technomyrmex is a genus of ants in the subfamily dolichoderinae .

with 98 species , it is one of the largest and most diverse ant genera in the dolichoderinae .

the genus distributed throughout the tropical and subtropical zones with most species occurring in the oriental-malesian and afrotropical regions .

one species , technomyrmex albipes is a tramp ant now widespread throughout the tropics due to human activities .

technomyrmex

technomyrmex mayr , 1872 : 147 . type - species : technomyrmex strenuus , by monotypy .
richness of technomyrmex species ( countries with darker colours are more species - rich ) . for a list of species and subspecies see the checklist of technomyrmex species or for valid names only see technomyrmex species .
combination in technomyrmex ( tapinoptera ) : santschi , 1925g pdf : 348 ; in technomyrmex : cagniant & espadaler , 1993a pdf : 92 .
technomyrmex laurenti - a conspicuous afrotropical species , usually found in association with various myrmecophytes .
the following species and subspecies belong to the genus technomyrmex . see also invalid species . for a list of species with synonyms and distribution information see checklist of technomyrmex species .
technomyrmex anterops - a malagasy species of very uncertain affinities that forms carton nests on foliage .
technomyrmex lujae - a very distinctive afrotropical species . its palp formula of 4 , 3 is shared only with the malesian technomyrmex reductus , which otherwise does not appear to be closely related .
technomyrmex montaseri sp . n . , a new ant species of the t . gibbosus - group from oman ( hymenoptera , formicidae ) with a key to the technomyrmex species of the arabian peninsula
engramma junior synonym of technomyrmex : shattuck , 1992c : 153 ; bolton , 2007a : 4 .
key to workers of technomyrmex known from the united states , based on bolton ( 2007 ) .
technomyrmex reductus - like lujae this species from borneo has pf 4 , 3 but is otherwise quite different .
bolton ( 2007 ) - the species can be divided into a number of distinctive species groups ( technomyrmex species groups ) .
shattuck , s . o . 1992c . generic revision of the ant subfamily dolichoderinae ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . sociobiology 21 : 1 - 181 ( page 153 , technomyrmex senior synonym of engramma , and review of genus ; technomyrmex in dolichoderinae , dolichoderini )
technomyrmex ilgi - this afrotropical species is similar to members of the pratensis group , but retains a palp formula of 6 , 4 .
technomyrmex in dolichoderinae , dolichoderini : shattuck , 1992c pdf : 153 ; bolton , 1994 : 26 ; bolton , 2003 pdf : 92 .
technomyrmex arnoldinus - an isolated afrotropical species with reduced cephalic sculpture , large eyes and clypeal notch , and transverse sculpture present on the propodeal dorsum .
bolton , b . 2003 . synopsis and classification of formicidae . mem . am . entomol . inst . 71 : 370pp ( page 92 , technomyrmex in dolichoderinae , dolichoderini )
sharaf , m . r . ; collingwood , c . a . and aldawood , s . a . 2011 . technomyrmex montaseri sp . n . , a new ant species of the t . gibbosus - group from oman ( hymenoptera , formicidae ) with a key to the technomyrmex species of the arabian peninsula . zookeys . 108 : 11 - 19 . pdf
technomyrmex fulvus - the only neotropical species of the genus and the only endemic species in the entire new world . its distribution is limited to small areas of panama and costa rica .
technomyrmex in dolichoderinae : forel , 1878c pdf : 380 [ dolichoderidae ] ; dalla torre , 1893 pdf : 166 ; emery , 1895l pdf : 771 ; wheeler , 1910a pdf : 142 .
wheeler , w . m . 1910b . ants : their structure , development and behavior . new york : columbia university press , xxv + 663 pp . ( page 142 , technomyrmex in dolichoderinae )
bolton , b . 1994 . identification guide to the ant genera of the world . cambridge , mass . : harvard university press , 222 pp . ( page 26 , technomyrmex in dolichoderinae , dolichoderini )
brown , w . l . , jr . 1953h . characters and synonymies among the genera of ants . part ii . breviora 18 : 1 - 8 ( page 5 , technomyrmex senior synonym of aphantolepis )
forel , a . 1917 . cadre synoptique actuel de la faune universelle des fourmis . bull . soc . vaudoise sci . nat . 51 : 229 - 253 ( page 248 , technomyrmex in dolichoderinae , tapinomini )
bolton , b . 2007 . taxonomy of the dolichoderine ant genus technomyrmex mayr ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) based on the worker caste . contributions of the american entomological institute 35 ( 1 ) : 1 - 149 .
bolton , b . , 2007 , taxonomy of the dolichoderine ant genus technomyrmex mayr ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) based on the worker caste . , contributions of the american entomological institute 35 , pp . 1 - 149
bolton , b . 2007b . taxonomy of the dolichoderine ant genus technomyrmex mayr ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) based on the worker caste . contributions of the american entomological institute . 35 ( 1 ) : 1 - 149 .
bolton , b . 2007b . taxonomy of the dolichoderine ant genus technomyrmex mayr ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) based on the worker caste . contributions of the american entomological institute . 35 ( 1 ) : 1 - 149 .
jaffe , k . 1993 . el mundo de las hormigas . baruta , venezuela : equinoccio ( ediciones de la universidad simón bolívar ) , 188 pp . ( page 9 , technomyrmex in dolichoderinae , tapinomini ( anachronism ) )
fernández , f . and r . j . guerrero . 2008 . technomyrmex ( formicidae : dolichoderinae ) in the new world : synopsis and description of a new species . revista colombiana de entomología . 34 : 110 - 115 .
emery , c . 1895l . die gattung dorylus fab . und die systematische eintheilung der formiciden . zool . jahrb . abt . syst . geogr . biol . tiere 8 : 685 - 778 ( page 771 , technomyrmex in dolichoderinae )
arnold , g . 1915 . a monograph of the formicidae of south africa . part i . ponerinae , dorylinae . ann . s . afr . mus . 14 : 1 - 159 ( page 147 , technomyrmex in dolichoderinae , tapinomini )
dalla torre , k . w . von . 1893 . catalogus hymenopterorum hucusque descriptorum systematicus et synonymicus . vol . 7 . formicidae ( heterogyna ) . leipzig : w . engelmann , 289 pp . ( page 166 , technomyrmex in dolichoderinae )
hita garcia , wiesel and fischer ( 2013 ) - the majority of technomyrmex species nest and forage arboreally or sub - arboreally and even the few species that nest in soil or leaf litter forage on trunks and in the canopy ( bolton , 2007 ) . some specialised myrmecophilous plants have been reported to house technomyrmex species ( hölldobler & wilson , 1990 ) . the diet mainly consists of hemipteran honeydew , though most species also feed on dead or living arthropods or their brood ( bolton , 2007 ) .
forel , a . 1878c . études myrmécologiques en 1878 ( première partie ) avec l ' anatomie du gésier des fourmis . bull . soc . vaudoise sci . nat . 15 : 337 - 392 ( page 380 , technomyrmex in dolichoderinae [ dolichoderidae ] )
mayr , g . 1872 . formicidae borneenses collectae a j . doria et o . beccari in territorio sarawak annis 1865 - 1867 . ann . mus . civ . stor . nat . 2 : 133 - 155 ( page 147 , technomyrmex as genus )
technomyrmex in dolichoderinae , tapinomini : emery , 1913a pdf : 42 ; arnold , 1915 : 147 ; forel , 1917 pdf : 248 ; wheeler , 1922 : 690 ; subsequent authors except those below ; then jaffe , 1993 : 9 ; ward , brady , et al . 2010 : 361 .
wheeler , w . m . 1922i . ants of the american museum congo expedition . a contribution to the myrmecology of africa . vii . keys to the genera and subgenera of ants . bull . am . mus . nat . hist . 45 : 631 - 710 ( page 690 , technomyrmex in dolichoderinae , tapinomini )
fernández and guerrero ( 2008 ) - technomyrmex and bothriomyrmex could represent those groups probably widespread in the past and now limited to some scattered forested spots in the neotropical forests , probably as retreating lineages . leptomyrmex , also present in miocene times were extinct in the new world , as some others ants taxa ( wilson 1988 ) .
technomyrmex and tapinoma are separated in the female castes by the contrasting morphologies of their gastral apices . in technomyrmex the sclerites of the gastral apex are unspecialised , except that the pygidium is small . gastral tergite 5 is therefore in line with tergites 1 – 4 and as a result all five tergites are visible in dorsal view . in contrast the pygidium in tapinoma is reflexed , the fifth tergite being folded back and down , below the fourth tergite , and is clearly visible in ventral view . also in that view the fourth tergite frequently forms a distinct projecting rim above the reflexed fifth . in consequence only gastral tergites 1 – 4 are visible in dorsal view .
shattuck ( 1992 ) - the majority of species occur from africa , east through southern asia , to australia . a single species ( with one subspecies ) is known from panama , and is the only native new world species . a tramp species ( technomyrmex albipes ) has been widely distributed by human activity , and is known from california and florida ( deyrup 1991 ) , usa , london , england , and many pacific islands ( wilson and taylor 1967 ) .
shattuck ( 1992 ) - species of technomyrmex are most common in moist , forested regions . they nest in the soil , in twigs or branches , or in carton nests under leaves or on tree trunks . they are general scavengers and often forage in columns . at least one species is known to have ergatoid males ( terron 1972 ) , and ergatoid queens have been collected in papua new guinea ( p . s . ward , pers . comm . ) .
bolton ( 2007 ) - ants of the genus technomyrmex are mainly distributed throughout the tropical and sub - tropical zones of the afrotropical region ( 29 species ) and the oriental and malesian regions ( 45 species ) . there are smaller faunae in the malagasy and austral regions ( 12 and 13 species respectively ) and two species that are restricted to the southern palaearctic . strangely , there is also a single , endemic neotropical species that is restricted to small areas of costa rica and panama .
fisher and bolton ( 2007 ) - within the dolichoderinae two genera , tapinoma and technomyrmex , are isolated in their female castes by the synapomorphic extreme reduction of the petiole and its accommodation in a longitudinal groove or impression in the ventral surface of the first gastral tergite , which overhangs and conceals the petiole in dorsal view when the mesosoma and gaster are aligned . the petiole is so reduced in these two genera that in profile there is no trace of a node or scale ; at most there is a very short raised surface immediately behind the peduncle . the function of this raised surface is to provide an insertion - site for the exterior levator muscle of the petiole .
forel , 1878c pdf : 380 ( diagnosis ) ; dalla torre , 1893 pdf : 166 ( catalogue ) ; bingham , 1903 pdf : 301 ( india , sri lanka & burma species key ) ; emery , 1913a pdf : 38 ( engramma diagnosis , catalogue ) ; emery , 1913a pdf : 42 ( diagnosis , catalogue ) ; arnold , 1915 : 147 ( diagnosis , south africa species key ) ; wheeler , 1922 : 201 , 208 , 209 ( engramma , tapinoma , technomyrmex diagnoses ) ; wheeler , 1922 : 202 ( engramma species key ) ; wheeler , 1922 : 922 , 925 ( afrotropical engramma , technomyrmex catalogues ) ; wheeler , 1922 : 1034 ( malagasy catalogue ) ; taylor & brown , 1985 : 106 ( australia catalogue ) ; taylor , 1987a pdf : 77 ( australia , new caledonia & new zealand checklist ) ; shattuck , 1992c pdf : 153 ( diagnosis , review of genus ) ; shattuck , 1994 pdf : 156 ( catalogue ) ; bolton , 1995a pdf : 1053 ( census ) ; bolton , 1995b : 402 ( catalogue ) ; wu & wang , 1995a : 118 ( china species key ) ; collingwood & agosti , 1996 pdf : 360 ( saudi arabia species key ) ; shattuck , 1999 : 83 ( australia synopsis ) ; zhou , 2001a pdf : 158 ( china , guangxi species key ) ; bolton , 2007b pdf : 1 ( all species revision ; afrotropical & west palaearctic species key : 13 ; malagasy species key : 43 ; east palaearctic , oriental , malesian & polynesian species key : 59 ; austral species key : 108 ; new world species key : 119 ) ; fernández & guerrero , 2008 pdf : 110 ( new world synopsis , key ) ; terayama , 2009 pdf : 200 ( taiwan species key ) ; yoshimura & fisher , 2011 pdf : 14 ( malagasy males ) ; sharaf , et al . 2011 : 15 ( arabian peninsula species key ) ; cantone , 2017 pdf : 124 ( brief male diagnosis ) ; yamane , leong & lin , 2018 10 . 11646 / zootaxa . 4410 . 1 . 2 pdf : 36 ( taiwan species key , male genitalia ) .
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shattuck ( 1992 ) - worker : fifth gastral tergite dorsal ; petiolar scale reduced or absent ; first gastral segment projecting anteriorly and concealing petiole in dorsal view ; anteromedial clypeal margin with a broad , shallow concavity , or with a distinct , central notch separated from the general outline of the margin by indistinct , arched corners ; dorsal face of propodeum shorter than declivitous face ; generally 2 to 10 erect hairs on pronotum . primarily old world , with one species in central america and a widespread tramp species . queen : petiolar scale reduced ; fifth gastral tergite dorsal ; dorsal face of propodeum shorter than declivitous face ; first gastral segment projecting anteriorly and concealing petiole in dorsal view ; basal angle of mandible indistinct , with a relatively uninterrupted curve between the masticatory and basal margins ; hind wing without closed cells . male : anteromedial clypeal margin with a broad , shallow concavity ; mandible with about 19 teeth , and with the basal margin denticulate along the entire surface ; petiolar scale strongly inclined anteriorly ; first gastral segment projecting anteriorly , concealing the petiole in dorsal view ; hind wing without closed cells .
this genus can be most easily separated from other dolichoderines based on the configuration of the gaster . the terminal gastral tergite is dorsal , giving the gaster a five - segmented appearance in dorsal view . in a few african species , the fifth gastral tergite is positioned more vertically than in most other members of the genus , but the tergite is still just visible in dorsal view .
species richness by country based on regional taxon lists ( countries with darker colours are more species - rich ) . view data
the following information is derived from barry bolton ' s new general catalogue , a catalogue of the world ' s ants .
aphantolepis wheeler , w . m . 1930d : 44 . type - species : aphantolepis quadricolor , by monotypy .
engramma forel , 1905b : 180 . type - species : engramma lujae , by monotypy .
tapinoptera santschi , 1925g : 348 [ as subgenus of tapinoma ] . type - species : tapinoma vexatum , by monotypy .
unless otherwise noted the text for the remainder of this section is reported from the publication that includes the original description .
shape pheidoloid or dolichoderoid . protuberances present as a single boss on posterior of body . body hairs sparse ; simple ; short . 9 spiracular pairs . antennae short .
bolton ( 2007 ) - there are four fossil species currently included in the genus , mostly dubiously so . two of these are from the dominican amber , one from the sicilian amber and one from an impression fossil from china .
hita garcia , f . ; wiesel , e . ; fischer , g . 2013 . the ants of kenya ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) - faunal overview , first species checklist , bibliography , accounts for all genera , and discussion on taxonomy and zoogeography . journal of east african natural history 101 : 127 - 222 . doi : 10 . 2982 / 028 . 101 . 0201
this page was last modified on 19 june 2018 , at 15 : 11 .
bolton noted : a number of groups of related species can be delimited , with varying degrees of certainty , within the genus . several individual species that do not fall into any group are left as a residue , usually because each shows striking autapomophies but very few characters that link them to any larger group . for the present each of these isolated species has been placed in its own monotypic group .
this page contains a list of the species groups and , for what could be considered a monotypic species groups , brief notes . the later are more clearly defined in the text given on their respective species pages . species groups with more than a single species have their own page that can be found by following the respective links given below .
this page was last modified on 19 june 2017 , at 18 : 39 .
this page was last modified on 16 june 2018 , at 16 : 05 .
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litter - dwelling ants nest in a variety of pre - existing natural cavities . this african
has moved part of their colony into an old nutshell . kibale forest , uganda .
afrotropical , australasia , indomalaya , malagasy , neotropical , oceania , palearctic bioregions ( based on species list records ) .
ward , p . s . , 2005 , a synoptic review of the ants of california ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . , zootaxa 936 , pp . 1 - 68 : 28 , ( download )
forel , a . , 1891 , histoire naturelle des hymenopteres . deuxieme partie : les formicides . , histoire physique , naturelle et politique de madagascar . , paris : l ' imprimerie nationale , pp . 1 - 231 : 97 , ( download )
wheeler , w . m . , 1922 , the ants collected by the american museum congo expedition . , bulletin of the american museum of natural history 45 , pp . 39 - 269 : 208 , ( download )
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bolton , 2007b pdf : 45 , figs . 22 , 36 ( w . q . )
madagascar . malagasy . primary type information : madagascar , fianarantsoa , pn ranomafana , talatakely , 21°14 . 9 ' s , 47°25 . 5 ' e , 900 m , montane rainforest , 14 . iv . 1998 , coll . j . schweikert , collection code antl2602 ; casent0097891 ; casc .
paratyp1c and other worker material . measurements : tl 3 . 3 - 4 . 2 , hl 0 . 84 - 0 . 96 , hw 0 . 72 - 0 . 90 , sl 0 . 82 - 1 . 00 , pw 0 . 47 - 0 . 58 , wl 1 . 16 - 1 . 36 ( 10 measured ) . indices : ci 86 - 95 , si 100 - 116 , oi 22 - 25 , epi 50 - 60 , dti 150 - 162 . as holotype but in the smallest paratype ( casent0097892 ) the posterior margin of the head is more deeply impressed , the sides of the head in front of the eyes are shallowly concave and the outer margins of the eyes just touch the outline of the sides in full - face view . some paratypes lack full adult colour and are lighter everywhere than the holotype . the pronotal dorsum has 2 - 4 pairs of short setae and the minute pair of setae on the mesonotum are easily lost by abrasion . head shape varies with size ; smaller workers generally have the sides behind the eyes less strongly convex than larger workers .
holotype worker , madagascar : fianarantsoa prov . , ranomafana n . p . , talatakely , 900 m . , 21°14 . 9 ' s , 47°25 . 5 ' e , 14 . iv . 1998 , casent0097891 , antl2602 ( j . schweikert ) ( casc ) .
paratypes . 4 workers with same data but casent numbers 0097888 , 0097889 , 0097890 , 0097892 ( casc ) .
this conspicuous , size - variable and distinctively coloured species makes carton nests on foliage . apart from this its size , anteriorly located eyes , broadly rounded propodeum where the dorsum curves evenly into the declivity and very short gastral setae combine to make this species very distinct among the malagasy
the nest series from andrasibe collected by ward also contains a few alate queens . the total number of specimens known is small , but no worker - queen intercastes have been seen .
madagascar : prov . antsiranana , for . ambanitaza ( b . l . fisher ) ; antsiranana , sakalava beach ( r . harin ' hala ) ; prov . toamasina , for . ambatovy ( b . l . fisher ) ; 8 km . ese andrasibe ( = perinet ) ( p . s . ward ) ; res . perinet - analamazoatra ( d . m . olson ) .
10 times found in rainforest , 4 times found in montane rainforest , 1 times found in across sandy trail in dwarf littoral forest , 1 times found in montane shrubland , on rock , 1 times found in near zoo , 1 times found in tropical dry forest .
2 times ex carton nest , 4 times on low vegetation , 1 times leaf nest from tree at riverbank near research cabins , 1 times carton nest on foliage , 1 times nest in leaves , 1 times near waterfall on leaves .
1 times 4 malaise traps , 4 times beating low vegetation , 1 times malaise trap , 1 times pitfall trap , pf 25 cup sample transect , 5m , 1 times pitfall trap .
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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abudefduf also known as the sergeant-majors is a genus of fish in the family pomacentridae .

the name is from arabic abu , " the one with " ; and def , " side " , and the intensive plural ending - duf .

the name thus means " the one with prominent sides " .

abudefduf

fish base ( b ) . abudefduf saxatilis seargeant major . synonymy . available online .
fish base ( a ) . abudefduf saxatilis seargeant major . species summary . available online .
abudefduf saxatilis is not reported to exhibit significant tolerance or intolerance for hypo - or hypersaline conditions .
juveniles of abudefduf saxatilis were recorded as one of the ten most abundant species of fish occurring in the surveys in the indian river lagoon ( lindemen and snyder 1999 ) .
foster sa . 2004 . diel and lunar patterns of reproduction in the caribbean and pacific sergeant major damselfishes abudefduf saxatilis and a . troschelii . marine biology 95 : 333 - 343 .
abudefduf saxatilis grows to a maximum length of approximately 23 cm and can weigh up to 0 . 2 kg . males and females reach maturity at 10 cm and 8 cm , respectively .
( of abudefduf clarki snyder , 1911 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of abudefduf multifasciatus seale , 1906 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of abudefduf paee curtiss , 1938 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
alshuth sr , tucker jw , and j hateley . 1998 . egg and larval development of laboratory - reared sergeant major , abudefduf saxatilis ( pisces , pomacentridae ) . bulletin of marine science 62 : 121 - 133 .
( of abudefduf quinquelineatus von bonde , 1934 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of abudefduf quinquilineatus von bonde , 1934 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
abudefduf saxatilis is abundant on tropical reefs and has been observed to rapidly increase its population size in areas of recreational disturbance where artificial food sources are created by fish feeding and habitat disturbances ( medieros et al . 2007 ) .
( of abudefduf caudobimaculatus okada & ikeda , 1939 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of abudefduf vaigensis ( quoy & gaimard , 1825 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of abudefduf vargensis ( quoy & gaimard , 1825 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
juvenile abudefduf saxatilis may take part at cleaning stations for the sea turtle chelonia mydas with the doctorfish , acanthurus chirurgus , and the blue tang , acanthurus coeruleus . these fish inspect the hard shell and the soft tissues of the removing algae and parasites .
( of abudefduf quinquilineatus von bonde , 1934 ) smith , j . l . b . ( 1960 ) . coral fishes of the family pomacentridae from the western indian ocean and the red sea . ichthyological bulletin no . 19 : 317 - 349 [ details ]
now , i knew almost none of this before writing this piece . i’ve loved the name abudefduf saxatilis for decades , since i first encountered the sergeant major during a field course in jamaica – but i loved it for its sound , its rhythm , and the oddity of a “latin” name based on arabic . the duelling etymological theories and the story i’ve learned about peter forsskål and his doomed expedition to arabia felix add wonderful layers of history and personality to abudefduf , firmly cementing its place on my list of favourite names .
molina wf , shibatta oa , and pm galetti , jr . 2006 . multivariate morphological analyses in continental and island populations of abudefduf saxatilis ( linneaeus ) ( pomacentridae , perciformes ) of western atlantic . panama - american journal of aquatic science 1 : 49 - 56 .
indo - pacific : red sea and eastern africa to the line and tuamoto islands , north to southern japan , south to australia . recorded in bay of islands , new zealand ( ref . 35942 ) . often confused with the closely related atlantic species abudefduf saxatilis ( ref . 7247 ) .
atlantic ocean : canada ( ref . 5951 ) to rhode island , usa to uruguay in the western atlantic , abundant on caribbean reefs ; around islands of the mid - atlantic , cape verde , and along the tropical coast of western africa south to angola . this species is strictly an atlantic species . it is replaced in the indo - pacific region by the closely related abudefduf vaigiensis ( g . allen , pers . comm . ) .
( of similiparma lurida ( cuvier , 1830 ) ) cooper , w . j . ; albertson , r . c . ; jacob , r . e . ; westneat , m . w . ( 2014 ) . re - description and reassignment of the damselfish abudefduf luridus ( cuvier , 1830 ) using both traditional and geometric morphometric approaches . copeia . 2014 ( 3 ) : 473 - 480 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
this species has been considered a synonym of abudefduf concolor , but a recent molecular study by lessios et al . ( 1995 ) confirmed that it is a separate species . it is closely related to a . concolor and is easily confused in the field during visual surveys . the distributions of the two species overlap between el salvador and costa rica , and a combination of morphological and genetic comparisons throughout the ranges of both species are needed to establish the full range of each .
abudefduf saxatilis is abundant in reef and rocky environments in the atlantic ocean ( molina et al . 2006 ) . populations have been recorded in the western atlantic ocean from as far north as canada to uruguay in south america at depths ranging from 0 to 20 m . a . saxatilis is abundant on caribbean reefs ( randall 1996 ) and on the tropical coast of western africa to angola where they form large feeding aggregations of up to a few hundred individuals . juveniles are found in tide pools or in protected areas schooling close to caves and shipwrecks . adults are most common on shallow reefs .
abudefduf saxatilis larvae have a reduced pelagic stage lasting 18 - 27 days and a post larval pelagic stage lasting 55 days ( molina et al . 2006 ) . the egg and larval development of laboratory - reared a . saxatilis has been exhaustively described by alshuth et al . ( 1998 ) . this study identified pigmentation , pelvic fin size , and the pectoral fin rays as the most useful characteristics for identifying the larvae of a . saxatilis from the yellowtail damselfish microspathodon chrysurus and beaugregory stegastes leucostictus . the sergeant major larva has a smaller and less pigmented fin and more heavily pigmented dorsal and pelvic fins .
this species is the most common and widespread species of damselfish in the atlantic . it is common off mexico in the gulf of mexico ( m . vega - cendejas pers . comm . 2013 ) . surveys found its abundance increased by 210 % in st . croix , 78 % in st . john , and 61 % in puerto rico from 2011 abundances ( noaa nccos 2010 ) . in the mamanguape environmental protection area in ne brazil , this species was one of the most abundant of fishes in the reef zones ( xavier et al . 2012 ) . abudefduf saxatilis comprised 1 . 7 % of all fish species in reef fish assemblages off havana city , cuba ( gonzalez - sanson and aguilar 2010 ) . in reef fish assemblages off northwest cuba , a . saxatilis accounts for 3 . 2 % of the total fish population and has a frequency of occurrence in the area of 66 . 7 % ( gonzalez - sanson et al . 2009 ) .
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arabic , abu = father ; this fish is the leader of the reef against other species ( ref . 45335 )
marine ; reef - associated ; non - migratory ; depth range 0 - 20 m ( ref . 58047 ) , usually ? - 10 m ( ref . 86997 ) . subtropical ; 41°n - 37°s , 89°w - 14°e
maturity : l m 15 . 0 , range 10 - ? cm max length : 22 . 9 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 26340 ) ; common length : 15 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 3139 ) ; max . published weight : 200 . 00 g ( ref . 5288 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 13 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 12 - 13 ; anal spines : 2 ; anal soft rays : 10 - 12 . greenish yellow above , shading to white below , with 5 prominent vertical black bars that narrow toward belly ( ref . 26938 ) . a faint sixth bar may be present posteriorly on caudal peduncle ; a black spot at upper base of pectoral fin . the adult male becomes dark bluish , the black bars thus less conspicuous on the body ( ref . 13442 ) .
oviparous , distinct pairing during breeding ( ref . 205 ) . eggs are demersal and adhere to the substrate ( ref . 205 ) . males guard and aerate the eggs ( ref . 205 ) .
allen , g . r . , 1991 . damselfishes of the world . mergus publishers , melle , germany . 271 p . ( ref . 7247 )
) : 19 . 9 - 28 . 1 , mean 27 . 3 ( based on 1025 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01862 ( 0 . 01170 - 0 . 02964 ) , b = 3 . 05 ( 2 . 92 - 3 . 18 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 8 ±0 . 2 se ; based on diet studies .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 32 of 100 ) .
marine ; reef - associated ; non - migratory ; depth range 1 - 20 m ( ref . 58652 ) . tropical ; 33°n - 35°s , 32°e - 143°w ( ref . 56027 )
indo - pacific : red sea to pinda , mozambique ( ref . 4391 ) and the tuamoto islands , north to southern japan , south to lord howe and rapa islands . not recorded from the hawaiian islands .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 19 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 90102 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 13 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 12 - 16 ; anal spines : 2 ; anal soft rays : 12 - 14 .
adults inhabit inshore and offshore coral or rocky reefs . also in shallow coastal reef flats or crests , usually where lots of tall soft corals or hydroid colonies are present ( ref . 48636 ) . often found in groups feeding at midwater or tending nests among rocks and coral ledges ( ref . 90102 ) . feed on zooplankton and algae and aggregates high in the water column ( ref . 9710 ) . oviparous , distinct pairing during breeding ( ref . 205 ) . eggs are demersal and adhere to the substrate ( ref . 205 ) . males guard and aerate the eggs ( ref . 205 ) .
) : 24 . 7 - 29 . 3 , mean 28 . 4 ( based on 3258 cells ) .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 02344 ( 0 . 01358 - 0 . 04047 ) , b = 3 . 05 ( 2 . 91 - 3 . 19 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 7 ±0 . 30 se ; based on food items .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 30 of 100 ) .
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marine ; reef - associated ; oceanodromous ( ref . 51243 ) ; depth range 1 - 15 m ( ref . 30874 ) . tropical ; 36°n - 39°s , 26°e - 143°w
maturity : l m 12 . 0 range ? - ? cm max length : 20 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 4391 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 13 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 11 - 14 ; anal spines : 2 ; anal soft rays : 11 - 13 .
adults inhabit upper edge of outer reef slopes and inshore rocky reefs . juveniles associated with drifting seaweed ( ref . 12114 , 12115 ) . benthopelagic ( ref . 58302 ) . feed on zooplankton , benthic algae , and small invertebrates ( ref . 1602 ) . often in aggregations ( ref . 9710 ) feeding at midwater or tending nests among rocks and coral ledges ( ref . 90102 ) . in large numbers at spawning sites that are timed with large tides that carry their pelagic offspring far offshore ( ref . 48636 ) . oviparous , distinct pairing during breeding ( ref . 205 ) . eggs are demersal and adhere to the substrate ( ref . 205 ) . males guard and aerate the eggs ( ref . 205 ) .
) : 21 . 9 - 29 . 3 , mean 28 . 2 ( based on 3494 cells ) .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 02630 ( 0 . 01523 - 0 . 04541 ) , b = 3 . 01 ( 2 . 87 - 3 . 15 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 6 ±0 . 4 se ; based on diet studies .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( k = 0 . 85 ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 16 of 100 ) .
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van der land , j . ; costello , m . j . ; zavodnik , d . ; santos , r . s . ; porteiro , f . m . ; bailly , n . ; eschmeyer , w . n . ; froese , r . ( 2001 ) . pisces , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 357 - 374 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of chaetodon luridi gmelin , 1789 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of chaetodon luridus cuvier , 1830 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of glyphisodon luridus cuvier , 1830 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of chaetodonton luridi gmelin , 1789 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
sergeant majors are oviparous . males prepare nests for egg masses on rocks , reef outcrops , shipwrecks , and pilings . spawning times vary depending upon region . for example , caribbean populations do not appear to exhibit a lunar spawning pattern . females in this region have been observed to spawn at various times throughout the month ( foster 2004 ) . during courtship males actively chase females in the early hours of the day and spawning takes place in the morning hours . approximately 200 , 000 salmon or red colored , oval shaped eggs measuring 0 . 5 to 0 . 9 mm in diameter are released in discrete , densely packed monolayers that adhere to the substratum ( robertson et al . 1993 ) . once fertilized the eggs turn greenish ( with 96 hours ) . the male guards the eggs until they hatch usually within 4 - 5 days after fertilization in the hour following sunset ( robertson et al . 1993 , foster 2004 ) .
temperature differences may account for regional variation in morphological traits , particularly size ( molina et al . 2006 ) .
the seargeant major feeds on an unusually wide variety of benthic algae , small crustaceans , colonial anemones , copepods , pelagic tunicates , invertebrate larvae , and small fishes ( randall 1996 ) .
lindeman kc and db snyder . 1999 . nearshore hardbottom fishes of southeast florida and effects of habitat burial caused by dredging . fisheries bulletin 97 : 508 - 525 .
medeiros pr , grempel rg , souza at , ilarri mi , and cls sampaio . 2007 . effects of recreational activities on the fish assemblage structure in a northeastern brazilian reef . pan - american journal of aquatic sciences 2 : 288 - 300 .
randall je . 1996 . caribbean reef fishes , third edition , tfh publications , neptune city , nj . 512 p .
robertson dr , schober um , and jd brawn . 1993 . comparative variation in spawning output and juvenile recruitment of caribbean reef fishes . marine ecology progress series 94 : 105 - 113 .
report by : melany p . puglisi , smithsonian marine station submit additional information , photos or comments to : irl _ webmaster @ urltoken page last updated : august 1 , 2008
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
eschmeyer , w . n . and fricke , r . ( eds ) . 2015 . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . updated 1 october 2015 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 1 october 2015 ) .
a . hoefleri may represent the e atlantic population of a . saxatilis ( l . a . rocha pers . comm . 2010 ) .
is widespread in the tropical atlantic ocean . it is the most common and abundant damselfish throughout its range . there are no major threats identified and it is found in a number of marine reserves in parts of its range . it is therefore assessed as least concern .
angola ; anguilla ; antigua and barbuda ; aruba ; bahamas ; barbados ; belize ; benin ; bermuda ; brazil ; cameroon ; cape verde ; cayman islands ; colombia ; congo ; congo , the democratic republic of the ; costa rica ; côte d ' ivoire ; cuba ; dominica ; dominican republic ; equatorial guinea ; french guiana ; gabon ; gambia ; ghana ; grenada ; guadeloupe ; guatemala ; guinea ; guinea - bissau ; guyana ; haiti ; honduras ; jamaica ; liberia ; martinique ; mauritania ; mexico ; montserrat ; morocco ; nicaragua ; nigeria ; panama ; puerto rico ; saint helena , ascension and tristan da cunha ; saint kitts and nevis ; saint lucia ; saint vincent and the grenadines ; sao tomé and principe ; senegal ; sierra leone ; suriname ; togo ; trinidad and tobago ; turks and caicos islands ; united states ; uruguay ; venezuela , bolivarian republic of ; virgin islands , british ; virgin islands , u . s . ; western sahara
this species is a component of subsistence fisheries . it is caught incidentally in the aquarium trade . the species is extremely hardy ( indicating tolerance to a wide range of water and temperature regimes ) .
this species is a component of subsistence fisheries and is incidentally caught in the aquarium trade . it has been identified as a prey item of the invasive lionfish (
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description inhabits upper edge of outer reef slopes and inshore rocky reefs . feeds on zooplankton , benthic algae , and small . . .
description inhabits upper edge of outer reef slopes and inshore rocky reefs . feeds on zooplankton , benthic algae , and small invertebrates ( ref . 1602 ) . [ details ]
streftaris , n . ; zenetos , a . ; papathanassiou , e . ( 2005 ) . globalisation in marine ecosystems : the story of non - indigenous marine species across european seas . oceanogr . mar . biol . ann . rev . 43 : 419 - 453 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
zenetos , a . , m . e . çinar , m . a . pancucci - papadopoulou , j . g . harmelin , g . furnari , f . andaloro , n . bellou , n . streftaris & h . zibrowius . ( 2005 ) . annotated list of marine alien species in the mediterranean with records of the worst invasive species . mediterranean marine science 6 ( 2 ) : 63 - 118 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
king , c . m . ; roberts , c . d . ; bell , b . d . ; fordyce , r . e . ; nicoll , r . s . ; worthy , t . h . ; paulin , c . d . ; hitchmough , r . a . ; keyes , i . w . ; baker , a . n . ; stewart , a . l . ; hiller , n . ; mcdowall , r . m . ; holdaway , r . n . ; mcphee , r . p . ; schwarzhans , w . w . ; tennyson , a . j . d . ; rust , s . ; macadie , i . ( 2009 ) . phylum chordata : lancelets , fishes , amphibians , reptiles , birds , mammals , in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) ( 2009 ) . new zealand inventory of biodiversity : 1 . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . pp . 431 - 554 . [ details ]
occhipinti - ambrogi , a . ; marchini , a . ; cantone , g . ; castelli , a . ; chimenz , c . ; cormaci , m . ; froglia , c . ; furnari , g . ; gambi , m . c . ; giaccone , g . ; giangrande , a . ; gravili , c . ; mastrototaro , f . ; mazziotti , c . ; orsi - relini , l . ; piraino , s . ( 2010 ) . alien species along the italian coasts : an overview . biological invasions . 13 ( 1 ) : 215 - 237 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
zenetos , a . ; gofas , s . ; verlaque , m . ; cinar , m . ; garcia raso , j . ; bianchi , c . ; morri , c . ; azzurro , e . ; bilecenoglu , m . ; froglia , c . ; siokou , i . ; violanti , d . ; sfriso , a . ; san martin , g . ; giangrande , a . ; katagan , t . ; ballesteros , e . ; ramos - espla , a . ; mastrototaro , f . ; ocana , o . ; zingone , a . ; gambi , m . ; streftaris , n . ( 2010 ) . alien species in the mediterranean sea by 2010 . a contribution to the application of european union’s marine strategy framework directive ( msfd ) . part i . spatial distribution . mediterranean marine science . 11 ( 2 ) : 381 - 493 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
galil , b . ( 2007 ) . seeing red : alien species along the mediterranean coast of israel . aquatic invasions . 2 ( 4 ) : 281 - 312 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
ben rais lasram , f . ; mouillot , d . ( 2008 ) . increasing southern invasion enhances congruence between endemic and exotic mediterranean fish fauna . biological invasions . 11 ( 3 ) : 697 - 711 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of glyphisodon rahti cuvier , 1830 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of glyphisodon rahti cuvier , 1830 ) randall , j . e . ( 1992 ) . red sea reef fishes . immel publishing . [ details ]
( of glyphisodon rahti cuvier , 1830 ) smith , j . l . b . ( 1960 ) . coral fishes of the family pomacentridae from the western indian ocean and the red sea . ichthyological bulletin no . 19 : 317 - 349 [ details ]
( of chaetodon tyrwhitti bennett , 1830 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of glyphisodon quadrifasciatus bleeker , 1847 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of glyphisodon vaigiensis quoy & gaimard , 1825 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of abudefdus vaigiensis ( quoy & gaimard , 1825 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
hong kong marine fish database . afcd . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
m . de kluijver , g . gijswijt , r . de leon & i . da cunda
humann , p . , 1989 . reef fish identification - florida caribbean bahamas , ( ed . n . deloach ) . new world publications , inc . , paramount miller graphics , inc . , jacksonville , florida .
nagelkerken , w . , 1980 . coral reef fishes of aruba , bonaire and curaçao . published by the island territory of curacao .
description found in small groups along upper edges of sheltered shear dropoffs . also found in rocky inshore reefs of usually moderate . . .
description found in small groups along upper edges of sheltered shear dropoffs . also found in rocky inshore reefs of usually moderate to strong wave action . [ details ]
smith , j . l . b . ( 1960 ) . coral fishes of the family pomacentridae from the western indian ocean and the red sea . ichthyological bulletin no . 19 : 317 - 349 [ details ]
( of glyphidodon notatus day , 1870 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of glyphidodon notatus day , 1870 ) smith , j . l . b . ( 1960 ) . coral fishes of the family pomacentridae from the western indian ocean and the red sea . ichthyological bulletin no . 19 : 317 - 349 [ details ]
( of chrysiptera paucifasciata fowler , 1946 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of indoglyphidodon abbotti fowler , 1944 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
description inhabits lagoon and outer reefs in shallow areas exposed to mild or moderate surge . feeds on benthic algae and small . . .
description inhabits lagoon and outer reefs in shallow areas exposed to mild or moderate surge . feeds on benthic algae and small invertebrates . [ details ]
( of chaetodon rotundus linnaeus , 1758 ) linnaeus , c . ( 1758 ) . systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima , reformata . laurentius salvius : holmiae . ii , 824 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of glyphisodon septemfasciatus cuvier , 1830 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of glyphisodon septemfasciatus cuvier , 1830 ) smith , j . l . b . ( 1960 ) . coral fishes of the family pomacentridae from the western indian ocean and the red sea . ichthyological bulletin no . 19 : 317 - 349 [ details ]
( of chaetodon rotundus linnaeus , 1758 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
justification : this species is widespread in the eastern pacific , and is common in many parts of its range . there are no major threats for this species , and no current indication of population decline . it is listed as least concern .
this species is endemic to the eastern pacific , and is found from lower baja california and the central gulf of california to costa rica , including revillagigedo island .
this reef - associated species is found in shallow rocky reefs exposed to surge to depths of five m . it is also common in intertidal and shallow subtidal rocky habitats .
there are no known conservation measures for this species . however , this species ' distribution falls partially into a number of marine protected areas in the eastern pacific region ( wdpa 2006 ) .
marine ; reef - associated ; non - migratory ; depth range 0 - 25 m . subtropical ; 40°n - 13°n , 29°w - 11°w ( ref . 56021 )
eastern atlantic : including madeira , azores , ilheus selvagens , canary islands , cape verde , and senegal .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 15 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 27000 )
adults inhabit rocky inshore areas , often near sand ; juveniles found in tide pools . food comprised mainly of algae with associated minute invertebrates ( ref . 6760 ) . males protect the eggs deposited in nests ( ref . 6760 ) .
oviparous , distinct pairing during breeding ( ref . 205 ) . eggs are demersal and adhere to the substrate ( ref . 205 ) . males protect the eggs deposited in nests ( ref . 6760 ) .
) : 18 . 7 - 24 . 5 , mean 20 . 2 ( based on 85 cells ) .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01479 ( 0 . 00671 - 0 . 03258 ) , b = 2 . 98 ( 2 . 79 - 3 . 17 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 5 ±0 . 37 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 26 of 100 ) .
. the sergeant major is a common damselfish of the tropical atlantic , often the first fish a new snorkeler or diver learns because it’s beautiful , abundant , and distinctive . like the hoopoe (
) , the sergeant major has a latin name that’s both fun to say and etymologically interesting . i was first drawn to the name because of its peculiar rhythm :
between genus and species , which arises because the species name is conventionally latin , while the genus name is arabic .
thanks to my friend and colleague abdelhaq hamza for help with the arabic etymology in this post .
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sphingomorpha chlorea ( sundowner moth ) is a species of moth in the family erebidae , that is native to africa and southern asia .

it is a fruit-piercing moth and a notorious pest in orchards .

the fruit is pierced while performing a vertical and rhythmic movement of the head .

sphingomorpha chlorea

lantana camara ( verbenaceae ) is reported as a new larval hostplant for sphingomorpha chlorea ( cramer ) ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) from savandurga , karnataka , india .
lepimap no . : 18768 species : 529270 - - sphingomorpha chlorea ( noctuidae ) observer : kemper j ; date : 2004 - 04 - 04 . . 2615ca record status : accepted . there is 1 photo and 2 comments record url : urltoken
lepimap no . : 18710 species : 529270 - - sphingomorpha chlorea ( noctuidae ) observer : reynolds chloe ; date : 2010 - 11 - 07 . mpumalanga . 2529cd record status : accepted . there is 1 photo and 2 comments record url : urltoken
lepimap no . : 20198 species : 529270 - - sphingomorpha chlorea ( noctuidae ) observer : webb p ; date : 2011 - 11 - 18 . limpopo . 2331cb record status : accepted . there is 1 photo and 2 comments record url : urltoken
lepimap no . : 21444 species : 529270 - - sphingomorpha chlorea ( noctuidae ) observer : vermaak h ; date : 2012 - 01 - 29 . gauteng . 2729ba record status : accepted . there is 1 photo and 2 comments record url : urltoken
lepimap no . : 27132 species : 529270 - - sphingomorpha chlorea ( noctuidae ) observer : beneke marita ; date : 2012 - 12 - 25 . limpopo . 2428cb record status : accepted . there are 2 photos and 2 comments record url : urltoken
lepimap no . : 4546 species : 529270 - - sphingomorpha chlorea ( noctuidae ) observer : webb p . ; date : 2008 - 12 - 20 . gauteng . 2528cc record status : accepted . there is 1 photo and 2 comments record url : urltoken
lepimap no . : 20240 species : 529270 - - sphingomorpha chlorea ( noctuidae ) observer : ainsley j . ; date : 2011 - 11 - 27 . limpopo . 2231ac record status : accepted . there are 2 photos and 2 comments record url : urltoken
lepimap no . : 20834 species : 529270 - - sphingomorpha chlorea ( noctuidae ) observer : ainsley j . ; date : 2011 - 12 - 29 . limpopo . 2430bd record status : accepted . there is 1 photo and 2 comments record url : urltoken
lepimap no . : 20866 species : 529270 - - sphingomorpha chlorea ( noctuidae ) observer : ainsley j . ; date : 2011 - 12 - 26 . limpopo . 2430bd record status : accepted . there is 1 photo and 2 comments record url : urltoken
lepimap no . : 21035 species : 529270 - - sphingomorpha chlorea ( noctuidae ) observer : ainsley j . ; date : 2012 - 01 - 06 . limpopo . 2527ad record status : accepted . there is 1 photo and 2 comments record url : urltoken
lepimap no . : 24966 species : 529270 - - sphingomorpha chlorea ( noctuidae ) observer : wilkinson j h ; date : 2011 - 12 - 19 . limpopo . 2230ca record status : accepted . there are 3 photos and 2 comments record url : urltoken
lepimap no . : 26699 species : 529270 - - sphingomorpha chlorea ( noctuidae ) observer : wilkinson j h ; date : 2012 - 11 - 29 . limpopo . 2230ca record status : accepted . there is 1 photo and 2 comments record url : urltoken
lepimap no . : 27559 species : 529270 - - sphingomorpha chlorea ( noctuidae ) observer : giesler peter ; date : 2012 - 11 - 01 . free state . 2729db record status : accepted . there is 1 photo and 2 comments record url : urltoken
lepimap no . : 28754 species : 529270 - - sphingomorpha chlorea ( noctuidae ) observer : bode j ; date : 2013 - 03 - 02 . free state . 2627cd record status : accepted . there is 1 photo and 2 comments record url : urltoken
lepimap no . : 16349 species : 529270 - - sphingomorpha chlorea ( noctuidae ) observer : willis c . k . ; date : 2011 - 02 - 09 . limpopo . 2229ab record status : accepted . there is 1 photo and 2 comments record url : urltoken
lepimap no . : 1423 species : 529270 - - sphingomorpha chlorea ( noctuidae ) observer : luyt a . e . ; date : 2008 - 01 - 22 . north west . 2527aa record status : accepted . there is 1 photo and 3 comments record url : urltoken
lepimap no . : 4013 species : 529270 - - sphingomorpha chlorea ( noctuidae ) observer : willis c . k . ; date : 2008 - 11 - 22 . north west . 2527bc record status : accepted . there is 1 photo and 3 comments record url : urltoken
lepimap no . : 12016 species : 529270 - - sphingomorpha chlorea ( noctuidae ) observer : rowswell r . a . ; date : 2010 - 03 - 24 . eastern cape . 3326bc record status : accepted . there are 2 photos and 2 comments record url : urltoken
lepimap no . : 1703 species : 529270 - - sphingomorpha chlorea ( noctuidae ) observer : willis c . k . ; date : 2008 - 03 - 17 . kwazulu - natal . 3030bb record status : accepted . there is 1 photo and 2 comments record url : urltoken
lepimap no . : 21967 species : 529270 - - sphingomorpha chlorea ( noctuidae ) observer : cairns w b ; members of the kokanje digiphoto club ; date : 2012 - 03 - 08 . limpopo . 2428cb record status : accepted . there is 1 photo and 2 comments record url : urltoken
copyright : mark hyde , bart wursten , petra ballings and meg coates palgrave , 2002 - 18 hyde , m . a . , wursten , b . t . , ballings , p . & coates palgrave , m . ( 2018 ) . flora of zimbabwe : lepidoptera - butterflies and moths : sphingomorpha chlorea . urltoken retrieved 9 july 2018 site software last modified : 26 december 2016 8 : 34pm ( gmt + 2 ) terms of use
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the piercing mechanism of the fruit - piercing moth calpe [ calyptra ] thalictri bkh . ( noctuidae ) with reference to the skin - piercing blood - sucking mot . . . - pubmed - ncbi
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the piercing mechanism of the fruit - piercing moth calpe [ calyptra ] thalictri bkh . ( noctuidae ) with reference to the skin - piercing blood - sucking moth c . eustrigata hmps .
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aeroplanes - cars and bikes - travel - sunrise - water drops / falls - sudwala and sterkfontein caves etc .
we have two kinds of granadilla ( passionfruit ) species here . one is an orange / yellow thick skin variety which grows wild in our tropical cli . . .
it has been named after him and called pachydactylus maraisi . this small ( about 8cm ) gecko was found in namibia near swakopmund on the . . .
i thought i would add a bit on the accommodation and amenities in the park for those who are interested . the park caters for all kinds of . . .
garden snails are the fastest species and they can move about 55 yards per hour . while they don’t move fast , they do move at a very steady p . . .
to most of you living in the northern hemisphere , the litchi or lychee would be an exotic fruit and totally unknown to you , but for me it gr . . .
a very good friend of mine got me wondering about the origin of fruit and vegetables and when i started browsing for information , i came a c . . .
i was very excited to learn that johan marais , a herpetologist of note was bringing out a new book called “what’s that reptile ? – a starters . . .
kapok tree - local name : knob thorn ( ceiba pentandra ) family bombacaceae we have a few species here called the knob thorn but this one . . .
. . . . the one you go to when you need to replenish the desolation of your soul……the one place on earth where you can become whole again……where . . .
i have found a few scorpions now but it is one critter i know almost nothing about . scorpions are fascinating animals , though most people s . . .
we have kept jott a free peer - reviewed scientific journal to promote conservation . we have not put up a paywall to readers , and we do not charge for publishing . but running a monthly journal costs a lot . while we do have some partners , we still require support to keep the journal alive . if our readers help fund it , our future will be more secure .
the journal of threatened taxa is an open access and print , peer - reviewed , monthly , international journal on conservation and taxonomy . the aim of the journal is to promote wildlife research and conservation action worldwide at no cost to authors , no subscription or membership cost , and no hidden cost , on a regular basis without compromising on ethics , standards and pre - requisites of scientific publications .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
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[ page served : july 9 , 2018 , 07 : 41 + 0200 ] animal demography unit department of biological sciences - university of cape town this work , except photographs , is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4 . 0 international license . copyright of images uploaded into the virtual museum remains with the photographers , these images are licenced under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 international license .
tree to 10 m . leaves : lamina up to 20 × 20 cm , subcircular in outline , palmately 3 - 5 - lobed , with a linear fissure 5 - 10 mm long on the mid - vein beneath ; stellate - pubescent to nearly glabrous above , stellate - tomentose to - pubescent beneath ; base cordate ; apex usually blunt or rounded ; margin entire . flowers c . 6 cm in diameter , yellow or purplish with dark purple or dark red centre . epicalyx teeth 9 - 10 , up to 12 mm , caducous . calyx c . 10 mm . fruit a capsule , up to 4 × 3 cm , subspherical to broadly ellipsoid or ovoid , glutinous . seeds c . 10 × 7 mm , hemispheric , with a brownish woolly floss .
shrubs or small trees . leaves and branches lepidote . inflorescences of terminal racemes or panicles or flowers solitary and axillary . epicalyx of 3 - 5 bracts . calyx cup - shaped , truncate . ovary 5 - locular ; style not branched . fruit indehiscent , woody or fleshy , ( 4 - ) 5 - lobed or not lobed .
the following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species .
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thespesia garckeana ( also known by its synonym azanza garckeana ) is a tree in the family malvaceae , found throughout the warmer parts of southern africa in wooded grasslands , open woodland and thickets . it grows naturally over a range of altitudes from 1000 to 2000 m above sea level , from semi - arid areas to areas of higher rainfall . t . garckeana is often found on or near termite mounds in old fields .
the whole fruit except the seeds is chewed like gum , producing a sweet glutinous slime . the fruit is also used as a syrup and soup .
the sap wood is yellow and the heart wood is a deep brown . it is easily worked but generally only suitable for small building needs , tool handles , oxen yokes , and domestic items such as spoons .
the leaves of t . garckeana have many uses including green manure and mulch . the leaves also provide an often used fodder .
azanza garckeana in : s . dressler , m . schmidt , g . zizka : african plants - a photo guide . senckenberg , frankfurt / main 2014 .
thespesia is a genus of 18 flowering shrubs and trees in the hibiscus family , malvaceae , although within the family they are more closely related to cotton plants ( gossypium ) . the genus is distributed from the south pacific through asia , africa , and the caribbean .
thespesia populnea ( l . ) sol . ex corrêa - portia tree ( pantropical )
atkinsia is a genus of flowering plant in the malvaceae family . it contains the following species :
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app . 4 * 4 cm . this is a fruit piercing moth that can cause considerable damage . it is also attracted to fermented fruit , beer , spirits and other sources of sugars .
found at a lodge restaurant in the evening . rain season . mixed forest , lubombo region . altitude : 543 . 799 m latitude / longitude : - 26 . 316624 , 31 . 990292
the larva is eaten in many parts of its african range . unlike other edible larvae , it is not an article of commerce since it loses flavour when it is dried . it is eaten fresh in rural areas where it occurs in large numbers some years . this species is widespread and common in tropical africa , whereas it is more local and rarer in asia , but it exists there . read more , and see pictures of the larvae and the pupa here : urltoken
if it is a moth , named by a drink . . . there should be an anricle written about it : ) ) ) this guy has turned into
a moth to know
: d
sundowner
actually does not refer to a sunset , but rather an alcoholic drink which is drank as the sun is setting . it is likely that this moth was named so for its attraction to such drinks . : - )
thank you dear leuba and mark : ) i guess i should be happy with
sunset
. thank you riekos for your comment as well , you are all the best ! : ) ) )
what a little beauty . excellent pattern and colours . carpets taken by larentiinae unfortunately . you could do worse than sunsets .
thank you for the id jakubko ! what a beautiful name ! however , i think it looks more like and exotic carpet rather than a sunset . . . i think this actual example must have had a bit too much of the fermented fruit , found him in the toilet area : p now , time for research and some id uptate : ) thanks again !
one of my favorites ! ! i ' d love to see this one some time ! i am not surprised you found it at a restaurant ; this species especially enjoys alcoholic drinks and fruits .
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fruit - piercing lepidoptera constitute an important problem in some parts of the world , such as africa , australia and india ; they also occur in ceylon , fiji , dutch east indies , indo - china , japan , malaya , samoa , and south america .
) the breeding areas and possible migratory habits of the adults of some species .
unless otherwise stated this account applies to njala , where there is a plot of budded citrus ; the trees were planted in 1925 - 1927 and mainly consist of late valentia and washington navel orange , and marsh and foster grape - fruit . the sweet lime , mandarine and tangerine are about ten years older .
the abundance of the noctuid moth , achaea catocaloides , guen . , in the belgian congo .
email your librarian or administrator to recommend adding this journal to your organisation ' s collection .
medium - sized deciduous tree . leaves alternate , crowded near the ends of branches , imparipinnate with 7 - 15 pairs of ovate to elliptic leaflets and a terminal leaflet , dark green above , paler bluish - green below . flowers in axillary and terminal sprays , red in bud , turning pinkish - white , unisexual , mostly on separate trees . fruits fleshy , plum - like , pale green turning yellow when ripe . the fruit is edible and highly valued by animals and people .
angola , southern drc , namibia , kenya , tanzania , zanzibar , botswana , malawi , mozambique , zambia , zimbabwe and limpopo , mpumalanga , kwazulu - natal , south africa . also in madagascar .
da silva , m . c . , izidine , s . & amude , a . b . ( 2004 )
southern african botanical diversity network report no . 30 sabonet , pretoria page 22 .
a list of trees , shrubs and woody climbers indigenous or naturalised in rhodesia .
southern african botanical diversity network report no . 33 sabonet , pretoria and harare page 17 .
shell field guide series : part i shell oil botswana , gaberone . pages 150 - 153 .
copyright : mark hyde , bart wursten , petra ballings and meg coates palgrave , 2014 - 18 hyde , m . a . , wursten , b . t . , ballings , p . & coates palgrave , m . ( 2018 ) . flora of botswana : species information : sclerocarya birrea subsp . caffra . urltoken retrieved 9 july 2018 site software last modified : 2 april 2018 9 : 51pm terms of use
this 84 - page issue contains 14 articles . it includes description of new species of fish and wasps , additional records of plants and lepidopt . . .
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upload your picture of a moth and add a description underneath . please only do one species per post .
all entries will be edited and updated ( additional photos and information will be added by moderators ) . new entries will be posted according to taxonomic order and the post date does not reflect the actual date of new posts .
this is one of south africa’s largest moths , with a wingspan of up to 120 mm ( as wide as the palm of your hand ) .
emerald green with yellow and red eyespots on wings . long tails on hindwings . its forward wings have a distinctive grey - coloured ' furry ' leading edge , giving a very rough surface , presumably for aerodynamic reasons . apart from the eye - like markings on its wings , the colouring and shape of the wings give the appearance of a piece of foliage , especially the ' tail - like ' structures of the rearmost wings which resemble a dried out leaf stem - presumably for camouflage in its natural environment .
the caterpillar is green with silvery markings . the cocoon is a silvery netted structure .
the species is distributed in angola , drcongo , ethiopia , kenya , malawi , mozambique , south africa , tanzania , uganda , zambia , zimbabwe . in south africa , it is found along the coast of kwazulu - natal and around the northern borders .
the life cycle of this spectacular moth starts with a mating pair . the female will lay a clutch of eggs and after a period of about 10 days these will hatch into caterpillars ( larvae ) . the caterpillar stage lasts between 6 to 12 weeks during the winter . in the next stage the caterpillar pupates into a silvery cocoon . out of this , the circle is complete with a moth emerging again . lunar moths are very short - lived , laying eggs and dying in 3 - 5 days . the adults do not feed but the caterpillar eats vast quantities of marula , tamboti and corkwood tree leaves . there are 2 broods in the southern parts of its range .
the luna moth releases pheromones as signals to other moths in general , female moths release pheromones to attract males from a distance , while males do so only when close to a female , to sexually stimulate her .
size : 120 to 160 mm . this large orange , black and grey silkmoth has a a well - developed eye spot on the hindwings in order to scare away predators such as birds ( a feature typical of most emperor moths ) .
larva final instar about 70 mm in length and about 15 mm in diameter . ground colour deep velvety black ; each somite , from 4th to 12th , bearing eight yellow tubercular processes , two subdorsally , two laterally , and four ( in two rows ) on each side subspiracularly . the 2nd somite bears four black processes , two subdorsally and two laterally . the 3rd somite bears 4 black processes , as in the 2nd , and two small yellow processes on each side , in line with the subspiracular processes on the other somites . spiracles red ; those on the 4th to 11th somites being surrounded by an irregularly shaped red area . head and legs concolorous with body .
most of sub - saharan africa : angola , burkina fasso , cameroon , drcongo , egypt , eritrea , ethiopia , equatorial guinea , gabon , ghana , kenya , madagascar , malawi , mozambique , nigeria , sierra leone , south africa , sudan , tanzania , uganda , zambia , zimbabwe .
as with all saturniidae species , the bunaea alcinoe only lives for a short period of time 1 - 2 weeks , long enough to find a mate and continue the existence of the species .
wingspan about 13 cm . the males have large feathery antennae that enable them to detect pheromones released by females .
moths are large , wingspan : male 100 - 120 mm , female 105 - 125 mm . wings fawn through shades of chocolate - brown , chestnut - brown and orange - brown to pale yellow and greyish . there are two black and white bands on the forewing , one on the hindwing and a large , brown and black hindwing eyespot ringed with white . eyespot on forewing small , orange , ringed with black and white .
colouration is variable . some adults are richly coloured with distinct ' false eyes ' whilst others are more cryptic in colour . males have feathery antennae . they use them to find a mate .
larva up to 80 mm long : black but densely speckled with yellow and bluish - grey , some specimens also speckled with red bands to a varying degree ; 6 short , sharp , black spines on each segment .
the mouthparts of the adult moths are undeveloped , so they cannot feed and must mate within a few days of emerging .
wingspan : male 110 - 130mm , female 105 - 125mm . characterized by dense greyish - black speckling on forewings and large , ringed eyespots on rusty field on hindwings ; males with very large , feathery antennae . quite a variable species , but in the region mostly fairly uniformly grey , rarely with brownish shades .
larva up to 90mm long ; green with dense fine speckling of white , magenta - and - yellow lateral stripe and 4 prominent silver spines on each segment . complement of silver spines reduced in some populations so that only some or no segments at all have spines , but in namibia usually fully developed .
the speckled emperor is known from south africa to eastern africa ; it is widely distributed in southern africa and ranges northward into angola and zambia . the species is absent , however , from the southwestern arid and winter rainfall regions .
both sexes active at night , the males only flying around midnight . this emperor flies from late december until early february . larvae fully grown march to april . generally only 1 generation per year , perhaps 2 .
eclosion is from a deep ( 20 cm ) subterranean pupa . males fly around midnight , the calling time of females .
females deposit clusters of 10 - 12 eggs on foodplant leaves . the eggs are often sparsely covered with scales from the female ' s body .
early instar larvae are gregarious and reddish - black . as they develop , they become solitary feeders , hiding on the underside of leaf stems and twigs . basis green colouration with silver ( sky coloured ) spines offers excellent camouflage .
fully grown larvae ( green , 9 . 0 cm ) descend the hostplant in march or april to pupate in deep underground chambers .
caterpillar is 40 mm in length , green with silver on the protuberances and some color .
angola , botswana , drcongo , kenya , malawi , mozambique , namibia , south africa , tanzania , uganda , zambia , zimbabwe .
. the tree is a single stemmed tree with a wide spreading crown . it is characterized by a grey mottled bark . the tree grows up to 18 m tall mostly in low altitudes and open woodlands . the
in their migrations , as it has been an important item in their diet since time immemorial . giraffes , rhinoceroses and elephants all browse on the marula tree , with elephants in particular being a major consumer . elephants eat the bark , branches and fruits of the marula to the trees ' detriment ; indeed , elephant browsing has been shown to significantly limit the spread of the trees . elephants do distribute marula seeds in their dung , however .
. these stones , when dry , expose the seeds by shedding 2 ( sometimes 3 ) small circular plugs at one end . the seeds have a delicate nutty flavour and are much sought - after , especially by small rodents who know to gnaw exactly where the plugs are located .
relationships : belongs to the same family anacardiaceae as the mango , cashew , pistachio and sumac , and is closely related to the genus poupartia from madagascar .
other : boran ( kenya ) – didissa ; kamba ( kenya ) – muua ; kwangali – ufuongo ; lovedu – marula ; maasai ( kenya ) – ol - mangwai ; meru ( kenya ) – mura ; pedi [ fruits ] – lerula , marula ; pedi [ tree ] – morula , merula ; pokot ( kenya ) – oruluo ; ronga ( mozambique ) – ncanhi ; sebei ( kenya ) – katetalum ; shangaan – nkanyi , inkanyi ; diga ( kenya ) – mngongo ; tonga : tsua , tsula , umganu ; tugen ( kenya ) – tololokwo ; dinka ( sudan ) – gummel ; nuer ( sudan ) – kamel , omel ; moru ( sudan ) – kyele ; luo ( kenya ) ong ' ono ; ngongo [ olunyaneka ] ( angola ) .
while little known globally , the fruit is traditionally used for food in africa , and has considerable socioeconomic importance .
the seed kernels are high in protein and fat , with a subtle nutty flavour , and constitute an important emergency food .
, made from the seed kernel , is a delicious additive to meals in africa . it contains
can also be used as a type of skin care oil . the bark is used both as treatment and a
bites to alleviate pain . the leaves are chewed on to help indigestion and to treat heartburn . products of fruits and the tree are useful in crafts and agriculture . gums
from the stem are mixed with water and soot to make ink by certain tribes in the region . the bark also yields a red - brown dye used in colouring traditional craft ware . the fruit infusion is used to bathe tick - infested livestock . the fruit is regarded as a potent insecticide .
on an industrial level the fruit of the marula tree is collected from the wild by members of rural communities on whose land the trees grow . this harvest and sale of fruit only occurs during two to three months but is an important income to poor rural people . the fruit is delivered to processing plants where fruit pulp , pips , kernels and kernel oil are extracted and stored for processing throughout the year .
the most important industrial product is amarula which is probably still the second largest selling cream liqueur in the world . mirma , based in phalaborwa , assembles and processes 4 , 000 tons a year of fruit . they produce a pulp from the skin and flesh which is refrigerated and shipped to distel in the cape winelands . here it is fermented , distilled , matured , blended and bottled before being internationally distributed .
another fruit based product is a frozen marula puree , which is produced by bronpro in nelspruit . bronpro supply puree to food manufacturers who use it as an ingredient in their products . the best known of these products is marula mania a juice blend produced by the ceres beverage company under the liquifruit label .
the third largest marula fruit based industry , is the production of marula oil as an ingredient for cosmetics . this tends to be scattered amongst many producers although phytotrade africa is probably the leading
supplier
to the cosmetics industry through its integration of the production of many producers .
the alcoholic distilled beverage ( maroela mampoer ) made from the fruit is referenced in the stories of the south african writer herman charles bosman .
the marula fruit is also eaten by various animals in southern africa . in the movie
, released in 1974 , some scenes portray elephants , warthogs and monkeys becoming intoxicated from eating fermented marula fruit . later research showed that these scenes , at least in large animals were improbable and , in all probability , staged .
elephants would need a huge amount of fermented marulas to have any effect on them , and other animals prefer the ripe fruit . the amount of water drunk by elephants each day would also dilute the effect of the fruit to such an extent that they would not be affected by it .
the generic name sclerocarya is derived from two greek words , ' skleros ' and ' karyon ' , meaning ' hard ' and ' nut ' , respectively , and refers to the hard stone of the fruit . the specific epithet ' birrea ' comes from ' birr ' , the common name for the tree in senegal .
protected trees
. department of water affairs and forestry , republic of south africa . 3 may 2013 .
deciduous tree , to 8 m . bark rough , both vertically and horizontally fissured . twigs with brown - hairy apex . leaves with pinnae in 2 - 5 pairs . leaflets 6 - 15 per pinna ; lamina 1 . 5 - 7 . 5 × 0 . 7 - 4 . 2 cm , elliptic or sometimes ovate - elliptic or ± obovate , appressed - puberulent ; base ± asymmetric ; apex obtuse and emarginate . spikes pendulous , to 20 cm . petals c . 4 - 5 mm , white to pale green . pod 4 - 6 . 5 × 2 - 3 cm . seeds c . 9 - 12 mm , elliptic , flattened , brown .
the wild syringa ( burkea africana ) is a deciduous , medium - sized , spreading , flat - topped tree belonging to the family caesalpiniaceae . the genus was named in honour of joseph burke , the botanist and collector .
widespread in tropical africa , it is found in chad , sudan , tanzania , uganda , cameroon , central african republic , zaire , benin , burkina faso , côte d ' ivoire , ghana , guinea , mali , niger , nigeria , senegal , togo , angola , malawi , mozambique , zambia , zimbabwe , botswana , namibia , south africa in the transvaal .
leaves are bipinnately compound , silvery - pubescent or glabrescent . flowers are creamy - white , fragrant and in pendulous racemes of up to 300mm in length . the bark is toxic , rich in alkaloids and tannins and used for tanning leather . pulverised bark is thrown into water to paralyse fish .
if cut from the heartwood , it produces durable , insect - resistant timber with a moderately fine , wavy grain which is dark brown to reddish brown , and is used for parquet flooring and fine cabinet and furniture work .
the foliage is browsed by the larvae of two saturniidae moths , rohaniella pygmaea and imbrasia forda .
this introduction to the distribution of african lepidoptera to the south of latitude 10°s must be limited both by the necessary confines of space and by the wide open field of research still necessary . the general picture of our present knowledge of this fauna’s food requirements and ecology is very inadequate , except perhaps for those of wide distribution or of economic significance . some suggestions have been kindly proffered by prof . b . i . balinsky and dr . c . b . cottrell and these are much appreciated ( cf . also balinsky 1962 ) .
these keywords were added by machine and not by the authors . this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .
auctorum . 1971 . continents adrift : readings from scientific american . w . h . freeman , reading .
balinsky , b . i . 1962 . patterns of animal distribution on the african continent ( summing up of symposium , 1961 ) . ann . cape prov . mus . 2 : 299–310 .
benson , c . w . , irwin , m . p . s . & white , c . m . n . 1962 . the significance of valleys as avian zoogeographical barriers . ann . cape prov . mus . 2 : 155–189 .
carcasson , r . h . 1964 . a preliminary survey of the zoogeography of african butterflies . j . e . afr . wildlife 2 : 122–157 .
cooke , h . b . s . 1962 . the pleistocene environment in southern africa : hypothetical vegetation in southern africa during the pleistocene . ann . cape prov . mus . 2 : 11–15 .
cottrell , c . b . & loveridge , j . p . 1966 . observations on the cryptosepalum forest of the mwinilunga district of zambia . proc . trans . rhod . sci . ass . 51 : 79–120 .
dickson , c . g . c . & clark , g . c . 1971 . life histories of the south african lycaenid butterflies : the entomological work of gowan c . clark and c . g . c . dickson . purnell & sons , cape town .
platt , e . e . 1921 . list of foodplants of some south african lepidopterous larvae . s . afr . j . nat . hist . 3 : 65–138 .
pinhey e . ( 1978 ) lepidoptera . in : werger m . j . a . ( eds ) biogeography and ecology of southern africa . monographiae biologicae , vol 31 . springer , dordrecht