the asiatic glassfishes are a family , ambassidae , of freshwater and marine fishes in the order perciformes .

the species in the family are native to asia , oceania , the indian ocean , and the western pacific oceans .

the family includes eight genera and about 49 species .

the family has also been called chandidae , and some sources continue to use the name .

because ambassidae was used first , in 1870 , it has precedence over chandidae , which was first used in 1905 .

the largest species reaches a maximum size of about 26 cm ( 10 in ) .

many of the species are noted for their transparent or semi-transparent bodies .

a number of species are used as aquarium fish , noted for their transparent bodies .

the indian glassy fish , parambassis ranga , is a colorful fish , but showier specimens that had been injected with artificial coloring were sold as novelty pets in the 1990s .

since then these " painted fish " have become much less popular , with more fishkeepers seeking naturally pigmented specimens .

ambassidae

kottelat , m . ( 2003 ) parambassis pulcinella , a new species of glassperch ( teleostei : ambassidae ) from the ataran river basin ( myanmar ) , with comments on the family - group names ambassidae , chandidae and bogodidae . ichthyological explorationbof freshwaters , 14 ( 1 ) , 9–18 .
ambassidae , or asiatic glassfish , are a family of around 40 species belonging to the order of perciformes . the species in the family are native to the waters of asia and oceania and the indian and western pacific oceans . the family was formerly known as the chandidae , a name which itis continues to use . fishbase notes that ambassidae , which was named by klunzinger in 1870 , has priority over chandidae , which was created by fowler in 1905 .
roberts , t . r . ( 1994 ) systematic revision of tropical asian freshwater glassperches ( ambassidae ) , with descriptions of three new species . natural history bulletin of siamese society , 42 ( 1994 [ 1995 ] ) , 263–290 .
allen , g . r . & burgess , w . e . ( 1990 ) . a review of the glass - fishes ( ambassidae ) of australia and new guinea . rec . west . aust . mus . suppl . 34 : 139–206
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distribution : asia and oceania , indo - west pacific oceans . dorsal fin usually with 7 - 8 spines and 7 - 11 soft rays ; anal fin with three spines and 7 - 11 softrays . pelvic fin with 1 spine and 5 softrays ; 24 - 25 vertebrae . many species with semi - transparent body . maximum length about 26 cm . formerly known as chandidae .
the list below must not be used as an authority reference synonymy list like those found in scientific published revisions , which must be the source to be used and cited eventually when they exist .
rather , it reflects the current content of fishbase , and the progress with respect to synchronization with the catalog of fishes . however , we think it can be useful for users to assess the quality of information in fishbase , to start new work on the family , or to cross - check with other lists .
but we appreciate to be cited in publications when this list has been of any working value . in particular , for published scientific , we suggest then to cite it in the material and method section as a useful tool to conduct the research , but again , not as a taxonomic or nomenclatural authority reference .
unless it is explicitly precised , the list is not complete , please search all original names published for the family in the catalog of fishes ( genera , species ) , including those with uncertain or unknown status , that are not included in fishbase when they are not attached to a valid species .
this list uses some data from catalog of fishes ( not shown but used to sort names ) .
in the column coff , the digit indicates the status of synchronization with coff : 0 : not checked ; 1 : same status ; 2 : different status ; 3 : other combination ; 4 : synonym in coff ; 5 : species / subspecies issue ; 6 : synonym of another species in coff ; 7 : not in coff ; 8 : should not be in coff . the coff version currently used is the one published on 23 - 07 - 2014 ( ref . 97102 ) .
when subfamilies are recognized , nominotypical subfamily first then other subfamilies by alphabetical order .
type genus of the family first ( or of subfamily when subfamilies are recognized ) then other genera by chronological order of description ( and alphabetical order ) .
type species of the genus first by chronological order ( and alphabetical order ) , with last listed misapplied names in a light gray font .
use the table to access images and fact sheets of the ambassid fishes on the site . these fishes are also called chanda perches and perchlets
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !
description asia and oceania , indo - west pacific oceans . dorsal fin usually with 7 - 8 spines and 7 - 11 soft rays ; anal fin with three . . .
description asia and oceania , indo - west pacific oceans . dorsal fin usually with 7 - 8 spines and 7 - 11 soft rays ; anal fin with three spines and 7 - 11 softrays . pelvic fin with 1 spine and 5 softrays ; 24 - 25 vertebrae . many species with semi - transparent body . maximum length about 26 cm . family named chandidae in nelson , 1994 . [ details ]
van der laan , r . ; eschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ( 2014 ) . family - group names of recent fishes . zootaxa . 3882 ( 1 ) : 1 - 230 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of chandidae fowler , 1905 ) van der laan , r . ; eschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ( 2014 ) . family - group names of recent fishes . zootaxa . 3882 ( 1 ) : 1 - 230 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
eschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ; van der laan , r . ( eds ) . ( 2017 ) . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . electronic version . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of chandidae fowler , 1905 ) eschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ; van der laan , r . ( eds ) . ( 2017 ) . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . electronic version . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
this page was last edited on 23 july 2010 , at 12 : 20 .
content is available under creative commons attribution - sharealike 3 . 0 unported license unless otherwise noted .
the glassfishes of australia were recently reviewed by allen & burgess ( 1990 ) . this work includes a key and diagnostic illustrations for all species . the family contains approximately 40 species belonging to about eight genera ; 14 species and three genera are known from australia . one undescribed species is known from the lake eyre basin and northern australia ( allen et al . , 2002 ) . that species was previously referred to as ambassis muelleri . a number of species are figured in whitley ( 1935 ) and lectotypes selected for several species .
the family is confined to the tropical indo - west pacific , although about two - thirds of this total dwell in fresh waters of india , southeast asia and the indo - australian archipelago . five of the australian species are restricted to fresh water . the remainder are estuarine dwellers which are sometimes found in the lower reaches of freshwater streams . glassfishes are apparently nocturnal , and congregate amongst plants or other shelter during daylight hours .
most species are small in size , usually under 100 mm , with the exception of parambassis which may grow in excess of 250 mm .
the diet includes micro - crustaceans , aquatic insects , small arachnids , terrestrial insects and small amounts of fishes and algae .
whitley , g . p . ( 1935 ) . fishes from princess charlotte bay , north queensland . rec . s . aust . mus . 5 ( 3 ) : 345–365 figs 1–11
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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mayanglambam dishma department of life sciences , manipur university , canchipur–795003 , manipur , india .
waikhom vishwanath department of life sciences , manipur university , canchipur–795003 , manipur , india .
parambassis serrata , a new species of glassperch from the kolo river , kaladan drainage , mizoram , india is described . it is distinguished from its congeners by the combination of characters that includes : presence of a faint , vertically - elongated brown humeral blotch ; posterior margin of most spines of first dorsal fin proximally blackish ; 14−16 dorsal and anal - fin branched rays ; a black longitudinal stripe on ventral surface of caudal peduncle ; absence of predorsal scales ; a serrated preopercular ridge ; 51−56 scales in lateral series ; and 11 pectoral - fin rays .
fraser - brunner , a . ( 1955 ) a synopsis of the centropomid fishes of the subfamily chandidae , with description of a new genus and two new species . bulletin of the raffles museum , 25 ( 1954 [ 1955 ] ) , 185–213 .
greenwood , p . h . ( 1976 ) a review of the family centropomidae ( pisces : perciformes ) . bulletin of the british museum ( natural history ) , 29 ( 1 ) , 1–81 .
hollister , g . ( 1934 ) clearing and dyeing fish for bone study . zoologica 12 , 89–101 .
kar , d . & sen , n . ( 2007 ) systematic list and distribution of fishes in mizoram , tripura and barak drainages of north eastern india . zoos’ print journal , 22 , 2599–2607 . urltoken
kottelat , m . ( 2013 ) the fishes of the inland waters of southeast asia : a catalogue and core bibliography of the fishes known to occur in freshwaters , mangroves and estuaries . raffles bulletin of zoology supplement , 27 , 1−663 .
if you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .
yearsley , g . k . , last , p . r . & morris , g . b . 1997 ,
codes for australian aquatic biota ( caab ) : an upgraded and expanded species coding system for australian fisheries databases
, pp . 15 pp . + appendices
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 3c4a157c - a149 - 4796 - b3b5 - e8c14c22fee8
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : c5397f67 - deec - 47f1 - 8481 - 029ef2b0d9d6
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 257633
explore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .
find out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .
did you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .
the atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .


anthony 's woodrat ( neotoma anthonyi ) is an extinct species of rodent in the family cricetidae .

it was found only on isla todos santos in baja california norte , mexico .

they are thought to have been driven to extinction through predation from feral cats .

anthony ' s woodrat

anthony ' s woodrat occurs only on todos santos island off of northwestern baja california , mexico .
anthony ' s woodrat is one of the species that live in the california floristic province biodiversity hotspot ( cons . intl . ) .
pictures : related species : bushy - tailed woodrat ( neotoma cinerea ) ( 29 kb jpeg ) ( univ . wash . ) ; southern plains woodrat ( neotoma micropus ) ( 34 kb jpeg ) ( davis & schmidly ) ; white - throated woodrat ( neotoma albigula ) ( 79 kb jpeg ) ( cpluhna )
álvarez - castañeda , s . t . & castro - arellano , i .
álvarez - castañeda , s . t . & castro - arellano , i . 2008 .
a young / baby of a anthony is called a ' kitten , nestling , pinkie or pup ' . the females are called ' doe ' and males ' buck ' . a anthony group is called a ' colony , horde , pack , plague or swarm ' .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
insular woodrats are largely confined to rocky or boulder covered areas . woodrats generally eat plant matter such as roots , stems and leaves ; seeds , and some invertebrates . they do not drink much water , but during dry seasons they eat on the fleshy stems of cacti and other plants that are well filled with water . woodrats are generally nocturnal and are active throughout the year . they are good climbers , but they usually do not climb far up in trees . woodrats are solitary animals . anthony ' s woodrat occurs only on todos santos island off of northwestern baja california , mexico .
mammal native to the islands , the north american deermouse , was also prevalent in 1922 and absent by the end of the 20th century . anthony ' s woodrats were medium - sized , with grayish - brown fur on their backs and short , hairy tails . they were somewhat larger than very similar woodrats that live on the mainland , and males were somewhat larger than females .
patton , j . l . , huckaby , d . g . and alvarez - castaneda , s . t . 2014 . evolutionary history and a systematic revision of woodrats of the neotoma lepida group . zoology : 1 - 472 .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
mcknight , m . ( global mammal assessment team ) & amori , g . ( small nonvolant mammal red list authority )
justification : listed as extinct because the species has not been recorded since 1926 , despite exhaustive surveys .
this species is known only from two islands ( todos los santos islands ) in baja california norte , méxico ( cortes - calva et al . 2001 ) .
no known population information . five visits , from 1988 to 1990 , produced no evidence of extant individuals ( cortez - calva et al . 2001 ) .
predation by feral cats has been cited as the primary reason for extirpation of this species ( cortes - calva et al . 2001 ) .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
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1 . profile ( picture ) 2 . tidbits 3 . status and trends ( iucn status , countries where currently found , history of distribution ) 4 . data on biology and ecology ( habitat , gestation period , diet , behavior , social organization ) 5 . references
* * * woodrats collect a variety of material for their nests , often selecting pieces of silverware or other shiny objects from camps . this habit has given them the name of
trade rat
or
pack rat .
* * * sometimes woodrats live close enough to farms to be considered pests , but for the most part they have little economic significance .
insular woodrats are largely confined to rocky or boulder covered areas ( smith 1993 ) .
woodrats generally eat plant matter such as roots , stems and leaves ; seeds , and some invertebrates . they do not drink much water , but during dry seasons they eat on the fleshy stems of cacti and other plants that are well filled with water . ( nowak 1999 )
woodrats are generally nocturnal and are active throughout the year . they are good climbers , but they usually do not climb far up in trees .
cons . intl . , cpluhna , davis & schmidly , iucn 1994 , iucn 1996 , iucn 2000 , iucn 2003a , iucn 2004 , nowak 1999 , nowak & paradiso 1983 , smith 1993 , univ . wash .
© 1999 - 2014 animal info . endangered animals of the world . sj contact us .
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data and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish , wildlife , and plants in idaho .
length : average : total length : 320 . 6 mm males ; 316 . 8 mm , females . head and body : 182 . 8 mm , males ; 177 . 1 mm , females t
allen , j . a , 1898 . bulletin of the american museum of natural history , 10 : 151 .
mammal species of the world ( opens in a new window ) . mammalian species , american society of mammalogists ' species account ( opens in a new window ) .
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
copyright © 2018 langenscheidt digital gmbh & co . kg , all rights reserved .


isurus planus , also known as the hook-tooth mako or hooked mako , is an extinct mako shark that lived during the miocene epoch from 23 to 5 million years ago .

i. planus can only be found in marine deposits on the pacific rim , especially the west coast of the united states .

teeth belonging to i. planus can reach lengths of 2.0 in ( 5.0 cm ) , and are often found in the temblor formation of bakersfield , california .

isurus planus

we ' re sorry , but fossil shark teeth - isurus planus did not return any results .
isurus planus - $ 0 . 00 : steve ' s fossil shark teeth , high quality megalodon , great white and misc . rare fossil shark teeth
remarks : the systematics of makos ( genus isurus ) was formerly chaotic , with a few regional species recognized on growth changes within a single species , isurus oxyrinchus ( garman , 1913 ; fowler , 1941 ; bigelow and schroeder , 1948 ; smith , 1957 ) .
i was wondering weather people in the east coast are also finding this thicker crowned makos . since the isurus planus is only found in the west coast if somebody have find this kind of teeth in the east coast ( perhaps calvert cliffs ? ) then it will discard the planus origin of this tooth .
neogene species of the genus isurus ( elasmobranchii , lamnidae ) in southern california , u . s . a . and baja california sur , mexico . unpublished master ' s thesis . california state university , long beach .
certainly it ' s an amazing tooth , as are the beautiful c planus teeth posted by ynot .
maybe look at your collections and see if there are similar differences in your
planus
teeth .
i found it in sharktooth hill and i was wondering weather is a lower hastalis or a lower planus .
i found it in sharktooth hill and i was wondering weather is a lower hastalis or a lower planus . thanks
there is a master ' s thesis on fossil makos ( espinosa - arrubarrena , 1987 ) that recognizes uppers and lowers among the hooked planus teeth and that study is based on a los angeles museum of natural history sample of over 10 , 000 makos from the sharktooth hill bonebed . in fact , espinosa - arrubarrena referred the thicker - crowned teeth to a separate undescribed species ,
isurus species f .
if this is indeed a c planus tooth , then based on the root lobes , it ' s almost certainly a first upper anterior , and not a lateral tooth . were it actually a 2 . 5
lateral tooth - - lateral carcharodon / cosmopolitodus / isurus teeth generally being smaller in crown height than anterior teeth - - then one would have to explain the absence of 3
+ anterior planus teeth . also , this tooth doesn ' t show the degree of distal directedness of a typical c planus lateral tooth , with upper laterals generally being more deeply ' hooked ' than upper anterior teeth . i could accept this tooth as either a c hastalis or planus first upper anterior , but not a lateral from either . that part at least , seems uncontroversial .
collectors have been talking about that tooth form for years . the
old school
answer is that it is a hastalis lower . a friend calls that form
bulky isurus
with the meaning that it is a thicker - crowned variant of hastalis lower . more recently , it has been interpreted as a planus lower . i have talked with jim bourdon , the man behind elasmo . com , about this and he ' s convinced that it is a planus lower ( and i ' m paraphrasing him now ) because all the
classic
planus ( the hooked teeth ) appear to be uppers . he thinks there are already established upper and lower forms for hastalis so these thicker - crowned teeth must belong to something else and no other candidate is available for a planus lower form .
it ' s an interesting tooth in any case . it would be easily the largest planus i ' ve ever seen or heard of .
hi - i have collected hundreds of planus from sharktooth hill and my largest personal find to date is 2 . 1
i did recently acquire a planus from an old collection that measures a hair over 2 . 5
. this is the largest to date that i have seen in any collection . photo attached .
lowers could be less common because they were replaced at a slower rate . in the case of hastalis and planus , the closed modern analogue would be carcharodon carcharias , which descended from hastalis ( ie . carcharodon hastalis according to the latest update ) . i don ' t know if anyone has done a study on tooth replacement rates in great whites - uppers vs . lowers . i should add that it is not clear if planus and hastalis descended from a common ancestor or if planus descended from hastalis .
i should also note that the thicker - crowned teeth tend to be in the planus size range rather than the hastalis size range . i don ' t think i ' ve seen one over 1 3 / 4 inches ( 40mm ) which is the size of a large planus . c . hastalis lowers can reach just over 3 inches .
also i will count the planus , hastalis and the thicker crowned makos that i got in my three days trip in sharktooth hill and i will ckeck if it matches to your numbers .
that ' s a carcharodon hastalis . carcharodon planus has more rounded root lobes than that . a side view of that tooth would likely show a greater labiolingual thickness than you would see in planis .
i had this great idea that i would take a side view photo of the big hooked
planus / hastalis
sandwiched between a similar sized hastalis and a large planus . the thought was we could get some clues by comparing the labial / lingual thickness of the three . all went well until i tried to pick a typical planus to include in the photo . working from about a dozen planus in the 1 . 5
- 1 . 75
range i was currently cleaning up from this past weekend ' s dig , i found that there are two pretty distinct root forms in this small group of planus teeth 1 ) the classic deeply
u
d mickey mouse rounded lobes and 2 ) a shallow
u
with more squared lobes typically associated with hastalis and the square lobed roots are significantly lab / ling thicker . i think i ' ve confused things even more - either the hooked
planus
tooth has two root forms that would most likely be determined by tooth position or
hastalis
has a much higher frequency of deeply curved teeth than previously thought ( in this case about a third of the teeth out of the dozen ) . agassiz has some explaining to do here . . . .
that seems reasonable and would argue that the large 2 . 5
hooked tooth i showed earlier in the post is a large lateral c . planus . others have argued however that those squared off roots indicate that tooth is an abnormal c . hastalis . it may seem like splitting hairs , but tony ' s original question in the post was
how large do planus get
. 2 . 5
would likely place this tooth in question at the planus upper boundary so it would be rewarding to help define that boundary . probably no way to really settle the issue though - fossil taxonomy is never simple .
to illustrate that point i started keeping track of what i collected every time i dug in the sth bonebed during the 2000 ' s . i kept every tooth i found that was just over half - complete . one day , i found 12 hooked planus , 25
normal
hastalis and 3 thicker - crowned makos . another time , i found 30 hooked planus , 57
normal
hastalis , and 3 thicker - crowned makos . a third trip counted 24 hooked planus , 49
normal
hastalis , and 2 thicker - crowned makos . if the thicker - crowned teeth were planus lowers , i would have expected to find at least around half as many thicker - crowned teeth as hooked planus each trip but at best i found 1 / 4 as many and less than 1 / 10 as many on two other trips . someone would have to plug in more numbers ( other trip totals ) to put together a better sample but it does provide an indication of real frequency that would have to be explained in either case .
i think planus is related to carcharodon hastalis to the point that it descended from it directly sometime in the early to early - middle miocene . there are intriguing isolated teeth that indicate this but i can ' t say i have definitive evidence .
seemingly , the options are that either it ' s a c hastalis tooth with an unusually hooked crown , or it ' s a c planus tooth with both an exceptionally large crown and an unusually hastalis - like root , which seems somewhat less likely .
i ' ll try to get isurus90064 to comment because he has seen a ton of planus and hastalis from the sth bonebed and elsewhere as well . i have another friend who was digging
the hill
before i was born so it will be interesting to get his opinion as well .
it sounds like you know your stuff . i ' m away on business but will be home this week and will have to look at some of my teeth and get back to you . your photo with the tooth and the same - size hastalis and large planus is good evidence indicating that your tooth is a planus . it isn ' t as broad as hastalis tends to be . however , the root still looks more hastalis and what i ' ve learned over the years is that root characters are at least as important as crown characters in identifying teeth though perhaps more with respect to jaw position .
this particular tooth is middle miocene so should be later than any hastalis / planus divergence . the root does have some characteristics of c . hastalis , however having collected many hundreds of sharktooth hill hastalis , up to 3
, i have never seen a hastalis crown deeply
hooked
like this . the crown on this tooth is also more compressed , while hastalis in this size range typically are very thick in cross section . an argument could be made that this is a pathological variant of c . hastalis , rather than c . planus . with a sample size of one however it is hard to confirm whether the root of this
planus
is abnormal or the crown of this
hastalis
is abnormal . either truth seems to point to a pretty unique tooth . it would be helpful to know if there are any other examples of large
hooked
hastalis from the fossil record , particularly from the round mountain formation .
while i have c hastalis teeth with curved crowns , and a quick double - check on elasmo
. . . does note that distally curved xiphodon [ hastalis ] teeth are relatively common
, the above 2 . 5
tooth does look very much like the first upper anterior tooth in the cosmopolitodus planus dentition on that website .
hey tony - i took the attached photos last night to add to the thread showing the lingual and labial views . i included several planus in the 2
range and several hastalis in the 2 1 / 2
range , all from sharktooth hill , for additional comparison . i didn ' t think to take side views but can do that as well .
we could still claim that the tooth is atypical for planus crown morphology but still belongs to that species because it became relatively misshapen as a result of its extreme size but we run back into the problem of the root being the wrong shape for planus but the right shape for hastalis . shark teeth change slowly in a lineage with the root being even more conservative in terms of variation than the crown whether within a genus , a species , or the individual . the crown also takes up more space than the crown , so the larger the crown , the more opportunity for variation to be expressed . in other words in the absence of injury , we would expect more weirdness in the crown than the root so we would assume the root would carry at least as much if not more weight in the identification if the crown shows characters atypical for the taxon .
it is interesting that your annual total is about the same as two of the daily totals from the sth bonebed . that would seem to add support to the thicker - crowned teeth as planus lowers idea . i think someone doing a study comparing calvert cliffs teeth and sth teeth would also have to look at how remains came to be preserved in each deposit to make sure some other factor wasn ' t messing with the totals in either case .
i just looked through over 500 makos from multiple miocene sites in maryland and virginia and didn ' t find a single thicker crowned lower . i still have a bunch more makos from north carolina and thousands of broken ones to look through . i also looked at the makos from 3 trips to bakersfield and saw 12 thicker crowned lowers . it is still possible that a west coast hastalis variant had the thicker crowned lowers but i definitely lean toward planus having those thicker crowned lowers .
i think it ' s easy to get distracted by the round or square root lobe paradigms . as noted above , even a small selection of c planus teeth will show both shapes for the same tooth positions . one can see the same in , probably , any decent selection of carcharodon sp teeth . that ' s the ' noise ' that makes tooth position assignment sometimes very difficult , and it ' s the reason one often hears the advice that the more teeth one can see and handle , the better .
i think it ' s been said before that hastalis appears on the east coast sometime in the early miocene ( approx . 17 - 20 million years ago ) but it does not appear on the west coast until 15 - 16 million years ago . it appears
suddenly
in great abundance in the sth bonebed but it is not present in older beds in the same area ( no planus either ) such as the olcese sand ( which is in the age range of the calvert formation ) and the pyramid hill sand ( which is as old or older than the the lowest beds of the calvert ) .
anyway , the only other thing to consider is that your tooth could be from a very old hastalis individual the teeth of which did not reach a size to match the age of the animal . though , i have to admit , even in that case , only in planus do you see the clearly - hooked teeth . i have a tooth which a jeweler was going to make a necklace out of but i recognized it as oddball because it was a lateral and deeply - hooked . it has a hole drilled in it but i bought it . as i recall , that tooth has an irregular root ( no rounded lobes ) but i ' ll have to check when i get home .
notice on the fossil fishes found in california by w . p . blake .
( agassiz , 1856 ) : in : database of modern sharks , rays and chimaeras , www . shark - references . com , world wide web electronic publication , version 07 / 2018
host - parasite list / parasite - host list ( version : 01 . 04 . 2015 ) 544 pp , 5 , 37 mb new !
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the basis for his conclusion is a large private collection of sharktooth hill mako teeth . i ' d have to dig out the number but i think it was a group of over 1500 teeth from which he assembled an artificial dentition . the thicker - crowned teeth seemed to be logical lowers from that sample .
in my own digging experience in the bonebed and from what i have seen in other sth collections the thicker - crowned form is nowhere near as common as the hooked form . taking into consideration that lowers have been seen to be less common than uppers ( replacement rates of uppers perhaps faster than those of lowers in at least some species ? ) at fossil sites , the thicker - crowned teeth still seem unusually uncommon .
i ' m not fully convinced either way though i am leaning toward hastalis lower variant .
. . . . taking into consideration that lowers have been seen to be less common than uppers ( replacement rates of uppers perhaps faster than those of lowers in at least some species ? ) at fossil sites , . . . .
lower teeth for mako ' s and meg ' s seem to be far less common compared to the number of uppers found . at least in the places / exposures that i have collected , lower mako ' s and meg ' s are far less common compared to the number of uppers that i have found . at a location like calvert cliffs , i might find 50 mako ' s per year ; out of those , only 2 or 3 will be lowers . i ' ve always been curious as to why lowers ar eless common ; is it because of jaw design and the fact that the lower jaw in a shark is the one that is doing the opening / closing so the teeth need to be rooted firmly else constantly fall out during feeding ? either way , it ' s an interesting phenomena .
yeah , that ' s why i was prepared to find maybe half as many lowers or even a little less than that . i would have to take some time to see how many
normal
hastalis lowers i found compared to uppers on each day . i think i still have those samples separate .
i would assume the jaw mechanics of hastalis was not too different from its direct descendant . in c . carcharis the lower jaw does come up but the upper also extends forward and comes down ( not locked to the skull like the human upper jaw ) in the biting motion . the upper teeth might be more violently contacting the prey in that way so they might have been knocked out at a faster rate . i don ' t know .
i have wondered if lower teeth might be less common because they are more round than uppers which are more flat . the lowers might be more likely to roll around the sea bottom and therefore suffer more erosion all around the tooth , disintegrating before it could be deposited . they might have even survived in identifiable condition into modern times only to be weathered out and worn down to nothing in the surf .
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if you have one that you think is in the top end size of these teeth , please post pictures here .
i can ' t say an exact measurement , but 2
is the magic number . the further you go over that , the rarer the teeth .
northern answered it . i have two teeth at 2 inches but once saw one that was at least 2 3 / 8 .
it was one of those deeply hooked teeth too .
if you haven ' t checked out northern ' s shark tooth gallery , you should because it ' s a great show .
it sounds like you have done more collecting than me too . i know how hard that work often is . digging in july is brutal by about 1130 and it ' s cold in december .
the 2 . 5
+ tooth looks very much like c hastalis to me . the root looks like that of a first upper anterior hastalis . i have a few c hubbelli teeth that have a similar hooked shape , so it ' s possible for hastalis / hubbelli teeth to be hooked in rare instances .
sorry for the delay on getting the side views posted . i got distracted by a big c . hastalis lower i found this past weekend , but i did get that one posted to the general discussion this afternoon . i ' ll get back on a good comparison photo giving side views tomorrow .
i think the difference in root shape is where he tooth is located in the jaw . those box shaped ones are lateral while the others are anterior teeth .
i see the curve as a continual bend , whereas the bent c . hastalis teeth , that i have seen ided here on tff , have a straighter edge that has a bend in it .
regarding the root lobes : the mesial root lobe on the 2 . 5
tooth is visibly much smaller than the distal lobe . this argues persuasively that it ' s a first upper anterior tooth , and not a lateral tooth . the mesial lobe , being somewhat crowded up next to the symphysis , is often reduced in size as compared to the distal lobe on that tooth . lateral teeth generally have root lobes much more symmetrical in size .
i came to the same conclusion although i don ' t have any hastalis teeth that are curved like arrowhead ' s . my angle is also that the tooth in question is far enough beyond the realistic size range for the species based on all the teeth i ' ve seen ( my collection , friends ' collections including bob ernst ) , that i considered it highly unlikely to belong to that species . two inch teeth are rare enough . i have seen one teeth pushing 2 1 / 4 inches but 2 1 / 2 inches would be that extra level of magnitude of rarity like a 7 1 / 2 - inch megalodon in my opinion . we still can ' t say it ' s impossible to find one but i don ' t see that tooth as a candidate .
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urltoken
megalodon shark teeth wholesale shark teeth miscellaneous shark teeth other fossils for sale moroccan shark teeth reconstructed shark jaws gifts specials . . . new products . . . featured products . . . all products . . .
extinct hooked tooth mako shark teeth middle miocene - appx 15 million years old this species of extinct mako is only found at a handful of locations around the pacific ocean as it never lived in the atlantic . interesting teeth noted for relatively straight upper anterior teeth and strongly curving upper lateral teeth . these teeth here come from bakersfield , ca and are perfect quality with beautiful colors ranging from white - tan - gray - blue / gray . more uncommon lower jaw teeth ( thick rooted and very symmetrical , not pictured ) available on request .
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these exceptional teeth all originate from the walls of sharktooth hill in bakersfield , california and have no signs of water based erosion . these teeth are typified by beautiful tan coloration and almost no root or enamel damage ! an affordable choice for both hobbyists and serious collectors .
the extinct mako shark lived in the miocene era approximately 12 million years ago . mako sharks grew up to 30 feet long and had a deadly arsenal of 147 razor sharp teeth . there have been teeth found that exceed 3
long ! the formula for figuring length of the shark is done by the primary tooth measurements . standard measurements are taken from the tip to the longest root side . for every eighth of an inch equals 1 foot in length . therefore a 3
tooth would belong to a 26 foot long mako shark . the mako fed on squid , large fish , and even aquatic mammals . the power of its jaws was incredible and it could slash through vertebrae and rib bones with ease . these teeth were found scuba diving in the rivers of south carolina in depths of around 30 feet .


the smash martians were the stars of a series of 1970s and early 1980s tv advertising campaigns for smash instant mashed potato in the uk .

they were a family of martian robots who would watch humans laboriously preparing mashed potato the traditional way on tv .

the robots would then mock what they saw by chortling as they heard how the " earth people peeled their own potatoes with their metal knives , boiled them for twenty of their minutes , then smashed them all to bits " – instead of using smash instant mash .

the catchphrase ' for mash get smash ' is still an iconic advertising slogan in the uk .

the adverts featuring the smash martians were voted tv ad of the century by campaign magazine .

the martians ' behaviour and personalities were initially developed while the puppeteers were messing around on set .

the smash martians were designed for the advertising agency boase massimi pollitt by sian vickers and chris wilkins , also responsible for the four-wheeled red telephone used to advertise direct line , the urltoken opera singer , sheilas ' wheels commercials and mr. mouse , a blue american rodent advertising the insurance group esure .

unauthorised copies of the martians were made from car parts by workers at the ford halewood factory near liverpool .

smash martians

smash mash potatoes ad from the 1970s . martians laughing at earthlings for peeling potatoes .
the 1974 smash campaign featured martians laughing their heads off at stupid earthlings peeling , boiling and mashing potatoes .
the history of advertising trust reveals how the smash martians campaign was a big step forwards for the advertising industry .
smash martians land on high street . ( news ) ( through clothes developed by trademark products ) ( brief article )
smash martians land on high street . ( news ) ( through clothes developed by trademark products ) ( brief article ) - version details - trove
the first time around , people began to imitate the martians’ laugh . that could lend itself very well to snapchat , where users can create photos where they laugh like the martians .
nicole yershon , director , innovative solutions , ogilvy group advertising ; caspar schlickum , ceo , emea , xaxis ; and gav thompson , cmo paddy power , reimagine smash mash martians .
the smash martians , created three decades ago to promote instant mashed potato , are now reaching a new generation through clothes developed by trademark products . the company has produced t - . . .
quickly the public was won over by the martians - affectionately nicknamed ‘heavy metal chimps’ - laughing at earthlings wasting time peeling potatoes .
a group of robotic martians who make fun of us earth people for eating real mashed potatoes instead of using the powdered crap .
a tv commercial for mashed potato featuring a group of talking robotic martians has been named advertisement of the year by a trade magazine .
the word ' smash ' has so many connotations these days . moreover , the market for smash mash has probably changed . most mums today will be hesitant to serve instant mashed potatoes to their kids . they prefer fresh foods they can trust .
we can even distribute samples of smash mash at bars . this campaign would lend itself to a social media component . i could imagine vines with people sharing the best way to cure a hangover using smash , like adding alka seltzer to the mix .
the 1970s advert featuring a group of chortling robotic martians has been named britain’s favourite pre - internet ad - because it made an “emotional connection” with viewers .
creating a new set of martians isn’t necessarily interesting to me . it would cost a lot of money , and even more - - millions really - - to purchase air time for the adverts . will that really speak to people ? will that motivate them to go out and buy smash mash ?
at first cadbury’s were not won over . they envisaged a serious commercial extolling the nutritional values of smash . this led to doubts within bmp .
the results were overwhelming in favour of the martians – ‘english girls are smashing’ , with plenty of skimpily - clad girls eating mashed potatoes getting the cold shoulder .
if we really wanted to be provocative , we could target images of spirits , beer and parties , with martians talking about how silly humans are for not preparing for the next day .
i think a lot of people are more interested in tackling the world’s problems , and are willing to support companies that are like - minded . so rather than reimagine the martians , i’d focus on creating a program where a portion of smash mash sales is earmarked for hunger - relief programs in areas of the world that are struggling with malnourishment and hunger .
i’d also add a mobile component to reach people in areas where there are a lot of pubs and bars . the messages would remind people to pick up some smash mash .
the data itself can drive the story . for instance , we could use real - time data that comes from the nasa’s mars exploration rover . in september 2015 , nasa reported that the rover was planning for “an active winter” in which it would explore mars’s marathon valley . we can show the smash martians laughing at humanity’s rudimentary techniques for map making or getting their winter coats out of storage .
we know from the first campaign that the martians are pretty impatient . they had no tolerance for the time it takes to peel , boil and mash potatoes . so i’d take that impatience to the extreme .
i’d create a series of videos of the martians creating smashed up versions of things , such as a 15 - second version of macbeth , and famous novels and movies . so smash becomes synonymous with extremely - condensed and quick . first we’d see them smashing something , and then we’d see the results ( e . g . witches tell macbeth he’ll be king of scotland . they lied . ” )
the ground - breaking and multiple - award - winning tv ad campaign for cadbury’s smash in 1974 not only saw the arrival of the adorable martian family but also introduced animatics to the industry .
cadbury’s smash commercial for instant mashed potato was voted the uk’s most memorable advert followed by bt’s ‘you got an ology ? ” and yellow pages’ jr hartley in a poll of 2 , 000 consumers .
i’d gear this campaign to young men living on their own , and looking for quick and easy ways to fill up their bellies after a hard night of getting smashed . the martians , snarky as always , can be seen the night before egging them on to do one more shot , and then the next morning offering a quick and easy fix for the hangover ( “sorry dude , here , have some smash . ” )
smash instant mashed potatoes enjoyed moderate success when cadbury , its parent company , started looking for a way to reinvigorate sales . in 1974 , the brand engaged boase massimi pollitt , whose campaign , “for mash get smashed” did the trick . the ads featured a family of robots , made entirely from car parts , who laughed at the way silly humans mashed their potatoes the traditional way instead of opening a box of smash .
reels discovered in the archives at the history of advertising trust ( hat ) not only feature the original smash commercials but also the early animatics . stills from these are illustrated here along with one taken from the final print .
i’d use real - time data to build scenarios for these ads . if something significant happens in the world , the martians will comment on or ridicule the event , whichever is most appropriate . we’d still show them laughing at the stupidity of humanity .
it is said that the martians were conceived at a meeting in a pub webster had with writer chris wilkins . they were agonising over how to make a bowl of instant mashed potatoes tempting on the television – and they were also up against two established brands .
they were such a hit with consumers that the ‘family’ expanded to include a child and then a cat and dog . eventually a smash martian manual had to be produced as there were so many requests for details of how to make them for merchandising .
“this is one gap in hat archive for the smash story . if anyone has a copy of the manual , or perhaps owns any of the martian characters , we would love to accept them either as a donation or on loan , ” said chloe .
advertising weekly campaign named the 25 - year - old cadbury ' s smash commercial its favourite in its top ten of the century . the spots featured the creatures chortling as they heard how the
earth people
peeled their own potatoes ,
boiled them for 20 of their minutes ,
then
smashed them all to bits
- instead of using smash instant mash . viewers were not insulted at being called
a most primitive people
by the metallic creations - sales soared and the martians received so much fan mail the agency which made the commercials , now known as bmp ddb , had to prepare special literature to reply to them . now bmp ddb is celebrating the accolade by showing the original 1974 commercial in channel 4 ' s final advertising slot of the year at 2355 gmt on 31 december .
with programmatic , we can take over the internet , meaning we can purchase every available impression at a given time . we can use an anticipated event , such as the perseid meteor shower , as opportunities for the martians to comment ( “silly humans , they thinks this is a significant shower” ) .
before cadbury was all about chocolate , they put their name against mashed potato . they came up with some great little aliens to explain why we ' re all so stupid that we peel , boil and mash potato instead of just using smash . slightly insulting , but pretty good .
to take it up a notch , we can create - - or partner with - - programs that are working to relieve hunger in a variety of ways , and encourage volunteerism . we could create a multi - platform smash mash feed the world presence in social media , where volunteers can share their experiences , and encourage others .
to get people involved , i’d invite them to smash up any food . i expect we’d get videos of people making a turkey dinner in 20 seconds by doing things like putting all the ingredients in a liquidizer , or running a steamroller over them . we could create a competition , which would go viral , of the best smashed meal .
four books about the martian family who regularly received ‘fan’ mail were published and the campaign made a popular comeback more than a decade later . as a result of this outstanding campaign , smash became the market leader despite strong competition from yeoman and wondermash . it took first place in campaign’s hall of fame , the 100 best british ads of the century published in december 1999 .
latest insights , case studies and news from agencies , tech vendors , freelancers and other organisations .
the reimagining advertising campaign , created in partnership with gumgum , is asking a panel of ten marketers how they would reimagine seminal ads from the pre - digital age to find out how today’s leading advertising thinkers would reinvent them with the current digital tools at their disposal .
the ads , which ran from the 1970s into the early 1980s , were voted the second best television ad of all time in a 2000 poll conducted by the sunday times and channel 4 .
the robots , created by puppeteers out of car parts , were so iconic that some of them are now on display at the national media museum in bradform , west yorkshire .
this is a campaign i’d take it to an extreme . first off , i’d make each martian an individual character with a distinct personality , supported with all of the vehicles that let people get to know them – twitter feeds , facebook pages , and so on .
the original ads already feel like an execution that’s close to what i might do today , which is a lot of short films . they already feel quite viral – short , snappy , kind of funny , a bit ridiculous .
another idea is to tie the campaign to the weather , so when a specific weather event occurs , such as severe lightening , it serves as a signal to start buying up impressions .
gumgum is an artificial intelligence company , with particular expertise in computer vision . its mission is to unlock the value of images and videos produced everyday across the web , social media and b . . .
build your marketing knowledge by choosing from daily news bulletins or a weekly special .
hit the c - suite spot . 75 % of the drum magazine readership are senior management or above .
© carnyx group ltd 2018 | the drum is a registered trademark and property of carnyx group limited . all rights reserved .
the study , commissioned by marketing data specialist acxiom , shows the adverts “generated strong emotional connections” with tv viewers .
acxiom marketing boss jed mole told the sunday people : “these classic , much - loved ads showed us that a human , emotional connection is important in creating a successful campaign . ”
billy the kid billy the kid ' pictured ' in exceptionally rare photograph of wild west outlaw found in siberia a russian collector in yakutsk claims to have found a tintype image of the legendary wild west outlaw billy the kid - and he wants $ 5 million ( £3 . 7m ) for it
the first animatics were created by art director john webster to help sell his revolutionary approach to promoting an instant mashed potato product - to his advertising agency boase massimi pollitt ( bmp ) , the client and the public .
“these are a bit of find for us , ” said chloe veale , director of hat . “they represent an historic development in the tv commercial production process and provide a unique record for researchers . ”
until then pre - production research was often carried out using a stills slide show synchronised to a sound tape and involved stopping random passers - by in the street for their reactions . however , for the first time bmp produced animated drawings set to a soundtrack on video tape . as video was just emerging as the new audio - visual medium , agency researchers embarked on a series of nationwide tours lugging around bulky video players and a tv monitor to test the concept on regional audiences .
the martian puppets were a leap of faith as there was nothing cuddly about them but once the big beady eyes and wide smile were added they took on a personality . they also tapped into the space age era and , most importantly for tv viewers , dr who fever . peter hawkins , voice - over artist and voice of the daleks , was brought in to voice the characters . he was called to the studios and asked to ‘have a go at laughing like a dalek’ .
the ads might seem ‘light’ and fun but webster always took his work seriously with a clear desire to make the breaks in tv programmes worth watching . he also believed in the fortuitous accident . one laughing martian fell over at the shoot , and in the end was left in the final cut as it made the scene funnier .
i still remember the groundbreaking advertisement from cadbury . according to top 10 essay writing services this was so inspirational that it led to formation of new genres in advertising and film making . that is what one can call as leaving a footprint in history .
nice share . i think your website should come up much higher urltoken in the search results than where it is showing up right now… .
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campaign also commended other advertisements in its list , including benson & hedges ' cinema ads for cigarettes , the conservative party ' s 1978
labour isn ' t working
campaign , and the wartime
your country needs you
posters featuring lord kitchener in 1914 . the magazine also compiled a list of its worst ads , including bernard matthews '
bootiful
turkeys , and john cleese ' s ill - fated sainsbury ' s campaign , adding viewers definitely weren ' t spoiled by ferrero rocher ' s kitsch ambassador ' s reception . campaign also named its most influential commercial television programmes . these included classics such as saturday night at the london palladium and opportunity knocks through to innovative youth programme network 7 , original itv breakfast broadcaster tv - am and sky sports ' super sunday football show .
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if it ' s j - e - r - k - y first time you view it , it ' s probably because of your connection speed . doh . play it a second time and it should be smoother .
like many organisations , cadbury ' s undoubtedly viewed television as a significant channel for communicating with the marketplace . were aiming to get together a catalogue of every cadbury ' s commercial transmitted in britain . were in no sense making judgements about which commercials are great and which arent . in our book thats one for you . we want instead to make it a piece of cake for you to see cadbury ' s commercials whenever you want to . in our humble opinion , quite often the adverts form the most enjoying part of an evening in front of the box . and no ad archive worthy of its name would be all - inclusive without some examples of cadbury ' s ads . so be of good faith that the next time we find another cadbury ' s ad , you are certain to find it on tellyads .
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i have had hopper out and cleaned it and i also have a different hopper .
the hoppers are the same except for the color of the 4 way dispenser . original one was yellow and second one is burgundy .
i have had the machine working today for a hopper top up and was played for about 20 mins . then check it out and alarm code
not sure if this is a issue but in a previous life the machine has had a note acceptor and the connector just hangs in the cabinet - should the end be plugged back into somewhere and does the machine need to be told is has no acceptor fitted . ?
i can only guess at the above as i am no expert . i also have in my head that there is a break in the serial coin loom . so before i buy another one .
the note acceptor loom shouldnt play a part in the hopper fail alarm . . youd normally get a note mech error if it was expecting to find one .
if the hopper is different , i would also try an yellow hopper which is a sch3 .
failing that , i would definately look at replacing the loom , and failing that , could be a board issue .
as members are helping you with your machine maybe you can help us emulation guys in preserving this machine ( virtually ) when you ' ve got a moment any chance of uploading some nice hi res images of the machine . a full frontal one , some of the top boards and reel areas and maybe some of the reel symbols , with little or no camera flash burn if possible . this isn ' t for me but maybe another creator could have a go at designing this machine for mfme to accompany the classic we have . regards vectra666
the more i do today , the less i do tomorrow . fme is alive and screaming into the 21st century ! enjoy fme and happy gaming ! ! ! !
no problem ! i just hope this is one that we don ' t have already out there and i missed .
former fruit machine engineer . < br / > < br / > 1988 - 2004 .
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incentive today , v . 19 , no . 4 , 2004 april , p . 6 ( 1 ) ( issn : 1351 - 4555 )
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pentagonaster pulchellus , commonly known as the biscuit star is a species of starfish found in new zealand , where it is common in cook strait and around the south island .

also recorded from the chatham islands and from the campbell plateau down to the snares islands .

pentagonaster pulchellus

cryptoconchus porosus butterfly chiton and common biscuit star pentagonaster pulchellus , new zealand . | molluscs & sea snails | pinterest
remark type species : pentagonaster pulchellus gray , 1840 by monotypy ( rowe & gates , 1995 ) . [ details ]
species pentagonaster crassimanus ( möbius , 1859 ) accepted as pentagonaster duebeni gray , 1847 ( synonym according to a . m . clark ( 1953 ) )
species pentagonaster gunni perrier , 1875 accepted as pentagonaster duebeni gray , 1847 ( a forma according to a . m . clark ( 1953 ) . )
species pentagonaster hispidus ( m . sars , 1872 ) accepted as poraniomorpha ( poraniomorpha ) hispida ( m . sars , 1872 )
species pentagonaster meridionalis ( e . a . smith , 1879 ) accepted as odontaster meridionalis ( e . a . smith , 1876 )
species pentagonaster validus bell , 1884 accepted as goniodiscaster pleyadella ( lamarck , 1816 ) ( synonym according to h . l . clark ( 1921 ) )
species pentagonaster astrologorum ( muller & troschel , 1842 ) accepted as tosia australis gray , 1840 ( a forma according to a . m . clark ( 1953 ) . )
species pentagonaster auratus ( gray , 1847 ) accepted as tosia magnifica ( muller & troschel , 1842 ) ( synonym according to a . m . clark ( 1953 ) )
species pentagonaster grandis ( gray , 1847 ) accepted as tosia magnifica ( muller & troschel , 1842 ) ( synonym according to a . m . clark ( 1953 ) )
species pentagonaster crassus perrier , 1885 accepted as ceramaster grenadensis ( perrier , 1881 ) ( synonym according to downey ( 1973 ) and halpern ( 1970 , phd dissertation ) . )
species pentagonaster deplasi perrier , 1885 accepted as ceramaster grenadensis ( perrier , 1881 ) ( synonym according to downey ( 1973 ) and halpern ( 1970 , phd dissertation ) . )
species pentagonaster elongatus perrier , 1885 accepted as paragonaster subtilis ( perrier , 1881 ) ( synonym according to downey ( 1973 ) and halpern ( 1970 , phd dissertation ) . )
species pentagonaster gosselini perrier , 1885 accepted as ceramaster grenadensis ( perrier , 1881 ) ( synonym according to downey ( 1973 ) and halpern ( 1970 , phd dissertation ) . )
species pentagonaster ornatus ( müller & troschel , 1842 ) accepted as tosia magnifica ( muller & troschel , 1842 ) ( a synonym according to a . m . clark ( 1953 ) )
species pentagonaster ternalis perrier , 1881 accepted as dorigona ternalis ( perrier , 1885 ) accepted as nymphaster arenatus ( perrier , 1881 ) ( synonym of n . arenatus according to halpern ( 1970 ) )
species pentagonaster tubercularis ( gray , 1847 ) accepted as tosia australis gray , 1840 ( a synonym of tosia nobilis ( = t . australis ) according to a . m . clark ( 1953 ) . )
species pentagonaster lepidus sladen , 1889 accepted as hoplaster spinosus perrier in milne - edwards , 1882 ( synonym according to verrill ( 1899 ) and confirmed by a . m . clark in gage et al . ( 1983 ) )
mah , c . ( 2007 ) . systematics , phylogeny and historical biogeography of the pentagonaster clade ( asteroidea : valvatida : goniasteridae . invertebrate systematics . 21 : 311 - 339 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of pentagonaster abnormalis gray , 1866 ) gray , j . e . ( 1866 ) . synopsis of the species of starfish in the british museum ( with figures of some of the new species ) . 18pp , 16 plates . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 11 [ details ]
gray , j . e . ( 1840 ) . xxxii . a synopsis of the genera and species of the class hypostoma ( asterias , linnaeus ) . annals of the magazine of natural history . 6 : 275 - 290 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 280 [ details ]
( of stephanaster ayres , 1851 ) ayres , w . o . ( 1851 ) . stephanaster ayres . proceedings of the boston society of natural history . 4 : 118 - 119 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 118 - 119 [ details ]
( of buterminaster blake in blake & zinsmeister , 1988 ) blake , d . b . and zinsmeister , w . j . ( 1988 ) . eocene asteroids ( echinodermata ) from seymour island , antarctic peninsula . geological society of america memoir . 169 : 489 - 498 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 495 [ details ]
integrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
clark , a . m . ( 1993 ) . an index of names of recent asteroidea , part 2 : valvatida , in : jangoux , m . ; lawrence , j . m . ( ed . ) ( 1993 ) . echinoderm studies , 4 : pp . 187 - 366 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of stephanaster ayres , 1851 ) hansson , h . g . ( 2001 ) . echinodermata , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , . 50 : pp . 336 - 351 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of stephanaster ayres , 1851 ) rowe , f . w . e & gates , j . ( 1995 ) . echinodermata . in ‘zoological catalogue of australia’ . 33 ( ed a . wells . ) pp xiii + 510 ( csiro australia , melbourne . ) [ details ]
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( of stephanaster elegans ayres , 1851 ) ayres , w . o . ( 1851 ) . stephanaster ayres . proceedings of the boston society of natural history . 4 : 118 - 119 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 118 [ details ]
( of astrogonium abnormale ( gray , 1866 ) ) gray , j . e . ( 1866 ) . synopsis of the species of starfish in the british museum ( with figures of some of the new species ) . 18pp , 16 plates . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 11 [ details ]
clark , h . e . s . and mcknight , d . g . ( 2001 ) . the marine fauna of new zealand : echinodermata : asteroidea ( sea - stars ) order valvatida . niwa biodiversity memoir . 117 : 1 - 270 . [ details ]
mah , c . l . ; mcknight , d . g . ; eagle , m . k . ; pawson , d . l . ; améziane , n . ; vance , d . j . ; baker , a . n . ; clark , h . e . s . ; davey , n . ( 2009 ) . phylum echinodermata : sea stars , brittle stars , sea urchins , sea cucumbers , sea lilies . in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) ( 2009 ) . new zealand inventory of biodiversity : 1 . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . pp . 371 - 400 . [ details ]
( of astrogonium abnormale ( gray , 1866 ) ) sladen , w . p . ( 1889 ) . report on the asteroidea . report on the scientific results of the voyage of h . m . s . challenger during the years 1873 - 1876 , zoology . 30 ( 51 ) : xlii + 893 pages 118 plates . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 748 [ details ]
stiff five armed star . very variable colour and pattern .
cells
on the upper surface ringed with cream or white
pimples
.
cells
can be any colour ranging from cream to brick red . large plates on the edge of the arms with the ones at the tips being bulbous .
occurrence describes how often the species is found on surveys within its distribution . it is calculated as the % of reef sites surveyed by rls divers across all the ecoregions in which the species has been observed
abundance is calculated as the average number of individuals recorded per rls transect , where present .
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nz geo region › south is geo region › otago geo region ml4385 ( preferred ) nz geo region / south is geo region / otago geo region ( short name ) off oamaru , from beach down . cast up ones have inflated terminal plates . never found any alive in tidal area . found any alive on tidal area collection method : trawl collected by : graham , j .
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when is a fish not a fish ? answer : when it’s a starfish , a jellyfish , a crayfish , a shellfish or a blackfish ! we seem to like calling marine animals ‘fish’ regardless of whether they are or not . hundreds of years ago , marine mammals were thought to be fish , so calling a pilot whale a blackfish was understandable . but the others are clearly not fish , though there are fisheries for many of them ( including jellyfish in some places ! ) . these days , we are gradually replacing inappropriate names with better ones . crayfish are now called rock lobsters , and starfish are usually called sea stars .
some sea stars are large and predatory . the seven - armed sea star ( astrostole scabra ) grows to over 40 cm across . it is easily recognised by its colour – the upper surface is greyish - purple , and its numerous tube feet are bright orange . seven - armed sea stars , and their cousins the 11 - armed sea stars ( coscinasterias muricata ) , are voracious , highly mobile predators that specialise in catching or forcing open molluscs such as paua and mussels . paua don’t often move very fast , but i recently saw a yellow - foot paua ( haliotis australis ) being chased ( in a slow motion kind of way ) out of a crevice and across a rock by a roving seven - arm star .
sea stars move , capture their prey , and force open shells using their tube feet , which are driven by an amazing hydraulic system . water is drawn into the body through a filter plate ( madreporite ) which is visible as a different - looking , often pale , plate on the upper surface . the water is pumped through a system of canals running around the mouth and along the arms . the tube feet , which are housed in grooves on the underside of each arm ( yes , their feet are inside their arms ! ) , extend as the water pressure increases . when the tube feet touch a shell or rock surface , the sea star pumps water out of the canals creating a slight vacuum , which turns the tips of the feet into minute suction cups . large sea stars can exert high pressures with their tube feet over several hours , enabling them to slowly overpower the muscles of their prey , and prise them open or off the rocks . no wonder that yellow - foot paua was motoring away !
sea stars ( not starfish ) are built on a five rayed plan , although some stars have many more than five arms . their skin is set with limy plates and the mouth is underneath in the centre of the arms .
all may be found in wellington waters . thanks to niwa ' s kate neill for her insights on reef star arms .
habitat : open , exposed , rocky coasts . around wellington harbour they are abundant near burnham wharf and the shelly bay wharf .
identification : a large star which reaches a span of about 35 cm . the number of arms varies but there are usually ten , eleven or twelve . colour varies from brown to grey .
identification : the colour varies , but may be red , mottled green , or grey . although the usual number of arms is five , occasional examples are found with four or even as many as eight arms .
identification : the colour pattern varies from tinted red through orange to grey or even light purple . the body is very stiff and the whole rim is lined with large , solid plates .
brittlestars vary from true sea stars in that they have a small , round , central disc from which the arms radiate . the arms can break easily if the animal is disturbed , but they will grow back again . the snakestail star ( pectinura maculata ) is the largest brittle star in new zealand growing to approximately 350 mm across .
habitat : observed at depths between 5 and 30 metres . noted in a crevice in breaker bay , at princess bay , and at 30 metres on a reef 1 km off lyall bay . two of them live at the sirens .
identification : a fat , red , cushion - like starfish covered in white pom - poms .
general : uri seems to be fairly rare and has been recorded officially about eleven times , not counting my sightings . the marine lab at island bay would welcome any uri reports ( not collected animals ) . valuable details would include location , depth and what it was living on .
i have been keeping an eye on one in a cave at the sirens for over a year now . i missed the cave one day and swam a bit farther than normal , but found uri grazing on some weed . on the way back i found the cave i had been looking for . when i went in for a nosey , my original friend was still in there . uri just seems to move from one side of the cave to the other over the course of about three months . i find it intriguing that two rare sea stars happen to live near to the marine lab .


the larvae feed on opuntia lindheimeri var . lindheimeri .

young larvae hollow out a small cell under the epidermis near the margin of the cladode .

they remain in this cell during winter .

in april , they tunnel farther into the cladode .

pupation takes place in late august and september within hollow stems of their host plant .

melitara texana

melitara texana neunzig , 1997 n . sp . , mona fascicle . 15 . 4 .
melitara texana is a species of snout moth in the genus melitara . it was described by neunzig in 1997 , and is found in southern texas and adjacent mexico .
home » guide » arthropods ( arthropoda ) » hexapods ( hexapoda ) » insects ( insecta ) » butterflies and moths ( lepidoptera ) » pyralid and crambid snout moths ( pyraloidea ) » pyralid moths ( pyralidae ) » phycitinae » phycitini » pricklypear borer ( melitara ) » melitara texana - hodges # 5971 . 2 ( melitara texana )
the destruction of so many prickly pears has spurred me to action . no , i am not going to spray chemicals to save the cactuses . but i have collected a few larvae with the intent to rear them and determine , if i can , the identity of the moth . in a quick search of the web to determine the identity of the caterpillars , i found that there are at least six prickly pear borer moths , including melitara prodenialis and melitara dentata that are native to several states in the united states . neither of these two moths along with melitara texana have been documented in texas . i could find no images of melitara texana or its larvae .
moved from moths . ann , these are very closely related to alberada . i get m . texana and there is m . dentata from n . and western tx . i need to check collection records to see which you get . they are determined by genitalia and range .
moved from melitara dentata . after revisiting my bold results this may be m . doddalis . although my results came back 100 % m . dentata , bold did not make a species choice and my coi was only 586 . there is a lot of m . dentata dna available but all of it was from canada and mine were the only ones from texas . there is only one bold tested m . doddalis ( coi 658 ) and was from uvalde and looks similar to mine . several bold identified m . doddalis were from texas but did not have dna .
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neunzig , h . h . , 1997 . moths of america north of mexico , fascicle 15 . 4 : p . 54 ; pl . 3 . 14 - 15 . order
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neunzig , h . h . , 1997 . moths of america north of mexico , fascicle 15 . 4 : p . 54 ; pl . 3 . 14 - 15 .
the moths of north america north of mexico . fascicle 15 . 4 . pyraloidea , pyralidae , phycitinae ( part ) h . h . neunzig . 1997 . the wedge entomological research foundation .
contributed by maury j . heiman on 31 october , 2012 - 5 : 39pm
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well , they are back and up to their old tricks . this time i intend to find out the name of the rascals and add it to the official list of residents or visitors in kendall county . to borrow and paraphrase a few of the lines from that doc watson song “muskrat , … they have been lying around eating up all the owners’ prickly pear… but i found out where they been usin’” .
when we moved to boerne a few years ago , the small acreage where we built our home had several large prickly pear cactus plants at various locations . the plants were 3 - 4 feet tall and up to 5 feet across . each spring i enjoyed seeing the variety colors that they produced . some had beautiful , deep peach blooms , some had yellow blooms with red centers and some blooms were entirely yellow .
two years ago i noticed that there was a sawdust - like substance on some of the pads of a few plants . i broke off one of the tops and saw a few larvae in the stem . i assumed that this was just another example of a moth and a host plant and didn’t pursue it more than taking a few pictures .
now there are only two or three of those large plants left . the others , including many on adjoining lots , have been decimated by those moths , which deposit their eggs on the prickly pear . when the larvae eclose ( emerge from the eggs ) , they eat the interior of the pads and excrete their frass ( poop ) through small holes in the pads leaving a sawdust - like residue . all that remains of those large cactus plants are the skeletal veins of the pads and stems , decaying like fallen logs
surely i am not the only person in texas that has lost and regretted the loss of a prickly pear , our state cactus . i can only assume that when others lost that plant , they just decided it was easier to get another . but i am now about naming the culprit . i want to make sure that this moth is listed as being present in texas and in kendall county . i will bring you a report if i am successful .
even so all is not lost . the native plants that grow in our area are survivors . so far each has changed to meet every challenge that the climate , insects and the environment have provided . i have no doubt that the prickly pears will overcome the attack of the moths . in some of those piles of debris , small green pads are visible . it will take a few years , but hopefully those beautiful blooms will return .
on a more pleasant subject , a couple of weeks ago , i had the opportunity to join donna taylor , patty leslie pasztor and an out of town botanist on a ride through a small portion of the 500 plus acres of the cibolo preserve . as you probably know the cibolo preserve is adjacent to the cibolo nature center and has been set aside by its owner , bill lende , for restoration , research , education and conservation . what a pleasure it was to take that ride .
even though we are entering the month of august in a continuing period of drought , albeit with some late spring rain , the condition of the land was spectacular . grasses of all kinds was at least knee high . the big bluestem , vigorous and in bloom , was 5 ½ to 6 feet tall . the fields were filled with butterflies ; and ducks rose from the creek as we crossed . a night heron flew into a tree from its hunting spot along the creek and flew to the same tree when we returned along the same route . hawks were circling in the sky .
plants that have passed their bloom time along the county roads were still in bloom in the fields . a skeleton plant , still producing nectar , was visited by a pipevine swallowtail butterfly and narrowly avoided my camera lens . ( ernesto has skeleton plants for sale at medina garden nursery in medina , if you are interested ) .
although native plants have evolved to survive nature’s challenges , loss of habitat , which is mainly our doing , may prove a hill too high . it is a pleasure to see what bill has accomplished with this vision of the past and oasis of hope .
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