the italian cave salamander ( speleomantes italicus ) is a species of salamander in the family plethodontidae .

endemic to italy , its natural habitats are temperate forests , rocky areas , caves , and subterranean habitats ( other than caves ) .

it is threatened by habitat loss .

italian cave salamander

vignoli l , caldera f , bologna ma . spatial niche of the italian cave salamander ,
information on the italian cave salamander is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
this is an informational website on the species commonly known as the north - west italian cave salamander or in scientific language , speleomantes strinatii ! other common names for this species are the french cave salamander or strinati ' s cave salamander .
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north - west italian cave salamander statusclassified as near threatened ( nt ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
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facts summary : the french cave salamander ( speleomantes strinatii ) is a species of concern belonging in the species group
amphibians
and found in the following area ( s ) : france , italy . this species is also known by the following name ( s ) : north - west italian cave salamander , strinati ' s cave salamander .
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the iitalian cave salamander is classified as near threatened ( nt ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
violin plots representing humidity in cave sectors available ( white ) and occupied by cave salamanders ( grey ) , during three months .
paper relating case of leucism and albinism in italian amphibians . during my research i found leucistic individuals in two species of sardinian cave salamanders : hydromantes supramontis and h . flavus
camp cd , wooten ja , jensen jb , bartek df . role of temperature in determining relative abundance in cave twilight zones by two species of lungless salamander ( family plethodontidae )
glenn , c . r . 2006 .
earth ' s endangered creatures - french cave salamander facts
( online ) - licensed article from wikipedia : the free encyclopedia . accessed
vignoli l , caldera f , bologna ma . trophic niche of cave populations of
hans - martin braun added the italian common name
geotritone italico
to
speleomantes italicus ( dunn , 1923 )
.
hans - martin braun added the italian common name
geotritone italiano
to
speleomantes italicus ( dunn , 1923 )
.
we hope you enjoy learning about this fastinating organism . if you are interested in visiting other informational websites regarding different species , visit a database called urltoken . the database includes informative pages on other salamanders such as the spotted salamander and the tiger salamander .
jung re , droege s , sauer jr , landy rb . evaluation of terrestrial and streamside salamander monitoring techniques at shenandoh national park .
annual variation of the coefficients of regressions between presence / absence of cave salamanders , temperature and humidity .
ficetola gf , pennati r , manenti r . do cave salamanders occur randomly in cavities ? an analysis with
lunghi e , manenti r , ficetola gf . do cave features affect underground habitat exploitation by non - troglobite species ?
lunghi e , manenti r , manca s , mulargia m , pennati r , ficetola gf . nesting of cave salamanders (
ficetola gf , pennati r , manenti r . spatial segregation among age classes in cave salamanders : habitat selection or social interactions ?
( aellen , 1958 ) . in : sindaco r , doria g , razzetti e , bernini f ( eds ) atlas of italian amphibians and reptiles . polistampa , firenze , pp 258–261
manenti r , lunghi e , ficetola gf . the distribution of cave twilight - zone spiders depends on microclimatic features and trophic supply .
) . therefore , in the following winter , acquiring energy is a major priority for juveniles . the most superficial cave sectors are the ones with driest microclimate (
hills n , hose gc , cantlay aj , murray br ( 2008 ) cave invertebrate assemblages differ between native and exotic leaf litter . austral ecol 33 : 271–277
schneider k , christman mc , fagan wf ( 2011 ) the influence of resource subsidies on cave invertebrates : results from an ecosystem - level manipulation experiment . ecology 92 : 765–776
) . cave salamanders are able to exploit the whole cave ; therefore , if salamanders just require optimal abiotic conditions they can remain in farthest sectors where suitable microclimate is more stable . conversely , in this study , salamanders during summer were associated to more humid sectors than in winter . this suggests a higher tolerance for dry sectors during winter , and supports the selection change hypothesis . multiple , non - exclusive explanations are possible for such selection change . first , newborns
) . the deepest sectors showed high stability of humidity through time , while fluctuations due to external variation were evident in sectors nearby the cave entrance . external humidity was particularly high in autumn and spring , determining an increase of humidity in the first sector of caves (
) , but their features and the distribution of their inhabitants shows strong fluctuations through the year , particularly in the superficial sectors . no doubt , the strong seasonal variation of salamander distribution was mostly dictated by the fluctuations of microhabitats . nevertheless , habitat preferences and requirements may change across seasons , as in the case of juveniles that select microhabitats with slightly different conditions in different times (
) . furthermore , all cave abiotic features ( temperature , humidity and light ) followed the variation of external conditions , which indeed were the major cause of fluctuations of internal microhabitats . while this influence was strongest in the first meters of the caves , it remained clearly detectable at depths > 20 m (
cave depth represented the major gradient along with microhabitat features varied : as expected , humidity always increased and light decreased in the deepest sectors . the relationship between temperature and depth was more complex . during winter a positive relationship between temperature and depth was observed , while the relationship became negative during the warm months (
the area of violin plots represents the distribution of cave sectors according to microclimate feature . width of plots is proportional to the number of sectors showing such microclimate condition . the black points represent the medians , the grey boxes represent the second and third quartiles . the violin plots for temperature are available in fig . s2 .
the dependent variables were three major features of cave microclimate : ( a ) internal temperature , ( b ) internal humidity and ( c ) illuminance . independent variables were : month of survey , depth of sector , temp . ext ( external temperature ) , hum . ext ( external humidity ) , time ( hour of survey ) .
is a northern and central alpinnine endemic , ranging from the provinces of reggio emilia ( emillia - romagna ) and lucca ( tuscany ) southwards to the province of pescara inclusive ( abruzzi ) . specimens from pian di mugnone , just n of florence , were introduced in 1983 naturalized in the cave
buca del nebbia
. 11º14 ' 11
e - 43º20 ' 09
n , 310m a . s . l . , on the southern slope of monte maggio , near monteriggioni , province of siena ( tuscany ) . the altitudinal distribution ranges from 80 m a . s . l . in garfagnana ( near anchiano , province of lucca ) up to 1594 m on mount corchia ( apuan alps , province of lucca ) ( gasc 1997 ) .
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cox , n . and temple , h . j . ( global amphibian assessment )
justification : listed as near threatened since although its extent of occurrence is probably less than 20 , 000 km2 and its habitat might be declining , thus making the species close to qualifying for vulnerable , it probably occurs in more than ten locations , and its range is probably not severely fragmented .
this species is a northern and central apennine endemic , ranging from the provinces of reggio emilia ( emilia - romagna ) and lucca ( tuscany ) southwards to the province of pescara ( abruzzi ) inclusive ( lanza et al . 2007 ; sindaco et al . 2006 ) . it occurs from 80 to 1 , 600 m asl .
it is common over much of its range , although it is considered to be less abundant in the southernmost part of its range . there is no evidence of any population decline taking place .
this species is known from humid rocky outcrops , caves , crevices , and forested areas in the vicinity of streams , often in limestone areas . it reproduces through the direct development of a few terrestrial eggs .
there are no major threats identified other than some localized habitat loss and illegal collection .
this species is present in some protected areas ( natura 2000 sites and regional and national parks ) . it is listed on appendix ii of the bern convention and on annex iv of the eu habitats directive .
franco andreone , paul edgar , claudia corti , roberto sindaco , antonio romano . 2009 .
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total length of males up to 112 mm , for females up to 120 mm . adult males have a mental gland on the chin , which becomes more evident in mating season . tail oval in cross section and slightly less than half the total length . trunk on cross section square . limbs well developed and hind legs slightly longer than front legs . front feet with 4 , hind feet with 5 flattened digits . coloration as in other
. a clutch contains 6 - 14 eggs of 5 - 6 mm in diameter . the females seem to keep in contact with their eggs . the eggs undergo direct development . after 5 months , the egg starts to swell due to increased water uptake . after 8 months , the egg has reached a diameter of 10mm . the egg then contracts until hatching after 10 months ( all at 12º c ) . the young are 22 - 24 mm in length upon hatching . development to sexual maturity takes 3 to 4 years . direct observation in captivity has shown that this species may live up to six years .
seems to be an opportunistic hunter with a wide range of invertebrate prey ( boehme et al 1999 ) .
the mediterranean region is subject to increasing human habitation causing pollution , deforestation , fires , loss of surface waters and introduction of exotic species . despite these factors ,
is not endangered . this is mainly due to its relatively large distribution and its water - independent biology ( boehme et al 1999 ) .
is abundant in its range and should not be considered an endangered species . it is , however , less abundant or even relatively uncommon only in the province of pescara , i . e . in the southernmost portion of its range ( gasc 1997 ) .
human activity has provided suitable habitats for this species in regions that are not so naturally rich in caves as the karst area . exploitation of
pietra serena
has yielded mounds of rocks near quarries and these and the rock walls used in traditional agriculture are now inhabited by the species .
boehme , w . , grossenbacher , k . , and thiesmeier , b . ( 1999 ) .
handbuch der reptilien und amphibien europas , band 4 / i : schwanzlurche ( urodela ) .
arie van der meijden ( amphibia at arievandermeijden . nl ) , research associate , museum of vertebrate zoology , uc berkeley
edited by david b . wake ( jan . , 2000 ) ( 2002 - 05 - 25 )
> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed jul 9 , 2018 .
> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed 9 jul 2018 .
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, it can be found in italy . you can see 13 photos of this amphibian .
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if you are searching for this slimy organism , you should start looking at entrances of caves in northwestern italy as well as southeastern france . you can find more information about their exact locations on our habitat and geography page .
speleomantes strinatii is one of seven species of the genus , speleomantes , residing in caves in europe . ancestors of these species are located in california . you can find more information about their history on our classification page .
go to our next page to learn how our organism is classified ! website was last updated on 24 april 2014 .
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hans - martin braun added the german common name
italienischer höhlensalamander
to
speleomantes italicus ( dunn , 1923 )
.
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this species is restricted to south - eastern france and north - western italy , from 80 to 2 , 400 m asl .
although there is little available information on the population status of this species , it is not considered to be declining in italy . in some parts of its range it is a common species .
it is found in the vicinity of streams and seepages , and amongst rocky outcrops and caves in mountainous areas . it reproduces through the direct development of a few terrestrial eggs .
there are no major threats identified other than localized loss of habitat and illegal collection .
the species is present in some protected areas . prior to being considered a separate species speleomantes strinatii was listed on both appendix ii of the bern convention , and on annex iv of the eu habitats directive , under s . italicus . although this species is not considered to be declining in italy , further information is needed on the status of the populations in france .
franco andreone , paul edgar , claudia corti , marc cheylan , roberto sindaco , antonio romano . 2009 .
this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , reproduction and adaptation in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed . for attribution , the original author ( s ) , title , publication source ( peerj ) and either doi or url of the article must be cited .
all applicable institutional and / or national guidelines for the care and use of animals were followed . the study was conducted under authorization of apuan alps regional park ( no 5 , 4 / 04 / 2013 ) , district of prato ( no 448 , 2013 ) , district of pistoia ( no 0022597 / 2013 / p ) and district of lucca ( no 731 , 21 / 02 / 2013 ) .
we used visual encounter surveys to assess the presence / absence of h . italicus and m . menardi spiders in each sector . this standardized technique allows to verify the presence of species in an area during a defined time ( crump & scott jr , 1994 ; jung et al . , 2000 ) . if possible , salamanders were measured . salamanders showing total length > 6 . 5cm or with male secondary characters were considered adults ( lanza et al . , 2006 ) , the remaining salamanders were considered juveniles . all individuals were immediately released at the collection point .
internal variables are ( a ) temperature , ( b ) humidity and ( c ) illuminance ( lux ) . in each graph , colored plots represent sectors located at different distance from the entrance ( from 3 to 21 m ) . these sectors represent the area in which microclimate variability is higher ; at 21 m illuminance was constantly 0 lux . error bars are standard errors . for temperature and humidity , the trend of the respective external feature is also shown , represented by a continuous red line .
we considered as dependent variables inner abiotic features of caves : ( a ) temperature , ( b ) humidity and ( c ) illuminance . we used as independent variables : month of survey , time in which the survey began , depth of sector , external temperature , external humidity and interaction between month and depth ( prof : m ) . for each continuous variable , the regression coefficient is reported if the variable is included into a given model . for both categorical variables and interactions , + indicates their presence into the model . for each independent variable , we report the first five best models .
parameters related to microclimatic change of caves through the year : best - aicc models .
presence of h . italicus was strongly related to month , and was generally associated with sectors characterized by high humidity , low light and abundant m . menardi spiders ( tables 3a and 4a ) . furthermore , significant interactions between month and temperature and between month and humidity indicated different microhabitat selection patterns among months ( table 4a ) . specifically , in winter periods salamanders were associated with warmest sectors , while in summer periods they were associated with coldest and most humid sectors ( figs . 2a and 2b ) .
( a ) – ( b ) : results of regression models analyzing all individuals encountered ; ( c ) – ( d ) results of models analyzing adults only ( e ) – ( f ) results of models analyzing juveniles only . results for december were not reported due to small sample size .
we considered as dependent variable the presence of ( a ) the species , ( b ) presence of adults and ( c ) presence of juveniles . we used as independent variables : internal humidity ( humid ) , month of survey , illuminance ( lux ) , meta spiders abundance and internal temperature ( temp ) . furthermore , we also used as independent variables interaction between month and internal humidity ( hum : m ) , month and illuminance ( lux : m ) , month and meta spiders ( meta : m ) and month and internal temperature ( temp : m ) . for each continuous variable , the regression coefficient is reported if the variable is included into a given model . for categorical variables and interactions , + indicates that the variable or the interaction is included into the model .
the dependent variables were the presence of ( a ) species , ( b ) adults only and ( c ) juveniles only . see table 1 for explanation of variable names . only the best - aicc models are shown .
the microhabitat selection pattern was similar if adults only were considered . adults were more abundant in sectors with low light and abundant m . menardi ( tables 3b and 4b ) . furthermore , differences among months were strong , and the interactions between month and both humidity and temperature were significant . adults were associated with relatively cold sectors during summer , while in winter they were associated with warmer sectors ( fig . 2c ) . in summer , adults were associated with the most humid sectors ; however , they showed a clear preference for the most humid sectors also in february ( fig . 2d ) .
juveniles were more frequent in sectors with high humidity and abundant m . menardi spiders ; furthermore the effect of month , and the interactions humidity - month and temperature - month were significant ( tables 3c and 4c ) . juveniles were associated with the coldest sectors during winter and with warmer sectors during spring ( fig . 2e ) . from late winter until spring , juveniles were associated with sectors characterized by lower humidity , while during summer this apparent preference shifted in favor of most humid sectors ( fig . 2f ) .
most of equivalency tests were not significant , suggesting that habitat selection pattern was consistent through months ( table 5 ) . however , in the analyses of humidity considering all individuals and juveniles only , niche equivalency was significantly lower than expected by chance between february and june , and between february and july . salamanders were more tolerant for low - humidity habitats than during winter ( fig . 3 ) . conversely , if adults only were analyzed , none of similarity tests were rejected ( table 5 ) .
equivalency of species - habitat relationships ( measured as shoener’s d ) observed in different months .
pairs of months for which the species - habitat relationships were not equivalent ( after bonferroni’s correction : α ′ = 0 . 0083 ) are in bold .
most of variation in species - habitat relationships was likely caused by the seasonal variation of temperature and humidity . nevertheless , particularly in the analysis of humidity with juveniles , tests of niche equivalency between late winter and summer months were consistently rejected (
) , but show the highest abundance of prey . actually , in our study caves , the potential prey richness ( calculated as the summed n of species of araneae ( excluding
) . efficient exploitation of seasonal peaks of food resources may be a key of fast development during the first years . furthermore , the negative consequences of low humidity may be stronger in summer . low environmental temperature reduces metabolism in ectotherms , which limits oxygen needs . as lungless salamanders exchange gasses mainly through their skin , and the efficiency of this skin function increases with high level of moisture (
) , during the cold season the individuals could be more tolerant to low humidity because of their lower respiration needs .
we thank two reviewers for constructive comments on a previous version of this manuscript . gff belongs to the laboratoire d’ecologie alpine , which is part of labex osug @ 2020 .
the authors declare there are no competing interests . enrico lunghi is representing the association natural oasis as president .
enrico lunghi conceived and designed the experiments , performed the experiments , analyzed the data , contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools , wrote the paper , prepared figures and / or tables , reviewed drafts of the paper .
raoul manenti conceived and designed the experiments , contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools , wrote the paper , reviewed drafts of the paper .
gentile francesco ficetola conceived and designed the experiments , analyzed the data , contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools , wrote the paper , prepared figures and / or tables , reviewed drafts of the paper .
the following information was supplied relating to ethical approvals ( i . e . , approving body and any reference numbers ) :
university of florence approved the project by regular department’s application and we followed our institutional guidelines .
the following information was supplied relating to field study approvals ( i . e . , approving body and any reference numbers ) :
gff was funded by labex osug @ 2020 ( investissements d’avenir—anr10 labx56 ) . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .
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) . humidity inside caves was strongly related to external humidity , month , depth and to the time of survey . furthermore , the significant interaction between month and depth indicated that the humidity gradient was not constant through the year (
) . the deepest sectors always showed lower light than the superficial ones . however , incident light increased in summer and during periods characterized by low humidity (
the dependent variables were the presence of ( a ) species , ( b ) adults only and ( c ) juveniles only . see
for explanation of variable names . only the best - aicc models are shown .
the microhabitat selection pattern was similar if adults only were considered . adults were more abundant in sectors with low light and abundant
) . furthermore , differences among months were strong , and the interactions between month and both humidity and temperature were significant . adults were associated with relatively cold sectors during summer , while in winter they were associated with warmer sectors (
) . however , in the analyses of humidity considering all individuals and juveniles only , niche equivalency was significantly lower than expected by chance between february and june , and between february and july . salamanders were more tolerant for low - humidity habitats than during winter (
our data mostly support the environmental change hypothesis . first , the temperature gradient showed a clear inversion through the seasons (
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the rio branco antbird ( cercomacra carbonaria ) is a bird species in the family thamnophilidae .

it is found in roraima .

it is severely threatened by habitat loss .

it was listed as near threatened on the iucn red list in 2008 .

in 2012 , it was assessed as critically endangered by birdlife international , which says the species likely to go extinct in twenty years if deforestation continues at its current pace .

rio branco antbird

rio branco antbird ( cercomacra carbonaria ) is a species of bird in the thamnophilidae family .
the rio branco antbird is classified as critically endangered ( cr ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
information on the rio branco antbird ( cercomacra carbonaria ) is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
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rio branco antbird the rio branco antbird ( cercomacra carbonaria ) is a species of bird in the thamnophilidae family . it is found in brazil and guyana . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist shrubland . it is threatened by habitat loss . see more at wikipedia . org . . . more
the rio branco antbird is classified as near threatened ( nt ) , is close to qualifying for or is likely to qualify for a threatened category in the near future .
photo 1 : the critically endangered rio branco antbird ( cercomacra carbonaria ) © mikael bauer . photo 2 : the rarotonga monarch ( pomarea dimidiata ) © hugh robertson . both courtesy of iucn
the rio branco antbird was for long considered a brazilian endemic , where it is restricted to the middle rio branco and its tributaries , in the northernmost state of roraima , but it has very recently also been found to marginally range into adjacent southwest guyana , along the ireng river . the species was formerly considered to globally threatened ( vulnerable ) , but has relatively recently been re - listed as near threatened , based on a better knowledge of its distribution , which has also proved to be more widespread within brazil in the last decade . like several other cercomacra , the rio branco antbird prefers very dense , vine - laden gallery forests , as well as those on river islands , and is usually observed in pairs . its plumage ( black in males ) suggests that it forms a species group with the jet antbird ( cercomacra nigricans ) , mato grosso antbird ( cercomacra melanaria ) and the bananal antbird ( cercomacra ferdinandi ) .
among the species at risk in the amazon are the now - critically endangered rio branco antbird ( cercomacra carbonaria ) , which was listed as
near threatened
just four years ago . according to birdlife , the species has a very small range in brazil and guyana . the construction of new roads in the antbird ' s habitat has made it easier to clear land for cattle ranching and soy production . according to current projections , the antbird ' s habitat will disappear completely in 20 years .
birdlife also downgraded the hoary - throated spinetail ( synallaxis kollari ) from the same rio branco region of brazil and guyana from
endangered
to
critically endangered .
the organization says the bird has just 206 square kilometers of suitable habitat , which could shrink 83 . 5 percent in the next 11 years .
possible relationships of the rio branco antbird to other species in the genus . received 15 aug . 1996 , accepted 20 feb . 1996 . = as currently recognized , the genus cercomacra consists of 12 species ( sibley and monroe 1993 , bierregaard et al . 1997 , graves 1997 ) of me - dium - sized antbirds . the genus is poorly known , as evidenced by the discovery of two new species of cercomacra and the elevation of another subspecies to species in the last decade ( fitzpatrick and willard 1990 , bierregaard et al 1997 , graves 1997 ) . more
deforestation in the amazon has put nearly 100 bird species at greater risk of extinction , the international union for conservation of nature announced ( iucn ) on thursday . the news comes in conjunction with the release of the 2012 update on the world ' s bird species for the iucn red list of threatened species , data for which is compiled and updated every four years by conservation group birdlife international .
in a prepared release about the red list update , birdlife blamed brazil ' s recently weakened forest code for increasing the rate of deforestation in that country . the new laws , a portion of which brazil president dilma rousseff vetoed in may , lowered the amount of forested land that farmers and ranchers are required to keep on their properties . leon bennun , birdlife director of science , policy and information , warned :
we have previously underestimated the risk of extinction that many of amazonia ' s bird species are facing .
he also said ,
the situation may be even worse than recent studies have predicted .
the 2012 red list update covers more than 10 , 000 bird species , 197 of which are listed as
critically endangered .
an additional 389 species are listed as
endangered ,
727 as
vulnerable ,
and 880 as
near threatened .
only two species had their red list categories improved in this update . one of them , the rarotonga monarch ( pomarea dimidiata ) , has been upgraded from
endangered
to
vulnerable .
endemic to the cook islands in the south pacific , the monarch was down to its last 35 to 50 birds in 1983 . conservation efforts including a captive breeding program and the removal of alien predators such as black rats from the islands have increased the species ' s population to around 380 individuals .
the other species with a category improvement was the ua pou monarch ( pomarea mira ) of french polynesia . last officially recorded in 1985 , the bird was listed as extinct in 2006 . after an unconfirmed sighting in 2010 , the monarch is now listed by the iucn as
critically endangered ( possibly extinct ) .
that ' s not much of an improvement , but at least it is hope .
the views expressed are those of the author ( s ) and are not necessarily those of scientific american .
john r . platt is the editor of the revelator . an award - winning environmental journalist , his work has appeared in scientific american , audubon , motherboard , and numerous other magazines and publications . his
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column has run continuously since 2004 and has covered news and science related to more than 1 , 000 endangered species . john lives on the outskirts of portland , ore . , where he finds himself surrounded by animals and cartoonists .
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spoon - billed sandpiper eurynorhynchus pygmeus was uplisted to critically endangered in birdlife ' s 2008 update to the iucn red list . photo : choi soon kyoo
one in eight of the world’s bird species is globally threatened , and the fortunes of some 200 critically endangered species are now so perilous that they are at risk of imminent extinction . birdlife aims to improve the conservation status of all the world ' s birds , and hence species are often the starting point for our scientific research .
the birdlife secretariat is the red list authority for birds on the iucn red list , coordinating the process of evaluating all of the world’s c . 10 , 000 bird species against the red list categories and criteria in order to assess their extinction risk .
our detailed information on the threats to species and actions required helps to shape the conservation action implemented by the birdlife partnership through its preventing extinction programme , as well as by other organisations and initiatives including the alliance for zero extinction .
video story : step into a desert island wilderness , where conservation work for turtles and birds is delivering heartening , long lasting , results : “now the fishermen work with us , they help us count the birds instead of killing them . they even adopt turtle nests . it is a big , big change . ”
new analysis reveals key factors that could help make or break a conservation project , and practitioners in africa and around the world can all benefit from their hard - won lessons .
since the seventies , millions of north american birds have disappeared and a third of species are now of conservation concern , a new report reveals .
scientists and ngos are calling for a ban on veterinary diclofenac after finding it could kill as many as 6 , 000 vultures per year in spain , home to 95 % of the griffon vulture population .
deforestation since the turn of the century has driven at least 500 species of mammals , birds and amphibians closer to extinction , according to a new scientific study published in conservation biology journal .
this species , which has a small range and moderately small population , has been uplisted to critically endangered because a model of future deforestation in the amazon basin predicts that its population will decline extremely rapidly over the next three generations as land is cleared for cattle ranching and soy production , facilitated by expansion of the road network .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : cercomacra carbonaria . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
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its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist shrubland . it is becoming rare due to habitat loss .
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tirumala hamata , the blue tiger , dark blue tiger or blue wanderer , is a butterfly of the nymphalidae family .

it is found in south-east asia and australia .

in australia , the butterflies perform mass migrations to the south in some years .

the wingspan is about 70 mm .

they are grey with black bands between segments and orange lateral lines and a black head with white markings .

adults have been observed scratching the leaves of heliotropium amplexicaule and parsonia straminea , possibly to suck out moisture .

the larvae feed on a wide range of plants including parsonsia ( including parsonsia straminea and parsonsia velutina ) , heterostemma papuana , heterostemma acuminatum , hoya australis , leichardtia , marsdenia ( including marsdenia velutina ) , secanome carnosum , secamone elliptica , tylophora , cryptostegia grandiflora , cynanchum carnosum and cynanchum leptolepis .

tirumala hamata

tirumala hamata arikata ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 219
tirumala hamata goana ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 219
tirumala hamata talautensis ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 219
blue tiger , dark blue tiger or blue wanderer ( tirumala hamata ) 18 . 12 . 2014 kenmore , queensland , australia
tirumala hamata ( w . s . macleay , 1826 ) blue tiger ( one synonym : danais australis blanchard , 1853 ) danainae , nymphalidae , papilionoidea
danais ( tirumala ) hamata goana martin , 1910 ; dt . ent . z . iris 24 ( 2 ) : 23 ; tl : goa ; bangala
tirumala hamata septentrionis ab . seminocturnalis murayama , 1961 ; tyô to ga 11 ( 4 ) : 56 , f . 2 ; tl : poli ? , formosa
hamata neptunia f . protoneptunia ( poulton , 1924 ) ( danaida ) ; trans . ent . soc . 1923 : ?
tirumala hamata ( macleay , [ 1826 ] ) = euploea hamata macleay , [ 1826 ] = danais australis blanchard , 1853 = papilio melissa stoll , [ 1781 ] = danais moderata butler , [ 1876 ] = tirumala angustata moore , 1883 = nephthys ( fruhstorfer , 1911 ) = pelagia ( fruhstorfer , 1911 ) = sassina ( fruhstorfer , 1911 ) = tibula ( fruhstorfer , 1911 ) = tutuilae ( hopkins , 1927 ) = neomelissa bryk , 1937 = mendica ( talbot , 1943 ) = danaus melissa = danaus hamata .
hamata arikata ( fruhstorfer , 1910 ) ( danaida ) ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 203 ; tl : sula is .
tirumala hamata ; [ bor ] , 206 ; [ mwb ] : 200 , pl . 14 , f . 86 , pl . 15 , f . 87 , pl . ix , f . 85 , pl . x , f . 123
hamata pallidula ( talbot , 1943 ) ( danaus ) ; trans . r . ent . soc . lond . 93 ( 1 ) : 136 ; tl : new guinea
hamata subnubila ( talbot , 1943 ) ( danaus ) ; trans . r . ent . soc . lond . 93 ( 1 ) : 136 ; tl : new guinea
hamata talautensis ( talbot , 1943 ) ( danaus ) ; trans . r . ent . soc . lond . 93 ( 1 ) : 135 ; tl : talaut i .
hamata insignis ( talbot , 1943 ) ( danaus ) ; trans . r . ent . soc . lond . 93 ( 1 ) : 136 ; tl : maleita i .
tirumala hamata ( blue tiger ) is a rare find in new zealand . only a few have been found in n . z . and it probably arrived from australia where it is a relatively common species . they are native to australia , malaysia , south and southeast asia , with varying subspecies .
tirumala limniace ino ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 219
tirumala tumanana semper , 1886 ; reisen philipp . ( 1 ) : 15 , pl . 3 , f . 1
tirumala limniace ssp . ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 219
tirumala septentrionis septentrionis ; [ bor ] , 205 ; [ bmp ] : 105 , pl . 11 , f . 8
tirumala melissa dravidarum fruhstorfer , 1899 ; berl . ent . zs . 44 ( 1 / 2 ) : 113 , 119
tirumala tumanana ; hashimoto , schroeder , treadaway & vane - wright , 2012 , j . res . lepid . 45 : 40
? tirumala limniace ab . donia fruhstorfer , 1897 ; berl . ent . zs . 42 ( 1 / 2 ) : 120
tirumala euploeomorpha ; [ mwb ] : 197 , pl . 14 , f . 81 - 82 , pl . vii , f . 60
tirumala choaspes choaspes ; [ bor ] , 206 ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 218
tirumala choaspes kroeseni ; [ bor ] , 206 ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 219
tirumala choaspes oxynthas ; [ bor ] , 206 ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 219
tirumala choaspes kalawara ; [ bor ] , 206 ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 218
tirumala limniace conjuncta ; [ bor ] , 205 ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 219
tirumala limniace bentenga ; [ bor ] , 205 ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 219
tirumala limniace makassara ; [ bor ] , 205 ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 219
danais ( tirumala ) melissa nigra martin , 1910 ; dt . ent . z . iris 24 ( 2 ) : 24 ; tl : ceram
tirumala ishmoides ishmoides ; [ bor ] , 206 ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 220
danais ( tirumala ) gautamoides doherty , 1886 ; j . asiat . soc . bengal 55 pt . ii ( 3 ) : 257 ; tl : nicobars
danais ( tirumala ) choaspes kroeseni martin , 1910 ; dt . ent . z . iris 24 ( 2 ) : 20 ; tl : buton i .
danais ( tirumala ) limniace bentenga martin , 1910 ; dt . ent . z . iris 24 ( 2 ) : 22 ; tl : benteng i .
danais ( tirumala ) limniace makassara martin , 1910 ; dt . ent . z . iris 24 ( 2 ) : 21 ; tl : s . celebes
tirumala alba chou & gu , 1994 ; in chou , monographia rhopalocerum sinensium 1 - 2 : 755 , 275 ; tl : mt . diaoluoshan ( 700m )
danaida ( tirumala ) melissa coarctata joicey & talbot , 1922 ; bull . hill mus . 1 ( 2 ) : 350 ; tl : biak , schouten is .
danais ( tirumala ) choaspes kalawara martin , 1913 ; dt . ent . z . iris 27 ( 2 ) : 109 , ( 3 ) : 123 ; tl : celebes
tirumala petiverana ; [ mwb ] : 196 , pl . 13 , f . 79 ; [ bk ] : 257 , pl . 27 , f . 386 ; [ afrl ]
769x514 ( ~ 119kb ) underside thailand , krabi 24 . 12 . 2003 - 7 . 1 . 2004 , photo © olli vesikko tirumala septentrionis septentrionis det . dick vane - wright
tirumala formosa ; [ mwb ] : 196 , pl . 13 , f . 77 - 78 ; [ bk ] : 258 , f . 27 , f . 387 ; [ afrl ]
danaus ( tirumala ) euploeomorpha howarth , kawazoe & sibatani , 1976 ; tyô to ga 27 ( 4 ) : 131 ; tl : solomon islands , santa ana is . , eastern distr .
tirumala gautama ; moore , [ 1890 ] , lepidoptera indica 1 : 33 , pl . 7 , f . 1 , 1a ; [ bor ] , 206 ; [ mwb ] : 197 , pl . 13 , f . 80 ; [ mrs ] , 273
tirumala ( danaina ) ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 218 ; [ wahlberg ] ; [ afrl ] ; brower , wahlberg , ogawa , boppre & vane - wright , 2010 , syst . biodiv . 8 ( 1 ) : 84
tirumala choaspes ; [ bor ] , 206 ; [ mwb ] : 198 , pl . 14 , f . 83 , pl . vii , f . 55 , pl . x , f . 126 ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 218
tirumala ishmoides ; [ bor ] , 206 ; [ mwb ] : 200 , pl . 15 , f . 88 , pl . 60 , f . 318a , pl . ix , f . 86 ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 219
tirumala septentrionis ; moore , [ 1880 ] , lepid . ceylon 1 ( 1 ) : 5 , pl . 1 , f . 2 ; moore , [ 1890 ] , lepidoptera indica 1 : 34 , pl . 7 , f . 2 , 2a ; [ bor ] , 205 ; [ mwb ] : 199 , pl . 14 , f . 85 ; [ mrs ] , 273
tirumala limniace ; moore , [ 1880 ] , lepid . ceylon 1 ( 1 ) : 4 , pl . 1 , f . 3 ; moore , [ 1890 ] , lepidoptera indica 1 : 39 , pl . 6 , f . 1 , 1a - b ; [ bor ] , 204 ; [ mwb ] : 198 , pl . 14 , f . 84 , pl . ix , f . 88 , pl . x , f . 124 ; [ mrs ] , 272 ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 219
the caterpillars are grey , with black bands between segments , and orange lateral lines . the head is black with white markings . the caterpillars have a pair long filaments on both the thorax and the last abdominal segment . the caterpillars feed on various jungle vines from the family
the wings of the adult butterflies are black with blue spots . they have a wingspan of about 7 cms . the butterflies may sometimes be seen scratching the leaves of special plants , including :
they appear to suck chemicals from the plants , even wetting dead leaves and then sucking up the moisture .
the eggs are bullet shaped and pale yellow . they are laid singly on young shoots of a foodplant .
the adult butterflies have been observed to live longer than five months . in australia , the butterflies perform mass migrations to the south in some years , making a delightful spectacle .
, csiro publishing , melbourne 2000 , vol . 2 , pp . 591 - 592 .
in s . b . malcolm and m . p . zalucki ( eds ) ,
natural history museum of los angeles county , los angeles 1993 , pp . 345 - 354 .
if you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .
edwards , e . d . 1996 ,
nymphalidae
, ed . nielsen , e . s . , edwards , e . d . & rangsi , t . v . ( eds ) , checklist of the lepidoptera of australia . monographs on australian lepidoptera , vol . 4 , pp . 243 - 248 , 359 - 360 , csiro publishing , collingwood
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 0b9a25f8 - 0ed1 - 472f - ae68 - 703434698214
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 1d1ca169 - 70d7 - 48e1 - 8c1a - 552a4f5569f1
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 907ceb29 - 1c5a - 4417 - bc07 - 0dbd59af9fc5
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : c7cba982 - 5863 - 44c5 - 9397 - 3f773ff8905a
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : ad62449c - 18bc - 421e - af70 - 3c188505fb50
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 657529
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elsa honrath , 1892 ; berl . ent . z . 36 ( 2 ) : 436 ; ts : elsa morgeni honrath
yala ( stoneham , 1958 ) ( danaus ) ; bull . stoneham mus . ( 71 ) : 2 ; tl : kenya
larva on secamone micrandra , s . platystigma , s . punctulosa , s . zambesiaca , cryptolepis sp . , periploca linearifolia [ mwb ]
w . kenya ( w of rift valley ) , uganda , rwanda , burundi , nw . tanzania
melinda mercedonia karsch , 1894 ; ent . nachr . 20 ( 14 / 15 ) : 225
elsa morgeni honrath , 1892 ; berl . ent . z . 36 ( 2 ) : 436 , pl . 15 , f . 5 ; tl : kamerun
danaus formosa neumanni rothschild , 1902 ; novit . zool . 9 : 596 ; tl : kaffa
septentrionides ( stoneham , 1958 ) ( danaus ) ; bull . stoneham mus . ( 71 ) : 1 ; tl : kenya
larva on pergularia extensa [ pbsa ] , daemia sp . , hoya sp . , marsdenia rubicunda , p . daemia [ mwb ]
burma , thailand , laos , s . vietnam , hainan . see [ maps ]
danais gautama moore , 1877 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 4 ) 20 ( 115 ) : 43 ; tl : henzada , rangoon , burma
choaspina ( fruhstorfer , 1911 ) ( danaida ) ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 274 ; tl : sula is .
choaspes oxynthas ( fruhstorfer , 1911 ) ( danaida ) ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 274 ; tl : sula is .
afghanistan - india , ceylon , kashmir - china , burma , hong kong . see [ maps ]
disjuncta ( dufrane , 1948 ) ( danaus ) ; bull . mens . soc . linn . lyon 17 ( 10 ) : 192 ; tl : tonkin
600x400 ( ~ 48kb ) upperside india : pune , 2 . 11 . 2008 © kedar tokekar
600x400 ( ~ 60kb ) underside india : pune , 2 . 11 . 2008 © kedar tokekar
larva on asclepias , calotropis , hoya , heterostemma , marsdenia [ bhr ] , dregea volubilis , heterostemma cuspidatum , hoya viridiflora , marsdenia tenacissima , crotalaria sp . ? , epibaterium sp . [ mwb ]
larva on dregea formosana , heterostemma brownii , asclepias spp . , calotropis spp . , dregea volubilis , heerostemma cuspidatum , hoya spp . , hoya viridiflora , marsdenia tenacissima , crotalaria retusa [ mrs ]
danais leopardus butler , 1866 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1866 ( 1 ) : 52 ; tl : n . india
danais ino butler , 1871 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1871 : 79 ; tl : sula
limniace orestilla ( fruhstorfer , 1910 ) ( danaida ) ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 205
limniace vaneeckeni bryk , 1937 ² ; in strand , lep . cat . 28 ( 78 ) : 113
papilio exoticus gmelin , [ 1790 ] ; in linnaeus , syst . nat . ( edn 13 ) 1 ( 5 ) : 2289 , no . 886 ; tl : ceylon
nocturalis murayama , 1958 ; new ent . 7 ( 1 ) : 27 ; tl : formosa
danaus melissa ; forbes , 1939 , ent . am . ( n . s . ) 19 : 129 ( in part )
larva on asclepiadaceae [ eob ] , vallaris dichotoma , parsonsia spp . , dregea volubilis , heterostemma brownii , cocculus spp . , tylophora spp . [ mrs ]
n . india - peninsular malaya , langkawi , singapore , thailand , indo - china , s . china , taiwan
1078x914 ( ~ 133kb ) upperside male thailand , chon buri province , pattaya , a small wood at a grassy swamp at the jomtien beach , between b . o . guesthouse and jomtien metro condotel , 2nd january , 2006 , photo © oleg kosterin
septentrionis musikanos ( fruhstorfer , 1910 ) ( danaida ) ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 202 ; tl : ceylon
septentrionis myrsilos ( fruhstorfer , 1910 ) ( danaida ) ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 202 ; tl : java
danais microsticta butler , 1874 ; ent . mon . mag . 11 : 163 ; tl : borneo
septentrionis valentia ( fruhstorfer , 1911 ) ( danaida ) ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 274 ; tl : mindanao
mendica ( talbot , 1943 ) ( danaus ) ; trans . r . ent . soc . lond . 93 ( 1 ) : 137 ; tl : fiji
larva on parsonsia , p . straminea , p . velutina , heterostemma papuana , hoya australis , leichardtia , marsdenia sp . , secanome carnosum , s . elliptica , tylophora sp . , cryptostegia grandiflora [ mwb ]
larva on cynanchum carnosum , c . leptolepis , heterostemma acuminatum , h . papuana , hoya australis , marsdenia velutina , secamone elliptica k . l . & l . e . dunn , 1991 , review austr . butts . ( 1 - 4 ) : ( 120 - 140 )
singaria ( fruhstorfer , 1910 ) ( danaida ) ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 203 ; tl : dammer i .
danais leucoptera butler , 1874 ; ent . mon . mag . 11 : 163 ; tl : dorey
gariata ( fruhstorfer , 1910 ) ( danaida ) ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 203
? danais melittula herrich - schäffer , 1869 ; stettin ent . ztg 30 ( 1 - 3 ) : 70 ; tl : upolu , samoa
? danaus melittula ; [ bow ] : pl . 153 , f . 16 ( text only )
ishmoides vetus ( talbot , 1943 ) ( danaus ) ; trans . r . ent . soc . lond . 93 ( 1 ) : 137 ; tl : jolo i .
ishmoides strymon ( fruhstorfer , 1911 ) ( danaida ) ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 274 ; tl : mindanao
ishmoides trasinanus ( fruhstorfer , 1911 ) ( danaida ) ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 276 ; tl : cebu
ishmoides sontinus ( fruhstorfer , 1911 ) ( danaida ) ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 274 ; tl : mindoro
checklist of afrotropical papilionoidea and hesperoidea ; compiled by mark c . williams , 7th ed . ( 2008 ) ( april 2007 ) ;
[ ² ] this may require parentheses or not . i don ' t have the necessary information for this taxon .
voyage au pole sud et dans l ' océanie sur les corvettes l ' astrolabe et la zelée executé . . . . . . pendant . . . . . . 1837 - 40 sous le commandement de m . j . dumont d ' urville etc . zool . , insectes . vol . 4
the butterflies of the malay peninsula . fourth edition revised by j . n . eliot with plates by bernard d ' abrera
the genera of diurnal lepidoptera , comprising their generic characters , a notice of their habitats and transformations , and a catalogue of the species of each genus ; illustrated with 86 plates by w . c . hewitson
review of australian butterflies : distribution , life history and taxonomy . pushlished by authors , melbourne
reise der österreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b . von wüllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . band 2 . abtheilung 2 . lepidoptera . rhopalocera
- 120 , ( inhalts - verz . ) 1 - 9 ( pl . 1 - 74 ) , ( felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ) , ( 5 ) : pl .
in king , narrative of a survey of the intertropical and western coasts of australia . 2 vols . in king ,
a list of the lepidopterous insects collected by mr . ossian limborg in upper tenasserim , with descriptions of new species
a monograph of limnaina and euploeina , two groups of diurnal lepidoptera belonging to the subfamily euploeinae ; with descriptions of new genera and species . part i & ii
on the lepidoptera in the tring museum sent by mr . a . s . meek from the admiralty islands , dampier and vulcan islands
vane - wright & de jong , 2003 the butterflies of sulawesi : annotated checklist for a critical island faunda zool . verh . leiden 343 : 3 - 268 , pl . 1 - 16
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
this common townsville butterfly feeds on vines in the asclepiadaceae ( apocynaceae s . lat . ) . mature larvae greenish - blue to white with a broad orange band plus some black bands enclosing white bands ; head black with two curved bands . adults black with numerous hyaline blue streaks and elongated spots ; lower surface similar to upper but paler .
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trees & shrubs ( new zealand native ) botanical names a to f with photo .
trees & shrubs ( new zealand native ) botanical names g to l with photo .
trees & shrubs ( new zealand native ) botanical names m to q with photo .
trees & shrubs ( new zealand native ) botanical names r to z with photo .
trees ( new zealand ) hebes and their hybrids & cultivars ( photos ) .
weeds & escapee plants : a to f ( common names with photo ) .
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weeds & escapee plants : m to q ( common names and photo ) .
weeds & escapee plants : r to z ( common names with photo ) .
the blue tiger butterfly has a wingspan of about 70 mm . adults have black wings with blue spots . the larvae which are grey with black bands between segments and orange lateral lines and a black head with white markings feed on a wide range of plants . thanks to wikipedia for text and information urltoken
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this page contains information and pictures about blue tiger butterflies in the brisbane area , queensland , australia .
blue tiger butterflies have pale blue patterns on black background on their wings . we took the above picture in macgregor park bush in mid - summer .
the blue tiger caterpillar body is banded with black , greenish - yellow and white rings , have two pairs of filaments .
their food plants are vines secamone elliptica and ischnostemma carnosum . the caterpillar usually found feeding underside of the leaf . their pupa is fresh green and shiny with some golden spots .
blue tiger butterflies migrate to brisbane from north queensland . we sometimes see one of them flying slowly among plants in our backyard and near by bushland . their flight is fluttering with gliding in between . but they know where to go , much like this review of garcinia knows where to go buy a quality cambogia supplement .
usually we can tell the age of a butterfly by its wing edges and colour . for the blue tigers in the above pictures . their wings colour faded and the edges were broken in different degree , we can tell the butterfly was in their middle and old ages . although the butterfly ' s wing edges were broken quite badly , theirs flying skill seems not affected .
blue tiger butterflies are not always seen in brisbane . from the reference books , they migrate to brisbane from north queensland .
however , we received email from georg horrolt - buddina , he advised that : blue tigers seem to migrate north every end of march and april , clouds of them fly right along the coastline from caloundra to noosa . i have observed this for approximate 6 years now . why do you say they migrate south to brisbane ?
in brisbane 2004 summer , the number of blue tiger is exceptionally high . from mid summer to late summer we can see plenty of them in the bush , flying along the highway and across our backyard . they were flying from west to the east .
the movement of the blue tigers are a bit confusing and need more observations .
we had the records breaking hot summer in 2004 queensland . this could be related to the high number of blue tigers found in brisbane .
we received email from david james - corindi beach : on 21 - 2 - 2004 , thousands of blue tiger butterflies visited my garden in coffs harbour . they were back again the next day but not as thick , and although a few were there about for 4 or 5 days . their numbers dropped rapidly . incidentally the temperature here on 21st was 44 degrees .
- by frank jordan and helen schwencke , earthling enterprises , 2005 , p6 .
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curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .
species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .
subspecies ideopsis vitrea chloris ( c . felder & r . felder , 1860 )
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