roman hackle ( foaled 1933 ) was a british thoroughbred racehorse who won the 1940 cheltenham gold cup .

after winning several races over hurdles he was switched to steeplechasing in 1939 and made an immediate impact by winning the broadway novices ' chase .

in the following year he won the gold cup as a seven-year-old but did not build on his early promise .

in two subsequent bids for the gold cup he ran poorly when favourite in 1941 and fell in 1942 .

his british career ended when national hunt racing in britain was suspended in september 1942 but he went on to win races in ireland .

roman hackle

we have found 55 property sales in roman hackle avenue since the beginning of 1995 .
zoopla is one of the uk ' s leading property portals , helping you to find property for sale and to rent and make smarter decisions when buying and renting homes in the uk . discover information on homes in roman hackle avenue , cheltenham gl50 by researching roman hackle avenue , cheltenham gl50 property values , roman hackle avenue , cheltenham gl50 house prices paid , our roman hackle avenue , cheltenham gl50 property market overview and find roman hackle avenue , cheltenham gl50 agents .
roman hackle avenue in cheltenham is in the south west region of england . the postcode is within the swindon village ward / electoral division , which is in the constituency of tewkesbury . this page combines information for the address roman hackle avenue , cheltenham , gl50 4rf ,
listed here are the 10 closest hospitals to roman hackle avenue , cheltenham , gl50 4rf . the nearest is honeybourne , approximately 0 . 6 miles away .
listed here are the 10 closest opticians to roman hackle avenue , cheltenham , gl50 4rf . the nearest is maddox eyecare , approximately 0 . 7 miles away .
listed here are the 10 closest primary schools to roman hackle avenue , cheltenham , gl50 4rf . the nearest is gardners lane primary school , approximately 820 yards away .
listed here are the 10 closest secondary schools to roman hackle avenue , cheltenham , gl50 4rf . the nearest is pittville school , approximately 0 . 8 miles away .
listed here are the 3 closest railway stations to roman hackle avenue , cheltenham , gl50 4rf . the nearest railway station is cheltenham spa , approximately 1 . 5 miles away .
our information is available for almost all uk postcodes . why not take a look at some of these other postcodes in the immediate vicinity of roman hackle avenue , cheltenham , gl50 4rf :
owen anthony , who trained golden miller from the old manor house to win the fifth of his gold cups in 1936 and also roman hackle to take chasing’s blue riband in 1940 , is buried here .
golden miller’s owner , dorothy paget , has been the most successful owner in the race with an amazing seven victories , with roman hackle ( 1940 ) and mont tremblant ( 1952 ) adding to golden miller’s five wins .
the average price for property in roman hackle avenue stood at £208 , 660 in july 2018 . this is a fall of 0 . 45 % in the last three months ( since april 2018 ) and fall of 4 . 05 % since 12 months ago . in terms of property types , flats in roman hackle avenue sold for an average of £247 , 761 and terraced houses for £210 , 827 . this is according to the current zoopla estimates .
roman hackle avenue , cheltenham , gl50 4rf is within the swindon village and wymans brook policing neighbourhood , under the gloucestershire constabulary force area . for non - urgent queries , contact 101 . for emergency assistance , please contact 999 .
listed here are the 10 closest dentists to roman hackle avenue , cheltenham , gl50 4rf . the nearest is hilltop dental practice , approximately 430 yards away . please consult the nhs choices website to check if the facility is currently accepting new nhs patients .
listed here are the 10 closest gps ( general practitioners ) to roman hackle avenue , cheltenham , gl50 4rf . the nearest is st catherine ' s surgery , approximately 0 . 7 miles away . please consult the nhs choices website to check if the facility is currently accepting new nhs patients .
the song title is not
the right man
, it ' s called
hackle you
, but yes it ' s by frisco kid . ( thanks to favela chic , brooklyn , ny ) add more info
following the suspension of national hunt racing in britain , many leading british chasers including roman hackle and medoc ii were relocated to ireland . prince regent however , maintained his position as the best jumper in the country , winning several major races and finishing second under top weight in the irish grand nationals of 1943 and 1944 . plans to send the horse to race in england in the spring of 1945 were abandoned when he developed a warble on his back .
the song is called
top shooter
with sean paul and mr . vegas . . . and it is on the cd . the hook is
here comes the boom .
( thanks to roman , roanoke , va ) add more info
golden miller won the gold cup for five consecutive years between 1932 and 1936 and also won the 1934 grand national . he was owned by the highly eccentric dorothy paget a self declared man hater and one of the most difficult owners any trainer served . her very rich family was steeped in thoroughbred racehorse ownership and she owned her own stables in ireland as well as a stud breeding farm . she in fact owned two other gold cup winners , roman hackle who won in 1940 and mont tremblant who took the honors in 1952 .
i made this cover from a photo of a spoils pile at the roman fort in corbridge , which is ( sorry ) in england . the smaller image is the famous statue of robert the bruce on the battlefield at bannockburn , and the background is still campbell tartan .
data on sold house prices , such as the results above for roman hackle avenue cheltenham gl50 , is supplied to us via monthly updates from the land registry for england and wales and from the registers of scotland for scotland . there may be a delay of up to 3 months from when a property is actually sold to when it becomes officially recorded with land registry and / or registers of scotland . we provide data on house prices for information only , on an ' as is ' basis as supplied to us and accept no liability for any errors or omissions . if you have identified any incorrect information in , please report an error .
embroidery linen : produced in many weights in plain weave and finished in white , cream or colour . until recently it was a ruling in the roman catholic church that only pure linen could be used for altar cloths and vestments . embroidery was done on linen as an irish cottage industry , and also in madeira , cyprus and other countries .
its purely british ancestry makes the dorking one of the oldest of domesticated fowls in lineage . a roman writer , who died in ad 47 , described birds of dorking type with five toes , and no doubt such birds were found in england by the romans under julius caesar . by judicious crossings , and by careful selection , the darking or dorking breed was established .
the information on housing , people , culture , employment and education that is displayed about roman hackle avenue , cheltenham , gl50 4rf is based on the last census performed in the uk in 2011 . they are performed once every 10 years . please note : census information may include figures for adjacent streets and postcodes . the figures are therefore representative of the local area , not a specific street address or row of houses . the census collection is designed so that each group of postcodes should contain at least 100 people ( 50 in scotland ) . this is done to preserve the anonymity of the people in that area , as some postcodes cover a very small area , sometimes a single building . you can see the area covered by the census statistics by clicking
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the kelmscott press was founded in hammersmith in 1891 by william morris in close association with emery walker . fifty - three books were printed by this press , the last in 1898 ; these books had a great influence and gave impetus to a revival of good book production . this volume is printed in golden type , which was designed by morris , based on the roman types used by jacobus rubeus and nicolas jenson in venice in 1476 .
as is common with any rumpless breed , the parson’s nose or ` caudal appendage’ ( uropygium ) is missing . foreign breeds such as barbu d’anvers has a rumpless version called barbu du grubbe . the barbu d’uccle has the barbu d’everberg as its rumpless version and , even in japan , there is a rumpless yokohama , funny though it may sound , with its long saddle hackle making it feasible . a genetic accident with old english game many years ago probably created our own rumpless game . the breed , though popular in the bantam form is not often seen in large fowl .
charles a . hepburn , who died on 16 july 1971 , at the age of eighty , was one of a long line of mercantile philanthropists whose benefactions have enriched glasgow and its university . after the first world war , he was joint founder , with the late herbert ross , of the firm of whisky blenders whose red hackle product is now marketed throughout the world . the firm ' s prosperity enabled charles hepburn to become a collector and patron of the arts . he formed an impressive private collection of paintings , paying particular attention to the works of ramsay , raeburn and munnings . nor did he by any means restrict himself to paintings ; his collecting interests extended to period furniture , oriental carpets , scottish arms and armour , porcelain , and printed books and manuscripts .
royal mail ( 1929 ) was my prince ' s third son to win the grand national , a few months before my prince ' s death , in 1937 , and the year after reynoldstown ' s second victory in that race . bred by charles rogers of ratoath , co . meath , he was out of the half - bred flying may , by flying hackle ( by hackler ) ; flying may ' s dam , little may ii , by ascetic , was a winner of eight steeplechases , including the drogheda plate and the irish international steeplechase . the female line was thoroughbred , and in the general stud book ( family 1 - g ) , until wood sorrel , by springfield , produced sister may ( a winner on the flat ) to the great half - bred stallion mayboy ( hb family 1 ) . little may ii was one of many good jumpers produced by sister may . royal mail ' s pedigree was loaded with top steeplechase sires .
the mtdna haplotype identified in 12 contemporary descendants of woodbine is similar to that found in other branches of family 8 but may represent a separate founder and relatively recent error in the stud book record . see equine genetic genealogy .
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house price data produced by the this material was last updated on 03 july 2018 .
this material was last updated on 03 july 2018 . it covers the period from 01 january 1995 to 30 may 2018 .
© crown copyright material is reproduced with the permission of land registry under delegated authority from the controller of hmso .
permitted use : viewers of this information are granted permission to access this crown copyright material and to download it onto electronic , magnetic , optical or similar storage media provided that such activities are for private research , study or in - house use only . any other use of the material requires the formal written permission of land registry which can be requested from us , and is subject to an additional licence and associated charge .
hangar on ! a home with a 300m runway ? it’s yours for £1 . 8m july 4 , 2018
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sold house prices provided by land registry / registers of scotland . © crown copyright 2018 .
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an extended 3 bed semi detached house , on a large plot , in the sought after area of wymans brook . it also has 2 reception rooms and off road parking .
a modern and contemporary 3 bedroom townhouse offered with no onward chain . set behind electric gates it also offers off road parking through a car port .
large 4 bedroom link detached family home offers , 5 good size bedrooms , 2 ensuite shower rooms , 1 family bathroom , 2 cloak rooms , three reception rooms and fitted kitchen diner with all the appliances . ( contd . . . )
beautifully presented two bedroom coach house situated on recent development close to pittville park . the property is freehold and benefits from open plan kitchen / living area with doors onto a private balcony plus a single garage & driveway parking . . . .
this spacious , three double bedroom fourth - floor apartment is just moments away from cheltenham racecourse and pittville park , and a fifteen minute walk to the town centre . the impressive , large living room overlooks the front of the landscaped grounds . . .
a stunning , spacious ground floor apartment with beautiful period features on a prominent tree - lined road with share of freehold , allocated parking and own private entrance . this wonderful apartment is within easy reach of the town centre and . . .
wonderfully bright and spacious four bedroom , semi - detached family home , situated a stone ' s throw from cheltenham leisure centre and the pitville park . with waitrose and the brewery complex both a short walk away , this property is ideally situated for . . .
a stylish contemporary townhouse with accommodation arranged over 2 floors set on a corner plot in this fabulous , select gated development of just 9 houses being a short walk from the race course and pittville park and close to the town centre . garden . . .
a refurbished and beautifully presented bungalow situated on a corner plot overlooking fields to the front . accommodation comprises 21 ' 6 x 18 ' ( max ) lounge / diner with sliding doors to the rear garden , a fitted kitchen , 4 - piece bathroom and two double . . .
a rare opportunity to acquire a spacious townhouse in a delightful development of similar calibre homes on a tree lined and private road in pittville . this small cluster of townhouses share a communal garden yet each have a private terrace and two . . .
* * * sought after pittville area * * * this detached family residence is situated in the prestbury parish area on the outskirts of cheltenham . within walking distance to | pittville park and around a 15 minute walk into cheltenham town centre . having been . . .
a three bedroom detached house , located conveniently in the wymans brook area of cheltenham and offering ample space for family living . this property is in need of some updating . the ground floor comprises of a large living room which leads through . . .
this stunning property was build by the current owner 12 years ago . it sets in a fantastic plot , a way from the main road with a long drive which is private and gated . ( contd . . . )
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research is absolutely key to all successful property purchases and i should know because over the last twenty odd years i have been involved in hundreds of property transactions .
being armed with the right information can help you with every aspect of the purchase . it can help you refine where you want to live , arm you with the figures to support strong negotiation and even help you avoid costly mistakes and abortive costs .
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to dig deeper into our data , please try our people search to find occupiers or the property price search to find more property prices .
these well established neighbourhoods comprise of moderately priced semi - detached and terraced properties in small towns and suburbs . these are typically family areas although we do see some individuals living alone or co - habiting . less affluent and less educated than those in the
comfortable mixed tenure
group , these residents are either starting out in their careers , bringing in a single income to support a family household or merely working in lower paid positions . their credit risk reflects the national average . they are frequent users of the internet and typically purchase from catalogues .
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. for more details on the exact area these statistics cover , please see the map below and click
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our data comes directly from the land registry , and is updated monthly . it does not include commercial sales , or sales of land without property .
this area contains a mixture of housing types , as detailed below . no single type of dwelling accounts for more than 50 % of the dwellings . please note that the figures may include adjacent streets - see the summary tab for an explanation and map of the area that these figures cover .
this area contains a mixture of housing tenures , as detailed below . across the uk , an average of 30 . 6 % of household spaces were owned outright , 32 . 9 % were mortgaged , 18 . 2 % were social housing , and 16 . 3 % were privately rented at the last census .
this data lists the total number of residents normally resident within each household . the figures do not record under - or over - occupancy .
social grade approximations are derived from an algorithm created by the market research society . the figures shown are per - household rather than individual - more specifically , the job title and employer of the
household reference person
is used , analogous to what traditionally was called the head of the household . only household reference persons between the ages of 16 - 64 are included .
across the uk as a whole , the gender split is roughly equal at 49 % male , 51 % female . this address in tewkesbury constituency is broadly in line with those figures , with 51 % male .
across the uk as a whole , the median age is 39 . in general , inner city areas show high concentrations of people aged 18 - 30 , suburbs show larger numbers of small children and adults aged 30 - 50 , and rural and small towns are more popular with older workers and retirees . many poorer areas lack a majority age group , which is due in part to the people in that area being constrained by circumstance rather than being able to choose where to retire , raise a family or grow up .
the postcode gl50 4rf does not show a significant deviation from the average figures for the uk . in the uk as a whole , the average figures are approximately as follows for relationship statuses : 34 % single , 47 % married , 3 % separated , 9 % divorced , 7 % widowed , and 0 . 2 % same sex .
figures for relationship status do not include those aged under 16 , or those family members aged 16 - 18 who are in full - time education .
health in the uk is strongly tied to age as you would expect , but the affluence of a neighbourhood also has strong influence , with deprived areas often showing poorer standards of health .
overall , the uk considers itself to be healthy - 81 . 1 % of residents rated their health as very good or good . the full breakdown is as follows for the united kingdom : 47 . 1 % very good , 34 % good , 13 . 3 % fair , 4 . 3 % bad and 1 . 3 % very bad .
at the time of the 2011 census , across the uk 22 . 9 % of residents had no qualification , 13 . 2 % had 1 - 4 gcses , 15 . 2 % had 5 + gcses and 1 - 2 a / as - levels , 12 . 3 % had 2 + a - levels , 27 . 1 % had a degree ( or similar ) , and 3 . 6 % had an apprenticeship .
the qualification levels are based on current qualification names . the former ordinary levels ( o - levels ) and cses will be included in the gcse figures , and higher school certificates ( hscs ) will be counted as a levels .
as whole , the uk population claims itself as approximately 86 % white , with this area being 93 % white .
as a country with a diverse population , the uk is home to other sizable ethnic groups , with mixed ethnicity ( 2 . 1 % ) , indian ( 2 . 4 % ) and pakistani ( 1 . 9 % ) being the largest groups reported .
there is considerable division of ethnicities within the uk , with ethnically diverse addresses uncommon outside of urban areas .
at the time of the 2011 census , approximately 83 . 5 % of the resident population of england were born in england . the other groups were 1 % welsh , 1 . 35 % scottish , 0 . 4 % northern irish , 0 . 75 % from the republic of ireland , 3 . 75 % from other european union countries , and 9 . 4 % from outside of europe , with the remainder not stated .
note that an individual may hold one or more passports . the data may include people living in adjacent addresses to gl50 4rf
england and wales are primarily christian countries , with 59 . 3 % of residents christian . however , a sizeable portion of the population ( 25 . 1 % ) claim to have no religion . some 4 . 8 % identify themselves as muslim , 1 . 5 % hindu , 0 . 4 % buddhist , 0 . 5 % jewish , 0 . 8 % sikh , and 0 . 4 % as other religions , while the remaining 7 . 2 % did not state their religious views .
this address within the swindon village ward had a larger than average concentration of residents that were in part - time employment - 18 % of the resident population . on average , around 13 . 7 % of census respondents were in part - time employment . there was a large disparity between employment types of male and female residents - almost four times as many women were part - time employees when compared to men .
figures for economic activity do not include those aged under 16 , or those family members aged 16 - 18 who are in full - time education . this data is therefore based on 42 . 4 million of the united kingdom ' s 57 . 8 million residents . the data was correct as of the 2011 census , which was a period of depressed economic activity .
this data is based on resident aged 16 - 74 on census day 2011 , who were in employment .
below are the details of the closest services to gl50 4rf . all distances are straightline distances , please consult the map of the facility to check the exact location . you can also view these details on our interactive services map for gl50 4rf .
* distances are measured in a straight line from the given postcode . please consult the facility ' s map page or your preferred route finding / gps app for driving directions .
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this postcode has support for ultrafast broadband at one or more premises . ultrafast broadband is the latest high - speed standard , generally taken to mean fixed line broadband at a potential speed of 300mbps or more - more than enough for even the most demanding household gaming , video calling , video and internet browsing needs . note that occasionally some properties in a postcode may still not be eligible due to conditions on the ground , or the building structure . if you wish to enquire about a specific property in this postcode , contact the major suppliers , for instance virgin media , bt broadband and plusnet . for more information on superfast broadband , see the openreach website .
broadband data is based on information provided by the major fixed internet service providers in the uk , including virgin media and bt . it does not include providers of satellite internet . data at this postcode has been sourced from 54 reported internet connections .
thanks to a survey [ link ] performed for broadband genie , we can show you the best broadband suppliers in the united kingdom as of december 2016 . the most popular supplier was plusnet , based on average scores for value , support , speed , reliability , customer service , security and whether the customer would recommend the supplier .
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property reference 26793089 . the information displayed about this property comprises a property advertisement . urltoken makes no warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of the advertisement or any linked or associated information , and urltoken has no control over the content . this property advertisement does not constitute property particulars . the information is provided and maintained by peter ball & co - cheltenham . please contact the selling agent directly to obtain any information which may be available under the terms of the energy performance of buildings ( certificates and inspections ) ( england and wales ) regulations 2007 or the home report if in relation to a residential property in scotland .
calls to 0843 numbers will be charged at 4p / min from bt landlines . calls from other networks may vary , and calls from mobiles and outside the uk will be higher . calls to local numbers beginning with 01 , 02 and 03 numbers will incur standard geographic charges from landlines and mobiles .
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this column last week looked at the past , present and potential future of ballymacoll stud in ireland . we noted that the stud came under its current ownership consequent to its purchase by sir michael sobell from the honourable dorothy paget in 1960 . the achievements of sir michael sobell and his son - in - law lord weinstock in both commerce and racing are legendary . on the turf they enjoyed massive success as owns and breeders ; while they ranked as two of britain’s commercial titans of the 20th century , building up one of the great british success stories , the general electrical company .
dorothy paget’s background was very different as she inherited her fortune rather than made it . however , she too ranks as a colossus of the turf who ought never to be forgotten . on that basis , it makes sense to treat ourselves to a brief overview of her life , to complete the picture of ballymacoll’s background . miss paget , daughter of lord queenborough , was already a hugely successful owner and breeder by the time that she bought ballymacoll stud in 1946 . three years previously she had landed the greatest prize of all with a homebred , her solario colt straight deal taking the new derby ( the derby , run during the war on newmarket’s july course ) .
bred by miss paget at elsenham stud on the hertfordshire / essex border near bishop’s stortford , straight deal was trained by walter nightingall in epsom . gordon ( subsequently sir gordon ) richards was always miss paget’s favourite jockey , but he was committed to riding nasrullah ( behind whom straight deal had finished second in the coventry stakes the previous summer ) for hh aga khan iii in the race . the mount on the 100 / 7 chance straight deal therefore went to former hawthorn hill pony racing champion tommy carey . finishing strongly after having been ridden more patiently than in the 2000 guineas ( in which he had finished sixth ) , straight deal led close home to beat the aga khan’s pair umiddad and nasrullah . that victory enabled miss paget to surpass the achievement of her grandfather william c whitney .
he had become the first american to own a derby winner when volodyovski ( whom he had not bred ) took the prize in 1901 . that triumph had represented a particular landmark for the transatlantic challengers because volodyovski was trained at heath house in newmarket by one american ( james huggins ) and was ridden by another ( lester reiff ) . had straight deal been racing a few years later , it is highly possible that he would have gone on to spend his stud career at ballymacoll . however , miss paget did not yet own the property in 1944 when straight deal began his second career , which he spent at another of her properties , benham stud near newbury .
he enjoyed a successful stud career which yielded three yorkshire oaks winners as well as the 1950 doncaster cup winner aldborough ( who was trained for miss paget by fulke walwyn ) and the 1958 irish st leger winner royal highway , who subsequently became a good national hunt sire . ( an interesting aspect of aldborough’s victory was that he was ridden for miss paget who , of course , owned ballymacoll stud at the time , by doug smith , fatherin - law of ballymacoll’s current manager peter reynolds ) . notwithstanding the successes of straight deal , aldborough and numerous other good flat horses who bore her blue and yellow silks , miss paget will always be remembered primarily for her jumpers , and particularly for her ownership of one of the greatest steeplechasers in history , golden miller .
however , that mighty horse was far from her only champion under national hunt rules . golden miller ( who lived out his retirement at elsenham stud , where he is buried ) established a record which will almost certainly never be matched . not only is he the only horse to have won five consecutive cheltenham gold cups ( with his nearest challenger in this respect being arkle , who won the race three times , 1964 to ’66 inclusive ) but he also ranks as the only horse to win the cheltenham gold cup and the grand national in the same spring , which he did in 1934 , the year in which he landed his third gold cup .
miss paget’s many victories both on the flat and under national hunt rules , however , tell only half the tale . while she was notably successful on the turf in the years before , during and after the second world war , she was even more conspicuous for what could kindly be called her eccentricity . the tone of her life was set in her youth . her mother died when she was aged only 10 , leaving her fabulously rich but dangerously ill disciplined . within the next few years , she was expelled from six different schools , starting off with heathfield .
in adult life , miss paget went on to take frank sinatra’s mantra that ‘i did it my way’ to extremes . she was nocturnal . other than on days when she disrupted her routine to go to the races , she generally slept all day before waking early in the evening and having a huge breakfast at 8 . 30 pm . she would then keep herself busy through the night , generally telephoning her trainers shortly after midnight , before having dinner at 7 . 00 am and retiring to bed soon afterwards . she ate vast amounts ( she weighed 20 stone when she died , aged 54 , of a heart attack in 1960 ) and smoked 100 cigarettes a day . she disliked all men , irrespective of their class ; and all members of the lower classes , irrespective of their gender . she addressed her servants by neither name nor number , but by colour ( each having to wear a uniform of a different hue so that she could tell them apart ) . her gardeners had a particularly difficult job as they had to mow the lawn in the dark because she forbade them from using the lawnmower during the daytime while she was asleep .
she must have been a nightmare to train for , as is suggested by the fact that basil briscoe , having prepared golden miller to win four gold cups , had been relieved of his responsibilities by the time that the horse lined up for the race for the fifth time ( under the care of owen anthony ) . fulke walwyn and sir gordon richards ( to whom she sent horses when he started training subsequent to his retirement from the saddle in 1953 ) were rarities in being able to cope with her , even if the former found it heavy going at times . on one occasion she had a runner in each of the six races at folkestone . five of them won , with only one , trained by walwyn , being beaten . rather than celebrate her five timer , she ended the afternoon by shouting at her trainer through an open doorway ( they were in adjacent rooms as she preferred not to be in the same room as a man ) , berating him about the solitary defeat .
the tirade reportedly ended when she exhorted one of her female companions to ‘go in there and kick him in the b ^ & * s’ ! miss paget was a fearless punter , betting daily in sums which would be huge even nowadays . her biggest bet , apparently , was £160 , 000 ( which equates to about £4 million in today’s terms ) on an odds - on favourite ( who won ) . overall , though , she lost millions , while retaining her integrity throughout , as is made clear by the fact that when she used to telephone through her bets to her bookmaker in the early hours of the morning , the wagers were never refused irrespective of whether or not the race had already been run , her word that she did not know the result being good enough . we are always told that racing has lost all its old characters .
there is a certain amount of truth in that , although it is probably fair to say that ‘characterfulness’ is often easier to discern in retrospect than at the time . however , the hon dorothy paget was one character who was clearly identifiable as such in her own lifetime . she played a massive part in the history of the british turf during the 20th century , a part too big ever to be forgotten . spending a few minutes recalling her life is straight deal surely time well spent .
to start with , the flax plant , linum usitatissimum being the latin name , is a bast vegetable or hard fibre in the same class as jute , hemp , sisal , coir or ramie .
flax is grown in northern europe in such countries as france , belgium , the netherlands and italy . it was also grown in ireland from time immemorial when linen cloth and wool cloth were in the earlier days the only form of woven cloth available for apparel . cotton only became available with the opening up of the americas . in ireland flax was grown by the farmer as a regular crop , particularly in the counties of down and antrim , where scottish settlers brought over with them more efficient methods of growing and processing flax .
it is not generally known that during the second world war large acreages of flax were grown in co . cork and co . kerry , which also included retting and scutching . the milder climate in the extreme south of ireland was of great assistance . these enterprises were set up by linen industry businessmen from the north with close support from the northern ireland government and that of the free state . the resultant flax fibre spun in n . ireland mills and the flax yarn woven in weaving factories in the north was of great assistance to the war effort as flax supplies were cut off by the might of nazi germany who had invaded and occupied the continental coastline from norway to the franco - spanish border .
today flax growing in ireland has practically ceased . what flax spinning remains ( for instance herdmans ltd . of sion mills , co . tyrone ) would draw its flax from northern europe with courtrai in belgium the chief trading centre .
the flax plant ( linen usitatissimum ) requires a rich well - cultivated soil and reasonably temperate climate . it is sown in a similar manner to corn ( oats ) , wheat or barley , to produce a long tight - packed growth , some 2½ to 3 feet tall . the flowers form a cluster at the top ( the wee blue blossom ) usually sky blue although some new strains of flax are white . in august the flowers wither and seed balls are formed , from flax seed balls linseed oil can be extracted which has a number of uses including the base material for oil paint .
the flax seed is sown in april and the plants mature in august . it is then pulled up by the roots to obtain the maximum amount of fibre . this operation was in the past carried out by hand , a most arduous process , but the pulling is now done by machine in wide swathes as a one or two - man operation .
for the production of flax for linseed oil a shorter strain of flax is grown and is harvested by cutting above ground level with the roots left in the ground . after pulling the flax is spread on the ground and turned over several times to dry out thoroughly , the beets are then made up into
knee gaits
or
long gaits
in the field for further drying and then finally stored in well - thatched stacks , if , as in the old days , the farmer was doing his own retting in the flax dam or lint hole , the flax after pulling , and still damp , was placed in the dam and weighted down with stones . those of us who date back to the period between the two world wars will remember the pungent smell of retting flax in the latter half of august . nowadays flax is usually retted in tanks , using hot water and chemicals and in this way the process can be strictly controlled and speeded up .
the flax plant stem is made up of various layers with the bundles of fibre near the outside and woody matter on the inside , all bound together with pectin , which is a natural gummy substance , the woody matter has to be broken down and removed to release the fibre . this is done by retting , which is nothing more than rotting the woody matter . after retting and drying the flax plants are put through a machine with tightly interlocking fluted rollers to break up the wood core . scutching now follows to remove the wood or shive from the fibre , this is a beating process previously done on the scutcher ' s wheel , but now carried out on a turbine scutcher as a continuous process , part of a factory system .
flax in the past was water - retted but today on the continent vast quantities are dew - retted by spreading the flax plants in the fields after pulling and allowing the night dew to ret the flax . dew - retted flax is dark in colour and contains a lot of impurities , whereas water - retted is a light colour ( remember the saying
like a flaxen - haired german girl
) . water retting also leaches out a lot of the impurities and lightens the colour . after scutching , the flax fibre is packed in bales where it is ready for the spinner who turns the raw fibre into yarn . this is an involved process and not easily understood without actually seeing preparation and spinning carried out in the spinning mill .
there are three types of flax yarn produced in the spinning mill , viz . line - made from the good quality long - staple flax which is tight - bound with relatively little projecting fibre .
tow yarn , which is a carding machine operation , uses waste fibre from the hackling and other processes , combed tow goes through an added combing process to clean up the yarn . this type of yarn would be used for high - class fabrics such as linen suitings and artists ' linen canvas . line yarn is the equivalent of worsted and tow an open hairy yarn similar to spun wool . recognition must be given to the cottage - spun yarn of yesterday produced on a spinning wheel .
2 . irish castle spinning wheel > castle type which is comparatively rare with the wheel on top of a splayed tripod with the spindle underneath .
in both cases flax - fibre was drawn from the distaff and fed by hand into the hollow revolving spindle . it took nimble fingers and a slobbery mouth to spin fine linen yarn so the womenfolk consequently did it . two spinning terms are still used today -
spinster
to denote an unmarried woman and
distaff ' side to indicate the wife ' s or female side of a family ,
in the spinning mill the bale of flax is opened up and divided into
pieces
which amount to a good handful . they are passed by hand through a set of pins mounted on a block to roughly parallelise the fibre bundles and remove larger pieces of slime and dirt . the pieces are fed into the hackling machine , which combs out impurities and tangles in a series of continuous mechanical combing , from open pins to very closely set . the hackling machine is a monster weighing many tons . the resultant hackled pieces of flax are fine and with a dull sheen .
from pieces it now becomes necessary to form a continuous ribbon of fibre . this is done on a spreadboard with a special form of drawing frame , fitted with horizontal running , leather belts on which the pieces of flax are laid with a slight overlap to produce a continuous sliver , or ribbon , which is fed into tall narrow cans . the sliver produced on the spreadboard goes to the next process of doubling , which consists of bringing together , and superimposing several slivers to even out minor thicknesses in the resultant single sliver as an aid to improved quality . was bought and sold by the bundle . today it is sold by the weight in kilos .
the yarn from the spinner arrives at the mill either grey ( natural ) , boiled or bleached on cone , or a parallel - sided package called an avo . generally the stronger yarn is used for warp , long - wise and parallel to the selvedge and the weft , which is woven - in , from selvedge to selvedge .
following doubling , the slivers are set up on a roving frame which further draws out the slivers and puts in a twist of some two turns per inch and is then wound onto large wooden bobbins which are subsequently mounted on the top part of the spinning frame . the rover passes through a trough of hot water to soften the natural gummy pectin ; then through two sets of paired rollers which further draw out or lengthen the rove then through the eye of the flyer which inserts twist and onto the spinner ' s bobbin . the newer method of wet - spinning frame uses a ring with a traveller running in a groove . it can take a larger spinner ' s bobbin and has greater speed of production . wet spinning is used for the finer line yarns . coarser tows and line are dry - spun ; i . e . the rove does not pass through a trough of hot water .
the product from off the spinning frame is now flax yarn , which has to be dried in ovens to prevent mildew . in days gone by it was reeled into 90
hanks from the spinner ' s bobbin but today it is usually packaged onto a cross - wound cone that holds the package together without flanges . linen yarn can be boiled , bleached or dyed in cone form . formerly these processes were only carried out in hank form .
like all yarn or thread , linen was given a number to define its diameter or thickness . the numbering system in vogue in the trade was based on the number of cuts of 300 yards that weigh one pound ( 1lb ) avoirdupois . this is denominated the lea number .
warp yarn is put up with the necessary number of ends ( threads ) in a creel or bank and run onto warpers ' beams ( a steel barrel 4
to 6
diameter with round metal flanges either side , to prevent the yarn spilling over . ) the warpers ' beams are now set up in a dressing or slashing machine for sizing with a synthetic adhesive to bind down the loose surface fibre on the warp threads , which greatly facilitates the weaving process , where there is much friction on the warp .
the yarn for weft is wound from cone or avo onto weaving pirns for insertion in the shuttle . the shuttle traverses the slay in the loom through a shed ( in plain weaves 50 % up and 50 % down ) and leaves a trail of weft behind which is beaten up by a reed ( closed comb ) into the fell of the cloth ( where warp yarn joins the already woven cloth ) .
a loom has a weavers ' beam at the back and a cloth roller at the front on which the woven cloth is wound , the power - loom has a warp break detection device to stop the loom if a warp thread breaks , there is also a weft detection device to stop the loom if the weft breaks . these devices mean that a weaver can look after three or four looms . the automatic loom also changes the pirn in the shuttle without the loom stopping thus allowing a weaver to look after 8 , 10 or 12 looms . of recent years weft is inserted in shuttleless looms by arms or rapiers drawing the yarn from large cones . other forms of weft propulsion are air - jet or water - jet .


the saddle butterflyfish , chaetodon ephippium , is a species of butterflyfish ( family chaetodontidae ) .

it is found in the indian and pacific oceans from sri lanka and the cocos-keeling islands to the hawaiian , marquesan and tuamoto islands , north to southern japan , south to rowley shoals and new south wales in australia .

it is a large butterflyfish , at up to 30 cm ( nearly 12 in ) long together with the lined butterflyfish ( c. lineolatus ) the giant among its genus .

in shape it resembles certain angelfishes more than most of its relatives .

the overall color is yellowish grey , with a large black spot bordered below by a broad white band on the back and wavy blue lines on the lower sides .

the throat and the outline of the hind parts is bright yellow .

adults have a filament extending posteriorly from the upper part of the soft portion of the dorsal fin .

the saddle butterflyfish is found at depths between 0 and 30 m in coral reefs .

it feeds on filamentous algae , small invertebrates , coral polyps , and fish eggs .

it belongs to the large subgenus rabdophorus which might warrant recognition as a distinct genus .

in this group , it appears to represent a distinct lineage , with the dotted butterflyfish ( c. semeion ) perhaps the only somewhat closely related species .

next closest seems to be a group including the black-backed butterflyfish ( c. melannotus ) , spot-tailed butterflyfish ( c. ocellicaudus ) and yellow-dotted butterflyfish ( c. selene ) , but these are already so distant that their ancestors must have diverged from the saddle butterflyfish 's soon after the rabdophorus lineage started to diversify .

saddle butterflyfish

saddle butterflyfish , chaetodon ephippium , in timor leste . source : nick hobgood / wikimedia commons . license : cc by attribution - sharealike
the saddle butterflyfish can be recognised by the large white - bordered black area on the upper side below the dorsal fin . the species occurs in marine tropical waters of the western and central pacific .
therefore it is important to choose the correct species in relation to the corals wanted , if one desires to keep butterflyfish in a coral - aquarium . bristleworms , tubeworms and other small invertebrates are also a part of the diet for many butterflyfish .
the saddle butterflyfish can be recognised by the large white - bordered black area on the upper side below the dorsal fin . the body is grey with blue - grey stripes across the lower sides . the breast and snout are yellow . adults have a filament extending from the back of the dorsal fin .
the saddle butterflyfish owes its name to the large dark spot delimited by a wide white band that it exhibits near the dorsal fin , on its greyish - yellow body . it occurs in lagoons and reefs up to 30 metres in depth , and prefers coral - rich areas . juveniles are solitary and , during the breeding season , they find a mate which they keep for several years .
they ignore most other fish and are generally peaceful , therefore multiple butterflyfish will have no problem living together . one should however be cautious about keeping similar species together unless they are a couple .
a bluish - grey butterflyfish with a large black patch bordered in white on the upper rear of the body , blue lines on the lower sides , and an orange area from snout to breast .
ningaloo reef to dampier archipelago , rowley shoals and scott reef , western australia , ashmore reef , timor sea , and the northern great barrier reef , queensland , and reefs in the coral sea to wollongong , new south wales ; also the lord howe island region , tasman sea , and cocos ( keeling ) islands and christmas island , indian ocean . elsewhere , the saddle butterflyfish occurs in the tropical indo - pacific . inhabits rich coral areas in lagoons and seaward reefs .
the butterflyfish are known for their attractive patterns and colours . they are closely related to angelfishs , but can always be distinguished , as they lack the spines on each side of the head of the angelfish .
a smaller group of these fish will seek out primairily soft corals , like zoanthus . a larger part of the species will target different types of lps corals . butterflyfish are also known to seek out anemones , tubeworms and bristleworms .
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greek , chaite = hair + greek , odous = teeth ( ref . 45335 )
marine ; reef - associated ; depth range 0 - 30 m ( ref . 1602 ) . tropical ; 30°n - 30°s , 79°e - 130°w
indo - pacific : sri lanka ( ref . 10361 ) and cocos - keeling islands to the hawaiian , marquesan and tuamoto islands , north to southern japan , south to rowley shoals and new south wales , australia .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 30 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 559 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 12 - 14 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 21 - 25 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 20 - 23 .
occur in lagoons and seaward reefs to a depth of 30 m , prefer coral - rich and clear water areas ( ref . 205 ) . benthopelagic ( ref . 58302 ) . encountered singly , in pairs or small groups ( adults often in pairs ; juveniles solitary and inshore ) . feed on filamentous algae , small invertebrates , coral polyps , and fish eggs . oviparous ( ref . 205 ) . form pairs during breeding ( ref . 205 ) .
distinct pairing ( ref . 205 ) . monogamous mating is observed as both obligate and social ( ref . 52884 ) .
myers , r . f . , 1991 . micronesian reef fishes . second ed . coral graphics , barrigada , guam . 298 p . ( ref . 1602 )
) : 25 - 29 . 3 , mean 28 . 5 ( based on 2323 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 02239 ( 0 . 01381 - 0 . 03628 ) , b = 3 . 02 ( 2 . 88 - 3 . 16 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 0 ±0 . 43 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 23 of 100 ) .
it occurs in marine tropical waters of the western and central pacific . in australia it is known from the central coast of western australia , around the tropical north and south to the northern coast of new south wales .
the map below shows the australian distribution of the species based on public sightings and specimens in australian museums . click on the map for detailed information . source : atlas of living australia .
allen , g . r . 1997 . marine fishes of tropical australia and south - east asia . western australian museum . pp . 292 .
allen , g . r . , steene , r . & m . allen . 1998 . a guide to angelfishes & butterflyfishes . odyssey publishing / tropical reef research . pp . 250 .
allen , g . r . & r . swainston . 1988 . the marine fishes of north - western australia . a field guide for anglers and divers . western australian museum . pp . 201 .
hutchins , b . & r . swainston . 1986 . sea fishes of southern australia . complete field guide for anglers and divers . swainston publishing . pp . 180 .
kuiter , r . h . 1996 . guide to sea fishes of australia . new holland . pp . 433 .
kuiter , r . h . 2000 . coastal fishes of south - eastern australia . gary allen . pp . 437 .
randall , j . e . , allen , g . r . & r . c . steene . 1997 . fishes of the great barrier reef and coral sea . crawford house press . pp . 557 .
adults are distinguished from juveniles by a filament extending from the rear part of the dorsal fin .
sri lanka and cocos - keeling islands to the hawaiian , marquesan and tuamoto islands ; north to southern japan ; south to rowley shoals and new south wales , australia .
dianne j . bray & audrey s . thompson , chaetodon ephippium in fishes of australia , accessed 10 jul 2018 , urltoken
feeds on coral polyps , algae , sponges , fish eggs and benthic invertebrates .
chaetodon ephippium cuvier , 1831 , hist . nat . poiss . 7 : 80 . type locality : bora bora ; moluccas .
. christmas island : christmas island natural history association 2 edn , 284 pp .
the marine fishes of north - western australia . a field guide for anglers and divers .
perth , wa : western australian museum vi 201 pp . , 70 pls .
. new jersey : t . f . h . publications inc . 832 pp . figs .
cuvier , g . l . in cuvier , g . l . & valenciennes , a . 1831 .
. paris : levrault vol . 7 531 pp . pls 170 - 208 .
hobbs , j - p . a . , newman , s . j . , mitsopoulos , g . e . a . , travers , m . j . , skepper , c . l . , gilligan , j . j . , allen , g . r . , choat , h . j . & ayling , a . m . 2014 . checklist and new records of christmas island fishes : the influence of isolation , biogeography and habitat availability on species abundance and community composition .
hobbs , j - p . a . , newman , s . j . , mitsopoulos , g . e . a . , travers , m . j . , skepper , c . l . , gilligan , j . j . , allen , g . r . , choat , h . j . & ayling , a . m . 2014 . fishes of the cocos ( keeling ) islands : new records , community composition and biogeographic significance .
johnson , j . w . 2010 . fishes of the moreton bay marine park and adjacent continental shelf waters , queensland , australia . pp . 299 - 353 in davie , p . j . f . & phillips , j . a . proceedings of the thirteenth international marine biological workshop , the marine fauna and flora of moreton bay .
guide to sea fishes of australia . a comprehensive reference for divers and fishermen .
oxley , w . g . , ayling , a . m . , cheal , a . j . & osborne , k . 2004 . marine surveys undertaken in the elizabeth and middleton reefs marine national nature reserve , december 2003 . townsville : australian institute of marine sciences 64 pp .
pratchett , m . s . 2005 . dietary overlap among coral - feeding butterflyfishes ( chaetodontidae ) at lizard island , northern great barrier reef .
pratchett , m . s . & berumen , m . l . 2008 . interspecific variation in ditributions and diets of coral reef butterflyfishes ( teleostei : chaetodontidae ) .
pyle , r . 2001 . chaetodontidae , pomacanthidae . pp . 3224 - 3286 in carpenter , k . e . & niem , v . h . ( eds ) .
the living marine resources of the western central pacific . fao species identification guide for fisheries purposes .
from the day we opened the first store in maidenhead , we’ve firmly believed that one key to our success is employing fish keepers .
not recommended . will pick on anemones , mushroom corals , stony corals , tubeworms , and other small invertebrates .
if you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .
yearsley , g . k . , last , p . r . & morris , g . b . 1997 ,
codes for australian aquatic biota ( caab ) : an upgraded and expanded species coding system for australian fisheries databases
, pp . 15 pp . + appendices
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 0cf1a534 - 13d1 - 424a - ac46 - e20d300d5fae
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : f8f65564 - 1270 - 4f28 - a3ab - 30d6a33503bf
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 357500
explore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .
find out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .
did you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .
the atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .
source : bernard e . picton / cc - by - sa - 3 . 0
when the fish can find its natural food in the aquarium it requires less frequent feeding .
this species will better acclimatize to the aquarium ` s condition if introduced , when young .
some species of the chaetodon genus are grouped together in what is known as a
complex
, since they are so very similar .
regardless of resemblance , it is important to be able to distinguish them , as in some cases they vary greatly in their needs . sometimes there are just small differences in colour or pattern , but in other instances it is vital to know where the fish originally come from .
it can be problematic , with many of these species , to get them eating in the beginning , but many of the species cannot resist live zooplankton or live mussels with crushed shells . another option is to mimic their natural behaviour by stuffing their food into coral skeletons or stones .
as these fish can be difficult to acclimatize and get feeding , it is important to buy healthy fish , to avoid having to deal with more problems . make sure to check that they do not have parasites or any visible infections .
there are some species that should not be kept in an a aquarium , as they are food specialists and will almost always refuse to eat replacement foods . it can be possible to breed some species , which will eat frozen foods . otherwise the only way to keep food specialists is by feeding them their natural diet , which consists of live sps or lps corals for example .
indo - pacific : cocos - keeling islands to the tuamoto islands , north to japan .
scott w . michael . 2004 . angelfishes and butterflyfishes ( reef fishes series book 3 ) tfh publications / microcosm ltd . - ( english ) bob fenner . butterflyfishes ; separating the good ones and those you don ' t want - wet web media - ( english ) collection of links to additional information - wet web media - ( english ) tea yi kai . 2014 . reef nuggets 2 : aquatic lepidopterans for your reef ( revised edition ) - reef builders - ( english )
froese , r . and d . pauly . editors . 2014 . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . urltoken , version ( 08 / 2014 ) .
minimum volume
indicates the size of the tank needed to house this species under optimal conditions .
this is based on a medium size animal , which you want to keep for several years . it might be possible to keep smaller specimens for a limited period in a smaller tank . a larger tank might be needed for fully - grown specimens .
hardiness
indicates how resistant this species is to disease and how well i tolerates bad conditions in general . some species doesn ' t handle transportation very well , but that doesn ' t mean that the species isn ' t hardy under the right conditions .
in this case , a
normal
aquarium is a reef aquarium with mixed corals or a fish only aquarium with an approximately salinity of 1 . 026 ( sg ) and a temperature close to 26°c . species requiring more than a 4000 - liter tank are considered not suitable for home aquarium .
special aquariums may cover tanks with low salinity , sub - tropical temperature , deep sand bed , sea grass etc .
always reef safe : no sources indicate that this species will harm corals or other invertebrates .
often reef safe : only a few aquarists has reported problems keeping this species with corals and other invertebrates .
reef safe with caution : this species may be a threat to some types of invertebrates .
reef safe with luck : most specimens will harm corals and / or other invertebrates , but you might be lucky .
not reef safe : this species is a threat to most corals and / or other invertebrates .


the roughskin dogfish , centroscymnus owstonii , is a sleeper shark of the family somniosidae , found around the world on continental shelves in tropical , subtropical and temperate seas , at depths of between 100 and 1,500 m .

it reaches a length of 120 cm .

roughskin dogfish

roughskin dogfish ( cirrhigaleus asper ) . illustration courtesy fao , species identification and biodata
roughskin dogfish denticle . illustration courtesy fao species catalog , vol . 4 part 2 sharks of the world
english language common names include roughskin dogfish , roughskin dogshark , roughskin spiny dogfish , and roughskin spurdog . common names in other languages are aiguillat à peau rugueuse ( french ) , galludo raspa ( spanish ) , quelme rugoso ( portuguese ) , ruwe doornhaai ( dutch ) , and ruwevel - penhaai ( afrikaans ) .
this species of dogfish is considered harmless to humans . however , care should be taken when handling the roughskin dogfish due to the spines on the dorsal fins .
the blainville ' s dogfish and cuban dogfish both have a first dorsal fin that is located more anterior than the roughskin dogfish , with the origin over the pectoral fin . these species also have smaller dermal denticles .
roughskin dogfish reach an average length of about 3 feet ( 0 . 9 m ) . photo © george burgess
coloration the body of the roughskin dogfish is dark gray to brown , fading to a lighter color below . the fins are edged with white . the body lacks spots or any other distinctive markings . juvenile roughskin dogfish are brown in color .
other species that are similar in appearance to the roughskin dogfish include the spiny dogfish ( squalus acanthias ) , blainville ' s dogfish ( s . blainvillei ) , and the cuban dogfish ( s . cubensis ) . the spiny dogfish can be distinguished by its small dermal denticles and second dorsal fin which is much smaller than the first dorsal . also , it is often marked with white spots throughout the body .
there is no interest in fisheries for the roughskin dogfish . it is occasionally caught with hook and line as well as trawling gear used in deep water .
food habits this dogfish feeds on a variety of bony fishes and cephalopods including squid .
this dogfish resides in marine waters over the upper continental and insular slopes . it is a deepwater species , found at depths from 700 - 1 , 970 feet ( 214 - 600 m ) . information on the life history of the roughskin dogfish is lacking due to the recent description of this species .
the glowing eye of a roughskin dogfish and a sleeper shark emerge . | for more shark week , visit urltoken shark week 2016 | starts sun . june 26 8 | 7c subscribe to discovery ! | urltoken
merrett described the roughskin dogfish as squalus asper in 1973 . shortly afterwards , this name was changed to the currently valid cirrhigaleus asper ( merrett 1973 ) . the genus name cirrhigaleus is derived from the latin
cirrus
which means curl fringe and the greek
galeo
meaning a shark . the species name asper is derived from latin , meaning rough . due to its recent description , there are no known synonyms referring to the roughskin dogfish in previous scientific literature .
the roughskin dogfish is listed as
data deficient
with the world conservation union ( iucn ) . the iucn is a global union of states , governmental agencies , and non - governmental organizations in a partnership that assesses the conservation status of species .
a little - known deepwater dogfish of the upper continental slopes at depths of 500 to 1097 m , on or near bottom .
dentition dentition of the roughskin dogfish consists of oblique teeth with smooth - edged cusps and distinct notches in the outer margins . numbering 12 - 14 teeth on each side of the upper jaw and 11 - 12 teeth on each side of the lower jaw , the dentition of this species forms a practically continuous cutting edge .
denticles the roughskin dogfish gets its common name from the rough feeling skin it has . this rough texture is from the unusually large dermal denticles found on this species . the denticles on adult specimens are tripcuspidate with a distinct central ridge flanked by weaker ridges . juveniles have leaf - shaped denticles characterized by a distinct central ridge .
the mode of reproduction in the roughskin dogfish is ovoviviparity meaning the embryos are nourished by a yolk - sac within the mother ' s body until birth . at the end of the gestation period , 21 - 22 pups are born , each measuring 9 . 8 - 11 . 0 inches ( 25 - 28 cm ) in length .
the roughskin dogfish has been reported from the western atlantic ocean from waters off north carolina to the florida keys ( us ) as well as the northern gulf of mexico . in the western indian ocean , it is found from southern mozambique to south africa and waters off reunion , comoros , and the aldabra islands . in the central pacific ocean , it lives off the shores of the hawaiian islands .
the roughskin dogfish has a stout body with a long and rounded snout . the eyes and spiracles are large . the two dorsal fins each have a spine . the first dorsal fin originates behind the free rear tips of the pectoral fins . the second dorsal fin is large , approaching the size of the first dorsal . the triangular pectoral fins are broad and have rounded tips . the caudal fin is short with broad lobes .
size , age , and growth the maximum reported size for the roughskin dogfish is 3 . 9 feet ( 120 cm ) total length for a male specimen . the average size for this species is about 3 feet ( 90 cm ) . males reach maturity at length of 2 . 8 - 3 . 0 feet ( 85 - 90 cm ) and females mature at 2 . 9 - 3 . 6 feet ( 89 - 110 cm ) in length .
these dogfish get their name from their rough skin , caused by unusually large denticles ( translated as
little teeth
) which are specialized scales designed to make sharks swim more efficiently . they have stout bodies and pointed snouts with large eyes , two dorsal fins with large spines , and a short caudal ( tail ) fin . this deep - water shark is dark gray - brown on top that fades to a light underbelly , with white edges on its fins . they grow to between 3 and 4 feet long , hunting smaller bony fish and cephalopods like squid .
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eschmeyer , w . n . , fricke , r . and van der laan , r . ( eds . ) . 2018 . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . updated 29 march 2018 . available at : urltoken .
justification : a moderately common deepwater shark within its known geographic range , and which may extend deeper than is currently recognised . although captured in some quantity in some deepwater trawl fisheries , it is taken mainly as bycatch , and presumably from only part of its known range . however , if the population is mobile and migrates into exploited fishing grounds from other parts of its range , if ( with other deepwater sharks ) it becomes more frequently targeted , and if it proves to have the life history characteristics ( low fecundity , slow growth and high longevity ) typical of better known squaloids , the assessment may have to move into a higher category . however , the species is currently still moderately common over its wide southern australian and new zealand range and a near threatened assessment is not justified at this time .
southern japan , southern australia , and new zealand ; reported from the northern gulf of mexico .
there is no information on whether the population off southern australia ( including seamounts to the south ) is linked to the new zealand population via seamounts and submarine ridges in the lord howe rise in the tasman sea . it is improbable that there is any physical connection with the populations of c . owstoni off southern japan , and in the northern gulf of mexico . no information is available on the size of any population .
marine , demersal , on the upper and middle continental slope , 250 to 1 , 500 m , usually 500 to 1 , 500 m . life history is not well known , but a typical deepwater shark , sometimes occurring in schools segregated by size and sex . feed on fishes and squids . born 25 to 30 cm . mature 70 to 79 cm ( males ) , 82 to 105 ( females ) . maximum 120 cm . some incomplete information on reproduction is presented by yano and tanaka ( 1987 , 1988 ) and daley et al . ( 2002 ) , but the gestation period and reproductive cycle are not well known .
a moderate bycatch in some deepwater trawl and line fisheries . its depth range coincides ( in part ) with that of some commercially important teleosts ( especially orange roughy , oreos ) , although it extends somewhat deeper .
paul , l . ( ssg australia & oceania regional workshop , march 2003 ) . 2003 .
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male picture by cambraia duarte , p . m . n . ( c ) imagdop
greek , kentron = sting + greek , skymnos , - ou = pup , puppy ( ref . 45335 )
named for alan owston ( 1853 - 1915 ) a business - and yachtsman from england , who collected asian wildlife , particularly in the early twentieth century ( cited in ref . 112350 ) .
marine ; bathydemersal ; depth range 100 - 1500 m ( ref . 26346 ) . deep - water ; 35°n - 41°s , 82°w - 177°w
atlantic , pacific and indian oceans . western indian ocean : from off the seychelles to the madagascar ridge and south africa . eastern indian ocean off indonesia and southwestern australia . southwestern pacific : off australia , new caledonia and new zealand . northwestern pacific : off japan and from the hawaiian - emperor seamount chain . southeastern pacific : west of chile . southwestern atlantic : off french guiana , brazil , and uruguay . northwestern atlantic : gulf of mexico . eastern atlantic : from off the azores in the north to off south africa in the south .
maturity : l m ? , range 100 - 104 cm max length : 121 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 26346 )
anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 0 . dark brown or black in color , dorsal fins with extreme tips of fin spines protruding from the fins , moderately long snout , lanceolate upper teeth and bladelike lower teeth with short , oblique cusps , fairly stocky body that does not taper abruptly from pectoral region , large lateral trunk denticles with mostly smooth , circular , cuspidate and acuspidate crowns in adults and subadults ( ref . 247 ) .
found on upper continental slopes , on or near the bottom ( ref . 247 ) . feeds on fish and cephalopods ( ref . 6871 ) . ovoviviparous ( ref . 205 ) , with 16 - 28 young born at 27 - 30 cm ( ref . 26346 ) . caught in trawls or longlines set at depths greater than 400 m ( ref . 55584 ) . flesh is high in mercury ( ref . 6871 ) . utilized as fishmeal and source of squalene ( liver oil ) ( ref . 6871 ) . maximum depth from ref . 55584 .
ovoviviparous ( ref . 6871 ) . 16 - 28 young born at 27 - 30 cm ( ref . 26346 ) . distinct pairing with embrace ( ref . 205 ) .
compagno , l . j . v . , 1984 . fao species catalogue . vol . 4 . sharks of the world . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date . part 1 - hexanchiformes to lamniformes . fao fish . synop . 125 ( 4 / 1 ) : 1 - 249 . rome , fao . ( ref . 247 )
) : 4 . 9 - 10 . 9 , mean 6 . 4 ( based on 66 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5313 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00389 ( 0 . 00178 - 0 . 00849 ) , b = 3 . 17 ( 2 . 97 - 3 . 37 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 5 ±0 . 62 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : low , minimum population doubling time 4 . 5 - 14 years ( fec = 16 - 28 ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : high vulnerability ( 64 of 100 ) .
: northern gulf of mexico . western pacific : japan ( southeastern honshu ) , new zealand , australia ( new south wales ) .
( drs j . bass and p . c . heemstra , pers . comm . ) .
bigelow , h . b . and w . c . schroeder , 1957 . a study of the sharks of the suborder squaloidea . bull . mus . comp . zool . harv . univ . , 117 ( 1 ) : 150 p .
garrick , j . a . f . , 1959 . studies on new zealand elasmobranchii . part 7 . the identity of specimens of centrophorus from new zealand . trans . r . soc . n . z . , 86 ( 1 - 2 ) : 127 - 41
found on upper continental slopes , on or near the bottom ( ref . 247 ) . feeds on fish and cephalopods ( ref . 6871 ) . ovoviviparous ( ref . 205 ) , with 16 - 28 young born at 27 - 30 cm ( ref . 26346 ) . caught in trawls or longlines set at depths greater than 400 m ( ref . 55584 ) . flesh is high in mercury ( ref . 6871 ) . utilized as fishmeal and source of squalene ( liver oil ) ( ref . 6871 ) . maximum depth from ref . 55584 .
kento furui added the japanese common name
ユメザメ
to
centroscymnus owstonii garman , 1906
.
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garman , 1906 : in : database of modern sharks , rays and chimaeras , www . shark - references . com , world wide web electronic publication , version 07 / 2018
western central atlantic : northern gulf of mexico . western pacific : southeastern honshu , japan ; australia ( including western australia ) and new zealand . southeast pacific : amber seamount , nazca and sala - y - gomez .
. found on upper continental slopes , on or near the bottom . feeds on fish and cephalopods .
host - parasite list / parasite - host list ( version : 01 . 04 . 2015 ) 544 pp , 5 , 37 mb new !
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acheilognathus barbatulus is a species of freshwater ray-finned fish in the genus acheilognathus .

it is endemic to the mekong river in laos , northern vietnam and southern china in waters between 8-20 °c and its maximum length is 8.4 cm .

acheilognathus barbatulus

in subfamily acheilognathinae ( genera acheilognathus and rhodeus ) , female possesses an ovipositor which is used for depositing eggs inside the bivalves . juveniles hatch and stay in the bivalve until they can swim ( ref . 43281 ) .
in subfamily acheilognathinae ( genera acheilognathus and rhodeus ) , female possesses an ovipositor which is used for depositing eggs inside the bivalves . juveniles hatch and stay in the bivalve until they can swim ( ref . 43281 ) .
greek , a = without + greek , cheilos = lip + greek , gnathos = jaw ( ref . 45335 )
asia : mekong basin in laos and yunnan , nam ma basin ; northern viet nam , southern china .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 8 . 4 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 43281 )
dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 10 - 13 ; anal soft rays : 8 - 11 . small maxillary barbels ; body depth 2 . 5 - 2 . 7 times in sl ( ref . 43281 ) .
female has an ovipositor which is used to deposit eggs inside bivalves . young remain in the bivalve until they can swim ( ref . 43281 ) .
kottelat , m . , 2013 . the fishes of the inland waters of southeast asia : a catalogue and core bibliography of the fishes known to occur in freshwaters , mangroves and estuaries . the raffles bulletin of zoology 2013 ( suppl . 27 ) : 1 - 663 . ( ref . 94476 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01000 ( 0 . 00446 - 0 . 02243 ) , b = 3 . 10 ( 2 . 91 - 3 . 29 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 2 ±0 . 1 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( assuming fec < 10 , 000 ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 21 of 100 ) .
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eschmeyer , w . n . ( ed . ) . 2015 . catalog of fishes . updated 7 january 2015 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 7 january 2015 ) .
justification : the species is relatively widespread in china , and in northern lao pdr and northern viet nam . it is assessed as least concern , however populations of the species , and its bivalve host should be monitored . taxonomic work to compare specimens from the different parts of the known range should be compared , especially those from the mekong drainage which are some distance from the song da and chinese populations .
, from china ( including the mekong drainage in yunnan ) , and from northern viet nam .
changjiang ( yangtze ) and zhejiang ( pearl river ) . known from yunnan province ( dalu , mengla ) ; and from the yangtze drainage ( henan province ( xinye , tanghe )
found in freshwater rivers ; slow moving lowland streams . dependent on bivalves as the reproductive host .
the species is likely to be impacted by fisheries , and by pollution and dams in parts of its range . the species is reliant upon mussel hosts for its reproduction , and these are often more likely to be impacted by pollution . the specific host for the species is not known . there is general habitat loss and degradation , especially from high sediment loads from agriculture and deforestation , which impacts the bivalve host .
taxonomic work is needed to compare populations . population and habitat trends should be monitored .
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jennifer hammock added an association between
yangtze river benthopelagic habitat
and
saurogobio lissilabris banarescu & nalbant 1973
.
jennifer hammock added an association between
yangtze river benthopelagic habitat
and
pareuchiloglanis sinensis ( hora & silas , 1952 )
.
jennifer hammock added an association between
yangtze river benthopelagic habitat
and
glyptothorax sinensis ( regan , 1908 )
.
jennifer hammock added an association between
yangtze river benthopelagic habitat
and
glyptothorax fokiensis ( rendahl , 1925 )
.
jennifer hammock added an association between
yangtze river benthopelagic habitat
and
hucho bleekeri kimura , 1934
.
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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baensch , h . a . and r . riehl ( 1997 ) aquarien atlas , band 5 . : mergus verlag , melle , germany . 1148 p .
carl , h . ( 2003 ) danish fish names . : zoological museum of copenhagen . unpublished .
chinese academy of fishery sciences ( 2003 ) chinese aquatic germplasm resources database . : urltoken
froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication .
kottelat , m . ( 2013 ) the fishes of the inland waters of southeast asia : a catalogue and core bibliography of the fishes known to occur in freshwaters , mangroves and estuaries . : the raffles bulletin of zoology 2013 ( suppl . 27 ) : 1 - 663 .
varjo , m . , l . koli and h . dahlström ( 2004 ) kalannimiluettelo ( versio 10 / 03 ) . : suomen biologian seura vanamo ry .
wu , h . l . , k . - t . shao and c . f . lai ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) latin - chinese dictionary of fishes names . : the sueichan press , taiwan . 1028 p .
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the streaky seedeater ( crithagra striolatus ) is a species of finch in the fringillidae family .

it is found in burundi , democratic republic of the congo , eritrea , ethiopia , kenya , rwanda , south sudan , tanzania , uganda , and zambia .

the streaky seedeater was formerly placed in the genus serinus but phylogenetic analysis using mitochondrial and nuclear dna sequences found that the genus was polyphyletic .

the genus was therefore split and a number of species including the streaky seedeater were moved to the resurrected genus crithagra .

streaky seedeater

streaky seedeater , serinus striolatus ( formerly ; crithagra striolata , protonym ; pyrrhula striolata ) , also known as the streaky seed - eater , streaky serin , and the yellow - browed seedeater , photographed at ngorongoro conservation area , tanzania ( africa ) .
response : this is a streaky seedeater , serinus striolatus , a passerine species that is a member of the fringillidae family ( the finches & hawaiian honeycreepers ) . this species is distinguished from the similar stripe - breasted and streaky - headed seedeaters by the pale sides of its face and the dark malar stripe .
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clement , p . ( 2018 ) . streaky seedeater ( crithagra striolata ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
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ioc _ names _ file _ plus - 8 . 2g : 8 . 2
przevalski ' s finch , previously called pink - tailed rosefinch , is a relict member of an ancient separate lineage that is as old as , or older than other families of finches ; it belongs in its own monotypic family urocynchramidae , with a name change ( groth 2000 , päckert et al . 2016 )
classification of fringillidae revised for v3 . 3 ; see especially zuccon et al . 2012
europe ( except british isles , sardinia ) to c asia , w , n turkey , c and e caucasus and nw iran .
split gran canaria blue finch from [ tenerife ] blue chaffinch ( sangster et al . 2015 )
( zuccon et al . 2012 , cf kirwan & gregory 2005 , bli , hbw )
( tietze et al . 2013 , cf rasmussen & anderton 2005 , ioc 3 . 5 ) . restore english name to great rosefinch
has priority for species name . change english name to pink - rumped rosefinch ( hbw , clements , h & m 3 )
( wu et al . 2011 , tietze et al . 2013 ; cf collar 2004 )
hawaiian honeycreepers resequenced following pratt 2005 , lerner et al . 2011 ; see also nacc 2015 . needs review of oversplit genera .
island populations of the akepa are recognized as separate species ( nacc 2015 - b - 4c ) ; add island name ( hawaii ) to akepa .
based on lerner et al . ( 2011 ) phylogeny ; see also pratt 2005 .
, is preoccupied by a subspecies of greater akialoa . that conflict no longer exists with placement of kauai amakihi in
( arnaiz - villena et al . 1999 , nguembock et al . 2009 , zuccon et al . 2012 )
( tschusi , 1901 ) as a synonym . permanently invalid . dickinson & christidis , 2014 .
( arnaiz - villena et al . 1999 , nguembock et al . 2009 , zuccon et al . 2012 , nacc )
recognized by bou ( ottvall et al . 2002 , marthinsen et al . 2008 )
pending future analyses ( knox 2001 , ottvall et al . 2002 , marthinsen et al . 2008 , mason & taylor 2015 , bou , h & m4 , nacc 2017 - b - 7 )
se siberia , ne china , korea , sakhalin and kuril is . and japan
( weir and schluter 2004 , smith et al . 2005 ; nacc 2017 - c - 5 )
preliminary genetics suggest that megaplaga and leucoptera are sisters and that bifasciata should be split to avoid paraphyly ( parchman et al . 2007 ) . see also elmberg 1993 re song differences
taczanowski , 1879 as a synonym . permanently invalid . dickinson & christidis , 2014 .
( zuccon et al . 2012 , also arnaiz - villena et al . 1999 , nguembock et al . 2009 , ryan et al . 2004 )
sa : n colombia to trinidad and the guianas , south to n argentina , se brazil , e paraguay .
from thraupidae to a new monotypic family rhodinocichlidae , which follows calcariidae ( barker et al . 2013 , 2015 ; nacc 2017 - b - 6 ) . eng [ 8 . 1 ] = lower case ' tanager '
hbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .
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josep del hoyo , marc de bont , mkennewell , keith and lynn youngs , pascal vagner , paul clarke , keith blomerley , daniêl jimenez .
paul van giersbergen , petemorris , lars petersson , marco valentini , buchert , lemellmichel , holger teichmann , veronika patrovska vernerova , james kashangaki , yvonne stevens , rory nefdt , josep del hoyo , stefan helming , morten venas , ken havard , rafael merchante , michaelp , nik borrow , guy poisson , arthur grosset , frank sandvoss , david beadle , juan gonzalez valdivieso , billonneau jean claude .
halai and simen , 8000–10 , 000 feet [ c . 2440–3050 m ] , ethiopia
race whytii distinctive , and sometimes treated as a separate species , but appears to differ only in the strong yellow wash to the pale colours on the head , wings and especially throat ; reported smaller size in hbw not noticeable in specimens , and limited evidence from dna analysis indicates close relationship between nominate and whytii . proposed race affinis ( described from mt kilimanjaro , in n tanzania ) synonymized with nominate . three subspecies recognized .
– eritrea , ethiopia and extreme se south sudan s to w & c kenya and n tanzania .
( e . j . o . hartert , 1907 ) – e drcongo , sw uganda , rwanda and burundi .
13·5–15 cm ; 18–26·5 g . medium - sized , heavily streaked finch with long , slightly notched tail . nominate race has forehead to crown brown , finely . . .
song variable , a series of clear , downslurred whistles ,
tway , tway , tsitsi - peeew , tsiway - tslo . . .
lower montane to submontane open country and woodland edge and clearings , moist secondary evergreen . . .
breeds in all months , mostly apr–aug and oct–jan , at higher altitudes ( above 2200 m ) apr–jul ; up to three broods . . . .
resident ; some short - distance and random movements in non - breeding season in apr–may and aug . . .
, sometimes treated as a full species , is a restricted - range taxon : present in tanzania - malawi mountains eba . common to locally . . .
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forms three well - defined subfamilies # r , including euphoniinae , previously placed in thraupidae . also includes drepanidini , sometimes treated as a separate family ( as in hbw ) , but here considered merely a tribe of carduelinae . extensive phylogenetic data available , and comparatively few species remain wholly unscreened ; nonetheless , study of internal relationships has been confounded by recurring plumage patterns and use of similar feeding niches by taxa that prove to be far from closely related .
apparently monophyletic clade comprising mostly afrotropical and arabian species traditionally placed in serinus , together with a few that were sometimes included in carduelis # r # r ; two species of s africa , previously placed in pseudochloroptila , also imported herein , as is c . concolor , transferred from monospecific neospiza , based on molecular evidence # r # r . one analysis using mtdna indicates that further subdivision might be warranted , by recognizing dendrospiza ( for , e . g . , c . capistrata , c . hyposticta and c . citrinelloides ) , ochrospiza ( c . citrinipectus , c . mozambica and c . dorsostriata ) and poliospiza ( c . striatipectus , c . reichardi and c . mennelli ) # r , but more complete taxon sampling does not support this at present .
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this map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .
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del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
justification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population size has not been quantified , but the species is described as common or very common ( clement 1999 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .
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there are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .
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question : this amazing photograph captures a common species throughout tropical areas of africa . this species is a close relative of a bird that is commonly kept as a pet in many households . can you name this species ?
this african mystery bird species is placed into the same genus as the canary , serinus canaria .
you are invited to review all of the daily mystery birds by going to their dedicated graphic index page .
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this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : crithagra striolata . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
house finch alights in front of cornell lab feederwatch cam – nov . 13 , 2017
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