branchiopoda is a class of crustaceans .

it comprises fairy shrimp , clam shrimp , cladocera , notostraca and the devonian lepidocaris .

they are mostly small , freshwater animals that feed on plankton and detritus .

branchiopoda

fauna ( crustacea : branchiopoda : spinicaudata ) reveals hidden diversity and phylogeographic structure .
on eocyzicus sp . ( conchostraca : branchiopoda ) at panchgani , w . india
and the phylogeny of branchiopoda and crustacea . fossils strata 32 : 202 pp .
molecular characterization of visual pigments in branchiopoda and the evolution of opsins in arthropoda .
anostracans ( branchiopoda ) of botswana : morphology , distribution , diversity , and endemicity .
distribution , diversity and conservation of anostraca ( crustacea : branchiopoda ) in southern africa .
pesta , 1936 ( branchiopoda , anostraca ) in italy . crustaceana 77 : 1007–1012 .
( dexter , 1956 ) ( crustacea : branchiopoda ) . hydrobiologia 486 : 57–61 .
( crustacea : branchiopoda : anostraca ) from the nearctic . zootaxa 1126 : 35–51 .
branchiopoda ( anostraca , notostraca , laevicaudata , spinicaudata , cyclestherida ) - bugguide . net
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golbal diversity of large branchiopods ( crustacea : branchiopoda ) in freshwater
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the large branchiopoda ( crustacea ) from temporary habitats of the drakensberg region , south africa .
four new streptocephalus ( crustacea , branchiopoda , anostraca ) species from south - east africa .
, a new species ( anostraca , branchiopoda ) from turkey . crustaceana 79 : 89–98 .
( branchiopoda : notostraca ) from ephemeral waters of the northern chihuahuan desert of north america .
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limnadiid clam shrimp distribution in australia ( crustacea : branchiopoda : spinicaudata )
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tree of life web project . 2002 . branchiopoda . version 01 january 2002 ( temporary ) .
distribution and assemblages of large branchiopods ( crustacea : branchiopoda ) of northern western ghats , india .
a checklist of branchiopoda ( anostraca and cladocera ) of chilean continental waters . - pubmed - ncbi
( milne - edwards 1840 ) ( branchiopoda : anostraca ) . aquat sci 70 : 65–76 .
( rüppel , 1837 ) ( crustacea , branchiopoda , spinicaudata ) . hydrobiologia 586 : 249–260 .
( crustacea : branchiopoda ) : a group of morphologically cryptic species with origins in the cretaceous .
anostracan ( crustacea : branchiopoda ) zoogeography ii . relating distribution to geochemical substrate properties in the usa
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the clam shrimp eocyzicusin australia ( crustacea : branchiopoda : spinicaudata : cyzicidae )
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anostracan ( crustacea : branchiopoda ) biogeography ii . relating distribution to geochemical substrate properties in the usa
monophyly and phylogeny of branchiopoda , with focus on morphology and homologies of branchiopod phyl . . .
anostracan ( crustacea : branchiopoda ) zoogeography ii . relating distribution to geochemical substrate properties in the usa .
lilljeborg 1887 ( branchiopoda , chydoridae ) in scotland . freshwater forum 1 ( 3 ) : 184–194 .
( milne - edwards , 1840 ) ( branchiopoda : anostraca ) . aquat sci 70 : 65–76 .
( branchiopoda : spinicaudata ) from north africa and adjacent regions , with two new species from mauritania .
a study of the larval stages of branchinella biswasi k . k . tiwari ( crustacea : branchiopoda )
molecular characterization of visual pigments in branchiopoda and the evolution of opsins in arthropoda . - pubmed - ncbi
larval development of lynceus brachyurus ( crustacea , branchiopoda , laevicaudata ) : redescription of u . . .
( branchiopoda , anostraca ) in the united states and méxico . southwest . nat . 9 : 68–77 .
contributions to the crustacean fauna of south africa : a revision of the south african branchiopoda ( phyllopoda ) .
molecular characterization of ribosomal intergenic spacer in the tadpole shrimp triops cancriformis ( crustacea , branchiopoda , notostraca ) .
parartemiopsis longicornis ( smirnov ) , senior synonym of p . mongolica rogers ( crustacea : branchiopoda . . .
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the large branchiopods ( crustacea : branchiopoda ) of gnammas ( rock holes ) in australia
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on the occurrence of eocyzicus plumosus n . sp . ( branchiopoda , conchostraca ) in tuticorin , south india
( baird , 1859 ) ( crustacea , branchiopoda , spinicaudata ) , with a comparison of male claspers among the conchostraca and cladocera and its bearing on phylogeny of the ‘bivalved’ branchiopoda . zoologica scripta , 25 : 291–316 .
review of the eulimnadia ( branchiopoda : spinicaudata : limnadiidae ) from argentina with the description of a new species .
mura g ( 2001 ) updating anostraca ( crustacea branchiopoda ) distribution in italy . j limnol 60 : 45–49 .
self - fertilization and the role of males in populations of tadpole shrimp ( branchiopoda : notostraca : . . .
a new genus and species of chirocephalid fairy shrimp ( crustacea : branchiopoda : anostraca ) from mong . . .
spinicaudata ( crustacea : branchiopoda ) in australia’s arid zone : unparalleled diversity at regional scales and within water bodies .
evolutionary systematics of the australian cyzicidae ( crustacea , branchiopoda , spinicaudata ) with the description of a new genus .
on the larval development of eubranchipus grubii ( crustacea , branchiopoda , anostraca ) , with notes on . . .
life - history traits of streptocephalus purcelli sars , 1898 ( branchiopoda , anostraca ) from temporary waters with different phenology .
baird , 1843 ( crustacea : branchiopoda : anomopoda ) . phd dissertation , ghent university , belgium : 506 pp .
( branchiopoda , anostraca ) in the united states and méxico . s . west . nat . 9 : 68–77 .
dumont hj , negrea sv ( 2002 ) introduction to the class branchiopoda . leiden : backhuys publishers . 388 p .
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a new genus and species of branchiopodid fairy shrimp ( crustacea : branchiopoda : anostraca ) from australia
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, c . k . g . - 1965 - three new species of conchostraca ( crustacea : branchiopoda ) from rajasthan .
a review of the african streptocephalidae ( crustacea : branchiopoda : anostraca ) part 1 : south of zambezi and kunene rivers .
a review of the african streptocephalidae ( crustacea : branchiopoda : anostraca ) part 2 : north of zambezi and kunene rivers .
review of the eulimnadia ( branchiopoda : spinicaudata ) from north africa and adjacent regions , with two new species from mauritania .
( crustacea , branchiopoda ) from different geographical origin . mediterranean populations . j plankton res 14 ( 7 ) : 949–959 .
hudec , i . , 1998 . anomopoda ( crustacea : branchiopoda ) from some venezuelan tepuis . hydrobiologia 377 : 205–211 .
early signs of lethal effects in daphnia magna ( branchiopoda , cladocera ) exposed to the insecticide cypermethrin and the fungicide azoxystrobin .
( baird , 1859 ) ( crustacea , branchiopoda , spinicaudata ) , with a comparison of male claspers among the conchostraca and cladocera and its bearing on phylogeny of the ' bivalved ' branchiopoda . zool . scr . 25 : 291 - 316 .
, its larval development , morphology and significance for the phylogeny of branchiopoda and crustacea . hydrobiologia 298 : 1 - 13 .
there also are various taxonomic schemes for subdividing branchiopoda . the following is the classification of myers et al . ( 2008a ) :
the afromontane cladocera ( crustacea : branchiopoda ) of the rwenzori ( uganda–d . r . congo ) : taxonomy , ecology and biogeography
baird , 1843 ( branchiopoda : cladocera : anomopoda ) : morphology and evolution of scraping stenothermic alonines . zootaxa 2875 : 1–64 .
( branchiopoda : notostraca ) from the baja california peninsula , méxico : new insights on species diversity and phylogeny of the genus .
molecular characterization of ribosomal intergenic spacer in the tadpole shrimp triops cancriformis ( crustacea , branchiopoda , notostraca ) . - pubmed - ncbi
the nauplius eye complex in ' conchostracans ' ( crustacea , branchiopoda : laevicaudata , spinicaudata , cyclestherida ) and its phylogenetic implications .
male claspers in clam shrimps ( crustacea , branchiopoda ) in the light of evolution : a case study on homology versus analogy .
review of the eulimnadia ( branchiopoda : spinicaudata : limnadiidae ) from argentina with the description of a new species . - pubmed - ncbi
review of the eulimnadia ( branchiopoda : spinicaudata : limnadiidae ) from argentina with the description of a new species . | borea research unit
hatching response to temperature along a latitudinal gradient by the fairy shrimp branchinecta lindahli ( crustacea : branchiopoda : anostraca ) in culture conditions .
mackin ( branchiopoda : anostraca ) in baja california sur ; first record from mexico . biol . jb . dodonaea 60 : 138–143 .
r2 dynamics in triops cancriformis ( bosc , 1801 ) ( crustacea , branchiopoda , notostraca ) : turnover rate and 28s concerted evolution .
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an integrative approach to species delineation incorporating different species concepts : a case study of limnadopsis ( branchiopoda : spinicaudata )
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a revision of the australian endemic clam shrimp limnadopsisspencer & hall ( crustacea : branchiopoda : spinicaudata : limnadiidae )
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flössner , d . , 1972 . kiemen - und blattfüsser . branchiopoda , fischläuse , branchiura . tierwelt deutschlands 60 : 501 pp .
follo , j . , and d . fautin . 2001 . branchiopoda animal diversity web ( online ) . retrieved may 26 , 2008 .
the class branchiopoda is divided into 10 orders , two of which are extinct and known only through the fossil record . branchiopods show a great
within the branchiopoda , and the use of the groups sarsostraca and calmanostraca , the latter including all the orders except the anostraca and lipostraca .
the afromontane cladocera ( crustacea : branchiopoda ) of the rwenzori ( uganda–d . r . congo ) : taxonomy , ecology and biogeography | springerlink
smirnov , n . n . , 2008 . checklist of the south african cladocera ( crustacea : branchiopoda ) . zootaxa 1788 : 47–56 .
, new species ( branchiopoda : anostraca ) , a fairy shrimp from central mexico . j . crust . biol . 13 : 585–593 .
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caenestheriella mariaen . sp . ( crustacea : branchiopoda : spinicaudata : cyzicidae ) : a new clam shrimp from western australia
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what made you want to look up branchiopoda ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .
the genus branchipodopsis ( crustacea , branchiopoda , anostraca ) in southern africa . morphology , distribution , relationships and the description of five new species .
crustacean assemblage and environmental characteristics of a man - made solar salt work in southern france , with emphasis on anostracan ( branchiopoda ) population dynamics .
günther , 1890 ( branchiopoda : anostraca ) in europe : an integrated and interdisciplinary approach . internat rev hydrobiol 94 ( 5 ) : 560–579 .
mura g ( 1986 ) sem morphological survey on the egg shell in the italian anostracans ( crustacea , branchiopoda ) . hydrobiologia 134 : 273–286 .
early signs of lethal effects in daphnia magna ( branchiopoda , cladocera ) exposed to the insecticide cypermethrin and the fungicide azoxystrobin . - pubmed - ncbi
alonso , m . , 1996 . crustacea branchiopoda . fauna iberica 7 : museo nacional de ciencias naturales , csic , madrid : 486 pp .
olesen , j . 2000 . an updated phylogeny of the conchostraca - cladocera clade ( branchiopoda , diplostraca ) . crustaceana 73 : 869 - 886 .
exploring links between geology , hydroperiod , and diversity and distribution patterns of anostracans and notostracans ( branchiopoda ) in a tropical savannah habitat in se zimbabwe .
the nauplius eye complex in ' conchostracans ' ( crustacea , branchiopoda : laevicaudata , spinicaudata , cyclestherida ) and its phylogenetic implications . - pubmed - ncbi
linder , f . , 1941 . contributions to the morphology and the taxonomy of the branchiopoda anostraca . zool . bidr . upps . 20 : 101–302 .
rabet , n . ( 2010 ) revision of the egg morphology of eulimnadia ( crustacea , branchiopoda , spinicaudata ) . zoosystema , 32 , 373–391 . urltoken
r2 dynamics in triops cancriformis ( bosc , 1801 ) ( crustacea , branchiopoda , notostraca ) : turnover rate and 28s concerted evolution . - pubmed - ncbi
linder , f . , 1945 . affinities within the branchiopoda , with notes on some dubious fossils . ark . zool . 37a : 1 - 28 .
flössner , d . , 1972 . krebstiere , crustacea . kiemen - und blattfüsser , branchiopoda . fischlaüse , branchiura . die tierwelt deutschlands 60 : 501 pp .
rogers , d . c . , & timms , b . v . ( 2014 ) . anostracan ( crustacea : branchiopoda ) zoogeography iii . australian bioregions .
brtek j ( 1995 ) some notes on the taxonomy of the family chirocephalidae ( crustacea , branchiopoda , anostraca ) . zbor slov nár múz prír vedy 41 : 3–15 .
eder , e . & w . hödl , 2003 . catalogus novus faunae austriae , no . 1 . die groß - branchiopoden österreichs , crustacea : branchiopoda excl . cladocera . ( the large branchiopods of austria , crustacea : branchiopoda excl . cladocera ) . biosystematics and ecology series no . 20 , austrian academy of sciences press , 56 pp
alonso , m . 1996 . crustacea branchiopoda . fauna iberica , 7 . madrid , museo nacional de ciencias naturales , consejo superior de investigaciones cientificas , 486p . [ links ]
( crustacea : branchiopoda ) , in need of a taxonomic revision ; evidence from penile morphology . zool . j . linn . soc . , zool . 119 : 447–455 .
the branchiopoda originated in pre - devonian times , for in the devonian period a distinct order and suborder are evident : the lipostraca and the spinicaudata , respectively . the lipostraca contains only
olesen , j . 1998 . a phylogenetic analysis of the conchostraca and cladocera ( crustacea , branchiopoda , diplostraca ) . zoological journal of the linnean society 122 : 491 - 536 .
hudec , i . , 2010 . fauna slovenska iii . anomopoda , ctenopoda , haplopoda , onychopoda ( crustacea : branchiopoda ) , veda . vydavatel stvo slovenskej adadémie vied , bratislava .
rogers dc ( 2002 ) female - biased characters for anostracan ( crustacea : branchiopoda ) identification : a key for species of california and oregon , usa . hydrobiologia 486 : 125–132 .
brendonck l . ( 1996 ) . diapause , quiescence , hatching requirements : what we can learn from large freshwater branchiopods ( crustacea : branchiopoda : anostraca , notostraca , conchostraca ) .
( bosc ) ( branchiopoda ; notostraca ; apodidae ) a new record from poonch valley ( j & k state ) india . proceedings of the indian science congress 67 : 164 .
walcott , c . d . , 1912 . middle cambrian branchiopoda , malacostraca , trilobita and merostomata . cambrian geology and paleontology ii . smithsonian miscellaneous collections 57 : 145 - 228 .
to cite this page : follo , j . and d . fautin 2001 .
branchiopoda
( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken
negrea , s . , n . botnariuc , and h . j . dumont . 1999 . phylogeny , evolution and classification of the branchiopoda ( crustacea ) . hydrobiologia 412 : 191–212 .
kotov , a . a . and štifter , p . 2006 . cladocera : family ilyocryptidae ( branchiopoda : cladocera : anomopoda ) . leiden , backhuys publisher , 172p . [ links ]
timms , b . ( 2016 ) a partial revision of the australian eulimnadia packard , 1874 ( branchiopoda : spinicaudata : limnadiidae ) . zootaxa , 4066 ( 4 ) , 351–389 . urltoken
olesen , j . , martin , j . w . & roessler , e . w . ( 1996 ) external morphology of the male of cyclestheria hislopi ( baird , 1859 ) ( crustacea , branchiopoda , spinicaudata ) , with a comparison of male claspers among the conchostraca and cladocera and its bearing on phylogeny of the “bivalved” branchiopoda . zoologica scripta , 25 , 291–316 . urltoken
scanabissi , f . & tommasini , s . ( 1994 ) functional morphology and ultrastructure of male reproductive system in the leptestheriidae ( branchiopoda , conchostraca ) . crustaceana , 67 , 362–370 . urltoken
flössner , d . , 1972 . krebstiere . crustacea . kiemen - und blattfusser . branchiopoda . fishlause . brachiura . die tierwelt deutchland . 60 : 1–501 . gustav fisher verlag , jena .
timms , b . v . ( 2012 ) . an appraisal of the diversity and distribution of large branchiopods ( branchiopoda : anostraca , laevicaudata , spinicaudata , cyclestherida , notostraca ) in australia .
aspects of the evolution of the branchiopod crustaceans are reviewed and discussed . despite views to the contrary presented in recent textbooks , the monophyly of branchiopoda is defended based on morphological characters . the crown group branchiopoda is supported / diagnosed by a set of synapomorphies relating to limb morphology of both larvae and adults , including , among others , a similar . . . [ show full abstract ]
, a new genus of thamnocephalidae ( branchiopoda , anostraca ) , with some notes on the taxonomy of the family . zbor . slov . nár . múz , prír . vedy xlii : 3–8 .
sars , g . o . , 1865 . norges ferskvandskrebsdyr . f ' rste afsnit branchiopoda . i cladocera ctenopoda ( fam . sididae and holopedidae ) . br ' gger & christie , christiania .
kotov , a . a . 1997 . structure of thoracic limbs in bosminopsis deitersi richard , 1895 ( anomopoda , branchiopoda ) . hydrobiologia , 360 ( 1 ) : 25 - 32 . [ links ]
scanabissi , f . & mondini , c . ( 2000 ) sperm transfer and occurrence of spermatophore in the conchostraca leptestheriidae ( crustacea , branchiopoda ) . invertebrate reproduction and development , 38 , 99–106 . urltoken
duigan , c . a . , 1992 . the ecology and distribution of the littoral freshwater chydoridae ( branchiopoda , anomopoda ) of ireland , with taxonomic comments on some species . hydrobiologia 241 : 1–70 .
richter , s . , olesen , j . , & wheeler , w . ( 2007 ) . phylogeny of branchiopoda ( crustacea ) based on a combined analysis of morphological data and six molecular loci .
rogers dc , schwentner m , olesen j , richter s . evolution , classification , and global diversity of large branchiopoda . journal of crustacean biology . 2015 ; 35 ( 3 ) : 297 - 300 .
erratum : patricio de los rios escalante & alexey a . kotov ( 2015 ) a checklist of branchiopoda ( anostraca and cladocera ) of chilean continental waters . zootaxa , 4027 ( 3 ) : 366 - 388 .
philippi t . , simovich m . a . , bauder e . t . and moorad j . a . ( 2001 ) . habitat ephemerality and hatching fractions of a diapausing anostracan ( crustacea : branchiopoda ) .
schwentner , m . , just , f . , & richter , s . ( 2015a ) . evolutionary systematics of the australian cyzicidae ( crustacea , branchiopoda , spinicaudata ) with the description of a new genus .
fryer g . , 1988 . studies on the functional morphology and biology of the notostraca ( crustacea : branchiopoda ) . phil . trans . r . soc . , lond . b 321 : 27 - 124 .
kotov , a . a . 2009 . a revision of leydigia kurz , 1875 ( anomopoda , cladocera , branchiopoda ) , and subgeneric differentiation within the genus . zootaxa , 2082 : 1 - 68 . [ links ]
harp ; g . l . , g . leeds & h . w . robison , 1997 . first report on the fairy shrimps ( branchiopoda : anostraca ) of arkansas . southwest . nat . 42 : 259–264 .
de los ríos escalante , p . & kotov , a . a . ( 2015 ) a checklist of branchiopoda ( anostraca and cladocera ) of chilean continental waters . zootaxa , 4027 ( 3 ) , 366–388 . urltoken
duigan , c . a . , 1990 . a historical review of research on irish chydoridae ( branchiopoda , anomopoda ) with a checklist of taxa recorded in ireland . ir . nat . j . 23 : 239–246 .
linder , f . , 1952 . contributions to the morphology and taxonomy of the branchiopoda notostraca , with special reference to the north american species . proc . u . s . nat . mus . 102 : 1–69 .
braband , a . , richter , s . , hiesel , r . , & scholtz , g . ( 2002 ) . phylogenetic relationships within the phyllopoda ( crustacea , branchiopoda ) based on mitochondrial and nuclear markers .
sinev , a . y . 2004 . redescription of two species of the genus leydigiopsis sars , 1901 ( branchiopoda , anomopoda , chydoridae ) . invertebrate zoology , 1 ( 1 ) : 75 - 92 . [ links ]
rogers , d . c . , weeks s . & hoeh , r . ( 2010 ) a new species of eulimnadia ( crustacea ; branchiopoda ; diplostraca ; spinicaudata ) from north america . zootaxa , 2413 , 61–68 .
brendonck l . , centeno d . m . and persoone g . ( 1993 ) . fecundity and resting egg characteristics of some subtropical fairy shrimp and clam shrimp species ( crustacea : branchiopoda ) , reared under laboratory conditions .
schwentner , m . , timms , b . v . , & richter , s . ( 2015b ) . spinicaudata ( branchiopoda : diplostraca ) in australia’s arid zone : unparalleled diversity at regional scales and within water bodies .
geddes , m . c . , 1983 . biogeography and ecology of australian anostraca ( crustacea : branchiopoda ) . papers from the conference on the biology and evolution of crustacea . aust . mus . mem . 18 : 155–163 .
alonso , m . , 1996 . crustacea , branchiopoda . in ramos , m . a . ( ed . ) , fauna ibérica , vol . 7 . museo nacional de ciencias naturales , csic , madrid : 486 pp .
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co - occurrence of two tadpole shrimp , triopscf . australiensis ( branchiopoda : notostraca ) , lineages in middle paroo , north - western new south wales , with the first record of triopshermaphrodites for the australian continent
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sars , g . o . , 1890 . oversigt af norges crustaceer med forelobige bernaerkninger over de nye eller mindre bekjendte arter . ii . branchiopoda - ostracoda - cirripedia . forhandl . vidensk . kristiania 1 : 1 - 80 .
tasch , p . , 1969 . branchiopoda . in moore , r . c . & c . teichert ( eds ) , treatise on invertebrate paleontology . part r , arthropoda 4 , vol . 1 : 129 - 191 .
rabet , n . , montero , d . & lacau , s . ( 2014 ) the effects of pool sediments on the egg morphology of neotropical eulimnadia ( branchiopoda : limnadiidae ) . journal of limnology , 73 , 1–10 . urltoken
rogers , d . c . , dadseepai , p . & sanoamuang , l . ( 2016 ) the spinicaudatan clam shrimps ( branchiopoda : diplostraca ) of thailand . journal of crustacean biology , 36 ( 4 ) , 567–575 . urltoken
rogers , d . c . , rabet , n . & weeks , s . c . ( 2012 ) revision of the extant genera of limnadiidae ( branchiopoda : spinicaudata ) . journal of crustacean biology , 32 , 827–842 . urltoken
munoz j , gómez a , green aj , figuerola j , amat f , et al . ( 2010 ) evolutionary origin and phylogeography of the diploid obligate parthenogen artemia parthenogenetica ( branchiopoda : anostraca ) . plos one 5 : e11932 .
. fauna and distribution of fairy shrimps ( branchiopoda : anostraca ; notostraca ) in water bodies of northern siberia and far east [ russian sfsr , ussr ] . izvestiya sibirskogo otdeleniya akademii nauk ssr seriya biologischeskiky nauk : 106 - 110 .
weekers , p . h . h . , g . murugan , j . r . vanfleteren & h . j . dumont . phylogenetic analysis of anostracans ( branchiopoda : anostraca ) inferred from ssu rdna sequences ( in press ) .
braband , a . , s . richter , r . hiesel , and g . scholtz . 2002 . phylogenetic relationships within the phyllopoda ( crustacea , branchiopoda ) based on mitochondrial and nuclear markers . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 25 : 229–244 .
olesen , j . , 1996 . external morphology and phylogenetic signi - ficance of the dorsal / neck organ in the conchostraca and the head pores of the cladoceran family chydoridae ( crustacea , branchiopoda ) . hydrobiologia 330 : 213 - 226 .
kotov , a . a . & p . štifter , 2006 . family ilyocryptidae ( branchiopoda : cladocera : anomopoda ) . guide to the identification of the macroinvertebrates of the continental waters of the world . blackhuys publishers , leiden : 172 pp .
maeda - martínez , a . m . , d . belk , h . obregón - barboza & h . j . dumont , 1995a . diagnosis and phylogeny of the new world streptocephalidae ( branchiopoda : anostraca ) . hydrobiologia 298 : 15–44 .
maeda - martínez , a . m . , d . belk , h . obregón - barboza & h . j . dumont , 1995b . a contribution to the systematics of the streptocephalidae ( branchiopoda : anostraca ) . hydrobiologia 298 : 203–232 .
tasch , p . 1969 . branchiopoda . in : treatise on invertebrate paleontology . part r . arthropoda 4 . r . c . moore ed . geological society of america , inc . and univ . of kansas . 1 : 128 - 191 .
huang , w . - p . & chou , l . - s . ( 2015 ) temperature effect on development and reproduction of the androdioecious clam shrimp , eulimnadia braueriana ( branchiopoda : spinicaudata ) . journal of crustacean biology , 35 , 330–338 . urltoken
pereira , g . & garcía , j . v . ( 2001 ) a review of the clam shrimp family limnadiidae ( branchiopoda , conchostraca ) from venezuela , with the description of a new species . journal of crustacean biology , 21 , 640–652 . urltoken
weeks , s . c . , sanderson , t . f . , zofkova , m . & knott , b . ( 2008 ) breeding systems in the clam shrimp family limnadiidae ( branchiopoda , spinicaudata ) . invertebrate biology , 127 , 336–349 . urltoken
dumont , h . j . & m . silva - briano , 1998 . a reclassification of the anomopod families macrothricidae and chydoridae , with the creation of a new suborder , the radopoda ( crustacea : branchiopoda ) . hydrobiologia 384 : 1 - 31 .
kazuyuki kashiyama , takaharu seki , hideharu numata , shin g . goto ; molecular characterization of visual pigments in branchiopoda and the evolution of opsins in arthropoda , molecular biology and evolution , volume 26 , issue 4 , 1 april 2009 , pages 951 , urltoken
brendonck , l . , rogers , d . c . , olesen , j . , weeks , s . & hoeh , r . ( 2008 ) global diversity of large branchiopods ( crustacea : branchiopoda ) in freshwaters . hydrobiologia , 595 , 167–176 . urltoken
martin , j . w . & belk , d . ( 1989 ) eulimnadia ovilunata and e . ovisimilis , new species of clam shrimps ( crustacea , branchiopoda , spinicaudata ) from south america . proceedings of the biological society of washington , 102 , 894–900 .
šrámek - hušsek , r . , 1962 . 4 . rád cladocera — perloocky . in r . šrámek - hušek , m . straškraba & j . brtek , lupenonozci — branchiopoda . fauna čssr , česk . akad . ved , praha 16 : 1–470 .
citation : muñoz j , gómez a , green aj , figuerola j , amat f , rico c ( 2010 ) evolutionary origin and phylogeography of the diploid obligate parthenogen artemia parthenogenetica ( branchiopoda : anostraca ) . plos one 5 ( 8 ) : e11932 . urltoken
schwentner , m . , timms , b . v . & richter , s . ( 2015 ) spinicaudata ( branchiopoda : diplostraca ) in australia’s arid zone : unparalleled diversity at regional scales and within water bodies . journal of crustacean biology , 35 , 366–378 . urltoken
stenderup , j . t . , j . olesen , and h . glenner . 2006 . molecular phylogeny of the branchiopoda ( crustacea ) multiple approaches suggest a ' diplostracan ' ancestry of the notostraca . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 41 ( 1 ) : 182 - 194 .
kotov , a . a . , a . y . sinev & v . l . berrios , 2010 . the cladocera ( crustacea : branchiopoda ) of six high altitude water bodies in the north chilean andes , with discussion of andean endemism . zootaxa 2430 : 1–66 .
myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2008a . class branchiopoda ( branchiopods ) the animal diversity web ( online ) . retrieved may 26 , 2008 .
sinev , a . y . 2015 . revision of the puchella - group of alona s . lato leads to its translocation to ovalona van damme et dumont , 2008 ( branchiopoda : anomopoda : chydoridae ) . zootaxa , 4044 ( 4 ) : 451 - 492 . [ links ]
olesen , j . , s . richter , and g . scholtz . 2001 . the evolutionary transformation of phyllopodous to stenopodous limbs in the branchiopoda ( crustacea ) - is there a common mechanism for early limb development in arthropods ? international journal of developmental biology 45 : 869 - 876 .
we introduce this branchiopoda special issue of the journal of crustacean biology , providing a brief outline of the 13 research papers presented at the 8 th international crustacean congress in frankfurt , germany , august 2014 . we also discuss the current status and direction of research on the large branchiopod crustaceans .
chiambeng , g . y . & h . j . dumont , 2005 . the branchiopoda ( crustacea : anomopoda , ctenopoda & cyclestheridae ) of the rain forests of cameroon , west africa : low abundance , few endemics and a boreal - tropical disjunction . journal of biogeography 32 : 1611–1620 .
citation : ketmaier v , marrone f , alfonso g , paulus k , wiemann a , tiedemann r , et al . ( 2012 ) mitochondrial dna regionalism and historical demography in the extant populations of chirocephalus kerkyrensis ( branchiopoda : anostraca ) . plos one 7 ( 2 ) : e30082 . urltoken
brtek , j . , 1997 . checklist of the valid and invalid names of the ' large branchiopods ' ( anostraca , notostraca , spinicaudata and laevicaudata ) with a survey of the taxonomy of all branchiopoda . zb . slov . nar . muze prir . vedy 43 : 3 - 35 .
scanabissi , f . , cesari , m . , reed , s . k . & weeks , s . c . ( 2006 ) ultrastructure of the male gonad and male gametogenesis in the clam shrimp eulimnadia texana ( crustacea , branchiopoda , spinicaudata ) . invertebrate biology , 125 , 117–124 . urltoken
tremel , b . , s . e . frey , n . d . yan , k . m . somers & t . w . pawson , 2000 . habitat specificity of littoral chydoridae ( crustacea , branchiopoda , anomopoda ) in plastic lake , ontario , canada . hydrobiologia 432 : 195–205 .
mabidi a , bird ms , perissinotto r , rogers dc ( 2016 ) ecology and distribution of large branchiopods ( crustacea , branchiopoda , anostraca , notostraca , laevicaudata , spinicaudata ) of the eastern cape karoo , south africa . zookeys 618 : 15–38 . doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 618 . 9212
we are especially grateful to prof . michael turkay for hosting the 8 th international crustacean congress . we want to thank frederick schram for working with us on the development of this branchiopoda special issue of the journal of crustacean biology , and we want to thank all of the contributors whose research fills these pages .
van damme , k . ; sinev , a . y . and dumont , h . j . 2011 . separation of anthalona gen . n . from alona baird , 1843 ( branchiopoda : cladocera : anomopoda ) : morphology and evolution of scraping stenothermic alonine . zootaxa , 2875 : 1 - 64 . [ links ]
. biogeography and ecology of australian anostraca ( crustacea : branchiopoda ) , pp . 155 - 163 . in , j . k . lowry ( ed . ) , papers from the conference on the biology and evolution of crustacea . held at the australian museum sydney 1980 , australian museum memoir 18 , sydney , australia .
rabet , n . , godinho , l . b . , montero , d . & lacau , s . ( 2012 ) exploration of the egg shell structure of three neotropical eulimnadia species : a new insight into genus taxonomy ( crustacea : branchiopoda : spinicaudata ) . studies on neotropical fauna and environment , 47 , 221–226 . urltoken
it is our hope that this work will inspire students of branchiopoda to rigorously examine and test the validity of the various taxa described from this region , to properly describe and diagnose them according to modern standards , to do so in the larger systematic framework of the global fauna , and to generate useful dichotomous keys for their identification .
hoeh , w . r . , smallwood , n . d . , senyo , d . m . , chapman , e . g . & weeks , s . c . ( 2006 ) evaluating the monophyly of eulimnadia and the limnadiinae ( branchiopoda : spinicaudata ) using dna sequences . journal of crustacean biology , 26 , 182–192 . urltoken
kaji , t . , fritsch , m . , schwentner , m . , olesen , j . & richter , s . ( 2014 ) male claspers in clam shrimps ( crustacea , branchiopoda ) in the light of evolution : a case study on homology . journal of experimental zoology ( molecular development & evolution ) , 322b , 269–280 . urltoken
sinev , a . y . ; van damme , k . and kotov , a . a . 2005 . redescription of tropical - temperate cladocerans alona diaphana king , 1853 and alona davidi richard , 1895 and their translocation to leberis smirnov , 1989 ( branchiopoda : anomopoda ; chydoridae ) . arthropoda selecta , 14 ( 3 ) : 183 - 205 . [ links ]
self - fertilization has both negative and positive fitness effects on species evolution . selfing can increase inbreeding depression , thereby decreasing genetic diversity . in contrast , self - fertilization can preserve beneficial gene combinations and facilitate colonization success . within the class of crustaceans branchiopoda , selfing is a primary reproductive mode . some species of triops , in . . . [ show full abstract ]
sousa , f . d . r . ; elmoor - loureiro , l . m . a . and santos , s . 2015 . redescription of coronatella poppei ( richard , 1897 ) ( crustacea , branchiopoda , chydoridae ) and a revision of the genus in brazil , with descriptions of new taxa . zootaxa , 3955 ( 2 ) : 211 - 244 . [ links ]
this paper is the first comprehensive review of the littoral freshwater chydoridae ( branchiopoda , anomopoda ) of ireland . it reports on a countrywide survey , during which a total of 316 samples was taken at 287 sampling sites between march , 1984 and june , 1986 . together with all previous records , the survey results provide baseline data on the ecology and distribution of this important animal group .
. . . several characters uniquely shared by lepidocaris and anostraca support a position of the devonian taxon in the anostracan stem - group [ 46 ] , although an alternative placement in the stem - group of branchiopoda has also been suggested [ 47 ] . the resemblance of the rhynie chert spiny structures to anostracan cysts provides a circumstantial argument for an anostracan identity for lepidocaris . . . .
however , carcinologists have long debated the taxonomic status of crustaceans , sometimes assigning the group to one of the phylum , subphylum , and superclass level , with five , six , or even ten classes recognized ( hobbs 2003 ) . many also list the crustacea as a class . in taxonomic schemes that consider the crustacea to be a class , branchiopoda generally is considered to be a order .
as part of a larger project examining and comparing the ontogeny of all major taxa of the branchiopoda in a phylogenetic context , the larval development of caenestheriella gifuensis ( ishikawa , 1895 ) , a japanese spinicaudatan ' conchostracan ' , is described by scanning electron microscopy . seven different larval stages are recognised , in most cases based on significant morphological differences . . . . [ show full abstract ]
ty - jour ti - contributions to the morphology and taxonomy of the branchiopoda notostraca , with special reference to the north american species t2 - proceedings of the united states national museum . vl - 102 ur - urltoken pb - smithsonian institution press , [ etc . ] cy - washington : py - 1956 sp - 1 ep - 69 sn - 0096 - 3801 au - linder , folke er -
obregón - barboza , h . , maeda - martínez , a . m . , murugan , g . , timms , b . v . , grygier , m . j . , rogers , d . c . , rodríguez - almaraz , g . , & dumont , h . j . ( 2007 ) . morphology and systematic significance of the mystax , a hitherto undescribed structure of males in certain notostraca ( branchiopoda ) .
brantner , j . s . , ott , d . w . , duff , r . j . , sanoamuang , l . - o . , simhachalam , g . p . , babu , k . k . s . & weeks , s . c . ( 2013 ) androdioecy and hermaphroditism in five species of clam shrimps ( crustacea : branchiopoda : spinicaudata ) from india and thailand . invertebrate biology , 132 , 27–37 . urltoken
a . m . maeda - martínez , h . obregón - barboza , h . garcía - velazco , branchiopoda : cyclestherida , laevicaudata and spinicaudata in jorge llorente bousquets , juan j morrone ( eds . ) , biodiversidad , taxonomía y biogeografía de artrópodos de méxico : hacia una síntesis de su conocimiento , vol . iii , d . f . univ . nacional autónoma de méxico , méxico , pp . 323 - 332 , 2002 . in spanish hardcopy in libraries
. . . the laevicaudata , or
smooth clam shrimp
, is a taxon of bivalved branchiopod crustaceans with a peculiar adult appearance ( e . g . , an enormous head ) and bizarre flattened larvae ( martin 1992 ; olesen & martin 2014 ) . the laevicaudata are branchiopods , but their precise phylogenetic position within the branchiopoda has been under some debate ( richter et al . 2007 ; olesen 2009 ; pessacq et al . 2011 ; olesen . . .
branchiopoda is a diverse group of primitive , aquatic , primarily freshwater crustaceans , mostly resembling shrimp . this taxon is generally placed as a class of the arthropod subphylum ( or superclass ) crustacea , but some taxonomic schemes recognize it as an order , with crustacea listed as a class . branchiopods should not be confused with the almost identically spelled brachiopods ( without the n ) , which comprise an unrelated phylum ( brachiopoda ) of sessile , two - shelled , marine animals ( lamp shells ) .
we present a cladistic analysis of all branchiopod groups , using a total of 42 morphological characters . the class branchiopoda is composed of five superorders and 11 orders ( nine recent , two fossil ) . the orders ctenopoda , anomopoda and onychopoda form a monophyletic group , combined in the superorder cladocera . the order haplopoda , the fourth so - called cladoceran order ( s . lat . ) , belongs to a new monotypic superorder , the leptodorida . the circumtropical cyclesteria hislopi is the sole representative of a new conchostracan order , the cyclestherida .
. . . however , unique fig . 13 . general phylogeny of branchiopoda ( richter et al . , 2007 ; olesen , 2009 ) illustrating evolution of clasper
gripping area
( opposing
movable finger
on outside of carapace ) in the three major clam shrimp taxa laevicaudata , spinicaudata , and cyclestherida . modifications to get a better grip around the female carapace margin has occurred independently as : 1 ) an apical club ( spinicaudata ) , 2 ) diverse setation ( laevicaudata ) , or 3 ) molariform setae ( cyclestherida ) . . . .
branchiopods are characterized by paired compound eyes and a single simple eye , as well as leaflike or phyllopodous appendages ( follo and fautin 2001 ) . the number of thoracic segments of branchiopoda varies from species to species . the structure of the reproductive , nervous , and circulatory systems is primitive compared to other crustaceans . branchiopods in general are equipped with a ventral food groove , useful for suspension and filter feeding . the water current in the ventral food groove , used for breathing and feeding in most species , is produced by a battery of unspecialized legs . this is thought to resemble a very original way of living among the crustaceans .
. . . we have readdressed clasper evolution in the light of functionality based on the homologies suggested by kaji et al . ( 2014 ) . we explored a likely evolutionary scenario for clam shrimp claspers based on a combination of clasper homologies , functionality , and branchiopoda phylogeny as available in several papers ( e . g . , richter et al . , 2007 ; olesen , 2009 ; olesen and richter , 2013 ; kaji et al . , 2014 ; sigvardt and olesen , 2014 ; fig . 13 ) . our general conclusion is that all similar ( but not necessarily homologous ) clasper parts ( movable finger , palps , and palm ) have the same general function in laevicaudata and spinicaudata ( fig . 11 ; cyclestherida amplexus not studied ) . . . .
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developmental genetics and arthropod evolution : part 1 , on legs . - pubmed - ncbi
warning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .
institute for biodiversity and ecosystem dynamics , university of amsterdam , netherland . schram @ urltoken
left : a mirrored right lateral view of daphnia magna , courtesy of urltoken right : a right lateral view of a fairy shrimp , courtesy of u . s . fish and wildlife service
with almost 800 described species , it is difficult to generalize about the branchipods . most live in fresh or brackish ( slightly salty ) water and a few are found in marine habitats . many are found exclusively in temporary ponds , where their eggs survive long periods of drought . you often find packages of dried eggs for sale in pet and toy stores . when the eggs are placed in water with an airstone , they hatch in just a couple days and you can watch them grow and swim . they are often used as food for aquarium animals .
it is even more difficult to generalize about the body form of branchiopods . the thorax and abdomen are fused or indistinguishable in most but the anostraca . their appendages are generally phyllopodus ( leaf - like ) , although some groups have more appendages than others . they have a combination of paired compound and / or a single simple median eyes . many are capable of parthenogenesis ( growing from unfertilized eggs ) but several use other reproductive strategies , ranging from releasing eggs when the adult molts to encapsulating the eggs in a modified molt .
branchiopods feed in many ways . some suspension feed and either remove organic particles from the water as they swim or stir up sediments to suspend organic particles that have settled and then remove them from the water . others scrape organic matter from sand grains and rock . still others actively prey on other small animals .
scourfield , d . j . 1926 . on a new type of crustacean from the old red sandstone - lepidocaris rhyniensis . phil . trans . roy . soc . lond . ( b ) 214 : 153 - 187 .
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. rostrum absent ; eyes sessile ; compound , visual elements present ; ocular scale absent ; naupliar eyes present . antennules ( antenna 1 ) uniramous ; peduncle and flagellum indistinguishable ; exopod well developed , whip - like . antennae ( antenna 2 ) reduced , vestigial or absent . mandible uniramous ; palp absent . maxillipeds , absent .
; phyllopodous ( broad or narrow ) ; differentiated ( some prehensile ) . abdomen with more than 12 somites . epimera absent . pleopods absent . uropods well developed , 1 pair , positioned ventrolaterally ; rami absent ; whip - like .
. freshwater , brackish or saline temporary ponds , shallow lakes , peat bogs and moors .
cite this publication as : lowry , j . k . ( 1999 onwards ) . ' crustacea , the higher taxa : description , identification , and information retrieval . ' version : 2 october 1999 . urltoken .
v . on a new type of crustacean from the old red sandstone ( rhymie chert bed , aberdeenshire ) — lepidocaris rhyniensis , gen . et sp . nov | philosophical transactions of the royal society b : biological sciences
v . on a new type of crustacean from the old red sandstone ( rhymie chert bed , aberdeenshire ) — lepidocaris rhyniensis , gen . et sp . nov
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although a few species of water fleas have adapted to a life in the sea , branchiopods belong primarily in fresh water . all branchiopods are free - living—there are no parasitic or sessile species . they generally are not adapted to life in subterranean waters or the deep sea , although water fleas ( order cladocera ) of the subclass diplostraca has hypogean representatives ( inhabiting subterranean habitats ) , with less than 100 of the 450 recognized species of cladocera occupying subterranean waters ( hobbs 2003 ) .
branchiopods range greatly in size , from 0 . 2 millimeters ( . 007 inches ) in length to 100 millimeters ( 3 . 9 inches ) in length . water fleas living in subterranean waters are very small , from 0 . 2 to two millimeters ( . 07 inches ) and are laterally compressed ( hobbs 2003 ) .
leptodora , a relatively large branchiopod , relies on its very transparent body for camouflage . it is so transparent that its shadow is said to be more visible than its body .
clam shrimp live up to their name as they are often seen burrowed in the mud like mussels at the bottom of temporary ponds . they are so well adapted to this extreme way of life that they are able to reach adulthood within a few days after inundation under optimal conditions . they can reproduce sexually , hermaphroditically , or parthenogenetically ( zenkevich 1968 ) .
while the superorder diplostraca is recognized in older classifications , and included the orders of conchostraca and cladocera , there is data that suggests these orders may be artificial ( at least in their present state ) as some of their members seem to have a paraphyletic origin within the diplostraca . for this reason , the order conchostraca is no longer used by some authorities . another taxonomic scheme recognizes the following :
the oldest known species of branchiopod is a 500 million year old fossil fairy shrimp called rehbachiella kinnekullensis . fairy shrimps also are seen as the most original and primitive members of the class .
the order lipostraca is represented only by fossils . the genus lipidocaris includes specimens that have been well - preserved from the devonian age rhynie chert in scotland ( russell - hunter 1969 ) . these lacked a carapace ( as with the anostraca ) and had a pair of very large second antennae that probably were used for swimming as in the modern cladocera ( russell - hunter 1969 ) .
branchiopods probably originated in marine environments , but only those who migrated to fresh water survived . the fact that they are especially adapted to temporary pools and waters that are too extreme for other animals to live in ( like salt lakes ) indicates that they could have sought refuge in these places because they were unable to compete with or evade the more advanced groups of animals evolving in their original habitats . this resulted in a short generation cycle and small body size .
the large branchiopods anostraca , notostraca , and conchostraca ( even if it the last one seems to be a partially artificial order ) are considered to be the most primitive , and most of them are still unable to live in waters where there are fish and other advanced predators , since they are too slow and vulnerable to survive them . a few of them , however , have adaptations allowing them to cope with this problem well enough to survive , even with predators around them .
the small branchiopods , mostly represented by water fleas , have succeeded in becoming zooplankton in such a degree that waters filled with fish and other threats are no longer a problem . their main adaptation for survival is their high number thanks to their small size , ability to produce many offspring , and short life cycle .
hobbs , h . h . 2003 . crustacea in encyclopedia of caves and karst science . routledge . retrieved december 5 , 2006 .
myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2008b . phylum brachiopoda the animal diversity web ( online ) . retrieved may 26 , 2008 .
russell - hunter , w . d . a biology of higher invertebrates . london : macmillan company , 1969 .
zenkevich , l . a . 1968 . zhiznʹ zhivotnykh ( the animal life ) , volume 2 , chapter 7 ( phylum arthropoda ) . moskva :
prosveshchenie .
oclc 13589037 .
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brine shrimp , of the order anostraca , are most noted for their desiccation - resistant eggs that will hatch in salt water . most species of branchiopods are gonochoric and some are parthenogenetic . those species that have indirect development produce nauplius larvae .
brusca , r . c . and g . j . brusca . 1990 . chapter 18 : phylum arthropoda : the crustaceans . invertebrates . sinauer associates , inc . sunderland , massachusetts .
kozloff , e . n . 1990 . chapter 17 : subphylum crustacea . invertebrates . saunders college publishing . philadelphia and other cities .
having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
latreille , p . a . ( 1817 ) . les crustacés , les arachnides , et les insectes . in : g . l . c . f . d . cuvier le regne animal , distribue d ' apres son organisation , pour servrir de base a l ' histoire naturelle des animaux et d ' introduction a l ' anatomie comparee . volume 3 paris . [ details ]
martin , j . w . , & davis , g . e . ( 2001 ) . an updated classification of the recent crustacea . science series , 39 . natural history museum of los angeles county . los angeles , ca ( usa ) . 124 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
brusca , r . c . ; brusca , g . j . ( 1990 ) . invertebrates . sinauer associates : sunderland , ma ( usa ) . isbn 0 - 87893 - 098 - 1 . 922 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
, phylum arthropoda ) . they are aquatic animals that include brine shrimp , fairy shrimp , tadpole shrimp , water fleas , and other small , chiefly freshwater forms .
dates back to the devonian period ( 416 million to 359 . 2 million years ago ) . although certain members of the group , such as fairy shrimp in the infraorder anostraca , are mainly confined to temporary pools , the water flea , order
, is so successful that there are few fresh waters in the world without one or more species of anomopod .
the smallest branchiopods are found among the anomopods , where some species are only 0 . 25 millimetre ( 0 . 01 inch ) long . the largest living branchiopod is
, a fairy shrimp that reaches a length of 10 centimetres ( 3 . 9 inches ) . some members of the fossil order kazacharthra also grew to a length of 10 centimetres .
of form . in the laevicaudata , for example , the number of trunk segments remains constant ; there are 12 pairs of trunk limbs in the female and 10 pairs in the male . in the
the two fossil groups as well differ markedly from each other . the order lipostraca lacked a carapace and had 13 pairs of trunk limbs and a pair of large antennae , which appear to have been used in swimming . the order kazacharthra had a well - developed carapace and six pairs of large thoracic limbs . the main structural feature linking these diverse forms , both living and fossil , is the flattened , or paddlelike , trunk limb , which often but not always is used in filter feeding . in the infraorders onychopoda and haplopoda even this feature is modified , and the trunk limbs have become specialized for grasping prey .
, and the suborders laevicaudata and spinicaudata are particularly characteristic of temporary waters , where they survive dry periods as resting eggs . the anostracan
are regularly found in small pools of the arctic tundra regions . these pools are temporary in the sense that they freeze solid in winter . a few species in these groups are found in permanent lakes .