bostrycapulus odites is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family calyptraeidae , the slipper snails or slipper limpets , cup-and-saucer snails , and chinese hat snails .

bostrycapulus odites

odites is a greek noun meaning traveller . this name refers to the large geographical distribution this species has attained despite its direct development .
rachel collin , alfonso a . ramos - esplá and andrés izquierdo identification of the south atlantic spiny slipper limpet bostrycapulus odites collin , 2005 ( caenogastropoda : calyptraeidae ) on the spanish mediterranean coast ( pp 197 - 200 )
radula of bostrycapulus aculeatus collected from mote , florida . scale bar = 100 µm .
there are currently eight recognized species in bostrycapulus ( see table 4 for summary ) .
summary of bostrycapulus species . diagnostic features are highlighted in bold text . abbreviations : ss , spiral sculpture
bostrycapulus aculeatus – olsson & harbison , 1953 : 280 . simone , 2002 [ in part ] : 18 .
the shells of the holotypes of the four new species . a , bostrycapulus latebrus ( fmnh 282358 ) . b , b . odites ( natal museum v9447 / t1783 ) . c , b . pritzkeri ( australian museum ♯c400000 ) . d , b . urraca ( ansp 412178 ) . scale bar = 10 mm .
bostrycapulus aculeatus − olsson & harbison , 1953 [ in part ] : 280 . simone , 2002 [ in part ] : 18 .
bostrycapulus aculeatus – olsson & harbison , 1953 [ in part ] : 280 . simone , 2002 [ in part ] : 18 .
the following eight species are recognized here as members of bostrycapulus : b . aculeatus ( gmelin , 1791 ) , b . gravispinosus ( kuroda & habe , 1950 ) , b . calyptraeformis ( deshayes , 1830 ) , b . cf . tegulicius , b . pritzkeri sp . nov . , b . odites sp . nov . , b . latebrus sp . nov . and b . urraca sp . nov .
b . odites differs from the other species in the b . aculeatus species complex in exhibiting direct development from small eggs which consume nurse eggs . the protoconch is unsculptured and retains irregular growth lines ( figs 5f , 4i ) . adult morphological characters are as described above for b . aculeatus . diagnostic dna sequence differences distinguishing b . odites from all other bostrycapulus species are in the following positions in the coi sequences submitted to genbank ( position 1 = position 1537 of the d . yakuba mitochondrial genome , genbank # x03240 ) : 24 ( c ) , 36 ( g ) , 141 ( c ) , 220 ( t ) , 234 ( c ) , 279 ( g ) , 354 ( t ) , 438 ( c ) , 486 ( a ) , 552 ( t ) .
photographs of ( a ) bostrycapulus calyptraeformis from venado beach in panama and ( b ) b . odites sp . nov . from the subtidal of playa orengo ( the three shells on the right ) and the intertidal zone of nearby san antonio oeste ( the shell on the left ) , argentina . both plates show the variation in shell colour and spine development found in samples collected from the same site . samples from within a site do not differ in more than three or four base pairs in coi sequences . scale bars = 10 mm .
unrooted haplotype network of coi sequences from bostrycapulus calyptraeformis . slashes on branches show the number of differences between the haplotypes . branches without slashes have a length of one . size of the circles represent the number of individuals with that haplotype .
the bayesian best estimate topology of the phylogeny of bostrycapulus based on 16s . numbers above the branches represent bootstrap percentages and those below the branches are bayesian support . branches are labelled with the collecting locality and the individual code . * = type individual .
the bayesian best estimate topology of the phylogeny of bostrycapulus based on coi . numbers above the branches represent bootstrap percentages and those below the branches are bayesian support . branches are labelled with the collecting locality and the individual code . * = type individual .
protoconchs . a , bostrycapulus pritzkeri sp . nov . from sydney . b , b . calyptraeformis from the perlas islands , panama . c , b . cf . tegulicia from cape verde . d , b . gravispinosus from minabe , wakayama prefecture , japan . e , b . calyptraeformis from paita , peru . f , b . odities sp . nov . from playa orengo , argentina . g , b . urraca sp . nov . from isla parida , panama . h , b . aculeatus from lido key , florida . i , b . odites sp . nov . from são paulo , brazil . all are to the same scale . scale bar = 500 µm .
the species name latebrus is latin , meaning ‘hidden’ or ‘obscure’ , referring to both the difficulty of distinguishing this from the other species of bostrycapulus and also to the fact that shells are often so encrusted with epibionts that they are effectively hidden in the field .
the type locality , ‘islands of the americas’ is somewhat vague but most likely refers to a locality in the northern caribbean . it is possible that bostrycapulus from the southern caribbean is a distinct species from the species described here as b . aculeatus ( gmelin , 1791 ) . i have been unable to find bostrycapulus in the caribbean surrounding panama , cayman islands , or trinidad , despite finding ostensibly appropriate habitat . if an additional caribbean species is discovered , nomenclatural stability would benefit from the description of the southern species as new .
collin r . 2005 . development , phylogeny , and taxonomy of < i > bostrycapulus < / i > ( caenogastropoda : calyptraeidae ) , an ancient cryptic radiation . < i > zoological journal of the linnean society < / i > 144 ( 1 ) : 75 - 101
collin r . 2005 . development , phylogeny , and taxonomy of bostrycapulus ( caenogastropoda : calyptraeidae ) , an ancient cryptic radiation . zoological journal of the linnean society 144 ( 1 ) : 75 - 101 , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 75 - 101 [ details ]
illustrations of anatomy of bostrycapulus , drawn from observations of several animals of b . odites sp . nov . from argentina . there are no differences among species in the characters depicted here . a , dorsal view of the animal subsequent to removal from the shell . b , dorsal view of the animal with the mantle reflected . c , osphradium . d , penis . abbreviations : cg , capsule gland ; ct , ctenidia ; dg , digestive gland ; e , oesophagus ; f , foot ; fp , food pouch ; g , seminal groove ; gd , gonad ; hg , hypobranchial gland ; i , intestine ; k , kidney ; nr , nerve ring ; os , osphradium ; sg , salivary gland ; sm , shell muscle ; ss , style sac ; st , stomach ; v , ventricle .
the transparent , thin - walled egg capsules of bostrycapulus species are typical of all calyptraeids . the stalks are wide , flattened ribbons and not thread - like as in some species . the female broods the capsules between the neck and substrate and propodium until hatching . differences in development are diagnostic among species .
b . urraca can be distinguished from other species of bostrycapulus by a combination of the following . it has a large globose protoconch and direct development that retains most of the larval features . diagnostic dna sequence differences distinguishing b . urraca from all other bostrycapulus species are in the following positions in the coi sequences submitted to genbank ( position 1 = position 1537 of the d . yakuba mitochondrial genome , genbank # x03240 ) : 261 ( t ) , 285 ( g ) , 309 ( g ) , 375 ( t ) , 474 ( c ) , 495 ( a ) , 588 ( t ) .
a , 2 - week - old larva of bostrycapulus calyptraeformis showing the velar pigment , shell sculpture ( on the top of the shell ) and large foot . scale bar = 300 µm . b , intracapsular larva of b . aculeatus showing the well - developed velum with pigment spots and body pigmentation . scale bar = 200 µm .
this species can be distinguished from other bostrycapulus species by features of development and mitochondrial dna sequences . development is direct from large , 380 mm eggs . embryos develop characteristic larval features but reabsorb them prior to hatching . the globose protoconch is 900 μmm in diameter and has less than a single whorl . diagnostic dna sequence differences , distinguishing b . aculeatus from all other bostrycapulus species are in the following positions in the coi sequences submitted to genbank ( position 1 = position 1537 of the drosophila yakuba mitochondrial genome , genbank # x03240 ) : 28 ( c ) , 33 ( g ) , 186 ( g ) , 282 ( t ) , 468 ( g ) , 511 ( c ) .
b . pritzkeri can be distinguished from the other species in bostrycapulus by its large , globose protoconch , and direct development from large eggs that produce embryos lacking the larval features present in other direct developing species of bostry - capulus . diagnostic dna sequence differences distinguishing b . pritzkeri from all other bostrycapulus species are in the following positions in the coi sequences submitted to genbank ( position 1 = position 1537 of the d . yakuba mitochondrial geneome , genbank # x03240 ) : 183 ( c ) , 256 ( c ) , 315 ( c ) , 360 ( c ) , 395 ( c ) , 417 ( g ) , 444 ( g ) , 471 ( g ) , 477 ( c ) .
embryos of bostrycapulus urraca sp . nov . a , early postgastrula stage where the embryo is covered with a thin ciliated epithelium . b , mid - veliger stage , showing the granulated shell sculpture , the operculum behind the well - developed foot , the single embryonic kidneys and the reduced velum . c , hatching stage , showing the well - developed shell sculpture . scale bar = 150 µm .
b . latebrus can be distinguished from other species of bostrycapulus by dna sequence data and by its direct development from large eggs with embryos that retain larval features ( unlike b . pritzkeri ) . the shell morphology and anatomy of b . latebrus do not differ from that described above for b . aculeatus . diagnostic dna sequence differences distinguishing b . latebrus from all other bostrycapulus species are in the following positions in the coi sequences submitted to genbank ( position 1 = position 1537 of the d . yakuba mitochondrial genome , genbank # x03240 ) : 3 ( g ) , 108 ( c ) , 144 ( g ) , 192 ( g ) , 243 ( a ) , 270 ( c ) , 306 ( g ) , 327 ( g ) , 423 ( c ) , 522 ( t ) .
three different modes of development are observed in the bostrycapulus species examined here : ( 1 ) planktotrophic larvae ; ( 2 ) direct development with large eggs , and ( 3 ) direct development from small eggs with nurse eggs ( table 4 ) . these differences in modes of development and smaller differences in the details of development correspond to the same eight clades identified by the dna sequence analysis and protoconch morphology .
the shell morphology and anatomy of b . calyptraeformis do not differ from those of b . aculeatus as described above . b . calytraeformis can be distinguished from the other species of bostrycapulus by the presence of planktotrophic development and a smooth protoconch with . 5 whorls ( fig . 5 ) . diagnostic dna sequence differences distinguishing b . calyptraeformis from all other bostrycapulus species are in the following positions in the coi sequences submitted to genbank ( position 1 = position 1537 of the d . yakuba mitochondrial genome , genbank # x03240 ) : 39 ( g ) , 42 ( c ) , 57 ( g ) , 69 ( a ) , 75 ( c ) , 171 ( c ) , 259 ( t ) , 282 ( g ) , 321 ( a ) , 354 ( g ) , 387 ( c ) , 402 ( c ) , 441 ( c ) , 462 ( g ) , 486 ( c ) , 582 ( c ) .
embryos of bostrycapulus pritzkeri sp . nov . note the distinctive granular shell sculpture and the absence of a distinct velum at all stages . a , excapsulated early stage embryos at the beginning of shell formation . scale bar = 150 µm . b , excapsulated embryos with well - developed shells showing granular shell sculpture and the small ridge of the velum at the base of the tentacle . scale bar = 250 µm . c , encapsulated embryos near hatching with fully developed shell and body pigmentation . scale bar = 250 µm .
phylogenetic analyses were conducted using paup * v . 4b02 ( swofford , 1998 ) . an equal - weighted , unrooted , parsimony analysis was performed with gaps coded as a fifth character , using a heuristic search with tbr branch swapping and 1000 random additions . bootstrap support for each clade was assessed based on 1000 bootstrap replicates with tbr branch swapping and ten random additions . i included crepipatella lingulata , c . capensis , and crucibulum auriculum , three close outgroups of bostrycapulus ( see collin , 2003b ) , and used them to root the analysis . genetic distances were calculated using kimura 2 - parameter distances .
b . cf . tegulicius can be distinguished from other species in the b . aculeatus species complex by the large globose protoconch and distinct coi sequence . material with other potentially diagnostic features is not currently available . diagnostic dna sequence differences are difficult to determine , but the single available sequence distinguishing b . cf . tegulicius from all other bostrycapulus species is in the following positions in the coi sequences submitted to genbank ( position 1 = position 1537 of the d . yakuba mito hondrial genome , genbank # x03240 ) : 178 ( a ) , 268 ( t ) , 282 ( c ) , 339 ( g ) , 492 ( a ) , 583 ( a ) .
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the evolution of gastropod body size in the deep sea is reexamined . using an extended and updated data set , and improved statistical methods , it is shown that some results of the previous study may have been artifactual , but that its central conclusion is robust . it is further shown that the effect is not restricted to a single gastropod clade , that its strength increases markedly with depth , but that it applies even in the mesopelagic zone .
the replication of the island rule in a distant taxonomic group and a partially analogous ecological situation could help to uncover the causes of the patterns observed—which are currently much disputed . the gastropod pattern is evident at intermediate depths , and so cannot be attributed to the unique features of abyssal ecology .
citation : welch jj ( 2010 ) the “island rule” and deep - sea gastropods : re - examining the evidence . plos one 5 ( 1 ) : e8776 . urltoken
copyright : © 2010 john j . welch . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
funding : some preliminary work undertaken when jw was funded by bbsrc grant do17750 awarded to andrew rambaut . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .
here , i re - examine whether deep - sea gastropods manifest the island rule , making use of the improved statistical methods , and data collated from the recently updated malacolog database [ 24 ] , which has been both expanded , and revised to reflect advances in gastropod systematics [ 25 ] . it is found that the central conclusion of mcclain et al . [ 12 ] is robust , and that gastropod colonists of the deep - sea benthos do indeed exhibit island - rule - like evolution .
part a shows how different tests of the ‘island rule’ can give qualitatively different results . “deep - sea” species were defined as those with a depth range midpoint > 200m , and all other species defined as “shallow - water” . the ordinary - least - squares regression ( dashed line ) differs significantly from the 1∶1 line of the null ( dotted line ) , but the standardized - major - axis regression ( solid line ) shows no significant departure . part b shows a less ambiguous case : “deep - sea” species are those never observed above 400m , and “shallow - water” species those never observed below 200m ; body sizes are within - genus means , taking equal numbers of deep - and shallow - water species in each genus .
the body sizes of deep - sea gastropods are plotted against those of their shallow - water congeners . “shallow - water” species were never observed below 200m , and “deep - sea” species never observed above depths of a : 200m , b : 400m and c : 600m . separate standardized - major - axis regression lines are shown for the neogastropoda ( black points ) and all other groups ( grey points ) . the dotted line is the 1∶1 expected under the null . genera with fewer than two deep and two shallow species were excluded .
similarly , predator release is a particularly plausible explanation of the vertebrate island rule [ 1 ] , [ 4 ] , [ 6 ] , [ 11 ] ; this is partly because it can naturally account for both dwarfism and gigantism ( by assuming that large and small body sizes evolve as alternative strategies for predator avoidance ) , and partly because predator release is so clearly implicated in other unusual characteristics of island endemics ( such as tameness ) [ 37 ] , [ 38 ] . but there is little evidence that reduced predation characterises the deep - sea [ 12 ] , [ 14 ] , and indeed there is direct evidence of substantial predation acting on deep - sea gastropods [ 12 ] , [ 39 ] – [ 41 ] . the gastropod results therefore argue against the predator release hypothesis as a general explanation of the island rule [ 12 ] .
we are therefore still far from understanding the causes of the patterns observed – and particularly the roles of inter - and intra - specific competition [ 3 ] , [ 4 ] , [ 11 ] , [ 12 ] . a detailed clarification of where the pattern does and does not hold will be an important step toward achieving this goal [ 4 ] , [ 12 ] , [ 19 ] , [ 20 ] .
many thanks are due to andrew rambaut for providing a script to mine the malacolog database . many thanks also to lucy weinert , nicolas bierne , gary rosenberg , shai meiri . simon joly and an anonymous reviewer , who all greatly improved the manuscript with their comments and advice .
conceived and designed the experiments : jw . performed the experiments : jw . analyzed the data : jw . wrote the paper : jw .
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crepidula aculeata ( gmelin , 1791 ) sensu zenetos et al . 2004 ( misidentification )
type locality wooleys pool , muizenburg , cape province , south africa . [ details ]
zenetos , a . ; gofas , s . ; verlaque , m . ; cinar , m . ; garcia raso , j . ; bianchi , c . ; morri , c . ; azzurro , e . ; bilecenoglu , m . ; froglia , c . ; siokou , i . ; violanti , d . ; sfriso , a . ; san martin , g . ; giangrande , a . ; katagan , t . ; ballesteros , e . ; ramos - espla , a . ; mastrototaro , f . ; ocana , o . ; zingone , a . ; gambi , m . ; streftaris , n . ( 2010 ) . alien species in the mediterranean sea by 2010 . a contribution to the application of european union’s marine strategy framework directive ( msfd ) . part i . spatial distribution . mediterranean marine science . 11 ( 2 ) : 381 - 493 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of crepidula aculeata ( gmelin , 1791 ) sensu zenetos et al . 2004 ) zenetos , a . ; gofas , s . ; russo , g . ; templado , j . ( 2004 ) . ciesm atlas of exotic species in the mediterranean . monaco , ciesm publishers . vol . 3 molluscs . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 98 - 99 [ details ]
katsanevakis , s . ; bogucarskis , k . ; gatto , f . ; vandekerkhove , j . ; deriu , i . ; cardoso a . s . ( 2012 ) . building the european alien species information network ( easin ) : a novel approach for the exploration of distributed alien species data . bioinvasions records . 1 : 235 - 245 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
to barcode of life ( from synonym crepidula aculeata ( gmelin , 1791 ) sensu zenetos et al . 2004 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 1 publication ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 198 publications ) ( from synonym crepidula aculeata ( gmelin , 1791 ) sensu zenetos et al . 2004 ) to clemam to encyclopedia of life to genbank ( 15 nucleotides ; 8 proteins ) to pesi
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zenetos , a . ; gofas , s . ; verlaque , m . ; cinar , m . ; garcia raso , j . ; bianchi , c . ; morri , c . ; azzurro , e . ; bilecenoglu , m . ; froglia , c . ; siokou , i . ; violanti , d . ; sfriso , a . ; san martin , g . ; giangrande , a . ; katagan , t . ; ballesteros , e . ; ramos - espla , a . ; mastrototaro , f . ; ocana , o . ; zingone , a . ; gambi , m . ; streftaris , n . ( 2010 ) . alien species in the mediterranean sea by 2010 . a contribution to the application of european union’s marine strategy framework directive ( msfd ) . part i . spatial distribution . < em > mediterranean marine science . < / em > 11 ( 2 ) : 381 - 493 . 10 . 12681 / mms . 87
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summary of live - collected material used for observations of development and anatomy and for dna sequencing . abbreviations : bmsm , bailey - matthews shell museum ; klkc , k . l . kaiser collection
isla parida , gulf of chiriqui , panama , 8°5 . 458′n , 82°18 . 671′w [ > 50 animals ] t
the morphology and anatomy of ethanol - or formalin - preserved individuals were examined under a wild m4 dissecting microscope . the anatomy of five to ten animals was examined from most localities . prior to mounting for scanning electron microscopy , protoconchs and radulae were cleaned briefly in dilute bleach and rinsed in distilled water . all specimens were gold - coated and viewed with an almary scanning electron microscope . two to five radulae from each locality were prepared for sem . to estimate within - individual variation , the number of denticles on each tooth were counted for ten rows of unworn teeth per individual .
developmental stages were observed live and measured with dissecting and compound microscopes . broods from more than 30 animals were observed from argentina and panama and five to ten broods were observed for populations from florida , peru , south africa , sydney and mexico . developmental stages were not available for animals from japan , brazil , or cape verde . larvae of the single species with planktonic development were raised according to the methods of collin ( 2000b ) .
the animals examined during this study can be attributed to eight species on the basis of protoconch morphology , developmental biology , embryology , and dna sequence data .
phylogenetic analysis of coi and 16s dna sequence data shows little sequence variation within each locality ( about 0 . 5–1 % in coi ) . there are eight distinct clades ( species ) that differ from each other by 6–21 % in coi sequences and by at least 2 % in 16s sequences ( fig . 3 ; table 2 ) . these groups are supported as monophyletic with bootstrap and bayesian support above 98 and 100 , respectively ( fig . 2 ) . sequence divergences of such magnitude commonly occur between morphologically well - differentiated species of calyptraeids ( collin , 2003a , b ) .
pairwise kimura 2 - parameter genetic distances between individuals from each locality . bold values indicate intraspecific comparisons . abbreviations : arg , argentina ; bah , bahamas ; bp , bay of panama ; ct , cape town ; cv , cape verde ; es , el salvador ; gc , gulf of chiriqui
four of these clades include samples for several locations . one clade is composed of sequences from individuals collected from the south atlantic ( brazil , argentina , and south africa ) ; it shows 0 . 8–1 . 2 % coi divergence between localities . another clade includes samples from the bay of panama , hawaii , and guam which are identical to each other and also includes the closely related ( 4 % divergent ) material from peru ( figs 2 , 4 ; table 2 ) . the third contains samples from both coasts of florida and the bahamas . the fourth includes material from the pacific coast of el salvador and the western half of panama . animals from this clade occur in sympatry with the panama - hawaii clade in the perlas archipelago and the azuero peninsula , panama . samples from the remaining localities form their own individual clades .
the clade in the equatorial pacific shows genetic differentiation between peru and panama , but not over the thousands of kilometres between hawaii , guam and panama ( figs 2 , 4 ) . the bayesian estimate of coi phylogeny ( fig . 2 ) shows the clade from peru nested within the panama haplotypes , while the estimate based on 16s shows the clades as sisters , suggesting that the root of the peru clade has been misplaced in the phylogeny . the unrooted haplotype network ( fig . 4 ) shows that the two clades are reciprocally monophyletic and that the hawaiian and guam haplotypes nest firmly within the panamanian clade .
‘shell widely slipper - shaped , with a strongly eccentric apex , closely appressed and spirally coiled towards the left side ( viewed dorsally ) . surface with strong , radial riblets or threads , the primary ones often becoming scabrous or spiniform . diaphragm as in crepidula s . s . , its edge nearly straight , the muscle scar below small but distinct’ .
the size of the protoconch varies between species depending on the mode of development but is less than two whorls and is often eroded in adult specimens . hatchlings and embryos show a linear pattern of fine , widely spaced granules on the protoconch . protoconch characters can be used to diagnose several species .
the head , neck , foot and mantle are cream , but there is a matt black marbled area along the edge of the foot . large yellow or orange splotches are scattered along the neck lappets and concentrated on the lips and tentacles . black pigment also occurs on the dorsal side of the head and neck . the intensity of all pigmentation varies , with some animals showing almost no black pigment . the black pigment is retained in preserved or fixed material , although the yellow and orange markings are lost . there are no diagnostic differences in pigmentation among the species described here .
when removed from the shell the distal third of the viscera curves to the animal ' s right . the tapered mantle cavity and gills extend about two thirds of the way to the tip of the viscera on the dorsal left side . the crescent - shaped shell muscle extends dorsally from the foot to the shell roof on the right side . a small , dorsal attachment muscle runs from within the dorsal mantle tissue above the intestine to the medial shell roof just anterior to the shelf .
the stomach is visible dorsally to the right of the posterior end of the mantle cavity . the oesophagus runs ventrally in the viscera and enters the stomach posteroventrally . the short style sac runs laterally from the stomach to the left margin of the visceral mass in the dorsal viscera posterior to the mantle cavity . the distal end of the style sac narrows to connect with the intestine , which runs directly to the right side in the ventral visceral mass . the distal loop of the intestine is visible in the dorsal wall of the mantle cavity . this arrangement of the digestive system with respect to the mantle cavity is distinct from the arrangement in crepidula , where the mantle cavity extends to the end of the visceral mass and the style sac is ventral to the mantle cavity . the brown digestive gland surrounds the stomach and extends to the end of the visceral mass . in fresh and ethanol - preserved material a network of thick white vessels running through the digestive gland is clearly visible . these vessels are not visible in formalin - fixed material .
the heart and kidney are similar to crepidula species . the heart and pericardial cavity are visible in the dorsal side of the viscera . the pericardial cavity is at an angle to the anterio - posterior axis and extends along the posterior margin of the mantle cavity . in crepidula species the pericardial cavity is orientated anterior - posteriorly . the hollow kidney is located in the roof of the mantle cavity anterior to the pericardial cavity and posterior to the distal loop of the intestine . the nephrostome opens into the mantle cavity midway between the pericardial cavity and the distal loop of the intestine .
the nerve ring is located at the posterior margin of the neck just anterior to the visceral mass and completely embedded in the salivary glands . the nerve ring is the same as in c . fornicata ( werner & grell , 1950 ) . a pair of buccal ganglia are located against the dorsal medial margin of the buccal mass .
crepidula aculeata − lamarck , 1822 : 25 . reeve , 1859 . , sowerby , 1883 [ in part ] : 67 , sp . 9 . , figs 124 , 125 ; sowerby , 1887 [ in part ] : 67 , figs 39 , 40 . parodiz , 1939 [ in part ] : 695 . hoagland , 1977 [ in part ] : 364 . collin , 2003a : 541–593 . collin , 2003b : 618–640 .
c . intorta var . say , 1822 : 227 [ in part ] .
c . costata morton , 1829 : 115 , pl . 7 , figs 2 , 3 . maryland tertiary [ non c . costata sowerby , 1824 nec c . costata deshayes , 1830 ] .
‘ patella aculeata . shell oval , brown , with prickly striae : crown recurved . chemn . conch . 10 , tab . 168 , 624 , 1625 . da costa conch . tab . 6 , fig . 1 , elements t 2 , f 2 . favann . conch . 1 , tab . 4 , fig . 3 . walch . naturs . 10 tab . 1 , fig . 5 . 2 . inhabits american islands . resembles the last shell small , chestnut or white with longitudinal striae , lip white dividing the cavity into equal parts’ .
gmelin states the habitat of b . aculeatus to be ‘islands of the americas’ . this is most likely following ‘westindischen’ from chemnitz .
the known distribution of this species includes both coasts of florida , the florida keys , yucatan , the bahamas , and probably the northern caribbean sea . shells from as far north as north carolina also probably belong to this species , although this has not been verified by examination of development or dna sequence data . it is common on rocks and debris in the shallow subtidal zone , and can also be found on the carapaces of horseshoe crabs . ranges to a depth of at least 60 m .
globose , comprising a single whorl , c . 900 µm across . no sculpture is retained in material available from juvenile shells . the protoconch–teleoconch boundary is not distinct ( fig . 5h ) .
observations of embryos are limited because virtually all egg capsules collected in lido key , florida in 1997 contained nothing but bacterially infected fluid . however , many of those collected in 2003 developed normally . animals are often solitary or form pairs ; they do not form large stacks . fossil shells with this morphology date from the miocene in florida ( hoagland , 1977 ) .
crepidula gravispinosa kuroda & habe , 1950 : 30 . collin , 2003a : 541–593 . collin , 2003b : 618–640 .
crepidula aculeata – taki , 1938 [ in part ] : 145 . parodiz , 1939 [ in part ] : 695 . hoagland , 1977 [ in part ] : 364 .
‘ c . gravispinosa n . sp . for crepidula aculeata ( not gmelin ) , illust . encyclop . fauna japan , rev . edit . , p . 1140 , textfig . 239 1947 . ’ the figured referred to is the same as that in the 1927 edition of the illustrated encyclopedia of japanese fauna , but the text differs .
material illustrated in the illustrated encyclopedia of japanese fauna generally belonged to kuroda ' s personal collection , which is currently housed in nishinomiya . no shell matching the figure can be found in this collection ( p . callomon , pers . comm . ) , although it does contain two shells of b . gravispinosus collected from akune in 1949 ( p . callomon , pers . comm . ) . it is also possible that the figured shell was from shintaro hirase ' s collection , or that of his father , in which case it was either taken to tokyo university or may have remained in the main hirase collection which is now in the kyoto university museum ( p . callomon , pers . comm . ) . much of the former collection was destroyed during world war ii and the figured shell cannot be found there ( r . ueshima , pers . comm . ) . it is therefore likely that the type material figured in the encyclopedia is lost .
japan . south of boso peninsula and west of noto peninsula to the amami islands ( taki , 1938 ) .
calyptraea echinus broderip , 1834 : 39 . broderip , 1835 : 203 , pl . 29 , fig . 1 . isla lobos , peru . 3 syntypes bmnh 1975113 . hoagland , 1986 : 173–183 .
calyptraea hystrix broderip , 1834 : 39 . broderip , 1835 : 203 , pl . 29 , fig . 2 . , isla lobos peru . 3 syntypes bmnh 1966629 .
crepidula aculeata – parodiz , 1939 [ in part ] : 695 . hoagland , 1977 [ in part ] : 364 .
‘c . testâ ovato - rotundatâ , gibbosâ , rufescente , longitudinaliter striatâ ; strius rugosis , ad marginem evanescentibus ; apice obliquo , spirato’ .
two syntypes in the paris museum ( hoagland , 1983 ; p . bouchet 2001 pers . comm . ) . one is figured in hoagland ( 1983 ) .
peru ( ? ) . deshayes ( 1830 ) supposed that the types came from peru because they were bought with shells of other peruvian species .
northern peru to the pacific coast of eastern panama and the perlas islands but not extending into the gulf of chiriqui . this species also occurs in hawaii where it is probably introduced and it may have been recently introduced into guam . this species can reach densities of greater than 1000 individuals per square meter in the intertidal zone of panama ( unpubl . data ) and occurs to depths of at least 50 m .
crepidula aculeata − hoagland , 1977 [ in part ] : 364 . hoagland , 1983 [ in part ] .
‘testa subovata , crassiuscula , irregulari , oblique curvata , extus albida , concentrice striata , et squamis minutis teguliformibus , subdistantibus orniata ; intus nitide castaneo violacea ; lamella opalina , ad medio et ad latus subemarginata . long 0 . 019 , lat 0 . 014’ .
two syntypes of b . tegulicius are in the paris museum ( hoagland , 1983 ; p . bouchet 2001 pers . comm . ) . one is figured in hoagland ( 1983 ) .
cape verde islands . the extent of the distribution along the west coast of africa is unknown .
b . tegulicius was originally described from senegal . as diagnostic material from this country is not currently available , the identity of the cape verdian material described here cannot be unambiguously assigned to a new species . it is quite possible that they are different species , since the cape verdian animals have direct development ( and therefore , presumably limited dispersal ) and many cape verdian species are endemic to these islands . if animals from senegal and cape verde are demonstrated to belong to different species , the name b . tegulicius should be applied to material from mainland africa while the species from cape verde should be given a new name .
australian museum ♯c400000 , shell and ethanol - preserved soft parts . shell illustrated in figure 11 ; length = 14 . 8 mm ; width = 11 . 8 mm ; height = 4 . 1 mm . frozen tissue of this specimen : fmnh 282361 .
edwards reef , sydney , australia . 33°51′s , 151°13′e . low intertidal zone on rocks .
south - eastern australia . the australian national museum contains shells with this morphology from the coast of new south wales and queensland , but the species identity of the latter material needs to be verified with additional observations of live material and genetic data .
the name pritzkeri is in honour of r . pritzker , president of the pritzker foundation . the foundation ' s support of the pritzker laboratory of molecular systematics and evolution at the field museum made this work possible .
natal museum v9447 / t1783 , shell and ethanol - preserved soft parts . shell illustrated in figure 11 ; length 19 . 3 mm , width 15 . 6 mm , height 7 . 2 mm . frozen tissue of this specimen : fmnh 282360 .
wooleys pool , muizenburg , cape province , south africa . low intertidal zone in rock crevices , co - occurring with crepipatella capensis .
the atlantic coast of south america , from são paulo , brazil to puerto madryn , argentina , as well as the south coast of south africa from cape town to port elizabeth and north to northern natal ( natal museum ) . material examined here was collected from rocks intertidally in south africa and brazil , and intertidally from rocks and subtidally from the shells of pen - shells and oysters in argentina . this species occurs to depths of at least 40 m .
shell morphology and anatomy are the same as b . aculeatus , with the exception of the protoconch . the 1 mm diameter protoconch is smooth with irregular growth lines towards the aperture ( figs 5f , 4i ) . the indistinct protoconch–teleoconch boundary occurs after slightly more than a single whorl is completed .
fmnh 282358 , shell and ethanol - preserved soft parts . shell illustrated in figure 11 ; length = 15 . 0 mm , width = 11 . 9 mm , height = 4 . 1 mm . frozen tissue is also deposited at the fmnh under the same lot number .
just north of la paz , baja california sur , mexico , along the coast of ensenada la paz near el comitán . collected from rocks in the low intertidal zone .
material whose identity can be verified as b . latebrus has only been collected near la paz , mexico . shells that may be from this species occur commonly along the pacific coast of baja california and have been reported from as far north as southern california . however , observations of development and dna data are necessary before their identity can be verified .
c . californica tryon , 1886 is a nomen nudum . however , it may possibly have been applied to this species in the previous literature . fossil shells with similar morphology occur in the pliocene and pleistocene of california , usa and baja california , mexico .
isla parida , gulf of chiriqui , panama . 8°5 . 458′n , 82°18 . 671′w
material whose identity has be verified as b . urraca has been collected in panama from the gulf of chiriqui , isla coiba , the azuero peninsula , and the perlas archipelago . in el salvador it has been collected from the gulf of fonseca . this species occurs from the intertidal zone to at least 50 m and can occur in densities up to several hundred per square meter in the intertidal zone .
the species name urraca is a noun in apposition . the name honours the r / v urraca , the smithsonian tropical research institute ' s research vessel , which was used to collect samples of this species . urraca was the name of a guaymi chief who fought bravely against the spanish in panama .
characters of new genera and species of mollusca and conchifera , collected by mr . cuming . descriptions of new species of calyptraeidae
the evolutionary enigma of bonefishes ( albula spp . ) : cryptic species an ancient separation in a globally distributed shorefish
sex change , reproduction and development of crepidula adunca and c . lingulata ( gastropoda : calyptraeidae )
another last word on crepidula convexa and a description of c . ustulatulina sp . nov . ( gastropoda : calyptraeidae ) from the gulf of mexico
, museum demidoff , ou catalogue des curiosités de la nature et de l ' art données a l ' université imperiale de moscou par m . de demidoff , 3 ,
especies gemelas del género crepidula en la costa de chile ; una redescripción de c . dilatata lamarck y descripción de c . fecunda n . sp
dept . biology , university of rochester and dept . biology , university of uppsala
standards in herpetology and ichthyology : part i . standard symbolic codes for institutional resource collections in herpetology and ichthyology
the shell collection of j . h . chemnitz in the zoological institute , st . petersburg
oxford university press is a department of the university of oxford . it furthers the university ' s objective of excellence in research , scholarship , and education by publishing worldwide
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collin , rachel | ramos - esplá , alfonso a . | izquierdo muñoz , andrés
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research lines at cimar are related , among others , with the study of marine biodiversity , the characterisation of coastal benthic communities , and the study of coastal ecosystems .
there are lines of research on the understanding of marine biodiversity , the introduction of non - indigenous species into the mediterranean sea , anthropic impacts on martin ecommunities , assessment of the quality of seawater based on benthic organisms , coastal management and its resources , and marine environmental protection through the identification of marine protected areas .
- monitoring of species introduced in the spanish south east , in collaboration with the aquarium of santa pola .
- monitoring of the presence of invasive crustacean percnon gibesii into the rocky coast of cabo huertas and tabarca marine reserve .
- role of crustaceans ( amphipoda ) in ecology associated to the ‘fouling’ community at the mediterranean aquaculture facilities .
- characterisation of sipunculids settlements of the spanish mediterranean , establishing the relationship between the characteristics of those settlements and their habitat .


apolygus lucorum is a species of true bug in the miridae family .

it can be found everywhere in europe except for albania , bulgaria , iceland , malta , and portugal .

apolygus lucorum

early season host plants of apolygus lucorum ( heteroptera : miridae ) in northern china .
apolygus lucorum ( meyer - dur 1843 ) - - det . m . d . schwartz
seasonal migration of apolygus lucorum ( hemiptera : miridae ) over the bohai sea in northern china .
early season host plants of apolygus lucorum ( heteroptera : miridae ) in northern china . - pubmed - ncbi
seasonal migration of apolygus lucorum ( hemiptera : miridae ) over the bohai sea in northern china . - pubmed - ncbi
citation : pan h , lu y , wyckhuys kag , wu k ( 2013 ) preference of a polyphagous mirid bug , apolygus lucorum ( meyer - dür ) for flowering host plants . plos one 8 ( 7 ) : e68980 . urltoken
acute toxicity of the essential oil of a . tuberosum leaves and its major constituents against ap . lucorum adults
pan , hongsheng ; liu , bing ; lu , yanhui ; wyckhuys , kris a . g . . 2015 . seasonal alterations in host range and fidelity in the polyphagous mirid bug , apolygus lucorum ( heteroptera : miridae ) . plos one 10 ( 2 ) : e0117153 .
in this study , we related a . lucorum adult abundance of on a given plant species with plant phenology data . our objectives were ( 1 ) to assess temporal differences in the extent of flower preference by a . lucorum adults , and ( 2 ) to assess the role of flower preference as the driver of a . lucorum host plant switching .
insect information : apolygus lucorum feed on leaves by leaving small brown holes in the foliage . the species can damage fruits as well , by leaving bumps on them . when they drink the sap , they inject their poisonous salivary juices , which can cause buds , leaves and fruit distortions .
detail : this pheromone lure is for apolygus lucorum . manufactured with high quality sex pheromone and constant release vial carriers , our pheromone lures are species specific , residue free and effective for attracting targeted adult male damaging insects for more than 45 days in the fields , perfect for monitoring or mass trapping .
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the selective response of alucor46 to plant volatiles and its female - biased expression suggest that this receptor could be involved by a . lucorum in locating host plant for feeding and oviposition [ 21 , 22 , 23 ] .
tissue expression patterns of alucor46 in adults of a . lucorum . a : antenna ; h : heads without antenna ; t : thoraxes ; ab : abdomens ; l : legs . asterisk indicates significant difference between female and male .
the red line indicates the flowering period . data of population dynamics of a . lucorum on cotton ( gossypium hirsutum l . ) and mungbean ( vigna radiata ( l . ) wilczek ) in 2007 were cited from [ 26 ] .
at a given time , a . lucorum showed a clear preference for a limited number of plants species . as not all plant species are present in all agricultural landscapes of northern china , a . lucorum abundance is deemed highly dependent upon location and composition of local agricultural landscapes [ 36 ] . in china , there are different cropping patterns , including mixed plantations of food crops and cotton , fruit trees and cotton , pastures and cotton , and so forth [ 37 ] . in each cropping pattern , the dominant overwintering location and seasonal host plant range of a . lucorum vary considerably [ 24 ] , which would lead to different patterns of host plant use ( inc . seasonal dynamics , between - plant transfer ) .
the essential oil of a . tuberosum exhibited acute toxicity against ap . lucorum with an ld 50 value of 20 . 03 μg per adult ( table 2 ) . the constituent , diallyl trisulfide possessed acute toxicity against ap . lucorum with an ld 50 value of 10 . 13 μg per adult , while allyl methyl trisulfide , diallyl disulfide , and dimethyl trisulfide had ld 50 values of 21 . 10 μg per adult , 28 . 10 μg per adult , and 21 . 65 μg per adult , respectively ( table 2 ) .
relative electroantennogram ( eag ) responses of female and male a . lucorum to six plant volatiles . ns indicates that there are no significant differences . asterisks indicate significant differences in eag response between female and male antennae , p < 0 . 05 . error bars indicate sem ( n = 6 ) .
in earlier work , seasonal host switching of certain polyphagous mirid bugs ( e . g . l . lineolaris , pseudatomoscelis seriatus [ reuter ] ) has been related to their preference for flowering host plants [ 19 ] , [ 29 ] , [ 30 ] . in our study , a . lucorum equally exhibited a clear preference for flowering plants and switched food plants according to the succession of different flowering plant species in the local agro - ecosystem [ 22 ] , [ 25 ] . it provided important information for further understanding the interaction between a . lucorum and host plants , and exploring the patterns of population dynamics of this mirid bug in different host plants .
over the course of the experiment , the proportion of flowering plants with the presence of a . lucorum adults was significantly higher than that of non - flowering plants in each of the different periods ( inc . early july , late july , early august , late august , and early september ) ( p < 0 . 05 ) ( table 2 ) . more specifically , the proportions of flowering and non - flowering plants exploited by a . lucorum adults were 50 . 0–100 . 0 % and 11 . 3–31 . 8 % in early july , 48 . 7–95 . 8 % and 10 . 1–58 . 3 % in late july , 63 . 6–98 . 4 % and 4 . 8–51 . 7 % in early august , 71 . 0–96 . 4 % and 10 . 9–45 . 0 % in late august , and 73 . 9–96 . 3 % and 18 . 2–63 . 2 % in early september , respectively ( table 2 ) .
a chi - square test was performed to compare the extent to which a . lucorum adults visited flowering vs . non - flowering plants during a given specific 2 - wk sampling window per year . each sampling period comprised three or four field surveys . if flowers were found at one or more surveys , the plant species was regarded as “flowering” for the corresponding period . on the other hand , if no flowers were found during any of the surveys , the respective plant species was treated as “non - flowering” .
the a . lucorum ( meyer - dür ) used in all experiments were obtained from a laboratory colony established and maintained at the institute of plant protection , chinese academy of agricultural sciences , beijing , china . insects were reared with fresh corns and green beans and maintained at 28 ± 1 °c , with 60 % ± 5 % relative humidity and a 14 h : 10 h light : dark photoperiod . antennae , heads ( without antennae ) , thoraxes , abdomens and legs were collected from male and female adults on the third day after eclosion , immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −70 °c .
our work showed year - by - year fluctuations in general a . lucorum abundance ( figure 2 – 7 ) , which affected its population levels on a given host plant at any specific time . yearly differences in climatic conditions and associated plant germination and growth are thought to be the prime determinants of those seasonal patterns [ 32 ] , [ 38 ] , [ 39 ] . computer models maybe help to simulate its population dynamics in the agro - ecosystem and then analyze the effects of various biotic factors ( e . g . , host plant selection , phenological relative survival ) and abiotic factors ( e . g . temperature , rainfall ) on its seasonal occurrence [ 40 ] .
for a given plant species with high adult abundance , standard attraction during flowering periods was significantly higher than during non - flowering periods ( p < 0 . 05 ) ( figure 1 , table 3 ) . the average standard attraction of all selected flowering plants at flowering stage was 9 . 3 , 7 . 7 , 19 . 5 , 15 . 5 , 12 . 9 , and 12 . 3 times higher than that during non - flowering periods from 2007 until 2012 , respectively . seasonal fluctuations in a . lucorum adult abundance on each plant species and the relative standard attraction for a given plant species showed similar trends . the mean population level of the above plant species at flowering stage was 10 . 3 , 17 . 8 , 28 . 9 , 18 . 6 , 13 . 9 , and 18 . 2 times higher than that during non - flowering periods from 2007 to 2012 , respectively ( figure 2 – 7 ) .
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museum für naturkunde leibniz - institut für evolutions - und biodiversitätsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken
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species are green and rather broadly oval in shape . the black tibial spines do not arise from black spots and the 2nd antennal segment is usually shorter than the width of the pronotum at the base .
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urltoken
upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
in some areas ( esp . asia ) seriously damages crops incl . cotton , grape , etc .
schuh , r . t . 2002 - 2013 . on - line systematic catalog of plant bugs ( insecta : heteroptera : miridae ) .
review of lygocoris species found in canada and alaska ( heteroptera : miridae ) l . a . kelton . 1971 . d . p . pielou .
heteroptera of economic importance schaefer c . w . , panizzi a . r . ( eds ) . 2000 . crc press , boca raton , fl , 828 pp .
alien true bugs ( hemiptera : heteroptera ) in canada : composition and adaptations scudder g . g . e . , foottit r . g . 2006 . the canadian entomologist 138 : 24 - 51 .
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state key laboratory for biology of plant diseases and insect pests , institute of plant protection , chinese academy of agricultural sciences , beijing 100193 , china .
1 school of life science , shanxi normal university , linfen 041000 , china ; moc . 621 @ 4141213gnahz
2 state key laboratory for biology of plant diseases and insect pests , institute of plant protection , chinese academy of agricultural sciences , beijing 100193 , china ; moc . 361 @ 0220 _ wsy ( s . y . ) ; nc . saacppi @ gnawrg ( g . w . )
* correspondence : moc . 361 @ 6002pmgnahz ( m . z . ) ; nc . saacppi @ uilgnay ( y . l . ) ; tel . : + 86 - 357 - 205 - 1197 ( m . z . ) ; + 86 - 10 - 6281 - 6947 ( y . l . )
this article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution ( cc - by ) license ( urltoken ) .
) , with an open reading frame ( orf ) of 1185 bp , encoding a protein of 394 amino acids . alucor46 is predicted to present 7 tmds with an intracellular n - terminus and an extracellular c - terminus . its identity with other ors of the same species is very poor , 12 . 7 % with alucorco and between 10 % and 16 % with other individual ors (
alignment of amino acid sequences of alucor46 , alucor12 , alucor18 , alucor30 , alucor28 and alucorco . the seven transmembrane domains ( tm1–tm7 ) are marked by solid lines . the conserved amino acid sites among the 6 ors are marked with black shading . amino acid similarities are very poor between these members . in particular , alucor46 is 12 . 7 % identical to alucorco and shares 15 . 7 % , 13 . 7 % , 14 . 2 % and 10 . 4 % amino acids with alucor12 , alucor18 , alucor28 and alucor30 , respectively .
was monitored by quantitative real - time pcr ( qrt - pcr ) . the results show that
oocytes and responses to odorants were recorded using two - electrode voltage clamp . we used 65 compounds including terpenoids , alcohols , aldehydes and benzoates . only six compounds : (
functional characterization of alucor46 / orco in xenopus oocytes . ( a ) inward current responses of alucor46 / orco xenopus oocytes to 10 −4 m solution of ( s ) - ( − ) - limonene , ( r ) - ( + ) - limonene , ( e ) - 2 - hexenal , ( e ) - 3 - hexenol , 1 - heptanol and ( 1r ) - ( − ) - myrtenol ; ( b ) response profile of alucor46 / orco xenopus oocytes . error bars indicate standard error of the mean ( sem ) ( n = 6 ) ; ( c ) tuning curve of alucor46 . tuning curve for the alucor46 to an odor panel comprising 65 odorants arranged along the x - axis . the odors which elicited the strongest responses are in the middle of the distribution , the weakest near the edges .
dose - response of alucor46 / orco expressed in xenopus . ( a ) alucor46 / orco xenopus oocytes were stimulated with a concentrations range of ( e ) - 2 - hexenal , ( e ) - 3 - hexenol , 1 - heptanol and ( 1r ) - ( − ) - myrtenol ; ( b ) dose - response curves of alucor46 / orco xenopus oocytes to ( e ) - 2 - hexenal , ( e ) - 3 - hexenol , 1 - heptanol and ( 1r ) - ( − ) - myrtenol . responses are normalized by defining the maximal response as 100 in each group . the error bar indicates sem ( n = 6 ) .
the structure of six active compounds and the half maximal effective concentration ( ec 50 ) . values of four compounds .
assay . the mean eag response value to the blank stimulus ( 10 μl hexane ) was 84 . 44 ± 3 . 74 ( mean ± sem ) μv for
females and 80 . 28 ± 4 . 84 μv for males . the mean response values to the reference stimulus ( 10 μl of 0 . 1 m 1 - hexanol ) , was 219 . 14 ± 14 . 46 μv for females and 222 . 22 ± 15 . 86 μv for males , which were significantly higher than to the blank stimulus ( both
) - 3 - hexenol proved to be the strongest stimuli , followed by 1 - heptanol . the other three stimuli produced much weaker signals . responses were generally similar between sexes , in some cases significantly higher in female antennae (
) . different chemicals with similar structures could activate the same or , a fact proven by many in vitro experiments . for example , in
] . however , although the four chemicals could stimulate similar responses in heterologous expression , the eag responses to them in both female and male showed significant differences . this may be caused by the fact that olfactory selectivity does not only depend on ors but also on other olfactory genes such as obps , sensory neuron membrane proteins ( snmps ) and odorant - degrading enzymes ( odes ) , as well as from the expression level of these genes [
] . there is also a possibility that other ors tuned to the same compounds may exist in the olfactory system of this species .
in conclusion , alucor46 is a receptor tuned to host plant volatiles and could represent an attractive target to control this important agricultural pest .
the 65 odorants tested in this study are listed in table s1 . all the chemicals were purchased from sigma - aldrich ( saint louis , mo , usa ) . in two - electrode voltage - clamp electrophysiological recordings , odorants were dissolved in dimethyl sulphoxide ( dmso ) as 1 m stock solutions . before experiments , these were diluted to the appropriate concentrations in 1× ringer’s buffer ( 96 mm nacl , 2 mm kcl , 5 mm mgcl 2 , 0 . 8 mm cacl 2 , and 5 mm hepes , ph 7 . 6 ) . in eag experiments , the six selected compounds , ( s ) - ( − ) - limonene , ( r ) - ( + ) - limonene , ( e ) - 2 - hexenal , ( e ) - 3 - hexenol , 1 - heptanol and ( 1r ) - ( − ) - myrtenol , were dissolved in hexane at the concentration of 0 . 1 m .
total rna was isolated using trizol reagent ( invitrogen , carlsbad , ca , usa ) , quantified on a nanodrop - 2000 spectrophotometer ( nanodrop technologies , inc . , wilmington , de , usa ) and digested with dnasei ( fermentas , glen burnie , md , usa ) to remove trace amounts of genomic dna , before synthesis of single - strand cdna using revert aid first strand cdna synthesis kit ( fermentas ) . the cdna of antennae was used as the template for gene cloning and , together with cdnas from heads ( without antennae ) , thoraxes , abdomens and legs as templates for qrt - pcr .
to clone the full - length orf of alucor46 specific primers were designed using primer premier 5 . 0 software ( premier biosoft international , palo alto , ca , usa ) ; their sequences are reported in table s2 . pcr reaction mixtures of 25 μl contained 1 μl cdna , 0 . 25 μl primestar hs dna polymerase , 5 μl 5× primerstar buffer , 2 μl dntp mixture ( 2 . 5 mm each ) and 0 . 5 μl of each primer ( 10 μm ) . pcr conditions were : initial denaturation at 95 °c for 3 min ; 35 cycles of 95 °c for 30 s , 55 °c for 30 s , and 72 °c for 2 min ; final extension at 72 °c for 10 min . the amplification product was purified from 1 . 0 % agarose gels and ligated into the peasy - t3 vector ( transgenbiotech , beijing , china ) following the manufacturer’s instructions . plasmids were extracted and sequenced at bgi ( beijing , china ) .
, qrt - pcr was performed using cdna from antennae ( a ) , heads without antennae ( h ) , thoraxes ( t ) , abdomens ( ab ) and legs ( l ) on the abi prism 7500 fast detection system ( applied biosystems , carlsbad , ca , usa ) . to correct for samples variation and normalize
) was used as a reference . primers were designed using the beacon designer 7 . 90 software ( premier biosoft international ) (
) . qrt - pcr reactions were conducted in 20 μl reaction mixtures containing 0 . 5 μl of each primer ( 10 μm ) , 1 μl of sample cdna , 8 μl of sterilized h
o and 10 μl 2× go taq qpcr master mix ( promega , madison , wi , usa ) . the qrt - pcr cycling program was : 95 °c for 2 min , 40 cycles of 95 °c for 30 s , 60 °c for 1 min . relative quantification was performed by using the comparative 2
maximum ) . each experiment was repeated three times using three independently isolated rna samples .
the full orf of alucor46 was amplified by primers with restriction enzyme sites ( apa i and not i ) ( table s2 ) and cloned into pt7ts vector . the vector was linearized by the restriction enzyme sma i and complimentary ribonucleic acid ( crna ) was synthesized from the linearized plasmid using mmessage mmachine t7 kit ( ambion , austin , tx , usa ) .
relative eag responses for each compound were calculated by the formula : relative eag response = ( eag response to the test compound − mean eag response to the blank stimulus ) / ( mean eag response to the reference stimulus − mean eag response to the blank stimulus ) [ 39 ] . the differences of mean relative eag response between female and male to the same test compound were compared using student’s t - tests . statistical analyses of the above data were processed in spss 23 . 0 .
we thank paolo pelosi for comments and editorial assistance on the manuscript . this work was supported by national natural science foundation of china ( 31471833 and 31321004 ) and the national transgenic crop initiative ( 2012zx08009001 ) .
zhixiang zhang , meiping zhang , guirong wang and yang liu conceived and designed the experiments ; zhixiang zhang , meiping zhang , shuwei yan and yang liu performed the experiments ; zhixiang zhang and yang liu analyzed the data ; zhixiang zhang contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools ; zhixiang zhang , meiping zhang and yang liu wrote the paper .
the authors declare no conflict of interest . the founding sponsors had no role in the design of the study ; in the collection , analyses , or interpretation of data ; in the writing of the manuscript , and in the decision to publish the results .
schoonhoven l . m . , van loon j . j . , dicke m .
bruce t . j . , wadhams l . j . , woodcock c . m . insect host location : a volatile situation .
meyer - dür ( hemiptera : miridae ) , to sex pheromone analogs and plant volatiles .
su c . y . , menuz k . , carlson j . r . olfactory perception : receptors , cells , and circuits .
leal w . s . odorant reception in insects : roles of receptors , binding proteins , and degrading enzymes .
vosshall l . b . , hansson b . s . a unified nomenclature system for the insect olfactory coreceptor .
of the olfactory coreceptor orco gene by rna interference induces eag response declining to two putative semiochemicals .
anderson a . r . , wanner k . w . , trowell s . c . , warr c . g . , jaquin - joly e . , zagatti p . , robertson h . , newcomb r . d . molecular basis of female - specific odorant responses in
) exclusively tuned to the important plant volatile cis - 3 - hexenyl acetate .
groot a . t . , timmer r . , gort g . , lelyveld g . p . , drijfhout f . p . , van beek t . a . , visser j . h . sex - related perception of insect and plant volatiles in
loughrin j . h . , manukian a . , heath r . r . , turlings t . c . , tumlinson j . h . diurnal cycle of emission of induced volatile terpenoids by herbivore - injured cotton plant .
scala a . , allmann s . , mirabella r . , haring m . a . , schuurink r . c . green leaf volatiles : a plant’s multifunctional weapon against herbivores and pathogens .
agricultural university of hebei province ; baoding , china : 2011 . identification of host palnt semiochemicals and the attraction for
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lu t . , qiu y . t . , wang g . r . , kwon j . y . , rutzler m . , kwon h . w . , pitts r . j . , van loon j . j . a . , takken w . , carlson j . r . odor coding in the maxillary palp of the malaria vector mosquito
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fu x , liu y , li c , lu y , li y , wu k .
discover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership – a perfect fit for your research every time .
copyright : © 2013 pan et al . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
funding : this research was supported by the national basic research program of china ( no . 2012cb114104 ) , and the special fund for agro - scientific research in the public interest ( 201103012 ) , the national natural science funds ( no . 31222046 ) . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .
agricultural landscapes regularly consist of crop fields interspersed with uncultivated habitats , thus providing abundant food resources for generalist phytophagous insects [ 1 ] , [ 2 ] . change in the phenology of certain host or food plants results in a constantly changing mosaic of habitats across the agro - landscape [ 1 ] , [ 3 ] . most polyphagous plant - feeding insects ephemerally exploit suitable host plants and habitats , but equally engage in host plant switching to locate new , more suitable hosts [ 1 ] , [ 4 ] , [ 5 ] . one advantage of such periodic host switching is that it permits continuous exploitation of a nutrient - diverse diet , thereby improving survival and reproduction [ 1 ] , [ 6 ] , [ 7 ] . additionally , polyphagous insect herbivores usually exhibit clear preferences for particular plant species or plant growth stages [ 7 ] , [ 8 ] , [ 9 ] , [ 10 ] , [ 11 ] . an in - depth assessment of host plant preferences of polyphagous insects is central to understanding their seasonal dynamics on a particular plant species and their movement between plants and habitats across the agricultural landscape .
we thank the graduate trainees at langfang experimental station , caas during the period 2007–2012 for assistance with the field surveys .
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esquivel jf , esquivel sv ( 2009 ) identification of cotton fleahopper ( hemiptera : miridae ) host plants in central texas and compendium of reported hosts in the united states . environ entomol 38 : 766–780 .
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( hübner ) ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) over a wide area in northern china . ecol model 221 : 1819–1830 .
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adults for six host species and their volatiles . chin j appl entomol 49 : 641–647 .
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or28 is sensitively tuned to ( z ) - 3 - hexenyl acetate and few structurally similar compounds .
or28 responds to three attractive flowering compounds butyl acrylate , butyl propionate and butyl butyrate .
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lygocoris pabulinus ? similar to my image submitted here but it seems too yellow and too squat for that species .
this does look better in some ways but the images and description at britishbugs . org . uk , here , seem a little different . i added another image which shows the tibial spines , not visible in my first image , as well as detail of the cuneus . i wasn ' t sure if there were any other details that might be useful so i uploaded the entire image at high resolution as well . you may have to download it to see it at full res . i appreciate dr . schwartz ' s determination and i do not doubt it it . i only add the images in case the determination was based on assumed detail not visible in the original image . i certainly mean no disrespect .
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department of entomology , china agricultural university , 2 yuanmingyuan west rd . , haidian district , beijing 100193 , people’s republic of china
the yield of essential oil of a . tuberosum was 0 . 005 % ( v / w based on fresh weight ) , while its density was determined to be 1 . 018 g / ml . a total of 20 components ( 19 of them were sulfur - containing compounds ) from the essential oil of a . tuberosum were identified , accounting for 97 . 95 % of the total oil . the principal constituents of a . tuberosum essential oil were allyl methyl trisulfide ( 36 . 24 % ) , diallyl disulfide ( 27 . 26 % ) , diallyl trisulfide ( 18 . 68 % ) , and dimethyl trisulfide ( 9 . 23 % ) ( table 1 ) .
ri , retention index , as determined on an hp - 5ms column using the homologous series of n - hydrocarbons .
the essential oil of a . tuberosum leaves showed less acute toxicity against the adults of ap . lurocum than the garlic essential oil ( ld 50 = 13 . 36 μg per adult , table 2 ) . garlic essential oil was chosen as a positive control because of its strong insecticidal activity , for example , fumigant activity against the japanese termite , reticulitermes speratus ( park and shin 2005 ) , larvicidal activity to ae . albopictus ( tedeschi et al . 2011 ) , contact toxicity against pear psyllid , cacopsylla chinensis ( zhao et al . 2013 ) . in fact , the essential oil and other extracts from a . sativum had been developed into a series of pest control insecticides for use against several pests , e . g . , garlic barrier ag ( garlic barrier ag , glendale , ca ) and envir epel ( cal crop usa , greeley , co ) .
this work was supported by special fund for agro - scientific research in the public interest ( 201103012 - 3 ) . we thank dr . liu qr from college of life sciences , beijing normal university , beijing 100875 , for the identification of the experimental plant material .
biological activity of volatile di - n - propyl disulfide from seeds of neem , azadirachta indica ( meliaceae ) , to two species of stored grain pests , sitophilus oryzae ( l . ) and tribolium castaneum ( herbst )
sulfur constituents of the essential oil of nira ( allium tuberosum rottl . ) cultivated in brazil
sulfur volatiles from allium spp . affect asian citrus psyllid , diaphorina citri kuwayama ( hemiptera : psyllidae ) , response to citrus volatiles
volatile constituents of chinese chive ( allium tuberosum rottl . ex sprengel ) and rakkyo ( allium chinense g . don ) .
j . environ . sci . health b pestic . food contam . agric . wastes
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effect of dietary protein and carbohydrates on survival and growth in larvae of the henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata ( f . ) ( coleoptera : coccinellidae )
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