flat-backed spider tortoise ( pyxis planicauda ) , more commonly known as the flat-tailed tortoise , is a turtle that belongs to the testudinidae family .

the various common names for this small tortoise usually refer to the noticeably flattened nature of its oblong upper-shell or its tail .

the flat-backed spider tortoise is endemic to the west coast of madagascar , between the monrondava and tsiribihina rivers .

due to the specifications of its habitat , the flat-backed spider tortoise is classified as critically endangered on the iucn red list .

flat - backed spider tortoise

flat - backed spider tortoise , kapidolo , madagascar flat - shelled tortoise , malagasy flat - tailed tortoise .
flat - backed spider tortoise at philadelphia zoo . mark pellegrini | turtles | pinterest | tortoise , zoos and reptiles
the avenue of the baobabs , with a flat - backed spider tortoise ( pyxis planicauda ) in the foreground , near morondava , madagascar .
the avenue of the baobabs , with a flat - backed spider tortoise ( pyxis planicauda ) in the foreground , nera morondava , madagascar .
intro photo of a flat - backed spider tortoise by antony stanley on flickr ( creative commons attribution - sharealike 2 . 0 generic ) .
the spider tortoise ( pyxis arachnoides ) is a species of tortoise in the testudinidae family .
the diet of the flat - shelled spider tortoise consists of fallen fruits from trees , and the shoots and leaves of bushes ( 4 ) .
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the pancake tortoise ( malacochersus tornieri ) is a flat - shelled tortoise native to tanzania and kenya . its name is derived from the flat shape of its shell . it is the only member of the genus malacochersus .
the madigascar flat shelled spider tortoise , pyxis planicauda , is only found in the deciduous forests and woodlands of the south western coast of madigascar , and is one of the world ' s rarest tortoise species . it inhabits these same areas with it ' s only close relative , the malagasy spider tortoise , ( pyxis arachnoides ) . the climate in these tortoise ' s range can vary greatly from below 45 degrees f , to over 100 degrees f . at the extreme ends of these temperature ranges the tortoises become very inactive .
the flat - shelled spider tortoise has proven difficult to breed in captivity ( 2 ) . thus , creating an effective and sustainable captive - breeding programme to supply demand or to fuel reintroduction efforts would appear difficult . the flat - shelled spider tortoise was raised from appendix ii to appendix i of cites in 2003 , banning all international trade in wild - caught specimens ( 3 ) , which is thought to have been largely successful , although some illegal collection from the forest is still suspected to continue ( 2 ) ( 6 ) .
during my research , it became clear to me that all of the tortoises that are endemic to madagascar are at risk of becoming extinct : the ploughshare , radiated , spider ( shown below ) , and flat - tailed species .
* remember , each tortoise order comes with a free starter sample of the same tortoise diet your tortoise has been raised on - to order larger quantities , see the lower left side of this page . *
this film introduces the precarious future of madagascar ' s unique turtles and tortoises and their habitats . it is a summary of the iucn red list meeting that took place in madagascar to reclassify all five of the endemic turtles and tortoises : the spider tortoise ( pyxis arachnoides ) , radiated tortoise ( astrochelys radiata ) , flat - tailed tortoise ( pyxis planicauda ) , ploughshare tortoise ( astrochelys yniphora ) , and the madagascar big - headed turtle ( erymnochelys madagascariensis ) . included are interviews with many of the world ' s leading turtle and tortoise biologists : peter pritchard , jim juvik , rick hudson , anders rhodin , and russell mittermeier , to name a few .
when setting up madigascar spider tortoises , providing a humidity level above 70 % is recommended . also called the malagasy flat - tailed tortoise , pyxis planicauda , is a very shy and sensitive species . if keeping several spider tortoises together , special attention must be given to insure that enclosures provide sight line breaks as well as other opportunities to find separation , as this is an easily stressed species . a uvb basking area with temperatures in the low to upper 90s - at the opposite habitat end from a hide box containing high humidity ; and for adults , a clean water dish is important ; for juveniles , every other day soaking is the key . deeper substrate allows spider tortoises to dig in and hide easily . spider tortoises are very sensitive to exotic pathogens so keeping them separate from other species is a must .
as stated in david shukman ' s report , a ploughshare tortoise over 30 years old was offered for $ 37 , 900 , a 10 - year - old tortoise was priced at $ 14 , 200 and an 8 - month - old baby tortoise was $ 1400 .
the madigascar flat shelled spider tortoise ' s diet should contain : various , fruits and vegetables , dark leafy greens , dandelions , clover , and many keepers report mushrooms are a favorite . other favorites include : melons , berries , cactus and peppers . a calcium supplement is required , and cuttlefish bone is often provided as well . our juveniles are given a mix of pellets , greens , fruits and calcium supplement .
in 1777 , a radiated tortoise was given as a gift to to the royal family of the island nation of tonga by explorer james cook . this tortoise lived there for 188 years .
under law , the critically endangered spider tortoise is fairly well protected . it is a protected species in madagascar , which prohibits its consumption ( 2 ) , and its listing on appendix i of the convention on international trade in endangered species ( cites ) is supposed to prohibit any international commercial trade in this species ( 3 ) . the spider tortoise ' s occurrence in two protected areas ( lake tsimanampetsotsa national park and cap sainte - marie special reserve ) also offers its habitat some much needed protection ( 1 ) ( 2 ) . the need for a specific conservation action plan has been raised , in addition to stricter measures to protect its habitat and education programmes to try and protect this tortoise from hunting ( 1 ) . these measures , in addition to ensuring that populations of all subspecies are represented within protected areas ( 1 ) , are essential if the long - term survival of the spider tortoise is to be assured .
the iucn red list of threatened species states the ploughshare tortoise ( astrochelys yniphora ) , also known as madagascar tortoise , angonoka , and madagascar angulated tortoise is
currently estimated to possibly be as low as 400 individuals , of which 200 adults ( g . pedrono pers . comm . , 2008 ) .
the greatest threats facing the pancake tortoise are habitat destruction and its over - exploitation by the pet trade .
juvenile madigascar flat shelled spider tortoises have striped patterns of black brown and yellow stripes on the tops and sides of their shells . adults ( reaching just over 5 inches ) develop variable , yet beautiful sunburst patterns of golden yellow extending out from the center of each dorsal scute . as personable as they are attractive , captive raised madigascar spider tortoises are captivating , and very rewarding to keep . this species ' status was evaluated and judged to be critically endangered . their forest habitat is disappearing at 4 - 5 % each year . add to this , intense pressure from interaction with man on several levels , and the future of madigascar spider tortoises in the wild is very bleak . many years of hard work by a few american breeders has paid off , making a handful of these fascinating little tortoises available to keepers .
the pancake tortoise has been bred in captivity and is now the subject of a coordinated breeding programme in european zoos .
. the species has a golden brown shell and skin . adults are much smaller than their relatives the asian forest tortoise (
leuteritz , t . & walker , r . ( madagascar tortoise and freshwater turtle red list workshop ) ( 2008 ) .
kirkpatrick , d . t . an overview of the natural history of the pancake tortoise , malacochersus tornieri ( february 2007 ) .
the bush pig , a swine species introduced by humans , and preys on both the eggs and young of the ploughshare tortoise .
banned the import of the pancake tortoise in 1988 , but trade with eu members continues , with several countries having reported importing the species .
young , r . p . , toto volahy , a . , bourou , r . , lewis , r . , durbin , j . and fa , j . e . ( 2008 ) estimating the population of the endangered flat - tailed tortoise pyxis planicauda in the deciduous , dry forest of western madagascar : a monitoring baseline . oryx , 42 ( 2 ) : 252 - 258 .
connor , m . j . ( 1992 ) pancake tortoise , malacochersus tornieri . tortuga gazette , 28 ( 11 ) : 1 - 3 .
original file name : flat - tailed _ tortoise _ pyxis _ planicanda _ 2390px . jpg resolution : 2390x1942 file size : 2483707 bytes date : 2006 : 09 : 16 11 : 15 : 01 camera : e8700 ( nikon ) f number : f / 2 . 8 exposure : 10 / 18 sec focal length : 712 / 10 upload time : 2007 : 11 : 03 11 : 58 : 38
the spider tortoise is found only in the arid regions of the coastal areas of south - western madagascar , where it is distributed from the coast to between 10 and 50 kilometres inland ( 1 ) . the three subspecies occupy different parts of this range , with pyxis arachnoides brygooi being the most northern subspecies , pyxis arachnoides arachnoids occupying the central part of the range , and pyxis arachnoides oblonga being the most southern subspecies ( 1 ) .
this article incorporates text from the arkive fact - file
pancake tortoise
under the creative commons attribution - sharealike 3 . 0 unported license and the gfdl .
while the shell bones of most other tortoises are solid , the pancake tortoise has shell bones with many openings , making it lighter and more agile than other tortoises .
infobarrel author tanocalvenoa added ,
tortoises typically take at least ten years to reach full size , so this tortoise was most likely at least 200 years old .
the flat - shelled spider tortoise is active only during the hot / rainy season ( 4 ) ( 5 ) , from december until around march ( 6 ) , and is most active during and after rains ( 4 ) ( 5 ) . during the cooler dry season , this species buries itself and lies dormant in the leaf litter of the forest floor ( a period known as aestivation ) ( 4 ) . breeding occurs during the hot / rainy season , and is followed a month later by egg - laying ( 5 ) . females may produce up to three clutches a year ( 5 ) , each containing only one , relatively large egg ( 4 ) . hatching is timed with the return of the rainy season the following december ( 5 ) .
the majority of the flat - shelled tortoise’s range now occurs within the recently designated menabe antimena protected area , which offers some hope that a significant proportion of its remaining habitat will be preserved ( 6 ) . other protected areas of forest occur within this species’ range , such as the special andranomena forest reserve and private analabe reserve , but regulations are believed to have been rarely enforced and the precise status of the species in these areas is currently unknown ( 2 ) .
espenshade , william h . ; buskirk , james . manouria impressa ( günther 1882 ) : a summary of known & anecdotal information . . california turtle & tortoise club .
since this tortoise could easily be torn apart by predators , it must rely on its speed and flexibility to escape from dangerous situations , rather than withdrawing into its shell .
its bizarre , flattened , pancake - like profile makes this tortoise a sought - after animal in zoological and private collections , leading to its over - exploitation in the wild .
günther a ( 1882 ) .
description of a new species of tortoise ( geoemyda impressa ) from siam
. proc . zool . soc . london 1882 : 343 - 346 .
sadly , based on their population viability analysis ( pedrono et al . 2004 ) , the ploughshare tortoise is
at extreme risk of extinction in the wild within 10 to 15 years .
according to the durrell wildlife conservation trust ( who has been fighting to save this critically endangered tortoise for over 26 years ) , there is high demand for ploughshare tortoises as unique and exotic pets .
herbivorous ( plant - eating ) ; various fruits ( e . g . plums , peaches , strawberries , apples with skin , kiwi , starfruits , papayas , mangos , tomatos , etc ) , carrots , mushrooms , beans , peas , grass , veggies , lettuces , flowers , dark leafy greens ( e . g . dandelions , mustards , collards , turnips , kales ) , box turtle & tortoise food , tortoise formula
in 1981 , kenya banned the export of the pancake tortoise unless given written permission by the minister for the environment and natural resources . tanzania protects this species under the wildlife conservation ( national game ) order , 1974 ,
given the low reproductive rate of this tortoise , populations that have been harvested may take a long time to recover . commercial development diminishes the amount of suitable habitat for pancake tortoises , which already is neither common nor extensive .
according to the smithsonian national zoological park , radiated tortoises are not only being illegal sold as exotic pets , but are being consumed , particularly in china . it is somehow believed that eating a radiated tortoise will have an aphrodisiac effect .
this tortoise inhabits arid to semi - arid areas , typically in areas of sandy soil and where the vegetation is dominated by succulents and thorny shrubs ( 2 ) . it is sometimes found among sand dunes near the sea , where there is very little vegetation ( 2 ) .
aestivation period of dormancy , usually occurring in hot , dry periods , analogous to hibernation in winter . endemic a species or taxonomic group that is only found in one particular country or geographic area . scute one of the large keratinous scales on the carapace ( the top shell of a turtle or tortoise ) .
most activity occurs during the morning hours or in the late afternoon and early evening . the diet primarily consists of dry grasses and vegetation . the pancake tortoise is a fast and agile climber , and is rarely found far from its rocky home so that , if disturbed , it can make a dash for the nearest rock crevice .
very little is known about the life cycle of this endangered tortoise , which is believed to live for up to 70 years . the remaining tortoises are found only in south western madagascar , where they inhabit the spiny vegetation of the sandy coastal areas . here they feed on young leaves , insect larvae , and even the droppings of larger animals .
the range of ploughshare tortoise ( astrochelys yniphora ) is already extremely small . i found a creative commons map ( dated 31 october 2011 ) and shown at right . according to the iucn red list , they are only found in the baly bay region ( over an area of approximately 700 km² , but only 66 km² of this is considered suitable habitat ) .
the various english common names for this small tortoise generally refer to the noticeably flattened nature of either its oblong upper shell ( carapace ) or its tail ( 2 ) ( 4 ) . the carapace is distinctively patterned , with each scute having a light brown to yellow centre surrounded by a wide , dark brown to black border . in older tortoises , an additional yellow border may surround this dark border ( 4 ) . yellow rays extend outward from the centre of the scutes , across the dark border . the scutes around the perimeter of the shell ( marginals ) are dark with a yellow band ( 2 ) ( 4 ) . the lower shell ( plastron ) is yellow with scattered dark spots or rays along the sides ( 2 ) ( 4 ) . the limbs range from yellow to brown in colour , and large yellow scales cover the hind legs ( 2 ) . by contrast , the head ranges from dark brown to black , with some variable yellow markings ( 2 ) ( 4 ) .
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genes and function . ( journal , magazine , 1997 ) [ worldcat . org ]
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the turtle lives ' twixt plated decks which practically conceal its sex i think it clever of the turtle in such a fix to be so fertile . - ogden nash
turtles are reptiles whose protection comes from a shell . the shell is composed of hard , bone plates covered by scutes . the scutes are made of keratin , the primary substance in hair , nails and hooves of other animals . the pigment melanin , present in the scutes , may form intricate designs and brightly colored patterns in some species .
although the scutes form the familiar outer layer of the shell , it is the bony layer underneath which actually provides the shape , support and protective qualities of the turtle shell . the inner layer of bone is fused with the usual bony structures associated with all vertebrates , v the vertebral column and ribs . the vertebrae are particularly interesting for the modifications that have occurred . the vertebrae of the neck and tail are small , allowing for a high degree of flexiblility , while the vertebrae of the central portion of the vertebral column are enormously elongated and inflexible , fused with the bony layer of the shell , acting as a support for the carapace .
there are many health implications associated with shell anatomy . for instance , if the outer keratin is breached by infection or injury , the turtle can lose its protection and infection can proceed into the bony layer and the body cavity , threatening the turtle ' s life . another example is that the rigid shell prevents motion of the ribs . because of this , turtles lack the diaphragm that allows other animals to cough . if fluid enters the lungs ( which are located just under the carapace ) pneumonia presents deadly dangers since the turtle will not be able to easily rid itself of the fluid , and infection is likely .
although the shell provides excellent protection from many predators , it can also make the turtle vulnerable to health problems if it is not given good care in captivity .
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pyxis arachnoides ssp . - these tortoises may experience temperatures ranging from a low of 43 f ( 6 c ) to a high of 108 f ( 42 c ) in their natural range . the average temperatures range from 58 f ( 14 c ) to 92 f ( 33 c ) and average relative humidity is 78 % . they seem to prefer temperatures in the low 80 ' s . ( 27 to 29 c )
pyxis planicauda - these tortoises may experience temperatures ranging from 48 f ( 9 c ) to 102 f ( 39 c ) in their natural range . the average temperatures range from 58 f ( 14 c ) to 90 f ( 32 c ) and average relative humidity is 77 % . this species seems to be active at lower temperatures than arachnoides . i have observed normal feeding behavior in temperatures as low as the upper 50 ' s ( 14 c ) . as the temperature approaches the mid 80 ' s ( 29 c ) this species becomes less active and may seek shelter .
both species are most active in the morning shortly after sunrise , later seeking out shade and remaining inactive until late in the afternoon or the next morning .
these tortoises do not seem to have very great space requirements . i successfully maintain up to 14 adult specimens in a 3 ' x 6 ' ( 0 . 9 m x 2 . 75 m ) neodesha tub .
both species like to dig into their substrate for security . i maintain my specimens in 3
to 4
( 75 mm to 100 mm ) deep cypress or eucalyptus mulch .
· feed any and all types of fruits and vegetables diced into ¼
( 6 mm ) cubes and mixed with assorted greens . suggestions are : cucumbers , tomatoes , green and yellow squash , apples , melons of all types , peppers , carrots ( grated ) , peaches , pears , berries of any kind , sweet potatoes ( microwave to soften ) , opuntia cactus fruits , mushrooms , radicchio , kale , escarole , any types of lettuces , various types of flowers , and plant leaves ( experiment ) . make the above into a salad and mix it all together and offer it daily ( with herptevite and repcal added a couple of times weekly ) . as noted above , these tortoises are most active in the morning , so i feed them the salad mixture then . i leave large leaves of kale and escarole in the tubs constantly so they can browse on them when the salad gets eaten .
special addition for planicauda - chopped or halved mushrooms are a real favorite with this species . for this reason , i recommend making the salad mix for this species with a high mushroom content . i have also observed planicauda occasionally feeding on slugs .
endemic to the west coast of madagascar ( 5 ) , between the monrondava and tsiribihina rivers ( 4 ) .
confined to lowland fragments of dry , deciduous forest , found only on the west coast of madagascar ( 5 ) .
classified as critically endangered ( cr ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) , and listed on appendix i of cites ( 3 ) .
authenticated ( 27 / 10 / 08 ) by dr richard young , conservation biologist , durrell wildlife conservation trust . urltoken
cites . ( 2002 ) consideration of proposals for amendment of appendices i and ii , proposal 55 . twelfth meeting of the conference of the parties , santiago , chile . available at : urltoken
ernst , c . h . , altenburg , r . g . m . and barbour , r . w . ( 1997 ) turtles of the world . eti information systems ltd , netherlands .
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5 . pricing : 1 or more : $ 1 , 295 . 00 / ea .
5 . pricing : 1 or more : $ 1 , 495 . 00 / ea .
it does not seem to have very great space requirements . cage does not need to be high since it does not climb much . ( e . g . wooden terrarium , glass terrarium )
cypress or eucalyptus mulch , moss ( e . g . forest bed , forest moss ) , barks ( e . g . repti bark , coconut bark ) since it digs , the depth of substrate should be at least 2
- 4
daytime ( diurnal ) ; 12 - 14 hours each day with direct natural sunlight or uv lamp ( e . g . reptisun 5 . 0 , uv heat bulb )
30 - 35 ¢xc - - basking spot ( e . g . basking spot lamp ) 22 - 26 ¢xc - - cooler area ( e . g . daylight blue bulb ) 19 - 24 ¢xc - - at night ( e . g . nightlight red bulb , infrared heat lamp , ceramic heat emitter )
a large shallow water dish ( e . g . rock water dish ) should be available for soaking and drinking all the time .
optional . possibllites include caves ( e . g . habba hut , heat cave ) , etc
. its behavior is little known ; diet in the wild may consist largely of mushrooms , although bamboo shoots are also eaten . the species is known for being difficult to keep alive in captivity ; although its status in the wild is uncertain , it is eaten widely by local people and little captive breeding has occurred .
fritz u , havaš p ( 2007 ) . checklist of chelonians of the world . website .
phylogenetic arrangement based on turtles of the world 2012 update : annotated checklist . key : † = extinct .
phylogenetic arrangement based on turtles of the world 2012 update : annotated checklist . extinct turtles not included .
this article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 7 / 22 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .
continent : indian - ocean distribution : madagascar ( along the s coast from the mahajamba river southward around cape sainte - marie almost to fort - dauphin ) type locality : unknown ; designated as
soalara ( baie de saint - augustin ) , sud - ouest de madagascar
by bour 1978 : 153 .
the following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . there is 1 barcode sequence available from bold and genbank .
below is the sequence of the barcode region cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 ( coi or cox1 ) from a member of the species .
classified as critically endangered ( cr ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) and listed on appendix i of cites ( 3 ) .
the earliest information on populations comes from bour ( 1981 ) , who anecdotally stated that p . arachnoides was localized but not rare . raxworthy and nussbaum ( 2000 ) estimate that there were more than ten populations and that the area of distribution could cover more than 2 , 000 km . jesu and schimmenti ( 1995 ) who undertook the first quantitative estimate of population density reported approximately three individuals per ha . walker et al . ( 2008 ) report densities of 4 . 63 and 2 . 08 tortoises per ha in the wet and dry seasons respectively . both these studies were on p . a . arachnoides . a rough total estimate of 2 - 3 million animals was recorded by pedrono ( 2008 ) . hinge mobility of the three subspecies decreases from south to north ( glaw and vences 1994 , walker et al . 2008 ) : p . a . oblonga - plastron with black markings on scutes and anterior lobe will close completely to touch carapace ( mobile ) . p . a . arachnoides - plastron totally devoid of markings and anterior lobe will close partially but not touch carapace ( less mobile ) . p . a . brygooi - plastron totally devoid of markings but anterior lobe will not close fully to touch carapace ( rigid ) .
it is endemic to madagascar and is one of only two species in the genus pyxis .
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, from 100 to 6 , 000 feet ( 30 to 1800 metres ) above sea level .
pancake tortoises live in isolated colonies , with many individuals sharing the same kopje , or even crevice .
males fight for access to females during the mating season , in january and february , with large males tending to get the most chances to mate .
nesting in the wild seems to occur in july and august , although clutches are produced year - round in captivity . the female digs a nest cavity about 7 . 5 to 10
usually only one egg is laid at a time , but a female can lay multiple eggs over the course of a single season , with eggs appearing every four to eight weeks .
tortoises in kenya are threatened by clearance of thorn scrub for conversion to agriculture and in tanzania by over - grazing of goats and cattle .
cites quotas also limit the number of these animals that can be exported from tanzania , although violations of these quotas are thought to occur . the
turtles of the world ( cd - rom ) , by ernst , c . h . , altenburg , r . g . m . and barbour , r . w . ( february 2007 ) .
cites : consideration of proposals for amendment of appendices i and ii ( pdf ) , prop . 11 . 39 ( february 2007 ) .
this article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 9 / 1 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .
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on june 24th , 2015 , bbc ' s science editor , david shukman published his investigation of the drastic measures taken to save critically endangered tortoises in madagascar .
defacing the shells of these gorgeous creatures who have become the target of poachers because their gold and black shells are fetching big money on the international black market .
© hans hillewaert / cc - by - sa - 4 . 0 , via wikimedia commons
the region where this illegal pet trading has been discovered is south - east asia . these precious creatures are sold predominantly in thailand , malaysia , and indonesia .
credit : frank vassen on flickr / licensed under creative commons attribution 2 . 0 generic
a 2005 population and habitat viability analysis predicted they would reach extinction ( at various times ) , with most estimates clustering around 45 years into the future ( randriamahazo et al . 2007 ) .
it all reminds of my article rhino horn : the most expensive placebo . it ' s tragic that traditional doctors in asia buy the shells of baby tortoises . they use them in
medicinal
concoctions that allegedly enhances the sexual performance of men .
credit : nh53 on flickr / licensed under creative commons attribution 2 . 0 generic
by jialianggao urltoken ( own work ) [ gfdl urltoken or cc by - sa 4 . 0 - 3 . 0 - 2 . 5 - 2 . 0 - 1 . 0 urltoken via wikimedia commons
today , the ploughshare and radiated tortoises appear to be the most critically endangered .
in a 2013 livescience article by douglas main titled poaching pushes 2 madagascar tortoises to brink , i learned that the wildlife conservation society ( wcs ) stated ,
more than 1 , 000 radiated and ploughshare tortoises have been confiscated from smugglers in the first three months of 2013 alone .
according to interpol , only 10 percent of smuggled wildlife is actually seized , suggesting that over 2000 animals have entered the illegal trade into asia alone . if trade level persists , it will likely lead this species to extinction .
gailhampshire ( gails _ pictures on flickr ) / cc - by - 2 . 0
ever since madagascar ' s political crises began in 2009 , law enforcement and other public measures have become eroded .
it was once considered taboo to harm these tortoises , but with increasing levels of drought and poverty , this tradition has been forgone .
it astounded me that wcs stated
illegal poaching and smuggling has increased at least tenfold
in the last five or six years .
and upon further research , i discovered in a 2011 bbc article by hannah mcneish , that poachers will roam villages ( armed with guns and machetes ) in groups of up to 100 while they collect thousands of tortoises .
tsilavo rafeliarisoa , a conservationist , explained :
when a gang of poachers with guns and machetes come and take tortoises , the villagers are defenseless .
perhaps more shocking was the revelation that more people are eating tortoises because of rising food costs . apparently , according to mcneish ' s article :
it has become a favourite snack in southern towns such as tsiombe and beloka , even among government officials who ought to be at the forefront of campaigns to save the reptiles from extinction .
by derfel73 ; visionholder et al . [ cc by - sa 3 . 0 urltoken via wikimedia commons
although these tortoises live an exceptionally long time , they also have a relatively slow rate of reproduction .
uncontrolled fires ( used to clear brush for agricultural uses ) has also destroyed much of the habitat these tortoises need .
the turtle conservancy published the following video in 2014 . it is the most comprehensive video i could find which summarized the iucn red list meeting ( 2007 - 2008 ) hosted in madagascar and dedicated to the survival of these rare and precious tortoises .
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the great basin redband trout ( oncorhynchus mykiss newberrii ) is one of three redband trout subspecies of the rainbow trout in the western united states .

the great basin redband trout is native to drainages in south central oregon east of the cascade range , extreme north east california and extreme north west nevada .

they occur in seven isolated drainages — the upper klamath lake basin , fort rock basin , harney-malheur basin , catlow basin , warner lakes basin , goose lake basin , and the chewaucan basin .

great basin redband trout

no children of northern great basin redband trout ( oncorhynchus mykiss newberrii ) found .
love your website . great pictures & great commentary . looking forward to future posts !
read the final report for the six year great basin redband trout genetic assessment ( which received funding by wnti in 2012 ) .
us fish and wildlife service . 2000 . endangered and threatened wildlife and plants ; 12 - month finding for a petition to list the great basin redband trout as threatened or endangered . federal register 54 : 14932 - 14936 .
in september 1997 , the u . s . fish and wildlife service received a formal petition to list the great basin redband trout as threatened or endangered throughout its range in southeastern oregon , northeastern california , and northwestern nevada . after a review of all available scientific and commercial information , we found that listing this species was not warranted ( u . s . fish and wildlife service 2000 ) . currently , we consider the great basin redband trout a species of concern and are continuing to monitor its status .
redband trout are subspecies of the rainbow trout and exist in two well - defined geographic regions . the columbia river redband trout is found in montana , washington , and idaho , and the great basin redband trout is found in southeastern oregon and parts of california and nevada . the redband trout is similar in appearance to the rainbow trout but has larger , more rounded spots and parr marks that remain into adulthood . they generally grow larger than 10 inches . redband trout that live in streams tend to have profuse large spots over their bodies and fins ( except pectoral ) and frequently have an orange cutthroat mark under the jaws . they have a rosy red stripe along lateral line to a brick red lateral band ( especially in spawning males ) and tints of yellow or orange along the ventral region . gill covers can also be brilliant red .
redbands are a primitive form of rainbow trout and the northern great basin of oregon and california is home to a great diversity of these fish . during a trip that i had made during 2006 i had caught one of unique varieties of redband trout that are found in this area and my goal for this trip was to catch the rest of them . beyond that i had decided that over the summer i would try to do the california heritage trout challenge , where you have to catch six different types of trout in their native stream in california . with three of the fish that i was targeting located in california , i figured that this would give me a great jump on it as long as everything went as planned .
the klamath basin creek ; the most difficult stream that i have ever fished . . .
thurow , r . f . b . e . rieman , d . c . lee , p . j . howell and r . d . perkinson . 2007 . distribution and status of redband trout in the interior columbia river basin and portions of the klamath river and great basins . pp . 28 - 46 in redband trout : resilience and challenge in a changing landscape ( r . k . schroeder and j . d . hall , eds ) oregon chapter , american fisheries society .
read more about the conservation strategy for interior redband trout in california , idaho , montana , nevada , oregon and washington ( nov 2016 ) .
this video is one i put together after my dad’s and my trip to oregon in search of the native redband trout subspecies . this fish is considered to be one of the eight subspecies of the native northern great basin redband trout . each one of these beautiful native redbands was a glimpse of god’s extravagance . please enjoy . chewaucan basin redband trout fly fishing fremont - winema national forest , or - - august 11 , 2016 special thanks to : - sammy ' s fly shop - tying all the flies and trip planning - temple fork outfitters - the awesome 3 wt rods - gopro - the awesome hero 3 + camera “joy“ by rend collective ( no copyright infringement is intended ) questions or orders ? visit our website : urltoken call sammy at : 720 - 443 - 7576 email sammy at : orderflies @ urltoken
the potential range of all forms of redband trout included freshwaters west of the rocky mountains , extending from northern california to northern british columbia , canada . despite their broad distribution , local extirpations ( extinct locally but exists elsewhere ) and important declines have occurred . redband trout have more limited distribution and fewer strongholds than historically . degradation and fragmentation of habitat , and the introduction of non - native species are primary factors that influenced the status and distribution of redband trout .
the photos below of columbia river redband trout are provided courtesy of the washington department of fish and wildlife . the columbia river redband trout is native to the columbia river drainage east of the cascade mountains . their known distribution extends upstream as far as barrier falls on the snake , spokane , pend oreille , and kootenai rivers . there is considerable variability in the life history of columbia river redband trout , including fish that migrate to the ocean and those that migrate solely within fresh water .
overall the trip was a great success ; i managed to catch seven new varieties of trout and one new char . one top of that i got three fish for the california hertiage trout challenge . fishing licenses and gas were expensive as usual and the roads and roadwork in northern california sucked , but the fishing more than made up for it .
the fish to target for the day was the mccloud river redband , which are native to the mccloud river drainage in the mount shasta area of california . we broke camp in the klamath basin early and made our way to the spring fed streams on the southeastern slopes of mount shasta that are a refuge for the mccloud river redband .
from hosmer lake , we headed southeast into the fort rock basin to search for its native trout . we arrive at the banks of the creek that was supposed to have the best population of redbands right as the sun went down and set up camp for the night .
the photo below was taken in rock creek ( upper klamath basin ) during an oregon department of fish and wildlife restoration project . photo credit : dave hering , national park service .
click here to read the 2015 status and conservation of interior redband trout in the western united states , north american journal of fisheries management , 35 : 1 , 31 - 53 , doi : 10 . 1080 / 02755947 . 2014 . 951807 .
this blog is all about fly fishing for native trout . on it i cover trip reports , fishing tactics , conservation , the latest news about native trout species and much more . this site provides a companion to my web page urltoken . gary
on the next cast , if that is the right word i caught a klamath basin redband on my dropper . after this the fish seemed to be aware of my presence so i moved little ways upstream to another small pool where i got another bull trout and redband . above this spot the vegetation formed an impassible barrier so i made my way back to the trail . since i had caught the fish that i came for and the sun was begining to fall i decided to forgo anymore fishing and hiked back out to the trailhead where we had setup camp . this was without a doubt the hardest stream that i have ever fished , but with the bull trout and redbands that i caught it was well worth the effort .
redband trout conservation and restoration is necessary to ensure the long - term persistence of self - sustaining populations across the species’ native range . maintenance of multiple inter - connected populations of redband trout across the diverse habitats of their native range and preservation of the diversity of their life history strategies ( fluvial and adfluvial forms ) will be important . conserving and restoring healthy populations of non - anadromous redband trout may also be critical to the persistence or restoration of some steelhead stocks . although the relationship between the two forms is not well understood there is evidence that some progeny of non - anadromous forms migrate to sea and some progeny of steelhead remain in freshwater . steelhead confined above barriers adopt a non - anadromous life history appropriate to the habitats available . it has been reported that steelhead progeny in very cold streams can residualize and adopt a non - anadromous life history and that these fish retained the ability to produce anadromous offspring . if sympatric redband trout have the potential to rebuild steelhead populations , that has application for the recovery of unique populations of steelhead eliminated by human - caused barriers .
since 2007 , the western native trout initiative has contributed over $ 648 , 887 to 16 projects benefiting redband trout , including catalyzing and leading the effort to complete the first - ever range - wide assessment and status review mentioned above . other funded projects have been diverse –everything from genetic analysis , telemetry surveys , culvert renovation , levee removal , road relocation , fish ladders , fish screens , streambank stabilization , and large watershed improvement projects .
three life history patterns have been identified for redband trout ( excluding the anadromous form known as steelhead ) : ( 1 ) stream resident , ( 2 ) fluvial ( migrate between larger and smaller streams ) , and ( 3 ) lake resident adfluvial ( migrate between the lake and stream system ) . stream resident ( fluvial ) populations of redband trout spend their entire life cycles in flowing waters and spawn in the headwaters of the streams they inhabit . the abilities of individuals to express all these life histories is often tied to climatic cycles , with fluvial life histories expressed during wet cycles and reversing to resident life history during dry cycles . spawning is often in the spring ( march to june ) , though they may reproduce at most any time of the year except summer . in the fall , redband migrate to over - wintering areas within their streams . they eat mainly streamside and benthic ( bottom dwelling ) macroinvertebrates in smaller stream habitat but also consume other fish when they occupy larger streams , rivers or lakes . adfluvial populations consist of trout that spend most of their life cycles in lakes and reservoirs , before returning to stream headwaters and tributaries within their native basin to spawn . when lacustrine habitats such as lakes and marshes are available and migratory corridors connect it with surrounding streams , adfluvial populations of redband trout flourish . this adfluvial form is much larger and more fecund than the fluvial form . adfluvial juveniles typically migrate downstream after one to three years to mature in lakes .
while i had failed to catch any redbands at this creek , i don ' t like going on these trips with out backup plans for streams that treat me like this . this trip was no execption so it was on to my second choice chewaucan basin stream , which ended up being much more productive than the first one . in fact i was rewarded with a chewaucan basin redband on my dry fly on the first cast . the fishing at this stream was amazing and every likely spot seemed to hold a fish with some going 12
to 15
. the water temperature at this stream was also some of the warmest that i have ever seen trout in , a testament to the adaptations of these fish to the extreme climate of the high desert of oregon .
six states , four federal agencies , five tribal governments and one non - governmental organization signed a rangewide conservation agreement for interior redband trout in july 2014 , agreeing to work together to conserve and protect habitat for this unique trout . the conservation agreement for interior redband trout is an example of the power of a partnership among state and federal fish and wildlife agencies and tribal nations that has been ongoing since 2009 . western native trout initiative is proud to have been involved in the partnership , convening 13 workshops to complete a comprehensive status review for redband trout in partnership with the state fisheries agencies of california , idaho , montana , nevada , oregon , washington , u . s . fish and wildlife service , u . s . forest service , bureau of land management and 11 tribal nations , as well as representatives from private companies . the project was funded through a grant from the national fish habitat action plan and matching funds from the partnering organizations through the western association of fish and wildlife agencies . when the entire project was complete , the final results involved the expertise of upwards of 95 biologists and arcgis technical experts and 15 data entry personnel . protecting this fish is a big job and we congratulate all our partners !
behnke , r . j . 1992 . native trout of western north america . american fisheries society . monograph 6 . bethesda , md . 275 pp .
the northern basin and range ecoregion covers the very large southeastern portion of the state , from burns south to the nevada border and from the christmas valley east to idaho . it is largely a high elevation desert - like area dominated by sagebrush communities and habitats .
topics of interest welcome and overview hunting & fishing information american recovery & reinvestment act avian influenza barred owls bats birds bull trout climate change coastal cutthroat trout culvert replacement dry forest ecosystems ecosystem services experience nature federal programs assessment fire grants gravel mining gray wolf invasive species jr . duck stamp lamprey marbled murrelet new carissa plant conservation pollinators portland harbor salmon spotted owl stream habitat surrogate species west nile virus
so i decided to just scout the creek out until it heated up a bit . i hiked both upstream and downstream about a 1 / 2 mile and found some decent looking water downstream , but the best spot i had found was the culvert pool were the road crossed the creek . by 8 : 00am it had warmed up enough for my liking , so i righted up my 4wt with a size 12 royal pmx and size 18 black copper john dropper . the first spot that i tried was the culvert pool , which seemed to be packed with fish and it only took me a couple of minutes to catch my first fort rock basin redband .
frustrated with the cramped conditions , i decided to continue my search for some better water . about another 1 / 2 mile upstream i found a spot with a decent pool where i would have enough room to set the hook if need be . i rose a fish as soon as my royal pmx hit the water , but didn ' t get a good hook set . after a couple more tries i finally got a solid hook up , although it wasn ' t a redband like i was expecting , but instead was a stream resident bull trout ! my research had indicated that bull trout were also present in this creek , but with all of my failed attempts to catch this elusive fish in washington i never expected that i would actually catch any .
the fishing in this creek was ridiculous , and every pool would hold several fish that grabbed my fly as soon as it hit the water . on my way back upstream i stopped at a small pool where i caught my biggest trout on the creek , a nice deeply colored about 10 inch buck . as we were heading out of the refuge we saw a good number of pronghorn antelope amidst some beautiful scenery . with the catlow valley redband being caught and photographed , we called it a wrap and made the long drive home .
as soon as the royal pmx hit the water a fish attacked it , but unfortunately it managed to shake the hook . on the next cast though another fish grabbed my fly and i got a solid hook up and i caught my first catlow valley redband , which was followed by a number of other ones .
with the first variety of redband sucessfully caught my dad and i decided that we might as well hit the road again for the next spot , which a small stream draining to summer lake in the chewaucan basin . the research that i had done prior to heading out on the trip showed that this stream had never been stocked with hatchery trout , so it should have the purest population of chewaucan redbands . we drove up to summer lake rim and the headwaters of the creek , but it was much smaller than i had anticipated at only a foot wide and a few inches deep in most places . i decided that i would spend about an hour fishing the creek , so i headed downstream to search for some type of holding water . there was evidence of beaver activity along the creek , but it all appeared to be at least five or ten years old and all of the ponds had long since was out . after a 1 / 2 mile of fishing a hiking and still no sign of fish , i pulled the plug on it and headed back to the car .
i had originally planned on fishing two more streams that these redbands are native to in order to get a better sampling of the diversity found among the different isolated populations . the only problem with this idea was the the poor signage and maze of forest service and logging roads that made the other streams impossible to find . we ended up wasting the next couple of hours on a wild goose chase looking for a couple of streams that we never found . at this point we were pretty worn out and my dad suggested that we should head over to reno for the night . this idea sounded great as it would give me a shot a some lahontan cutthroat and put me another step closer to completing the heritage trout challenge . just getting to reno in the first place ended up being no small task though , and we ended up wasting two hours waiting for pilot cars at worthless road work projects . as we got closer to reno we noticed an odd cloud over the area which ended up being smoke from a forest fire in the south lake tahoe area and ruled out my plans of going after any lahontan cutthroat on this trip . skipping the fishing ended up making the stay in reno a bit more relaxing though , as it gave us a chance to take in the town and get a good nights sleep .
both my dad and i got rigged up to fish here and at the advice of a california fish and wildlife biologist we started out in the pocket water section , which was supposed to hold more fish than the meadow water . my dad hooked a fish almost right away on his dry , but lost it after a few seconds . the next fish that he hooked stayed on the line and he got the first goose lake redband of the trip .
we got up at about 7 : 00am and i went out to scout the creek out with my fly rod . this stream appeared to be about the size of the one above summer lake that i couldn ' t find any trout in and flowed through a meadow interspersed with a few groves of aspens here and there . i decide to head downstream to where a small tributary added its flow to the creek and found a decent pool with some fish in it .
i fished the pool for another 45 minutes or so , and caught a few more trout before the fish seemed to stop feeding . at this point i headed for some of the spots that i noticed earlier in the moring when i scouted the creek , but after spending an hour of bush wacking and fishing i had only gotten one more small fish . the only thing to do was head back to the culvert pool , where i caught a couple more fish and even had two on at the same time for a couple of seconds .
we arrived at the first stream at around 11 : 00am and on my third or fouth cast i caught my first redband . the fishing didn ' t slow down either and just seemed to improve as i worked my way upstream . i was evident that the population of fish here was healthy and they didn ' t seem to even think twice before grabbing my fly . after covering about a quarter mile of the stream and catching plenty of redbands , i headed back to the car and handed my fly rod off to my dad who also caught several fish . once we had caught our fair share of fish , we hit the road again to try to find some more redbands in another nearby stream .
the next stop on the list was a small stream in the klamath basin that all of my research had indicated held a good population of redbands . it was evident as soon as we arrived at this stream that i was going to be in for some
fun
fishing as the creek flowed though an absolute tunnel of vegetation . i decided that i would hike upstream to see if i could find any beaver ponds or meadow stretches were the creek might open up a bit but after hiking about a mile i had no such luck . i decided to make the best of the situation a scrambled through the bushes down to the creek . when i got down to the creek , there wasn ' t even enough room to stand up straight let alone make a cast . this was small stream fishing in the extreme and the only way to get my fly to where it needed to be was doing some tap and dap fishing or using a sling shot cast . even with the less than ideal conditions i managed to get a fish to grab my fly , the only problem was that there wasn ' t enough room to raise the rod tip to set the hook so i lost it .
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several life history types with different migratory patterns . pools provide important habitat for all life stages .
poor understanding of factors that influence long - term viability . limiting factor is likely to be availability of water ( linked to natural cycles ) . influence of climate change on these cycles is poorly understood in this region .
the east cascade ecoregion extends from the cascade mountains’ summit east to the warmer , drier high desert and down the length of the state . this ecoregion varies dramatically from its cool , moist border with the west cascades ecoregion to its dry eastern border , where it meets sagebrush desert landscapes .
passage barriers . non - natives in lake . high temperatures . water withdrawals . channelization . riparian condition .
my dad and i left home in washington early in the morning with rainy weather that would follow us all of the way into central oregon . normally when we head over the the bend oregon area we take us 26 over the cascades , but with the traffic getting out of the portland area we decided to take a different road . we ended up taking us 20 instead , which was a good move as there was nobody on the road and the drive up the santiam river valley made for a nice change .
our first stop for the trip was hosmer lake , a high mountain lake that is stocked with atlantic salmon and located about an hour southwest of bend . the lake was beautiful , but the weather was cold and windy and the fish did appear to be too interested in feeding . i did a circle around the part of the lake near the boat launch in my float tube , using nymphs , dries and streamers . i even tried some of my standby attractor patterns for resident coho salmon in the puget sound , but only had a couple of hits . with the fishing being slow and the weather going down hill fast , my dad and i decided that it would be best just to head over to the next spot instead of hanging around at hosmer for the night .
we got off to a slow start in order to get a little enjoyment out of the swimming pool at our hotel in reno . once on the road we ran into three more road work projects on us 395 on our way to goose lake and lost about another hour because of them . when we got to goose lake we headed up a forest service road leading to the stream that i wanted to fish . once again finding the stream proved difficult , but after getting turned around a couple of times we finally made our way to the creek . the creek was beautiful and flowed from meandering meadows into high gradient pocket water sections .
it soon became evident that the fish in this stream were pros at throwing flies and if you wanted to land them at all you had to do it quickly .
i fished my way downstream further into the pocket water section , and managed to catch five redbands including one that was pretty good sized on my nymph . while the pocket water was much more productive , meadow section was a bit more scenic and i couldn ' t resist trying it out for a bit .
this section was fun but much less productive , as the fish were few and far between and spooked easily .
we made up a quick dinner before leaving the creek and then headed over to northern side of the warner mountains so i could try to catch some warner lakes redbands . the road to this spot was one of the hairiest that i have ever seen , and it switch backed up the mountain side past gold mines and to the tiny stream which was located in a meadow at about 7 , 000 feet above sea level . this spot was completely infested with mosquitoes and i made quick work of catching the warner lakes redbands that inhabited the stream . the fish were not large , but there were a good number of them at the culvert pool where the road crossed the creek .
i used the same ever dependable royal pmx and copper john setup and caught a handful of fish at the culvert pool before heading upstream a little further . i lasted about a half hour before it got to dark fish and the swarm of mosquitoes that followed my every movement had completely eaten me alive .
we had originally planned on camping here , but between the mosquitoes and rapidly dropping temperatures we changed our mind , and decided to drive through the night to the next spot .
the drive to the next spot located in the hart mountain antelope refuge was a little interesting as the desert came alive at night and all manner of creatures seemed intent at testing our ability to dodge them . we arrived at the creek at around midnight and hit the hay .
this blog is all about fly fishing for native salmonids everywhere . it has been my quest to catch and photograph every species and subspecies of salmonids native to north america .
data and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish , wildlife , and plants in idaho .