cyanoramphus is a genus of parakeets native to new zealand and islands of the southern pacific ocean .

the new zealand forms are often referred to as kākāriki .

they are small to medium-sized parakeets with long tails and predominately green plumage .

most species are forest species , although several of the subantarctic species live in open grassland .

the genus formerly had a disjunct distribution , with two species found in the society islands and the majority of the genus ranging from new caledonia to macquarie island , but absent from the 4100 km in between .

despite many fossil birds being found in the islands between these two areas being found none of these were of undescribed cyanoramphus species .

like many other species of birds the cyanoramphus parakeets have suffered from changes brought about by humans .

the two species from the society islands , the black-fronted parakeet and the society parakeet , have become extinct as have the subspecies from lord howe island and macquarie island , as well as an undescribed form from campbell island .

one species , the malherbe 's parakeet ( c. malherbi ) , is critically endangered while most other species are endangered or vulnerable .

habitat loss and introduced species are considered responsible for the declines and extinctions .

cyanoramphus

cyanoramphus novaezelandiae novaezelandiae : north i . , south i . , stewart i . and auckland is . ( new zealand )
voice : characteristic parakeet chatter , with variety of softer tur - tur - tur calls . calls are similar to other cyanoramphus species of similar size .
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taylor , r . h . 1985 . status , habits and conservation of cyanoramphus parakeets in the new zealand region . icbp tech . publ . 3 : 195 - 211 .
it has been treated variously ; either as a distinct species ( birdlife australia 2013 ; christidis & boles 2008 ; juniper & parr 1998 ; mcallan & bruce 1988 ; sibley & monroe 1990 ) or as cyanoramphus novaezelandiae cookii , a subspecies of the red - crowned parakeet ( cyanoramphus novaezelandiae ) ( christidis & boles 1994 ; del hoyo & collar 2014 ; higgins 1999 ; schodde & mason 1997 ) . a phylogenetic study reported a high degree of genetic divergence between it and other cyanoramphus , thus warranting its treatment as a distinct species ( boon et al . 2001 ) .
oritz - catedral , l . ( 2013 ) . the population and status of green parrot ( tasman parakeet ) cyanoramphus cookii on norfolk island . unpublished report to the director of national parks .
it has been suggested that the lord howe island parakeet ( cyanoramphus novaezelandiae subflavescens ) be included with the norfolk island green parrot ( christidis & boles 2008 ) , however , further taxonomic investigation is required .
west , r . , tisdall , c . and aviss , m . ( 1995 ) captive management plan antipodes island parakeet ( cyanoramphus unicolor ) . threatened species occasional publication , 7 : 1 - 6 .
motte , k . & e . hall ( 1988 ) . report and recommendations on the green parrot cyanoramphus novaezealandiae cookii captive breeding program . report to the australian parks and wildlife service . sydney : taronga zoo .
boon , w . m . , j . c . kearvell , c . h . daugherty , & g . k . chambers ( 2001 ) . molecular systematics and conservation of kakariki ( cyanoramphus spp . ) .
greene , t . c . ( 2003 ) breeding biology of red - crowned parakeets ( cyanoramphus novaezelandiae ) on little barrier island , hauraki gulf , new zealand . notornis , 50 ( 2 ) : 83 - 99 .
citation : department of the environment ( 2018 ) . cyanoramphus cookii in species profile and threats database , department of the environment , canberra . available from : urltoken . accessed tue , 10 jul 2018 06 : 01 : 36 + 1000 .
greene , t . c . 1999 . aspects of the ecology of antipodes island parakeet ( cyanoramphus unicolor ) and reischek’s parakeet ( c . novaezelandiae hochstetteri ) on antipodes island , october - november 1995 . notornis 46 : 301 - 310 .
oritz - catedral , l . & d . h . brunton ( 2008 ) . clutch parameters and reproductive success of a translocated population of red - crowned parakeet ( cyanoramphus novaezelandiae ) . australian journal of zoology . 56 : 389 - 393 .
lane , b . a . , m . r . bezuijen , d . greenwood , g . w . carr & r . ward ( 1998 ) . 1998 recovery plan for norfolk island parrot ( cyanoramphus novaezelandiae cookii ) . melbourne : ecology australia pty ltd .
reischek’s parakeets are more abundant than antipodes island parakeets in most habitats . significant differences in diet between the two parakeet species have been observed . strong seasonal and annual dietary differences related to food availability are also apparent . reischek’s parakeets are strong fliers and have been observed flying between islands within the antipodes group . social behaviour is similar to other species of cyanoramphus parakeets , but they have been noted spending considerable periods basking and preening in sheltered areas . like other cyanoramphus species they are strongly territorial around nests , and call loudly and chase intruders from immediate vicinity .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : cyanoramphus malherbi . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
boon , w . m . ; kearvell , j . c . ; daugherty , c . h . ; chambers , g . k . 2000 . molecular systematics of new zealand cyanoramphus parakeets : conservation of orange - fronted and forbes ' parakeets . bird conservation international 10 : 211 - 239 .
other synonyms catalan : cotorra front - roja czech : kakariki rudočelý danish : gedeparakit german : ziegensittich english : red - crowned parakeet , red - fronted parakeet , red - fronted , macquarie or lord howe parakeet spanish : perico maorí cabecirrojo , perico maorí rojo estonian : suur - maooripapagoi finnish : uudenseelanninviherkaija french : perruche de sparrman , perruche de sparrman , p . de macquarie ou p . de lord howe hungarian : piroshomlokú kecskepapagáj italian : kakariki fronterossa , parrocchetto fronterossa japanese : aohashiinko japanese : アオハシインコ latin : cyanoramphus [ novaezelandiae , erythrotis , subflavescens ] , cyanoramphus novaezelandiae , cyanoramphus novaezelandiae novaezelandiae , psittacus novae zelandiae lithuanian : raudonkaktė šoklioji papūga maori : kakariki , ka - ka - riki dutch : roodvoorhoofdkakariki , roodvoorhoofdkarakiri norwegian : rødkroneparakitt polish : modrolotka czerwonoczelna portuguese : kakariki - fronte - vermelha russian : краснозобый горный прыгающий попугай , краснолобый прыгающий попугай slovak : kakariki cervenocelý , kakariki červenočelý swedish : rödpannad parakit chinese : 红额鹦鹉 chinese ( traditional ) : 紅額鸚鵡
relatively little is known about breeding for reischek’s parakeets . they appear to nest from october to march within tunnels modified or constructed within the bases of clumps of tussocks or ferns . clutch size in the wild is unknown . it is likely that their breeding ecology and behavior are similar to those of other cyanoramphus parakeets .
hill , r . ( 2002 ) . non - current recovery plan for the norfolk island green parrot cyanoramphus novaezelandiae cookii - may 2002 . available from : urltoken . in effect under the epbc act from 13 - oct - 2003 . ceased to be in effect under the epbc act from 18 - aug - 2010 .
taylor , j . ( 2014 ) . archived 2014 discussion : red - fronted parakeet ( cyanoramphus novaezelandiae ) , norfolk island parakeet ( c . cookii ) and new caledonian parakeet ( c . saisseti ) are being lumped as c . novaezelandiae : list as near threatened ? . birdlife ' s globally threatened bird forums . birdlife international . available from : urltoken .
cyanoramphus auriceps is found throughout much of the north , south , stewart and auckland islands , new zealand , and on several offshore islands . it is generally considered uncommon throughout its range ( heather and robertson 2015 ) , however , it may become abundant on offshore islands and in mainland forests during periods of heavy seed production ( elliott 2013 ) . the population is estimated as being in the tens of thousands ( elliott 2013 ) but trends are unclear ( higgins 1999 ) .
also known as the antipodes green parakeet , this parakeet is a plump bird with a green head and body , but with purplish - blue wing - coverts and some flight feathers ( 2 ) ( 4 ) . the forehead and face are a bright emerald green , while the rest of the plumage is a more olive colour , being yellower below ( 4 ) . this bird is the largest of its genus ( 5 ) , and produces a wide range of chattering calls , lower - pitched than other cyanoramphus species ( 2 ) .
reischek’s parakeet is one of two cyanoramphus parakeet species that inhabit the remote antipodes islands . it is a medium - sized , brightly coloured , green parrot with a red crown , that looks very similar to other ‘red - crowned’ parakeets ( e . g . c . novaezelandiae ) . but appearances can be deceiving . genetic studies reveal that crown colour may not be a good indicator of parakeet taxonomy , and that the diminutive orange - fronted parakeet may be the closest relative of reischek’s parakeet . it is common throughout the antipodes islands , particularly in more open areas and coastal fringes close to penguin colonies .
while building and maintaining a resilient population on norfolk island is seen as the priority , to reduce the risk of a single event wiping out the species , it is planned to establish an insurance population of green parrots . phillip island is a small island six kilometres off the southern coast of norfolk island which is part of norfolk island national park and is free of introduced mammalian predators . an initial assessment of the island as a suitable site has established that , due to almost 20 years of rehabilitation work , the green parrot’s former range has sufficient feed trees to accommodate a small population ( a . smith 2014 ) . a plan for the translocation of a small founder population is currently being developed . numerous translocations of closely related cyanoramphus species to predator - free islands have been undertaken in new zealand and have largely been successful ( a . smith 2014 ) .
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23 cm . bright blue - green parrot with diagnostic orange frontal band and orange patch on sides of rump . also has pale lemon - yellow forecrown . female slightly smaller with proportionally smaller bill .
greene , t . , hitchmough , r . , kearvell , j . & van hal , j .
this species is listed as critically endangered because , subsequent to serious declines since the 1800s , it underwent a population crash following rat invasions in 1990 - 2000 , and it now has a very small population that has declined during the last decade .
spp . ) forest valleys in the south island : the hawdon and poulter valleys in arthur’s pass national park and the south branch of the hurunui valley in lake sumner forest park . they are patchily distributed within these valleys ; absent in many parts but in some places can be quite common ( kearvell 2013 ) . they have been translocated to four islands : maud and blumine islands in the marlborough sounds , chalky island in fiordland , and tuhua / mayor island in the bay of plenty . releases of captive - raised birds to the south branch of the hurunui to augment the population in 2015 and 2016 appear to have been successful with released birds having successfully paired and 9 - 10 nests located in 2016 ( j . kearvell
. the population appeared to stabilise at low levels since then , and it is likely that in 2016 the mainland populations remain at an extremely low level of around 100 birds in total ( j . kearvell
translocations to islands began in 2005 , with 46 birds now released onto chalky , 61 on blumine , 68 on maud and 95 on tuhua ( j . c kearvell
2016 ) . these releases all appeared highly successful at first with positive signs of breeding and population establishment - however , population growth has now slowed on all islands and the persistence of these populations appears to still be tenuous ( a . grant
although the population numbered several hundreds prior to 2000 , a prolific increase in the population of rats and stoats within its restricted south island range induced a rapid population decline and the total population has remained well below its previous levels . successful translocations on four islands have boosted the population of this species , but decreases may have continued on the mainland . overall , the global population was estimated at
290 - 690 individuals in early 2013 , with the mainland populations estimated to total 130 - 270 individuals and the island populations totalling 160 - 420 individuals ( j . c . kearvell
2013 ) . obtaining accurate population estimates is extremely challenging for the species , but recent counts indicate that the mainland population may have declined to around 100 birds , and the offshore island populations to around 250 birds in total ( j . c . kearvell
2016 ) . the population has a skewed sex ratio of males to females , probably due to higher predation on incubating females ( kearvell and farley 2016 ) .
the population fell from 500 - 700 birds prior to 2000 , to 100 - 200 by 2004 . increased conservation efforts ( especially predator control ) in its small south island range and a successful translocation of birds to four islands suggest its rapid decline has ceased and some recovery has taken place . however , 2013 estimates suggest further declines on the mainland , and during a three generation ( 14 year ) period the species has still experienced a reduction in the number of mature individuals , which is precautionarily estimated to have been extremely rapid , as latest population estimates include an unknown but potentially significant proportion of non - mature individuals ( translocated birds yet to have bred ) .
it is restricted to nothofagus beech forest , although it may not have been so historically . on maud island it uses areas with a high canopy cover and low understory and ground cover ( ortiz - catedral 2012 ) . it requires mature trees with natural hollows or cavities for nesting . monitoring has revealed that 80 % of nests are in mature living trees , with the remaining 20 % in dead trees ( j . c . kearvell in litt . 2012 ) . of those nests found in mature trees , 68 % are in red beech nothofagus fusca . breeding is linked with the irregular seeding of nothofagus when numbers can increase substantially , and it seems that populations may fluctuate significantly in line with breeding / seeding events ( t . greene in litt . 2016 ) . in mast years , many pairs will lay a second clutch , and some may lay a third clutch , with breeding continuing through the austral winter . first clutches may average more than eight eggs , with second clutches averaging over seven in 2011 . a study on maud island has shown that birds form pairs at around seven years of age , and nest in a variety of natural cavities where beech is unavailable ( j . kearvell in litt . 2011 , 2012 ) . it feeds on seeds , fruits , leaves , flowers , buds and invertebrates ( kearvell 1999 , kearvell 2013 ) .
, with recent population crashes being due to rat irruptions . the species ' s hole - nesting behaviour leads to a reduced ratio of females in the population due to predation of birds on the nest ( elliott
. 2011 ) and in time , this problem may affect other island populations . population growth in island populations , especially on maud island , may also be limited through predation by falcons ( falconidae ) , and displacement of two nesting pairs by introduced common starlings
has now been documented ; the overall impact of this recently - identified threat is uncertain , but may be minimal ( j . c . kearvell
on little barrier island were suffering from psittacine beak and feather disease ( pbfd ) . the virus has been sequenced and appears very similar to the strain found in crimson rosella
, in which the disease is known to be endemic within the captive population . in 2009 , some individuals of
on maud island were showing some symptoms consistent with pbfd . in reaction , testing of the entire captive population has been undertaken , as well as more limited sampling of individuals in all three island populations , as well as other parrot species . results indicate that antibodies for pbfd were detected in
. 2012 , 2013 ) . monitoring for the disease in the captive population continues and the main captive breeding unit has now been declared disease - free ( t . greene
immunosuppression may also be involved , either because of small population size and / or because of post pbfd issues ( j . c . kearvell in litt . 2013 ) .
cites appendix ii ( 1981 ) . hawdon and poulter valleys are located within arthur ' s pass national park and the hurunui south branch is in lake sumner conservation park (
. monitoring of nests will verify whether this is allowing numbers to stabilise and expand . the hawdon population received
control only during plague years , which occur , on average , every four years ( j . c . kearvell
. all three valleys are now part of the
battle for our birds
initiative targeting rats and stoats in south island beech forest sites . the control of
is now continuous , whereas control measures against rats are implemented when populations reach trigger points ( j . c . kearvell
2008 , 2009 ) , and since 2003 only one nest out of 153 has been lost to invasive predators ( j . c . kearvell
since 2003 , the captive facility at isaacs construction wildlife centre , peacock springs ( christchurch ) , has released , in conjunction with department of conservation , a total of over 250 individuals ( j . c . kearvell
. the reintroduction of birds to maud island has been underway since 2007 , and wild - bred birds are now nesting on the island . translocations to tuhua island have been taking place since december 2009 , and in early 2011 it was expected that all birds produced in the next captive breeding season would be released there to provide a sufficient founder population ( j . c . kearvell
. translocations have also been carried out on blumine island ( j . c . kearvell
. 2012 ) . a second captive - breeding group was being set up at mount bruce but has been discontinued due to a lack of capacity ( j . c . kearvell
. 2013 ) . another attempt to set up a second captive breeding population has been initiated with the auckland zoo with the hope that a 5th island population will be started on rotoroa island ( t . greene
2016 ) . a study to assess the genetic diversity of the remnant mainland population , with the aim of ensuring that any new founder populations on islands are as genetically diverse as possible , has been completed ( j . c . kearvell
2013 ) . an analysis of breeding data is also due to be started . a comprehensive testing programme for psittacine beak and feather disease ( pbfd ) in parrots throughout new zealand was initiated ( t . greene
develop a technique to accurately monitor numbers . continue to study the species ' s breeding biology and ecology . stabilise and increase numbers in the mainland valley populations through predator control , and monitor effectiveness . train people in the identification of the species ( j . c . kearvell
. establish further populations on predator - free offshore islands and develop captive breeding programmes to assist with this . closely monitor the threat from pbfd ( j . c . kearvell
. continue research into methods of controlling introduced predators ( j . c . kearvell
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25 cm . small bright green parakeet . yellow - green body ; yellow crown ; red band from forehead to billl ; red patches on flanks ; violet - blue on wing coverts .
this species is thought to have suffered declines in the past to the point that it now has a moderately small population , and as a result it is listed as near threatened . if predator control continues within parts of its range , habitat recovers and remaining forests are protected , it may warrant downlisting in the future .
the population has decreased in numbers in the past and the species is generally uncommon throughout its range , although it may be common on offshore islands and in some mainland forests ( elliott 2013 ) . the population is estimated as being in the tens of thousands ( elliott 2013 ) but trends are unclear ( higgins 1999 ) . trend justification : this species is thought to have been adversely affected by forest clearance , introduced predators and hybridisation . consequently , slow to moderate declines are suspected in the past .
, or , where the two occur sympatrically on small islands it is found in denser unbroken forest .
. breeding occurs mainly in october - december . it feeds on seeds , berries , flowers , and roots . insects taken from trees are a significant part of its diet ( greene 1998 ) . in predator - free areas , the species will often feed on the ground .
and roots . insects taken from trees are a significant part of its diet ( greene 1998 ) . in predator - free areas the species will often feed on the ground .
on solander island . on auckland island , there is an unnaturally high rate of hybridisation between the two species . beak and feather disease virus ( bfdv ) has been identified from birds in the eglinton valley , fiordland ( massaro
cites appendix ii . this species occurs within a number of national parks and reserves where forest habitat is protected , but predators still pose a threat . it is benefiting from efforts to eradicate introduced predators from mainland forests and offshore islands . successful translocations to offshore islands ( mana , long island and motuara island in queen charlotte sound ) have taken place and translocations to mainland sites ( maungatautari , boundary stream ) are underway ( elliott 2013 ) .
ensure that remaining primary forest is not logged . re - vegetate islands that have historically been overgrazed . maintain and / or increase control of invasive predators within mainland forests .
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the red - fronted parakeet is immediately recognisable by its distinctive , brightly coloured plumage . vivid crimson feathers appear on the forehead , crown and behind the eye , earning this bird its alternative common name of ‘red - crowned parakeet’ ( 4 ) ( 5 ) . this conspicuous red marking on the head contrasts with the predominantly green colour of the rest of the body , though yellow mutations are occasionally found in the wild ( 5 ) . the underside of the wings are blue - violet , the beak is grey - blue , getting darker at the tip , and the eyes are orange ( 4 ) ( 5 ) . this bird has a unique and unusual voice , which is sometimes likened to the bleating of a goat ( 5 ) .
the omnivorous red - fronted parakeet feeds mainly on plant material , including seeds , fruits , flowers , nectar , leaves and shoots , but also on invertebrates and will occasionally scavenge animal carrion ( 6 ) ( 7 ) .
these parakeets live in permanent pairs that frequently join with other pairs and their young , and have been observed to form small flocks in the autumn and winter ( 8 ) . in studies on little barrier island , breeding activity was recorded from november to march , with peak egg - laying in december ( 9 ) . clutches were usually large , ranging from four to nine ( average of seven ) eggs , and female parakeets took total responsibility for their incubation , which lasts from 19 to 23 days ( 5 ) ( 9 ) . hatchlings are covered with a white down that changes to grey within a few days ( 5 ) . fledglings leave the nest after 32 to 49 days ( 9 ) .
historically abundant in mainland new zealand , the red - fronted parakeet is now effectively extinct in this area ( recent sightings are now believed to be cage escapes or releases or vagrants from offshore island populations ) . populations currently remain on offshore islands , including the kermadec islands , three kings , some hauraki gulf islands , kapiti island , stewart island and surrounding islands , chatham islands , snares , antipodes islands , auckland islands , and norfolk island ( self - governing australian territory ) . now extinct on lord howe island and macquarie islands ( 6 ) .
found in a wide variety of habitats , including dense temperate rainforests , coastal forest , scrubland , forest edges and open areas . this bird prefers nesting in hollow limbs , holes or stumps of trees , but , where suitable trees are lacking , will also use holes , burrows and tunnels in the ground , cliffs and tussock grass ( 6 ) .
classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list 2006 ( 1 ) . listed under appendix i of cites ( 3 ) .
the red - fronted parakeet has been upgraded from least concern to vulnerable on the iucn red list due to its apparent extinction from the mainland , leaving only fragmented populations across off - shore islands . european settlement and conversion of forest to farmland probably contributed significantly to this bird’s decline , with clear - felling , logging and burning of forests drastically reducing available habitat . the disappearance of this species from the mainland is also attributed to nest predation from introduced predators , such as rats , cats , stoats and weasels , in addition to competition for food and breeding sites from introduced birds . formerly persecuted for damaging crops and gardens ( 6 ) .
the red - fronted parakeet is fully protected from trade across international boarders by its listing on appendix i of the convention on international trade in endangered species ( cites ) ( 3 ) . a captive breeding programme has also been established on norfolk island for this bird . the ability of this species to breed well in captivity , and its popularity in aviculture collections , is likely to prevent this bird from ever becoming completely extinct . future priorities advocated in the conservation of the red - fronted parakeet include preserving important habitat of remaining populations , carrying out research to determine current population size and trends , and performing predator control measures if found to be appropriate ( 6 ) .
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forbes , h . o . & robinson , h . c . 1897 ,
catalogue of the parrots ( psittaci ) in the derby museum
, bulletin of the liverpool museum , vol . 1 , pp . 5 - 22
gray , g . r . 1862 ,
a list of the birds of new zealand and the adjacent islands
, ibis , vol . 4 , no . 15 , pp . 214 - 252
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 21c4d485 - 7561 - 44d4 - 96f2 - 8036b253a9a5
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zoonomen - zoological nomenclature resource
maintained by alan p . peterson at urltoken
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
for information to assist regulatory considerations , refer to policy statements and guidelines , the conservation advice , the listing advice and / or the recovery plan .
recovery plan required , this species had a recovery plan in force at the time the legislation provided for the minister to decide whether or not to have a recovery plan ( 19 / 2 / 2007 ) .
. department of the environment , water , heritage and the arts , canberra . available from :
department of the environment , water , heritage and the arts ( 2009 ) .
. department of the environment , water , heritage and the arts . available from :
survey guidelines for australia ' s threatened birds . epbc act survey guidelines 6 . 2
( department of the environment , water , heritage and the arts ( dewha ) , 2010 ) [ admin guideline ] .
the action plan for australian birds 2010 ( garnett , s . , j . szabo & g . dutson , 2011 ) .
the distribution shown is generalised from the departments species of national environmental significance dataset . this is an indicative distribution map of the present distribution of the species based on best available knowledge . some species information is withheld in line with sensitive species polices . see map caveat for more information .
the norfolk island green parrot is one of 20 birds that the australian government has prioritised resource allocation to support the species recovery effort . this species was prioritisied because it is important to the people of nortfolk island . recovery of the species is achievable ; actions to protect breeding sites have proven successful in the past and will aid its recovery . zoos victoria is actively involved in the recovery of the parrot , as are the norfolk island national park staff and the community . expertise is in place and the australian government and others have committed financial support . management of feral predators like feral cats and rats will not only help the green parrot , but all of the native animals on the island . reducing the impact of feral cats is a key area of focus in the bird action plan , as well as creating safe havens for threatened species .
the threatened species strategy webpage includes information on other projects that may be supporting the species .
the norfolk island green parrot is bright green with a red forehead and forecrown , a red stripe across each eye , a dark blue region on the leading edge of each wing and a small patch of red on either side of the rump . the sexes are similar in appearance , but the female can be distinguished by her smaller size , smaller red forehead and forecrown patches , and a smaller , narrower bill . juveniles are similar to the adults , but green colouring is duller and red colouring is less extensive ( forshaw 1981 ; higgins 1999 ) .
the norfolk island green parrot is confined to norfolk island . its distribution is concentrated in the north - western region of the island around mount pitt , which lies in norfolk island national park . it is believed that breeding is largely confined to suitable habitat in the national park ( hill 2002 ; moore 1985 ; schodde et al . 1983 ; smith 2014 ) .
the extent of occurrence of the norfolk island green parrot is estimated , with high reliability , to be 35 km² ( garnett et al . 2011 ) . the species was probably widespread on norfolk island , and present on the nearby phillip island , and perhaps nepean island , before the arrival of european settlers and subsequent clearing of endemic forest ( hill 2002 ; schodde et al . 1983 ) .
the area of occupancy of the norfolk island green parrot is estimated , with medium reliability , to be 8 km² ( garnett et al . 2011 ) . the area of occupancy declined following the arrival of european settlers and the species distribution had become concentrated around the mount pitt area by 1908 ( hull 1909 ) .
a captive breeding program implemented from the 1980s ended in 2009 when remaining birds were released ( garnett et al . 2011 ) .
the norfolk island green parrot population was surveyed intensively during 2013 and 2014 and from 1977to 1997 . surveys included ( hermes et al . 1986 ; hill 2002 ; lane et al . 1998 ; oritz - catedral 2013 ; schodde et al . 1983 ) :
this species occurs as a single , contiguous breeding population ( garnett et al . 2011 ) . the abundance of green parrots has undergone episodic fluctuation since human settlement on norfolk island . surveys conducted in winter 2013 confirmed a dramatic decline in the population , with an estimated population of between 46 and 92 individuals compared to an estimated 240 birds in 2010 . however , as the methodologies employed in these two surveys differ , comparison of results is problematic . there were only 10 confirmed records of adult females in winter 2013 with the maximum number of breeding pairs estimated to be unlikely to exceed 23 ( ortiz - catedral 2013 ) .
since the 2013 winter survey an intensive recovery program has been implemented throughout the national park which resulted in 58 chicks successfully fledging in the 2014 calendar year , of which 27 were female ( a . smith 2014 , pers . comm . ) .
the population is estimated to have consisted of about 190 pairs before the arrival of european settlers ( hill 2002 ) . the population declined substantially between 1774 , when the species was first recorded ( hoare 1974 ) , and 1908 , when the distribution had become largely confined to suitable habitat around mount pitt ( hull 1909 ) . in 1937 , a large number of birds were collected by an expedition from the smithsonian institute , and when no individuals were recorded in the two years following the expedition , the species was feared extinct ( hill 2002 ) . however , by the 1950s residents of the island claimed that the species was reasonably common ( hicks & greenwood 1989 ) . the following population estimates have been published :
in 1977–78 , three to five breeding pairs and 17–30 individuals in total ( forshaw 1981 ; schodde et al . 1983 )
in 1988 , four breeding pairs and 32 individuals in total ( hill 2002 ; lane et al . 1998 )
in 1989–1995 , three to ten breeding pairs , and 25 to 44 individuals in total ( hill 2002 ; lane et al . 1998 )
in 2006–07 , a minimum six breeding pairs and more than 200–400 individuals ( r . ward 2007 , pers . comm . )
in 2013 , a population of between 46 and 92 individual birds with only 10 adult females ( oritz - catedral 2013 ) .
historically , the decline in the number of breeding pairs has been attributed to successive years of dry ( and unfavourable ) conditions . only 10 young were produced from known nests in 2005–06 , but the reproductive output of known pairs doubled in the 2006–07 season following increased rainfall in the preceding year ( r . ward 2007 , pers . comm . ) . the recent decline can be attributed to predation by cats and rats , a lack of safe nesting hollows and competition for nesting hollows from the introduced crimson rosella ( platycercus elegans ) , common starling ( sturnus vulgaris ) and honeybee ( apis mellifera ) ( a . smith 2014 pers . obs . ) .
norfolk island national park contains most of the suitable foraging habitat and is thought to contain the entire suitable breeding habitat of the norfolk island green parrot ( hill 2002 ) with the exception of one nest site discovered in 2013 on private land adjoining the national park ( a . smith 2014 pers . comm . ) .
the norfolk island green parrot primarily occurs in remnant norfolk island pine ( araucaria heterophylla ) tall closed rainforest , as well as in other native vegetation , eucalypt plantations and adjacent to native forest in orchards and gardens ( garnett & crowley 2000 ; hicks & greenwood 1989 ; higgins 1999 ) .
norfolk island national park encompasses 465 ha ( 12 % of norfolk island land ) . this national park has been classified into five habitats : weed infested native forest ( 161 ha , 35 % ) ; dense african olive ( olea europaea subsp . cuspidata ) forest ( 129 ha , 28 % ) ; native forest ( 97 ha , 21 % ) ; dense red guava ( psidium cattleianum var . cattleianum ) forest ( 41 ha , 9 % ) ; and plantation forest ( 32 ha , 7 % ) . native vegetation consists of palm forest , hardwood forest and norfolk island pine forest .
nesting and roosting habitat the norfolk island green parrot usually nests in a hollow or cavity in the limb , trunk or stump of living or dead trees , especially in larger native trees , including ironwood ( nestegis apetala ) , bloodwood ( corymbia spp . / eucalyptus spp . ) , cordyline and norfolk island pine , but now also using tree ferns ; nests are typically within 2 m of the ground ( garnett et al . 2011 ; hicks & greenwood 1989 ; higgins 1999 ; lane et al . 1998 ) .
the norfolk island green parrot generally roosts in concealed areas , including holes in trees , and thick vegetation such as epiphytes , tussocks , sedges and ferns . it often roosts in nesting sites ( higgins 1999 ) . inexperienced fledglings often roost in exposed sites ( higgins 1999 ) .
the norfolk island green parrot perches in trees when in forest , but may perch on the ground in open habitats , or when feeding on the ground ( higgins 1999 ; lane et al . 1998 ) .
female norfolk island green parrots may begin laying eggs from 10–12 months of age , or even shortly after reaching independence . the age at which males become sexually mature is not known . longevity in the wild is expected to be 7 . 3 years ( garnett et al . 2011 ) . one wild breeding female was thought to be at least nine years old ( lane et al . 1998 ) , whilst the oldest known captive individual was 14 ( r . ward 2007 , pers . comm . ) . the generation length of this species is estimated , with low reliability , to be 4 . 6 years ( garnett et al . 2011 ) . the norfolk island green parrot is not known to cross - breed with any other species .
reproduction the norfolk island green parrot breeds in all months of the year with a notable increase in breeding late summer and autumn ( a . smith 2014 pers . comm . ) . average age of first breeding is expected to be approximately 2 . 0 years ( garnett et al . 2011 ) . clutch size has been recorded between 1 - 9 eggs ( dnp 2010 ) however clutches are more commonly around 3 or 4 ( a . smith . 2014 pers . obs . ) . females do all the incubation whilst both males and females share in rearing the chicks . females spend a larger amount of time in the nest feeding , visit the nest site more frequently and stay for longer than males , making them more susceptible to predation ( a . smith 2014 pers . obs . ) .
the norfolk island green parrot exhibits double - clutching ( i . e . it has two nests concurrently at different stages of development ) . as the chicks reach around two weeks of age , the female parrot may leave the nest and commence a new nest , leaving the original nest to be tended by the male ( hicks & greenwood 1989 ; higgins 1999 ; lane et al . 1998 ) . thus , pairs can fledge up to four broods of young during a single year . eggs are laid at two - day intervals , and the incubation period ( 21 days ) commences after the second or third egg is laid ( hicks & greenwood 1989 ; higgins 1999 ; lane et al . 1998 ) . young birds leave the nest six to seven weeks after hatching , and generally become independent three to five weeks after fledging ( hicks & greenwood 1989 ; higgins 1999 ; lane et al . 1998 ) .
in 1987–1998 , a mean of 13 wild nesting attempts per year ( range 1–27 , n = 12 years ) was recorded in norfolk island national park , from a total of 52 known nest hollows ( lane et al . 1998 ) . during this period a mean clutch size of 4 . 9 eggs ( range 1–9 , n = 161 clutches ) was recorded and a mean of 1 . 77 eggs ( range 0–6 , n = 161 clutches , or 35 . 5 % of clutch ) hatched per clutch . during this study , up to four chicks successfully fledged per nest with a total of 46 male and 44 female parrots fledged on the island . of fledged individuals , 18 ( 39 % ) males and eight ( 18 % ) females survived their first year ( hicks & greenwood 1989 ; lane et al . 1998 ) . the 1987–1998 figures equate to 4 . 6 males and 4 . 4 females fledging per year , and 1 . 8 males and 0 . 8 females surviving to their first year .
from 2001–07 , a total of 213 young fledged from known nests ( r . ward 2007 , pers . comm . ) .
the norfolk island green parrot is adversely affected by competition for nesting sites with introduced species , such as common starling , crimson rosella and honeybee ( hill 2002 ) . while in the nest , females brooding eggs and birds tending chicks are vulnerable to predation by feral cats ( felis catus ) and black rats ( rattus rattus ) . inexperienced females may also select nest sites that are easily accessible to predators ( lane et al . 1998 ) .
adult norfolk island green parrots primarily eat seeds , fruits , flowers and leaves of native and introduced trees and shrubs , including norfolk island pine , ironwood , norfolk island palm ( rhopalostylis bauerri ) , bloodwood , cordyline and white oak ( lagunaria patersonia ) ( garnett & crowley 2000 ; higgins 1999 ) . they are reported to prefer the blossum and seeds of bloodwood and wild maple ( elaeodendron curtipendulum ) , but also eat seeds , fruits and bark of introduced species including wild tobacco ( solanum mauritianum ) , red guava , african olive , peach ( prunus persica ) and lantana ( lantana camara ) ( forshaw & cooper 1978 ; lane et al . 1998 ) .
norfolk island green parrots forage in all vegetation strata , depending on the location of seasonally available food items ( higgins 1999 ) . adults prefer to feed in the canopy in forested areas . however , for three to five weeks after fledging , juveniles feed extensively on the ground eating fallen seeds of african olive , norfolk island pine and red guava ( garnett & crowley 2000 ; higgins 1999 ; lane et al . 1998 ) . during the summer months birds have been observed largely feeding in the canopy of trees , whilst in the winter months a large proportion of foraging time appears to be on the ground ( a . smith 2014 pers . obs . ) . they will also feed in modified habitat , disturbed habitat and on exotic plants ( fruit trees ) , especially where native vegetation has been removed ( forshaw & cooper 1989 ; higgins 1999 ) .
the norfolk island green parrot is regarded as sedentary or resident , and occurs in most habitat types throughout the year . adults display little movement before or after breeding ( higgins 1999 ) . this species descends to lower altitudes when fruit trees in orchards and gardens are fruiting ( hicks & greenwood 1989 ; higgins 1999 ) . this species is gregarious and it usually occurs in pairs , family parties or small groups ( higgins 1999 ) .
the majority of sightings of parrots outside of the national park are recorded during december and january . it has been suggested that some sightings may be excess males that are forced out of the park ( lane et al . 1998 ) .
distinctiveness there are no other species on norfolk island that are similar to the norfolk island green parrot .
recommended methods various techniques are employed to assess the status of the norfolk island green parrot population including nest inspections , visual and aural surveys , distance sampling and general observations ( a . smith 2014 pers . comm . ) .
nest surveys are also undertaken in addition to the overall population census . predator - resistant nest sites constructed throughout the national park are monitored monthly for signs of nesting activity . active nests are monitored twice weekly ; motion sensor cameras are also used to both record activity and to detect possible interference from other species .
the clearance of suitable forest habitat , particularly hollow - bearing trees such as ironwood , to provide timber and land for agriculture and pine plantations was a major factor in the decline of the norfolk island green parrot ( garnett & crowley 2000 ; hicks & greenwood 1989 ; higgins 1999 ; hill 2002 ; lane et al . 1998 ; r . ward 2007 , pers . comm . ) . the widespread clearance of endemic forest has now ceased on norfolk island ( garnett et al . 2011 ) , and most of the remaining habitat is protected through its inclusion in norfolk island national park or through the listing of vegetation under local government legislation . however , patches of forest continue to be cleared on private land : this threat is being addressed through agreements between conservation bodies and landholders to conserve endemic forest ( hill 2002 ) .


princaxelia jamiesoni is a species of amphipod crustacean described in 2010 .

the type material of princaxelia jamiesoni was collected on september 30 , 2008 from a depth of 7,703 metres ( 25,272 ft ) in the japan trench ( 36 ° 14.96 ′ n 142 ° 49.01 ′ e ) .

further material was collected in 2009 from the izu-ogasawara trench ( 27 ° 22.09 ′ n 143 ° 13.49 ′ e ) at a depth of 9,316 m ( 30,564 ft ) .

princaxelia jamiesoni

this new species , the jamiesoni , is only the fourth species of princaxelia to be discovered .
its a new species of shrimp and its been named princaxelia jamiesoni after the university of aberdeen scientist who discovered it in trenches at the bottom of the north west pacific ocean .
dr . jamieson and his hadeep colleagues head off to japan again tomorrow ( march 4 ) where , among other things , they hope to observe and collect further specimens of princaxelia jamiesoni .
lörz , a . n . ( 2010 ) . trench treasures : the genus princaxelia ( pardaliscidae , amphipoda ) . zool . baetica , 21 : 65 - 84 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
the genus princaxelia was named after prince axel of denmark ( 1888 - 1964 ) in 1959 after the great danish galathea expeditions recovered the first specimens of this kind of shrimp . the last species to be found was in 1977 .
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horton , t . ; lowry , j . ; de broyer , c . ; bellan - santini , d . ; coleman , c . o . ; corbari , l . ; daneliya , m . ; dauvin , j - c . ; fišer , c . ; gasca , r . ; grabowski , m . ; guerra - garcía , j . m . ; hendrycks , e . ; hughes , l . ; jaume , d . ; jazdzewski , k . ; kim , y . - h . ; king , r . ; krapp - schickel , t . ; lecroy , s . ; lörz , a . - n . ; mamos , t . ; senna , a . r . ; serejo , c . ; sket , b . ; souza - filho , j . f . ; tandberg , a . h . ; thomas , j . ; thurston , m . ; vader , w . ; väinölä , r . ; vonk , r . ; white , k . ; zeidler , w . ( 2018 ) . world amphipoda database .
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and its almost four decades since the last new member of this shrimp family was discovered .
dr . alan jamieson from the universitys oceanlab was on a hadeep research cruise when the shrimp - or amphipods - were filmed and caught in the japan trench in 2008 at 7703m deep and then again in 2009 at the nearby izu - bonin trench at depths of 9316m .
the research fellow is research manager of the hadeep project  a collaboration involving the universities of aberdeen and tokyo which is investigating life in the deepest parts of the ocean .
dr . jamieson said : we caught lots of the usual animals on both research cruises however in amongst our haul were these long white creatures which no - one knew anything about .
the samples eventually came back to aberdeen and those unknown species sat under my desk for over two years until our next hadeep trip took us to new zealand where i met amphipod taxonomist dr . anne - nina loerz .
i told her about these long white spiky things that we had filmed and caught and was delighted when she said she was an expert in such creatures .
dr . jamieson sent the samples to dr . loerz who then established that they were a new species .
the taxonomist then named them after dr . jamieson saying his dedication to trench research is greatly advancing the scientific knowledge about deep sea biology .
dr . jamieson , who is originally from edinburgh , added : it is an extraordinary creature with a long elongated body thought to facilitate swimming over great distances . yet it is extremely manoeuvrable at short ranges , capable of fast predatory attacks .
it is another example of the extraordinary creatures that inhabit the most extreme depths of the oceans and to have this one named after me is a great honor , both for me , and my family .
and the specimens themselves are currently residing in the national science museum of tokyo .
scientists investigating in one of the worlds deepest ocean trenches - - previously thought to be void of fish - - have discovered an entirely new species .
a scientist from the university of aberdeen is leading a team of international researchers whose work will continue our understanding of life in the deepest oceans , and contribute to the global census of marine life .
( physorg . com ) - - a new species of dinosaur is named somewhere in the world every two weeks . but are they all new species , or do the newly - discovered bones really belong to a dinosaur already identified ?
( physorg . com ) - - evidence from the challenger deep - - the deepest surveyed point in the world ' s oceans - - suggests that tiny single - celled creatures called foraminifera living at extreme depths of more than ten kilometres . . .
he ' s not well known like president bush and musician neil young , but philadelphian frank gallagher now has something in common with them : he has a new species named after him .
rare footage of marine creatures putting on deep sea ' lightshows ' on the floor of the atlantic ocean has been captured by scientists using the latest technology . so many animals were squirting luminescence into the water . . .
the co - evolution of plant—pathogen interactions has been revealed in unprecedented detail in a study of one of the world ' s deadliest crop killers . this is the rice blast pathogen , which destroys enough food to feed more . . .
using genome editing to inactivate a protein called pcsk9 effectively reduces cholesterol levels in rhesus macaques , a species of monkey , according to researchers from the perelman school of medicine at the university of . . .
fish that ' farm ' their own patches of seaweed alter their ' cropping ' practices under high co2 conditions , researchers at the university of adelaide in australia have found .
mucus is able to protect us from infection thanks to ancient genes that have been conserved throughout 350 million years of evolution—dating back to our days as a jellyfish .
by proving a theory that was first proposed almost 40 years ago , researchers have confirmed a new way that cells conserve energy .
our bodies consist of many different kinds of cells , each with their own role . the japanese scientist shinya yamanaka had made earlier the discovery , earning the nobel prize in 2012 , that cells from adult skin can be converted . . .
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a new species of shrimp found several miles below the ocean has been named after the university of aberdeen scientist who made the discovery .
the creature , which is white and about 6cm long , was discovered at the bottom of the north west pacific ocean .
dr jamieson said :
it is another example of the extraordinary creatures that inhabit the most extreme depths .
he was on a research mission , in conjunction with colleagues based in toyko , when the shrimp were caught on camera .
dr jamieson said :
we caught lots of the usual animals . however , in amongst our haul were these long white creatures which no - one knew anything about .
dr jamieson said :
it is an extraordinary creature with a long elongated body thought to facilitate swimming over great distances .
yet it is extremely manoeuvrable at short ranges , capable of fast predatory attacks .
to have this named after me is a great honour , both for me and my family .
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the foreign secretary quits , telling theresa may
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) at a depth of 9 , 316 m ( 30 , 564 ft ) . it is named after alan jamieson , a marine biologist from the university of aberdeen .
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. . . the most recent information on amphipods from the north - west pacific area come from the results of the sojabio expedition to the sea of japan ( golovan et al . , 2013 ) . up to now in north - west pacific 50 benthic and demersal amphipod species from 24 families have been recorded ( bellan - santini , 1990 ; birstein andvinogradov , 1955 , 1958 ; birstein and vinogradova , 1960 ; bulycheva , 1936 ; golovan et al . , 2013 ; gurjanova , 1951gurjanova , , 1955kamenskaya , 1977kamenskaya , , 1980kamenskaya , , 1981kamenskaya , , 1995kamenskaya , , 1997lörz , 2010a , 2010b margulis , 1967 ; narahara et al . , 2012 ; pirlot , 1933 ; stebbing , 1888 ; thurston , 2000 ; vinogradov , 1993 ) . . . .
the marine fauna of new zealand and the ross sea : amphipoda , synopiidae ( crustacea ) .
investigate the taxonomy of described species of oedicerotidae and dexaminidae ( lepechinellids ) using an integrated morphological and molecular approach .
epimeria horsti sp . nov . , collected from new zealand seamounts at 970–1156 m depth , is described in detail . this increases the number of known species of new zealand epimeriidae to four . additionally epimeria bruuni barnard , 1961 , previously known only from the kermadec trench at 2470 m depth , is redescribed using new material collected from young nicks seamount , hikurangi plateau . a key is . . . [ show full abstract ]
synopsis of amphipoda from two recent ross sea voyages with description of a new species of epimeria . . .
59 zootaxa issn 1175 - 5326 ( print edition ) issn 1175 - 5334 ( online edition ) abstract two recent voyages to the ross sea in 2004 and 2008 collected over 3000 benthic amphipoda . the composition of 30 amphipod families is presented , and a focus is given to the family epimeriidae from which a new species described . epimeria larsi sp . nov . from 1950 m depth , is the deepest occurring species of the . . . [ show full abstract ]
deep - sea rhachotropis ( crustacea : amphipoda : eusiridae ) from new zealand and the ross sea with key t . . .
the amphipod genus rhachotropis has a worldwide distribution . four species new to science are described , increasing the total number of rhachotropis species to 59 . only one species was previously known from new zealand and none from the ross sea . two species rhachotropis chathamensis sp . nov . and r . delicata sp . nov . were collected at the same station in 420 m depth off eastern new zealand ; r . . . . [ show full abstract ]
the eusirid genus rhachotropis s . i . smith , 1883 has a worldwide distribution and the largest bathymetric range known from any amphipod genus . a large , charismatic , colourful species was collected below 800 m at two sites 1000 km apart on the southern kermadec ridge and on the chatham rise in the south - western pacific off eastern new zealand . the new species , rhachotropis oweni is described , . . . [ show full abstract ]
synopsis of amphipoda from two recent ross sea voyages with description of a new species of epimeria . . .
lörz , anne - nina ( 2009 ) : synopsis of amphipoda from two recent ross sea voyages with description of a new species of epimeria ( epimeriidae , amphipoda , crustacea ) . zootaxa 2167 : 59 - 68 , doi : 10 . 5281 / zenodo . 189125
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