chiayusaurus ( meaning " chia-yu-kuan lizard " , after where it was found ) was a genus of sauropod dinosaur known from teeth found in asia .

two species have been named for this obscure genus .

it was originally named as chiayüsaurus , but the iczn does not permit special characters , so it has become chiayusaurus .

the old name can still be seen in older sources , though .

chiayusaurus

have a fact about chiayusaurus asianensis ? write it here to share it with the entire community .
have a definition for chiayusaurus asianensis ? write it here to share it with the entire community .
phylogenetic relationships of asiatosaurus mongoliensis ( osborn , 1924 ) . chiayusaurus lacustris a junior synonym of asiatosaurus ( sauropoda )
species : asianensis ( lee , yang & park , 1997 ) etymology : the species is named after asia , where the type material was collected . = chiayusaurus asianensis lee , yang & park , 1997
showing page 1 . found 0 sentences matching phrase
chiayusaurus
. found in 0 ms . translation memories are created by human , but computer aligned , which might cause mistakes . they come from many sources and are not checked . be warned .
chiayusaurus is a highly dubious genus of sauropod dinosaur because the type species is based upon the description of a tooth crown .  the problem with such tooth taxons is that unless in exceptionally rare cases ( like with troodon  )  ,  it is next to impossible to assign further remains .  even a second species named c .  asianensis from south korea is only represented by a tooth .  in the past the teeth of chiayusaurus have been noted to be similar to asiatosaurus and euhelopus .
bohlin , b . , 1953 , fossil reptiles from mongolia and kansu : reports from the scientific expedition to the north - western provinces of china under leadership of dr . sven hedin . the sino - swedish expedition publication n . 37 , p . 9 - 113 . ( chiayusaurus lacustris )
name : chiayusaurus  ( chiayukuan lizard )  . phonetic : che - ah - yu - sore - us . named by : birgir bohlin  -  1953 . classification : chordata ,  reptilia ,  dinosauria ,  saurischia ,  sauropoda . species : c .  lacustris ( type )  ,  c .  asianensis ? diet : herbivore . size : impossible to know because no skeletal reamins exist only teeth . known locations : china  -  kalazha formation .  south korea  -  hasandong formation . time period : late jurassic to early cretaceous . fossil representation : two teeth .
' antarctosaurus jaxarticus is a nomen dubium ' according to j . a . wilson and p . upchurch 2009 ' asiatosaurus kwanshiensis is a nomen dubium ' according to j . a . wilson and p . upchurch 2009 ' asiatosaurus mongoliensis is a nomen dubium ' according to j . a . wilson and p . upchurch 2009 ' borealosaurus belongs to titanosauria ' according to j . a . wilson and p . upchurch 2009 ' chiayusaurus asianensis is a nomen dubium ' according to j . a . wilson and p . upchurch 2009 ' chiayusaurus belongs to titanosauriformes ' according to j . a . wilson and p . upchurch 2009 ' dongbeititan belongs to titanosauriformes ' according to j . a . wilson and p . upchurch 2009 ' dongyangosaurus belongs to titanosauria ' according to j . a . wilson and p . upchurch 2009 ' euhelopus belongs to somphospondyli ' according to j . a . wilson and p . upchurch 2009 ' fusuisaurus belongs to titanosauriformes ' according to j . a . wilson and p . upchurch 2009 ' gobititan belongs to titanosauriformes ' according to j . a . wilson and p . upchurch 2009 ' helopus zdanskyi is recombined as euhelopus zdanskyi ' according to j . a . wilson and p . upchurch 2009 ' huabeisaurus belongs to titanosauria ' according to j . a . wilson and p . upchurch 2009 ' jiangshanosaurus [ misspelled as jianshanosaurus ] belongs to titanosauria ' according to j . a . wilson and p . upchurch 2009 ' jiutaisaurus xidiensis is a nomen dubium ' according to j . a . wilson and p . upchurch 2009 ' mongolosaurus belongs to titanosauria ' according to j . a . wilson and p . upchurch 2009 ' nemegtosaurus pachi is a nomen dubium ' according to j . a . wilson and p . upchurch 2009 ' nemegtosaurus belongs to titanosauria ' according to j . a . wilson and p . upchurch 2009 ' opisthocoelicaudia belongs to titanosauria ' according to j . a . wilson and p . upchurch 2009 ' phuwiangosaurus belongs to titanosauriformes ' according to j . a . wilson and p . upchurch 2009 ' pukyongosaurus belongs to titanosauriformes ' according to j . a . wilson and p . upchurch 2009 ' qingxiusaurus belongs to titanosauria ' according to j . a . wilson and p . upchurch 2009 ' quaesitosaurus belongs to titanosauria ' according to j . a . wilson and p . upchurch 2009 ' sonidosaurus belongs to titanosauria ' according to j . a . wilson and p . upchurch 2009 ' tangvayosaurus belongs to titanosauriformes ' according to j . a . wilson and p . upchurch 2009 ' ultrasaurus tabriensis is a nomen dubium ' according to j . a . wilson and p . upchurch 2009
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
this site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .
there are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :
you have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .
your browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .
your browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .
the date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .
you have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .
this site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .
this site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .
in general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
further reading -  fossil reptiles from mongolia and kansu  -  the sino - swedish expedition publication 37 ( 6 )  :  1–113 .   -  birgir bohlin  -  1953 . -  sauropod dinosaur remains from the gyeongsang supergroup korea .   -  paleontological society of korea ,  special publication 2 :  103–114 .   -  yuong - nam lee ,  seong - young yang & eun - jun park  -  1997 .
content copyright www . prehistoric - wildlife . com . the information here is completely free for your own study and research purposes , but please dont copy the articles word for word and claim them as your own work . the world of prehistory is constantly changing with the advent of new discoveries , as such its best if you use this information as a jumping off point for your own research . privacy & cookies policy
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
javascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .
see also barrett et al . 2002 , park et al . 2000 and wilson and upchurch 2009
an ongoing dinosaur encyclopaedia . by meig dickson ( she / her or ey / em ) , henry thomas ( he / him ) , josé c . cortés ( he / him ) , †jack wood ( he / him ) , scott reid ( he / him ) , and ripley cook ( she / her ) support us on patreon index faq
etymology : asiat - ( asia ) and greek , sauros , “lizard” : “asiatic lizard” .
etymology : for jiayuguan ( chia - yu - kouon ) in gansu province china , near where the specimen was found , and greek , sauros , “lizard” : “jiayu lizard” .
locality : east end of red mesa , ööshinn nuur ( oshih basin ) , northern gobi , mongolia .
age : aptian / albian stage , middle gallic subepoch , upper early cretaceous epoch , early cretaceous . note : according to shuvalov , 1975 öndörukhaa svita of valanginian to late neocomian age .
locality : 3 miles east of red mesa , ööshinn nuur ( oshih basin ) , northern gobi , mongolia .
age : aptian / albian stage , middle gallic subepoch , upper early cretaceous epoch , early cretaceous .
amnh 6533 : 2 anterior dorsal vertebrae , badly weathered , several ribs , and one chevron , 3 ribs and chevron collected .
number : not given : single dorsal vertebrae , badly weathered , not collected .
locality : urhe region , junggar basin , wuerho , xinjiang uygur zizhiqu ( sinkang ) province , china .
locality : two volcanoes , 43°49 . 503 ' n , 99°19 . 546 ' e , dhous , bayanhongor , mongolia .
age : aptian stage , middle gallic subepoch , upper early cretaceous epoch , early cretaceous .
locality : dacaotan , jalyuguan ( chia - yu - kuan ) , west kansu , gansu ( kansu ) province , china .
age : late barremian - albian stage , gallic subepoch , early cretaceous epoch , early cretaceous . note : according to sun , ailing , li jinling , ye xiangkui , dong zhiming and hou lianhai , 1992 late jurassic .
locality : nanhu , southeast of qiketai , shanshan district , turpan , eastern gansu ( kansu ) province , china .
locality : napan basin , fusui county , southwest of nanning , kwangsi , guangxi province , guangzi zhuangzu autonomous range , china .
age : hauterivian stage , upper neocomian subepoch , middle early cretaceous epoch , early early cretaceous .
willkommen zur deutschen version von wordpress . dies ist der erste beitrag . du kannst ihn bearbeiten oder löschen . und dann starte mit dem schreiben !
cookies help us deliver our services . by using our services , you agree to our use of cookies .
this video is no longer available because the youtube account associated with this video has been terminated .
sign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .
have a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .
simply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .
copyright © 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved
enter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user
warning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .
rubén d . f . martínez , 1 , * matthew c . lamanna , 2 fernando e . novas , 3 ryan c . ridgely , 4 gabriel a . casal , 1 javier e . martínez , 5 javier r . vita , 6 and lawrence m . witmer 4
conceived and designed the experiments : rdfm mcl fen rcr gac jem jrv lmw . performed the experiments : rdfm mcl gac jem jrv . analyzed the data : rdfm mcl rcr gac lmw . contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools : rdfm mcl rcr gac jem jrv lmw . wrote the paper : rdfm mcl fen gac lmw .
this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
titanosaurian sauropod dinosaurs were extremely diverse and abundant in upper cretaceous continental paleoenvironments in the gondwanan landmasses , and have been discovered throughout the world [ 1 – 6 ] . titanosauria currently includes more than 60 genera and is most abundantly represented in south america , particularly in argentina [ 4 , 5 , 7 , 8 ] . most currently recognized titanosaurian taxa are represented exclusively or almost exclusively by postcranial bones .
here we describe a new and plesiomorphic early late cretaceous ( cenomanian—turonian ) titanosaurian sauropod represented by a superbly - preserved adult skull articulated with a partial cervical series . the taxon provides a wealth of new information on the early evolution of titanosauria and the cranial anatomy of basal members of the clade . the cranium and mandible are only slightly deformed , with most bones fully articulated and all teeth preserved in situ ; as such , the new form is one of the very few titanosaurs for which the totality of this anatomical information is available . furthermore , the unusual anatomy of the cervical series provides novel data on the construction of the neck and tendon system of a cretaceous sauropod .
the titanosaur was preserved in a green sandstone horizon that pertains to the upper part of the lower member of the bajo barreal formation . this section of the lower member is lithologically characterized by these green sandstones , which were deposited in multiepisodic , interlaced fluvial channel systems [ 83 ] . the vast majority of the tetrapod fossils from the bajo barreal formation have been recovered from these sandstones , which exhibit taphonomic and sedimentological properties that were conducive to vertebrate preservation [ 84 ] . the skull and cervical series of the titanosaur were articulated and preserved in a fluvial overflow deposit with a high sedimentary load composed of medium - grained sandstones with abundant pelitic matrix . the degree of articulation and lack of evidence of subaerial weathering of the specimen suggest that it was buried rapidly .
the specimen described in this paper ( specimen number mdt - pv 2 ) is permanently reposited and accessible to all qualified researchers in the fossil vertebrate collection of the museo desiderio torres in sarmiento , chubut province , argentina . detailed locality information for the specimen is on file at the museo desiderio torres and is available to qualified researchers upon request . all necessary permits were obtained for the described study , which complied with all relevant regulations .
amnh , american museum of natural history , new york , new york , united states of america ; ans , academy of natural sciences of drexel university , philadelphia , pennsylvania , united states of america ; ccmge , chernyshev’s central museum of geological exploration , saint petersburg , russia ; cm , carnegie museum of natural history , pittsburgh , pennsylvania , united states of america ; fggub , facultatea de geologie şi geofizică a universită ii din bucureşti , bucharest , romania ; gcp , grupo cultural paleontológico de elche , museo paleontológico de elche , elche , spain ; gsi , geological survey of india , kolkata , india ; isi , indian statistical institute , kolkata , india ; mal , malawi department of antiquities collection , lilongwe and nguludi , malawi ; mb , museum für naturkunde der humboldt - universität , berlin , germany ; mcf - pvph , museo ‘carmen funes , ’ colección de paleontología de vertebrados , plaza huincul , neuquén , argentina ; mcspv , museo de cinco saltos , cinco saltos , río negro , argentina ; mcz , museum of comparative zoology , harvard university , cambridge , massachusetts , united states of america ; mdt - pv , museo desiderio torres - paleovertebrados , sarmiento , chubut , argentina ; mgpifd - gr , museo de geología y paleontología del instituto de formación docente continua de general roca , general roca , río negro , argentina ; mml , museo municipal de lamarque , lamarque , río negro , argentina ; mpca , museo provincial ‘carlos ameghino , ’ cipolletti , río negro , argentina ; mucpv , museo de geología y paleontología de la universidad nacional del comahue , neuquén , neuquén , argentina ; mzsp - pv , museu de zoologia da universidade de são paulo , são paulo , brazil ; tmm , university of texas memorial museum , austin , texas , united states of america ; unpsjb - pv , universidad nacional de la patagonia san juan bosco , colección paleontología de vertebrados , comodoro rivadavia , chubut , argentina ; usnm , national museum of natural history , washington , district of columbia , united states of america ; zpal , institute of paleobiology , polish academy of sciences , warsaw , poland .
the electronic edition of this article conforms to the requirements of the amended international code of zoological nomenclature ( iczn ) , and hence the new names contained herein are available under that code from the electronic edition of this article . this published work and the nomenclatural acts it contains have been registered in zoobank , the online registration system for the iczn . the zoobank life science identifiers ( lsids ) can be resolved and the associated information viewed through any standard web browser by appending the lsid to the prefix “ urltoken . ” the lsid for this publication is : urn : lsid : zoobank . org : pub : 3b8c51b9 - c0c2 - 4562 - 81d4 - 0af58e186b31 . the electronic edition of this work was published in a journal with an issn , and has been archived and is available from the following digital repositories : pubmed central and lockss .
urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 537dfe26 - 54ec - 4978 - ac86 - e83a04fa74de
urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : c1090b8d - d051 - 44f3 - b869 - 8b4a0c802176
mdt - pv 2 , an originally articulated cranial and cervical skeleton consisting of the nearly complete skull , the partial axis associated with its rib from the right side and articulated with the cranial part of the third cervical vertebra , a fragment of the fifth cervical vertebra , the nearly complete sixth cervical vertebra and its right rib , the partial seventh cervical vertebra , and a section of ossified cervical tendon .
sarmiento , for the patagonian town and the administrative department in which it is located , the latter of which has yielded numerous cretaceous dinosaur fossils ; saurus , greek , ‘lizard . ’ the specific name honors the late dr . eduardo musacchio , a model scientist and educator at the universidad nacional de la patagonia san juan bosco in comodoro rivadavia , argentina .
estancia laguna palacios ( 44°54 ' 11 . 6 ' ' s , 69°22 ' 56 . 7 ' ' w ) , sierra nevada anticline , golfo san jorge basin , south - central chubut province , central patagonia , argentina (
) . uppermost section of the lower member of the upper cretaceous bajo barreal formation , chubut group . the specimen was found
map of chubut province , central patagonia , argentina , showing location of the estancia laguna palacios , the type locality of sarmientosaurus musacchioi gen . et sp . nov . ( modified from ibiricu et al . [ 232 ] ) .
basal lithostrotian titanosaurian sauropod diagnosed by the following autapomorphies : ( 1 ) maximum ( rostroventral—caudodorsal ) diameter of orbit nearly 40 % rostrocaudal length of cranium ( as measured from tip of snout to occipital condyle ) ; ( 2 ) complex maxilla—lacrimal articulation , with ascending ramus of maxilla embedded in and bordered laterally and medially by lacrimal dorsal process ; ( 3 ) medial edge of caudal sector of maxillary ascending ramus bordering bony nasal aperture with low but well - defined ridge ; ( 4 ) ‘tongue - like’ ventral process of quadratojugal that overlaps quadrate caudally ; ( 5 ) separate foramina for all three branches of the trigeminal nerve ; ( 6 ) absence of median venous canal connecting infundibular region to ventral part of brainstem ; ( 7 ) premaxillary teeth subvertical , maxillary teeth procumbent , and dentary teeth recumbent ; ( 8 ) middle cervical vertebrae with ‘strut - like’ ( as opposed to ‘sheet - like’ ) centroprezygapophyseal laminae ; ( 9 ) extremely elongate and slender ossified tendon extending along cervical series ventrolateral to vertebrae and ribs .
) . nevertheless , during the course of laboratory preparation , we were only able to recover the skull , parts of the articulated axis and third cervical vertebra , most of the sixth and seventh cervical vertebrae , and pieces of the fifth cervical vertebra and the second and sixth cervical ribs from the right side . unfortunately , the remainder of the collected vertebrae ( the atlas and cervical four ) and ribs were too poorly preserved and damaged by weathering to be salvageable .
gen . et sp . nov . ( mdt - pv 2 ) upon discovery .
( a ) articulated skull in ventral view , showing close association of ossified cervical tendon ( arrow ) with occipital region of cranium . ( b , c ) two views of articulated skull and partial cervical series in ventral view , showing considerable craniocaudal extent and consistently narrow diameter of ossified cervical tendon ( arrows ) . ( d ) relationship of a cervical rib ( white arrow ) with the ossified cervical tendon ( black arrow ) .
) . this structure extended from near the right occipital region of the skull and past several vertebrae without changing diameter . although we observed the structure on only the right side of the specimen , we assume that it was bilaterally symmetrical in the living animal . therefore , given that the right side of the specimen is generally better preserved than the left , the equivalent structure on the left side presumably eroded away prior to discovery .
unlike the situation in nemegtosaurus [ 10 , 11 ] and tapuiasaurus [ 14 ] , the skull of sarmientosaurus was not strongly affected by taphonomic distortion . instead , the skull is only moderately deformed in its caudodorsal and dorsal areas . pressure applied to these regions apparently caused the jugal processes of both postorbitals to slide slightly rostrally over the postorbital processes of the corresponding jugals . nevertheless , these modest alterations demonstrate that the caudal part of the skull was not significantly rostrally displaced relative to more rostral regions . there is no evidence of dorsoventral compression of the snout ; indeed , in this area of the skull , only the dorsal parts of the premaxilla and maxilla are damaged , presumably due to pre - diagenetic erosion . the sixth and seventh cervical vertebrae have suffered some lateral deformation , which has mainly affected parts of the neural arches such as the prezygapophyses .
during the excavation of the sarmientosaurus holotype , an abelisaurid tooth was discovered only a few centimeters from the occipital region of the skull , raising the possibility that this titanosaurian specimen was scavenged by this theropod . this is , however , ambiguous , as the sarmientosaurus bones do not exhibit tooth marks or other feeding traces .
in our description of the dentition of sarmientosaurus , we employ the terms used by garcía and cerda [ 61 ] .
is 43 cm in length as measured from the rostral tip of the articulated premaxillae to the occipital condyle . it is approximately 24 cm wide across the postorbitals and 24 cm tall from the dorsal margin of the frontal to the ventral end of the quadrate on the right side ( see
] , indicates that the specimen probably corresponds to a skeletally mature ( and possibly very old ) individual .
abbreviations : l , left ; r , right . * = element incomplete , measurement as preserved .
in the cranium of sarmientosaurus , three large openings are clearly visible in lateral view : from rostral to caudal , these are the antorbital fenestra , the orbit , and the infratemporal fenestra . as preserved , the bony nasal apertures ( = ‘external nares’ of many paleontological works ) open rostrodorsally in a confluent fenestra , as in rapetosaurus ; nevertheless , it appears that , in life , these openings would have been separated by a bony lamina formed by the premaxillae and nasals ( the internarial bar ) . although this structure has been mostly destroyed by taphonomic processes , the caudally - incomplete narial flange of the premaxillae and a broken rostral projection of the nasals attest to its former existence . ventral to the rostral end of each antorbital fenestra is a minute , poorly preserved opening that we interpret as the homolog of the preantorbital fenestra ; this foramen is discussed further in of our description of the maxilla below .
the orbit of sarmientosaurus is proportionally very large , rostroventrally—caudodorsally elongate , and rounded at its caudodorsal and rostroventral margins , with the caudodorsal end rostrocaudally longer than the rostroventral end . as in many dinosaurs , the orbit is regionally divisible into a dorsal ocular portion ( that housed the eyeball and its adnexa ) and a ventral non - ocular portion that was occupied by various soft - tissues ( e . g . , adductor muscles , vessels , nerves ) . the orbit differs from those of camarasaurus , giraffatitan , nemegtosaurus , rapetosaurus , and tapuiasaurus , which are smaller and shaped differently . although the orbit of abydosaurus is also proportionally large , it is not as large as in the new bajo barreal titanosaur ; furthermore , it is subtriangular rather than ovate in contour .
the supratemporal fenestra is bordered caudally by a prominent flange ( the transverse nuchal crest ) , and its long axis is oriented mediolaterally , as in europasaurus , giraffatitan , and rapetosaurus . the infratemporal fenestra is rostrocaudally narrow throughout its dorsoventral extent , and its long axis is oriented roughly parallel to that of the orbit , as in nemegtosaurus and tapuiasaurus . this contrasts the conditions in abydosaurus , camarasaurus , euhelopus , and giraffatitan , in which this fenestra is subtriangular and rostrocaudally wide , especially ventrally .
] : fig . 4a ) , where the more vertical nasal process lends the rostral margin of the premaxilla a taller , straighter lateral profile . the premaxilla of
continue caudodorsally to the bony nasal apertures ; only the left premaxilla preserves the rostral margin of the aperture , however . along this margin , the area of the interpremaxillary articulation shows remnants of a sagittal crest that probably corresponds to the rostroventral base of the internarial bar . the premaxillae articulate with the maxillae caudally ; in life , they would presumably have also contacted the nasals caudodorsally .
photographs ( a , c ) and interpretive drawing ( b ) in right lateral ( a , b ) and left lateral ( c ) views . abbreviations see text . scale bar = 10 cm .
computed tomography - based digital visualization in dorsal view , showing locations of preantorbital , rostral maxillary , and subnarial ( blue star ) foramina ( a ) , and left bony nasal aperture ( blue overlay ) and narial fossa ( black line ) ( b ) . abbreviations see text . scale bar = 10 cm .
the rostroventral end of the suture between the premaxilla and maxilla is clearly discernible toward the tip of the snout , far rostral to the bony nasal aperture . in malawisaurus [ 32 , 102 ] , narambuenatitan [ 40 ] , and probably isi r k 27 / 528 [ 31 , 102 ] , by contrast , this suture lies ventral to the rostral end of the nasal aperture , indicating that these apertures were not retracted in these titanosaurs . nevertheless , this condition may well have varied through titanosaurian ontogeny , as unretracted bony nasal apertures are also present in the embryonic skulls from auca mahuevo [ 15 – 17 ] .
are evident in more dorsal areas of the premaxillary—maxillary contact . this fossa takes the form of a slight depression of the snout , the perimeter of which has been damaged by erosion . the narial fossa is better preserved on the right side , where it can be seen to reach rostrally to the region of the premaxillary—maxillary contact (
. the lateral surface of each premaxilla is rostrocaudally short and shows small , irregular traces , some of which may be artifacts of the erosion that has affected more dorsal regions of these bones . there is a bony lamina lateral to the premaxillary teeth that is also present in the maxilla . the suture between the premaxilla and maxilla should bear the subnarial foramen , an aperture that transmitted blood vessels between the narial region and palate . this foramen is found in virtually all saurischians [
] . the relevant region is not well preserved in mdt - pv 2 , but it is present on the left side . here , gaps in the preserved bone fragments indicate the likely position of the subnarial foramen (
) , which would be consistent with that in other sauropods . given that inferred position and the extent of the narial fossa , it is likely that , in life ,
each premaxilla bears four alveoli , as in all other sauropods . medially , the ventral margin of the premaxilla exhibits a continuous ridge situated close to the teeth , which is contiguous with a similarly - positioned ridge on the maxilla .
movies ) is a stout , rostrocaudally elongate element . its gently convex lateral surface is pierced by neurovascular foramina that open into prominent grooves , rendering the surface slightly undulatory ; these grooves are mediolaterally oriented , as in
, the ascending ramus of the maxilla forms a bar that separates the bony nasal aperture from the antorbital fenestra . the ramus arises near the rostrocaudal midline of the maxilla , further caudally than the ascending rami of
computed tomography - based digital visualization in ventral view indicating palatal bones ( ectopterygoids , palatines , pterygoids , and vomers ) and the right suborbital fenestra . abbreviations see text . scale bar = 10 cm .
the phylogenetic distribution of the preantorbital fenestra , a large accessory opening in the maxilla that is characteristic of diplodocidae [ 107 – 109 ] , was widened considerably when wilson and sereno [ 103 ] homologized a neurovascular foramen that occurs in various sauropods with the definitive preantorbital fenestra of diplodocids . in taxa such as camarasaurus , europasaurus , and giraffatitan , the homologous structure is a relatively inconspicuous foramen , such that the term ‘preantorbital fenestra’ does not seem appropriate , even if the homologous foramen is elaborated into a large opening in other taxa . although witmer [ 109 ] and wilson and sereno [ 103 ] regarded the preantorbital fenestra of diplodocids as relating to the pneumaticity associated with the antorbital cavity , more recent studies [ 110 ] have suggested that the structure is vascular in origin . derived lithostrotian titanosaurs such as nemegtosaurus [ 11 ] , rapetosaurus [ 13 ] , and tapuiasaurus [ 14 ] apparently converged on diplodocids in expanding this neurovascular foramen into a relatively large opening that is here termed the preantorbital foramen .
lacks a true preantorbital foramen or fenestra , but probably possesses the homologous neurovascular foramen . criteria for establishing the homologies of these openings have not previously been established , but include the following : ( 1 ) the foramen / fenestra is located dorsal to the maxillary palatal shelf , where it communicates with the canal for the maxillary neurovascular bundle ( traceable in computed tomographic [ ct ] scan data ) ; ( 2 ) the foramen / fenestra is in the vicinity of the suborbital fenestra , where the palatine and ectopterygoid unite with the maxillary palatal shelf ; and ( 3 ) the foramen / fenestra is generally just caudal to the alveolar tooth chamber ( and this chamber , housing the replacement teeth , may extend somewhat caudal to the most distal [ = caudal ] erupted tooth position ) . applying these criteria to
wilson and sereno ( 1998 ) highlighted another neurovascular feature in sauropods : the rostral ( = anterior ) maxillary foramen , which opens within the narial fossa caudal ( or lateral , in diplodocids ) to the subnarial foramen . in a sense , this structure is a counterpart to the preantorbital foramen / fenestra in that both are associated with the canal for the maxillary neurovascular bundle and transmitted branches thereof in life [ 110 ] . the ct scan data of sarmientosaurus clearly show ( especially on the right side of the cranium ) the course of the maxillary neurovascular bundle through the maxilla and where this bundle gives off the branch that leads to the rostral maxillary foramen before continuing rostrally through the bone . the rostral maxillary foramen opens medially into the narial fossa just inside the rim of the fossa , near the base of the maxillary ascending ramus . as preserved , the foramen is modest in size , comparable in relative scale to that observed in camarasaurus ( cm 11338 ) and giraffatitan ( mb r . 2223 . 1 ) .
the medial surface of the maxilla is longitudinally concave and exhibits the same continuous bony flange that is present in the premaxilla . there are 12 teeth in the left maxilla of the sarmientosaurus holotype and 11 in the right . the tooth row encompasses 64 % of the length of the maxilla , a condition that is intermediate between those in camarasaurus and giraffatitan ( 75 % ) on one hand and abydosaurus ( 52 % ) , tapuiasaurus ( 46 % ) , and nemegtosaurus ( 34 % ) on the other . the relatively long tooth row in sarmientosaurus may relate to the plesiomorphic ( i . e . , unexpanded ) condition of the homolog of the preantorbital foramen as well as the intermediate condition of the ‘postdental emargination . ’ in other words , the restriction of the teeth to the rostral end of the snout in more advanced titanosaurs may be correlated with the increased development of both these features .
movies ) is a planar bone that is roughly quadrangular in dorsal view . it is rostrocaudally longest medially , at the internasal articulation , and extends rostrally as a process that presumably would have articulated with the ascending ramus of the premaxilla to form the missing internarial bar . the curved rostrolateral edge of the nasal forms the caudal border of the bony nasal aperture , and continues to expand caudally at an approximately straight lateral margin that borders the prefrontal and frontal . the caudal margin of the nasal has a straight , mediolaterally - oriented suture with the frontal . the caudal ends of both nasals are damaged near their contact with the frontals .
movies ) is a dorsoventrally elongate and gently caudodorsally - inclined bone that separates the antorbital fenestra from the orbit . as observed in rostral view , the lacrimal is oriented dorsomedially—ventrolaterally ( i . e . , its dorsal end is positioned slightly more medially than its ventral end in the articulated skull ) . the lacrimal is expanded rostroventrally at its contact with the jugal . caudodorsally , the lacrimal articulates with the ascending ramus of the maxilla , the prefrontal , and the nasal . its dorsal end possesses a very subtle rostral process that is comparable to those of
] : fig . 1c ) . unlike in most macronarians ( e . g . ,
) , the dorsal terminus of the lacrimal is not well exposed in lateral view due to a contact between the maxilla and prefrontal . the lateral surface of the lacrimal is relatively smooth compared to those of the premaxilla and maxilla .
movies ) is crescentic and rostrocaudally elongate in dorsal view . its dorsal surface is convex and its ventral surface is smoothly concave . the prefrontal articulates with the maxilla and lacrimal rostrally and rostromedially , the nasal caudomedially , and the frontal caudally . the ventral surface forms the rostrodorsal margin of the orbit . both prefrontals are well preserved , and their lateral surfaces are somewhat rugose , as in
, the rostral process is triangular in dorsal view , with the concave medial margin articulating with the nasal and maxilla and the convex lateral edge forming part of the rostrodorsal sector of the orbit . the prefrontal is dorsoventrally thick laterally and becomes even thicker medially .
movies ) have suffered strong mediolateral deformation . this , coupled with the presence of cracks and rugosities on their dorsal surfaces , precludes us from determining whether these bones are coossified or simply firmly sutured . as our ct data do not provide evidence to resolve this matter , we will describe both frontals as a single unit . together , these bones comprise a transversely wide surface that extends between the orbits but that is much shorter in rostrocaudal dimension ( transverse width to rostrocaudal length ratio equals 3 . 5 to 1 ) . the frontals are bordered by the nasals and prefrontals rostrally , the parietals caudally , and the postorbitals laterally , and they also contribute to the dorsal margins of the orbits . unlike in
is smooth , not ornamented . the frontal also appears to lack the rostrolateral process present in
are probable but not definitive . nevertheless , the frontals appear to be proportionally rostrocaudally shorter than those of some other titanosauriforms ( e . g . ,
) . ventrally there is a gap , bounded laterally by the orbitosphenoids , where the aperture for the olfactory tracts opens .
photographs ( a , c ) and interpretive drawings ( b , d ) in dorsal ( a , b ) and ventral ( c , d ) views . abbreviations see text . scale bars = 10 cm .
movies ) are difficult to establish due to the extreme fusion and deformation suffered by part of the caudal region of the skull . ct data show that the central interparietal / interfrontal zone forms a single triangular surface , the truncated apex of which arises from the parietal—supraoccipital contact and the base from the nasofrontal suture . detailed examination of the cracked dorsal surface of the skull roof allows the identification of a probable frontoparietal suture , which suggests that the parietal contributes to the supratemporal fenestra . in contrast to the conditions in most other macronarians for which this region of the skull is known ( e . g . ,
] ) . unlike in many of these forms ( e . g . ,
, mgpifd - gr 118 ) , the long axes of these fenestrae are oriented approximately perpendicular to the sagittal plane instead of being aligned rostromedially—caudolaterally . in these regards ,
, usnm 5730 ) and derived lithostrotians . this compression and reorientation of the supratemporal fenestrae coincides with the lateral reorientation of the orbits in titanosaurs , both of which presumably evolved in response to the expansion of the nasal vestibule .
photographs ( a , c , e ) and interpretive drawings ( b , d , f ) in rostral ( a , b ) , caudal ( c , d ) , and caudodorsal ( e , f ) views . abbreviations see text . scale bars = 10 cm .
computed tomography - based digital visualization in right lateral ( a ) , left lateral ( b ) , rostral ( c ) , caudal ( d ) , dorsal ( e ) , and ventral ( f ) views . scale bar = 10 cm .
there is no visible suture between the parietals , but together they have a wing - like contour comparable to that observed in camarasaurus and proportionally wider than those of giraffatitan , nemegtosaurus , and rapetosaurus . the parietal contacts the postorbital laterally , the supraoccipital caudoventrally , and the otoccipital more ventrally . there is no parietal foramen , in contrast to the condition in sauropods such as shunosaurus [ 113 ] and some diplodocoids ( see [ 114 ] ) . the parietal of sarmientosaurus lacks the bizarre dorsal excrescences of the isolated transylvanian braincase fggub 1007 [ 52 ] .
has the form of a caudally - reclined ‘t . ’ its thick , convex caudodorsal ramus contributes to the dorsal margins of the orbit and infratemporal fenestra . the longer ventral ramus is rostroventrally directed to contact the dorsal process of the jugal , and it forms most of the boundary between the infratemporal fenestra and orbit . both postorbitals are well - preserved , though they have lost contact with their respective jugals ; furthermore , the end of the ventral ramus of the left postorbital has rotated laterally . the lateral surface of the postorbital is fairly smooth . the ventral ramus is thickened at its rostroventral end that articulates with the jugal . its flattened rostral surface is slightly concave in lateral view , whereas its caudolateral side is convex . the jugal articular surface of the postorbital is oriented caudomedially . the caudodorsal ramus is an expansion in the form of a convex anvil . it is pierced by a small but well - defined , caudolaterally - opening vascular foramen near the dorsal margin of the infratemporal fenestra and the dorsal base of the ventral ramus . the same or a very similar postorbital foramen occurs in the north american titanosauriform
, though it may occur in other sauropods ( l . m . w . , pers . obs . ) . there is no evidence of the ornamentation of the orbital margin of the caudodorsal ramus that occurs in
] . as best observed in rostromedial view , there are two small , probably vascular foramina situated close together at the rostroventral end of the right postorbital . their presence on the left postorbital cannot be verified due to damage . the postorbital of
in having a dorsoventrally thinner caudodorsal ramus , the rostral projection of which is much longer than its caudal counterpart ( see suteethorn et al . [
movies ) are well preserved , but their surfaces exhibit small cracks caused by erosion . the jugal of
] are similarly elongate but very different in shape , being tetraradiate rather than triradiate and comparatively dorsoventrally thick . within titanosauriformes , the jugal of
, though the caudoventral ramus is sharply pointed and considerably longer in the latter taxon ( see chure et al . [
, the subvertical dorsal ramus of the jugal contacts the postorbital and separates the ventral ends of the orbit and infratemporal fenestra . the rostroventral ramus is rostrodorsally projected and has a sigmoid contact with the caudal end of the maxilla . ventrally , near its caudal end , the rostroventral ramus makes a slight contribution to the large lateral embayment caudal to the tooth row . the jugal also forms the ventral margin of the orbit and the caudoventral corner of the antorbital fenestra , and contacts the lacrimal rostrodorsally . the dorsal and rostroventral jugal rami meet at a nearly right angle . the rostroventral ramus is laminar throughout its extent , and is dorsoventrally expanded at its contact with the lacrimal . more caudally , between the orbit and the caudalmost sector of the maxilla , the rostroventral ramus of the jugal narrows and intersects the dorsal ramus . the caudoventral ramus of the jugal is much shorter than the rostroventral ramus . the jugal has been disarticulated from the postorbital on both sides of the skull ; specifically , the articular end of the right postorbital is free and has been displaced laterally relative to the dorsal articular end of the jugal , and part of the postorbital overlaps the jugal on the left side . the articular surface of the right postorbital is rostromedially oriented and longitudinally twisted , suggesting that rostrocaudal pressures suffered by the skull during diagenesis have caused the bilateral displacement between the postorbitals and jugals .
movies ) is a rostrocaudally elongate and dorsoventrally oriented bone . along with the quadratojugal , it forms most of the caudoventral margin of the infratemporal fenestra . whether or not the squamosal participates in the supratemporal fenestra is not totally clear , although it probably does not given the seemingly considerable distance between these structures . the squamosal is excluded from the supratemporal fenestra in
, the squamosal articulates with the quadratojugal ventrally , the postorbital caudodorsally , and the quadrate medially . its sutural contacts are not clearly delimited , despite the fact that the right squamosal is fairly well preserved ; the left is damaged laterally and caudally . the lateral surface of the right squamosal is fractured and cracked . the main body of the squamosal is flexed , forming a rostromedially - oriented convexity near its contact with the postorbital . this convexity divides two regions : a long rostrolateral sector that is wide and laminar at its contact with the quadratojugal , and a shorter caudomedial sector that has a concave surface and that is bordered medially by the quadrate . the squamosal is slightly sigmoid in lateral view .
movies ) is preserved . it is an ‘l’ - shaped bone with a dorsal process that is angled slightly caudally and that is shorter than the ventral process ; the latter is directed rostrodorsally to contact the jugal . the quadratojugal forms the rostroventral border of the infratemporal fenestra . it articulates with the jugal rostrodorsally , the squamosal caudodorsally , and the quadrate medially . its contact with the squamosal is difficult to define due to fracturing of the region in question , although that contact clearly occurs in a rostromedial plane . the rostral section of the ventral ramus that contacts the jugal is slightly cracked . a small bone fragment adhered to the lateral surface of the caudodorsal part of the coronoid eminence of the right mandibular ramus appears to be the rostralmost tip of the ventral ramus of the right quadratojugal . in contrast to
] , the ventral edge of the ventral ramus is uniformly convex rather than sinuous in lateral view , and its rostral end is not ventrally expanded . in
, there may have been some rostral displacement of the quadratojugal relative to the jugal , but if so , it does not appear to have been significant . as observed in ventral view , the ventral process of the quadratojugal is projected dorsomedially , forming a concave medial surface . in caudal view , the subvertical dorsal ramus of the ‘l’ comprises the lateral border of the quadrate fossa ; ventrally , this same margin is caudomedially projected as a ‘tongue - like’ process that caudally overlaps the quadrate . in
] . the tongue - like process appears to be absent in other macronarians ( e . g . ,
the palatal region of the sarmientosaurus holotype was partially damaged by erosion , mainly on its midline . the vomers are incomplete , as is often the case in sauropod skulls [ 96 ] , and parts of the palatines , ectopterygoids , and pterygoids are also missing .
movies ) . the right palatine preserves part of the lateral region , primarily the elongate , rostrolaterally - directed maxillary process . the entire medial section of the bone where it articulates with the pterygoid has been lost , whereas the left palatine preserves most of the pterygoid contact . the body of the maxillary process is dorsomedially inclined and roughly tubular . its rostrolateral contact with the ectopterygoid is preserved , as is its more caudolateral contact with the rostral end of the pterygoid , although all of these bones are somewhat disarticulated . the rostral end of the maxillary process is fractured into pieces on both sides , but enough is preserved to suggest that its contact with the palatal process of the maxilla is typical for sauropods in that the palatine underlaps the maxilla ventrally . likewise , the arrangement of the maxillary process of the palatine , the ectopterygoid , and the pterygoid around the suborbital ( = postpalatine ) fenestra also resembles that of other sauropods in that this fenestra is small and bounded rostrally by the palatine , caudally by the ectopterygoid ( with the pterygoid nearby ) , and laterally by the palatal process of the maxilla . the maxillary process of the palatine narrows and expands again caudomedially as it approaches the pterygoid . as shown on the left side , although somewhat damaged and disarticulated , the pterygoid contact of the palatine is expanded and articulates in the fork between the medial vomerine ramus and the lateral transverse ramus of the pterygoid , as is common in sauropods [
movies ) is the largest bone of the palatal complex . neither pterygoid is complete , but enough is preserved of both to offer a reasonably comprehensive description . in general , the pterygoid of
is typical for sauropods in that the bone has a complex shape , with three main processes—the quadrate , vomerine , and transverse rami—arising from the highly arched body . the pterygoid body , which is better preserved on the left side , is expansive , forming a distinct ventral fossa ( the postchoanal fossa ) that faces rostromedially . the quadrate ramus , also better preserved on the left pterygoid , branches off the caudolateral corner of the body and twists into a more vertical plane as it attaches to the medial aspect of the reciprocal pterygoid ramus of the quadrate . the vomerine ramus passes dorsomedially , contacting its counterpart at the midline to form a thin triangular wedge that approaches the roof of the nasal cavity , where it nearly contacts the subnarial processes of the premaxilla and maxilla . rostrally , the vomerine rami pass medial to the paired vomers . near the juncture of the vomerine and quadrate rami , the body of the pterygoid forms a shallow but distinct , caudomedially facing pocket for the articulation of the basipterygoid process .
the transverse ramus of the pterygoid is preserved on both sides , but is better preserved on the right side . as is true for most sauropods , the transverse ramus is slender and swept far rostrally , carrying the ectopterygoid with it . the lateral end of the transverse ramus is slender and curves ventrally . the ectopterygoid attaches broadly to its rostral surface , just caudal to the suborbital fenestra . together , these two bones form the ‘pterygoid flange , ’ which is a strong , transverse projection in many other archosaurs , but is a relatively delicate structure in sarmientosaurus and most other sauropods . as noted above , the palatine articulates with the body of the pterygoid rostrally , between the vomerine and transverse rami of the latter .


even stevens ( 1957 – 1975 ) was a thoroughbred racehorse that won both the caulfield and melbourne cups in australia in 1962 .

he was ridden in both cups by his regular rider les coles .

even stevens ( horse )

melbourne cup 1962 national jockeys ' trust even stevens l . coles t . j . smith
even stevens ( nz ) ch . h , 1957 { 12 - f } dp = 14 - 4 - 2 - 0 - 6 ( 26 ) di = 2 . 71 cd = 0 . 77 - ? starts , 8 wins , 2 places , 1 shows career earnings : 43 , 895 pounds
the first anniversary of the settlement of wellington in january 1841 included a hurdle race on the third day of the celebrations . it was won by henry petre riding his own horse , calmuc tartar . a jockey club was formed for the meeting but it lapsed after a few years . the first formal meeting was held at petone beach on 20 october 1842 , when the imported horse figaro beat calmuc tartar in a 10 - guinea sweepstake run in heats over a mile and a half . racing later took place at hutt park and burnham water ( the site of a former miramar lagoon ) . the latter was probably the first racecourse in new zealand and had a grandstand .
the growth of racing in the post - war years was even more marked than in the early 1920s . race permits were not restored immediately the war finished but over the two years following . the conference pressed for more permits , but these were not granted until after the report of the 1946 royal commission on gaming and racing had been considered by parliament and the gaming amendment act passed in 1949 .
it could be expected that , in a colony settled by predominantly british people , horse racing in some form or other would soon begin . horses were a valuable necessity in the colonies . the first horses to be landed in new zealand were probably those brought from australia by the rev . samuel marsden to rangihoua in the bay of islands on 23 december 1814 from the ship active . they were from new south wales , the gift of governor macquarie to the maoris . horses from new south wales were to have an important place in the establishment of thoroughbred breeding in new zealand . there are few records of the very early importations . horses came with the military garrisons and it is recorded that the first horses arrived in wellington on 2 march 1840 . the first acknowledged thoroughbred horse , figaro , landed in wellington . he was bred by t . icely , of cooming , new south wales , a celebrated breeder of the time .
there was a meeting in wanganui on 28 december 1848 and there , too , the officers of the militia had a hand in starting the sport . the first races in dunedin were held on 23 march 1849 as part of the anniversary day celebrations , with the eccentric dr manning a prominent owner . following the gold discoveries in the province , otago was , for a time , the strongest racing centre in new zealand . the celebrations on the first anniversary of the canterbury settlement on 16 december 1851 included four horse races over a course in hagley park facing the road running from the riccarton hotel to the fendalton bridge . the course was still in its native tussock . there was also early racing on the west coast and in taranaki ; but not in hawke ' s bay ( a district later to play an important part in new zealand racing ) until 1 january 1857 .
this information was published in 1966 in an encyclopaedia of new zealand , edited by a . h . mclintock . it has not been corrected and will not be updated .
a hurdle race was run on the first anniversary of nelson “through fern and flax , up hill and down hill” . nelson first placed racing on a sound footing . there was a good course , with thoroughbreds imported for racing and breeding , and horses trained and brought out to race in something like “condition” . the course was at stoke , 4 miles from nelson . it was first used on 3 february 1845 .
the early race meetings in the colony were controlled by local committees elected for the meeting only , generally at a public meeting of interested citizens . those elected made the arrangements , drew up the rules , and appointed the officials . in the larger towns the establishment of a racing club generally followed . these local clubs had their own locally varying rules , but based in common on those of the english jockey club . until the late 1860s each club was a separate identity , with little coordination because of the difficulties of travel and communication . consequently , disqualifications imposed by one club would not apply at another . the first attempts to introduce some form of unified control were made by the metropolitan clubs , a rather grandiose title for the times . it is not clear how certain clubs came to be so designated and to assume a limited control over the racing within their districts . but the metropolitan clubs of the 1860s and early 1870s did correspond with the main towns of the provincial districts . it is possible that there was some direction given from the colonial secretary at wellington , since at that time permits for race meetings were issued by his office , and programmes in each district were approved by the resident magistrate . in early minute books there are instances of the resident magistrate referring programmes back to the metropolitan club because they had not first had that body ' s approval . so probably the sheer need for a responsible body to give guidance on those matters and to settle disputes forced the metropolitan clubs to act as a miniature jockey club .
after racing had been established for 30 years , the metropolitan clubs realised the need for some governing body to obtain uniform rules of racing and a uniform scale of weights . the first recorded move was made by the canterbury jockey club in 1875 and , on 11 november 1876 , during the course of the canterbury jockey club race meetings , a meeting of delegates resolved “that it was desirable to establish a new zealand jockey club , to frame rules and make a scale of weights to be used by all clubs running under the rules” . there was obviously some dissatisfaction at the time , for in 1877 the canterbury jockey club resolved to recognise only the dunedin , wellington , auckland , and hawke ' s bay clubs . this made wanganui and taranaki hostile .
the first truly constructive move came from the hawke ' s bay jockey club which , on 12 july 1883 , decided to set up a subcommittee , consisting of captain w . r . russell ( later to be the first president of the racing conference ) , r . u . burke , and c . b . winter ( the mover of the proposal ) , “to consider the establishment of a new zealand racing association , and the drafting of rules for same , and that the matter be submitted to the clubs already mentioned and the taranaki and wanganui jockey clubs , which were to be the metropolitan clubs for the proposed districts the colony would be divided into” . the proposal also suggested the monthly publication of a racing calendar , the registration of colours , and a turf register .
the only record of this meeting is a letter addressed by the chairman to the colonial secretary . the letter declared that the purpose of the meeting was to help racing as a whole , pointed out certain advantages to the country in using the totalisator confined within its lawful limits , and suggested ways of controlling the totalisator and of encouraging the breeding industry . the colonial secretary ' s reply pointed out to the chairman that legislation would be necessary to give metropolitan clubs a defined and legal status under the gaming and lotteries act before the suggestions could be acted on . the colonial secretary proposed that the delegates ' recommendations could best be carried out by formulating them in a bill , which might then be introduced into either house of the legislature by some member interested in racing . no bill has ever been introduced ; the authority of the racing conference is still not enforced by statute .
from 1887 to 1891 metropolitan club representatives met every year and sometimes twice a year , with some meetings being attended by representatives of the greymouth , nelson , and marlborough clubs . many of the early meetings were held in parliament buildings , and several of those early delegates were members of either the house of representatives or the legislative council . the hon . g . mclean , m . l . c . , chaired the first meeting and , except for the hon . j . d . ormond , the hon . w . r . russell ( who became a member of the house of representatives ) chaired all the other early meetings . f . d . luckie , of hawke ' s bay , became the conference secretary . the hon . e . mitchelson , the hon . o . samuel , dr earle , freeman r . jackson , r . h . nolan , francis henry dillon bell , and , above all , sir george clifford , were prominent in helping the racing conference to gain its high standing as quickly as it did .
in 1897 r . h . nolan succeeded in having adopted his scheme for appeals against decisions of metropolitan clubs ' committees being heard by three appeal judges appointed by the president . this system was acclaimed at the time and has stood the test of the present day . the first appeal was heard in 1898 , the judges being dr earle , geo . hunter , and nolan .
in 1899 it had been decided that country clubs be allowed two representatives on metropolitan committees . the registration of all racing clubs was enforced in 1900 . a most important step for owners was the institution of accident fees in 1903 . an accident fund for trainers , jockeys , and stablehands was established to relieve owners of their liability under the statutory provisions of the employers ' liability and like acts . the jockeys ' and trainers ' provident funds controlled by each metropolitan committee continued , but on a gradually changing basis .
when the first world war broke out , the racing conference was pressed first to stop all racing , and then to reduce the number of race days . following the lead given in england , racing continued , but in 1917 a special committee agreed with the government to reduce race days by a third . the racing clubs were soon active contributors to the various war funds , and a number of courses were taken over for military purposes , notably wellington ( trentham ) , wairarapa , and manawatu .
in 1921 the appointment of racecourse inspectors was agreed to , the first appointments being a . ward , r . g . black , f . cullen , and j . torrance . all were ex - police officers . through the work of the racecourse inspectors ( who cooperate closely with the police ) , the racecourses in new zealand are kept remarkably free of undesirables and prohibited persons . the independent licensing of trainers and jockeys by each metropolitan district committee also ended in 1921 , when a licensing committee was appointed and all licences issued by the racing conference . the southland metropolitan committee was created in 1925 , all clubs in the southland province being separated from the otago district .
from 1898 the affairs of the racing conference had been administered from christchurch . with the growth of racing after the first world war it was decided that the headquarters should be more central . in 1930 they were moved to wellington . the constitution of the conference was altered in 1928 when the executive committee was formed . this first consisted of the president , vice - president , and six representatives , but in 1929 this was changed to include one representative of each metropolitan district . the licensing committee and the dates committee were abolished in 1933 and their duties taken over by the executive committee .
racing fell off during the depression of the 1930s . the racing conference was faced with many difficulties because of the plight of some of the smaller country clubs . some became defunct and their permits were taken up by other clubs . race days were again reduced during the second world war and many racecourses were taken over by the military . the restricted racing and lack of transport raised many problems , as the number of horses in training was not reduced , nor was there any loss of interest in race meetings . these were often held under great difficulties because of the military occupation of the courses being raced on . in the later years of the war the executive committee sanctioned race meetings to raise patriotic funds .
the conference considerably advanced steps in the interests of racing and the national bloodstock breeding industry when it set up its “dope detection” scheme in 1953 . racing expanded quickly in the auckland province ( especially in the waikato district ) with the great increase of population there . this led to the formation of the waikato metropolitan district in 1949 by the division of the auckland metropolitan district , then by far the largest and strongest in new zealand . there have been no changes in the metropolitan districts since . in 1962 the conference for the first time had its own building , in farish street , wellington .
thus racing in new zealand is now controlled by the new zealand racing conference , which , consistent with its origin , is an association of the clubs registered under its rules . the racing conference does not run race meetings , as it is a purely legislative and administrative body . the year - to - year administration is done by an executive committee elected annually and comprising the president and vice - president , ex - officio , and one representative of each of the 10 metropolitan racing districts of new zealand . delegates of racing clubs meet annually in wellington in july , when legislative matters are dealt with by way of remits from the executive committee , district committees , or clubs . the racing conference registers all horses , issues all licences , administers the general trust fund ( accident fund ) , and publishes the new zealand stud book and the new zealand racing calendar . the secretary is the principal executive officer , and a staff of stipendiary stewards and racecourse inspectors attend all race meetings .
in each metropolitan racing district a district committee generally supervises the racing in its district whether the meetings are run by totalisator , non - totalisator , or sports clubs . each district committee comprises one representative of each district totalisator club and an equal number of representatives of the senior club , which is known as the metropolitan club . each district committee must approve all programmes in its district and consider all applications for dates and licences before they are submitted with recommendations to the racing conference . it also hears all appeals against the decisions of racing club judicial committees and reviews all penalties imposed by the latter .
there are 71 racing clubs and 17 hunt clubs authorised to use the totalisator and a total of 259 days allocated to racing . all racing clubs are non - proprietary , and the committee and the stewards of each are elected from the club members . each racing club runs its own affairs and its own race meeting . on race day , the committee or the stewards ( or sometimes both according to the club ' s constitution ) control the meeting , and all judicial matters are dealt with by a judicial committee appointed by the club . this committee must investigate all matters submitted to it by a stipendiary steward or racecourse inspector , neither of whom has any judicial powers . most racing clubs own their own racecourses . hunt clubs do not , and they are not individually represented on a district committee .
how to cite this page : ' history - establishment and administration ' , from an encyclopaedia of new zealand , edited by a . h . mclintock , originally published in 1966 . te ara - the encyclopedia of new zealand url : urltoken ( accessed 10 jul 2018 )
all text licensed under the creative commons attribution - noncommercial 3 . 0 new zealand licence unless otherwise stated . commercial re - use may be allowed on request . all non - text content is subject to specific conditions . © crown copyright . 2005 - 2018 | disclaimer | isbn 978 - 0 - 478 - 18451 - 8 ministry for culture and heritage / te manatū taonga
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
sky sports news takes you through all of the day ' s racing news , plus alex hammond ' s tip of the day .
follow the latest from the written press with the best gossip and speculation from the papers .
sky has launched a pub finder for eager fans wanting to find a venue to watch sky sports .
get a sports star to visit your old secondary school as part of our free schools initiative .
open an account with betfair and bet at least €5 at min odds of 1 / 5 on the sportsbook . win or lose betfair match your first bet up to €50 . free bet stakes not returned
the new zealand thoroughbred industry is one of the most successful in the world . in 2010 - 11 , the industry produced over 4000 foals and exported 1600 horses at an estimated value of $ 150 million . so , what is the secret of new zealand ' s remarkable success as a thoroughbred breeding nation ? learn more ›
welcome to the gallery section of the website . here you can search the historical library for images of horses and participants by entering a key word in the search function eg . sunline . many of these photos have been provided by the new zealand press association and our friends at race images . if you would like to contact us about any of these images please email : office @ urltoken
fertility rate : this is worked out as the total number of foals ( live , dead or slipped ) as a percentage of total mares covered less exported , not returned , dead or indeterminate results .
indeterminate result : this exists where a mare is covered by more than one stallion and the result of these services is unable to be accurately credited to either of the respective stallions .
privacy policy / terms & conditions all content © nztr 2012 . nztr holds the copyright in all material on this site . all rights reserved .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
thank you for visiting british eventing . to enhance the security of our site we have made some changes which your browser will not support . to continue using our site please upgrade your browser .
cookies are small text files held on your computer . they are used so that you can place orders and we can provide a better service . continue to use the site as normal if you ' re happy with this , or find out how to manage cookies .


the black butterflyfish ( chaetodon flavirostris ) is a species of butterflyfish native to the pacific ocean where it can be found inhabiting reefs at depths of from 2 to 20 metres ( 6.6 to 65.6 ft ) extending from australia to pitcairn island .

this species reaches a length of 20 centimetres ( 7.9 in ) tl .

this fish can also be found in the aquarium trade .

black butterflyfish

black - tailed butterflyfish can be found in shallow lagoons and the outer slopes of coral reefs , from the surface to 30 m below .
chaetodon reticulatus is white - yellow on black with a red marking on . . .
also known as coralfishes , flavirostris butterflyfish , dusky butterflyfish , flavirostris butterflyfish , yellow - faced butterflyfish , yellownose butterflyfish , yellow - nosed butterflyfish , yellowsnout butterflyfish . found singly or in pairs over algae covered rocky areas of shallow lagoons , coral and rocky reefs rich in coral growth . adults develop a hump on forehead . they feed on algae , benthic invertebrates and coral . length - 20cm depth - 2 - 20m widespread pacific ocean butterflyfishes have very fine hair like teeth that enable them to pick out small organisms inaccessible to most other fish for eating . they thrive mainly on a diet of coral polyps , tentacles of featherdusters and christmas - tree worms . as these food sources all zap back into their shells , butterflyfishes need to be able to hover motionless while picking at the coral and to dart swiftly over short distances to get the worm before it retracts . they do this by using their pectoral fins as oars to brake , sprint , turn and even reverse .
please find below all the black butterflyfish are white with black _ _ answers which belongs to codycross amusement park group 204 puzzle 2 . codycross is a famous newly released game which is developed by fanatee . it has many crosswords divided into different worlds and groups . each world has more than 20 groups with 5 puzzles each . lately the developers have also released the spanish and portuguese language .
it lives on its own or as a couple . it tends to be relatively sedentary and occupies a vast territory that it defends against other butterflyfish . the juveniles prefer branched corals in the shallows and will stay close to the same colony until they reach maturity .
butterflyfish eggs are spawned in the open water and hatch after a day . two months later , the larvae settle into the reefs , once they have reached a length of about 15 mm . the larval stage is characterized by the presence of bony plates covering their heads and the fronts of their bodies .
should there be a problem getting this species to feed , small human consumption clams / black mussels purchased in local grocery stores and placed on the half - shell in the aquarium may help entice it to begin feeding . over time , frozen foods like mysis and brine shrimp may be more readily accepted .
should be housed in larger peaceful fish - only aquariums , especially those with lots of open swimming space , and live rock hiding places . a meaty diet of live fortified brine shrimp , black worms ( lumbriculus variegatus ) , and / or various frozen meaty foods such as mysis , should be offered several times daily .
dorsal spines ( total ) : 12 - 13 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 24 - 27 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 20 - 21 . overall color is blackish with broad rim of yellow on dorsal caudal and anal fins . the snout is yellow with white tips . a black bump is on the forehead .
morphology : dorsal spines ( total ) : 12 – 13 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 24 – 27 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 20 – 21 . overall color is blackish with broad rim of yellow on dorsal caudal and anal fins . the snout is yellow with white tips . a black bump is on the forehead .
greek , chaite = hair + greek , odous = teeth ( ref . 45335 )
marine ; brackish ; reef - associated ; depth range 2 - 30 m ( ref . 89972 ) . tropical ; 0°n - 30°s
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 20 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 9710 )
found in coral rich to algae - covered rocky areas of lagoon and seaward reefs including estuarine areas . usually paired ( ref . 9710 ) . omnivorous and feeds on algae , coral , and small benthic invertebrates . oviparous ( ref . 205 ) . form pairs during breeding ( ref . 205 ) . maintaining this species in captivity is difficult .
form pairs during breeding ( ref . 205 ) . monogamous mating is observed as both obligate and social ( ref . 52884 ) .
steene , r . c . , 1978 . butterfly and angelfishes of the world . a . h . & a . w . reed pty ltd . , australia . vol . 1 . 144 p . ( ref . 4859 )
) : 23 . 9 - 28 . 1 , mean 26 . 4 ( based on 448 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 02455 ( 0 . 01577 - 0 . 03820 ) , b = 3 . 06 ( 2 . 93 - 3 . 19 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 0 ±0 . 41 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 15 of 100 ) .
: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in
: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
justification : this species is widespread throughout the southern pacific and sometimes very abundant . it is not expected to be susceptible to coral reef degradation , and there are no other major threats to this species . it is listed as least concern .
this species occurs throughout the southern tropical pacific ocean , from the great barrier reef to southern new south wales ( australia ) and lord howe island ( australia ) to easter island including new caledonia , fiji , tonga , vanuatu , samoa , rapa , and the pitcairn islands ( uk ) ( g . r . allen pers . comm . 2006 ) . it has been recorded between 2 - 20 m in depth . the record at easter island is a vagrant based on a single record . range size ~ 61 . 2 million km
this species is generally common . there is no reason to suspect that populations are declining ( or increasing ) .
this species is found in a variety of marine habitats . it is usually encountered in outer and more sheltered inner reefs in areas of rich coral growth . it is occasionally found in estuaries , as well as rocky areas dominated by algal growth . juveniles prefer protected inner reef areas . this species is most commonly seen alone or in pairs , but forms larger aggregations at some localities ( e . g . lord howe island ) . this species is reported to feed on coral ( cole
2008 ) , but appears to have limited reliance on live corals by virtue of its persistence in areas with no live coral ( m . s . pratchett pers . comm . 2009 ) .
this species feeds on coral when available , but also occurs in areas with no coral cover . therefore , it is unlikely to be threatened by coral reef degradation . there appear to be no other major threats to this species .
there appear to be no species - specific conservation measures in place . it is present within marine protected areas .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
created to help individuals around the world identify tropical fish found during their scuba dive and snorkelling excursions .
range : south central pacific ocean : samoa , crook , fiji , rapa , and pitcairn islands , australia , great barrier reef , lord howe island , and new caledonia .
natural environment : inhabits coastal lagoon reefs , reef flats , and fore - reef slopes at depths between 6 to 65 feet ( 2 – 20 m ) and mainly feeds on zooplankton and sessile invertebrates .
general husbandry : has a darkish blue - grey body , white mouth , thin yellow band on the snout , yellow dorsal , anal and tail , and a dark bump on the forehead . rarely seen in the trade since its known to be a poor shipper and / or often having a poor survial rate due to it usually refusing to eat common aquarium foods .
nevertheless , this species is often found in the wild in areas having no coral growth , yet mostly covered with algae growths . this suggests it may also feed on algae , and if so , flake foods , especially those containing spirulina and / or nori should also be occasionally offered . once feeding well , they are reported to be very hardy .
pressing some soft foods into openings / crevices on a piece of old dead coral skeleton can sometimes encourage finicky eaters to begin feeding .
the material on this site may not be reproduced , distributed , transmitted , cached or otherwise used , except with the prior written permission of bob goemans .
relatively common on exposed seaward reefs ; occasionally on shallow lagoon reefs in areas of rich coral growth and clear water . juveniles in protected coral areas ( ref . 48636 ) . benthopelagic ( ref . 58302 ) . in pairs in indonesia but schools in some pacific locations ( ref . 48636 ) . often in pairs during breeding and feed mainly on scleractinian coral polyps . easily approached ( ref . 9710 ) . oviparous ( ref . 205 ) , monogamous ( ref . 52884 ) .
jason coupal added text to
morphology
on
chaetodon reticulatus cuvier , 1831
.
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !
max . size : 20 . 0 cm tl ( male / unsexed ; ref . 9710 )
resilience : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . )
vulnerability : low vulnerability ( 10 . 00 ) , based on lmax and k ( ref . 59153 )
biology : found in coral rich to algae - covered rocky areas of lagoon and seaward reefs including estuarine areas . usually paired ( ref . 9710 ) . omnivorous and feeds on algae , coral , and small benthic invertebrates . oviparous ( ref . 205 ) . form pairs during breeding ( ref . 205 ) . maintaining this species in captivity is difficult .
coordinator : main ref : steene , r . c . . 1978 . ( ref . 4859
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 1 transitional / / en
urltoken
save my name , email , and website in this browser for the next time i comment .
by continuing browsing this site , you accept the use of cookies for statistical purposes .
this species can be found from the red sea to the gulf of aden . it is endemic to this zone .
this species feeds almost exclusively on hard coral polyps ( the living part of the coral ) and sometimes on anemone tentacles and gastropod eggs .
it reaches sexual maturity at around 2 years . individual fish form couples , often for the rest of their life . during the breeding period , the male and female go up near the surface to simultaneously release their reproductive cells .
« due to its special diet of coral polyps , it is very rare to find this fish in an aquarium . »
remplissez le formulaire ci - dessous pour vous inscrire aux newsletters de l ' aquarium .