dancer 's image ( april 10 , 1965 – december 26 , 1992 ) was an american thoroughbred racehorse who is the only winner in the history of the kentucky derby to have been disqualified .

dancer ' s image

according to thoroughbred times , dancer ' s image was the leading freshman sire in japan in 1983 . according to jockey club records , dancer ' s image
to ask other readers questions about dancer ' s image , please sign up .
dancer ' s image was initially named “alvan t . ” in honor of peter fuller ' s late father . the name was changed when dancer ' s image was a yearling .
, dancer ' s image died of colic in japan on december 25 , 1992 .
dancer ' s image did get to wear the roses of a kentucky derby champion .
dancer ' s verde ( dancer ' s image ) . 8 wins , 2d pimlico city of baltimore h . , l . sire .
dancer ' s image ' s derby disqualification was named the top sports story of 1968 by sports illustrated .
peter fuller and wife joan with dancer’s image and richard mitchell ( rider ) in 1968 .
as a youngster dancer ' s image used to roam a pasture at old runnymeade farm .
noors image , the dam of dancer ' s image , was claimed by fuller for just us $ 5 , 000 in 1958 .
dancer ' s image : the forgotten story of the 1968 kentucky derby by milton c . toby
we’d love your help . let us know what’s wrong with this preview of dancer ' s image by milton c . toby .
the first and second favorites in the 1968 kentucky derby were calumet farm’s forward pass and peter fuller’s dancer’s image , the latter being by the acclaimed racehorse and sire native dancer . like his sire , dancer’s image was a grey . the colt was trained by lou cavalaris and ridden by bobby ussery .
dancer’s image had sore ankles and a veterinarian had given him the drug , commonly used to relieve inflammation of the joints . it was legal at many u . s . racetrack s , but not at churchill downs . why the drug appeared on dancer’s image’s test results remains a mystery .
dancer ' s image had inherited tender ankles from his famous sire native dancer . they were especially sore after the colt ' s victory in his final derby prep , the wood memorial .
dancer ' s image : the forgotten story of the 1968 kentucky derby by milton c . toby | the history press books
dancer ' s image : the forgotten story of the 1968 kentucky derby by milton c . toby , paperback | barnes & noble®
peter fuller was jaunting to the winner ' s circle 40 years ago , a harvard man who now had a kentucky derby winner in dancer ' s image .
won wood memorial s . , governor ' s gold cup s . , e . palmer heagerty s .
a month later dancer ' s image faced his toughest competition in the wood memorial , where he rallied from far back to score an impressive three - quarter - length victory . dancer ' s image would be the first starter in the kentucky derby for both fuller and cavalaris .
peter fuller believed he was set up . either someone sneaked into the stall and gave dancer’s image the drug or someone altered the test results .
the stewards passed the buck to the state racing commission , leaving behind a stream of unanswered questions about the disqualification of dancer ' s image .
dancer ' s image was retired after the preakness with 12
official
victories in 24 starts with career earnings of $ 236 , 636 . in the aftermath of the controversy a multimillion - dollar syndication fell apart . dancer ' s image entered stud in maryland in 1969 and later stood in ireland , france and japan . one of the leading stallions in japan , dancer ' s image died of colic in december 1992 , at age 27 .
fuller bought noor’s image in 1958 and bred her to native dancer , a celebrated stallion . he named the horse after his father but then changed his name to dancer’s image when he decided to sell him . his wife joan begged him to keep the beautiful horse and he bought him back at auction .
dancing on , by dancer ' s image . 2 wins in u . s . a . sister to dancer ' s verde , half - sister to raisela , joe frazier , unchallenged . dam of 12 foals , 10 to race , 6 winners , inc : -
bute disappears from a horse’s system six days after it’s administered . it had been given to dancer’s image more than six days before the kentucky derby . after the race , churchill downs followed its usual practice of testing the winner and one horse chosen at random . that’s when the test results showed bute in dancer’s image’s system . the second place finisher , forward pass , was declared the winner , though he was not tested .
the kentucky state racing commission was aware of dancer’s image’s inherited leg problems , and swelling in the horse’s front left ankle almost sidelined him for the 1968 derby altogether . history shows that fuller and his trainers were public about the horse’s ankle problems .
dancer’s image stood at stud in the united states , ireland , france , and japan , with moderate success , and died in 1992 at age 27 .
three days later , churchill downs president walter knebelkamp announced dancer ' s image had traces of phenylbutazone , an anti - inflammatory drug , in his bloodstream during the race . runner - up forward pass was declared the winner . dancer ' s image was placed last - - the only disqualification in derby history .
the frisky colt was the spitting image of native dancer . he also inherited his troublesome ankles . when fuller ' s trainer , lou cavalaris , spotted the colt ' s weak ankles he recommended fuller put him in the yearling sale at hialeah . fuller reluctantly entered the colt . he also petitioned the jockey club to change the colt ' s name to dancer ' s image .
dancer ' s image was disqualified by the stewards and placed 14th and last ; forward pass was declared the winner . the scandal raised all sorts of theories .
louisville , ky . - - peter fuller was jaunting to the winner ' s circle 40 years ago , a harvard man who now had a kentucky derby winner in dancer ' s image .
jockey bob ussery celebrates aboard dancer’s image on his way to the winner’s circle flanked by owner peter fuller , left , and trainer louis c . cavalaris jr . , right , at churchill downs .
toby starts off with a brief narrative about the career of native dancer , who would go on to sire dancer ' s image . peter fuller sent unproven broodmare noors image to native dancer , an outcross which he hoped would get him to the kentucky derby . the foal was originally named a . t . ' s image , to honor peter ' s father alvan tufts fuller . however , the colt inherited his sire ' s bad ankles and , as fuller was planning to sell him , he requested the name be changed to dancer ' s image , so that his father ' s namesake horse wouldn ' t be running for someone else , and likely losing . ironically , at auction fuller ' s wife convinced him to buy the colt back .
despite a slow start , dancer’s image crossed the finish line first at the 1968 derby . but in the end , he would not be recognized as the champion .
still not knowing that the sample belonged to dancer ' s image , smith phoned lewis finley , one of the churchill downs stewards , and told him what they had .
there are no records of dancer ' s image getting bute since the sunday before the race . have you drawn any conclusions on how he tested positive for the drug ?
peter fuller may have lost the battle , but he won the war and brought about change by standing up for dancer ' s image through years of costly legal wrangling .
this entry was posted in the breeders ' cup forum and tagged breeders ' cup forum , dancer ' s image , kentucky derby by ray paulick . bookmark the permalink .
the new hampshire thoroughbred dancer’s image won , then lost , the kentucky derby in 1968 because his owner made a kind gesture to the widow of martin luther king , jr .
this entry was posted in racing and tagged abby fuller , dancer ' s image , horse racing , hrtv , peter fuller , thoroughbred by press release . bookmark the permalink .
as a practical matter , though , it ' s difficult to imagine a crank letter writer being clever enough to obtain some bute , slip onto the backstretch , locate dancer ' s image , and administer the drug to a fractious , 1 , 000 - pound thoroughbred . what are some of the most surprising things you learned about the dancer ' s image case in doing your research ?
a billboard with dancer ' s image picture still stands at fuller ' s farm in new hampton , n . h . , proclaiming the colt as the derby winner , even though the record book says otherwise .
“mr . fuller received death threats , dancer’s image was derided with a racial epithet around louisville , and one of the fuller stables was set on fire , ” the new york times wrote in fuller’s 2012 obituary .
at 2 : won maryland futurity s . , grey h . , clarendon s . , vandal s .
was the urine sample tainted ? did someone sprinkle crushed - up tablets of bute into the horse ' s feed ? was there pressure to crown forward pass yet another derby champion for calumet farm , a racing giant in those days ? was dancer ' s image set up as retribution for fuller ' s support of dr . king ? why was there limited security around dancer image ' s barn ? was it a gambling fix ?
sent off as the 7 - 2 second choice , dancer ' s image rallied from last to win by 1½ lengths over forward pass even though jockey bobby ussery lost his whip .
traces of phenylbutazone , known as bute , were found in dancer ' s image ' s post - race urinalysis . then it was legal at some tracks , but churchill downs wasn ' t yet one of them .
in 1958 , fuller claimed noor ' s image , a former stakes runner , for $ 5 , 000 .
toby recently authored a book on that subject : “dancer ' s image : the forgotten story of the 1968 kentucky derby ( published by the history press ; for more information click here ) .
on may 4 , 1968 , dancer ' s image crossed the finish line at churchill downs to win the 94th kentucky derby . yet the jubilation ended three days later for the owner , the jockey and the trainers who propelled the celebrated thoroughbred to victory . amid a firestorm of controversy , dancer ' s image was disqualified after blood tests revealed the presence of a widely used anti - inf
i just want to thank jose for his support and friendship over these 32 + years that i have known him . dancer’s image and i were fortunate to have him in our sphere . bravissimo !
some of the changes in procedure at churchill downs were immediate . horsesshipping in for the derby were put in one barn with enhanced security . prior to the dancer ' s image controversy , derby horses were scattered around the backstretch . dr . harthill was the only race track veterinarian allowed to maintain an office on the backstretch , and dancer ' s image was stabled in the “harthill barn . ”
of course , this is a primary topic of mine but i have never seen it from a professional dancer’s perspective .
fuller thought he was targeted because of his support for martin luther king , jr . two days after the civil rights leader ' s assassination in memphis that year , fuller gave a purse of $ 62 , 000 won by dancer’s image to king’s widow , coretta scott king .
on a brilliant spring afternoon at churchill downs , fuller ' s strapping grey colt dancer ' s image was weaving his way through 13 rivals when jockey bobby ussery lost his stick at the three - sixteenths pole . it didn ' t matter . with a vigorous hand ride dancer ' s image surged to the lead in the final furlong and drew clear , winning by a length and a half in the 94th running of the kentucky derby .
today , horses still graze contentedly , but visitors also find a timeworn billboard there saluting fuller ' s racing stars with a huge picture of mom ' s command ( his 1985 filly champion ) and dancer ' s image , proclaiming :
winner of the 1968 kentucky derby .
eight belles was buried at the kentucky derby museum . image by flickr user windsurfgirl .
harthill later said he gave dancer ' s image a single dose of bute . he was a controversial figure in his own right , having twice been implicated in drugging scandals . he died nearly three years ago .
he died at age 89 on may 14 , 2012 in portsmouth , n . h . to this day , a weathered billboard at runnymede farm proclaims dancer ' s image the winner of the 1968 kentucky derby .
two weeks later in the preakness , dancer’s image was again disqualified after running third for bumping another horse and placed eighth in the ten - entry field . plagued by sore ankles , his racing career was over .
it was legal before dancer ' s image , too ,
ussery said .
venetian way had it when he won the derby in ' 60 . i was second on bally ache that year .
alex harthill , nicknamed the
derby doc
for treating past winners , gave dancer ' s image a dose of bute six days before , seemingly enough time for it to clear the colt ' s bloodstream . trainer lou cavalaris agreed with the tactic .
by current racing medication standards in the united states , dancer’s image won the kentucky derby fair and square . but that was not the case in 1968 and the name inscribed as the winner will forever be forward pass .
positive tests for any banned substances are extremely rare in the premier races . the most commonly cited example is dancer’s image , whose victory in the 1968 kentucky derby was nullified when tests turned up traces of a painkiller .
the disqualification of dancer ' s image from winning the 1968 kentucky derby remains the only disqualification of a winner in the storied history of the triple crown . it was unquestionably one of the sport ' s most controversial decisions and still leaves unanswered questions 45 years later .
prominent veterinarian alex harthill , whose long career included several other implications of improprieties , had given dancer ' s image a dose of “bute” almost a week prior to the derby , which normally would not trigger the positive test .
dancer ' s image wove through 13 rivals from last place to win the kentucky derby by a length and a half . three days later , churchill downs ruled fuller had to return the $ 122 , 600 winner’s purse . track officials discovered the painkiller phenylbutazone , also known as bute , in the horse’s system .
that decision obviously rankled many at that time , including dancer ' s image ' s owner , peter fuller . in its wake it left a host of non - definitive speculation about the circumstances and any concrete explanations remain a mystery . inside information ' s thorough documentary serves to outline many of the unproven theories .
“the reason for dancer’s image’s derby tragedy never would be exactly known , ” michael madden wrote in the globe in 1982 . “fuller could have been the victim of a ) the thoroughbred establishment in kentucky or b ) even the flaming racial rhetoric of the spring of 1968 . ”
a picture on the card is about the size of two postage stamps , but it clearly shows ussery aboard dancer ' s image in the winner ' s circle after the 1968 derby , with peter fuller , the horse ' s owner , holding the reins and motioning to people in front of him to join the celebration .
here , in this close - up , you can see the the gas plumes painted along the highlight on the dancer ' s body .
another irony of dancer ' s image ' s derby disqualification is that forward pass , declared the winner after the disqualification , was not himself tested for drugs following the race ; in fact , the only other horse to be tested was the fifth - place finisher , kentucky sherry .
fuller said he spent $ 250 , 000 and four years unsuccessfully fighting the dq in court . the derby media guide includes the official chart showing dancer ' s image as the winner , but in other sections forward pass gets the credit .
in 1969 , the first five finishers in the derby were tested for prohibited medications . in 1968 , only dancer ' s image and one other horse selected at random , kentucky sherry , were drug tested . one of the claims made by peter fuller ' s attorneys was that forward pass was declared the winner without having been subjected to a drug test after the race . the results of the expanded drug tests also were announced immediately . the positive test for dancer ' s image was not announced until three days after the derby .
peter fuller fought for years to have dancer’s image declared the rightful winner of the kentucky derby . he appealed the racetrack’s ruling to the kentucky state racing commission , which sided with churchill downs . he took his case to court and , in 1970 , won . but then he lost on appeal .
i did not have an opportunity to discuss dancer ' s image in any detail with dr . harthill before his death a few years ago . i relied , instead , on sworn testimony he gave during the investigation and hearings . everyone agreed that dr . harthill was a brilliant veterinarian , and his record confirms that reputation . he also was a lightning rod for controversy throughout his career , and the circumstances surrounding the dancer ' s image case led to questions about his role — if he had one .
the late veterinarian , alex harthill , was a central figure in this drama . did you ever have a chance to interview him on dancer ' s image ? if not , what role did he play , based on his sworn statements in the case ?
long associated with fine thoroughbred horses , kentucky’s bluegrass region is also home to america’s oldest . . .
the day before the 1968 kentucky derby , peter fuller had such confidence in dancer ' s image that he practiced the walk from his box to the winner ' s circle at churchill downs in louisville . he even composed an acceptance speech . he demanded 50 tickets rather than the usual four allotted to owners .
there ' s no way to know for sure . the stewards accepted the racing chemist ' s positive test result without question and concentrated on how dancer ' s image received the bute . cavalaris and assistant trainer robert barnard were suspended because of the trainer responsibility rule , but there was never any evidence that linked them ( or anyone else ) to the bute .
a touch of derby in the orient ,
which followed up on the japanese stud careers of dancer ' s image , forward pass and sunday silence , is the ninth chapter in jim bolus ' kentucky derby stories ( 1993 , pelican publishing company ) .
dancer ' s image won the governor ' s gold cup at bowie a few days after rev . king was assassinated , and peter fuller ' s gift of the winner ' s share of the purse to mrs . king must have ruffled some feathers . fuller received a batch ofcrack , racist letters and he was worried enough to ask for additional security for the horse at churchill downs . that request was denied .
i know they took the derby away from dancer ' s image ,
says a puffy , bright - eyed ussery , now a 53 - year - old jockey ' s agent and bloodstock salesman .
but we were first across the finish line , they paid off the people that bet on him , and that ' s good enough for me .
dancer ' s image next ran third behind forward pass in the preakness , but was disqualified for bumping another horse and placed eighth . he was retired after that . fuller eventually sold him and the colt had a successful stud career overseas . he died in 1992 .
dancer’s image won the race , which was just weeks before the derby , and fuller made good on the promise , giving his winnings of more than $ 60 , 000 to the recently widowed coretta scott king . but the act of goodwill wouldn’t come without consequences .
he had donated the earnings from one of dancer ' s image ' s pre - derby victories to coretta scott king , widow of the civil rights leader whom he had briefly met that year . he did so without fanfare , but the gift became public knowledge at the wood memorial after a tv announcer mentioned it .
brannigan , erin . dancefilm : choreography and the moving image . new york : oxford university press , 2011 .
when a client comes into your office and says “it ' s not about the money , it ' s about the principle of the thing , ” it ' s usually really about the money . there was a lot of money at stake in the dancer ' s image case — the winner ' s purse of $ 122 , 600 , a likely multi - million - dollar syndication that fell apart , a goldtrophy , and a quarter - million in legal bills — but peter fuller always maintained that he was most interested in righting a wrong and getting dancer ' s image the credit the horse deserved for finishing first in the kentucky derby . i never came across anything to suggest that fuller was not being completely honest about that . even now , when he reads something derogatory in the press about dancer ' s image , fuller usually writes a polite note to the author , or to the magazine or newspaper , and points out the errors . he was , and still is , a sportsman in the truest sense of the word .
way out where you would never expect to see it is a large , open paddock owned by the longtime north hampton resident peter fuller . horses graze contentedly in the distance , but what catches the eye is a billboard proudly proclaiming the virtues of the farm’s most famous equine residents from decades ago—the filly champion mom’s command , and dancer’s image , touted as “winner 1968 kentucky derby . ”
prior to the derby , fuller contributed some of dancer ' s image ' s winnings to coretta scott king , the widow of civil rights leader martin luther king , which was not well - received by many people in the south . that led some to surmise that the positive test may have been a backlash to the donation and fuller ' s general support of the civil rights movement .
trainer cavalaris and his assistant robert barnard were suspended for 30 days following the derby disqualification . forward pass won the preakness by six lengths . dancer ' s image did run in the preakness and finished third , but amazingly was disqualified again for bumping in the stretch and placed eighth .
bid ' s image ( spectacular bid ) . 5 wins , 2d fair grounds dr ab leggio memorial h . , l , 3d fair grounds truly bound s . , l , furl sail h . , l . producer .
sorry , this image isn ' t available for this licence . please refer to the license restrictions for more information .
one last thought : humans of the world untie—free yourself from the bonds that hold you to an unrealistic body image .
rosenberg , douglas . screendance : inscribing the ephemeral image . oxford and new york : oxford university press , 2012 .
the 1968 race changed that forever . after testing a sample of dancer ' s image ' s saliva and urine , the racing chemist ruled a positive test . the stewards accepted it without question . fuller unleashed his attorneys . they argued repeatedly that the chemist was not credible and the testing procedures were so flawed that the test results were unreliable .
racing for a questionable triple crown , forward pass led until the eighth pole in the belmont stakes , eventually giving way to stage door johnny , who won by more than a length . forward pass wound up as a stallion in japan , where he died in 1980 . he could not match dancer ' s image ' s success in the breeding shed .
dancer ' s image , ridden by bobby ussery , rallied from last to win the derby , besting calumet farms ' forward pass , but was later disqualified , and placed 14th and last , when traces of the illegal substance phenylbutazone , known commonly as “bute , ” were found in his system .
milt toby attended his first kentucky derby in 1968 , the year peter fuller ' s dancer ' s image finished first but later became the race ' s only winner to be disqualified when a post - race test detected the prohibited anti - inflammatory phenylbutazone in his system . five years later , when toby joined the editorial staff of the blood - horse magazine , the controversy surrounding the race still had not been resolved .
the next edition of hrtv ' s award - winning inside information : dancer ' s image , on sunday , july 14 at 8 : 30 p . m . et , will be expanded to a special one - hour format to present an in - depth retrospective on one of thoroughbred racing ' s landmark cases , which will recount the machinations of the decision , along with revealing interviews with key people directly involved .
tangled stories on both sides continue to make this case a curious one , but a lack of evidence from fuller’s team ultimately led to the decision to disqualify dancer’s image . three days after the 1968 derby , the kentucky state racing commission’s chemist reported that he had detected traces of bute , or some derivative of the drug . bute wasn’t illegal in most racetracks at the time , but at churchill downs , it was banned .
but on the night of may 4 , 1968 , in a mobile laboratory on the churchill downs grounds , an assistant racing chemist for the commonwealth of kentucky ran a $ 9 . 50 test by acidifying with sulfuric acid a urine sample taken from dancer ' s image after the race . he called kenny smith , kentucky ' s head racing chemist , who was attending a post - derby party at louisville ' s audubon country club .
yes , especially my mommy friends after pregnancy . it’s like a race to see who can get thin the fastest after their baby . it’s a pressure all in its own . every person’s
“according to local and national sports writer billy reed , thoroughbred owner paul mellon once told mr . fuller he ‘…shouldn’t have mixed politics and racing’ in regards to the donation . ’” goodlet said . “the implication being that some in the racing industry may have had issues with fuller’s actions . however , any statement that state racing officials disqualified dancer’s image as an act of retribution toward fuller and / or dr . king’s protest is pure speculation . ”
as the race approached , the biggest worry in fuller ' s mind was his horse ' s health . when dancer ' s image tweaked his right front ankle in a workout , dr . alex harthill , the famous
derby vet ,
administered a therapeutic dose of four grams of phenylbutazone six days before the race . universally known as
bute ,
it is classified as a pain killer effective in alleviating inflammation of the joints .
for the first time in the 36 - year history of new york state’s iconic “i love ny” tourism campaign , a thrilling action image of horse racing is featured on the cover of the state’s annual summer travel guide – its signature promotional publication . read more…
dancer ' s image ( usa ) gr . h , 1965 { 4 - r } dp = 5 - 16 - 13 - 4 - 0 ( 38 ) di = 2 . 62 cd = 0 . 58 - 24 starts , 12 wins , 5 places , 1 shows career earnings : $ 236 , 636
after snapping a few photos of the dancer’s image shrine , i drove away wondering what mr . fuller , 85 , thinks of the current drug problems plaguing racing . steroid abuse and blood doping are rampant . bute , however , is now legal all across the country—to the point where 40 years after the infamous derby disqualification , it’s difficult to find a thoroughbred not running on it .
there have been suggestions by peter fuller , the owner of dancer ' s image , that the civil rights movement played a part in his horse being disqualified . he donated money to coretta scott king just days after her husband , martin luther king , was assassinated in memphis . do you give any credence to this angle ?
dancer’s image came in third behind forward pass in the preakness stakes , the second leg of the triple crown . he was disqualified again for bumping another horse . fuller decided to retire him after that race because of his sore ankles . he was sent to stud and died in japan at age 27 on december 26 , 1992 .
dancer ' s image was disqualified from his victory in the derby for after post - race tests detected the prohibited anti - inflammatory phenylbutazone in his system . kentucky rules in 1968 called for zero tolerance for bute . was that because there was no quantitative testing available at that time or were the medication rules that strict by design ?
dancer’s image won the derby , circling the field from last to first . but two days later , the kentucky racing commission reported the post - race urine test had returned positive for butazolidin , a then - illegal drug likened to equine aspirin and commonly known as “bute . ” runner - up forward pass was declared the official winner .
the news was big enough to land on the cover of sports illustrated , but several loose ends have left it open to much speculation through the years . who drugged dancer’s image ? was he even drugged at all ? and did an act of kindness in the heat of the american civil rights movement have some effect on the decision ?
photographer barbara morgan discussing her first meeting with dancer martha graham , from the documentary barbara morgan : everything is dancing ( 1980 ) .
the scandal rocked the industry . conspiracy theories erupted . reputations were sullied . a tortuous court battle would drag on for more than five years . thirty - one months after his original run for the roses , a kentucky court declared dancer ' s image the rightful winner , only to see that decision overturned on appeal in april 1972 . fuller never collected the winner ' s purse of $ 122 , 600 .
loved it . what a story . i ' m horse crazy so it was right up my alley . never knew about this . i ' ve met the jockey who rode dancer ' s image . he won the derby two years in a row . seems there was some skullduggery going on there . there ' s politics in everything . what a shame . of course now the rules have been changed .
i have no idea ,
fuller replied .
as far as dr . harthill was concerned the horse was in his barn and he wanted him to win - - in my opinion . as far as we ' re concerned the only time dancer ' s image had bute [ that week ] was the [ sunday ] before the race .
on may 4 , 1968 , dancer ' s image crossed the finish line at churchill downs to win the 94th kentucky derby . yet the jubilation ended three days later for the owner , the jockey and the trainers who propelled the celebrated thoroughbred to victory . amid a firestorm of controversy , dancer ' s image was disqualified after blood tests revealed the presence of a widely used anti - inflammatory drug with a dubious legal status . over forty years later , questions still linger over the origins of the substance and the turmoil it created . veteran turfwriter and noted equine law expert milt toby gives the first in - depth look at the only disqualification in derby history and how the run for the roses was changed forever .
native dancer was sire to dancer ' s image , and was named horse of the year in 1952 and 1954 . they called him the gray ghost . going into the 1953 kentucky derby , he was far and away the favorite , with the shortest odds in derby history . but he was bumped twice during the race , and came in second to long shot dark star by a nose . it was the only race native dance ever lost . you can relive the 1953 derby in this video .
on may 4 , 1968 , dancer ' s image crossed the finish line at churchill downs to win the ninety - fourth kentucky derby . yet the jubilation ended three days later for the owner the jockey and the trainers who propelled the celebrated thoroughbred to victory . amid a firestorm of controversy , dancer ' s image was disqualified after blood tests revealed the presence of a widely used anti - inflammatory drug with a dubious legal status . over forty years later , questions still linger over the origins of the substance and the turmoil it created . veteran turfwriter and noted equine law expert milt toby gives the first in - depth look at the only disqualification in derby history and how the run for the roses was changed forever .
peter fuller said he wouldn’t take another horse to the kentucky derby unless he thought it could win . he never found that horse , but if he had he had a name for it : ‘dancer’s revenge . ’
fuller hired five separate chemists who conducted private tests and didn’t find any traces of bute , according to a 1981 globe story . the dagger in fuller’s case was testimony from a veterinarian , who said he gave dancer’s image a single tablet of the drug six days and seven hours before the derby , which fuller said he didn’t know about . fuller defended his integrity in the years following , and remained skeptical of the entire incident .
the colt broke his maiden at woodbine racecourse and in a tough six - month juvenile campaign dancer ' s image started 15 times , closing out his season winning by a nose in the maryland futurity stakes . each morning cavalaris ' sad brown eyes inspected the colt ' s tender ankles , while his hands rubbed and then treated them with a variety of paints and liniment braces as well as bandages and tubs and tubs of ice .
( 1981 ) . in 1970 she announced her retirement as a dancer , but she continued to create dances and to teach . her autobiography ,
i recently sat down with an amazing woman , alexandra weber , and had the most interesting conversation about body image that i just had to share .
at the start of the colt ' s 3 - year - old season cavalaris eliminated the blinkers , which allowed the colt to relax and rally from far off the pace to make a dramatic dash down the stretch . in early march , with bobby ussery in the irons , dancer ' s image nearly set a track record in the $ 100 , 000 governor ' s gold cup derby prep race at bowie racetrack . after the race , fuller turned down a $ 1 million cash offer for the horse .
despite the disqualification and the subsequent court decision , the kentucky derby media guide still includes the official chart showing dancer ' s image as the winner of the 1968 kentucky derby . their position is supported by sports illustrated , which pointed out in a 1968 article that kentucky rules provided for disqualification from purse money but not from a placing in the event of a drug positive .
peter fuller ' s attorneys , on the other hand , argued from the start that the chemist was not credible and the testing procedures were so flawed that thetest results were unreliable . if dancer ' s image won the derby with bute in his system , and experts on fuller ' s side of the argument raised serious questions about that conclusion , how it happened remains a mystery . i ' d like to be able to answer that question , but 40 years after the fact it will take a confession to solve the riddle .
the 94th running of the kentucky derby is one that will forever be marked by an asterisk . dancer ' s image crossed the line first , but was later found to have had bute , then an illegal drug , in his urine and was disqualified , handing the victory to runner - up forward pass . some four decades later , details about dancer ' s image and his kentucky derby have mostly been forgotten . in his latest book , kentucky attorney and equine author milton toby retells this amazing story , the result of hours of digging through news archives and legal files , so that contemporary followers of horse racing history can fully understand what happened , including some irregularities in the testing methods , which to this day may draw into question the validity of the disqualification .
the post - race urinalysis came back the week after the derby with the finding that dancer’s image’s urine had traces of the anti - inflammatory phenylbutazone , or bute , which was a legal medication in some racing jurisdictions in 1968 but not in kentucky . dr . alex harthill , a noted racetrack veterinarian , said that he had administered bute to the colt six days before the derby , supposedly enough time for the medication to clear the bloodstream . skeptics did not buy harthill’s timeline because of some previous similar episodes the vet was involved in .
courteous , by affirmed . raced twice . three - quarter - sister to lady affirmed , half - sister to festivity , bid ' s image . dam of 11 named foals , 9 to race , 6 winners , inc : -
as for dancer ' s image , he faced formidable foes in calumet farm ' s forward pass and his puffy right front ankle that was especially sore following the wood victory . the clear favorite heading into the derby , forward pass , trained by henry forrest , had triumphed in the hibiscus stakes , the everglades stakes , the florida derby and the blue grass stakes , the premier derby prep race . calumet farm was confident of picking up its eighth derby trophy .
on may 4 , 1968 , dancer’s image , a maryland - bred colt owned by boston boxer - turned - auto - businessman peter fuller , took the starting line at the 93rd running of the kentucky derby . fuller , the son of former massachusetts gov . alvan t . fuller , won with the same horse just a few weeks earlier at the wood memorial stakes in new york .
“fuller spent $ 250 , 000 over the next four years fighting dancer’s disqualification , ” the globe reported in 2008 . “he won an early round in 1970 when a state circuit judge overruled the kentucky racing commission and declared dancer the winner . but fuller lost the final round two years later when the state’s highest court found ‘an abundance of substantial evidence’ for the disqualification , despite acknowledging numerous contradictions in the voluminous trial record , which topped 4 , 000 pages . ”
i have been learning ballroom dancing for about 4 years and have shopped at other stores . nothing made the difference as much as going to dancer ' s image and meeting nicole . she helped me get the right fit in shoes , took time to explain things to me , gave me insider tips on dancing and what to wear . it was a fabulous shopping and learning experience . highly recommended .
dr . harthill stated on numerous occasions that he treated dancer ' s image with bute on the sunday before the race . that event never was in question . dr . harthill billed peter fuller for the treatment and fuller paid the charge . dr . harthill always denied giving the horse bute at any other time , however , and there was no evidence to suggest that he had any other involvement .
that tuesday , while bobby ussery played golf in new york , and ismael ( milo ) valenzuela , the jockey who rode forward pass to a second - place finish , was on a golf course in louisville , wathen knebelkamp , the president of churchill downs , announced that because of the test , dancer ' s image had been dropped to last place and the derby victory was given to forward pass .
steph’s first real experience of a dancer’s london left her in tears . until that moment , she had been , by everyone’s consent , the greatest dancer in skegness . her parents had moved to the northern coastal town from hong kong when she was young . she was scouted from the local school and driven to the capital where she danced on the biggest stage she’d ever seen , under coloured lights and before rows and rows of enchanted , sparkling eyes . when her standing ovation came , she knew it : this was what she wanted to do for ever .
3rd prince george ' s stakes ( usa , 8 . 5fd , bowie )
king was murdered on april 4 , 1968 . fuller didn’t announce his gift to coretta scott king , but it made the news in louisville in the run - up to the derby . fuller feared reprisal . he received death threats , one of his stables was set on fire and dancer’s image was given a racial slur as a nickname . fuller asked churchill downs for extra security . he didn’t get it .
my daughter has been using dancer ' s image for three years now and finds them very reliable . she ' s always treated with value even in the store ' s busiest hours ( which are often ) . she mostly uses them to get fitted for pointe shoes and has always been shown attention to detail in fittings - not just focusing on what looks good , but what feels good for her . the employees are almost almost always attentive to their customers and looking to fill their needs . nice to have such a reliable dance supply and shoe fitting store in boston !
bute was commonly used for training , but not for racing in 1968 . in 1962 , kentucky and illinois became the last two states to ban bute on race day . a decade later , bute was legal again in most states and emphasis shifted from zero tolerance to testing for acceptable levels of the medication . how to regulate bute remains a serious issue for racing today . lou cavalaris jr . , who trained dancer ' s image for owner peter fuller , said that the horse received his first dose of bute on the sunday before the derby , which everyone thought would be sufficient lead time for the drug to clear his system and not show up on a post - race test . cavalaris and fuller knew not to take any chances , and dancer ' s image was scratched from the derby trial because of the treatment .
t . d . thornton writes from massachusetts . he is the author of not by a long shot—a season at a hard - luck horse track , which was recently named the winner of the castleton - lyons - thoroughbred times best book of the year about horse racing . during the summer , he calls races as the track announcer at suffolk downs in boston . he looks back on dancer’s image and the 1968 kentucky derby .
“dancer’s image , void of speed through the early stages after being bumped at start , commenced a rally after three - quarters to advance between horses on the second turn , cut back to the inside when clear entering the stretch at which point his rider dropped his whip . responding to a vigorous hand ride the colt continued to save ground to take command nearing the furlong marker and was hard pressed to edge forward pass . “
in a mandatory urinalysis two days after the race , the thoroughbred tested positive for phenylbutazone , an anti - inflammatory tablet used for joint pain , which is better known in the racing community as “bute . ” at the time , the substance was banned at churchill downs . despite a lengthy appeals process , dancer’s image would be disqualified , and forward pass—the second horse to cross the finish line that day—would be declared the winner .
won governor ' s gold cup stakes ( usa , 8 . 5fd , bowie )
one of fuller ' s attorneys was ned bonnie , who still practices in louisville .
get news as it happens . sign up for urltoken ' s email news alerts .
pack your beach blanket for a bittersweet tale of love and summer ' s magic .
choose the plan that’s right for you . digital access or digital and print delivery .
there goes michelle queen , the commercial dancer , on her way to rehearse for a forthcoming video shoot ; there goes karl bowe , to join his castmates at dirty dancing at the aldwych ; there goes stephanie sit , the underground dancer , to practise freestyling with friends in an abandoned , graffiti - strewn corridor in the basement of the trocadero .
dancer’s image was a precocious gray whose career peaked in the spring of 1968 just as the country was becoming embroiled in political and civil unrest . after he won a prestigious derby prep race , fuller quietly donated the purse to the widow of dr . martin luther king jr . , but the gift sparked a backlash that included violent racist threats . fuller headed to louisville with a fast horse and a reputation as an anti - establishment northerner .
the highlighting is completed throughout the dancer ' s body . the blurred
glow
effect is intensified along her neck , arms , and upper thighs to give the illusion of ' illumination from within ' . on a separate layer , i do the secondary highlights for the ' fabric ' streaming around the dancer . her costume is what gives the feeling of weightlessness and indicate the flow of the movement in this image . soft , light pink is applied in
soft charcoal
with low opacity on broad area , while the same color in higher opacity with sharper tip is added along the edges of the fabric . the ' bubbles ' get their highlights in lines and spots on the same layer . the total number of layers utilized in this image was 7 : canvas , background wash , stars , dancer ' s outline highlights , gas plumes , costume details , and fabric details . i am a minimalist when it comes to the number of layers used . there are many digital artists who regularly utilize dozens or over a hundred layers in their works .
rey alfredo ( show up ) . 4 wins at 1100m , 1400m in venezuela , la rinconada copa jib dancer , l , 4th la rinconada copa gran abuelo , l .
it ' s important to remember what the court of appeals decision did , and what it did not do . in affirming the racing commission , the court of appeals did not make a ruling that the commission ' s conclusion that dancer ' s image won the derby with bute in his system was correct . what the court of appeals did do was to remind everyone that the racing commission ( and other state administrative agencies ) required only “substantial evidence” to take action . this is much less than the “beyond a reasonable doubt” standard in criminal trials and can be less than the “more likely than not” standard in civil trials .
the second surprise was the amount of blind faith that just about everyone put into state racing chemists and their testing procedures . the dancer ' s image case was the first time that a chemist has been asked to prove that the testing procedures in use at the time actually were reliable . and although the racing commission ultimately determined that the tests could be trusted , the challenges raised by peter fuller and his attorneys were a wake - up call foreveryone .
the author seems biased in his account and fails to provide proof in many instances when he alleges incompetence etc . i am also astonished that he does not follow up more on the suspicious behavior by the veterinarian that treated dancer ' s image . in the end , i was not sure what the point of the book was . was it to say that phenylbutazone was actually not in the horse ' s urine sample ? or was it to say that maybe the drug was there , but the owner and trainer should not have been held accountable ?


gulella streptostelopsis is a species of minute air-breathing land snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family streptaxidae .

gulella streptostelopsis was described by adolph cornelis van bruggen in 2007 based on material ( except for one specimen ) obtained for the national museum of natural history in leiden ( nationaal natuurhistorisch museum , formerly rijksmuseum van natuurlijke historie ) by ms h.m. meredith ( newquay , u.k. ; formerly malawi ) and her co-workers in the period 1975-1988 .

the minute , almost smooth , shell ( length 2.0-2.4 mm ) resembles that of the genus streptostele , but is characterized by three-fold apertural dentition and just under six whorls .

this taxon may represent a new genus .

gulella streptostelopsis

this is the place for streptostelopsis definition . you find here streptostelopsis meaning , synonyms of streptostelopsis and images for streptostelopsis copyright 2017 © urltoken
streptaxidae from pemba . 57–58 “gulella” ( aenigmigulella ) aenigmatica 59 “gulella” ( aenigmigulella ) aenigmatica , juvenile 60 “gulella” radius 61 “gulella” radius , juvenile 62 gulella gwendolinae ( resembling var . scissidens ) 63 gulella planidens .
studies on the streptaxidae of malaŵi 9 . description of gulella streptostelopsis , a new streptostele - like species of gulella .
have a fact about gulella streptostelopsis ? write it here to share it with the entire community .
have a definition for gulella streptostelopsis ? write it here to share it with the entire community .
studies on the streptaxidae ( mollusca : gastropoda pulmonata ) of malaŵi 9 . description of gulella streptostelopsis , a new streptostele - like species of gulella [ 1 ]
here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word streptostelopsis . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word streptostelopsis and , of course , streptostelopsis synonyms and on the right images related to the word streptostelopsis .
ac ( 2007 ) studies on the streptaxidae of malaŵi 9 . description of gulella streptostelopsis , a new streptostele - like species of gulella . zoologische mededelingen leiden 81 - bruggen
a . c . van bruggen : studies on the streptaxidae ( mollusca : gastropoda pulmonata ) of malaŵi 9 . description of gulella streptostelopsis , a new streptostele - like species of gulella 1
fig . 6 . map of malaŵi showing the distribution of gulella streptostelopsis spec . nov . for numbers refer to ‘material examined’ . the arrow indicates the type locality .
bruggen a . c . van , 2007 : studies on the streptaxidae ( mollusca : gastropoda pulmonata ) of malawi 9 . description of gulella streptostelopsis , a new streptostele - like species of gulella . 9 pp . zoologische mededelingen leiden 81 : 1 - 9 .
how can i put and write and define gulella unidentata in a sentence and how is the word gulella unidentata used in a sentence and examples ? 用gulella unidentata造句 , 用gulella unidentata造句 , 用gulella unidentata造句 , gulella unidentata meaning , definition , pronunciation , synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha . net .
keywords : gastropoda ; pulmonata ; streptaxidae ; gulella ; streptostele ; taxonomy ; malawi ; east africa .
two new species of gulella ( mollusca : pulmonata : streptaxidae ) from the taita hills , kenya .
new taxa of gulella l . pfr . and ptychotrema mörch ( mollusca , streptaxidae ) from eastern africa .
gulella is a genus of very small air - breathing land snails , terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family streptaxidae .
table 1 . measurements in mm of 38 shells of gulella streptostelopsis spec . nov . from throughout its range . the holotype is no . 36 ; figured paratypes are nos . 23 and 38 . the numbers in the seventh column refer to the localities enumerated under ‘material examined’ .
dr . william adam’s iconography of central and west african gulella species ( gastropoda pulmonata : streptaxidae ) . part 1 : nominal taxa .
land molluscs of zanzibar island ( unguja ) , tanzania with the description of a new species of gulella ( pulmonata : streptaxidae ) .

' gulella systemanaturae
' is a species of minute air - breathing land snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family streptaxidae .

' gulella unidentata
' is a species of very small air - breathing land snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family streptaxidae .
this may be an overlooked character as this has not been checked or noticed in other taxa with similar types of shell until the type description of
gulella systemanaturae
.
the next question to be discussed is whether g . streptostelopsis spec . nov . might be classified with one of the known subgenera of gulella sensu lato . these have been discussed in some detail by zilch ( 1960 : 569 - 573 ) . vaught ( 1989 ) and millard ( 1997 ) , simply enumerating generic / subgeneric names , give slightly differing versions , both incorporating sphincterocochlion verdcourt , 1985 . schileyko ( 2000 : 808 - 820 ) treats all subgenera including anatomical data where available . such data will eventually lead to a division of what is now called gulella and it is confidently expected that many subgenera will be elevated to genus rank . a few of the subgenera of gulella are seemingly well defined and these usually encompass only a limited number of species . on the other hand , many of the other subgenera are very broadly characterized and contain large numbers of nominal taxa . it appears that the present new species cannot be classified with any of the extant subgeneric units in gulella so that the matter must be left in abeyance . some alcohol material of the new taxon is available and should be properly evaluated , but this would involve micro - anatomy which is outside the competence of the present author . g . streptostelopsis spec . nov . might well represent an as yet unknown genus in the streptaxidae .
gulella systemanaturae
was described by adolph cornelis van bruggen in 2008 based on collections from 1975 in royal museum for central africa , tervuren , belgium and 1985 collection in nationaal natuurhistorisch museum , leiden .
verdcourt , b . , 1985 . new taxa of gulella l . pfr . and ptychotrema mörch ( mollusca , streptaxidae ) from eastern africa . — j . conch . london 32 : 109 - 121 .
derivatio nominis . — the epithet streptostelopsis ( latinized greek for streptostele - like ) refers to the likeness to shells of the streptaxid genus streptostele . the kindred epithet streptosteloides already exists in the family under discussion . the original combination was opeas streptosteloides von martens , 1897 , but this taxon appears to be a streptaxid , now named streptostele streptosteloides ( von martens , 1897 ) ( vide verdcourt , 2006 ; richardson , 1988 ; kabat & boss , 1997 ) . in view of the similarity of the names and probable causes for confusion in possibly closely allied genera the epithet streptostelopsis is proposed here .
recently verdcourt ( 2004 : 311 - 312 , figs 14 - 17 ) described gulella eoryi from mt . meru in northern tanzania . the shell of this taxon looks somewhat like that of g . streptostelopsis spec . nov . however , the shell of g . eoryi shows more ribbing , a deep umbilicus and “at the back of the aperture a sloping arcuate lamella well away from the peristome corresponds to a deep furrow on the outside of the shell” . this immediately makes the similarity of the two taxa entirely superficial .
gulella streptostelopsis spec . nov . is described from a series of localities of mainly between 1000 and 1500 m a . s . l . in malaŵi south of about 11°s . the minute , almost smooth , shell ( length 2 . 0 - 2 . 4 mm ) resembles that of the genus streptostele ( hence the name ) , but is characterized by three - fold apertural dentition and just under six whorls . this taxon may represent a new genus ; pending studies on the anatomy no new generic name is proposed .
bruggen a . c . van , 2008 : studies on the streptaxidae ( mollusca : gastropoda pulmonata ) of malawi 10 . description of gulella systemanaturae , a new species from dedza mountain . 6 pp . zoologische mededelingen 82 : 9 - 14 .
diagnosis . — a minute species of gulella s . l . , with more or less tapering , almost smooth , shell about three times as long as wide and with three - fold apertural dentition consisting of single angular , labral and columellar processes .
bruggen a . c . van , 2011 : studies on the streptaxidae ( mollusca : gastropoda pulmonata ) of malawi 12 . four new species of gulella s . l . 16 pp . ( in english ) . zoologische mededelingen 85 ( 13 ) : 849 - 864 .
a search of the literature for possibly related taxa has so far proved in vain . pilsbry ( 1919 ) , the main text on congo land molluscs , provides no lead . the subgenus silvigulella pilsbry , 1919 , characterized by a clavate shell with the greatest width well below the middle , has a costulate shell . subsequent publications on congo streptaxids ( mainly van bruggen & van goethem , 1997 , 1999 ) are of no assistance either . a scrutiny of verdcourt’s east african gulella key ( 1962 ) and subsequent papers ( covered in his 2006 checklist of east africa , but see next paragraph ) comes no nearer in supplying possible candidates for relationship to or at least similarity with g . streptostelopsis spec . nov . finally , connolly ( 1939 ) , particularly the overview of the southern african species on pp . 19 - 23 , also does not lead anywhere . the same applies to southern african species of gulella described since .
according to chapman & white ( 1970 ) all localities where the
gulella systemanaturae
has been found are above the
brachystegia
woodland belt . gives a good impression of the area , depicting low - canopy montane forest near the summit of dedza mountain ( 2150 m ) . .
figs 1 - 5 . s . e . m . photographs of two paratypes ( nos . 23 and 38 of table 1 , both loc . no . 6 ; rmnh ) of gulella streptostelopsis spec . nov . 1 , shell , length 2 . 37 mm ( no . 38 ) ; 2 , aperture of do . ; 3 , apex of do . ; 4 , shell , length 2 . 21 mm ( no . 23 ) ; 5 , side view of aperture of do . scale bars 1 mm for figs 1 and 4 , 100 μm for figs 2 , 3 and 5 . s . e . m . photographs by j . goud ( rmnh ) .
verdcourt , b . , 1962 . preliminary keys for the identification of the genus gulella pfr . occurring in east africa excluding the sections primigulella pilsbry and plicigulella pilsbry . — ann . mus . roy . afr . centr . ( 8° ) sci . zool . 106 : 1 - 39 .
living animals of selected species from pemba ( not to scale ) . 2 “assiminea” aurifera 3 tropidophora zanguebarica 4 subulona ordinaria 5 gonaxis denticulatus 6 gulella planidens 7 tayloria shimbiensis 8 edentulina obesa 9 trochonanina mozambicensis 10 pembatoxon insulare 11 “dendrolimax” vangoethemi ( paratype 2 ) 12 dendrolimax vangoethemi ( paratype 1 ) .
bruggen , a . c . van & j . l . van goethem , 1997 . dr william adam’s iconography of central and west african gulella species ( gastropoda pulmonata : streptaxidae . ) . part 1 : nominal taxa . — bull . inst . roy sci . nat . belg . biol . 67 : 5 - 30 .
bruggen a . c . van , 2006 : gulella johannae spec . nov . ( gastropoda , pulmonata , streptaxidae ) , a new land snail from the drakensberg range in limpopo province , south africa , with notes on g . johannesburgensis ( m . & p . ) . 10 pp . zoologische mededelingen leiden 80 ( 1 ) : 63 - 72 .
six of the seven adults from misali island have an additional palatal tooth , recalling var . scissidens connolly , 1922 , described from dar - es - salaam . the additional tooth is not present on either of the two adults from ras kiuyu . this is a very widespread species and several such forms have been named . neubert ( 1998 ) points out a discrepancy between paladilhe’s ( 1872 ) description and figure of ennea isseli paladilhe , 1872 from yemen , and figures an additional specimen which strongly resembles gulella gwendolinae . this raises the possibility that ennea isseli is a senior synonym of gulella gwendolinae and , if so , also the question of whether it is truly native to arabia . a direct comparison of types is advised .
bruggen , a . c . van & j . l . van goethem , 1999 . dr william adam’s iconography of central and west african gulella species ( gastropoda pulmonata : streptaxidae . ) . part 3 : nine new species from the d . r . congo . — bull . inst . roy sci . nat . belg . biol . 69 : 31 - 45 .
finally attention should be drawn to the distribution of g . streptostelopsis spec . nov . it is so far only known from malaŵi , scattered throughout the country south of 11ºs between 800 and 1600 m , but mainly between 1000 and 1300 m a . s . l . first of all , this almost certainly is not a malaŵi endemic . as shown on the map ( fig . 6 ) many localities are sufficiently close to the borders of at least zambia and mozambique to predict occurrence in those countries , particularly as suitable habitat is available there .
the new species is generally easily recognized because of its small size and streptostele - like shell . zilch ( 1960 : 567 - 568 ) has summarized the knowledge of streptostele on the generic / subgeneric level ; in 1959 venmans had added the subgenus textostele , which is not covered in zilch’s overview . schileyko ( 2000 : 802 - 807 ) has included anatomical data where available . it is difficult to find characters to reliably separate streptostele and gulella . repeatedly attention has been drawn to the poor delimitation of the genera in the streptaxidae ( e . g . , van bruggen & van goethem , 1997 : 6 - 7 , for gulella ) ; regrettably anatomical data are still very scarce and do not materially assist here . generally streptostele species appear to have costulate shells with no , or very poorly developed , apertural dentition . also , the number of whorls at times may be quite high ( i . e . , 7 - 10 ) , although a few nominal species may have numbers of whorls as low as in the above - described new species ( e . g . , streptostele jaeckeli venmans , 1959 ) . for the time being the new taxon has been classified with gulella , which genus in itself may be a polyphyletic unit .
. . . forest reserves apart from a juvenile at msitu mkuu fr ( table 2 ) . on pemba , juvenile shells have complex dentition at a variety of stages . the living animal is creamcoloured . recent systematic work ( = - = rowson , 2010 - = - ) indicates “g . ” aenigmatica does not belong in the genus gulella l . pfeiffer and a genus - level revision is in progress . 28 b . rowson et al . / zookeys 70 : 1–39 ( 2010 ) figures 57–63 . streptaxidae from . . .
the following three species ( 6 % of the total of 49 ) are known only from pemba and we consider them endemic : cyathopoma pembense , dendrolimax vangoethemi , and elisolimax roebucki . there are no endemic genera or subgenera and all three endemics have close relatives both on the mainland and elsewhere in the western indian ocean . dendrolimax vangoethemi probably occurs in the usambaras ( see below ) while elisolimax roebucki has had doubts raised over its species status ( see rowson 2007 p . 447 ) . the populations of “gulella” radius on pemba may be considered a separate species ( see notes , 28 ) . thus the rate of species endemism could be as low as 2 % ( considering only cyathopoma pembense endemic ) or as high as 8 % if ( considering cyathopoma pembense , both slugs , and the pemba “gulella” radius to be endemic ) . accepting a 6 % rate , a total of 36 ( 73 % ) of pemba’s species are also found on unguja . of these , 33 also occur on the mainland , sometimes in small areas . the remaining two species ( 4 % of pemba’s total ) are known only from pemba and unguja : pembatoxon insulare and gittenedouardia conulina . there are doubts about the species status of the latter ( see notes , 7 ) .
all frs and habitat types contained at least one species not recorded elsewhere on pemba . importantly for conservation , 21 species ( approximately 45 % of the 47 species found ) were found only in frs , including the 10 rarest species ( those represented by the fewest individuals ) and all the slugs found . for example , curvella disparilis and thapsia curvatula were found only at ngezi fr ( sand / soil ) ; microcystina minima was found only at ras kiuyu fr ; and nesopupa minutalis was found only at msitu mkuu fr . another 21 species ( 45 % ) were found in both frs and non - forest habitat types , including the 10 most abundant species . these include several taxa treated by verdcourt ( 2000 ) as forest specialists ( tayloria shimbiensis , opeas delicatum , subulona ordinaria ) and at least one previously unrecorded from forest habitats ( assiminea aurifera ) . both the pemba - endemic cyathopoma pembense and the eastern arc species “gulella” aenigmatica occurred only in msitu mkuu fr and in non - forest sites . the remaining five species ( approximately 10 % ) were found only in non - forest habitats . these include the only certainly introduced species ( striosubulina striatella ) as well as two further taxa treated by verdcourt ( 2000 ) as forest specialists ( thapsia insulsa and gulella sexdentata ) .
conversely , 92–98 % of pemba’s land - snail species occur elsewhere . to date about 8 of these ( 16 % ) are known only from small areas of adjacent tanzania or kenya ( cyathopoma azaniense , “gulella” aenigmatica , tayloria shimbiensis etc . ) and could comprise a vicariant fauna whose ranges were split only by the pemba channel graben . alternatively , these and the remainder that occur more widely ( gulella planidens , streptostele acicula , etc . ) could have arrived by post - isolation dispersal , with species occurring nearby most likely to arrive soonest . successful dispersal to pemba argues against an especially strong isolation , since gene exchange with the mainland would remain possible . this contrasts with pemba’s volant species for which winds are thought to have strongly limited westward passage from the mainland ( moreau and pakenham 1940 ; baker and baker 2002 ) . although accidental introduction by man has played a largely unknown but probably greater part in the land - snail fauna , subfossils on aldabra ( e . g . gerlach and griffiths 2002 ) indicate natural , overseas dispersal by land - snails in the region . rivers outflowing eastwards from the mainland ( e . g . the pangani , wami and ruvu ) could aid the dispersal of rafting taxa such as land - snails to the islands , even against seasonally prevailing currents . this could explain the discrepancy with the endemism in volant taxa .
the shell of g . streptostelopsis spec . nov . is subject to some variation in dimensions as shown by table 1 . the abundant material allowed for a check on clinal variation . however , it appears that there is no discernible geographical pattern in the measurements of the shell of the new species . both small and large shells derive from southern populations and to a slightly lesser degree this also applies to northern populations . as regards size it is not always easy to decide what shells are really adult , vide loc . 5 in table 1 ( shells nos . 20 and 25 ) . this sample consists of three shells , ( a ) a juvenile , 2 . 0 mm long and with 5 ¼ whorls , but with developed apertural teeth and reflected labrum ; ( b ) a subadult , 2 . 21 mm long and with < 5¾ whorls ( no . 20 in table 1 ) with poorly developed dentition and labrum ; ( c ) an adult , 2 . 25 mm long and with 5¾ whorls ( no . 25 in table 1 ) with properly developed dentition and labrum .
is there a pattern to be discerned in the distribution of the species under discussion ? there is an indication for this because so far g . streptostelopsis spec . nov . was not found in the mt . mulanje complex in the south of malaŵi , and also not on the nyika plateau and in the misuku hills in the north , all areas well searched for micro - molluscs . ms h . m . meredith and her co - workers throughout the years 1975 - 1988 have extensively worked these areas by sampling the leaf litter of many forests in and around mt . mulanje , the nyika national park ( including the chowo forest just over the border with zambia ) , and the misuku hills . dr r . jocqué ( mrac ) has also worked on leaf litter on the nyika plateau and the present author and his wife have done the same on the nyika plateau and in the misuku hills in 1990 . all this leads to the albeit preliminary conclusion that absence here might reflect a genuine distribution pattern . such a conclusion would generate two questions . would the new species reach its northern limits here , and , if so , what does delimit its distribution ?
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
national museum of natural history , p . o . box 9517 , 2300 ra leiden , the netherlands
the following abbreviations have been used : alc . for material in alcohol ; l / d for the ratio length / major diameter of shells ( this ratio is calculated from micrometer readings and may therefore differ from that calculated when these measurements are first converted into mm ) ; lw for length of last whorl in front view ; leg . m for leg . ms h . m . meredith ; bmnh for the natural history museum , london [ british museum ( natural history ) ] ; irsnb for institut royal des sciences naturelles de belgique , brussels ; mrac for musée royal de l’afrique centrale , tervuren , belgium ; rmnh for national museum of natural history , leiden ( nationaal natuurhistorisch museum ; formerly rijksmuseum van natuurlijke historie ) .
material examined . all material has been derived from leaf litter samples ; damaged , subadult and juvenile shells have been expressly excluded from the type material . localities have been enumerated from south to north (
) . — malaŵi : ( 1 ) thyolo dist . , thyolo , mwalantungi estate , litter streamhead forest , c . 1100 m , 31 . viii . 1982 , leg . j . chapman ( rmnh 92683 , 2 paratypes ) ; ( 2 ) thyolo , namingombo river , riverine forest litter , c . 1200 m , 8 . vi . 1980 , leg . m ( rmnh 92684 , 2 paratypes , 2 juv . ) ; ( 3 ) thyolo mountain forest on satemwa tea estates , submontane forest remnant , leaf litter , 1300 m , 17 . i . 2002 , leg . k . - d . b . dijkstra ( rmnh 92685 , 1 paratype ) ; ( 4 ) blantyre dist . , blantyre , soche mt . , submontane litter ne . side , 1400 m , 27 . viii . 1982 , leg . j . chapman ( rmnh 92686 , 1 paratype ) ; ( 5 ) blantyre , soche mt . , leaf litter sites nos . 3 - 5 , 1300 - 1450 m , 12 . iii . 1983 , leg . m ( rmnh 92687 , 2 paratypes , 1 juv . ) ; ( 6 ) chiradzulu dist . , lisau evergreen forest litter , c . 1300 m , ii . 1981 , leg . j . chapman [ rmnh 92688 , 9 paratypes ( among which shells shown in figs 1 - 5 ; 2 paratypes deposited in irsnb ) , 1 subad . , 1 juv . ; also alc . ] ; ( 7 ) chiradzulu dist . , lisau evergreen forest litter , c . 1300 m , 3 . i . 1982 , leg . h . patel ( rmnh 92689 , 2 paratypes , 1 damaged shell , 1 subad . ) ; ( 8 ) mulanje dist . , chigwankhalu hill , near malaŵi - mozambique border just s . of lake chilwa ,
litter , 800 - 900 m , early may 1983 , leg . h . patel ( rmnh , 1 juv . ) ; ( 9 ) zomba dist . , mpita forest near thondwe , leaf litter , c . 1100 m , 10 . ii . 1982 , leg . m ( rmnh , 1 damaged adult ) ; ( 10 ) zomba dist . , zomba , mulunguzi bridge ,
riverine forest litter , c . 1000 m , 22 . iii . 1986 , leg . m ( rmnh 92690 , 2 paratypes , 3 subad . , 1 damaged subad . ) ; ( 11 ) zomba , mulunguzi bridge , riverine forest litter , c . 1000 m , 15 . xi . 1986 - 25 . iii . 1987 , leg . p . kamkodo ( rmnh 92691 , 5 paratypes , of which 1 deposited in mrac ) ; ( 12 ) zomba - namitembo road , namitembo river riverine forest litter , c . 1000 m , 24 . iv . 1984 , leg . m ( rmnh 92692 , 4 paratypes , 1 juv . ) ; ( 13 ) zomba , forest road ,
description . — shell ( figs 1 - 5 ) small to minute , clavate , more or less tapering , greatest width well below the middle , always more than two - and - a - half times as long as wide , transparent when fresh to whitish when worn . umbilicus completely closed . spire produced , slightly tapering or sides at most subparallel , not convex , apex flattened , obtusely conical to mamillate . whorls five - and - a - half to just under six , hardly convex , superficially smooth but under high magnification with faint spiral sculpture and growth lines , growth lines turning to weak costulation behind the labrum ( fig . 5 ) . sutures somewhat impressed , fairly shallow , simple and filiform . aperture ( fig . 2 ) subovate , sometimes distinctly squarish at base , peristome slightly incrassate and reflected , aperture not or hardly obstructed by three - fold dentition : a small angular process ( usually a mere swelling ) , somewhat distant from and therefore not connected with apex of labrum so that there is no sinus ; opposite the angular denticle there is an upper labral process in the form of a thickening of the labrum , which process does not correspond to a depression behind the labrum ; finally , a very faint thickening of the lower columella may be interpreted as a columellar process .
measurements of shell : 2 . 00 - 2 . 37 × 0 . 75 - 0 . 81 mm , l / d 2 . 62 - 3 . 17 , lw 0 . 87 - 1 . 00 mm , aperture height × major diameter 0 . 56 - 0 . 62 × 0 . 44 - 0 . 50 mm , 5½ - > 5¾ whorls . holotype shell 2 . 31 × 0 . 78 mm , l / d 2 . 96 , lw 1 . 00 mm , aperture 0 . 69 × 0 . 44 mm , > 5¾ whorls . mean values 2 . 18 × 0 . 78 mm , l / d 2 . 89 , lw 0 . 93 , aperture 0 . 59 × 0 . 47 mm , average values 2 . 19 × 0 . 75 mm , l / d 2 . 92 , lw 0 . 94 , aperture 0 . 59 × 0 . 44 mm ( n = 38 ) .
distribution ( fig . 6 ) . — so far only known from malaŵi , scattered throughout the country south of 11ºs and mainly between 1000 and 1500 m a . s . l .
correspondence with ms meredith on this subject leads to an interesting observation . she writes : “what does stand out , though , is that it is a species of riverine / lowland forest / submontane forest distribution . it is interesting to see chapman’s ( i . e . chapman & white , 1970 ) descriptions on pages 141 , 153 and 161 / 2 . this does not , however , explain why we have not found it on some of the lower slopes of mulanje , or the misukus . the submontane forests on the nyika are on the slopes that haven’t been properly studied – we have all looked in the more easily accessible montane forests of the plateau . ” ( meredith , in litt . , 28 october 2001 ) .
acknowledgements are due in first instance to ms h . m . meredith for supplying the material , contributing data on the localities , and carefully criticizing the manuscript . mr j . goud of the mollusca section ( rmnh ) deserves credit for the s . e . m . illustrations ( figs 1 - 5 ) , expertly enhanced by p . a . van mulken ( biology section , leiden university ) . numerous visits to the mollusc departments of the natural history museum ( london ) , the institut royal des sciences naturelles de belgique ( brussels ) , and the musée royal de l’afrique centrale ( tervuren , belgium ) have always been of great value – the cooperation of our colleagues drs p . b . mordan ( bmnh ) , j . l . van goethem ( irsnb ) and f . puylaert & r . jocqué ( both mrac ) has been invaluable . dr c . o . dudley ( university of malaŵi , zomba ) is acknowledged for assistance with geographical problems .
field work in malaŵi of the present author ( 1988 , 1990 , 1993 ) has been mainly financed by leiden university , the koninklijke nederlandse akademie van wetenschappen ( royal netherlands academy of arts and sciences , amsterdam ) , wotro / nwo ( wetenschappelijk onderzoek in de tropen , the hague ) , and the stichting tot internationale natuurbescherming ( foundation for international conservation , van tienhoven stichting , amsterdam ) .
1 . for no . 8 in this series vide bruggen , a . c . van & a . j . de winter , 2003 . studies on the streptaxidae ( mollusca : gastropoda pulmonata ) of malaŵi 8 . a revision of ‘marconia’ hamiltoni ( smith ) , the largest local streptaxid , with the description of a new genus . — zool . verh . leiden 345 : 59 - 78 , figs . 1 - 21 .
bruggen , a . c . van & h . m . meredith , 1984 . a preliminary analysis of the land molluscs of malaŵi . in : a . solem & a . c . van bruggen , eds . , world - wide snails . biogeographical studies on non - marine mollusca : 156 - 171 . — e . j . brill / dr w . backhuys , leiden .
bruggen , a . c . van & a . j . de winter , 2003 . studies on the streptaxidae ( mollusca : gastropoda pulmonata ) of malaŵi 8 . a revision of ‘marconia’ hamilton i ( smith ) , the largest local streptaxid , with the description of a new genus . — zool . verh . leiden 345 : 59 - 78 .
chapman , j . d . & f . white , 1970 . the evergreen forests of malawi : 1 - 190 . commonwealth forestry institute , university of oxford , oxford .
connolly , m . , 1939 . a monographic survey of south african non - marine mollusca . — ann . s . afr . mus . 33 : i - iii , 1 - 660 .
kabat , a . r . & k . j . boss , 1997 . karl eduard von martens ( 1831 - 1904 ) : his life and works : 1 - 417 . department of mollusks , museum of comparative zoology , harvard university , cambridge mass .
millard , v . , 1997 . classification of mollusca . a classification of world wide mollusca : 1 - 544 . rhine road , south africa .
pilsbry , h . a . , 1919 . a review of the land mollusks of the belgian congo chiefly based on the collections of the american museum congo expedition , 1909 - 1915 . — bull . am . mus . nat . hist . 40 : i - x , 1 - 370 .
richardson , c . l . , 1988 . streptaxacea : catalog of species . part 1 streptaxidae . — tryonia 16 : i , 1 - 326 .
schileyko , a . a . , 2000 . treatise on recent terrestrial pulmonate molluscs . part 6 . rhytididae , chlamydephoridae , systrophiidae , haplotrematidae , streptaxidae , spiraxidae , oleacinidae , testacellidae . — ruthenica suppl . 2 : 731 - 880 ( streptaxidae pp . 771 - 835 ) .
vaught , k . c . [ eds r . t . abbott & k . j . boss ] , 1989 . a classification of the living mollusca : i - xii , 1 - 195 . melbourne , fla . , u . s . a .
venmans , l . a . w . c . , 1959 . notes on molluscs from the belgian congo 1 . genus streptostele h . dohrn , 1866 . — rev . zool . bot . afr . 60 : 31 - 48 .
verdcourt , b . , 2004 . new and little known species of terrestrial mollusca from east africa and congo ( kinshasa ) . — ann . hist . - nat . mus . natn . hung . 96 : 299 - 315 .
verdcourt , b . , 2006 . a revised list of the non - marine mollusca of east africa ( kenya , uganda and tanzania , excluding lake malawi ) : 1 - 75 . published by the author , maidenhead .
zilch , a . , 1959 - 1960 . gastropoda euthyneura . — handb . paläozool . ( 6 ) 2 : i - xii , 1 - 834 . berlin - nikolassee ( streptaxidae pp . 555 - 578 , 1960 ) .
sign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .
have a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .
simply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .
until recently , species which are now in the genus costigulella were included here .
adolph cornelis ' dolf ' van bruggen ( 9 july 1929 – 3 june 2016 ) was a dutch malacologist , entomologist and botanist . his works were about the tropics and tropical africa . his career lasted over 50 years . he was an expert especially in the land snail families streptaxidae , achatinidae and maizaniidae . as of 2008 , he had written some 655 scientific publications .
all content from kiddle encyclopedia articles ( including the article images and facts ) can be freely used under attribution - sharealike license , unless stated otherwise . cite this article :
content is available under cc by - sa 3 . 0 unless otherwise noted . kiddle encyclopedia articles are based on selected content and facts from wikipedia , rewritten for children . powered by mediawiki .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
urltoken
popular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more
. . . y colour forms . voeltzkow’s ( 1923 ) record of “rachis brauensis mart . ” ( sic ) probably refers to r . braunsi from fundu i . ( haas , 1929 ) . the genus is here given as rhachistia rather than rhachidina ( see = - = solem 1959 - = - , mordan 1992 , herbert and kilburn 2004 ) . there is a hypothesis that bulimus histrio l . pfeiffer , 1854 , described from the new hebrides , is a synonym of r . braunsi . solem ( 1964 ) cited verdcourt ( 1961 ) . . .
important bird areas in tanzania : a first inventory . wildlife conservation society of tanzania , dar es - baker , baker - 2002
annoted checklist of the terrestrial and freshwater molluscs of the arabian peninsula with description of new species . fauna of arabia
. . . as ( 1929 ) gives the record from chake chake . fischer - piette and vukadinovic ( 1974 ) consider bulimus johanninus morelet , 1877 , described from the comoros , a synonym of a . gracile . recent authors ( e . g . = - = neubert 1998 - = - , gerlach 2006b , griffiths and florens 2006 ) rather than verdcourt ( 2006 ) and rowson ( 2007 ) are followed here in treating this species in allopeas as distinct from lamellaxis . 1 8 . curvella subviresc . . .
. . . s familiar with a . clavulinum in botanic gardens in the uk , which in turn have been said to come from east africa ( kerney and cameron 1979 ) yet never included a . clavulinum in his east african lists ( = - = verdcourt 1983 - = - , 2000 , 2006 ) . this should be further investigated . 20 . opeas lamoense melvill & ponsonby , 1892 buliminus lamoense melvill and ponsonby 1892 : 90 ; pl . v , fig . 12 notes . pemba specimens reach 11 . 0 × 4 . 0 . . .
prys - jones r . p . , thébaud c . 2003 . molecular phylogeography reveals island colonization history and diversification of western indian ocean sunbirds ( nectarinia - warren , bermingham , et al .
coastal forests of eastern africa : status , endemism patterns and their potential causes - nd , gp , et al . - 1998
. . . arion ) . the monophyly of these major groups is questionable while the systematics of tropi - 16 b . rowson et al . / zookeys 70 : 1–39 ( 2010 ) cal limacoidea is still far from resolved ( e . g . tillier 1979 , = - = hausdorf 1998 - = - , schileyko 2002 ) , but it remains possible that this species is related to one of them rather than other dendrolimax . distribution : pemba island ; probably also east usambara mts . etymology : vangoethem . . .
the geology and geophysics of coastal tanzania - pe , ja , et al . - 1971
ergebnisse der osterreichischen neu kaledonien - expedition 1965 , terrestrische gastropoda i ( exkl . veronicellidae und athoracophoridae
. . . that histrio was an early anthropogenic introduction from east africa . though not quite correct ( the name braunsi did not appear in solem 1959 ) this was followed by other workers in the region ( e . g . = - = starmühlner 1970 - = - ) and there is now a consensus that the australasian populations originated in east africa ( e . g . stanisic 1998 , herbert and kilburn 2004 ) . however , verdcourt ( 1961 , 1983 , 2006 ) remained ambiguous abou . . .
. . . dispersal to islands ( e . g . gittenberger 2007 ) . in east africa , the lowland land - snail fauna is poorlyknown but now documented in a few coastal forest fragments in which endemism to fragments is high ( = - = tattersfield 1998 - = - , lange and mwinzi 2003 , rowson 2007 ) . these coastal forests form a region of endemism scattered through the zanzibar - inhambane vegetation mosaic of white ( 1983 ) and support the majority of the region . . .
prys - jones rp , thebaud c ( 2006 ) immigration , species radiation and extinction in a highly diverse songbird lineage : white - eyes on indian ocean islands . molecular ecology 15 - bh , bermingham
tropical african platycnemis damselflies ( odonata : platycnemididae ) and the biogeographical significance of a new species from pemba island - dijkstra , clausnitzer , et al . - 2007
geology of east africa . beiträge zur regionalen geologie der erde - schlüter - 1997
descriptions of new species of shells collected by geoffrey nevill esq . , at - adams
habitat selection by terrestrial birds on pemba island ( tanzania ) , with particular reference to six endemic taxa . biological conservation 95
. . . ation and moist climate might permit locally - adapted species to persist in a broader range of habitats than their mainland counterparts . a similar observation has been made for pemba’s endemic birds ( = - = catry et al . 2000 - = - ) . b ) imbalance across land - snail families , species were recorded in the same rank order and approximately the same proportions as on unguja ( rowson 2007 ) and the coastal region as a whole ( verdcourt . . .
notes on african non - marine mollusca , with descriptions of many new species . annals and magazine of natural history series 9
. . . latus pro tem . rather than the more restricted g . gibbonsi taylor , 1877 . a revision of the east african taxa attributed to “gonaxis” is currently under way ( rowson in prep . ) . 26 . tayloria shimbiensis = - = connolly , 1922 - = - figs 7 , 33–35 tayloria shimbiensis connolly 1922 : 487 notes . this species has not previously been recorded beyond the type locality ( shimba hills ) ( verdcourt 2006 ) . according to verdcourt ( 1958 ) , its . . .
. . . vaginulus alte férussac 1821–1822 : 14 notes . voeltzkow ( 1923 , p . 179 ) recorded this species from pemba as “vaginula brevis” v . brevis fischer , 1872 is considered a synonym of the widespread l . alte ( = - = forcart 1953 - = - , verdcourt 2006 ) . we tentatively refer two small juveniles from ngezi fr to this species . 7 . gittenedouardia conulina ( von martens , 1869 ) fig . 29 buliminus ( pachnodus ) von martens 1869 : 153 notes . t . . .
. . . less than 200m ; pemba effectively lies off the continental shelf ( fig . 1a ) . while the presence of a terrestrial fauna in pemban rocks supports the presence of land since at least the middle miocene ( = - = pickford 2008 - = - ) , this land is believed to have been part of the mainland until the formation of the pemba channel by a graben fault approximately 6 ma ( early pliocene ; kent et al . 1971 , clarke and burgess 2000 ) . ot . . .
1831 description des coquilles terrestres recueilles pendant un voyage à côte occidentale d’afrique , et au brésil . annales des sciences naturelles 24 - rang
. . . 07 ) . in east africa , the lowland land - snail fauna is poorlyknown but now documented in a few coastal forest fragments in which endemism to fragments is high ( tattersfield 1998 , lange and mwinzi 2003 , = - = rowson 2007 - = - ) . these coastal forests form a region of endemism scattered through the zanzibar - inhambane vegetation mosaic of white ( 1983 ) and support the majority of the region’s narrowrange endemics ( burgess et . . .
notes on east african land and freshwater snails 11 . miscellaneous records from kenya and tanzania including the description of two new species . — basteria 42
. . . rag ) ras kiuyu fr msitu mkuu fr non - fr sites 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 assimineidae “assiminea” aurifera preston , 1912 3 2 429 / 18 + + + + + + + + + + 10 cyclophoridae cyathopoma azaniense = - = verdcourt , 1978 - = - 4 13–15 + 1 cyathopoma pembense sp . n . 1 16–27 + + + + 4 pomatiidae tropidophora zanguebarica ( petit , 1850 ) 5 3 432 / 3 + + + + + + + + + + + 11 veronicellidae laevicaulis alte ( férussac , 1821 ) 6 432 . . .
. . . nguja ( lange and mwinzi 2003 , verdcourt 2006 , rowson 2007 ) . however , maizania is absent from the pliocene - pleistocene central highlands of kenya , a montane forest area of apparently suitable habitat ( = - = verdcourt 1984 - = - ) . its absence from pemba could suggest pemba , unlike unguja , was isolated before maizania could reach it . alternatively , maizania may have reached unguja only after it became an island , in which case . . .
a preliminary note on the african element among the streptaxids ( mollusca ) of the western indian ocean islands . in : van zinderen bakker snr em , coetzee ja ( eds ) paleoecology of africa and the surrounding islands . vol . 10–11 . balkema - ac - 1978
ac ( 2008 ) new studies on the land molluscs of malawi , a second interim progress report . prolegomena for a new checklist - bruggen
madagascan georissa , cyclotus , omphalotropis and so - called chondrocyclus . archiv für molluskenkunde 133 - kc - 2004
. . . nt consideration since slugs may change in appearance as they grow . however , neither verdcourt and polhill , van goethem with his experience of growth series of many taxa , nor other slug workers ( e . g . = - = forcart 1967 - = - ) could attribute these forms to any known species or genus . verdcourt and polhill ( 1961 ) noted that there was no absolute criterion , e . g . concerning the size of the albumen gland , for recognising adu . . .
2006b ) terrestrial and freshwater mollusca of the seychelles islands . backhuys , leiden , the netherlands , 141 pp . b . rowson et al - gerlach
description of pembatoxon insulare gen . n . , sp . n - jl - 1975
révision systématique des urocyclinae ( mollusca , pulmonata , urocyclidae ) . annales musée royal de l’afrique centrale tervuren , sciences zoologiques 218 : 1–355 - jl - 1977
die binnenmollusken der voeltzkow’schen reisen in ostafrika und den ostafrikanischen inseln . zoologische jahrbücher 57 : 387–430 , pls
. . . the pemba material is here referred to braunsi , whose varieties we consider only colour forms . voeltzkow’s ( 1923 ) record of “rachis brauensis mart . ” ( sic ) probably refers to r . braunsi from fundu i . ( = - = haas , 1929 - = - ) . the genus is here given as rhachistia rather than rhachidina ( see solem 1959 , mordan 1992 , herbert and kilburn 2004 ) . there is a hypothesis that bulimus histrio l . pfeiffer , 1854 , described from th . . .
ke ( 1869 ) conchylien aus zanzibar zwischen sesamsaamen . nachrichtsblatt der deutschen malakozoologischen gesellschaft 1 - martens
1892 ) ueber die von dr . stuhlmann in nordost - afrika gesammelten landund süsswasser - mollusken . sitzungs - berichte der gesellschaft naturforschender freunde zu - ke - 1892
révision des urocyclidae ( mollusca , gastropoda , pulmonata ) . anatomiesystématique - zoogeographie . annales musée royal de l’afrique centrale tervuren , sciences zoologiques 180 - jj - 1970
otopoma gray 1850 - a few words to add to a 150 years old debate . archiv für molluskenkunde 132
. . . er recent decades . note : verdcourt treats all east african tropidophora in subgenus otopoma gray , 1850 , but the asian type species of this belongs in cyclophoridae not pomatiidae ( = pomatiasidae ) ( see = - = neubert 2003 - = - ) . 6 . laevicaulis alte ( férussac , 1821 ) vaginulus alte férussac 1821–1822 : 14 notes . voeltzkow ( 1923 , p . 179 ) recorded this species from pemba as “vaginula brevis” v . brevis fischer , 1872 is consider . . .
de la saussaye m ( 1859 ) description d’une espèce nouvelle . journal de conchyliologie 7 : 384–385 , pl - petit
containing the monographs of the genera bulimus , achatina , dolium , b . rowson et al - volume
harzhauser m , berning b , kroh a ( 2010 ) sedimentary evolution of a late pleistocene wetland indicating extreme coastal uplift in southern tanzania . quaternary research 73 : 136–142 - reuter , we
ea ( 1890 ) list of land - and freshwater - shells collected by dr . emin pasha in central africa , with descriptions of new species - smith
. . . i did not appear in solem 1959 ) this was followed by other workers in the region ( e . g . starmühlner 1970 ) and there is now a consensus that the australasian populations originated in east africa ( e . g . = - = stanisic 1998 - = - , herbert and kilburn 2004 ) . however , verdcourt ( 1961 , 1983 , 2006 ) remained ambiguous about placing the two in synonymy and objected that the colour pattern in solem’s ( 1959 ) black and white picture o . . .
descriptions of two new taxa of tayloria bgt . together with a synopsis of the genus . revue de zoologie et de botanique africaines 58 : 3–4 - verdcourt - 1958
east african slugs of the family urocyclidae , iii & iv . the genus trichotoxon - verdcourt , rm - 1961
. . . through the zanzibar - inhambane vegetation mosaic of white ( 1983 ) and support the majority of the region’s narrowrange endemics ( burgess et al . 1998 , burgess and clarke 2000 ) which include landsnails ( = - = verdcourt 2000 - = - , rowson 2007 ) . emberton et al . ( 1997 ) found that within tanzania , both diversity and endemism peaked in the northern coastal forests , those nearest pemba . the forest on pemba is greatly depleted outs . . .
. . . differ from the few other east african cyclophoridae in being larger and more depressed than c . azaniense verdcourt , 1978 ( figs 13–15 ) , an undescribed azaniense - like species from the east usambaras ( = - = verdcourt 2006 - = - ; nmw material examined ) , and the malawian c . tres van bruggen , 2008 ( van bruggen 2008 ) . they are also larger than the central african c . papillaris ( von martens , 1892 ) and have fewer spiral keels ( se . . .
warning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .
b rowson , 1 b . h . warren , 2 and c . f . ngereza 3
umr c53 pvbmt , université de la réunion - cirad , 7 chemin de l’irat , ligne paradis , 97410 st . pierre , réunion , france
national museums of tanzania , shabaan robert street , po box . 511 , dar es salaam , tanzania
corresponding author : xue - xin chen ( nc . ude . ujz @ nehcxx ) .
this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
pemba is thought to have had a longer and / or stronger history of isolation than its better - known counterpart , unguja . the extent to which the biota support this hypothesis of greater oceanicity have been debated . here , pemba’s terrestrial mollusc ( “land - snail” ) fauna is surveyed and reviewed for the first time . we find at best equivocal evidence for the following hallmarks of greater oceanicity : impoverishment , imbalance , and a high rate of endemism . at least 49 species are present , families are represented in typical proportions , and there are only between two and four island - endemic species - i . e . a 4 % to 8 % rate of endemism . for land - snails , isolation thus seems to have been short ( pleistocene ) or , if longer , weak . nevertheless , pemba does host endemic and globally rare species . forty - five percent of the species found , including most of these , is restricted to forest reserves , with ngezi forest reserve particularly rich . a further 45 % are able to tolerate the island’s woody cultivated habitats . one new snail species ( cyclophoridae : cyathopoma ) and one new slug species ( urocyclidae : dendrolimax pro tem . ) are described . new data and illustrations are provided for other taxa .
pemba is one of the two main indian ocean islands of zanzibar , tanzania , the other being unguja ( itself commonly referred to as “zanzibar” ) . it has long been recognised that although the two are of comparable size , topography , distance from the mainland , as well as climate and climatic history ( e . g .
) , they differ in their geological and biotic history . geologically , both islands consist of miocene rocks of continental origin fringed by uplifted pleistocene coral rag limestone platforms (
) . sea level lowstands of up to 145m below present since pemba’s separation , while critical for the evolution of other western indian ocean island faunas ( e . g .
) , would therefore not have sufficed to reconnect pemba to the mainland or unguja . unguja , in contrast , was most recently isolated from the mainland in the pleistocene (
) probably as little as 10–18 thousand years ago . thus even if pemba’s isolation was as recent as the latest pliocene ( 1 ma ) , it would have remained an island for up to 100 times longer than unguja .
a pemba and the surrounding area . contours : 200m and 1000m ( above sea level ) ; 200m ( below sea level ) . the land below 400m , including the islands , roughly corresponds to the zanzibar - inhambane vegetation mosaic of white ( 1983 ) in which coastal forest fragments are scattered . b sites surveyed on pemba in 2009 , numbered as in table 1 , with forest reserves ( shaded areas ) and large towns marked .
to examine how the land - snail fauna reflects the strength and duration of pemba’s isolation we sought evidence of a ) impoverishment ; b ) imbalance in composition ; and c ) increased endemism , each relative to unguja and to mainland coastal forests . this required that as many species as possible were documented . we also aimed to clarify patterns of species presence or absence between habitat types and between frs , data on which are currently absent for most pemban taxa and limited for other tanzanian coastal taxa .
survey work was carried out in february 2009 . survey sites were selected in each fr and in additional sites covering most of the island ( plus misali i . , a small island nature reserve to the west ;
; collecting effort was quantified although it varied across sites . while no survey can guarantee to find all species , these are two of the most important considerations in surveys of this type (
) . land - snails were identified with reference to collections and the literature and are deposited at the national museum of wales , uk ( nmw ) and national museums of tanzania ( nmt ) . as in
, informal morphospecies names ( “sp . a” etc . ) are avoided , one advantage being more accurate comparison with other studies .
) and grouped into habitat types . ngezi fr sites are grouped into two habitat types according to underlying geology . “person - hours” is the total time spent on direct search and “litter” is the approximate volume of litter sieved ( litres ) . codes in square brackets are original site names and dates of collection .
high moist forest on sandy alluvial soil within reserve less than 1km from entrance [ n1 , 7 . 2 . 09 ]
high moist forest on sandy alluvial soil in centre of reserve [ n3 , 8 . 2 . 09 ]
high forest and swamp forest on dark alluvial soil in north of reserve [ n6 , 11 . 2 . 09 ]