the arnhem leaf-nosed bat ( hipposideros inornatus ) is a species of bat in the family hipposideridae .

it lives in the sandstone areas of kakadu national park ( northern territory , australia ) .

it is most often considered to be a subspecies of hipposideros diadema .

arnhem leaf - nosed bat

the arnhem leaf - nosed bat is a medium - sized very pale brown bat . it has large , pointed ears and a well - developed nose - leaf .
arnhem long - eared bat , northern long - eared bat and pygmy long - eared bat ( plate 63 ) .
2009 .
leaf - nosed bat
( on - line ) . encyclopaedia britannica online . accessed february 27 , 2009 at urltoken .
describes the arnhem leaf - nosed bat hipposideros inornata , its conservation status , appearance , distribution , ecology , threatening processes and conservation management . a list of relevant references is provided . ( pdf file , 417 kb )
arnhem leaf - nosed bats are present in monsoon forest , eucalyptus forest and woodlands , and open heath on sandstone plateaus usually close to water . they roost in caves or abandoned mine adits . the largest known roost possibly contains between 20 and 50 individuals . its diet includes beetles , moths , cockroaches , and leaf - hoppers ( woinarski and milne 2005 ) .
images of bat species found in the northern territory . note : list to be complete
dewey , t . 2011 .
hipposiderinae ( old world leaf - nosed bats )
( on - line ) . grzimek ' s animal life . accessed april 25 , 2011 at urltoken .
members of hipposideridae are found throughout tropical and subtropical regions of the old world . these old world leaf - nosed bats are found in africa , southern asia , the philippine islands , the solomon islands , and australia .
the presence of insectivorous bats indicates suitable roosting sites nearby and intact and healthy feeding habitat . the disappearance of arnhem leaf - nosed bat from litchfield national park highlights the extreme sensitivity of this species to disturbance . the most likely cause is humans visiting roosting caves , a threat which is now under control . rarity of the species may indicate a shortage of suitable , undisturbed roost sites , but may also reflect health of the broader landscape .
kunz , t . , p . racey . 1998 . bat biology and conservation . washington and london : smithsonian institution press .
this bat roosts in caves or abandoned mines in cool drafty areas , close to water , but may also use tree hollows . it forages in riparian areas and in eucalypt tall open forests , where it feeds on flying insects and other small animals . restricted to the northern territory , it is only known to occur on the western arnhem land sandstone massif , although it was formerly found in litchfield national park .
hand , s . j . and archer , m . 2005 . a new hipposiderid genus ( microchiroptera ) from an early miocene bat community in australia . palaeontology 48 ( 2 ) : 371–383 .
mckean , j . l . 1970 ,
a new subspecies of the horseshoe bat , hipposideros diadema from the northern territory , australia
, western australian naturalist , vol . 11 , pp . 138 - 140
many hipposiderid species have a small sac just posterior to the nose leaf . the sac , which is possessed primarily by males , secretes a waxy substance that may be used during mating season to attract mates or fend of potential rivals .
hipposiderids cause little economic damage . there are no known pathogens specific to hipposideridae that are harmful to people or domesticated animals . however , bats occasionally roost in occupied buildings , which can be destructive and has the potential to spread disease . any species of bat infected with rabies could potentially bite and transmit the pathogen to humans .
a defining characteristic of hipposiderids is their elaborate noseleaf . the noseleaf consists of fleshy protrusions on top of a u - shaped rhinarium ( i . e . , the wet surface surrounding the nostrils ) . hipposiderids have an erect transverse leaf within the noseleaf as well as smaller accessory leaflets . the common name of many genera corresponds to the shape of the noseleaf . for example ,
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lamoreux , j . ( global mammal assessment team ) , racey , p . a . , medellín , r . & hutson , a . m . ( chiroptera red list authority )
justification : listed as vulnerable because the overall number of mature individuals is estimated to be between 300 and 999 mature individuals . currently the proven population of the species is less than 250 mature individuals , but this is almost certainly due to limited sampling . the distribution of this species falls within a large , well - managed protected area and its numbers are considered to be stable .
it is quite a rare and restricted species , with only three roosting sites ( a disused mine adit and two caves ) known ( milne and richards 2008 ) . this species is almost certainly under - recorded as much of the kakadu escarpment in which it lives has not been surveyed ( d . milne pers . comm . ) . although the proven populations of this species are quite small , it is very unlikely that the overall population is > 300 mature individuals ( d . milne pers . comm . ) .
it is potentially threatened by loss of suitable roosting sites in mines . disappearance from litchfield national park may be due to human visitation ( g . richards pers . comm . ) .
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for information to assist regulatory considerations , refer to policy statements and guidelines , the conservation advice , the listing advice and / or the recovery plan .
recovery plan not required , as the approved conservation advice for the species provides sufficient direction to implement priority actions and mitigate against key threats ( 19 / 11 / 2015 ) .
listed as vulnerable ( global status : iucn red list of threatened species : 2017 . 1 list )
the distribution shown is generalised from the departments species of national environmental significance dataset . this is an indicative distribution map of the present distribution of the species based on best available knowledge . some species information is withheld in line with sensitive species polices . see map caveat for more information .
woinarski , j . , a . burbidge & p . harrison ( 2014 ) . the action plan for australian mammals 2012 . csiro publishing , victoria , australia .
anonymous ( 2009 ) . australian faunal directory . australian biological resources study . available from : urltoken .
epbc act email updates can be received via the communities for communities newsletter and the epbc act newsletter .
citation : department of the environment ( 2018 ) . hipposideros inornatus in species profile and threats database , department of the environment , canberra . available from : urltoken . accessed tue , 10 jul 2018 06 : 03 : 50 + 1000 .
if you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 31119c6c - ef15 - 43f0 - a10f - 87f4d22788e5
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 3caa8731 - 43c1 - 43df - a5bf - 2179c668ca79
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 6aee58a2 - 41ae - 4638 - 8735 - 210db9951812
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : c89e9095 - 0dd4 - 4f19 - ac70 - 014426d7c238
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 616550
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compiled by gabriel crowley & mark ziembicki based on woinarski j . c . z . , pavey c . , kerrigan r . , cowie i . & ward s . 2007 . lost from our landscape - threatened species of the northern territory . northern territory department of natural resources , environment and the arts , darwin .
by managing for a high habitat diversity that will ensure an abundance of prey . maximise habitat diversity by establishing a fire regime that ensures patches of both recently burnt and long - unburnt country . control feral animals that either reduce abundance of prey or degrade their habitat . do not disturb known roost sites .
bullen r . d . and mckenzie n . l . ( 2009 ) .
aerodynamic cleanliness in bats
. australian journal of zoology 56 , 281 - 296 .
bullen r . d . and mckenzie n . l . ( 2009 ) . < i > australian journal of zoology < / i > 56 , 281 - 296 .
( roundleaf bats ) , which consists of 76 species . the remaining genera are
also varies in length and texture . they may have small or large ears , and some species’ ears are interconnected along the dorsal surface of the head . the appearance of the noseleaf is highly variable among genera . hipposiderids show a great deal of diversity in roosting behavior and reproductive habits and show slight differences in feeding habits from genus to genus .
hill , j . , j . smith . 1992 . bats : a natural history . austin , tx : university of texas press .
nowak , r . 1994 . walker ' s bats of the world . baltimore : johns hopkins university press .
wilson , d . , d . reeder . 2005 . mammal species of the world . a taxonomic and geographic reference ( 3rd ed . ) . johns hopkins university press .
simmons , n . , t . conway . 1997 .
tree of life web project
( on - line ) . rhinolophidae . horseshoe bats . . accessed february 26 , 2009 at urltoken .
have two circular lateral leaflets , the smaller of which is superimposed onto the larger , resulting in a noseleaf resembling the petals of a flower . differences in noseleaf characteristics are commonly used to discern between genera . these ' appendages ' are thought to be related to nasal echolocation , and may help to focus and modify echolocation signals .
molars , and a u - or horseshoe - shaped rhinarium . however , hipposiderids can be differentiated from rhinolophids using a number of different characteristics . hipposiderids generally have a more rounded noseleaf , while the noseleaf of rhinolophids is spear - like and pointed . hipposiderids have only two bones in each toe , while rhinolophids have three in all except the first toe , which has two . rhinolophids always have three lower premolars on each side of the mandible and hipposiderids have only two . the two families also differ in the structure of their shoulder and hip girdles . finally , rhinolophids have a sella , a flattened leaflet in the middle of the noseleaf structure , that is not present in hipposiderids .
jones , g . 2001 . bats . pp . 754 - 785 in d macdonald , ed . the encyclopedia of mammals . oxfordshire , uk : andromeda oxford limited .
hipposideridae inhabits tropical and subtropical habitats and roosting preferences vary by genera . hipposiderids have been found roosting in caves , mines , hollow trees , buildings , and man - made underground compartments like cellars and tombs . in africa ,
roost in the inner walls of wells , in caves , and in man - made structures . though
live in forests and generally roost in trees , in taiwan they have been discovered in abandoned japanese bomb shelters , also known as pillboxes .
although little information is available on the diets of most hipposiderid species , they are considered to be primarily insectivorous . those species that have been studied prefer cicadas , cockroaches , termites , and beetles . the beetle larvae prey of
live in wild figs , which results in the addition of small amounts of fruit to their otherwise insectivorous diet .
hipposiderids have excellent echolocation , and catch most of their prey via aerial hawking and gleaning . they usually fly only a few meters above the ground while echolocating for potential prey . although most species are thought to prey on flying insects , some occasionally feed on flightless insects such as
. hipposiderids are generally territorial and hunt and feed within a specific range . for example , members of the genus
, have been observed flying more than a mile through the desert to their feeding territory . often , hipposiderids bring captured prey back to their roost prior to consumption . when chewing , the jaws of hipposiderids move side - to - side and up and down , simultaneously . this shearing motion helps break down the chitinous exoskeleton of insect prey .
graham , g . , f . reid . 1994 . bats of the world . new york : st martin ' s press .
nowak , r . 1991 . walker ' s mammals of the world : fifth edition . baltimore and london : the johns hopkins university press .
walton , d . , b . richardson . 1989 . fauna of australia volume 1b : mammalia . canberra , australia : australian government publishing service .
as insectivores , hipposiderids help control insect pest populations . while little information exists on potential endoparasites of hipposiderids , like most
hipposiderids are preyed upon by a number of small nocturnal mammals with the ability to capture them mid - flight or locate their roosts . in many localities , the major predator of hipposiderids is
, which are sometimes able to locate their roosting sites . during flight , hipposiderids can be captured and eaten by various birds of prey including
have been known to locate hipposiderid roosts . in conjunction with their ability to fly , the nocturnal lifestyle of bats helps reduce predation as does the colonial roosting behavior of many species .
, members of the family hipposideridae have relatively small eyes , indicating that vision may not be as important as echolocation for navigation and foraging purposes . however , vision may be used to detect objects past the range of echolocation . hipposiderids , like all
thomas , j . , c . moss , m . vater . 2004 . echolocation in bats and dolphins . chicago : university of chicago press .
information regarding the lifespan of hipposiderids is limited , as a majority of species in this family are not well - known . however , some species have been found to live more than 10 years .
not enough information is known about hipposiderid mating systems to make accurate generalizations about the family as a whole ; however , research on individual species provides limited but important insight . only one example of a polygynous mating in hipposiderids is known . colonies of
, which can contain up to 500 , 000 individuals , are divided into small harems consisting of one adult male and several adult females , with whom the male mates . mating occurs seasonally , during the fall , and females give birth to a single young during spring after storing sperm over winter .
mate in october and give birth in april . although birthing season varies slightly , coinciding with peak rainy season when food is most abundant ,
give birth in april north of the equator and in october south of the equator .
mate in november and give birth in late april . although the specific times vary among species , birthing among hipposiderids generally occurs during spring . female hipposiderids give birth to a single young per pregnancy . gestation lasts from 90 days in
in south africa . females typically carry their young for a few weeks after giving birth . for example ,
produce a single young , which the female carries for 20 to 22 days . age at weaning , age at first flight , and age at independence appears to vary according to latitude . species subject to greater seasonality appear to mature more quickly than those resident to more tropical regions . in at least one species ,
of nigeria , delayed implantation occurs . the egg does not implant in the uterine lining for up to 2 months after fertilization , and as a result , young are born when prey are more abundant , directly before the rainy season .
females are the primary care givers in hipposiderids . female typically carry their young for a few weeks after birth and prior to weaning . females have
pubic teats
, which their young hold on to during the carrying period . little is known of lactation and weaning in hipposiderids . however , lactation lasts for about 40 days in the genus
are usually weaned at 7 weeks old . tropical species are thought to be weaned by 8 to 20 weeks and time to independence appears to vary according to latitude , as tropical species reach sexual maturity between 16 and 24 months , and temperate species reaching sexual maturity by 6 to 8 months .
slaughter , b . , d . walton . 1970 . about bats : a chiropteran biology symposium . dallas : southern methodist university press .
have been subjected to severe range contraction due to deforestation , which has resulted in a population reduction of 20 % in just the last 5 years .
have had nearly all of their native range destroyed and now only roost in the homes of three different villages in central india . due to deforestation ,
can be found in a single cave on the island of guinea , and are classified as critically endangered . if conservation efforts are to be successful , habitat loss must be slowed and reforestation projects should be encouraged in critical habitat areas .
iucn , 2008 .
iucn 2008 red list
( on - line ) . accessed february 15 , 2009 at urltoken .
as insectivores , hipposiderids help control insect pest populations that might otherwise spread disease or damage crops . the guano of hipposiderids is locally used as a nitrogen rich fertilizer .
, malcolm c . mckenna and susan k . bell proposed a division of hipposideridae ( called rhinonycterinae in their work ) into three
simmons , 2005 , pp . 365–379 ; mckenna and bell , 1997 , pp . 306–307 ; other sources cited for specific genera
ziegler , 2000 , p . 652 ; hand and kirsch , 2003 , table 3 ; cf . mckenna and bell , 1997 , p . 305 ( excluded from rhinonycterinae )
archer , m . , arena , d . a . , bassarova , m . , beck , r . m . d . , black , k . , boles , w . e . , brewer , p . , cooke , b . n . , crosby , k . , gillespie , a . , godthelp , h . , hand , s . j . , kear , b . p . , louys , j . , morrell , a . , muirhead , j . , roberts , k . k . , scanlon , j . d . , travouillon , k . j . and wroe , s . 2006 . current status of species - level representation in faunas from selected fossil localities in the riversleigh world heritage area , northwestern queensland . alcheringa special issue 1 : 1 - 17 . isbn 0 - 9757894 - 5 - 7
benda , p . and vallo , p . 2009 . taxonomic revision of the genus triaenops ( chiroptera : hipposideridae ) with description of a new species from southern arabia and definitions of a new genus and tribe . folia zoologica 58 ( monograph 1 ) : 1–45 .
hand , s . j . and kirsch , j . a . w . 2003 . archerops , a new annectent hipposiderid genus ( mammalia : microchiroptera ) from the australian miocene . journal of paleontology 77 ( 6 ) : 1139–1151 .
hutcheon , j . m . and kirsch , j . a . w . 2006 . a moveable face : deconstructing the microchiroptera and a new classification of extant bats . acta chiropterologica 8 ( 1 ) : 1–10 .
mckenna , m . c . and bell , s . k . 1997 . classification of mammals : above the species level . new york : columbia university press , 631 pp . isbn 978 - 0 - 231 - 11013 - 6
simmons , n . b . 2005 . order chiroptera . pp . 312–529 in wilson , d . e . and reeder , d . m . ( eds . ) . mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference . 3rd ed . baltimore : the johns hopkins university press , 2 vols . , 2142 pp . isbn 978 - 0 - 8018 - 8221 - 0
ziegler , r . 2000 . the bats ( chiroptera , mammalia ) from the late oligocene fissure fillings herrlingen 8 and herrlingen 9 near ulm ( baden - württemberg ) . senckenbergiana lethaea 80 ( 2 ) : 647–683 .
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specimens of hexagonaria can be found in most of the rock formations of the traverse group in michigan .

fossils of this genus form petoskey stones , the state stone of michigan .

hexagonaria is a common constituent of the coral reefs exposed in devonian fossil gorge below the coralville lake spillway and in many exposures of the coralville formation in the vicinity of coralville , iowa .

hexagonaria

the hexagonaria coral ( hexagonaria percarinata ) is commonly and incorrectly referred to as the “petoskey stone . ”
3 . ) what is the diameter of a single polyp in this fossilized hexagonaria percarinata .
hexagonaria coral head with several simulated coral polyps as an example of how this creature may have looked in life .
hexagonaria fossils , at center , with partial crinoid fossils , above and to the left , seen at the devonian fossil gorge outside iowa city , iowa .
hexagonaria percarinata stumm , 1969 - fossil rugose coral from the devonian of michigan , usa . ( polished surface ; field of view ~ 3 . 2 cm across )
rounded hexagonaria coral as found on the beach near charlevoix . in many cases it is hard to discern what they are until they are moistened with water to reveal the delicate structure .
asexually , the corals produce “buds” that grow from the main coral animal . budding slowly expands the size of the colonies . the hexagonaria buds in this manner . some of the hexagonaria coral heads found in michigan were several feet in diameter , indicating that the corals were quite old . one coral head in the lafarge north america quarry in alpena is in excess of 20 feet in diameter
the requirements to log this cache are to email me the answers to questions 1 , 2 and 3 at my profile : 1 . ) what is the height of this fossilized hexagonaria percarinata .
today the fossilized remains of the hexagonaria percarinata are found in the limestone of the traverse group . near petoskey they are found the the gravel point formation and in the alpena area they are found in alpena limestone .
this is a beautifully detailed fossil coral colony quarried from near assa zag morocco in the western sahara . the genus appears to be hexagonaria and it would be devonian in age , 350 - 400 million years old . hexagonaria is a genus of colonial rugose coral . fossils are found in rock formations dating to the devonian period , about 350 million years ago . fossils of this genus form petoskey stones , the state stone of michigan
beach & lake gravel in this area consists of many lithologies , including fossiliferous limestone clasts and worn fossil corals ( favositids & colonial rugosans ) . hexagonaria is a colonial rugose coral ( animalia , cnidaria , anthozoa , rugosa , phillipsastraeidae ) .
the city of petoskey , michigan gets its name from an old ottawa indian chief , ignatius petosega . “pet - o - sega” means “rays of the rising sun” . petoskey stones are so - named in reference to the dark - colored “eye” & radiating lines of individual hexagonaria corallites .
the hexagonaria are found across the state of michigan along lakeshores and rivers in sediments commonly called the traverse group . they are rounded fragments of the coral hexagonaria . some of these coral reefs still lie beneath the ground and under the water of little traverse bay . due to the waves and abrasive action of the sand , these stones are rounded and washed up on the beach . the action of ice also brings these stones into shallow water . the best time to hunt for petoskey stones is in the spring as soon as the ice melts . i have even seen locals donning wet suits and walking in waste deep water as ice floats by , picking up the stones before they even reach shore .
the soft living tissue of the coral was called a polyp . at the center of this was the area where food was taken in , or the mouth . this dark spot , has been filled with mud or silt that petrified after falling into the openings . surrounding the openings were tentacles that were used for gathering food and drawing it into the mouth . the living hexagonaria percarinata coral thrived on plankton that lived in the warm sea . calcite , silica and other minerals have replaced the first elements of each cell . each separate chamber , then , on each petoskey stone , was a member of a thriving colony of living corals . for that reason the hexagonaria percarinata is called a colony coral .
the “official “state stone” of michigan is the petoskey stone , the local name for rounded pebbles or cobbles of the fossil coral hexagonaria percarinata stumm , 1969 . petoskey stones have been weathered & eroded from fossiliferous limestones of the traverse group ( middle devonian ) . they are particularly common in the vicinity of little traverse bay & the town of petoskey ( northwestern lower peninsula of michigan ) .
petoskey stones were mass coral colonies of hexagonaria , percarinata . each hexagon ( very visible in the stone ) held a single animal which opened a mouth exposing its tentacles in order to take in food . the tentacles were also used to sting any organism or other corallite that came too close . calcite , silica and other minerals replaced the original corallite exoskeleton over many millions of years .
each corallite of the hexagonaria is made up of a usually six - sided “compartment” that adjoins the others in the colony and creates an elaborate hexagon . the radiating lines one sees in the petoskey stone are the septa and theca . the septa are the lines of division between each corallite , and the theca are the internal radiating lines . theses patterns of hexagon shapes and radiating lines are what eventually give the petoskey stone its uniqueness among rocks .
the “official state stone” of michigan is the petoskey stone , the local name for rounded pebbles or cobbles of the fossil colonial rugose coral hexagonaria percarinata . petoskey stones have been weathered & eroded from fossiliferous limestones of the traverse group ( middle devonian ) . they are particularly common in the vicinity of little traverse bay & the town of petoskey ( northwestern lower peninsula of michigan ) . beach & lake gravel in this area consist of many lithologies , including fossiliferous limestone clasts and worn fossil corals ( favositids & colonial rugosans ) .
to paleontologists , this coral truly does not become a “petoskey stone” until someone slices and polishes it ( and charges lots of money for it ) . in its natural form , it is really a piece of hexagonaria coral . scattered along the northern lower peninsula shorelines of lakes huron and michigan , this fossil holds natural attraction for people . one can sometimes see this coral , rounded by relentless waves , worn smooth and showing its beautiful internal structure . it is easy to see that rock hounds , jewelry makers and almost everyone would be taken by this striking fossil .
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once removed from the water , however , it quickly dries and loses its bright polished shine . in order to achieve that permanent shine , it is necessary to polish the rock by sanding and grinding it with various grits of sandpaper and abrasives , finally finishing it with a polishing compound in order to bring out the beautiful luster of the stone . then it is a petoskey stone .
corals live in a symbiotic relationship with a variety of marine algae . although these corals had tentacles similar to those of sea anemones and were able to capture food such as plankton and even small fish , the algae provided much of what the corals needed for survival . food such as plankton was captured by tentacles and brought down to the center where the mouth and stomach was located . the algae used a process called photosynthesis to provide additional energy to the coral polyp . in turn , the hard exoskeleton of the coral and stinging tentacles provided protection for the algae . the coral polyp produced waste products that the algae needed for its survival . because sunlight is needed for the algae photosynthesis and sunlight only penetrates the ocean to a certain depth , the corals only grow in shallow waters of 30 to 150 feet .
corals are marine organisms that are made up of many — sometimes thousands — of hard calcium carbonate exoskeletons called corallites . each corallite contains a polyp , or an individual multi - cellular animal . there are two major types of corals found in michigan : solitary corals growing by themselves , and colonial corals growing in a tight community of genetically identical polyps . the polyp is the actual living individual creature that inhabits each corallite . as the coral grows it extends the calcium carbonate exoskeleton and seals off part of the base . corals can reproduce asexually and sexually .
certain corals also reproduce sexually , releasing both sperm and egg into the marine environment . the mixing of the two results in the production of larvae , which then float in the ocean currents . within two days to three weeks , the larvae attach themselves to rocks or other corals on the reef to begin their lives as reef builders .
the name petoskey came from an old odawa indian legend . it is said that a french fur trader named antoine carre came to michigan and traveled extensively in the area now known as petoskey , where he met and married an odawa princess . in time he was adopted by the local odawa tribe and eventually was made their chief . it is further told that in the spring of 1787 , while traveling with his wife on his way from near present - day chicago , he camped near what is now kalamazoo . during the night , his wife gave birth to a son . it is legend that as the morning sun rose , the rays of the sun fell upon the infant’s face , and his father pronounced his name to be petosegay and predicted that he would be an important person . the translation of the odawa “petosegay” means sunbeam , or rising sun or rays of dawn .
petosegay became a fur trader like his father and also became quite wealthy . he owned much land in the petoskey area , and a community was settled on the shores of little traverse bay . the present location of the city of petoskey stands as a tribute to petosegay . because these rounded and water tumbled fossils were found in great abundance on the shores of little traverse bay , they became known as petoskey stones .
the petoskey stone was made the state stone of michigan by legislative action . house bill 2297 was signed by then - gov . george romney in 1965 , thus elevating this fossil to the prestigious position it now holds around the world as something one must seek , find or purchase when visiting michigan .
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a taxonomic genus within the family disphyllidae – fossil corals from the devonian period .
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it’s a fossil coral . why is it called a petoskey stone ? because many of their kind are found abundantly in and around the lake michigan shores near the northern city of petoskey , michigan ( usa ) !
could the remains of a coral which thrived in tropical warm waters possibly find its way to michigan ? because 350 million years ago during the devonian time period much of north america was covered by warm shallow seas . later , the corals were buried under deep layers of sediment . millions of years after that , when the great glaciers retreated , they scraped and dug into those forgotten layers of earth . the glaciers deposited them where we can now enjoy the good fortune of discovering their mysteries .
this is where i share my fossil discoveries enhanced with photographs and illustrations . i also write about them at urltoken along with other subjects including places of interest in my community , gardening , poetry and more . click one of the links below to visit there . all rights reserved © fossillady 2011
the place of nature in the ' ordinary ' spiritual life through meditation using macro photography to illustrate .
we ' re already living in the future . it ' s just not evenly distrbuted yet .
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use this space to describe your geocache location , container , and how it ' s hidden to your reviewer . if you ' ve made changes , tell the reviewer what changes you made . the more they know , the easier it is for them to publish your geocache . this note will not be visible to the public when your geocache is published .
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this area has been covered with blocks of limestone brought here from a nearby quarry . a nice park runs along the shore where these blocks can be found .
you will need a tape measure and a camera to full fill the logging requirements for this earthcache . also bring a bottle of water to wet the fossil as this makes it much easier to see it .
4 . ) post with your log a photo of yourself holding your gps with the breakwater in the background .
a fossil ( from latin fossus , literally
having been dug up
) is any rocky remains of a past living organism preserved in earth ' s bedrock . the fossilization process typically occurs when a plant or animal ' s remains sinks to the bottom of a body of water . sediments then cover the remains protecting it from scavengers and the elements . this slowed the decaying process of the harder body parts . over time the sediments become rock and water seeped through the rock dissolving the hard body parts . this would leave a hollow cavity that is then filled in by dissolved minerals in the same water that dissolved the hard body parts .
fossilization is an rare occurrence as the majority of most living organisms are soft and these parts decay quickly . due to the combined effect of decomposition and simple mathematical chance , fossilization tends to favor organisms with hard body parts , those that were widespread , and those that existed for a long time before going extinct . on the other hand , it is very unusual to find fossils of small , soft bodied , geographically restricted and geologically ephemeral organisms , because of their relative rarity and low likelihood of preservation .
the rock you are looking for came from a nearby quarry to provide protection of the shoreline . the mine safety rules restrict the access to mines and quarries unless you have proper safety training . it is about 3 ' x 3 ' square and can be easily spotted walking along the rock blocks near the shoreline . this angle favors the best view .
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a genus of ornithopod dinosaur that lived in what is now north america during the late cretaceous period , about 76 . 5 - 73 million years ago
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if you have an interest in local history , why not take it back a few hundred million years ? studying fossils and learning to identify them can be wonderful activities for families and individuals — and you don’t have to journey far to find them .
john oostenryk , assistant curator at augustana college’s fryxall geology musuem , says fossil explorers will find marine and invertebrate fossils in the area from the sirulian and devonian geologic periods and also plant fossils , although they are more frail .
“i am enthusiastic about inspiring kids and adults to investigate their surroundings . most have some inquisitive ‘science’ in themselves , ” says oostenryk . “the critical thinking that goes into getting out of the house and checking into ‘stuff’ is important in so many ways . ”
to find fossils , go anywhere you’d find rocks , such as creeks or rivers or ravines , and look for patterns . the riprap rock used to halt erosion along riverbanks and other areas is often rife with fossil life , too , although it may not be “local . ”
“when i look at a rock , i look for openings , or voids , or patterns and shapes , ” oostenryk says .
plant fossils will have a black coating over the top of the cast , which is actually carbon , and it doesn’t last long in the air , according to oostenryk .
for a surefire way to spot some fossils , head to the devonian fossil gorge at coralville lake in coralville , iowa . in 1993 , raging floodwaters washed out about 15 feet of silt and sand exposing the devonian bedrock below .
this unique window into iowa’s geologic past features fossilized tropical ocean marine life from the seafloor that is approximately 375 million years old . terry escher , natural resource specialist for the u . s . army corps of engineers at coralville lake , explains that it was once south of the equator and covered in warm tropical waters .
at the fossil gorge , visitors can see fossilized marine life including brachiopods , crinoids , favocites , and , of course , coral , including a completely fossilized coral reef home to many other fossilized species .
the fossil gorge includes six huge limestone monoliths with interpretive displays overlooking the gorge . brochures with a map are available to direct visitors through the gorge and aid in identification of species . discovery points are marked with plaques embedded in the rock .
admission is free , and the gorge is open dusk until dawn . visitors should wear comfortable shoes . at the fossil gorge , the policy is “look , touch , but don’t take . ” in fact , there are fines for removing anything from the gorge .
“please leave it so that the people coming out the next week can see it , too , ” escher says . she recommends instead taking photographs of fossils seen in the gorge or located elsewhere .
for help in identifying fossils you’ve located on your own , oostenryk recommends online research . locate a bedrock geologic map for your state through a google search and identify what geologic periods are present on the map in your area .
from there , search for prevalent fossils from those periods , and you’ll find many resources and line drawings online to aid in the identification process . other guides may be found at your local library .
or , get assistance from the fryxall geology museum , during its open season ( which corresponds with the academic year , august through may ) . when the fryxall is not open , oostenryk says other great regional resources for fossil identification and education are the museum of natural history at the university of iowa and the state geologic survey .
you can also join a local rock and fossil club to keep your interest going and your knowledge growing . the blackhawk gem and mineral club , online at urltoken , is based in the quad - cities . oostenryk also recommends the cedar valley rock and minerals society , based in cedar rapids , online at urltoken .
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