translocation or i - κ b α phosphorylation ( figure 4 ( b ) ) . it has been reported that stat3 suppression can convert tam’s phenotype from m2 to m1 [ 15 , 16 ] . we also explored whether stat3 was involved in the effect of emp on macrophage polarization . the phosphorylation of stat3 induced by il - 4 and il - 13 was diminished by emp treatment ( figure 4 ( a ) ) .
. ( a ) bmm were pretreated with il - 4 ( 20 ng / ml ) + il - 13 ( 20 ng / ml ) for 6 h to polarize to m2 and then emp was added for 1 h . the phosphorylation of stat3 and stat6 was analyzed by immunoblot analysis . nd = not detected . ( b ) raw264 . 7 cells were pretreated with il - 4 ( 20 ng / ml ) + il - 13 ( 20 ng / ml ) for 6 h to polarize to m2 and then emp was added for 1 h . p - i
- actin were analyzed in the cytosolic fraction and p65 and pcna were analyzed in the nuclear fraction . c = cytosol ; n = nucleus . values are indicated as the mean ± sem .
it has been reported that norcantharidin , a biosynthesized demethylated cantharidin , has anticancer effects by the regulation of m1 macrophage polarization via mir - 214 expression [ 16 ] . because norcantharidin is a synthetic compound and is not a component of mp , the effects of emp on m1 polarization may not be mediated by norcantharidin .
there is a lot of evidence showing that m2 - polarized macrophages can be converted to m1 macrophages and the converted m1 macrophages exert anticancer and antimetastatic properties [ 15 , 18 – 20 ] . although we did not perform an in vivo study , there are many reports on the anticancer effects of mp [ 8 , 21 , 22 ] . because mp per se has anticancer effects , it may not be easy to differentiate its anticancer effects by tumor killing from those by m1 polarization . conversely , it is supposed that the anticancer effects of mp in animal are mediated by m1 polarization and not just by the apoptosis of tumor cells .
these findings suggest that treatment with emp polarizes m2 / tam into m1 . because of these effects of emp , it may be used as an adjuvant for anticancer drugs to boost anticancer immunotherapy .
the authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest related to this study .
this work has been supported by ministry of science , ict and future planning ( msip ) , republic of korea , grant k17281 awarded to korea institute of oriental medicine ( kiom ) .
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these beetles , however , are more than just a frustration for hungry birds , but also a serious pest of numerous ornamental , fruit and vegetable crops ( picker et al . 2002 ) . large numbers of adults congregate on plants and preferentially feed on the flowers . in the more natural settings where i was encountering these beetles , they were most often seen on flowers of
in the family fabaceae . to be honest , they became quite a source of frustration for me as well – not because of their distastefulness or pestiferous habits , but because of their role as the model in a mimicry complex . it was the mimic that i was after , and since mimics tend to be much less common than their models , i had to look at a
back to their chemical defenses – i’ve often wondered just how poisonous blister beetles really are , especially to humans . here in the u . s . , their main importance is as contaminants in alfalfa hay fed to cattle and horses . deaths from severely contaminated forage do occur , but this is dependent upon the cantharidin content of the species and their abundance within the hay . the highest reported cantharidin content for a blister beetle is 5 . 4 % dry weight in
. calculations based on this figure and the lethal dose for a 1000 - lb horse indicate that around 100 such beetles would need to be eaten to receive a fatal dose . this seems to make the claim that a single beetle can kill a human a little far - fetched . however ,
beetles – more than a full inch in length and bulky . in this regard , i found an interesting tidbit at the
yes ; they are poisonous enough to kill people – especially a big beetle… the poison is very toxic and actually causes collapsed tissue . it would also depend on the weight of the person , as with any other toxin . the poison of a cmr beetle , that is dried and powdered , is sufficient to kill a 70kg human .
picker , m . , c . griffiths and a . weaving . 2002 . field guide to insects of south africa . struik publishers , cape town , 444 pp .
ted c . macrae is a research entomologist by vocation and beetle taxonomist by avocation . areas of expertise in the latter include worldwide jewel beetles ( buprestidae ) and north american longhorned beetles ( cerambycidae ) . more recent work has focused on north american tiger beetles ( cicindelidae ) and their distribution , ecology , and conservation .
this entry was posted in coleoptera , meloidae and tagged beetles , chemical defenses , entomology , insects , mimicry , nature , predator avoidance , science , south africa , warning coloration . bookmark the permalink .
it’s a gorgeous beetle . i admit to being tickled by the idea of you finding them frustrating because , while nice beetles and all , they weren’t quite the species you were looking for .
you know , it’s amazing how the commonness of a species can trump its beauty . on that very same trip , i was ecstatic everytime i found a little black dot of a beetle in the genus brachelytrium – my colleague on that trip was revising the genus and describing several new species , and every time i found one there was a good chance it would be another paratype . little black dots and i’m jumping for joy , while these enormously spectacular beetles lumbered around everywhere and i yawned .
the lesson here ? copy and paste instead of thinking you can remember what you just read and retype it correctly . or in simpler terms , check the doggone name before hitting submit !
you sure you been blogging for 7 years ? that stuff was covered in internet 101 . 🙂
i just had a google around to look for the mimic… seems an blog entry by one t . macrae from around 18 months ago has the answer to this one . you were top of the google search !
and peter gets points for showing how ridiculously easy it is to find the answers to these quizzes . i suppose my digital past is now starting to catch up with me !
i couldn’t help but think of the insects episode of life that i watched last weekend , while reading this post . south africa ! such exciting and far - away places , with big , bright , shiny beetles . must have been great to be so bored . 🙂
i’m doing a report on beetles and i was wondering if you knew anything about the euchroea aurostellata ? i got off this website on beetles of africa , and all the websites i go to they don’t know anything about it .
a madagascan flower chafer is all i know . a web search reveals it to be a common item for sale by commercial insect suppliers . as it often the case , little is known about such species other than what philatelic collectors are willing to pay for them .
yes , there is . thank you for helping me . i’m sure i’ll get an a + ! = d
i feel like an old war - horse at the sound of a trumpet when i read about the capture of rare beetles . - - charles darwin
the creator , if he exists , must have an inordinate fondness for beetles . - - j . b . s . haldane buy bitb apparel and gifts at cafepress .
ted c . macrae is an agricultural research entomologist with
an inordinate fondness for beetles .
primary expertise includes taxonomy and host associations of wood - boring beetles , with more recent interest also in tiger beetle survey and conservation . i am currently serving as managing editor of the the pan - pacific entomologist , layout editor for the journal cicindela and newsletter editor for the webster groves nature study society . read my interview at nature blog network , and visit me at these other sites :
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biodiversity in focus blog the musings of entomology graduate student and nature photographer morgan d . jackson
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relatives in turkey by the markings on the elytra ( marseul , 1873 ; jacobson , 1905 - 1915 ) . from iran
2002 , the old world genera of meloidae ( coleoptera ) : a key and synopsis .
steppe on southern slopes , 6 july 2011 , photo m . kemal ( cesa© )
dlw is an independent project supported by the cesa from the year of 1998 on . the aim of this project is preparing a comprehensive database program on especially old world lepidoptera taxa for the …
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bl is an independent project supported by the cesa from the year of 1998 on . the aim of this project is preparing a comprehensive database program on especially old world lepidoptera bibliography .
et is an independent project supported by the cesa from the year of 2008 on . the aim of this project is preparing a comprehensive database program on the pterygota fauna of turkey .
fl is an independent project supported by the cesa from the year of 2000 on . the aim of this project is to study and publish on the early stages of the lepidoptera especially in turkey .
a gelechiid species , new for the fauna of turkey ( lepidoptera ) . misc . pap . 163 : 1 - 3 , 3 figs . 1 map . this paper deals with the faunistical occurence of sophronia semicostella ( hbn . ) in turkey for the first time . illustrations of adult , male genitalia , habitat , as well as distributional map are added .
occurence of teratolytta kulzeri in east turkey is reported and briefly discussed . the adult insect is illustrated in nature for the first time .
polysarcus elbursianus is reported here from bitlis province ( east turkey ) for the first time . illustrations of adult male and a distributional map are also given .
this paper deals with the occurence of talis renetae in east turkey . the species was described from ankara ( central anatolia ) , and known from there so far . the record of this species from adilcevaz ( bitlis province ) is new to the provincial fauna . images of the adult and male genitalia , as well as the habitat are also given . ecological information for the species are added .
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mylabre ( magnified ) , vintage engraved illustration . natural history of animals , 1880 .
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here is another photograph taken by a friend of mine that currently resides in the middle east ( north iraq ) to be precise . she is into wildlife photography , and has taken the following image :
can someone please tell us what species that beetle is ( ps . i ' m guessing that is a beetle ) .
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lampronia sublustris is a moth of the prodoxidae family .

in north america it is found from southern british columbia south to northern california and east to alberta , utah and colorado .

the wingspan is 12 – 16 mm .

the forewings are unicolorous pale straw yellow .

the hindwings are uniformly gray .

adults are on wing in june .

the larvae probably feed on rosa woodsii .

lampronia sublustris

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wingspan 12 - 16 mm . forewing unicolorus , pale straw yellow . hindwing uniformly gray .
very similar to , and possibly conspecific with , aenescens . i know of no published traits that distinguish the two species , and members of both entities and intergrades are frequently found together ( pellmyr , unpubl . obs . ) .
southern british columbia , canada , south to northern california , eastward to alberta ( canada ) , utah , and colorado .
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the adults are small , slender moths with a wingspan of 12 - 16 mm . the forewings are pale yellow , the hindwings gray ( davis 1978 , pellmyr 2000 ) .
appears to be the same species as aenescens , since there are no distinguishing morphological traits , and the two are often found together ( pellmyr 2000 ) .
in alberta , occurs in the prairie , parkland and foothills regions north to edmonton ( bowman 1951 ) and winfield ( c . d . bird , pers . comm . ) .
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poole , r . w . , and p . gentili ( eds . ) . 1996 . nomina insecta nearctica : a checklist of the insects of north america . volume 3 ( diptera , lepidoptera , siphonaptera ) . entomological information services , rockville , md .
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distribution data for u . s . states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .
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hodges , r . w . et al . , eds . 1983 . check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico . e . w . classey limited and the wedge entomological research foundation , london . 284 pp .
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ridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
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patterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
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iucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .
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cladiscites is an extinct genus of cephalopods in the ammonoid order ceratitida .

these nektonic carnivores lived during the triassic , from carnian to rhaetian age .

cladiscites

model of the cephalopod , cladiscites tornatus . image : jon augier source : museum victoria
fossil of the cephalopod , cladiscites tornatus . image : jon augier source : museum victoria
name : cladiscites tornatus ( v . hauer ) age : trias , norian location : noe bihati , timor , indonesia size is 7 . 5 cm . both sides are prepped .
after the devastation of the extinction event at the end of the permian only a few species of cephalopods survived – a pattern this group encountered in several other mass extinctions . cladiscites was an ammonoid cephalopod . although the fossil has a series of ornate squiggle patterns , these were internal structures called sutures that were not on the shell’s outer surface . other fossils of cladiscites show that the shell’s surface was finely ridged .
age : triassic age sub category : common name : ceratite genus : cladiscites species : externecavatus catalogue letters : arc catalogue number : 1 . 0 country of origin : east indies description : a fine , wholly septate specimen with most of its test , showing the typical strigate ornamentation . the complex ammonitic suture shows well in relief on both sides . size : 50 dia price : £ 7 . 00
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average measurements ( in mm ) : shell width 18 . 6 , shell diameter 32 . 4
average measurements ( in mm ) : shell width 38 . 0 , shell diameter 77 . 0
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cephalopods first appeared in the silurian and survive to this day . see how this group has changed over time .
hi caitlin have you tried viewing the video in another browser such as chrome or firefox ? the video is working so you should be able to view it in an up - to - dat . . .
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arcestes is a genus of extinct ceratitid ammonites found in triassic - aged marine strata .
their shells were broad and rounded , giving them an almost spherical appearance . unlike many other ammonites , the shells of arcestes lack keels that would otherwise stabilize them while swimming . because of this , some paleontologists have suggested that they were bottom - dwelling crawlers .
the shell of arcestes is globular or subglobular with periodic narrow transverse constrictions in internal molds due to periodic internal transverse ridges ( variaces ) in the shell . the suture is ammonitic with complexly subdivided elements . the ventral lobe is subdivided by a low median saddle . lateral lobes and saddles have generally triangular outlines but are deeply embayed by strong projections forming tree - like patterns . they form a series diminishing in size and complexity in a rather straight line going from the venter to the umbilicus in the middle of the shell .
fossils of arcestes are found in mid to upper triassic marine strata throughout the world , including california ( a . pacificus ) , nevada ( a ( anisarcestes ) mrazici ) and austria ( a . intuslabiatus and a . binacostomus ) .
reference : an189 genus - specie : fagesia sp . ( pervinquiére , 1907 ) description : ammonite fossil cephalopod period : cretaceous epoch - stage - strata : upper cretaceous era : mesozoic age : turonian ( 89 - 93 million years ) common name : ammonite fossil cephalopod comments : original , full , natural , clean matrix , not refurbished , not repaired , good conservation , dimensions : 70 x 72 x 65 mm , weight : 355 grams , original , high quality location : asfla region ( morocco ) price : 29 e
reference : an139 genus - specie : acrioceras sp . ( hyatt , 1900 ) description : fossil ammonites , unwinding , heteromorfo period : cretaceous epoch - stage - strata : cretaceous era : mesozoic age : lower barremian common name : fossil ammonites , unwinding , heteromorfo comments : full , matrix , large size , ammonites measures 100 x 22 mm , matrix measures 103 x 57 x 51 mm , weight : 430 grams , ammonites heteromorfo , weird , unusual , high quality location : asfla ( morocco ) price : 130 e
reference : an99 genus - specie : phylloceras sp . description : fossil ammonites period : cretaceous epoch - stage - strata : cretaceous era : mesozoic age : albian common name : fossil ammonites comments : cut and polished location : madagascar price : 12 e
reference : an83 genus - specie : tiltoniceras sp . ( buckman , 1913 ) description : ammonite fossil period : jurassic epoch - stage - strata : era : mesozoic age : toarcian common name : ammonite fossil comments : location : alpe turati , italy price : 15 e
reference : an59 genus - specie : liparoceras sp . ( hyatt , 1867 ) description : ammonite fossil period : jurassic epoch - stage - strata : jurassic era : mesozoic age : lower lias common name : ammonite fossil comments : comprehensive , high quality and excellent preservation , retains the outer mold , original shell , natural , refreshing , nice color , dimensions : 75 x 56 x 46 mm location : ashton keynes gloucestershire , england price : 66 e
5 . 5cm . from the triassic norian stage of the hallstatt limestone formation in austria .
figuring out how old fossils are remains one of the most important aspects of paleontological research , and one of the simplest ways of doing so is by comparing a fossil against other fossils found within the same sediment layer for which the ages are roughly known . these time - calibrated fossils , also known as index fossils , often comprise of commonly found fossils such as trilobites and ammonites .
this volume accompanies an emu school intended to bring contemporary research on mineral reaction kinetics to the attention of young researchers and to put it into the context of recent developments in related disciplines . a selection of topics , methods and concepts , which the contributors deem currently most relevant and instructive , is presented .
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