the sable ( martes zibellina ) is a marten species , a small carnivorous mammal inhabiting forest environments , primarily in russia from the ural mountains throughout siberia , northern mongolia .

its habitat also leans the borders of eastern kazakhstan , china , north and south korea and hokkaidō in japan .

its range in the wild originally extended through european russia to poland and scandinavia .

it has historically been hunted for its highly valued dark brown or black fur , which remains a luxury good to this day .

while hunting of wild animals is still common in russia , most fur in the market is now commercially farmed .

sable

the term sable also has become a generic description for some dark - furred animal breeds , such as sable cats or rabbits .
middle english : from old french ( as a heraldic term ) , generally taken to be identical with sable , although sable fur is dark brown .
sierra club and anglers of au sable win nine - year battle to protect the mason tract of the au sable river from oil and gas drilling threat .
a sable cloud floated in the sky , and at its back . . .
stay in the loop with updates and news about au sable and our community .
a british collectors ' name of certain pyralid moths . botys nigrata is the wavy - barred sable , and b , lingulata is the silver - barred sable .
as a token that thou wilt forget it , accept this cloak of sable .
sable as the black clouds , thy face is beautiful as that of sankarshana .
sable dens are usually found on the ground under rocks , logs and roots .
nicknames for sable . add your names , share with friends . click to copy
dense wooded savanna and tall grass , are the ideal sable ' s habitat .
‘the family arms were ; ‘argent , a fess between six crosslets fitchee sable . ’’
‘if you have brown eyes , stick with taupe , sable and mocha hues . ’
‘lions are about the only predators strong enough to bring down a healthy sable . ’
( fur of ) a small carnivore . xv — of . sable sable fur — medl . sabelum ; ult . of balto - sl . orig . ( cf .
he seemed to hear the sable angel ' s wing - beats over the house .
hunting both during the day and at night , the sable feeds mainly on rodents .
407407 , gold series red sable no . 24 , # 5 - service reproduction company
‘adele stopped reading and met dana ' s sable eyes with her own lavender ones . ’
‘although her intended audience is not black , she still refers to ‘our sable race . ’’
‘the peculiar thing was that sable curtains blocked the inside of the store from view . ’
‘i also noticed she had tattooed - on eyebrows in a lovely shade of sable . ’
all this flashed into his sight , etched against the sable night as if in flame .
a fine paint - brush or pencil made of hair from the tail of the sable .
at the same time i had a present from his daughter of a handsome sable muff .
see special : whatlinkshere / etymology : sable for a list of articles using this term .
sable litters can contain up to five young which are weaned at around seven weeks old .
on this page you can find the nickname generator and random username picker based on the name sable . it can help you create a login for a website account or a nickname for sable with a few mouse clicks . cute couple nicknames and many other nicknames like sable .
[ the role of ' ' pseudoheat ' ' in sable reproduction ] . [ russian ]
sanjay sable , an indian contemporary artists from south india , presents his collect bright times .
“ sable ” in dicionario de dicionarios da lingua galega , sli - ilga 2006 - 2013 .
‘he pulled rochelle ' s sable ringlets away from her neck and began to kiss it . ’
‘he would have liked to have seen her sable colored hair in a less formal style . ’
the sable accelerator connects entrepreneurial organizations with highly qualified , highly connected south africans in silicon valley .
the average lifespan of the sable antelope is 16 years in wild and 19 years in captivity .
sable is hunted heavily and , nowadays , sustainably across much of its range as a valued furbearer .
‘servants in their traditional livery continued about their tasks , sable bands about their arms in honor . ’
‘the pants were plain enough , tight , but of a good silk in a rich sable . ’
‘also present are elephant , sable antelope , reedbuck , common duiker , blue and vervet monkeys . ’
along the north shore and from yarmouth to cape sable , over a hard bottom , cod abound .
the sable is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
[ the role of ' ' pseudoheat ' ' in sable reproduction ] . [ russian ]
the sable antelope has a compact and robust build , characterised by a thick neck and tough skin .
the isolated and protected population of feral horses on sable island , nova scotia , canada ( fig .
because of its great expense , sable fur is typically integrated into various clothes fashions , such as to decorate collars , sleeves , hems , and hats . the so - called kolinsky sable - hair brushes used for watercolor or oil painting are not manufactured from sable hair , but from that of the siberian weasel .
‘they say he ' s tall and handsome , and that his hair is as black as sable . ’
‘i grew up with impala and sable antelope , burnt - amber kudu , zebra and wiry wildebeest . ’
© 2018 sable industries inc . all rights reserved . web design and content management by rem web solutions .
information on the sable ( martes zibellina ) is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
sable antelope are found in parks all across eastern and southern africa offering an attraction to the ecotourism industry . sable antelope are prized trophy animals to many big - game hunters and some are willing to spend thousands of dollars to hunt them . however , declining sable antelope numbers calls into question the advisability of hunting them .
[ the role of ' ' pseudoheat ' ' in sable reproduction ] . [ russian ] [ 1988 ]
classified as lower risk / conservation dependent ( lr / cd ) on the iucn red list 2007 ( 1 ) . four subspecies of sable antelope are currently recognised : hippotragus niger kirkii ( zambian sable ) , h . n . niger ( common or southern sable ) , h . n . roosevelti ( eastern sable ) , and h . n . variani ( giant or angolan sable ) ( 3 ) . of these , the giant sable antelope ( h . n . variani ) is classified as critically endangered ( cr ) on the iucn red list 2007 ( 1 ) , and is listed on appendix i of cites ( 4 ) .
“ sable ” in le trésor de la langue française informatisé ( the digitized treasury of the french language ) .
‘colours are orchestrated in dark tones , such as sable , olive and black accented with flashes of ultramarine . ’
of the color of the sable ' s fur ; dark ; black ; - - used chiefly in poetry .
the pines stand in black platoons upon the hillsides , with a tinge of red or orange on their sable .
publicis ' murray heads to young & rubicam hire is sable ' s biggest since becoming ceo by andrew mcmains .
sable antelope in the wild can live up to 16 years and over 19 years in captivity ( urltoken ) .
sable antelope help to cycle grass / plant nutrients into other areas and the young are prey for large predators .
a band of feral horses on sable island , nova scotia , canada . photo © philip d . mcloughlin .
sable is a friendly gal who loves to ride in the car , go on walks and be with her family .
with its new sable kitchen & bar , kimpton hotels & restaurants hopes to broaden the concept of gastropubs beyond beer .
the pelt of the sable is very valuable , and sables have been hunted for their fur for hundreds of years .
sable employees have more than 25 years experience in the warehousing and distribution industry giving them a level of expertise not seen within their competitors . sable is also known for its accuracy in inventory handling , order picking and reliable freight delivery .
late middle english : from old french , in the sense ‘sable fur’ , from medieval latin sabelum , of slavic origin .
‘as expected , the door opened to reveal aunt demeter ' s porcelain , rose - accented features and sable hair . ’
‘jane is a black / sable / tan medium - sized cross breed , approx . 8 - 10 years old . ’
to make like sable in color ; darken ; blacken ; hence , figuratively , to make sad or dismal ; sadden .
his horse was a white one , and his comrade ' s was sable satan , and to the latter he ran .
‘two thirds of it was lined with sable bookcases , all stuffed to the gills with heavyweight texts on every subject conceivable . ’
‘the grazers are mainly antelope , wildebeest , hartebeest , oribi , impala , gazelle , reedbuck , roan and sable antelope . ’
she held out the sable and vernon laid it on the couch when he had held it to his face for a moment .
wilson , d . , s . hirst . 1977 . ecology and factors limiting roan and sable antelope populations in south africa .
‘the chinese caravans traded silk , porcelain and tea for furs of black fox and sable , and ivory tusks from frozen mammoths . ’
‘but it was the tzars luxurious fur coat made of sable and decorated with gold and silver thread that impressed them the most . ’
‘sauron has accepted victory , and the sable banners of the lidless eye will be hoisted over the walls of the captured city . ’
‘as he left , he did not notice the hateful eyes of the sable raven , watching calanthas go , from a windowsill . ’
au sable forks — shortly after mourners had left to attend a funeral , the zaumetzer - sprague funeral home was engulfed in flames .
sable warehousing began operations in 1998 providing warehousing and distribution services from the port of halifax throughout north america . conveniently located near the port of halifax , which is the deepest port on the eastern seaboard , sable provides a variety of services to its worldwide group of customers .
‘mink is america ' s favorite fur , according to the fur information council of america , followed by sable , fox and beaver . ’
‘her own sable tresses fell into her eyes and she carelessly brushed them away , deeper things on her mind than her chosen body . ’
from market entries to licensing , distribution , or technology commercialization strategies , sable experts can assist at any stage , from launch to exit .
sable martin
) , in reference to the mammal or its fur , borrowed in old french from germanic ( cf . middle dutch
the labrador marten , or
sable ,
is a sub - species , generally distributed in the forested parts , like the weasel .
in this image taken on monday , nov 5 , 2012 , chocolate black pepper sable cookies are shown in concord , n . h .
detroit ( ap ) — federal safety regulators are investigating some older - model ford taurus and mercury sable sedans because the throttles can stick .
the sable antelope ' s spoor is very much similar to the roan antelope ' s . it is smaller , though , and narrower .
the sable antelope ( hippotragus niger ) is an antelope which inhabits wooded savannah in east africa south of kenya , and in southern africa .
were both passive and active . the passive approach involved setting traps while the active approach involved the use of hunting dogs and bows and arrows . occasionally , hunters also followed sable tracks to their burrows , around which they placed nets , and waited for the sable to emerge .
embed this arkive thumbnail link (
portlet
) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =
urltoken
title =
arkive species - sable ( martes zibellina )
> < img src =
urltoken
alt =
arkive species - sable ( martes zibellina )
title =
arkive species - sable ( martes zibellina )
border =
0
/ > < / a >
“ sable ” in santamarina , antón ( coord . ) : tesouro informatizado da lingua galega . santiago de compostela : instituto da lingua galega .
‘according to old accounts , at that time , one good pelt of sable could bring enough money to buy a 50 - acre farm . ’
‘he had the palest skin she had ever seen , milky white , and he was topped with a neatly cropped head of sable hair . ’
‘unlike the dragon so pictured , its sable scales shimmered with an inner light , a fire , a pulse , and seemed almost transparent . ’
what made you want to look up sable ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .
) for sable island horses . ( a ) 2009–2010 , ( b ) 2010–2011 , ( c ) 2011–2012 , and ( d ) 2012–2013 .
sable systems international is the world leader for precision metabolic measurement , providing the tools , the expertise and the training that enable scientific discovery ; true scientific discovery that not only creates data , but creates understanding . by scientists , for scientists , sable enables results that impact research and industry breakthroughs .
‘the area ' s vast reserves protect animals both rare ( barguzin sable , baikal seal ) and abundant ( brown bear , forest reindeer ) . ’
‘as though in a trance they stood , staring at that white mask with its black eyes and frame of sable hair , paralyzed by hesitation . ’
‘antelopes are well represented here , particularly the sable antelope which shows off their extravagant horns as they proudly march between stands of miombo woodland trees . ’
‘it is therefore , common to find different species of grazers co - existing with zebra , buffalo , sable , roan , hartebeest and wildebeest . ’
sable industries is a canadian manufacturer and wholesale distributor of dental handpiece parts , high speed and slow speed handpieces , small dental equipment and parts , and bio - pure evacuation system cleaner . sable has always been dealer / distributor focused ; and we are positioned as the premium aftermarket solution with features , benefits , and warranties that match and / or exceed the market leaders . sable is a certified iso facility with full fda and health canada approvals .
the third - generation deli man sifted through the fresh delivery of nova salmon , sable and whitefish , flown in weekly from his supplier in brooklyn .
sable
is an adjective commonly used to describe the black fur of animals . it is also used in heraldry to denote
black .
table s1 . model selection for the analysis of variation in annual probability of survival for sable island horses , 2009–2013 ( top ten models only ) .
‘on more practical ground , ferrè also delivered a few totally tempting scarves with cashmere rib - knit on one side , and sable on the other . ’
‘the carriage door swung open , revealing a tall woman with sable hair and dressed in an azure gown , bringing out her gray - blue eyes . ’
‘other sources indicate the irish setter was used in early breeding - the collie ' s sable color may be the indirect result of such a cross . ’
‘the selous has huge herds of sable antelope and estimated 10 , 000 of them although they are rare in the tourist parts of this huge reserve . ’
night , sable goddess ! from her ebon throne , in rayless majesty , now stretches forth her leaden scepter o ' er a slumbering world .
on that occasion thou wilt have a sight of him , clad in a sable deerskin , and wearing his hair in the form of a matted mass .
hipotrachus niger variani the giant sable antelope or royal sable is so named because the horns of both sexes are recognisably longer . found only in a few remaining localities in central angola . it is classified as critically endangered ( cr ) on the iucn red list , and is listed on appendix i of cites .
horse surveys on sable island allowed us to obtain a time series of near perfect estimates of demographic parameters from 2009 to 2013 ; as we were able to identify each horse on the island , we do not account for sampling error in our analyses . our life cycle graph for sable island horses ( fig .
‘russia ' s first strict nature reserve - barguzinsky zapovednik - was founded in 1916 on the eastern shore of lake baikal to protect the endangered barguzin sable . ’
‘the handsome sable antelope of eastern and southern africa belongs to a group called sabre - horned antelopes , because of their long , scimitar - shaped horns . ’
description of critical habitat of roseate tern in sable island bird sanctuary
( 2007 - 01 - 20 ) ( pdf format , 13 . 29 kb )
numbers of males and female horses observed on sable island , canada , from 2009 to 2013 . total number of individual life histories in the sample is 701 horses
is regarded as the ‘typical ' sable as it was the first to be described and named in 1838 . often referred to as the black sable because it tends to have the darkest coat , this subspecies occurs south of the zambezi river , particularly in northern botswana and large numbers in the matsetsi valley of zimbabwe but is also found in southern africa . in south africa most of the commercial sable farmers crossed their matsetsi sables ( indeginous to south africa ) with western zambian sables in the hope to move nearer to the nearly extinct giant sable ( that was larger with bigger horns . ) currently the believe is that there are only about 15 % pure matsesti sables in south africa . the matsetsi sable population in zimbabwe is only 450 . ( was 24 , 000 in 1994 ) . the sable population in south africa is about 7000 ( commercial and in reserves ) . therefore it can be concluded that the matsesti sable population is less than 1500 and declining daily . fortunately most of the sables in the reserves are pure matsetsi sables . anglo - american recently started a program of breeding pure matsetsi sables commercially and keeping them pure .
fur or pelt of the european sable
( martes zibellina ) , early 15c . , from middle french sable ( also martre sable
sable martin
) , in reference to the mammal or its fur , borrowed in old french from germanic ( cf . middle dutch sabel , middle low german sabel , middle high german zobel ) , ultimately from a slavic source ( cf . russian , czech sobol , polish soból , the name of the animal ) ,
which itself is borrowed from an east - asiatic language
[ klein ] , but russian sources ( e . g . vasmer ) find none of the proposed candidates satisfactory .
‘the relocation is the first phase of a resettlement programme of several wildlife species , including giant sable and red buffalo , to kissama over the next five years . ’
‘shar - pei come in just about every colour there is - black , red , red - fawn , fawn , black - pointed cream , sable and blue . ’
standing before the long mirror , laura looked with a frown at the sable coat , which gave her , as gerty had said , the air of a tragic actress .
was usually a fixed number of sable pelts that was required of every male tribe member who was at least fifteen years old to be given to russian officials . officials enforced
‘while assembling my belongings , i came across a lovely dress , a creamy chiffon , in the empress josephine style , with a bit of luxurious sable round the shoulder . ’
‘even at its zenith in the mid - 20th century , mink had few rivals , with only sable and the pelts of big cats bestowing anywhere near the same prestige . ’
‘throughout zimbabwe , 64 percent of kudu , 63 percent of giraffes , 56 percent of cheetahs , and 53 percent of sable antelope and impalas were on private ranch properties . ’
rangy by nature , jake was a tri - color sable with a bushy dark brown tail tipped in white , matching the natural white ring of white fur around his neck .
the handsome sable antelope is the national animal of zimbabwe and is one of the most sought after for photographers and trophy hunters alike due to its scimitar horns . they are very
nickle seamless ferrule  brown polished handle  pure red sable , hand cupped with a sharp point , plenty of strength and spring . finest quality artist watercolor brush . short handle
contasti al , van beest fm , vander wal e . mcloughlin pd . identifying hidden sinks in growing populations from individual fates and movements : the feral horses of sable island .
” in which many russians moved to siberia as independent trappers . from 1585 to 1680 , tens of thousands of sable and other valuable pelts were obtained in siberia each year .
‘the law emphasizes that only those of ‘superior degrees’ are permitted to wear satin , silk , and sable or cloth made of or mixed with gold , silver , or tinsel . ’
elizabeth dubben , who runs the amrose sable gallery at 306 hudson ave in albany , recently sent an e - mail telling patrons the arts space will be closing on may 24 .
tyler , p . e . 2000 . behind the $ 100 , 000 sable coat , a siberian hunter new york times december 27 , 2000 . retrieved june 7 , 2008 .
table s2 . model selection for the analysis of variation in annual fecundity ( probability of presenting with a foal ) for sable island horses , 2009–2013 ( top ten models only ) .
welsh da . halifax , ns : dalhousie university ; 1975 . population , behavioural and grazing ecology of the horses of sable island , nova scotia . ph . d . thesis .
recent studies ( borisov and lomanov 2006 , safonov et al . 2006 , sinitsyn 2012 ) have shown that earlier growth in sable numbers has continued . leading sable ecologists and researchers documented that sable harvest in russia reached 700 , 000 – 750 , 000 animals in the winter 2011 / 2012 game season and the russian population is estimated at 2 . 0–2 . 2 million animals ( dejkin et al . 2011 , monakhov 2012a , monakhov and li 2013 ) . in the 2010s sable occupies all suitable habitats and previously not colonised territories , which allows numbers to increase in russia . sable numbers in china were estimated in 6 , 000 in the 1990s ( ma 1998 ) and 18 , 000 in the 2010s ( zhu et al . 2011 , monakhov and li 2013 ) . population of sable in mongolia were assessed at least 10 , 000 for central hentii mountain range in the 1970s ( clark et al . 2006 ) . no estimates are available for japan , korea or kazakhstan ; the occupied parts of each of these countries comprise only a small part of the species ' s global range .
we can think of the japanese marten and the sable as counterparts in japan : whereas the marten lives in the three main southerly islands ; the sable , or kuroten , lives only in hokkaido . also , whereas the japanese marten is a golden - brown animal with a black face , black legs and a brown tail , the sable is a pale , creamy - yellow color , almost white on the face and with black feet and lower legs and a black tail . the carnivores are similar in size , with the marten measuring 60 to 65 cm from nose - tip to tail - tip , and weighing 1 . 1 to 1 . 5 kg , while the sable measures 67 cm long and weighs in at 1 . 5 kg . but to my mind , it is the sable that smacks of wilderness , and conjures up images of the immense russian taiga forests that comprise much of its natural range .
‘local tribes sometimes resisted , but in the long run were subdued and subjected to tribute , usually in the form of so many skins per year , the sable being especially sought . ’
‘the maiden brushed a strand of sable hair behind her ear and gazed straight into the eyes of her nervous king , the emeralds set into her own face unnervingly refusing to blink . ’
‘my wife and girls fell instantly into dreams while i navigated a causeway suspended between an indigo sky and the sable sea , two voluptuous bodies winking at each other like old lovers . ’
‘the tonkinese occurs in four colors : natural , which is also called sable or seal ; champagne , also called chocolate ; platinum , also called lilac or frost ; and blue . ’
‘the most frequently seen are shades of darkest red to lightest cream , some with sable accents ; but many poms occur in solid black , black and tan , and parti - colors . ’
oxford english dictionary . 1989 . sable , n . , etymology of the oxford english dictionary , 2nd ed . 1989 . oed online . oxford university press . retrieved february 11 , 2008 .
the grassland habitat of the sable is being reduced by habitat destruction for agricultural development . antelope are important to their habitats as grazers and browsers . they are also important as prey for carnivores .
both females and males carry horns , making the sight of a sable herd amazing ! the female’s horns reach a length of 2 - 3 feet , and the bulls’ can grow to between 2 , 5 - 5 , 5 feet . the skin , that can vary significantly in color , is just as impressive . a shoulder - or full mount is a must if you are ever lucky enough to get your hands on a sable trophy with the black shiny color . the medal standards for sable are as follows : bronze : 96 silver : 102½ gold : 106 3 / 8 sci
lions seldom attack adults , because of their size and the formidable fighting abilities of these antelope . humans are the only real threat to adult sable antelope and their populations ( spinage 1986 ) . young
over the past 10 years sable has grown from a 12 person operation with 52 , 000 square feet of warehousing space to over 25 dedicated staff and over 200 , 000 square feet of warehousing .
there is , beside , the ' link - man ' , a lank , dark - faced , black - haired man , in a sable suit , with a link or torch in his hand .
sable silty clay loam - nearly level in a cultivated field at an elevation of about 223 meters ( 732 feet ) above mean sea level . ( colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated . )
typically , sable antelope are specialized grazers feeding on foliage and herbs , especially those growing on termite mounds . during the dry season they are less reluctant to browse ( estes 1993 ) . one of the reasons for declining antelope numbers could be their very specific feeding pattern . typically they will feed on grasses ( up to ninety percent of their diet ) at heights of 40 - 140 millimeters from the ground taking only the leaf . in a savannah setting , sable antelope are the last to feed on the new grasses available during the late dry season when food availability is vital ( spinage 1986 ) . in the paddock setting , where grasses are tall ( above 140mm ) , feed is high in protein and low in fiber , and sable antelope quickly lose weight . in a particular enclosure study , sable antelope fed primarily on
sable service : we promise responsive expert service and support , world - leading accuracy and efficient integration of instrumentation for ease of use . when we were in your position , we would have expected no less .
the name sable appears to be of slavic origin and to have entered western european via the early medieval fur trade ( oxford english dictionary 1989 ) . thus the russian and polish sobol became the german zobel , dutch sabel . the french zibelline spanish cibelina , cebellina , finnish soopeli , and mediaeval latin zibellina derive from the italian form . the english and medieval latin word sabellum comes from the old french sable or saible .
for the predatory species it just isn’t an option , as they burn so many calories just staying alive that they need to regularly top - up with fuel — hence the snow - burrowing antics of the sable .
in russia , after a critical depression in number that lasted until the 1940s , sable is protected in state nature reserves , national parks , and game reserves . outside protected areas , sable harvesting in russia is strictly regimented by hunting quotas for each region and is limited to 15 october - 29 february . the main areas where sable is protected are 41 state nature reserves with a total area of 164 , 960 km² . mass reintroductions in the 1940s - 1960s involved about 19 , 000 animals . in china , hunting is forbidden throughout the whole 215 , 678 km² area holding the species ( zhu et al . 2011 ) ; the species is in the first category of protection . eight national reserves totalling 8 , 122 km² hold it ( ma and xu 1994 ) . in mongolia , it is classed as vulnerable ( clark et al . 2006 ) . in dpr korea , the sable is classified as endangered ( won and smith 1999 ) . in japan ( hokkaido ) sable has been protected since 1920 ( murakami and ohtaishi 2000 ) and is now listed as near threatened ( murakami 2009 ) .
sable antelope are gregarious animals and congregate in herds of up to 40 individuals . like their cousins , the roan antelope , sable have a very similar social structure . there is only one adult bull in each herd , juvenile males are also evicted at the age of 3 years and form
bachelor groups
where they remain for about 2 or 3 years before they can acquire their own breeding herd , by fighting the herd bull . fights are more a display of supremacy , very seldom causing any body harm . sable will confront any predator , very often the later being gored and killed by the sable ' s formidable horns . one or two weeks before parturition , female sable will leave the herd and retreat to a secluded place , where she will give birth . for the first 2 or 3 days , the mother will stay no further than a couple of hundred meters from her calf , moving progressively further away to rejoin the herd . the calves will congregate in nursery groups , only joining the mother
at lunch time
. adults weigh up to 250 kg . and have a life span of about 15 years .
sable systems international is eliminating the disconnect between scientists and the people who develop their instruments . we merge authoritative expertise in metabolic physiology and biophysics with an inventive spark to create precision tools for metabolic measurement , neurophysiology and environmental science .
‘they herded reindeer , which provided meat and skins , caught and preserved the great shoals of salmon which surged up the summer rivers , and hunted the bears , foxes and sable , whose furs helped them to survive the cold . ’
these example sentences are selected automatically from various online news sources to reflect current usage of the word ' sable . ' views expressed in the examples do not represent the opinion of merriam - webster or its editors . send us feedback .
the sable inhabits forest environments , flatlands , and mountain ranges , including spruce and cedar forest in eastern siberia and pine and larch forests in western siberia , avoiding only mountain tops ( bates 2002 ; grzimek 1990 ; ognev 1962 ) .
sable antelope live in savanna woodlands and grasslands during the dry season , where they eat mid - length grasses and leaves . sable antelope visit salt licks and have been known to chew bones to collect minerals . they are diurnal , but are less active during the heat of the day . they form herds of 10 to 30 females and calves led by a single male , called a bull . males fight among themselves ; they drop to their knees and use their horns .
these soils are in illinois , wisconsin , iowa , and indiana . sable soils are extensive , over 608 , 000 acres have been correlated in mlras 95b , 104 , 105 , 108a , 108b , 110 , 111d , and 115c .
she turned and waved a hand to him , she cried a word , but he didn ' t hear it , it was a lost word . a sable wraith she was in the parkland , fading away into the dolorous crypt of winter .
‘for instance , the use of the word sable to describe the skin color of her race imparts a suggestion of rarity and richness that also makes affiliation with the group of which she is a part something to be desired and even sought after . ’
black
as a heraldic color , early 14c . , commonly identified with sable ( n . 1 ) , but the animal ' s fur is brown and this may be a different word of unknown origin ; or it might reflect a medieval custom ( unattested ) of dyeing sable fur black . as an adjective from late 14c . emblematic of mourning or grief from c . 1600 ; c . 1800 as
black
with reference to africans and their descendants , often with mock dignity .
black
as a heraldic color , early 14c . , commonly identified with sable ( n . 1 ) , but the animal ' s fur is brown and this may be a different word of unknown origin ; or it might reflect a medieval custom ( unattested ) of dyeing sable fur black . as an adjective from late 14c . emblematic of mourning or grief from c . 1600 ; c . 1800 as
black
with reference to africans and their descendants , often with mock dignity .
2002 , christopher paolini , eragon , chapter 3 they wound between the wagons to a tent removed from the rest of the traders ' . it was crimson at the top and sable at the bottom , with thin triangles of colors stabbing into each other .
only sablehd™ high definition technology gives you the truest , most data - rich study results . it’s at the heart of our cutting - edge promethion metabolic and behavioral phenotyping systems . and only sable preserves all raw data for retrospective qc or re - analysis .
library learning online has self - paced training for library staff available any time they need it . formerly known as sable , library learning online is being expanded to include more topics reflecting the wide scope of skills and knowledge required in today ' s libraries .
the color black in a general sense , and especially as the color of mourning : so called with reference to the general dark color of the fur of the sable as compared with other furs , or from its being dyed black as sealskin is dyed .
the sable is found in russia from the ural mountains throughout siberia , in northern mongolia and china , and on hokkaidō in japan ( harrison 2004 ) . its range in the wild originally extended through european russia to poland and scandinavia ( ognev 1962 ) .
sable science : the spectrum of applications that can benefit from sable systems solutions is vast – from animal biology to pharmaceutical safety testing , human exercise energetics to insect metabolism , and atmospheric monitoring and control . the principles are elegantly simple : measure and control o 2 , co 2 , h 2 o , methane , pressure and temperature – and do it very well . our compact , turnkey solutions for high - resolution gas analysis and control , respirometry , indirect calorimetry and animal behavior measurement produce high - definition results .
when sable antelopes are threatened by predators , including lions , they confront it , using their scimitar - shaped horns . many of these big cats have died during such fights . numbers have been reduced severely as part of regional tse - tse fly control programs .
summation of available population estimates gives a total population of about 54 , 000 sable , but this does not allow for undercounting bias in aerial surveys or parts of the species range for which estimates of numbers are unavailable . east ( 1999 ) estimated the total population at 75 , 000 , of which about half occurs in and around protected areas and one - quarter on private land . the population in the selous ecosystem probably represents the largest free - ranging population in africa . overall population trends are more or less stable in protected areas , increasing on private land and decreasing etsewhere ( east 1999 ) . total numbers of the giant sable surviving are estimated ( 2007 ) at 200 - 400 ( p . vaz pinto in litt to asg , 2007 ) . like other ungulates of the miombo woodlands , the sable occurs at low density in comparison with ungulate densities in semi - arid savanna . wilson and hirst ( 1977 ) estimated density at 4 / km in the matetsi area of sw zimbabwe , which they considered the best sable habitat in southern african .
the sable antelopes normally stay in groups with a maximum of 10 - 30 individuals , led by an old bull . they thrive in the areas where dense bush and savanna meet , and always stay close to the protective cover of the bush , and the plenty of the savanna . their need to live in these zones are what has challenged them throughout the years , as these biotopes are often being cultivated for farming cattle and chopping wood . where the sable lives to this day , you can find a highly sustainable hunt for them , playing a key factor in conserving the areas they live in . the sable is one of the shyest antelopes of all , and stalking these animals is a challenge , as they won’t present you with many chances before they seek the cover of the bush .
1742 , edward young , the complaint : or night - thoughts on life , death & immortality , night i night , sable goddess ! from her ebon throne , / in rayless majesty , now stretches forth / her leaden sceptre o ' er a slumbering world .
good morning america abc news’ mara schiavocampo shared her experiences after spending 24 hours inside a metabolic chamber at mount sinai st . luke’s hospital in new york city . the room calorimetry system being utilized to measure mara schiavocampo’s metabolism was produced by sable systems international . read more
collection of nicknames , cool fonts , letters , symbols and tags related to sable – salf . fancy names with the copy - paste function , reputation and popularity . create unique names for games , youtube channels , instagram accounts , companies , brands or social media .
the sable antelope formerly occurred widely in the savanna woodlands of southern and eastern africa , with an isolated population ( giant sable ) in central angola , between the cuanza and luando rivers and immediately north of the luando . they have been eliminated from large areas of their former range by meat hunting and loss of habitat to the expansion of agricultural settlement and livestock ( east 1999 ) . this range reduction has been most marked in mozambique , where they survive only in good numbers in niassa in the north , and in the western gaza province , southeast dr congo , and north - east tanzania ( east 1999 ; estes in press ) . sable have been reintroduced to many parts of their former range , but have also been introduced to areas where they never naturally occurred , including to swaziland ( east 1999 ) .
justification : sable is categorized as least concern because there is a large ( over two million ) population spread widely within eurasia . in most its range it is no danger of decreasing numbers , notwithstanding declines in some countries comprising in total only a small proportion of its range .
every quarter sable offers value driven promotions through our dealer partners , to provide dental professionals with volume discount offers and single unit savings on a variety of products . be sure to check back on a regular basis , so your team can take advantage of our continued value driven savings .
sable ( hippotragus niger ) , because of the great variation in their skin color , are most easily recognizable by their backward curving horns , that don’t look like the horns of any other antelope . the old bulls are also easy to identify due to their pitch - black skin .
the skin tells its own story and is light brown when the sable is born , and then turning darker and darker with age . females and young bulls are recognizable from this brownish color , especially around the legs , while a mature bull will turn completely pitch - black in time .
sable is the common name for a carnivorous mammal , martes zibellina , of the marten genus ( martes ) and weasel family ( mustelidae ) , characterized by a slender body , short limbs , bushy tail , and sharp - clawed , five - toed feet . sables have been valued historically for their soft , thick , dark fur , which remains a luxury good to this day . the sable is found in northern asia ( siberia , northern china , japan ) ; its distribution once extended west to scandinavia , but it became extinct in the wild there ( bates 2002 ) .
we would like to thank inderjeet mani , wlodek zadrozny , rie kubota ando , joyce chai , and nanda kambhatla for their valuable feedback . we would also like to thank carl sable , min - yen kan , dave evans , adam budzikowski , and veronika horvath for their help with the evaluation .
most luxurious natural furs ( ermine , mink , sable , and otter , among others ) come from members of carnivora , as do many of the animals that attract the largest crowds at circuses and zoos . producers of livestock worldwide are concerned about possible depredations upon their herds and flocks by this group…
listed as least concern as sable are currently estimated to number ca . 75 , 000 , and population trends are more or less stable in protected areas , increasing on private land and decreasing elsewhere ( 25 % ) . the overall conservation status is unlikely to change , since any further decrease in the free - living population may be compensated by the continued growth of its numbers on private farms and conservancies . the latter should continue in view of this spectacular antelopes aesthetic appeal and its high value as a trophy animal . nonetheless , certain subpopulations remain vulnerable , in particular that of the giant sable in angola .
…a gold cap trimmed with sable . the turks also adopted caftans , and they then brought the style to hungary and poland when they conquered those lands . subsequently , there were occasional vogues for turkish dress in italy , germany , and england , and the caftan became the model for later western garments featuring…
success on a sable hunt secures you what is one of the absolute top trophies of the african continent . this legendary antelope with its majestic backward curving horns was recently threatened with extinction throughout eastern africa , but thanks to cooperation between hunters , outfitters , locals , and governments , it has now , yet again , spread across southern africa and is available from almost every outfitter organizing hunts in southern africa . hunting this shy antelope is something most hunters dream about ! the sable antelopes normally stay in groups with a maximum of 10 - 30 individuals , led by an old bull . they thrive in the areas . . .
sable soils are on level or nearly level summits of loess - covered moraines and stream terraces . typically , they are on broad interstream divides of till plains , and less commonly on unglaciated hills and on terraces . slope gradients range from 0 to 2 percent . sable soils formed entirely in loess . mean annual temperature ranges from 7 . 8 to 12 . 2 degrees c ( 46 to 54 degrees f ) . , mean annual precipitation ranges from 760 to 1020 mm ( 30 to 40 inches ) , frost free days range from 140 to 180 days , and elevation ranges from 104 to 311 meters ( 340 to 1020 feet ) above mean sea level .
population projection without density dependence for sable island horses on 20 years from observed values obtained during 4 years ( 2009–2013 ) . red points are observed values ; the black line is the average increasing of the population ; gray lines show variation in the size due to demographic and environmental stochasticity ( included in se of parameter estimates ) .
fur was in great demand in western europe , especially sable and marten , since european forest resources had been over - hunted and furs were extremely scarce . fur trading allowed russia to purchase from europe goods that it lacked , like lead , tin , precious metals , textiles , firearms , and sulphur . russia also traded furs with
the main factor in reducing the number is winter hunting . however in russia , sable is exploited in compliance with scientifically substantiated quotas , so this hunting is not a threat to the species . some habitat is lost through clear - felling of forests , building of communications , and the development of new mines , oil and gas fields .
climate and density can lead to important intercohort variations and have long - term effects on life history traits in ungulates ( forchhammer et al . 2001 ) . both of our environmental variables govern the availability of energy to sable island horses . winter weather mediates the date of spring flush , quality of terrestrial forage during the winter , and accessibility of aquatic forage during the winter . high densities reduce the availability of forage through increased competition . our results suggest that for female sable island horses , high density and poor weather during the period of gestation reduced fecundity ; but , although density generally had a negative effect on survival , the same conditions also resulted in increased survival in adults .
we develop instrumentation for these fields and applications because they are dear to us . it is what we are born from . sable systems was founded because we ourselves couldn’t find the tools that were good enough to truly fuel our scientific discovery . this is why we place an unrelenting focus on quality – one that results in data you can trust .
sable fur has been a highly valued item in the fur trade since the early middle ages . intensified hunting in russia in the nineteenth and early twentieth century caused a severe enough decline in numbers that a five year ban on hunting was instituted in 1935 , followed by a winter - limited licensed hunt . these restrictions together with the development of sable farms have allowed to species to recolonize much of its former range and attain healthy numbers ( grzimek 1990 ) . the collapse of the soviet union led to an increase of hunting and poaching in the 1990s , in part because wild caught russian furs are considered the most luxurious and demand the highest prices on the international market ( tyler 2000 ) .
the sable series consists of very deep , poorly drained , moderately permeable soils formed in loess on nearly level broad summits of moraines and stream terraces . slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent . mean annual temperature is about 10 . 6 degrees c ( 51 degrees f ) . , and mean annual precipitation is about 889 mm ( 35 inches ) .
sable antelope are most active during the early morning and late afternoon . where not persecuted , they are not excessively wary , often running a short distance when startled , then stopping and looking back . however , when closely pursued , they can run as fast as 57 kmph / 35 mph for considerable distances . when wounded or cornered , sable antelope viciously defend themselves with their saber - like horns . the
critical distance
- the point at which an animal defends itself instead of fleeing - for sable antelope seems to be smaller than for comparable species . old bulls are believed to be territorial . when fighting , males males drop to their ' knees ' and engage in horn wrestling . fatalities from these combats are known , but are rare . maternal herds are led by a dominant male , who defends an area of 300 - 500 meters extending outward from the herd . recorded population densities vary between 0 . 4 and 9 . 2 per square kilometer , although the maximum sustainable density is believed to be less than 4 animals per square kilometers .
from other grazers and suggests why they are habitat limited ( spingage 1986 ) . water is visited at least every other day and no sable antelope will travel more then 2 miles from a watering hole or river . salt licks are visited periodically and they will chew on bones to get trace essential elements not present in mineral - deficient soil ( estes 1993 ) .


the chupare stingray or caribbean whiptail stingray , styracura schmardae , is a species of stingray in the family potamotrygonidae , found in the western atlantic ocean from the gulf of campeche to brazil , including the antilles .

the presence of this species in the gulf of mexico has not been confirmed .

it also occurs in the bahamas .

it usually inhabits sandy substrates , sometimes near coral reefs , and is an infrequent visitor to the amazon river estuary .

leonard compagno doubted the taxonomic validity of this species in his 1999 checklist of living elasmobranchs .

chupare stingray

the chupare stingray is the only ray in the genus himantura in the caribbean .
however , ( as these images indicate ) the chupare stingray also inhabits mangrove and muddy lagoons .
the chupare stingray has also been photographed in belize and is reportedly common off the coast of cuba .
similar species : the chupare stingray is easily distinguished from other dasyatid rays by its rounded disc and tail with no finfolds . the southern stingray and atlantic stingray have distinctly romboid ( kite shaped ) discs .
pacific chupare , himantura pacifica ( beebe & tee - van , 1941 ) .
floating right along , the next fish i bumped into was this ray . known as either the chupare stingray or the caribbean whiptail stingray , is this an electric species of ray ?
a chupare stingray or caribbean whiptail stingray ( himantura schmardae ) swims over a shallow sand flat off of belize . this ray is not common and almost nothing is known about its biology .
similar species : there are no other urolophid stingray species in the caribbean . the similarly shaped chupare stingray is easily distinguishable by its larger size , plain colouration and long whiplike tail devoid of finfolds .
a chupare stingray or caribbean whiptail stingray ( himantura schmardae ) swims over a shallow sand flat off of belize . this ray is not common and almost nothing is known about its biology . stock photo
; the roughtail stingray , d . centroura ( mitchill , 1815 ) ; the wingfin stingray , d . geijskesi boeseman , 1948
bennett ' s stingray , dasyatis bennetti ( müller & henle , 1841 ) .
pale - edged stingray , dasyatis zugei ( müller & henle , 1841 ) .
; the longnose stingray d . guttata ( bloch & schneider , 1801 ) ; the brazilian large - eyed stingray , d . marianae gomes , rosa & gadig , 2000
short - tail stingray or bull ray , dasyatis brevicaudata ( hutton , 1875 ) .
round stingray , taeniura grabata ( é . geoffroy saint - hilaire , 1817 ) .
stingray city in grand cayman allows swimmers , snorkelers , and divers to swim with and feed the stingrays .
meyer , p . 1997 . stingray injuries . wilderness environ med 8 ( 1 ) : 24 - 8 .
a stingray buried in the sand in saba . stingrays can be hard to see when they cover themselves with substrate .
western tropical atlantic from gulf of campeche to suriname and northern brazil . the caribbean whiptail stingray is reportedly common around cuba .
the pacific chupare and the chupare stingray in the atlantic are believed to be sister species , together referred to as the
amphi - american himantura
. the two species are morphologically similar and share four - ridged shoulder tubercles . based on the details of the mandibular musculature and articulation , the amphi - american himantura are hypothesized to be most closely related to the river stingrays in the family potamotrygonidae , rather than to indo - pacific himantura species . [ 1 ] this has given rise to the theory that both the amphi - american himantura and the river stingrays are descended from euryhaline ancestors living along the northern coast of south america prior to the formation of the isthmus of panama . this interpretation was initially disputed , as parasitological evidence suggests that the river stingrays are most closely related to pacific urobatis stingrays . [ 1 ] in 2016 , a major review of
himantura
based on morphology and molecular evidence confirmed the position of the pacific chupare , and it we moved to the genus styracura ( together with the chupare stingray ) in the family potamotrygonidae . [ 3 ] [ 7 ]
have been reported for the southwestern atlantic ( in brazilian waters ) : the southern stingray , d . americana hildebrand & schroeder , 1928
photographed specimens were found foraging for food at the edge of the mangrove during the day . other individuals were startled out of their resting places under the silt and algae . implying that chupare stingrays can be nocturnal or diurnal .
reaction to divers : the yellow spotted stingray will allow a close approach with slow non threatening movements . this ray will bolt when disturbed .
a stingray in dark waters . stingrays are dangerous for humans because it is hard to see them when they ' re in dark waters .
, and the bluntnose stingray , d . say ( lesueur , 1817 ) . the other dasyatid stingrays known from brazil are : the pelagic stingray , pteroplatytrygon violacea ( bonaparte , 1832 ) and the chupare stingray , himantura schmardae ( werner , 1904 ) ( dasyatidae ) ( ribeiro , 1907 , 1923 ; figueiredo , 1977 ; charvet - almeida et . al . , 2000 , gomes & gadig , 2003 ) . the atlantic stingray d . sabina ( lesueur , 1824 ) , according to garman ( 1913 ) , has been recorded from north carolina ( usa ) to brazil . bigelow & schroeder ( 1953 : 376 ) , cited the brazilian record of this species , referring to it as
. . . probably not on good evidence
. herein we describe a new species of dasyatis
while not independently valuable as a food source , the stingray ' s capacity to damage shell fishing grounds can lead to bounties being placed on their removal .
martin , r . a . 2008 . biology of sharks and rays : stingray city limits . reefquest centre for shark research . retrieved june 2 , 2008 .
passarelli , n . , and a . piercy . 2008 . atlantic stingray . florida museum of natural history , ichthyology department . retrieved june 2 , 2008 .
↑ t . r . roberts , makararaja chindwinensis , a new genus and species of freshwater dasyatidid stingray from upper myanmar , the natural history bulletin of the siam society 54 ( 2006 ) : 285–293 .
flint , d . , and w . sugrue . 1999 . stingray injuries : a lesson in debridement . new zealand med j 112 ( 1086 ) : 137 - 8 . retrieved june 2 , 2008 .
although edible , stingrays are not a dietary staple and are not considered a high - quality food . however , they are consumed , including fresh , dried , and salted ( mceachran 2004 ) . stingray recipes abound throughout the world , with dried forms of the wings being most common . for example , in singapore and malaysia , stingray is commonly barbecued over charcoal , then served with spicy sambal sauce . generally , the most prized parts of the stingray are the wings , the
cheek
( the area surrounding the eyes ) , and the liver . the rest of the ray is considered too rubbery to have any culinary uses .
in the cayman islands , there are several dive sites called stingray city , grand cayman , where divers and snorkelers can swim with large southern stingrays ( dasyatis americana ) and feed them by hand . there is also a
stingray city
in the sea surrounding the caribbean island of antigua . it consists of a large , shallow reserve where the rays live , and snorkeling is possible . in belize , off the island of ambergris caye there is a popular marine sanctuary called hol chan . here divers and snorkelers often gather to watch stingrays and nurse sharks that are drawn to the area by tour operators who feed the animals .
↑ p . r . last , b . m . manjaji , and g . k . yearsley , pastinachus solocirostris sp . nov . , a new species of stingray ( elasmobranchii : myliobatiformes ) from the indo - malay archipelago , zootaxa 1040 ( 2005 ) : 1 - 16 . retrieved june 2 , 2008 .
stingray is the common name for any of the various cartilaginous fish comprising the family dasyatidae , characterized by enlarged and flat pectoral fins continuous with the side of the head , no caudal fin , eyes on the dorsal surface , and narrow , long , and whip - like tail , typically with one or more venomous spines . marine , brackish water , and freshwater species are known .
stingrays are popular targets of ecotourism . dasyatids are not normally visible to swimmers , but divers and snorkelers may find them in shallow sandy waters . usually very docile , their usual reaction being to flee any disturbance . nevertheless , certain larger species may be more aggressive and should only be approached with caution by humans , as the stingray ' s defensive reflex may result in serious injury or even death .
dasyatids generally do not attack aggressively or even actively defend themselves . when threatened , their primary reaction is to swim away . however , when attacked by predators or stepped on , the barbed stinger in their tail is whipped up . this attack is normally ineffective against their main predator , sharks . the breaking of the stinger in defense is non - fatal to the stingray , as it will be regrown .
some adult rays may be no larger than a human palm , while other species , like the short - tail stingray , may have a body of six feet in diameter , and an overall length , including their tail , of fourteen feet . stingrays can vary from gray to bright red in color and be plain or patterned . dasyatids are propelled by motion of their large pectoral fin ( commonly mistaken as
wings
) .
depending on the size of the stingray , humans are usually stung in the foot region . surfers or those who enter waters with large populations of stingrays have learned to slide their feet through the sand rather than stepping , as the rays detect this and swim away . stamping hard on the bottom as one treads through murky water will also cause them to swim away . humans who harass stingrays have been known to be stung elsewhere , sometimes leading to fatalities . contact with the stinger causes local trauma ( from the cut itself ) , pain and , swelling from the venom , and possible later infection from bacteria . immediate injuries to humans include , but are not limited to , poisoning , punctures , severed arteries , and possibly death . fatal stings are very rare . on september 4 , 2006 , australian wildlife expert and television personality steve irwin was pierced in the chest by a stingray barb while snorkeling in australia and died shortly after .
this stingray attains a maximum known length of 150 cm ( 59 in ) and a disk width of 60 cm ( 24 in ) . it has a rounded pectoral fin disk and a broadly angled snout with a small protuberance at the tip . the tail lacks fin folds but has a low ventral keel . the dorsal surface of the body and tail are covered with rough dermal denticles . [ 2 ] there are large tubercles with four radial ridges on the shoulder region . [ 1 ] a venomous spine is present on the tail . [ 4 ]
justification : a large ( to 200 cm disc width ) tropical stingray that is distributed in the western central and southwest atlantic ocean from mexico to brazil including the lesser and greater antilles . almost no data is available on its habitat , biology , ecology and population trends . however , it is caught as bycatch and used as a subsistence food source . base - line studies , including taxonomic aspects , need to be elucidated for this species . given its probable inshore occurrence in fished areas its conservation status will need to be reassessed once data are collected , particularly concerning catch levels . in the first instance though , the species ' taxonomic status needs resolution .
treatment for stings includes application of near - scalding water , which helps ease pain by denaturing the complex venom protein , and antibiotics . immediate injection of local anesthetic in and around the wound is very helpful , as is the use of opiates such as intramuscular pethidine . local anesthetic brings almost instant relief for several hours . any warm to hot fluid , including urine , may provide some relief . vinegar and papain are ineffective . ( urine is a folk remedy for box jellyfish stings but is ineffective for such , whereas vinegar is effective for box jellyfish stings . ) pain normally lasts up to 48 hours , but is most severe in the first 30–60 minutes and may be accompanied by nausea , fatigue , headaches , fever , and chills . all stingray injuries should be medically assessed ; the wound needs to be thoroughly cleaned , and surgical exploration is often required to remove any barb fragments remaining in the wound . following cleaning , an ultrasound is helpful to confirm removal of all the fragments ( flint and sugrue 1999 ) . not all remnants are radio - opaque ; but x - ray radiography imaging may be helpful where ultrasound is not available .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
compagno ( 1999 ) considered this a doubtful species and more studies are required to elucidate the taxonomic aspects of this species . the phylogenetic status and affinities of tropical western atlantic and eastern pacific himantura are under review .
this tropical species is reportedly found on sandy bottoms and occasionally near coral reefs ( michael 1983 ) in the gulf of campeche ( mexico ) to brazil including the lesser and greater antilles ( stehmann et al . 1978 , cervigón et al . 1992 , claro 1994 , almeida et al . in press ) . it has rarely been observed in the amazon estuary region ( almeida et al . in press ) .
this species is not very common within its range . population size , trends and dynamics remain unknown for this species .
no information was found on the habitat and ecology of this species . most citations refer only to its presence in species lists . probably occurs inshore including estuarine areas . life history parameters age at maturity ( years ) : unknown . size at maturity ( total length cm ) : unknown . longevity ( years ) : unknown . maximum size ( disc width ) : 200 cm dw ( cervigón et al . 1994 ) . size at birth ( cm ) : unknown . average reproductive age ( years ) : unknown . gestation time ( months ) : unknown . reproductive periodicity : unknown . average annual fecundity or litter size : unknown . annual rate of population increase : unknown . natural mortality : unknown .
this species is reportedly caught as bycatch in artisanal and industrial fisheries ( hooking and netting ) . this species is also taken as a subsistence food source . intrinsic factors probably also represent a threat for this species as to most other elasmobranchs species ( camhi et al . 1998 ) .
research actions are urgently needed for this species . preliminary base - line studies are required to obtain data on the biology , ecology , uses and fishery data of this species , and in the first instance taxonomic status . captures should also be monitored to observe if they are within a sustainable range . habitat maintenance and conservation should also be considered as conservation actions for this species . the development and implementation of management plans ( national and / or regional e . g . , under the fao international plan of action for the conservation and management of sharks : ipoa - sharks ) are required to facilitate the conservation and sustainable management of all chondrichthyan species in the region . see anon . ( 2004 ) for an update of progress made by nations in the range of h . schmardae .
charvet - almeida , p . & de almeida , m . p . 2006 .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
greek , iman , imantos = thong , strap + greek , oura = tail ( ref . 45335 )
western central atlantic : gulf of campeche and the west indies to suriname ( ref . 3168 ) ; including brazil ( ref . 53430 ) . validity of this species questioned in compagno ' s 1999 checklist ( ref . 35766 ) .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 200 cm wd male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5217 ) ; common length : 100 . 0 cm wd male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5217 )
disc ovate , broadly rounded . tails with blunt tubercles . upper surface dark brown , sooty olive . edges of disc darker . lower surface of disc and pelvic fins yellowish or cream white . teeth little darker than lower surface ( ref . 6902 ) .
found on sandy bottoms , occasionally near coral reefs ( ref . 12951 ) . ovoviviparous ( ref . 50449 ) . marketed salted ; also used in the preparation of gelatin and oil .
exhibit ovoviparity ( aplacental viviparity ) , with embryos feeding initially on yolk , then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus , fat or protein through specialised structures ( ref . 50449 ) . distinct pairing with embrace ( ref . 205 ) . distinct pairing with embrace ( ref . 205 ) .
stehmann , m . , j . d . mceachran and r . vergara r . , 1978 . dasyatidae . in w . fischer ( ed . ) fao species identification sheets for fishery purposes . western central atlantic ( fishing area 31 ) . vol . 1 . [ pag . var . ] . fao , rome . ( ref . 3168 )
) : 26 . 6 - 28 . 1 , mean 27 . 5 ( based on 146 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00776 ( 0 . 00306 - 0 . 01967 ) , b = 3 . 02 ( 2 . 80 - 3 . 24 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 6 ±0 . 5 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : low , minimum population doubling time 4 . 5 - 14 years ( assuming fecundity < 100 ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : very high vulnerability ( 90 of 100 ) .
: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in
: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
anindobothrium n . gen . ( eucestoda : tetraphyllidea ) inhabiting marine and freshwater potamotrygonid stingrays . - pubmed - ncbi
warning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .
anindobothrium n . gen . ( eucestoda : tetraphyllidea ) inhabiting marine and freshwater potamotrygonid stingrays .
anindobothrium n . gen . is proposed to accommodate caulobothrium anacolum inhabiting himantura schmardae from colombia , and 2 new species , one inhabiting potamotrygon orbigny in brazil and the other inhabiting paratrygon aereiba in venezuela . members of the new genus resemble members of pararhinebothroides , rhinebothroides , and anthocephalum by having bothridia with poorly differentiated apical suckers and vasa deferentia expanded into external seminal vesicles . it further resembles pararhinebothroides , rhinebothroides , and anthocephalum cairae by having vas deferens inserted near the poral rather than aporal end of the cirrus sac . the 3 species assigned to the new genus form an apparent monophyletic group , based on the possession of 3 putative synapomorphies : ( 1 ) genital pores in the anterior 1 / 4 of the proglottid , a trait that is unusual , but not unique , among phyllobothriids ; ( 2 ) anteroventral ovarian lobes converging to the center of the proglottid , a character not previously reported for phyllobothriids ; and ( 3 ) ovarian lobes comprising a loose network of digitiform processes .
: urltoken contains images of sharks , skates , rays , and a few chimaera ' s from around the world . elasmodiver began as a simple web based
to help divers find the best places to encounter the different species of sharks and rays that live in shallow water but it has slowly evolved into a much larger project containing information on all aspects of shark diving and shark photography .
there are now more than 10 , 000 shark pictures and sections on shark evolution , biology , and conservation . there is a large library of reviewed shark books , a constantly updated shark taxonomy page , a monster list of shark links , and deeper in the site there are numerous articles and stories about shark encounters . elasmodiver is now so difficult to check for updates , that new information and pictures are listed on an elasmodiver updates page that can be accessed here :
flattened anterior margin . dorsum covered in small but noticeable tubercles ( enlarged dermal denticles ) . dorsal coloration grey or dark / olive brown . disc darkens towards margin . ventrum yellowish or creamy white . one or two spines on tail . tail has no fin - folds . when in tact , tail is approximately twice body length .
reaction to divers : caribbean whiptail stingrays are extremely skittish . they are very difficult to approach while on scuba or while snorkeling .
photographs : oyster bed lagoon , utila , honduras . these images were obtained through the cooperation and support of steve fox - owner of deep blue resort , utila .
p . o . box 8719 station central , victoria , bc . , v8w 3s3 , canada
found on sandy bottoms , occasionally near coral reefs ( ref . 12951 ) . ovoviviparous ( ref . 50449 ) . marketed salted ; also used in the preparation of gelatin and oil .
gulf of mexico western central atlantic : gulf of campeche and the west indies to suriname ( ref . 3168 ) ; including brazil ( ref . 53430 )
hans - martin braun added the german common name
ovaler stechrochen
to
himantura schmardae ( werner , 1904 )
.
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
urltoken
english - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers
you came across this error because the pageyou were trying to visit does not exist .
we ' ve recently redesigned the site so old links may not work . have a look at some of these changes .
you may want to update your bookmarks or try to find the updated information using the links below . if you are still unable to find the information you are looking for , please contact the webmaster using the information below .
faculties / academics - find links to all faculties , departments and other academic resources e . g . handbooks , prospectus
media centre - find media relations information here eg . news releases , events and announcements information
programmes - view the faculty booklets containing the programmes available at the st . augustine campus
research & innovation - view the cutting - edge research being done at the st . augustine campus
copyright 2015 the university of the west indies st . augustine , trinidad and tobago
our 7 faculties , professional schools offer more than 200 programs to some 15 , 000 graduate , undergraduate and continuing studies students .
the uwi , st . augustine ranks first in trinidad and tobago among accredited tertiary - level programmes .
< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =
/ manual / evidences
> more . . . < / a > < / p >
help pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .
you are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .
< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the ‘basket’ to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =
/ help / sequence - searches
> more . . < / a > < / p >
we ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe’s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .
ne jamaican coast , east of port antonio . 2 individuals feeding just outside the mouth of the
blue lagoon ,
above the tiny island . depth approx 10 - 12 ft . | fishbase link : urltoken | uploaded by : steve shunk
comprises 37 species and occurs worldwide ( compagno , 1999a , b and gomes et al . 2000 ) . six species of dasyatis
kento furui added the japanese common name
シロエイ
to
dasyatis laevigata chu , 1960
.
kento furui added the japanese common name
ホシエイ
to
dasyatis matsubarai miyosi , 1939
.
kento furui added the japanese common name
アカエイ
to
dasyatis akajei ( müller and henle , 1841 )
.
kento furui added the japanese common name
ズグエイ
to
dasyatis zugei ( müller and henle , 1841 )
.
kento furui added the japanese common name
ヤジリエイ
to
dasyatis acutirostra nishida and nakaya , 1988
.
identification : disc circular or slightly oval , no dorsal fin , tail shorter than disc length . dorsum pale with dark and light spots and blotches . overall appearance may be very pale or boldly patterned depending on the rays habitat .
the almost black underlying skin coloration with bright yellow dots in the lower image is very unusual . this ray was found in a dark muddy lagoon where a corresponding color would be appropriate . why this ray has accentuated yellow spots that make it stand out is unclear .
habitat : sandy areas often around coral reefs , bays , and lagoons . intertidal to 25m .
behavior : lies motionless often covered by sand . when searching for food ( crustaceans ) creates a depression in the sand by flapping its anterior disc margin .
diving logistics : this such a commonly seen species that it can be found on almost any shallow dive within its range . shore diving from the florida coast would be a good place to look . on grand cayman i found many in the lagoons inside the reefs on the north and south shores in very shallow water . inside the reef at spotts beach is a good area to snorkel . on the atlantic coast of florida i saw yellow stingrays on every shallow dive that i did during the summer .
on utila it may be possible to find this ray displaying the dark color morph in oyster bed lagoon . during a one week period while snorkeling every day i found one solitary specimen .
while diving in cuba , i encountered many fish , both common and less common . see what you can find out about the fish of the caribbean sea and use the help of the photos i took .
one of the first fish i encountered while diving was this well - known predator . usually known to ambush their prey with their powerful jaws and distinctive underbite , which scaly fish did i see ?
near the bottom of the reef we were diving across i encountered our next specimen . called a channel clinging crab or a west indian spider crab , why is this family of crabs actually known as
spider
crabs ?
still swimming along the bottom of the reef , i next encountered this species of moray eel . what is the specific or descriptive name for this ' freckled ' slithery fish ?
later on in my dive i encountered a different kind of eel , a green moray eel . despite their yellowish appearance , what is their actual skin colour ?
i was very lucky to see the next specimen , the hawksbill sea turtle . ok , it ' s not a fish , however , why was i lucky ?
one of the stranger fish you might see while diving off of cuba is the flat needlefish . what does the needlefish lack that many other fishes have ?
in the middle of a reef i noticed the next specimen , the longspine squirrelfish . it is a fiercely territorial fish , and will even defend its area from moray eels . how does it do that ?
all throughout the dive we saw sharks . yes , sharks ; nurse sharks to be exact . do nurse sharks need to stay in motion in order to be able to breathe ?
near the end of the dive , i saw this majestic ray gliding past . known as the spotted eagle ray , why was i happy not to have actually ' bumped ' into the ray ?
you are viewing our newest and freshest images for your search . you can also switch to view results based on popularity or best match .
49 chuparosa stock photos , vectors , and illustrations are available royalty - free .
an orange sulfur butterfly native to arizona feeding on the flower of a chuparosa plant .
baja fairyduster . a beautiful spiky red flower of the baja sonoran desert dangles near a pointy cactus grass .
by creating an account , i agree to shutterstock ' s website terms , privacy policy , and licensing terms .
© 2003 - 2018 shutterstock , inc . all rights reserved . made in nyc .
we couldn ' t load this image at the moment . please refresh and try again .
sign up to browse over million images , video clips , and music tracks . plus , get free weekly content and more .
( we only support jpg and png images under 5mb and no larger than 4000px on either side at this time . )
scientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .
ecologically , stingrays are important components of aquatic food chains , consuming mollusks , crustaceans , tube anemones , amphipods , and small fish , while being preyed upon by a multitude of sharks , such as the white , tiger , and bull sharks , and even alligators in the case of freshwater species ( passarelli and piercy 2008 ) . while they provide some culinary value for humans , one of their chief values may be more internal—the wonder and beauty provided by their unique form , swimming behavior , and colors .
stingrays are members of the chondrichthyes or
cartilaginous fishes ,
a major class of jawed fish that includes the sharks , rays , and skates . members of chondrichthyes are characterized by skeletons made of rubbery cartilage rather than bone , as in the bony fishes . the chondrichthyans have jaws , paired fins , paired nostrils , scales , and two - chambered hearts . two subclasses of chondrichthyes are recognized , elasmobranchii ( sharks , rays , and skates ) and holocephali ( chimaera , sometimes called ghost sharks ) .
taxonomy for levels between elasmobranchii and genera is unsettled , with diverse taxonomies . for example , some classifications consider the sharks a sister group with the rays and skates , placing these two groups into different superorders , while other classifications place the rays and skates as a subsection of the sharks ( mceachran 2004 ) . that is , some view sharks and rays together forming a monophyletic group , and sharks without rays a paraphyletic group , while others see sharks sharing a common ancestor with rays and skates as sister groups ( nelson 2004 ) .
the same taxonomic diversity is apparent at the level of the family dasyatidae . dasyatidae is variously placed in the order rajiformes ( agbayani 2004 ) , or in the order myliobatiformes ( passarelli and piercy , 2008 ) . this is because in some classifications the order rajiformes is split into two or three orders , with myliobatiformes being an extra order and including the traditional rajiformes families of dasyatidae ( stingrays ) , gymnuridae ( butterfly rays ) , mobulidae ( manta rays ) , myliobatidae ( eagle rays ) , and others ( itis 2004 ) .
furthermore , what genera and families are included in dasyatidae vary with taxonomic scheme . nelson ( 1994 ) recognizes two subfamilies , dasyatinae ( stingrays or whiprays ) and potamotrygoninae ( river sitngrays ) , and he recognizes nine genera , as does agbayani ( 2004 ) . itis ( 2004 ) elevates the second subfamily of river stingrays ( which are the freshwater rays in south america ) to the family level as potamotrygonidae , recognizing six genera .
unless otherwise stated , this article will follow the narrower view of dasyatidae of itis ( 2004 ) , which will be equivalent to subfamily dasyatinae of nelson ( 1994 ) .
in stingrays , as with all rays in the traditional order rajiformes , the anterior edge of the pectoral fin , which is greatly enlarged , is attached to the side of the head anterior to the gill openings ( nelson 1994 ) . they also have ventral gill openings , and the eyes and spiracles are on the dorsal surface ( nelson 1994 ) . in addition , they lack an anal fin and lack a nictitating membrane with the cornea attached directly to the skin around the eyes ( nelson 1994 ) .
in members of dasyatidae—subfamily dasyatinae , in nelson 1994—the disc is less than 1 . 3 times as broad as it is long ( nelson 1994 ) . they lack a caudal fin and the tail is long , with the distance from the cloaca to the tip much longer than the breadth of the disc ( nelson 1994 ) .
dasyatids are common in tropical coastal waters throughout the world , and there are fresh water species in asia ( himantura sp . ) , africa , and florida ( dasyatis sabina ) . nelson ( 1994 ) reports that several tropical species of dasyatidae ( subfamily dasyatinae ) are known only from freshwater , and some marine species are found in brackish and freshwater on occasion .
their stinger is a razor - sharp , barbed , or serrated cartilaginous spine , which grows from the ray ' s whip - like tail ( like a fingernail ) , and can grow as long as 37 centimeters ( about 14 . 6 inches ) . on the underside of the spine are two grooves containing venom - secreting glandular tissue . the entire spine is covered with a thin layer of skin called the integumentary sheath , in which venom is concentrated ( meyer 1997 ) . the venom contains the enzymes 5 - nucleotidase and phosphodiesterase , which breakdown and kill cells ; and the neurotransmitter serotonin , which provokes smooth - muscle contractions ( layton 2008 ) . this venomous spine gives them their common name of stingrays ( a compound of
sting
and
ray
) , but the name can also be used to refer to any poisonous ray .
stingrays may also be called the
whip - tailed rays ,
though this usage is much less common .
a group or collection of stingrays is commonly referred to as a
fever
of stingrays .
the flattened bodies of stingrays allow them effective concealment in sand . smell and electro - receptors are used to locate prey , similar to those of sharks . some sting rays ' mouths contain two powerful , shell - crushing plates , while some species only have sucking mouth parts . rays settle on the bottom while feeding , sometimes leaving only their eyes and tail visible . coral reefs are favored feeding grounds and are usually shared with sharks during high tide .
mating season occurs in the winter . when a male is courting a female , he will follow her closely , biting at her pectoral disc . during mating , the male will go on top of the female ( his belly on her back ) and put one of his two claspers into her vent ( martin 2008 ) .
most rays are ovoviviparous , bearing live young in
litters
of five to ten . the female holds the embryos in the womb without a placenta . instead , the embryos absorb nutrients from a yolk sac , and after the sac is depleted , the mother provides uterine milk ( passarelli and piercy 2008 ) .
in addition to their ecological role in aquatic food chains , stingrays offer a number of values to humans , in terms of food , various products , and ecotourism .
the skin of the ray is rough and can be used as leather ( mceachran 2004 ) . the skin is used as an underlayer for the cord or leather wrap ( ito ) on japanese swords ( katanas ) due to its hard , rough texture that keeps the braided wrap from sliding on the handle during use . native american indians used the spines of stingrays for arrowheads , while groups in the indo - west pacific used them as war clubs ( mceachran 2004 ) .
many tahitian island resorts regularly offer guests the chance to
feed the stingrays and sharks .
this consists of taking a boat to the outer lagoon reefs then standing in waist - high water while habituated stingrays swarm around , pressing right up against a person seeking food .
while most dasyatids are relatively widespread and unlikely to be threatened , there are several species ( for example , taeniura meyeni , dasyatis colarensis , d . garouaensis , and d . laosensis ) where the conservation status is more problematic , leading to them being listed as vulnerable or endangered by iucn . the status of several other species are poorly known , leading to them being listed as data deficient .
himantura hortlei last , manjaji - matsumoto & kailola , 2006 . [ 1 ]
white - edge freshwater whip ray , himantura signifer ( compagno & roberts , 1982 ) .
pastinachus solocirostris ( last , manjaji & yearsley , 2005 ) . [ 4 ]
↑ p . r . last , m . manjaji - matsumoto , and p . j . kailola , himantura hortlei n . sp . , a new species of whipray ( myliobatiformes : dasyatidae ) from irian jaya , indonesia , zootaxa 1239 ( 2006 ) : 19 - 34 . retrieved june 2 , 2008 .
↑ m . manjaji - matsumoto and p . j . last , himantura lobistoma , a new whipray ( rajiformes : dasyatidae ) from borneo , with comments on the status of dasyatis microphthalmus , ichthyological research 53 ( 3 ) ( 2006 ) : 291ff . retrieved june 2 , 2008 .
agbayani , e . 2004 . family dasyatidae : stingrays . in r . froese and d . pauly ( eds . ) , fishbase . retrieved june 2 , 2008 .
integrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) . 2003a . dasyatidae jordan , 1888 . itis taxonomic serial no . : 160946 . retrieved june 2 , 2008 .
integrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) . 2003b . rajiformes . itis taxonomic serial no . : 160806 . retrieved june 2 , 2008 .
integrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) . 2004 . myliobatiformes . itis taxonomic serial no . : 649685 . retrieved june 2 , 2008 .
layton , j . 2008 . how do stingrays kill ? how stuff works . retrieved june 2 , 2008 .
mceashran , j . d . 2004 . rajiformes . in b . grzimek , s . f . craig , d . a . thoney , n . schlager , and m . hutchins . grzimek ' s animal life encyclopedia , 2nd edition . detroit , mi : thomson / gale . isbn 0787657786 .
nelson , j . s . 1994 . fishes of the world , 3rd edition . new york : john wiley & sons . isbn 0471547131 .
new world encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the wikipedia article in accordance with new world encyclopedia standards . this article abides by terms of the creative commons cc - by - sa 3 . 0 license ( cc - by - sa ) , which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution . credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the new world encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the wikimedia foundation . to cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats . the history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here :
note : some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed .
this page was last modified on 3 june 2008 , at 13 : 34 .
content is available under creative commons attribution / share - alike license ; additional terms may apply . see terms of use for details .
our website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .
anonymous ( 1979 ) groot surinaams kookboek met exotische creoolse , hindoestaanse , indonesische , chinese en europese recepten . : stichting eerste surinaamse huishoud - en nijverheidsschool te paramaribo .
bor , p . h . f . ( 2002 ) nederlandse naamlijst van de recente haaien en roggen ( chondrichthyes : elasmobranchii ) van de wereld . : world wide web electronic publication www . rajidae . tmfweb . nl , version ( 05 / 2002 ) .
cervigón , f . , r . cipriani , w . fischer , l . garibaldi , m . hendrickx , a . j . lemus , r . márquez , j . m . poutiers , g . robaina and b . rodriguez ( 1992 ) fichas fao de identificación de especies para los fines de la pesca . guía de campo de las especies comerciales marinas y de aquas salobres de la costa septentrional de sur américa . : fao , rome . 513 p . preparado con el financiamento de la comisión de comunidades europeas y de norad .
claro , r . ( 1994 ) características generales de la ictiofauna . : p . 55 - 70 . in r . claro ( ed . ) ecología de los peces marinos de cuba . instituto de oceanología academia de ciencias de cuba and centro de investigaciones de quintana roo .
claro , r . and l . r . parenti ( 2001 ) the marine ichthyofauna of cuba . : p . 21 - 57 . in claro , r . , k . c . lindeman and l . r . parenti ( eds ) ecology of the marine fishes of cuba . smithsonian institution press , wahsington and london . 253p .
claro , rodolfo , kenyon c . lindeman , and lynne r . parenti , 2001 : null . ecology of the marine fishes of cuba . 253 .
compagno , leonard j . v . / hamlett , william c . , ed . , 1999 : checklist of living elasmobranchs . sharks , skates , and rays : the biology of elasmobranch fishes . 471 - 498 .
dahl , g . ( 1971 ) los peces del norte de colombia . : instituto de desarrollo de los recursos naturales renovables , bogota ( inderena ) . i - xvii , 1 - 391 p .
eschmeyer , william n . , ed . , 1998 : catalog of fishes . special publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3 . 2905 .
fao - fies ( 2017 ) aquatic sciences and fisheries information system ( asfis ) species list . : retrievef from urltoken ( accessed 08 / 06 / 2017 ) .
froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication .
lasso , c . a . , o . m . lasso - alcalá , a . pombo and m . smith ( 2004 ) distribution of fish species among localities during the aquarap survey of the gulf of paria and orinoco delta , venezuela . : p . 315 - 319 . in rapid assessment of the biodeiversity and social aspects of the aquatic ecosystems of the orinoco delta and the gulf of paria , venezuela . rap bulletin of biological assessment 37 . conservation international . washington dc , usa . 360p .
mceachran , j . d . ( 2009 ) . fishes ( vertebrata : pisces ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 1223–1316 in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico–origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m press , college station , texas .
nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h . espinosa - pérez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , et al . , eds . , 2004 : common and scientific names of fishes from the united states , canada , and mexico , sixth edition . american fisheries society special publication , no . 29 . ix + 386 .
page , l . m . , h . espinosa - pérez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , r . n . lea , n . e . mandrak , r . l . mayden and j . s . nelson ( 2013 ) common and scientific names of fishes from the united states , canada and mexico , 7th edition . : bethesda , maryland : american fisheries society , special publication 34 , 384 p .
silva , m . ( 1994 ) especies identificadas en las pesquerias costeras artesanales del suroeste de la republica dominica . : reportes del propescar - sur : contribuciones al conocimiento de las pesquerías en la república dominicana . vol . 1 , 47p .
stehmann , m . , j . d . mceachran and r . vergara r . ( 1978 ) dasyatidae . : in w . fischer ( ed . ) fao species identification sheets for fishery purposes . western central atlantic ( fishing area 31 ) . vol . 1 . [ pag . var . ] . fao , rome .
sánchez , a . c . ( 1997 ) listado taxonomico de las especies marinas identificadas en los océanos pacífico y atlántico ( caribe ) de nicaragua . : ministerio de economía y desarrollo . mede pesca . managua . 28 p .
wu , h . l . , k . - t . shao and c . f . lai ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) latin - chinese dictionary of fishes names . : the sueichan press , taiwan . 1028 p .
known parasites of this species include the nematode echinocephalus janzeni and the cestodes acanthobothroides pacificus and rhinebothrium geminum . [ 5 ] [ 6 ] reproduction is ovoviviparous . [ 4 ]
lovejoy , n . r . ( 1996 ) .
systematics of myliobatoid elasmobranchs : with emphasis on the phylogeny and historical biogeography of neotropical freshwater stingrays ( potamotrygonidae : rajiformes )
. zoological journal of the linnean society . 117 ( 3 ) : 207–257 . doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1096 - 3642 . 1996 . tb02189 . x .
allen , g . r . ; robertson , d . r . ( 1994 ) . fishes of the tropical eastern pacific . university of hawaii press . isbn 0 - 8248 - 1675 - 7 .
carvalho , m . r . d . ; loboda , t . s . ; silva , j . p . c . b . d . ( 2016 ) .
a new subfamily , styracurinae , and new genus , styracura , for himantura schmardae ( werner , 1904 ) and himantura pacifica ( beebe & tee - van , 1941 ) ( chondrichthyes : myliobatiformes )
. zootaxa . 4075 ( 3 ) : 201–221 . doi : 10 . 11646 / zootaxa . 4175 . 3 . 1 .
froese , rainer and pauly , daniel , eds . ( 2009 ) .
himantura pacifica
in fishbase . march 2009 version .
hoberg , e . p . ; brooks , d . r . ; ureña , h . m . & erbe , e . ( june 1998 ) .
echinocephalus janzeni n . sp . ( nematoda : gnathostomatidae ) in himantura pacifica ( chondrichthyes : myliobatiformes ) from the pacific coast of costa rica and mexico , with historical biogeographic analysis of the genus
. the journal of parasitology . 84 ( 3 ) : 571–581 . doi : 10 . 2307 / 3284726 . jstor 3284726 . pmid 9645860 .
marques , f . ; brooks , d . r . & ureña , h . m . ( april 1996 ) .
two new species of tetraphyllidean cestodes in himantura pacifica ( chondrichthyes : myliobatiformes : dasyatididae ) from the northwest coast of costa rica
. the journal of parasitology . 82 ( 2 ) : 302–306 . doi : 10 . 2307 / 3284165 . jstor 3284165 . pmid 8604101 .
last , p . r . ; naylor , g . j . ; manjaji - matsumoto , b . m . ( 2016 ) .
a revised classification of the family dasyatidae ( chondrichthyes : myliobatiformes ) based on new morphological and molecular insights
. zootaxa . 4139 ( 3 ) : 345–368 . doi : 10 . 11646 / zootaxa . 4139 . 3 . 2 .
this page is based on a wikipedia article written by authors ( here ) . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 license ; additional terms may apply . images , videos and audio are available under their respective licenses .
9 . marine neritic - > 9 . 1 . marine neritic - pelagic suitability : marginal 9 . marine neritic - > 9 . 10 . marine neritic - estuaries suitability : marginal 10 . marine oceanic - > 10 . 1 . marine oceanic - epipelagic ( 0 - 200m ) suitability : suitable
2 . land / water management - > 2 . 1 . site / area management 3 . species management - > 3 . 1 . species management - > 3 . 1 . 1 . harvest management
5 . biological resource use - > 5 . 4 . fishing & harvesting aquatic resources - > 5 . 4 . 1 . intentional use : ( subsistence / small scale ) [ harvest ] ♦ timing : ongoing 5 . biological resource use - > 5 . 4 . fishing & harvesting aquatic resources - > 5 . 4 . 3 . unintentional effects : ( subsistence / small scale ) [ harvest ] ♦ timing : ongoing 5 . biological resource use - > 5 . 4 . fishing & harvesting aquatic resources - > 5 . 4 . 4 . unintentional effects : ( large scale ) [ harvest ] ♦ timing : ongoing
0 . root - > 100 . 1 . old 1 . 1 . 1 - policy - base actions - > management plans - > development 1 . research - > 1 . 1 . taxonomy 1 . research - > 1 . 2 . population size , distribution & trends 1 . research - > 1 . 3 . life history & ecology 1 . research - > 1 . 5 . threats 1 . research - > 1 . 6 . actions 3 . monitoring - > 3 . 1 . population trends 0 . root - > 4 . other
almeida , m . p . , charvet - almeida , p . , rincón , g . and barthem , r . b . in press . registro de ocorrência de himantura schmardae ( chondrichthyes : dasyatidae ) na costa norte do brasil . boletim do museu paraense emílio goeldi , ser . zoologia .
anonymous . 1979 . groot surinaams kookboek met exotische creoolse , hindoestaanse , indonesische , chinese en europese recepten . stichting eerste surinaamse huishoud en nijverheidsschool te paramaribo .
anonymous . 2004 . report on the implementation of the un fao international plan of action for sharks ( ipoa–sharks ) . ac20 inf . 5 . twentieth meeting of the cites animals committee , johannesburg ( south africa ) , 29 march–2 april 2004 .
bor , p . h . f . 2002 . nederlandse naamlijst van de recente haaien en roggen ( chondrichthyes : elasmobranchii ) van de wereld . urltoken
camhi , m . , fowler , s . , musick , j . bräutigam , a . and fordham , s . 1998 . sharks and their relatives : ecology and conservation . occasional paper of the iucn species survival commission 20 .
cervigón , f . , cipriani , r . , fischer , w . , garibaldi , l . , hendrickx , m . , lemus , a . j . and claro , r . 1994 . características generales de la ictiofauna . in : r . claro ( ed . ) ecología de los peces marinos de cuba . pp : 55–70 . instituto de oceanología de la academia de ciencias de cuba y centro de investigaciones de quintana roo .
cervigón , f . , cipriani , r . , fischer , w . , garibaldi , l . , hendrickx , m . , lemus , a . j . , márquez , r . , poutiers , j . m . , robaina , g . and rodriguez , b . 1992 . fichas fao de identificación de especies para los fines de la pesca . guía de campo de las especies comerciales marinas y de aquas salobres de la costa septentrional de sur américa . preparado con el financiamento de la comisión de comunidades europeas y de norad . food and agricultural organization of the united nations ( fao ) , rome , italy .