spix 's guan ( penelope jacquacu ) is a species of bird in the cracidae family .

it is found in bolivia , brazil , colombia , ecuador , guyana , peru , and venezuela .

its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests .

its estimated global range is approximately 5,000,000 km ² and is common in at least parts of this range .

it is therefore considered a least concern species by the iucn .

the common name commemorates the german naturalist johann baptist von spix ( 1782-1826 ) .

spix ' s guan

. the spix’s guan is all brown with pale specks on the neck , upper back , and breast . they have grayish bare skin around the eyes and face . sexes are similar and have a bright red throat and dewlap . the spix’s guan is distinguished from the structurally similar
by much larger size , and larger and more conspicuous red dewlap . the spix’s guan favors mature interior forest while the speckled chachalaca is confined to forest edges and second growth . also see
the spix’s guan can be fairly common in lowland amazonia , but has been recorded at elevations of up to 1700 m along the foothill of the andes . this large guan can be fairly common , but it has been extirpated in forest surrounding human settlements due to subsistence hunting pressure by human .
perhaps the best known member of the cracid family in western south america , the spix’s guan is the prototypical cracid of the amazonian lowlands . it is found in most undisturbed sites in the upper orinoco basin and in the western amazon basin . spix ' s guans primarily feed on fruits in the upper strata of rainforest . its calls are typical sounds of the amazonian dawn chorus .
material published in urltoken belongs to the author ( s ) and is protected by copyright laws . contributor ( s )
del hoyo , j . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . spix ' s guan ( penelope jacquacu ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
– suriname , guyana and adjacent e venezuela s of r orinoco ( extending as far w as nw amazonas ) .
todd , 1932 – se venezuela ( c & s amazonas ) and nw brazil n of r amazon and r solimões .
– amazonia s of r amazon and r solimões in w brazil , e colombia , e ecuador , peru and n bolivia .
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mostly jan–may in s venezuela ; one nest in apr and one male in breeding condition in aug in colombia ; said to begin in aug–sept . . .
) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :
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schulenberg , t . s . , d . f . stotz , and l . rico . 2006 . distribution maps of the birds of peru , version 1 . 0 . environment , culture & conservation ( ecco ) . the field museum .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
sacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .
justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population size has not been quantified , but this species is described as ' fairly common ' ( stotz et al . ( 1996 ) . trend justification : this species is suspected to lose 8 . 7 - 10 . 4 % of suitable habitat within its distribution over three generations ( 10 years ) based on a model of amazonian deforestation ( soares - filho et al . 2006 , bird et al . 2011 ) . given the susceptibility of the species to hunting and / or trapping , it is therefore suspected to decline by < 25 % over three generations .
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closely related to p . purpurascens , p . perspicax , p . albipennis and p . obscura . has been considered conspecific with p . obscura , and formerly with p . purpurascens , but tracheal morphology different . has hybridized with p . pileata in captivity . race granti has been considered a separate species , including orienticola as race , but there is extensive intergradation throughout present species . race speciosa formerly treated as a race of p . obscura . four subspecies recognized .
wing - whirring display given at dawn or dusk , when one bird ( the presumed male ) also gives loud . . .
few detailed , long - term studies of diet , but mainly small fruits , e . g . of palms ( including
not globally threatened ( least concern ) . common in many parts of range , except in densely populated areas or where forest has been cleared . in populated areas has changed its . . .
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juan sanabria , josep del hoyo , pieter de groot boersma , jonathan , thore noernberg , will carter .
joe tobias , margareta wieser , oswaldocortes , samantha klein , dubi shapiro , agustin carrasco , thore noernberg , ken havard , mauricio rueda , lochfitty , jacqueserard , allan hopkins , josep del hoyo , lars petersson , luis r figueroa , pedro h ramos , holger teichmann , jacob . wijpkema .
for the record ; don ' t like guans . low - pass filtered at 400 hz .
when flushed from ground . humid primary forest . reference : jn1 . krabbe & nilsson ( 2003 ) ( isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9 ) .
id certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 2 side a track 28 seq . a )
along the union trail in secondary forest undergrowth , not far from the clay lick and near the lake . was about 20m from my position . signal increases later into the recording .
alarm calls . habitat : evergreen lowland forest , flood plain forest . ref : cc11a539
recorded at night . probably the bird was frightened by the presence of lophostrix cristata , and my flashlight .
certainty : 99 % . not seen . a party of several birds . consists of two parts , taped 80 seconds apart . at forest edge .
id certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 543 side a track 84 seq . a )
id certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 543 side a track 80 seq . a )
id certainty 90 % . ( archiv . tape 57 side a track 34 seq . a )
id certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 5 side a track 42 seq . a )
id certainty 90 % . ( archiv . tape 392 side b track 36 seq . a )
terra firme forest . calls by one of a pair of birds flushed by my approach but which stayed fairly close and then came closer . probably young were nearby .
perch height 20 m . distance to mike : 45 m . response to playback . bird approached on playback . series of terriorial songs interspersed with alarm calls . habitat : evergreen lowland forest , terra firme forest . ref : nkm03a240
calls by single individual . habitat : evergreen lowland forest , flood plain forest . ref : cc12a574
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
: l . pene = quasi or similar to , and lothos = crest .
: tupi ( native brasilian ) jacu = native name for this bird , and guaçu = large .
contribute to the knowledge and undertanding of bird distribution in peru . report your rare and unusual sightings :
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this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : penelope jacquacu . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
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scinax altae is a species of frog in the family hylidae .

it is endemic to panama where it occurs in the pacific lowlands between the chiriquí province in the west and panamá province in the east .

the type series was collected by emmett reid dunn and his wife from " summit " in the panama canal zone in 1932 .

scinax altae

scinax altae ( a new combination ) was recognized as a species distinct from s . staufferi by duellman ( 2001 ) .
iucn ssc amphibian specialist group 2015 . scinax altae . the iucn red list of threatened species 2015 : e . t55925a54348119 . urltoken
this species was described by lutz ( 1973 ) and was subsequently thought to be a subspecies of scinax catherinae . scinax alcatraz was removed from synonymy with scinax catharinae by peixoto ( 1988 ) .
hyla staufferi altae — león , 1969 , univ . kansas publ . mus . nat . hist . , 18 : 540 .
scinax altae — duellman and wiens , 1992 , occas . pap . mus . nat . hist . univ . kansas , 151 : 21 ( taxonomic change without discussion ) ; duellman , 2001 , hylid frogs middle am . , ed . 2 : 854 .
calls of two brazilian species of scinax of the s . ruber clade ( anura : hylidae )
the complex vocalization of scinax cardosoi ( anura : hylidae ) , with comments on advertisement calls in the s . ruber clade
jennifer hammock added an association between
belizean pine forests habitat
and
scinax staufferi ( cope , 1865 )
.
for discussion ( as hyla staufferi altae ) see duellman , 1970 , monogr . mus . nat . hist . univ . kansas : 199–200 . in the scinax staufferi group . in the scinax ruber clade , unassigned to group , of faivovich , haddad , garcia , frost , campbell , and wheeler , 2005 , bull . am . mus . nat . hist . , 294 : 97 . köhler , 2011 , amph . cent . am . : 262–264 , provided a brief summary of natural history and identification key for the species of scinax in central america and provided a range map and photograph for this species .
scinax alcatraz is one of a number of species currently recognized in the s . perpusillus group ( including s . alcatraz , s . arduous , s . atratus , s . belloni , s . faivovichi , s . littoreus , s . melloi , scinax peixotoi , s . perpusillus
c . michael hogan marked the classification from
species 2000 & itis catalogue of life : april 2013
as preferred for
scinax staufferi ( cope , 1865 )
.
hyla altae dunn , 1933 , occas . pap . boston soc . nat . hist . , 8 : 61 . holotype : mcz 17972 , by original designation . type locality :
summit , panama canal zone
, panama . synonymy by taylor , 1952 , univ . kansas sci . bull . , 35 : 863 .
we describe a new species of the hylid frog genus scinax from the peruvian upper amazonian lowlands ( area of iquitos , region loreto , peru ) . the new species belongs to the scinax ruber clade and differs from all its members by having the dorsal skin slightly to coarsely shagreen , by lacking conspicuous ulnar and tarsal tubercles , and in life by having a distinct light olive - green coloration on dorsum , bright yellow flanks with distinct black spots , black posterior surfaces of thighs , and gold to bronze iris .
. . . one exception is the lowland rainforest bordered by the ucayali , amazon , yavarí , and blanco rivers ( fig . 1 ) . in recent years , surveys have uncovered several new species : scinax iquitorum ( moravec et al . 2009 ) , . . .
barrio - amorós , c . l . , orellana , a . & chacón , a . , 2004 . - a new species of scinax ( anura : hylidae ) from the andes of venezuela . j . herpetol . 38 ( 1 ) : 105 - 112 .
. . . the species scinax fuscomarginatus and s . madeirae ( recently removed from the synonymy of s . fuscomarginatus by brusquetti et al . , 2014 ) are phylogenetically closely related and morphologically similar species that offers a unique framework to study evolution and speciation processes . scinax fuscomarginatus has a wide distribution in open landscapes of south america , from the venezuelan , guianan and suriname lowlands throughout north and northwest brazil reaching the north of argentina , while s . madeirae is more restricted , occupying eastern amazonia ( state of rondônia , brazil ) and eastern bolivia ( brusquetti et al . , 2014 ) . . . .
a new species of scinax is described from the valleys of the argentine and bolivian andes . it is phenotypically intermediate between s . fuscovaria and s . nasica , differing from both of them by its size and mating call . / / / se describe una especie nueva de scinax procedente de los valles andinos argentinos y bolivianos , la cual presenta un fenotipo intermedio entre s . fuscovaria y s . nasica , pero difiere por su tamaño y sobre todo por su canto . considerando que la actual validez de algunos grupos de especies es muy dudosa , no se establece adscripción de la nueva especie a ninguno de ellos .
. . . promptly distinguishes the new species from larger species like scinax acuminatus , s . castroviejoi , s . eurydice , s . dolloi , s . fuscovarius , s . hayii , s . iquitorum , s . perereca , and s . sateremawe ( combined svl 34 . 0 - 52 . 0 ; see bokermann 1968 ; lutz 1973 ; cei 1980 ; de la riva 1993 ; pombal et al . 1995b ; moravec et al . 2009 ; pugliese et al . 2009 ; sturaro & peloso 2014 ) ; and from smaller species like s . altae , s . cabralensis , s . exiguus , s . fuscomarginatus , s . madeirae , and s . villasboasi ( combined svl 15 . 7 - 26 . 7 ; see duellman 1970 ; duellman 1986 ; drummond et al . 2007 ; brusquetti et al . 2014 ) . . . .
. . . promptly distinguishes the new species from larger species like scinax acuminatus , s . castroviejoi , s . eurydice , s . dolloi , s . fuscovarius , s . hayii , s . iquitorum , s . perereca , and s . sateremawe ( combined svl 34 . 0 - 52 . 0 ; see bokermann 1968 ; lutz 1973 ; cei 1980 ; de la riva 1993 ; pombal et al . 1995b ; moravec et al . 2009 ; pugliese et al . 2009 ; sturaro & peloso 2014 ) ; and from smaller species like s . altae , s . cabralensis , s . exiguus , s . fuscomarginatus , s . madeirae , and s . villasboasi ( combined svl 15 . 7 - 26 . 7 ; see duellman 1970 ; duellman 1986 ; drummond et al . 2007 ; brusquetti et al . 2014 ) . . . .
. . . see bokermann 1968 ; lutz 1973 ; cei 1980 ; de la riva 1993 ; pombal et al . 1995b ; moravec et al . 2009 ; pugliese et al . 2009 ; sturaro & peloso 2014 ) ; and from smaller species like s . altae , s . cabralensis , s . exiguus , s . fuscomarginatus , s . madeirae , and s . villasboasi ( combined svl 15 . 7 - 26 . 7 ; see duellman 1970 ; duellman 1986 ; drummond et al . 2007 ; brusquetti et al . 2014 ) . . . .
. . . as presently defined , the neotropical tree - frog scinax wagler , 1830 represents the second most species - rich ( 97 spp . ) genus within hylidae ( frost , 2009 ; moravec et al . , 2009 ; pugliese et al . , 2009 ) and recent phylogenetic studies ( morphologic and molecular ) have supported it as monophyletic group ( faivovich , 2002 ; faivovich et al . , 2005 ; salducci et al . , 2005 ) . species of scinax occur from southern mexico to east - central argentina , and are known from almost all major tropical and subtropical ecosystems within this region ( faivovich , 2002 ; frost , 2009 ) . . . .
. . . two species groups are recognized in the s . ruber clade—the s . rostratus and the s . uruguayus groups ; several other species remain unassigned to either of the species groups ( faivovich et al . 2005 ) . vocalizations ( particularly advertisement calls ) have supplemented species - level diagnoses in scinax ( de la riva 1993 , nunes et al . 2012 ) . scinax cardosoi ( carvalho - e - silva and peixoto 1991 ) was described from teresópolis ( rio de janeiro state ) and domingos martins ( espírito santo state ) , southeastern brazil , and is assigned to the s . ruber clade ( sensu faivovich et al . 2005 ) . . . .
. . . with nearly 70 currently recognized species , the genus scinax wagler , 1830 represents one of the most species - rich hylid genera in the neotropics . nevertheless , an increasing rate of new scinax species recognition in the few last years ( e . g . , fouquet et al . 2007 , brusquetti et al . 2014 sturaro and peloso 2014 ; araujo - vieira et al . 2015 ; araujovieira et al . 2016 ; juncá et al . 2015 ; ferrão et al . 2016 ) indicates that our knowledge of the actual species diversity in this genus is still very incomplete . similarly , despite an intensive research in the last decades ( e . g . . . .
. . . l . gonzales col . scinax castroviejoi de la riva , 1993 mnk a - 509 – paratipo : laguna de bermejo , provincia florida , departamento santa cruz , bolivia ( 18º 07 ' s y 63º 38 ' o , 1130 msnm ) . i . de la riva , c . tapia y j . ledezma cols . . . .
scinax alcatraz is a large - sized member of the s . perpusillus group ( males : 19 . 7–24 . 4 mm svl ; females 27 . 0–29 . 8 mm svl ) . like all members of the s . perpusillus group , s . alcatraz has extremely reduced webbing between toes ii and iii ( peixoto 1987 ) . the dorsal skin texture is smooth or has some scattered pustules ( faivovich et al . 2010 ) . hidden surfaces of limbs have yellow coloration ( leão 1950 ) . most scinax alcatraz have dorsal markings but some individuals do not ( faivovich et al . 2010 ) . inguinal glands are visible ( and present in both males and females ) , a character shared with s . perpusillus group members s . belloni and s . littoreus ( faivovich et al . 2010 ) . males have glandular nuptial pads ( faivovich et al . 2010 ) .
a new species of the scinax ruber clade is described from municipality of barra do garcas , state of mato grosso , brazil . it is diagnosed by its size ( svl 29 . 4 - 35 . 4 mm in males ) ; dorsum with a background that varies from light and dark gray to dark brown , with round and irregular dark blotches ; hidden surfaces of thigh and shank light or dark brown , with lighter , large and irregular blotches . . . [ show full abstract ]
. . . the distribution pattern of amphibian species within biomes in alagoas matches with the known range of each species with the exception of scinax fuscomarginatus . although this species has been recorded only for two locations ( coruripe and passo de camaragibe municipalities ) in alagoas ' atlantic forest ( table 1 ) , it has a wide distribution ( leite jr . et al . , 2008 ; brusquetti et al . , 2014 ) . some species in our list are taxonomically uncertain and await more detailed systematic study . . . .
. . . the vocal sac single , median , subgular , and ventrally not reaching the pectoral region differentiates the new species from s . baumgardneri , s . exiguus , s . fuscomarginatus , s . madeirae , s . manriquei , s . staufferi , s . villasboasi , and s . wandae ( large vocal sacs that reach the anterior pectoral region ; barrio - amor ? s et al . 2004 ; brusquetti et al . 2014 ) ; and s . camposseabrai , s . karenanneae , and s . sateremawe ( bilobed vocal sacs ; pyburn 1993 ; caramaschi & cardoso 2006 ; sturaro & peloso 2014 ) . scinax rossaferesae sp . . . .
. . . an examination of the holotype of hyla rubra inconspicua shows that it differs by the presence of small tubercles on the head , dorsum and limbs including the tarsal area ( see moravec et al . 2009 ) . the new species differs from s . iquitorum ( fig . 4b ) by snout truncate in dorsal view ( bluntly rounded ) , dentigerous processes of vomers triangular ( transverse ) , presence of conspicuous dark brown spots on dorsum ( small dark brown dots concentrated only on head and in areas of scapular and sacral blotches ) , light brown flanks with or without dark brown spots ( bright yellow flanks with numerous distinct round black spots ) , and by white long bones of hindlimbs ( green ; moravec et al . 2009 ) . scinax onca sp . . . .
. . . the snout , subovoid in dorsal view and slightly acuminate in profile of scinax rossaferesae sp . nov . , differs it from s . crospedospilus ( elongate in dorsal view ; lutz 1973 ) , s . nasicus , s . similis ( round in dorsal view and in profile in these species ) , s . squalirostris ( much more elongate in dorsal view and much more acuminate in profile ; lutz 1973 ) , and s . fuscomarginatus , and s . rogerioi ( protruding in profile in these species ; pugliese et al . 2009 ; brusquetti et al . 2014 ) . also , it differs from s . nasicus and s . similis by having longer shanks ( tl / svl = 0 . 50 - 0 . 53 in the new species , n = 11 ; tl / svl = 0 . 43 - 0 . 48 , . . .
. . . the snout , subovoid in dorsal view and slightly acuminate in profile of scinax rossaferesae sp . nov . , differs it from s . crospedospilus ( elongate in dorsal view ; lutz 1973 ) , s . nasicus , s . similis ( round in dorsal view and in profile in these species ) , s . squalirostris ( much more elongate in dorsal view and much more acuminate in profile ; lutz 1973 ) , and s . fuscomarginatus , and s . rogerioi ( protruding in profile in these species ; pugliese et al . 2009 ; brusquetti et al . 2014 ) . also , it differs from s . nasicus and s . similis by having longer shanks ( tl / svl = 0 . 50 ? 0 . 53 in the new species , n = 11 ; tl / svl = 0 . 43 ? 0 . 48 , n = 20 in s . nasicus , and tl / svl = 0 . 45 ? 0 . 48 in s . similis , n = 19 ) . . . .
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@ article { bhlpart19991 , title = { the systematics of the frogs of the hyla rubra group in middle america } , journal = { university of kansas publications , museum of natural history . } , volume = { 18 } , copyright = { in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder . } , url = urltoken publisher = { lawrence , university of kansas . } , author = { león , j r } , year = { 1969 } , pages = { 505 - - 545 } , }
ty - jour ti - the systematics of the frogs of the hyla rubra group in middle america t2 - university of kansas publications , museum of natural history . vl - 18 ur - urltoken pb - university of kansas . cy - lawrence , py - 1969 sp - 505 ep - 545 do - 10 . 5962 / bhl . part . 19991 sn - 0075 - 5036 au - león , j r er -
biodivlibrary @ jzed _ trees @ kew _ laa awesome ! we ' re so honored to have this treasure in # bhlib . thanks @ kew _ laa ! now we can enjoy p… urltoken
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subhumid pacific lowlands of panama from concepción , chiriquí province , to chepo in the lower bayano valley , panamá province , panama , below 700 m elevation .
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for access to available specimen data for this species , from over 350 scientific collections , go to vertnet .
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frost , d . r . 2015 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 6 . 0 . new york , usa . available at : urltoken .
justification : listed as least concern since it is common and adaptable with a presumed large population .
this species is a panamanian endemic of the western pacific lowlands , azuero peninsula , central panama , and pacific lowlands .
it occurs in xeric , scrubby forest and in savannahs . it can occur in artificial habitats and presumably breeds in temporary ponds .
although there are no specific conservation measures in place , the species has been recorded from at least one protected area ( parque nacional altos de campana ) . further research is needed into the range , ecology and potential conservation measures .
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listed as least concern since it is common and adaptable with a presumed large population .
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confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
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department of zoology , national museum , 115 79 praha 1 , czech republic .
jacinto , region loreto , peru . photograph by w . e . duellman .
lopez , region loreto , peru . photograph by w . e . duellman .
ter of tympanum 2 . 0 , 1 . 8 , 1 . 0 .
natural ( santiago , chile ) 9 , no . 102 , 2 unnumbered pp .
ithaca , new york , xvi + 1159 , plates 1 - 92 ( 2 volumes ) .
org / herpetology / amphibia / index . php . ( 15 july , 2008 )
vitter - hets samhalles handligar ( 6 ) 1b ( 4 ) : 1 - 71 .
brazil : gnm 478 ( syntype ) : state of amazonas : vicinity of manaus .
peru : gnm 480 ( holotype ) : region de san martín : roque .
region loreto : explorama lodge , junction rio yanamono and rio amazonas , 180 m .
200 m ; voucher photo nmp6f 7 : region loreto , rio curaray , 01°45’40”s , 075°04’11”w .
mendras ) ; nmp6v 71151 : 23 km sw of iquitos : sacha mama ; nmp6v 71266 / 1 - 2 : 31 km sw of iquitos .
39363 : rio tambopata : zfmk 39366 : aguajalito ; rio tambopata : tres chimbadas .
71145 : 23 km sw of iquitos : sacha mama ; nmp6v 71265 : 31 km sw of iquitos .
. . . according to the original description , h . depressiceps differs from the new taxon in having black and whitish marbled limbs . an examination of the holotype of hyla rubra inconspicua shows that it differs by the presence of small tubercles on the head , dorsum and limbs including the tarsal area ( see moravec et al . 2009 ) . the new species differs from s . iquitorum ( fig . 4b ) by snout truncate in dorsal view ( bluntly rounded ) , dentigerous processes of vomers triangular ( transverse ) , presence of conspicuous dark brown spots on dorsum ( small dark brown dots concentrated only on head and in areas of scapular and sacral blotches ) , light brown flanks with or without dark brown spots ( bright yellow flanks with numerous distinct round black spots ) , and by white long bones of hindlimbs ( green ; moravec et al . 2009 ) . . . .
. . . there are seven available names in the synonymy of s . ruber : hyla conirostris peters , 1863 ( type locality
surinam
) , hyla lateristriga spix , 1824 ( type locality : brazil , by implica - tion ) , hyla lineomaculata werner , 1899 ( type locality
arima , trinidad
) , hyla robersi - moni donoso - barros , 1965
1964
( type locality
pajonales al sur de macuro , penisula de paria , venezuela
) , hyla rubra hübneri melin , 1941 ( type locality
taracuá , rio uaupes
,
são gabriel , rio negro
, and
vicinity of manaus
, all localities in the state of ama - zonas , brazil ) , scytopis alleni cope , 1870 ( type locality state of pará , brazil , by lectotype designation of duellman and wiens 1993 ) , and scytopis cryptanthus cope , 1874 ( type locality
nauta
, region loreto , peru ) . according to their original descriptions , all these names are associated with specimens that have yellow blotches on the anterior and poste - rior surfaces of the thighs , and in some cases undersurfaces of tibiae ( moravec et al . 2009 ) . . . .
. . . according to the original description , h . depressiceps differs from the new taxon in having black and whitish marbled limbs . an examination of the holotype of hyla rubra inconspicua shows that it differs by the presence of small tubercles on the head , dorsum and limbs including the tarsal area ( see moravec et al . 2009 ) . . . .
. . . the new species differs from s . iquitorum ( fig . 4b ) by snout truncate in dorsal view ( bluntly rounded ) , dentigerous processes of vomers triangular ( transverse ) , pres - ence of conspicuous dark brown spots on dorsum ( small dark brown dots concentrated only on head and in areas of scapular and sacral blotches ) , light brown flanks with or without dark brown spots ( bright yellow flanks with numerous distinct round black spots ) , and by white long bones of hindlimbs ( green ; moravec et al . 2009 ) . . . .
. . . reichle ( 2007 ) did not mention the species for bolivia , although it had already been reported from nacene , department beni , northern bolivia , by moravec & aparicio ( 2004 ) . moravec et al . ( 2009 ) reported another specimen of s . pedromedinae from 5 km ne of riberalta , department beni , bolivia . young ( 2007 ) , dealing with endemic species of the eastern slopes of the andes in peru and bolivia ( and adjacent amazonian lowlands ) , in his table mentioned s . pedromedinae from 12 localities but did not specify those localities . . . .
. . . gagliardiurrutia ( 2010 ) provided a picture of s . pedromedinae from the department loreto , but without detailed locality . frost ( 2011 ) gave as its distribution
upper amazon basin in extreme eastern peru , in the drainages of the río purus and río madre de dios
, apparently not considering gagliardi - urrutia ' s ( 2010 ) ( unspecified ) loreto , peru , record and specimens reported by moravec & aparicio ( 2004 ) and moravec et al . ( 2009 ) from northern bolivia . . . .
. . . the present findings show that s . pedromedinae is not a species endemic to peru , and do extend the range of the species considerably to the north and northeast of the peruvian localities reported by duellman & wiens ( 1993 ) and other authors . these new records and the material recently reported from northern bolivia ( moravec & aparicio , 2004 ; moravec et al . , 2009 ) suggest a continuous distribution of this species in the western amazon basin in eastern peru , western brazil ( and most likely also in adjacent colombia ) , and northern bolivia . this is the first time this species is reported from brazil and northern peru . . . .
. . . paratype : nmp p6v - 071267 / 3 , subadult specimen , collection data as for the paratype p6v - 071267 / 1 . remarks : the holotype ( musm 27577 ) is deposited in musm ( moravec et al . 2009b : 10 ) . . . .
we are describing the confirmed candidate species from purus - madeira interfluve ( southern amazonia ) . at the moment , we are working on three of the seven ccs from the study area . for one of them , we…
[ more ]
we describe a new species of pristimantis from lowland amazonia of the region loreto , northern peru . the new species is mainly characterized by its size ( svl 26 . 5 mm in male , 33 . 0 mm in female ) , shagreen dorsal skin , absence of dorsolateral folds , slightly areolate venter , presence of discoidal fold , presence of tympanic membrane including tympanic annulus , absence of vocal slits in males , . . . [ show full abstract ]
a new species of pristimantis ( amphibia , anura , craugastoridae ) from a montane forest of the pui pui . . .
a new species of frog of the genus pristimantis is described from a montane forest between 1700 and 1800 m a . s . l . of the pui pui protected forest ( región junín ) in central peru . pristimantis ashaninka sp . n . is described based on five adult females ( snout–vent length 23 . 1–26 . 7 mm ) and ten juveniles ( snout - vent length 10 . 6–13 . 4 ) . it differs from its congeners by having the skin on dorsum . . . [ show full abstract ]
a list of amphibian and reptile species recorded in the provincia madre de dios ( departamento pando , bolivia ) is presented . the broadhead ground snake atractus latifrons is reported from bolivia for the first time .
a new species of leptodactylid frog , genus phrynopus , is described from a polylepis - forest of the eastern andean slopes of central peru ( departamento de huánuco ) between 3420 and 3430 m above sea level . the new species is assigned to the phrynopus peruanus group and differs from all known species of the genus by having ventral surfaces of arms ( except hands ) , legs ( except feet ) , venter , chest . . . [ show full abstract ]
. . . the only difference between the calls of these species is that the dominant frequency of s . eurydice is more common in the first band ( 0 . 85 khz ) whereas that of s . castroviejoi is more common in the second band ( 2 . 5 khz ) . as s . eurydice , males of s . castroviejoi also call from the ground or from vegetation at the edge of ponds ( de la riva , 1993 ) . . . .
. . . descriptions of color of live specimens are based on color slides . the order of characters in the diagnosis and description follows duellman ( 1986 ) and de la riva ( 1993 ) . . .
lynchius is a frog genus with four species distributed along the paramos and cloud forests of the andes of northern peru and southern ecuador . the genus remains a poorly known andean clade and , alt…
[ more ]
rediscovery and taxonomic status of telmatobius marmoratus gigas vellard , 1969
1968
( anura : lepto . . .
i redescribe the giant form telmatobius marmoratus gigas vellard , endemic to the cordillera de huayllamarca in the central altiplano of bolivia , from loth adults and tadpoles . and i elevate it to species status ; a neotype is designated .
a new reproductive mode for the genus adenomera ( amphibia : anura : leptodactylidae ) : taxonomic implic . . .
several observations on reproductive modes and advertisement calls in different populations of frogs of the genus adenomera were made in bolivia and paraguay . two populations were more thoroughly studied . in one of them , frogs reproduced in the water‐independent way that is already known in the genus . in the other population they reproduced in the same way as members of the leptodactylus . . . [ show full abstract ]
rediscovery , redescription , and advertisement call of eleutherodactylus heterodactylus ( miranda ribe . . .
eleutherodactylus heterodactylus was rediscovered in cerrado montane forest of eastern bolivia , 250–300 km airline from its type locality in brazil , in similar habitat . the advertisement call is described for the first time . this species shares morphological features with species of the eleutherodactylus binotatus and eleutherodactylus discoidalis groups but is not assigned to either group . . . [ show full abstract ]
taxonomy and distribution of the south american toad bufo poeppigii tschudi , 1845 ( amphibia , anura , . . .
the taxonomic status of the andean toad bufo poeppigii has been controversial since its description by tschudi in the 19th century , because of the similar appearance of the species with respect to bufo marinus , and the fact that both species may occur together in some localities at the foot of the andes . bufo poeppigii is a valid species occurring on the amazonian slopes of the andes , at least . . . [ show full abstract ]
taxonomic status of bufo simus o . schmidt , 1857 ( anura : bufonidae )
the taxonomic status of bufo shims schmidt , 1857 , is reviewed . comparisons of the lectotype with members of different species groups of south american bufo , reveal that b . simus is a junior synonym of bufo spinidosits wiegmann .
this species is known only from a single protected area that is in both so paulo and rio de janeiro states , in south - eastern brazil . it has been recorded above 500m asl , to at least 1 , 600m asl , although the upper limit of its altitudinal range is not known . it might occur more widely .
it is an island endemic and there are no other congeners present on ilha dos alcatrazes . s . alcatraz can be distinguished from s . peixotoi , which occurs on a different brazilian island ( ilha de queimada grande ) , by its larger size ( s . peixotoi males 18 . 8–20 . 7 mm svl , females 22 . 4–25 . 1 mm svl ) , narrower head , a loreal region that is not concave , less distinct canthus rostralis , less prominent eyes , shorter internarial distance , less rugose dorsal skin , and a less ornamented dorsum ( brasileiro et al . 2007a ) . s . alcatraz can be distinguished from s . faivovichi , which occurs on a third brazilian island ( ilha de porcos pequena ) , by its larger size , less protruding snout , less triangular head , less prominent eyes , less distinct canthus rostralis , a loreal region that is not concave , lack of dark stripes on the arms , and less patterned dorsum ( brasileiro et al . 2007c ) .
group was first proposed by peixoto ( 1987 ) and includes small species that reproduce exclusively in bromeliads and are distributed in atlantic tropical coastal forest , ranging from espirito santo to santa catarina , brazil . frogs in this group have extreme reduction in webbing between toes ii and iii ( peixoto 1987 ; faivovich 2002 ) .
other frog species present on the ilha dos alcatrazes include leptodactylus marmoratus and the insular species cycloramphus faustoi ( brasileiro et al . 2007b ) . l . marmoratus is a leaf - litter dweller , while c . faustoi is found in rock crevices .
this species ' geographic range is the caribbean versant of mexico , from central tamaulipas , southward along the atlantic coast to the yucatan peninsula to belize , guatemala , honduras and nicaragua . in the pacific , it is found from guerrero , the isthmus of tehuantepec , southward to northwestern costa rica ( 0 - 1 , 530m asl ) . it also occurs on the corn islands , nicaragua .
classification from species 2000 & itis catalogue of life : april 2013 selected by c . michael hogan - see more .
jennifer hammock added an association between
belizean pine forests habitat
and
jabiru mycteria
.
jennifer hammock added an association between
belizean pine forests habitat
and
amazona oratrix
.
jennifer hammock added an association between
belizean pine forests habitat
and
engystomops pustulosus ( cope , 1864 )
.
. . . given the success that we obtained in amplifying and sequencing a significant diversity of brazilian amphibians , which encompassed a broad range of phylogenetic diversity within anurans ( pyron & wiens 2011 ) , we believe that the new primers , combined with low extension temperatures in the pcr regime , may amplify the vast majority of amphibian species , or at least the anurans ( as we just tested a few species of gymnophiona and one caudata ) . indeed , the performance of primers anf1 + anr1 has been tested previous to the present study , and successfully amplified coi from treefrogs ( jungfer et al . 2013 ; brusquetti et al . 2014 ) . likewise , the primer an - trna - w combined with a previous version of anr1 successfully amplified coi from euparkerella ( fusinatto et al . 2013 ) . . . .
. . . n = 20 in s . nasicus , and tl / svl = 0 . 45 - 0 . 48 in s . similis , n = 19 ) . the vocal sac single , median , subgular , and ventrally not reaching the pectoral region differentiates the new species from s . baumgardneri , s . exiguus , s . fuscomarginatus , s . madeirae , s . manriquei , s . staufferi , s . villasboasi , and s . wandae ( large vocal sacs that reach the anterior pectoral region ; barrio - amorós et al . 2004 ; brusquetti et al . 2014 ) ; and s . camposseabrai , s . karenanneae , and s . sateremawe ( bilobed vocal sacs ; pyburn 1993 ; caramaschi & cardoso 2006 ; sturaro & peloso 2014 ) . . . .
. . . only when higher taxonomic levels are compared , for example , different species , genera , or families . this finding could be explained , in part , by the conservative nature of the molecular marker used—the 16s gene—which is commonly employed to separate different species ( fouquet et al . , 2007 ; brusquetti et al . , 2014 ; yang et al . , 2014 ; lourenço et al . , 2015 ) . although our dataset is limited , we observed that acoustic and genetic variation appears to be conserved among individuals distributed across human - altered landscapes . . . .
. . . in this study we use the term
sympatric
for localities , where both species where heard at the same site ( syntopic ) . as mentioned above , taxonomic status of those lineages was recently assessed by brusquetti et al . ( 2014 ) . their molecular phylogenetic analysis shows the bolivian sympatric populations of s . fuscomarginatus and s . madeirae in distant genetic subclades that suggests secondary contact ( stuart , inger and voris , 2006 ; inger , stuart and iskandar , 2009 ; brusquetti et al . , 2014 ) . . . .
. . . compared to the calls of congeneric species of the s ruber clade in the amazon basin , s . cruentommus can be distinguished from the species with long ( > 350 ms ; bilate and lack 2011 ) calls [ s . boesemani ( duellman 1986 ) , s . exiguus ( duellman 1986 ) , s . madeirae ( brusquetti et al . 2014 ) , and s . wandae ( pyburn . . .
we ' re currtenly describing tadpoles of many species , most of them are already in review and others in preparation . those include trachycephalus imitatrix , bokermannohyla ahenea , proceratophrys mant…
[ more ]
in this study , we will investigate how landscape changes on the biome scale can affect the composition of the atlantic forest amphibian communities .
field studies of vertebrates , with major interest in symbioses ( in a broad sense ) and other association types , feeding and defensive behaviors , urban fauna . presently focused on fishes , birds , and…
[ more ]
understanding the phenotypic and genotypic features in phyllomedusa in a context of integrative evolutionary analysis .
character displacement is commonly observed when species occur in secondary contact zones and traits related to resource competition or reproduction diverge in sympatry . however , few studies have considered the factors determining and delimiting the direction of character evolution in this context . we studied displacement in advertisement calls in two species of hylid frogs from allopatric and . . . [ show full abstract ]


crepidula depressa is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family calyptraeidae , the slipper snails or slipper limpets , cup-and-saucer snails , and hat snails .

crepidula depressa

calyptraeidae » crepidula depressa , id : 334247 , shell detail « shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc .
c . depressa’s body pigmentation is “translusent white” with “some white spots in the mantle and neck . ”
1 = attached parallel to margin ( e . g . crepidula , calyptraea )
illustration of calyptraeid penises . ( a ) crepidula aculeata , ( b ) crepidula complanata , ( c ) crepidula n . sp . from la paz , ( d ) calyptraea chinensis , ( e ) crucibulum lignarum , ( f ) calyptraea lichen .
evolution of mode of development in . crepidula . gastropoda : calyptraeidae ) : causes and consequences
larval and habitat selection in crepidula ( l . ) and its effect on adult distribution patterns
0 = angled forward on right ( e . g . crepidula maculosa fig . 2a )
illustrations of calyptraeid osphradia . ( a ) crepidula aculeata and ( b ) crepidula norrisiarum . fp = food pouch , g = gill , mm = mantle margin , os = osphradium .
relationship between larval and juvenile growth rates in two marein gastropods , crepidula plana and c . fornicata
0 = convex ( e . g . crepidula coquimbensis , c . monoxyla fig . 1c )
1 = flat ( e . g . crepidula fornicata , c . costata fig . 1g )
0 = on the same level as the shell aperture ( e . g . crepidula plana )
research note crepidula convexa say , 1822 ( caenogastropoda : calyptraeidae ) in washington state , u . s . a
photographs of calyptraeid osphradia . ( a ) crepidula adunca , ( b ) crepipatella lingulata and ( c ) calyptraea fastigata .
( pdf ) research note crepidula convexa say , 1822 ( caenogastropoda : calyptraeidae ) in washington state , u . s . a
another last word on crepidula convexa with a description of c . ustulatulina n . sp . ( gastropoda : cal . . .
über die anatomie , die entwicklung , und biologie des veligers und der veliconcha von crepidula fornicata l . ( gastropoda : prosobranchia )
representative calyptraeid shells i . ( a ) crepidula williamsi , santa barbara , california fmnh 299415 . ( b ) crepidula depressa , florida fmnh 299412 . ( c ) maoricrypta monoxyla , leigh , new zealand , from hermit crabs fmnh 299413 . ( d ) maoricrypta monoxyla , leigh , new zealand , fmnh 299413 from turbo smaragdus gmelin ( 1791 ) . ( e ) calyptraea mamillaris , panama fmnh 299416 . ( f ) calyptraea fastigata , washington fmnh 299422 . ( g ) maoricrypta costata leigh , new zealand fmnh 299414 . ( h ) siphopatella walshi , oman . scale bar = 1 cm .
( of crepidula uncinata philippi , 1887 ) hoagland , k . e . 1977 . systematic review of fossil and recent crepidula and discussion of the evolution of the calyptraeidae . malacologia , 16 ( 2 ) : 353 - 420 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of crepidula dilatata lamarck , 1822 ) hoagland , k . e . 1977 . systematic review of fossil and recent crepidula and discussion of the evolution of the calyptraeidae . malacologia , 16 ( 2 ) : 353 - 420 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
illustration of calyptraeid female reproductive tracts . ( a ) crepidula aculeata , ( b ) crepidula excavata and ( c ) trochita calyptraeformis . fgp = female genital papilla , mm = mantle margin , cg = capsule gland , ag = albumin gland and sr = seminal recepticals .
another last word on crepidula convexa and a description of c . ustulatulina sp . nov . ( gastropoda : calyptraeidae ) from the gulf of mexico
representative calyptraeid shells ii . ( a ) crepidula maculosa , florida fmnh 299419 . ( b ) crepidula ( bostrycapulus ) aculeata , panama . ( c ) crepidula grandis , japan fmnh 299421 . ( d ) crucibulum spinosum panama fmnh 299418 . ( e ) bicatillus extinctorum , singapore fmnh 299402 . ( f ) crepipatella n . sp . , totorelillo , chile fmnh 299417 . ( g ) crepidula cf . onyx , panama fmnh 299420 . ( h ) sigapatella novaezelandiae , portabello , new zealand fmnh 299423 . ( i ) trochita calyptraeformis , peru fmnh 29924 . scale bar = 1 cm .
especies gemelas del género crepidula ( gastropoda , calyptraeidae ) en la costa de chile : una redescripción de c dilatata lamarck y descripción de c . fecunda n . sp
illustration of the internal anatomy of calyptraeids . in this dorsal view the mantle is reflected to the left . ( a ) crepidula complanata , ( b ) crepidula monoxyla , ( c ) crepidula aculeata . cg = capsule gland , ct = ctenidia , e = oesophagus , f = foot , fgp = female genital papilla , gd = gonad , hg = hypobranchial gland , i = intestine , k = kidney , nr = nerve ring , pc = pericardium , sg = salivary gland , sr = seminal receptical , ss = style sac , st = stomach .
collin r . ( 2000 ) phylogeny of the crepidula plana ( gastropoda : calyptraeidae ) cryptic species complex in north america . canadian journal of zoology 78 : 1500 - 1514 . [ details ]
the taxonomy of crepidula has a history of instability due to the low number of informative shell characters and their phenotypic plasticity . molecular and developmental data show that crepidula convexa sensu hoagland 1977 is composed of two distinct species . animals of the northern species are relatively larger , and have darker shells and direct development , while animals from the gulf of . . . [ show full abstract ]
illustration of the dorsal anatomy of calyptraeids ( a ) crepidula complanata , ( b ) crepidula aculeata , ( c ) crepipatella dilatata , ( d ) crepidula monoxyla , ( e ) calyptraea chinensis , ( f ) crucibulum cf . personatum . am = dorsal attachment muscle , cg = capsule gland , cp = connective tissue pad , ct = ctenidium , dg = digestive gland , f = foot , gd = gonad , hg = hypobranchical gland , i = intestine , lm = left shell muscle , os = osphradium , pc = pericardium , rm = right shell muscle , sr = seminal receptical , ss = style sac , st = stomach .
consensus of the ‘best estimate trees’ . the consensus of most parsimonious trees from the analysis of all data combined . proportion of parsimonious trees with the branch given above the branch . species without genus names are crepidula species .
hoagland , k . e . 1977 . systematic review of fossil and recent crepidula and discussion of the evolution of the calyptraeidae . malacologia , 16 ( 2 ) : 353 - 420 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
one of the 16 ‘best estimate trees’ . a phylogram of a most parsimonious tree from the analysis of all the data combined . bootstrap supports of > 70 % are above the branches . species without genus names are crepidula species .
crepidula and calyptraea species generally have very little shell sculpture , however , numerous crucibulum species have distinctive sculpture . it is difficult to assess the levels of homology among the various spines or ribs , as considerable variation in the development of these features occurs within many species .
( of crypta subdilatata mabille & rochebrune , 1889 ) hoagland , k . e . 1977 . systematic review of fossil and recent crepidula and discussion of the evolution of the calyptraeidae . malacologia , 16 ( 2 ) : 353 - 420 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
the consensus of all most parsimonious trees from the analysis of shell characters . proportion of parsimonious trees with the branch given above the branch . * branches that also occur in the consensus of the ‘best estimate trees’ . †branches conflicting the consensus of the ‘best estimate trees’ . species without genus names are crepidula species .
the consensus of most parsimonious trees from the analysis of coi dna sequence data . proportion of parsimonious trees with the branch given above the branch . * branches that also occur in the consensus of the ‘best estimate trees’ . †branches conflicting the consensus of the ‘best estimate trees’ . species without genus names are crepidula species .
the consensus of most parsimonious trees from the analysis of 16s dna sequence data . proportion of parsimonious trees with the branch given above the branch . * branches that also occur in the consensus of the ‘best estimate trees’ . †branches conflicting the consensus of the ‘best estimate trees’ . species without genus names are crepidula species .
the consensus of most parsimonious trees from the analysis of 28s dna sequence data . proportion of parsimonious trees with the branch given above the branch . * branches that also occur in the consensus of the ‘best estimate trees’ . †branches conflicting the consensus of the ‘best estimate trees’ . species without genus names are crepidula species .
the consensus of most parsimonious trees from the analysis of all the morphological data . proportion of parsimonious trees with the branch given above the branch . * branches that also occur in the consensus of the ‘best estimate trees’ . †branches conflicting the consensus of the ‘best estimate trees’ . species without genus names are crepidula species .
the consensus of all most parsimonious trees from the analysis of all the dna data . proportion of parsimonious trees with the branch given above the branch . * branches that also occur in the consensus of the ‘best estimate trees’ . †branches conflicting the consensus of the ‘best estimate trees’ . species without genus names are crepidula species .
the consensus of all most parsimonious trees from the analysis of characters from soft morphology . proportion of parsimonious trees with the branch given above the branch . * branches that also occur in the consensus of the ‘best estimate trees’ . †branches conflicting the consensus of the ‘best estimate trees’ . species without genus names are crepidula species .
( of crepidula dilatata lamarck , 1822 ) lamarck [ j . - b . m . ] de . ( 1822 ) . histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres . tome sixième , 2me partie . paris : published by the author , 232 pp . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 25 [ details ]
a single most parsimonious tree from the analysis of coi dna sequence data . bootstrap supports of > 70 % are above the branches . * branches supported with > 70 % boostrap in the ‘best estimate tree’ . †branches conflicting with > 70 % bootstrap supported branches in the ‘best estimate tree’ . species without genus names are crepidula species .
a single most parsimonious tree from the analysis of 16s dna sequence data . bootstrap support of > 70 % are above the branches . * branches supported with > 70 % bootstrap in the ‘best estimate tree’ . †branches conflicting with > 70 % bootstrap supported branches in the ‘best estimate tree’ . species without genus names are crepidula species .
a single most parsimonious tree from the analysis of 28s dna sequence data . bootstrap support of > 70 % are above the branches . * branches supported with > 70 % bootstrap in the ‘best estimate tree’ . †branches conflicting with > 70 % bootstrap supported branches in the ‘best estimate tree’ . species without genus names are crepidula species .
a single most parsimonious tree from the analysis of all the dna data . bootstrap support of > 70 % are above the branches . * branches supported with > 70 % boostrap in the ‘best estimate tree’ . †branches conflicting with > 70 % bootstrap supported branches in the ‘best estimate tree’ . species without genus names are crepidula species .
a single most parsimonious tree from the analysis of all the morphological data . bootstrap support of > 70 % are above the branches . * branches supported with > 70 % bootstrap in the ‘best estimate tree’ . †branches conflicting with > 70 % bootstrap supported branches in the ‘best estimate tree’ . species without genus names are crepidula species .
a single most parsimonious tree from the analysis of characters from soft morphology . bootstrap supports of > 70 % are above the branches . * branches supported with > 70 % bootstrap in the ‘best estimate tree’ . †branches conflicting with > 70 % bootstrap supported branches in the ‘best estimate tree’ . species without genus names are crepidula species .
( of crepidula nautiloides lesson , 1832 ) veliz , d . ; winkler , f . m . ; guisados , c . ; collin , r . ( 2012 ) . a new species of crepipatella ( gastropoda : calyptraeidae ) from northern chile . molluscan research . 32 ( 3 ) : 145 - 153 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of crepidula dilatata lamarck , 1822 ) veliz , d . ; winkler , f . m . ; guisados , c . ; collin , r . ( 2012 ) . a new species of crepipatella ( gastropoda : calyptraeidae ) from northern chile . molluscan research . 32 ( 3 ) : 145 - 153 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
with the increasing attention to the expansion and impact of invasive species , it has become more important to document carefully new observations of introduced species . here we document the occurrence of crepidula convexa , a species from the north atlantic , in washington state , u . s . a . dna sequence data suggest that the animals in washington originated from the northern part of the species ' s native range .
the mantle cavity runs along the dorsal left side of the visceral mass in calyptraeids . in calyptraea and crepidula it extends simply to the posterior edge of the visceral mass , while in crucibulum it extends around to the right side of the animal . the characters listed here pertain to the general arrangement of visceral mass . finally , note that character a13 is sensitive to fixation : live animals and ethanol preserved animals retain this feature , while it is always absent in formalin - fixed animals .
there are various modifications of the calyptraeid and hipponicid foot that reflect their sedentary life - styles . crepidula have a relatively well - developed flexible propodium and mesopodium , while other calyptraeids have a more rectangular and less flexible foot . hipponix and sabia have extremely reduced feet which are little more than thin flaps of epithelial tissue . calyptraeids have well developed eyes at the base of the somewhat stubby ( when fixed ) tentacles . hipponicids have evenly tapering conical tentacles and the eye is often extremely reduced or absent .
the planktotrophic veliger larvae of calyptraeids have been described in some detail for crepidula fornicata ( werner , 1955 ) , and crepipatella lingulata ( collin , 2000b ) and intracapsular development has been described for a number of other species ( reviewed in collin , 2002b ) . capulus and trichotropis have been described as having a echinospira larva , however , the thickened larval shell does not appear to be homologous to the ‘true’ echinospira of lamellarids ( a . warén pers . comm . , b . pernet , pers . comm . ) . the thickened and elaborate larval shell of these groups is , however , clearly different from the simple larval shell of calyptraeids and is therefore coded as a separate state here .
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one of the most intriguing patterns in mammalian biogeography is the “island rule” , which states that colonising species have a tendency to converge in body size , with larger species evolving decreased sizes and smaller species increased sizes . it has recently been suggested that an analogous pattern holds for the colonisation of the deep - sea benthos by marine gastropoda . in particular , a pioneering study showed that gastropods from the western atlantic showed the same graded trend from dwarfism to gigantism that is evident in island endemic mammals . however , subsequent to the publication of the gastropod study , the standard tests of the island rule have been shown to yield false positives at a very high rate , leaving the result open to doubt .
the evolution of gastropod body size in the deep sea is reexamined . using an extended and updated data set , and improved statistical methods , it is shown that some results of the previous study may have been artifactual , but that its central conclusion is robust . it is further shown that the effect is not restricted to a single gastropod clade , that its strength increases markedly with depth , but that it applies even in the mesopelagic zone .
the replication of the island rule in a distant taxonomic group and a partially analogous ecological situation could help to uncover the causes of the patterns observed—which are currently much disputed . the gastropod pattern is evident at intermediate depths , and so cannot be attributed to the unique features of abyssal ecology .
citation : welch jj ( 2010 ) the “island rule” and deep - sea gastropods : re - examining the evidence . plos one 5 ( 1 ) : e8776 . urltoken
copyright : © 2010 john j . welch . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
funding : some preliminary work undertaken when jw was funded by bbsrc grant do17750 awarded to andrew rambaut . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .
here , i re - examine whether deep - sea gastropods manifest the island rule , making use of the improved statistical methods , and data collated from the recently updated malacolog database [ 24 ] , which has been both expanded , and revised to reflect advances in gastropod systematics [ 25 ] . it is found that the central conclusion of mcclain et al . [ 12 ] is robust , and that gastropod colonists of the deep - sea benthos do indeed exhibit island - rule - like evolution .
to demonstrate the liberal nature of the standard tests of the island rule , consider results when deep - sea habitation is defined via the midpoint of the recorded depth range , i . e . , “deep - sea species” have a range midpoint below 200m , and all other species are deemed “shallow - water” . with this definition , 254 genera contained both deep and shallow species , and their generic mean body sizes are plotted in figure 1a . applying the standard test [ 3 ] , [ 12 ] , the ordinary - least - squares regression slope ( dashed line ) is found to be highly significantly less than one ( n = 254 ; b = 0 . 902 ; t - test p = 0 . 0015 ) , which offers strong apparent support for the island rule . however , assigning species groups to the “deep” or “shallow” categories at random , showed that even stronger support was obtained with ∼43 % of 100 , 000 randomized data sets , suggesting that there is nothing exceptional in the trend observed in the true data . accordingly , the standardized - major - axis slope ( solid line ) was very close to one , and the permutation test showed no significant deviation from the pattern expected if deep - sea colonization had no effect on body size evolution ( n = 254 ; b = 1 . 020 ; permutation p = 0 . 476 ) .
part a shows how different tests of the ‘island rule’ can give qualitatively different results . “deep - sea” species were defined as those with a depth range midpoint > 200m , and all other species defined as “shallow - water” . the ordinary - least - squares regression ( dashed line ) differs significantly from the 1∶1 line of the null ( dotted line ) , but the standardized - major - axis regression ( solid line ) shows no significant departure . part b shows a less ambiguous case : “deep - sea” species are those never observed above 400m , and “shallow - water” species those never observed below 200m ; body sizes are within - genus means , taking equal numbers of deep - and shallow - water species in each genus .
the body sizes of deep - sea gastropods are plotted against those of their shallow - water congeners . “shallow - water” species were never observed below 200m , and “deep - sea” species never observed above depths of a : 200m , b : 400m and c : 600m . separate standardized - major - axis regression lines are shown for the neogastropoda ( black points ) and all other groups ( grey points ) . the dotted line is the 1∶1 expected under the null . genera with fewer than two deep and two shallow species were excluded .
we are therefore still far from understanding the causes of the patterns observed – and particularly the roles of inter - and intra - specific competition [ 3 ] , [ 4 ] , [ 11 ] , [ 12 ] . a detailed clarification of where the pattern does and does not hold will be an important step toward achieving this goal [ 4 ] , [ 12 ] , [ 19 ] , [ 20 ] .
many thanks are due to andrew rambaut for providing a script to mine the malacolog database . many thanks also to lucy weinert , nicolas bierne , gary rosenberg , shai meiri . simon joly and an anonymous reviewer , who all greatly improved the manuscript with their comments and advice .
conceived and designed the experiments : jw . performed the experiments : jw . analyzed the data : jw . wrote the paper : jw .
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rosenberg , g . ; moretzsohn , f . ; garcía , e . f . ( 2009 ) . gastropoda ( mollusca ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 579–699 in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico–origins , waters , and biota . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
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gastropod ( 1 shell ) ; shell oval , nearly flat , smooth with fine concentric growth lines , thin ; small pointed apex on posterior end ; color whitish to yellowish ; shelf or deck ( septum ) on underside slightly convex , covers about 1 / 2 of shell , notched on one side .
the convex slippersnail ' s shelf covers less than 1 / 2 of shell ( covers about 1 / 2 in eastern white slippersnail ) . the common atlantic slippersnail is much more convex ( inflated ) than the eastern white slippersnail .
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the star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :
we want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .
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paredes c . & cardoso f . 2007 . la familia calyptraeidae en el perú ( gastropoda : caenogastropoda ) . revista peruana de biología , número especial 13 ( 3 ) : 177 - 184 , available online at urltoken [ details ]
veliz , d . ; winkler , f . m . ; guisados , c . ; collin , r . ( 2012 ) . a new species of crepipatella ( gastropoda : calyptraeidae ) from northern chile . molluscan research . 32 ( 3 ) : 145 - 153 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
aguirre , m . ( 1993 ) . type specimens of quaternary marine gastropods from argentina . ameghiniana , 30 ( 1 ) , 23 - 38 . , available online at urltoken ; = pa347 note : lectotype designated [ details ]
katsanevakis , s . ; bogucarskis , k . ; gatto , f . ; vandekerkhove , j . ; deriu , i . ; cardoso a . s . ( 2012 ) . building the european alien species information network ( easin ) : a novel approach for the exploration of distributed alien species data . bioinvasions records . 1 : 235 - 245 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
lamarck [ j . - b . m . ] de . ( 1822 ) . histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres . tome sixième , 2me partie . paris : published by the author , 232 pp . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 25 [ details ]
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department of zoology , university of washington , box 351800 , 24 kincaid hall , seattle , washington 98195 - 1800 , u . s . a .
department of biology , university of louisiana , p . o . box 42451 , lafayette ,
in washington state , u . s . a . dna sequence data suggest that the animals in washington originated from the northern part of the species’s
not always been clear - cut ( e . g . , the initial misidentification
bay and j . t . carlton and d . franz for helpful comments .
coast of north america . ph . d . thesis . university of califor -
north america : an end - of - the - 20th - century perspective .
jeffrey , r . 1976 . a preliminary inventory of the biota of padilla bay .
minchin , d . , d . mcgrath , and c . b . duggan . 1995 . the slipper
connor , m . , m . wonham , and c . harley . 2002 . quantifying the
woodruff , d . s . , l . l . mcmeekin , m . mulvey , and m . p . carpenter .
. . . fornicata , c . convexa , and c . plana are all native to the east coast of the united states . both c . fornicata and c . convexa , however , are now widely distributed along the west coast of the united states and elsewhere in the world ( blanchard , 1997 ; thieltges et al . , 2004 ; collin et al . , 2006 ) . over time , it will be important to see whether individuals in some of these invasive populations acquire larval trematode infections that the species apparently avoid in their native range . . . .
the mode of development in marine invertebrates is believed to have consequences for dispersal , gene flow , geographic range , and speciation and extinction rates . the factors responsible for among - species differences in mode of development are not well understood and patterns of vari - ation in mode of development have not been documented for many groups . i present a compiled data set of . . . [ show full abstract ]
the utility of morphological characters in gastropod phylogenetics : an example from the calyptraeida . . .
organismal taxonomy is often based on a single or a small number of morphological characters . when they are morphologically simple or known to be plastic , we may not have great confidence in the taxonomic conclusions of analyses based on these characters . for example , calyptraeid gastropod shells are well known for their simplicity and plasticity , and appear to be subject to frequent . . . [ show full abstract ]
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discussions , photo series , how to identify or distinguish a species or between species .
the eastern white slipper shell is probably one of the most common shells found along the north american atlantic and gulf coasts . because it lives clinging to almost any object it is often observed in dead shells , each one of which may house well over a dozen slippers . until 2000 the eastern white slipper shell was pretty much universally identified as
. life was easy . if it was a flat , white slipper shell , it was
, can . j . zool . 78 : 1500 - 1514 ( 2000 ) * , and it went from easy to complex ( and in florida , very complex ) . dr . collin did some pretty extensive research and concluded one was really three . not only did this range include both
. dr . collin then went on to make life difficult for us collectors by essentially saying , except for two characters visible to the naked eye , these three species are essentially indistinguishable . one character is the body pigmentation on the foot and mantle and the other is slight differences in the shape of the protoconch . unfortunately , most collectors never see the animal and , as dr . collin acknowledges , the protoconch is usually eroded . the saving grace for us florida collectors is that she also concluded that
range is limited to the ne atlantic coast only as far south as georgia . so , if we find a live white slipper shell in florida , we can easily distinguish ( ha , ha ) as to whether it is
body pigmentation on the foot , neck and mantle of c . atrasolea is “diffuse to intense sooty black . ”
no problem , just collect all your florida white slipper shells live , identify them immediately , and be sure not to mix them up during cleaning and preparation for storage - because they regularly occur together . if you are confronted with a cleaned , dead white slipper shell from florida and the protoconch is present , then you may be able to make an identification if its condition is good enough . the protoconch of
is composed of one whorl . rachel has reviewed this presentation of her findings and commented ,
i just read your posting and it ' s great . i couldn ' t agree more with everything .
makes me wonder how the two species are able to coexist in the same environment . it ' s rather rare one species usually outcompete the other species . then you throw in a few other slipper snails species thou those are usually one species on rocks , another on outside of living shells . maybe those of us who collects beached dead shells should just call those we collected eastern white slippershell .
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committee on evolutionary biology , university of chicago , culver hall , rm . 402 , 1025 e . 57th st . , chicago , il 60637 , usa ; and department of zoology , the field museum of natural history , 1400 s . lake shore drive , chicago , il 60605 , usa ; and * smithsonian tropical research institute , unit 0948 , apo aa 34002 , usa
‘in the cabinets of the naturalist , the shells of the crepidulæ and calyptrææ attract by the singularity rather than the beauty of their forms’ . richard owen ( 1834 )
natural variability and morphological plasticity are common characteristics of organisms . when such variation occurs in combination with simple morphology , taxonomic and systematic analyses are extraordinarily difficult . a combination of variability and relatively simple morphologies is particularly common in colonial marine invertebrates such as sponges and corals , lichens , algae and unicellular organisms . this situation often results in difficulty in species identification , lack of confidence in systematic conclusions , generally poorly resolved phylogenetic hypotheses and unstable taxonomies .
abbreviations follow leviton ( 1985 ) with smnh for swedish museum of natural history and anm for australian national museum . numerous additional lots from other localities have also been deposited at these institutions .
illustration of hipponicid anatomy . cg = capsule gland , ct = ctenidium , dg = digestive gland , i = intestine , m = shell muscle , nr = nerve ring , os = osphradium , pc = pericardium , sg = salivary gland , st = stomach .
outgroups were selected on the basis of traditional beliefs about caenogastropod relationships . because hipponicids , trichotropids and capulids have all been considered close relatives of the calyptraeids ( broderip , 1834 ; reeve , 1859 ; hoagland , 1986 ; bandel & riedel , 1994 ) , they were included as outgroups . a variety of outgroups were used because it is not clear which are the closest relatives of the calyptraeids . outgroup polarization of characters using living taxa was chosen because polarization using the earliest occurrence in fossils or ontogeny could not be applied equally to the molecular dataset .
prior to phylogenetic analysis , i scored all morphological characters with respect to expected reliability and utility . characters that represented large morphological differences and were easy to score unambiguously ( e . g . presence / absence of a large shell muscle ) were given a reliability score of 1 , while characters that were more difficult to score , or showed more intraspecific variability , were given a score of 0 ( e . g . differences in the shape of the subesophageal ganglion ) . similarly , the anticipated phylogenetic utility of the characters , or the expected level of homoplasy was scored as 1 for characters that were not expected to be subject to high levels of homoplasy ( e . g . presence / absence of large shell muscles ) or 0 for characters for which high levels of homoplasy were expected ( e . g . body colour ) . these scores reflect the likelihood that each character would be included in a morphological analysis in which characters deemed to be of low quality were subjectively excluded a priori .
the morphological dataset was concatenated with a molecular dataset composed of sequences from mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase i , 16s and nuclear 28s genes ( table 3 ) . taxa for which all datasets were not complete were deleted , creating a dataset of 77 taxa ( including 69 calyptraeid operational taxonomic unit ( otus ) , one trichotropid , one capulid , one vanikorid and five hipponicids ) . details of dna sequencing and alignment are given in collin ( 2002b ) , and alignments can be obtained by the author .
comparison of the four datasets and the trees they produce . genbank numbers 28s : af545871–af545947 ; 16s : af545948–af546016 , ay061765 , ay061789 , ay061770 , ay061763 , ay061764 , ay061766 , ay061767 , ay061774 ; coi : af546017–af546076 ay061780 , ay061789 , ay061786 , ay061780 , ay061794 , ay061783 , ay061793 , ay061792 , af178155 , af388698 , af178147 , af178120 , af178130 , af353129 , af388726 , af388700 , af353123
all random addition replicates that did not converge on the island of most parsimonious tree hit the maximum number of trees and therefore did not swap to completion . the 28s , coi and combined datasets never hit the maxtrees and the morphological dataset seldom did .
each of the four datasets ( coi , 16s , 28s and morphology ) were analysed separately . an unrooted , unordered , equal - weighted parsimony analysis was performed on each dataset using a heuristic search with tree - bisection - reconnection ( tbr ) branch - swapping , 1000 random additions , saving two trees at each step , and maxtrees set to 10 000 . gaps were treated as a fifth character state and areas of ambiguous alignment were excluded from the sequence data ( collin , 2002b ) . bootstrap support for the resultant topologies was assessed based on 500 bootstrap replicates of a heuristic search , with tbr branch - swapping , 10 random additions saving two trees at each step , maxtrees set to 1000 , and constant characters were excluded . the concatenated morphological and sequence dataset was analysed in the same way . dataset combinability was assessed using the ild - test as implemented in paup * version 4 . 0b8 ( swofford , 1998 ) with 100 replicates after excluding constant characters ( cunningham , 1997b ) .
previous analysis of the dna sequence data suggested that the hipponicids are a distant outgroup of calyptraeids and may alter the ingroup relationships ( collin , 2002b ) . in addition , their limpet - like morphology that was most likely independently derived may mislead the morphological analysis . therefore , the combined dataset was also analysed without the hipponicids and vanikorid . exclusion of these taxa did not alter the results substantially ( collin , 2002b ) .
the taxonomic utility of different data sets was compared using a number of different metrics . the trees produced by analysis of the combined dataset were considered to be the current ‘best estimate’ of calyptraeid phylogeny . the average consistency index [ ci ] , kluge and farris ( 1969 ) ; and retention index [ ri ] , farris ( 1989 ) were calculated for parsimony informative characters from each dataset on the best estimate topologies . these indices reflect the levels of homoplasy and the retention of phylogenetic information for each data partition throughout the tree .
the power of each dataset to recover a topology , in which the nodes present in the ‘best estimate’ topologies are well resolved and well supported , was assessed by comparing the analyses of the individual datasets with the ‘best estimate’ topologies . the resolving power of each dataset was assessed by counting the number of resolved nodes in the consensus of the most - parsimonious trees from each data set . the resolved nodes recovered by each data set were compared to the resolved nodes present in the consensus of the ‘best estimate tree’ to assess consistency of the dataset with the best estimate . the level of support each dataset provides for the recovered topology was assessed in a similar way by comparing nodes with > 70 % bootstrap support in the tree from each dataset to the nodes with > 70 % bootstrap consensus of the combined data ( i . e . the bootstrap of the ‘best estimate tree’ ) .
a total of 100 replicates of the ild test demonstrated conflict among the datasets when all four datasets are included ( p = 0 . 01 ) , when the combined dna dataset is compared to the morphological dataset ( p = 0 . 008 ) , and when the shell data were compared to the data from soft anatomy ( p = 0 . 007 ) . because conflict among the three dna datasets was not demonstrated by the ild test ( collin , 2002b ; r . collin , unpubl . observ . ) this result is almost certainly due to conflict between the morphological and dna data . the ild test has been demonstrated to be a conservative test for conflict among datasets ( e . g . sullivan , 1996 ; cunningham , 1997a , b ; messenger & mcguire , 1998 ; yoder et al . , 2001 ) and the small number of characters in the datasets for shell and soft anatomy may additionally weaken the test . however , the results of the ild tests are also supported by the differences between the topologies produced by analysis of the dna data and the morphological data ( see below ) .
parsimony analysis of the total dataset was used to produce a topology that will be subsequently referred to as the ‘best estimate topology’ . this analysis resulted in a single island of 16 equally parsimonious trees with length 5773 ( table 3 ; figs 10 , 11 ) . about half ( 47 ) of the nodes had bootstrap support > 70 % ( fig . 10 ) . overall , the tree topology was well resolved ( fig . 11 ) , well supported and in general agreement with the topologies supported by analysis of dna data for 120 species ( collin , 2002b ) . exclusion of the hipponicid and vanikorid outgroups did not significantly alter the best estimate topology ( data not shown ; collin , 2002b ) .
there were different levels of average homoplasy and phylogenetic retention for each of the different datasets on the best estimate topology ( table 4 ) . the average ci , ri and rescaled consistency index [ rci ] for the morphological characters , the dna characters and all of the characters combined were more or less the same . however , 28s and 16s characters performed higher than average , both soft anatomy and shell characters had average scores and coi had substantially lower values for all three indices ( table 4 ) . the lower values for coi sequences could reflect high levels of homoplasy resulting from saturation in these quickly evolving sequences ( collin , 2002b ) or from constraints imposed by selection on amino acid sequence .
the number of both resolved and supported nodes increased when the different datasets were combined . the combined dna dataset produced more resolution and support than 16s , 28s or coi alone . despite the general weak performance of the morphological data alone , when the morphological characters were combined with the dna dataset there was an additional increase in resolution and support ( tables 5 , 6 ) .
a compound index of predicted character quality was obtained by adding the expected reliability and expected utility . this index was correlated with the length , ci and ri of each anatomical character on the best estimate tree ( fig . 25 ) . however the cis and ris varied greatly both in characters that were and were not expected to be useful . this demonstrates that , although the characters chosen a priori as subjectively ‘better’ perform better on average than the characters identified as ‘poor’ , the phylogenetic quality of any specific character cannot be well predicted a priori .
expected phylogenetic utility vs . realized utility . the relationship between expected phylogenetic utility of the morphological characters and character length , consistency index and retention index . lines join the means of each category .
despite the fact that analyses can be misled by these convergences if morphological characters are used alone , these characters contribute significantly to the combined dataset . the cis and ris of morphological characters on the best estimate tree are no worse than they are for the dna data . when the morphological characters are added to the dna dataset the resolution and bootstrap support is significantly increased . however the evidence of pervasive convergences in shell morphology demonstrated here , warn against the use of morphological characters alone .
the best estimate phylogeny from this analysis and the combined molecular phylogeny of 94 calyptraeids ( collin , 2002b ; r . collin , unpub . observ . ) demonstrate some biogeographical patterns that are worth further discussion . most noteworthy is the observation that patterns of coincidence between molecular and morphological divergence differ regionally ( see below ) .
characters of new genera and species of mollusca and conchifera , collected by mr . cuming . descriptions of new species of calyptraeidae
voyage autour du monde exécuté par ordre du roi , sur la corvette de s . m . la coquille pendant les années 1822–25 . zoologie 2 ( 1 ) .
standards in herpetology and ichthyology . part i . standard symbolic codes for institutional resource collections in herpetology and ichthyology
a neotenous dwarf - form of capulus ungaricus ( l . ) ( gastropoda , prosobranchia ) commensalistic on turritella communis risso
proceedings of the second international workshop on the malacofauna of hong kong and southern china .
morphological data were coded from dissections of live , formalin - or ethanol - preserved material for all calyptraeids , hipponix and trichotropis . capulus was coded from my observations of the single female provided by a . warén ( table 2 ) , male reproductive characters were obtained from young , 1938 ) , graham ( 1954 ) and simone ( 2002 ) which were in general agreement with each other .