the west african mud turtle ( west african side-necked turtle , swamp terrapin ) ( pelusios castaneus ) is a species of turtle in the pelomedusidae family .

pelusios castaneus is a freshwater species and is endemic to west and central africa .

west african mud turtle

the west african mud turtle has an endearing expression due to its “smile . ”
keeping west african mud turtles outdoors provides an opportunity to create some beautiful outdoor habitats .
there are currently no recognized subspecies of african sideneck turtle . they are very similar to the african helmeted turtle , however , and the names are frequently interchanged . another common name they are known by is west african mud turtle
it is indeed a west - african brown mud turtle ( pelusios castaneus ) . if you need more info about him : urltoken
the west african mud turtle pelusios castaneus acquired an “extinct doppelganger” from the seychelles due to a scientific error . credit : mark - oliver rödel
west african mud turtle are medium to large , females can reach a size of 29cm , males are generally smaller . they spend most of their time within weedy waters of west africa .
a medium sized species , the west african mud turtle grows to between 7 and 11 inches . some individuals may make it up to 12 inches .
during the dry season , many of these habitats may dry out and the west african mud turtle is forced to aestivate buried in the mud or in the sand in order to escape the harsh conditions .
like the helmeted turtle , the african mud turtle is often seen in water holes frequented by zebra , elephants and other large mammals .
the african mud turtle is placed in the family pelomedusidae , along with 26 relatives ; 2 subspecies have been described . it is sometimes confused with the superficially similar ( and equally hardy ) west african mud turtle ( pelosius castaneus ) and the african helmeted turtle ( pelomedusa subrufa ) ; please see photos . all may be kept as described here .
in the pet trade , but p . subniger —the east african mud turtle—is a different species that is rare in captivity .
pelusios castaneus have remained easily obtainable and fairly inexpensive for the turtle keeper . they are exported in large numbers out of their native africa and many enthusiasts are now having breeding success . in recent years , the african helmeted turtle appears to be the more commonly offered species to the general public . the west african mud turtle follows behind it with the east african mud turtle being virtually unknown in most collections .
this group of turtles are known as the african side - necked turtles or the east african serrated mud turtles . they are classified in the genus
for the sake of this piece we’ll mainly cover inside housing requirements . there are only a few things that west african mud turtles / sidenecks require to live happily :
guided by our partners from african aquatic conservation fund , you will gain unique insight into biology and conservation in west africa .
zoo med’s turtle tub , wading pools , and koi ponds can be fashioned into excellent african mud turtle habitats . outdoor housing is ideal , assuming that raccoons and other predators can be excluded .
due to its environmental requirements , moderate size , and long lifespan west african mud turtles / sideneck turtles are best left to intermediate and advanced turtle keepers . that said , they are hardy turtles and can withstand periods of deprivation .
the west african mud turtle is a medium sized , aquatic turtle found throughout west africa . highly adaptable , they occur in many fresh water habitats such as mud holes , swamps , rivers and ponds . during droughts and when seasonal spaces dry up , the turtles will aestivate into the ground to wait out the wet season . they are usually found in large numbers basking along muddy banks and are ravenous feeders .
, the west african mud turtle , and then later split it out as a subspecies . more recent analysis ( in 1983 ) , though , put it into its own species , and therein may lie some confusion . most specimens of
west african mud turtles are quite common in nature and first appeared some 120 million years ago making them one of the most primitive turtle species on earth today . they have withstood the test of time making them expert survivalists in a harsh world .
is a west african species , distributed from guinea and senegal to the central african republic and northwestern angola . it also occurs on the são tomé islands and was introduced to guadeloupe , lesser antilles
the above two photos are evidence that captive - bred west african mud turtles can exhibit an attractive lighter coloration than their wild - caught counterparts . the lighter coloration of the smaller , captive - bred turtle may remain , or it may turn darker , depending on the turtle’s exposure to natural sunlight .
the west african mud turtle may not be littered with vibrant spots or stripes , and its general coloration doesn’t scream at you , but this compact and robust turtle is a lot of fun to work with . it’s an excellent candidate for a backyard waterscape , and isn’t fussy when housed indoors , either .
mccord , w . p . , joseph - ouni , m . & bour , r . 2004 . chelonian illustrations # 15 : madagascan big - headed , african helmeted , and west african mud turtles . reptilia ( gb ) ( 35 ) : 63 - 67 - get paper here
when provided with the proper environment and diet , your african sideneck turtle will give you years of companionship .
african mud turtles are best kept in bare - bottomed aquariums ; gravel traps waste material , greatly complicating cleaning , and may also be swallowed .
the central african mud turtle belongs the family of turtles called afro - american side - necked turtles . indeed , as this turtle pulls its head into its shell , it turns the head sideways , and then the lower shell ( the
in the wild , african side - necked turtles or african mud turtles are found in a variety of habitats from rivers and shallow pools to large lakes . in captivity most can be kept in relatively simple enclosures .
tomas diagne is an african turtle specialist who has been working to save threatened and endangered turtle species throughout west africa for the past 22 years . he co - founded and built the village des tortues in rufisque , senegal , and in 2009 he began building the african chelonian institute in order to expand turtle research , captive breeding , re - introduction to the wild , conservation and education to all african species . tomas is also a co - founder of the african aquatic conservation fund .
for a group of adult west african mud turtles , an area of 6 feet by 3 feet that can hold between 125 and 175 gallons of water will suffice . for single turtles , a 40 - gallon glass aquarium will suffice as well .
the so - called seychelles black terrapin , seychelles mud turtle , or seychelles terrapin was considered a species of turtle ( pelusios seychellensis ) in the pelomedusidae family , endemic to seychelles .
haislip , nathan . 2014 . cuora complex construction at the turtle survival alliance turtle survival center .
just a turtle ? this is a central african mud turtle , which was captured here along the banks of the ubange river . the species is not well studied and , in fact , these may be some of the first photos in its native environment .
like other cold - blooded creatures it’s important to provide the proper lighting , heating , and dietary requirements . otherwise , african sideneck turtles are extremely hardy creatures . that being said , it’s a wise idea to have a reptile veterinarian on hand before you even bring your pet turtle home . if you suspect your west african mud turtle to be suffering from any ailments , contact your reptile vet as soon as you can .
while no turtle likes to be picked and held , the west african mud turtle has a rather calm disposition . they rarely bite and usually withdraw into their shells if they are being handled . some will attempt to free themselves so watch out for those sharp nails . we only handle our turtles during water changes and for health inspections to help minimize any stress .
forero - medina , german ; and moreno , luis eladio renteria . 2007 . distribution and conservation status of the endemic mud turtle kinosternon dunni in colombia .
largely aquatic , the african mud turtle lives in well - vegetated rivers , marshes and swamps , as well as in seasonally flooded pans ( low areas that hold water for a time ) within savannas . individuals occupying temporary water bodies burrow into the mud and aestivate ( become dormant ) or travel across land when their habitats dry out .
conservation international : : tortoise & freshwater turtle specialist group : : turtle survival alliance : : turtle conservancy : : chelonian research foundation : : european assoc . zoos & aquaria
african side - necked turtles or african mud turtles are commonly imported from africa , but captive - hatched specimens are the best pets . these can be purchased from better pet stores , from breeders at the larger reptile shows across the country , and on - line .
the genus name pelusios means “mud , ” and the west african mud turtle lives up to its name . its smooth , elliptical carapace lacks any pattern and is a uniform dark to light brown . the legs and head are a dark gray to brown with a light reticulated pattern on the top of the head . only when the turtle is viewed from the bottom does a color other than brown become more evident : a creamy yellow coloration can be seen on the soft parts beneath . the brown plastron is hinged and features some lighter areas among the brown .
the african sideneck is native to the west african countries of angola , guinea , ghana , senegal , liberia , sierra leone , and the congo . they live in rivers , lakes , and ponds during the wet season and bury themselves deep in the mud ( called estivating ) during the dry seasons . they have also been known to estivate in underground burrows when temperatures get too warm , reemerging when temperatures become suitable again .
i don’t use any substrate in any of my indoor aquatic turtle set ups simply because i prefer to keep things simple . a bare bottom is easier to clean when the water needs changing . west african mud turtles can be quite messy when feeding , and they will rapidly dirty the water . this is also why i don’t use filters ; i prefer to do frequent water changes every few days .
chirio , laurent and ivan ineich 2006 . biogeography of the reptiles of the central african republic . african journal of herpetology 55 ( 1 ) : 23 - 59 . - get paper here
joseph - ouni m . 2004 . profiles of extinction # 7 : seychelles mud turtle , pelusios seychellensis , extinct 1912 . reptilia ( gb ) ( 33 ) : 3 - get paper here
inhabits various water bodies such as streams , ponds , swamps , and lakes , from the west forest to the dry savannah . in
our unique west african adventure takes you along the coast of senegal , visiting national parks , protected areas , and private wildlife conservation breeding centers . led by our partners at the african aquatic conservation fund , this expedition offers not only excellent wildlife viewing , but also an opportunity to see and learn about conservation in senegal first - hand .
the west african mud turtle joins itself alongside some of the most primeval species of turtles having first walked the planet some 120 million years ago . today , it remains on the iucn’s list of species of “least concern , ” meaning it appears to be doing rather well in nature . perhaps it’s because of the turtle’s robustness , enabling it to escape nature’s wrath , or maybe even its drab appearance contributes to its survivability , allowing it to blend in with its environment and remain unnoticed by predators and collectors .
wild african mud turtles take a huge variety of foods , including fish , tadpoles , snails , carrion , insects , frogs and small snakes . aquatic and terrestrial plants have been reported in the diets of some populations as well .
team , ben .
the size of african aquatic sideneck turtles
accessed july 09 , 2018 . urltoken
mifsud , david a . 2013 . habitat assessment , species distribution , and threats of imperiled southern african kinixyx .
depending on your local climate , african sidenecks can be kept indoors or outside . african sideneck turtles do not hibernate seasonally , as some other species do , so they should only be kept outside when the outside temperatures are warm .
baker , patrick j . , and jacob mueti . 2014 . a habitat suitability map for the turkana mud turtle ( pelusios broadleyi ) : assessing current distribution and the impact of fluctuating lake levels on an endangered , endemic species .
lastly , if you notice little worms floating around in your turtle tank , if your turtle is unable to swim or breathe properly , or if your turtle has a lot of bubbling coming from its nose , it probably has a parasite problem .
i just got my turtle like 3 days ago and it hasnt eaten much . only ate 1 turtle pill and 2 pieces of lettuce . should i be worried ?
team , ben .
the size of african aquatic sideneck turtles .
animals - urltoken , http : / / animals . urltoken / size - african - aquatic - sideneck - turtles - 5617 . html . accessed 09 july 2018 .
) at two important turtle survival alliance sites in southern madagascar : ampotaka and antsakoamasy .
shepherd , loretta ann . 2011 . freshwater turtle and tortoise rescue centre , malaysia .
cuc phuong turtle conservation center ; douglas b . hendrie . 2004 . operational support .
team , ben . ( n . d . ) . the size of african aquatic sideneck turtles . animals - urltoken . retrieved from http : / / animals . urltoken / size - african - aquatic - sideneck - turtles - 5617 . html
another species classified as native therefore disappears from the list of seychelles species . last year , fritz and his team had already proved that another mud turtle species , pelusios subniger , was not endemic to the seychelles but had been introduced by man .
african mud turtles quickly learn to “beg” for food as soon as their owner appears , and make excellent , responsive pets . they become quite bold once acclimated to captivity , and do well in busy locations . if provided proper accommodations , captive breeding is possible ( please post below for details ) .
male mud turtles have longer , thicker tails than females , with a slightly concave plastron . females have shorter , smaller tails and flat plastrons . the large , flat head and neck are withdrawn into the carapace sideways , giving this turtle its other common name : african side - necked turtle . the jaws are arranged in a way that displays a comical smile , similar to that seen in the blanding’s turtle , and with minimal webbing , the strong limbs are equipped with sharp nails that enable these turtles to rip food items to shreds and to haul themselves onto land or floating debris .
if you’re looking for a pet that will provide you with entertainment and make an interesting display , african sidenecks are a great choice .
join us for this one - of - a kind opportunity to see iconic and rare african wildlife through the eyes of local conservationists .
day 2 : dakar & bandia game reserve in the morning visit african chelonian institute ' s turtle breeding facility to see the turtles and learn about african turtle conservation . after lunch , visit nearby bandia game reserve where we ' ll see giraffes , zebras , white rhinos , buffalo , ostriches , hyenas , two species of eland , lots of antelope & bird species , crocodiles , and two species of monkeys . return to the hotel in time for dinner .
it’s a wise idea to outfit your turtle tank with things that appear in the turtle’s native habitat . in the case of the african sideneck this includes driftwood , large flat rocks ( some of which should be used to create an above water basking spot under the uvb basking light ) , cork bark slabs , and plants .
platt , kalyar , steven g . platt and me me soe ( wildlife conservation society and turtle survival alliance ) . 2011 . technical assistance for the turtle rescue facility in lashio , myanmar .
diesmos , arvin c . 2003 . unraveling the myth of the philippine pond turtle heosemys leytensis .
reached the seychelles by natural means . this would necessitate either crossing the african continent and subsequent transoceanic dispersal to the seychelles or transoceanic dispersal over more than 10 , 000 km , from the atlantic to the indian ocean , circumventing en route the cape of good hope and madagascar . consequently , there remain two alternative possibilities : either the lectotype was mislabelled or it was transported by humans from west africa to the seychelles . owing to the considerable distance between west africa and the seychelles , the latter option seems less likely .
african side - necked turtles feed eagerly on commercial aquatic turtle food and will eat fish , crayfish , worms , and even crickets . they will also pick at aquatic plants and especially enjoy taking bite - sized pieces from the leaves of
enjoy excellent wildlife viewing with chances to see african manatees , endemic turtles and tortoises , giraffes , white rhinos , antelopes , & more .
this one of a kind journey lets you experience iconic and rare african wildlife , guided by biologists who work every day to conserve it .
diagne , tomas . 2013 . exploring the ecology and population biology of two declining turtles , cyclanorbis elegans , cyclanorbis senegalensis in west - central nigeria and south sudan ( sub - saharan africa ) .
while sidenecks don’t “climb” trees , they do have powerful claws on their feet that enable them to climb inclines . turtle - and water - safe logs and other types of wood in the aquarium are good for your turtle , but arrange them in a way that will not allow your turtle to use them to launch itself out of the tank , otherwise you may have an injured turtle on your hands .
i am looking for a young adult male florida box turtle . i live in jacksonville , fl .
yoeung sun , doug tangkor , and sean kin . 2012 . cantor’s giant softhsell turtle conservation project .
the genetic analyses have shown that this supposed seychellois species is in reality another species , pelusios castaneus , that is widespread in west africa .
the species pelusios seychellensis has therefore never existed
, adds fritz .
in fact , for a long time researchers were amazed that the supposed seychelles turtles looked so deceptively similar to the west african turtles . but due to the great geographic distance , it was thought this had to be a different species , which is why the assumed seychelles turtles were also described as a new species in 1906 .
hatchling west african mud turtles are best maintained in a small enclosure with a water depth about 10 cm ( 4” ) . lots of plants like water lettuce and water hyacinths should be provided to give privacy to the turtles . half of a clay pot could be used to provide a place to hide under or to crawl onto . a basking area is even required as hatchlings with high temperature and uv as described above in the “temperatures” section . hatchling should be kept in warm water , ranging from 24°c to 26 - 27° c ( 75 - 80°f ) .
when given proper care , african sideneck turtles can easily live for a few decades . some reports suggest species living for more than 50 years in captivity .
african sideneck turtles that are suffering from a lack of vitamin d3 and / or calcium may display swollen eyes or limbs and open wounds on the skin .
this species is widely distributed throughout western africa . it is found from senegal to central african republic , including cameroon and gabon . it is also found in
powell , r . , and r . w . henderson . 2003 . a second set of addenda to the checklist of west indian amphibians and reptiles . herpetological review 34 ( 4 ) : 341 - 345 .
schwartz , a . , and r . w . henderson . 1991 . amphibians and reptiles of the west indies : descriptions , distributions , and natural history . university of florida press , gainesville . 720 pp .
) , a pleurodire from west africa . each pcr reaction was scored on a 1 % agarose gel as producing a single band , multiple bands , a smear or no visible product ( online resource 1 ) .
petrozzi , fabio , emmanuel hema and laurent chirio . 2016 . a combination of field surveys and extensive interview campaigns to investigate distribution and local abundance of centrochelys sulcata populations in mali , niger ( west africa ) .
petrozzi , fabio , gabriel h . segniagbeto , and luca m . luiselli . 2013 . a pilot study to investigate distribution and density of centrochelys sulcata populations in west africa : analysis of population status in burkina faso .
a report issued today , co - authored by the wildlife conservation society ( wcs ) working in conjunction with the turtle conservation coalition , lists the 25 most endangered turtle species from around the world  some of . . .
i just got a african long neck yesterday . i am worried cause he / she keeps discharging this slimmy white stuff it looks like string . i had an african long neck for 27 years before i dont remember him ever having anything like this . . any one know what this could be . . is it normal
in the seychelles there is therefore at most one mud turtle species that could be native . and even with this species we are still uncertain whether it really is endemic
, says fritz . so far , the biologists from dresden have not been able to explore this possibility due to the incomplete sampling available , however .
minh le and tim mccormack . 2014 . a survey of the critically endangered vietnam pond turtle using environmental dna approach .
reed , renae and adam gilles . 2013 . quantifying an active population of central america’s rarest turtle , kinosternon angustipons .
zhang fang . 2010 . action plan for the conservation of the golden - headed box turtle under the community participation .
noureen , uzma ; and khan , ahmad . 2007 . freshwater turtle conservation initiative along the central indus in pakistan .
healthy west african mud turtles are impressive consumers . if you make food available to them , they will eat it—all of it . they will beg for food and accept almost anything . some fruits or greens are taken , but p . castaneus is much more inclined to strip a chicken leg or thigh of all its meat , skin and cartilage . individuals become quite enthusiastic at feeding time and will leave the water to snatch a tasty item from your hands . i prefer to use tongs when feeding them because they can be rather overwhelming to deal with as they all come barreling toward me at the site of food .
the abundance and viability status of this turtle species throughout its range in central africa is essentially unknown . four other species of
zoologists have for the first time bred a critically endangered turtle species using an artificial beach , bangladeshi specialists announced on monday .
bawa , sulemana . 2015 . current status and distribution of the nubian flapshell turtle in mole national park , northern ghana .
singh , shailendra . 2015 . conserving black - softshell turtle species , nilssonia nigricans in assam , north - east india .
minh duc le ; and pritchard , peter . 2007 . genetic variability of the critically endangered softshell turtle , rafetus swinhoei .
international center for conservation of turtles , allwetterzoo münster ; martina raffel . 2003 . conservation of critically endangered asian turtle species .
turtles are the vertebrates under the greatest threat . among the approximately 320 turtle species , the species confined to islands have been especially hard hit – humans have caused the extinction of a whole number of species . one of them – or at least it was thought so – is the seychelles mud turtle pelusios seychellensis . just three specimens were collected at the end of the 19th century ; they are still kept at the natural history museum in vienna and the zoological museum in hamburg .
african sidenecks get their nickname due to their inability to withdraw their heads fully into their shells , instead drawing their head to the side and under the upper edge of their shell .
sideneck turtles are bizarre animals that look lopsided thanks to their unusual neck anatomy . also colloquially referred to as helmeted , mud or musk turtles , sideneck turtles have not been studied extensively , nor are they kept in captivity very often . keepers searching for uncommon turtle pets should consider sideneck turtles , but be careful to choose a species that remains a manageable size .
rahman , shahriar caesar . 2015 . ecoguardian program : a model for turtle hunting mitigation in the chittagong hill tracts , bangladesh .
ibarrondo , bonggi r . 2005 . rote snake - necked turtle ( chelodina mccordi ) : the action plan for its preservation .
syed , gracia p . 2004 . population recovery program for the central american river turtle dermatemys mawi ( testudines : dermatemydidae ) .
loveridge , a . 1941 . revision of the african terrapins of the family pelomedusidae . bull . mus . comp . zool . harvard 88 : 467 - 524 . - get paper here
african sidenecks are typically dark colored , and their underbellies ( called plastrons ) are a grayish black color with a wide , poorly defined yellow area . they have olive - to - brown heads with black markings on top , and two barbels ( beard - like sensory organs ) that protrude from the lower jaw . they have lightly webbed feet with long , sharp claws , or nails . in the image below , you can see the two barbel nubs on the chin of this young african sideneck turtle .
unlike many turtle species that have more serious reptilian features , the african sideneck has a face that can be described as cute , with a mouth that is fixed into a smiling shape and big round eyes . when it pulls its head to the side to tuck under its shell , it appears to be playing coy .
) . these photos of two males compare the carapaces and plastrons of the two species , with the helmeted turtle on the right .
n box turtle ( terrapene carolina yucatana ) : a multidisciplinary collaboration at the community and landscape level , phase i proposal : 2014 .
parham , james f . ; wilson , byron s . ; parra - olea , gabriela ; and papenfuss , theodore j . 2006 . assessment of caribbean slider turtle populations : a neglected turtle fauna under threat of genetic pollution , human exploitation , and habitat destruction .
ibarrondo , bonggi . 2004 . rote snake - necked turtle ( chelodina mccordi rhodin 1994 ) : the action plan for its preservation .
luiselli , luca m . , godfrey c . akani , fabio petrozzi , and gabriel h . segniagbeto . 2014 . expanding towards west africa : conservation ecology of the critically endangered / endangered forest kinixys populations in the ‘bas - sassandra – region’ ; ivory coast .
branch , b . [ = w . r . ] 1993 . southern african snakes and other reptiles . a photographic guide . new holland ( publishers ) ltd , london . 144 pp .
in the wild , african sidenecks are omnivores , munching without discretion on insects , plants , and fish that are native to its habitat . when it comes to feeding your african sideneck , variety is the key to success . no matter how much your turtle prefers a single food type , always feed it a variety to prevent it from developing a fixation . aside from variety , don’t overfeed your turtles ! adult sidenecks should be fed as much as they will eat in a few seconds , once every second or third day .
the next time you’re in the market for a new turtle , don’t overlook this underdog . you just might end up being pleasantly surprised .
chris leone has kept and bred many turtle and tortoise species for more than 20 years . visit him at urltoken and hermannihaven . com .
new university of east anglia research into the mating habits of a critically endangered sea turtle will help conservationists understand more about its mating patterns .
rahman , shahriar caesar . 2014 . mro tortoise guardian program : a model for turtle hunting mitigation in the chittagong hill tracts , bangladesh .
syed , gracia p . 2005 . a program of phylogeography , conservation and management for the critically endangered central american river turtle dermatemys mawii .
some specimens are lighter in color , such as a dark brown and even tan , but generally the african side - necked turtles are gray to black overall with dark skin . they vary in size ,
to ensure your turtle is receiving the right amounts of nutrients , we also recommend providing a calcium block or other vitamin and mineral supplements periodically .
mccormack , tim and pham van thong . 2011 . new surveys for swinhoe’s softshell turtle in laos and conservation action at sites in northern vietnam .
baby african side - necked turtles are hardy and grow quickly . keep them in an aquarium with clean filtered water , warmth , uvb rays , and a few sturdy basking sites . they feed well on a variety of food . they relish small invertebrates , especially worms , and they quickly begin eating commercial aquatic turtle food . keep aquatic plants such as
i was at petsmart today found a res and african sideneck . the african sideneck was 36 bucks . . . i was looking at there set up and notice that there temp was freaken 71f ! ! ! i asked the lady there and she said they just got it and didn ' t have the time to adjust it yet . . . yah right ! they didn ' t even have a basking area !
turtles don ' t instill the cautious concerns that some folks have when dealing with other types of reptiles . however adult females of most species of african mud turtles get larger than most first - time pet buyers realize , with adult females reaching 9 - 12
inches within five or six years . also , when threatened these turtles can exude a horrible musk odor . this is most often exhibited by wild caught specimens . fortunately after settling into captivity they rarely exhibit this behavior .
weigh your turtle regularly to monitor its weight . if it experiences a significant and unexplainable change in weight , dehydration or illness could be the cause .
when choosing a turtle tank , wider is always better than taller . remember , turtles don’t jump , they like to float , dive , and bask . your water level should be at least 1 . 5 times the length of your turtle ; the ideal depth is from 6 to 8 inches .
lescher , timothy c . 2012 . the distribution , movement , and conservation of the critically endangered southeast asian narrow - headed softshell turtle ( chitra chitra
platt , kalyar , me me soe and khin myo myo ( turtle survival alliance and wildlife conservation society ) . 2011 . population assessment of batagur baska
i have an african sideneck and i changed the water last night . everything was good i feed him but left the light on late this morning when i woke up , i woke up to find him dead .
luiselli , luca . 2004 . a mega - transect along the gulf of guinea ( west africa ) to assess the status and the impact of human hunting activities on the hinge - back tortoises ( genus kinixys ) : a crucial step towards a large - scale conservation strategy for these forest species .
the taxonomy and nomenclature of p . subniger was reviewed by iverson ( 1985 , 1992 ) , and broadley ( 1989 ) . this is a secretive , highly aquatic turtle that may wander over land , and has been known to survive drought and wildfires ( ernst and barbour , 1989 ; schwartz and henderson , 1991 ; branch , 1983 , 1998 ; bartlett and bartlett , 1999 ) . the east african black mud turtle is a carnivore that primarily feed on frogs , fish and aquatic invertebrates ( hedges , 1983 ; ernst and barbour , 1989 ; branch , 1993 , 1998 ; bartlett and bartlett , 1999 ; spawls et al . , 2002 ) . clutch size consists of 3 - 12 eggs ( ernst and barbour , 1989 ; branch , 1993 , 1998 ; bartlett and bartlett , 1999 ) .
kyaw moe , khin myo myo , win ko ko , and steven g . platt . 2012 . integrated conservation of the burmese roofed turtle , batagur trivittata
traffic southeast asia ; chris shepherd , noorainie awang anak , james compton . 2004 . protecting the roti island snake - necked turtle chelodina mccordi from extinction .
due to the variety of aquatic environments it inhabits in its african homeland , where it may occupy everything from rivers to seasonal mud holes , p . castaneus is quite adaptable and does not appear to be very picky in captivity . it can be housed outdoors in the summer and where winters are mild , and will do very well in outdoor ponds or water gardens that get plenty of sunlight , thriving where temperatures stay in the high 70s and into the 100s ( with nighttime in the mid 60s ) .
while there aren’t any official subspecies , there are three variations that the african sideneck can take on . the “normal form , ” which is as described above ; the “rainforest form , ” where the turtle displays an all over dark brown or black shell ; and the “savannah form , ” which takes on a lighter , buttery color of caramel , with a full yellow plastron .
hatchlings should be kept in low water…just enough so that they can breathe without swimming . floating live or plastic plants will provide youngsters with security…they are on the menus of many african predators , and remain shy for a time !
african side - necked turtles are prolific breeders and females can lay multiple clutches each year . while egg - laying , females bury themselves deeply , even up to the base of their front legs . the depth achieved could be a defensive strategy against monitors or other egg - eating predators or could be a safety measure to allow eggs to avoid the extreme heat and drying potential of the hot african sun close to the surface of the laying area .
turtle taxonomy working group [ van dijk , p . p . , j . iverson , a . rhodin , h . shaffer , and r . bour ]
sirsi , shashwat , gowri mallapur , and shailendra singh . 2012 . distribution mapping and status assessment of leith’s softshell turtle ( nilssonia leithii ) in peninsular india .
and other threatened turtle species at yinggeling nature reserve , hainan island , china ; and to adopt effective protection measures and awareness raising outreach activities in surrounding communities .
syed , gracia patricia . 2008 . genetic characterization and conservation of the critically endangered central american river turtle dermatemys mawii . ( quintana roo and belize populations ) .
fidenci , pierre . 2005 . inventory , distribution , status , and conservation action of the critically endangered philippine forest turtle , heosemys leytensis , palawan , philippines .
ullenbruch , k . ; grell , o . ; böhme , w . 2010 . reptiles from southern benin , west africa , with the description of a new hemidactylus ( gekkonidae ) , and a country - wide checklist . bonn zool . bull . 57 ( 1 ) : 31 - 54 - get paper here
i just got my african sideneck a few days ago and when i got him i saw some odd looking spots , like its peeling . i thought it was probably nothing since they were . . . ( more ) leonardo luna
sideneck turtles require semi - aquatic habitats with plenty of space for burrowing . the water area for the turtles should be at least five times the length of the turtle , the water portion’s width should be three times the length of the turtle and the depth should be at least twice the turtle’s length . the land area should be about the same size . for example , a 10 - inch helmeted turtle requires a water area of approximately 100 gallons and a 4 - foot by 2 - foot land area filled with a dirt or mulch substrate . it ' s important that both areas are escape - proof and protected from predators if the cage is outdoors .
hamish campbell , andrew mcdougall , and adrian ros . 2015 . determine if a community driven nest protection initiative has resulted in increased recruitment for the mary river turtle (
praschag , peter ; and reza , ali . 2005 . genetic verification of the identity of the black soft - shell turtle aspideretes nigricans ( anderson , 1875 ) .
you can use a variety of things as your turtle tank , including all - glass aquariums , large rubbermaid totes , baby pools , custom - built enclosures , etc .
the one essential piece of decoration you need to have is a place where your turtle can haul out of the water to dry off , preferably under a basking light .
hello , my sons have made a wonderful fl . box turtle habitat - we are looking to buy $ $ female fl . box turtles . please contact us , thx
hoang van ha , pham van thong , and nguyen tai thang . 2016 . intensive survey at priority sites to confirm additional individuals of the world ' s rarest turtle .
kuchling , gerald , nantarika chansue , and lu shunqing . 2011 . reproductive evaluation of the last male and artificial insemination of the last female yangtze giant softshell turtle rafetus swinhoei
kuchling , gerald . 2003 . preliminary status survey of the critically endangered endemic roti snake - neck turtle ( chelodina mccordi rhodin , 1994 ) , roti island , indonesia .
hughes , b . 1986 . longevity records of african captive amphibians and reptiles : part 1 : introduction and species list 1 - amphibians and chelonians . j . herp . assoc . africa ( 32 ) : 1 - 5 - get paper here
dharwadkar , sneha and shailendra singh . 2016 . sustaining the distribution mapping and threat assessment of leith’s softshell turtle ( nilssonia leithii ) along the river kali , karnataka , india .
african sidenecks are on the larger - side of the spectrum and can reach an adult size between 7 and 12 inches , with the females reaching a larger size than their male counterparts . male sidenecks grow to reach a maximum length of about 10 inches .
forero - medina , german , and camila r . ferrara . 2013 . 1 st workshop for developing a regional monitoring program for the giant south american river turtle , podocnemis expansa .
when they’re young and growing , insects and protein should make up the majority of your sideneck turtle’s diet . as they get older they tend to give up most of their carnivorous tendencies .
my thanks to ferry grunewald for his help with species identification and further information . mr . grunewald is a member of the dutch turtle & tortoise society , nederlandse schildpadden vereniging ( nsv ,
bock , brian c and vivian p . páez . 2016 . protection of nesting females and quantification of re - nesting frequency in the critically endangered magdalena river turtle ( podocnemis lewyana ) .
win ko ko , steven g . platt , and kalyar platt . 2012 . ecological study of the arakan forest turtle ( heosemys depressa ) in the rakhine yoma elephant sanctuary , myanmar .
mccormack , tim , hoang van ha , and pham van thong . 2010 . mapping priority areas for swinhoe’s turtle ( rafetus swinhoei ) in northern vietnam and sonar surveys to confirm presence .
restrepo , adriana and lópez , catalina . 2008 . demographic structure of the population of the endangered turtle podocnemis lewyana ( podocnemididae ) in the chicagua branch of the magdalena river , colombia .
combining both land - and boat - based wildlife observation , we will search for the elusive african manatee , learn about efforts to save endemic turtles and tortoises , and visit world heritage wetlands . on land we’ll see giraffes , white rhinos , antelopes , and more .
if you would like to contribute to the photo gallery of any turtle or tortoise species , please email us at [ email protected ] . you will be credited for any photos you contribute .
other important food items include various turtle treat foods and freeze - dried krill or shrimp . crickets , butterworms , calci - worms , roaches and other invertebrates will also be consumed with gusto .
barley aj , spinks pq , thomson rc , shaffer hb ( in press ) fourteen nuclear genes provide phylogenetic resolution for difficult nodes in the turtle tree of life . mol phylogen evol . doi :
singh , shailendra and saurav gawan . 2014 . employing sonic telemetry and community based patrolling in conservation strategy for the critically endangered red - crowned roofed turtle , batagur kachuga , in national chambal sanctuary .
singh , shailendra and ashutosh tripathi . 2013 . evaluating and refining conservation interventions for the endangered indian narrow - headed softshell turtle ( chitra indica ) along the chambal – yamuna river system , india .
chirio , l . 2009 . inventaire des reptiles de la région de la réserve de biosphère transfrontalière du w ( niger / bénin / burkina faso : afrique de l’ouest ) . [ herpetological survey of the w transfrontier biosphere reserve area ( niger / benin / burkina faso : west africa ] . bull . soc . herp . france ( 132 ) : 13 - 41 - get paper here
lucy keith diagne holds a phd from the university of florida and along with her husband , tomas diagne , is the founder of the african aquatic conservation fund . lucy has studied marine mammals for 30 years , and for 19 of those years she has studied manatees . in 2017 , lucy was named a pew marine fellow . now in her eleventh year in africa , lucy ' s research and conservation projects for african manatees include studies of distribution , population genetics , feeding ecology , and development of alternative livelihoods for manatee hunters . lucy is based in saly , senegal .
i have found p . castaneus to be quite placid with other turtles . i guess with a smaller turtle they might be a problem but i would consider mine to be rather gentle with other species .
mccormack , timothy , pham van thong , nguyen thi thuy , and nguyen tai thang . 2014 . habitat improvements and protection for the only known wild population of the world’s rarest turtle – rafetus swinhoei .
ahmed , m . fireoz , abhijit das , and jayanta kumar roy . 2013 . status , distribution and ecology of the keeled box turtle , cuora mouhotii in dibang valley , arunachal pradesh , india .
rainwater , thomas r . , steve g . platt , and rick hudson . 2009 . status , distribution , and exploitation of the critically endangered central american river turtle ( dermatemys mawii ) in belize .
mccormack , tim ; hendrie , douglas ; and nguyen xan thuan . 2008 . ensuring a future for the vietnamese pond turtle : establishing the mauremys annamensis conservation project ( map ) , in central vietnam .
singh , shailendra ; and horne , brian . 2007 . development of “green” headstarting facilities in the national chambal river sanctuary , india : the last stronghold for the red crowned roof turtle , batagur kachuga .
the turtle species pelusios seychellensis regarded hitherto as extinct never existed . scientists at the senckenberg research institute in dresden discovered this based on genetic evidence . the relevant study was published today in the journal plos one .
oliva , milena , brad lock and daniel ariano . 2010 . evaluation of the distribution , population density and habitat quality of the central american river turtle ( dermatemys mawii ) on the sarstun river , izabal .
alacs , erika ; georges , arthur ; kuchling , gerald and rhodin , anders , gj . 2008 . phylogenetics and genetic guidelines for the captive breeding of the critically endangered snake - necked turtle chelodina mccordi .
vargas - ramírez , mario ; and castaño - mora , olga victoria . 2007 . actions towards the conservation of the endangered - endemic fresh water turtle podocnemis lewyana , in the upper magdalena river , colombia .
artner , harald , balázs farkas , and victor loehr . 2006 . turtles : proceedings : international turtle & tortoise symposium , vienna 2002 . frankfurt am main : ed . chimaera . p . 352 - 355 .
mccormack , tim ; ha , hoang van ; and nhan , nguyen chi . 2009 . ensuring a future for the vietnamese pond turtle : establishing the mauremys annamensis conservation project ( map ) , in central vietnam .
gong shiping , shi haitao , and jiang aiwu . 2008 . a survey on the status of red - necked pond turtle ( chinemys nigricans ) , a neglected endangered species in guangdong and guangxi , south china .
vargas - ramírez , mario alfonso ; and castaño - mora , olga victoria . 2006 . participatory research towards the conservation of the endangered - endemic fresh water turtle podocnemis lewyana in the upper magdalena river , colombia .
khin myo myo , kyaw moe , and win ko ko . 2008 . survey on the status of arakan forest turtle ; heosemys depressa and other endemic species in the rakhine yoma elephant range wildlife sanctuary , rakhine state .
mccormack , tim ; hendrie , douglas b . ; van ha , hoang ; and chi nhan , nguyen . 2008 . production and distribution of an awareness poster for the endemic vietnamese pond turtle ( mauremys annamensis ) .
typically , african side - necked turtles arrive with varying amounts of shell damage . minor cases heal well if treated with a betadine® scrub and if the turtles are kept in a warm , sunny environment . more serious cases may require treatment with silvadene® cream . access to direct sunlight helps immensely with treating most shell problems .
if you are interested in obtaining african side necked turtles , there a few private breeders here on the forum , living in the us . it would be best to buy true captive bred offspring from them , instead of buying from a shop where the turtles are mistreated and by buying them stimulating mass import from the wild .
a high quality commercial turtle chow ( the various zoo med pellets are my favorites ) can comprise up to 50 % of the diet . reptomin food sticks and trout chow also provide excellent nutrition , and may be offered regularly .
tri , ly ; thinh , phung ba ; huy , hoang duc ; stuart bryan l . ; and huy , hoang duc . 2009 . surveys to find the southern vietnamese box turtle ( cuora picturata ) in the wild .
kyaw moe , kalyar platt , khin myo myo , win ko ko , me me soe , and steven g . platt . 2013 . conservation of the burmese roofed turtle ( batagur trivittata ) along the upper chindwin river of myanmar .
lights are not just for warmth . aquatic turtles like the african sideneck benefit from ultraviolet lights , too , particularly from uvb rays . these rays give turtles vitamin d3 and can help them stay healthy . when placing uvb / uva lights , keep in mind that any plastic , plexi - glass , or glass blocking them will prevent the beneficial rays from reaching your turtle . also , uvb lights lose their uvb strength over time , even though the bulb continues to emit light . it’s a good idea to mark your calendar to change the uvb bulbs every 9 months .
a dry basking surface is necessary . commercial turtle docks and ramps work for smaller specimens , but large adults may sink anything that is not affixed to the glass with silicone adhesive . cork bark wedged between the aquarium’s sides is another option .
results of pcr reactions of 68 loci for 13 turtle species . gray cells indicate reactions that produced a single band . black cells indicate multiple bands or smears while white cells indicate no product . marker numbers correspond to those in online resource 1
jones , michael t . , lisabeth l . willey , thomas akre , rodrigo macip rios , erika gonzalez , and luis diaz gamboa . 2015 . community - based conservation of the yucatán box turtle ( terrapene yucatana ) , phase ii .
som , sitha ; chey , koulang ; sun , yoeung ; kim , chamnan ; kheng , sokhorn ; and sitha , prum . tremors psp 2009 . community - based nest protection for cantor’s giant softshell turtle in the mekong river , cambodia .
iucn / ssc tortoise and freshwater turtle specialist group ; rhodin , anders g . j . 2007 . turtles on the brink in madagascar : a workshop on current status , conservation prioritization , and strategic action planning for madagascan tortoises and freshwater turtles .
fritz u , branch wr , gehring p - s , harvey j , kindler c , et al . . ( 2012 ) weak divergence among african , malagasy and seychellois hinged terrapins ( pelusios castanoides , p . subniger ) and evidence for human - mediated oversea dispersal . org divers evol : doi 10 . 1007 / s13127 - 012 - 0113 - 3 .


the marsh skimmer , also known as tricolored marsh hawk , and slender blue skimmer , ( orthetrum luzonicum ) is a species of dragonfly in the family libellulidae .

it is widespread in many asian countries .

it breeds in marshes , boggy areas and wet abandoned rice fields .

orthetrum luzonicum

dragonflies & damselflies of thailand : 50 . orthetrum luzonicum ( brauer , 1868 )
orthetrum luzonicum are a vivid blue / green colour and o . glaucum ' s eyes are dull in comparison .
citation : dow , r . 2010 . orthetrum luzonicum . in : iucn 2011 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2011 . 2 . < www . iucnredlist . org > . downloaded on 21 december 2011 .
{ author1 , author2 . . . } , ( n . d . ) . orthetrum luzonicum ( brauer , 1868 ) . [ online ] india biodiversity portal , species page : { name of species field } available at : urltoken [ accessed date jul 9 , 2018 ] .
range description : orthetrum luzonicum is a widespread species , known from afghanistan and india to japan and southwards to java . countries : native : afghanistan bangladesh bhutan china hong kong india indonesia ( jawa , sumatera ) japan malaysia ( peninsular malaysia ) myanmar nepal philippines singapore sri lanka taiwan , province of china thailand viet nam
red list category & criteria : least concern ver 3 . 1 year assessed : 2010 assessor / s : dow , r . a . reviewer / s : clausnitzer , v . & allen , d . justification : orthetrum luzonicum is a widespread , common species that breeds in open and disturbed habitats , and is assessed as least concern . conservation actions : no conservation measures are needed for this species .
this species is smaller and slimmer than orthetrum glaucum . in males , the hindwing is 30 to 32 mm in length and the total body length ranges from 40 to 42 mm . the abdomen is blue with the last two segments dark . the hindwing base is only lightly and narrowly tinted with yellow . the eyes are light blue . pruinescence develops with age and eventually the whole body becomes powdery blue . young males have a dark thorax with yellow bands on the dorsum . immature males are light brown in colour , resembling the female .
author contributed taxonomy hierarchy [ admin , k . a . subramanian , panchapakesan jeganathan , panchapakesan jeganathan , panchapakesan jeganathan ]
< a target = ' _ blank ' href = ' urltoken ' > iucn 2011 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2011 . 2 . exported on 12 january 2012 < / a >
subramanian . k . a . ( 2009 ) . dragonflies of india - a field guide . vigyan prasar ,
describes biorhythms - those states or conditions characterised by regular repetition in time , whether on the scale of seconds , hours , days , or seasons . it could also cover phenomena such as
plant flowering
or
chewing rates
. life cycles are treated in the field for life cycle . seasonal migration and reproduction are usually treated separately .
describes reproductive physiology and behavior , including mating and life history variables . includes cues , strategies , restraints , rates .
male : abdomen : 28 - 30mm , hind wing : 30 - 32mm . female : abdomen : 28 - 32mm , hind wing : 30 - 32mm .
describes average size , max , range ; type of size ( perimeter , length , volume , weight . . . ) .
male : face : pale bluish or greenish yellow . eyes : bluish green with violet or brownish spots . thorax : pale olivaceous green with brown lateral stripes . dorsal side has a distinct yellow “y” shaped mark . in older individuals , brown and yellow markings may be totally replaced by pale blue pruinescence . legs : bluish black . wings : transparent . wing spot : yellowish . abdomen : is pruinosed pale azure blue in colour and dorsoventrally dilated at base . female : markings similar to sub adult males but less brightly coloured .
describes the general appearance of the taxon ; e . g body plan , shape and color of external features , typical postures . may be referred to as or include habit , defined as the characteristic mode of growth or occurrence associated to its environment , particularly for plants . comprising its size , shape , texture and orientation . example : tree , shrubs , herbs . may also be referred to include anatomy .
male : wing spot : yellowish eye : bluish green with brownish spots medium sized dragonfly with olivaceous thorax marked with brown and yellow and slender blue abdomen . aged males develop pale blue pruinesence , appearing blue throughout . female : wing spot : similar to male eye : brownish very different ; brownish green with yellowish marks on thorax and black lateral lines on thin yellowish abdomen .
describes behaviour and behaviour patterns of an organism , including actions and reactions of organism in relation to its biotic and abiotic environment . includes communication , perception , modes and mechanisms of locomotion , as well as long term strategies ( except mating and reproductive strategies , covered under reproduction ) .
commonly found perched around marshes , ponds , paddy fields , and stagnant part of rivers and streams . like green marsh hawk ( o . sabina ) this species also frequently perches on ground .
marshes , swamps and edges of wetlands in wellwooded areas , particularly in mid - elevations .
general description of the sites where the species is found ( ecosystem , forest , environment or microhabitat ) . includes realm ( e . g terrestrial etc ) and climatic information ( e . g boreal ) ; also includes requirements and tolerances ; horizontal and vertical ( altitudinal ) distribution . also includes information referring to territorial extension of the individual or group in terms of its activities ( feeding , mating , etc . ) , associated mostly to vertebrates .
habitat and ecology : this species breeds in habitats such as marshes , boggy areas and wet abandoned rice fields . systems : terrestrial ; freshwater list of habitats : 5 , 5 . 3 , 5 . 4 , 5 . 7 , 15 , 15 . 7
widely distributed from india , sri lanka to java and sumatra in the east .
enumerates geographic entities where the taxon lives . covers ranges , e . g . , a global range , or a narrower one ; may be biogeographical , political or other ( e . g . , managed areas like conservencies ) ; endemism ; native or exotic . does not include altitudinal distribution , which is covered under habitat .
bolangir , kotgarh , mayurbhanj . throughout wetter parts of india . parts of se asia . easy to spot at : jamuna meadow , str .
is a widespread species , known from afghanistan and india to japan and southwards to java . countries : native : afghanistan bangladesh bhutan china hong kong india indonesia ( jawa , sumatera ) japan malaysia ( peninsular malaysia ) myanmar nepal philippines singapore sri lanka taiwan , province of china thailand viet nam
population : this is a common species across much of its range . population trend : unknown
red list category & criteria : least concern ver 3 . 1 year assessed : 2010 assessor / s : dow , r . a . reviewer / s : clausnitzer , v . & allen , d . justification :
is a widespread , common species that breeds in open and disturbed habitats , and is assessed as least concern . conservation actions : no conservation measures are needed for this species .
describes the likelihood of the species becoming extinct in the present day or in the near future . population size is treated under population biology , and trends in population sizes are treated under trends . however , this is the preferred element if an object includes all of these things and details about conservation listings .
iucn . 2010 . iucn red list of threatened species ( ver . 2010 . 4 ) . available at : http : / / www . iucnredlist . org . ( accessed : 27 october 2010 ) .
jeganathan , p & bhanumathi ( 2016 ) . thattangal , usithattangal : arimuga kaiyedu . ( a field guide on dragonflies & damselflies in tamil ) . cre - a . chennai . pp1 - 224 urltoken
dragonflies and damselflies of university of north bengal campus , west bengal , india with new distribu . . .
a study was made to determine the present status of the diversity of the dragonflies and damselflie . . .
odonates were surveyed in coimbatore district from september 2012 to january 2016 . the survey sites . . .
an observation on the odonata fauna of the asansol - durgapur industrial area , burdwan , west bengal , in . . .
the present investigation was undertaken as a pilot study to examine the diversity , occurrence a . . .
the diversity of the odonata ( dragonflies and damselflies ) was studied in seven districts of southe . . .
a study was conducted at chinnar wildlife sanctuary , idukki district , kerala , the southern western . . .
an inventory of odonata was carried out in six districts of central gujarat from 2012 to 2014 . a t . . .
new records of dragonflies and damselflies ( insecta : odonata ) from the western ghats of maharashtra , i . . .
odonates were surveyed across 10 localities from western ghats of maharashtra state , india during 2 . . .
odonata ( insecta ) diversity of salim ali bird sanctuary and its adjacent areas in thattekkad , kerala , . . .
odonata diversity of salim ali bird sanctuary and its adjacent areas in thattekkad , kerala , india w . . .
a preliminary checklist of odonates in kerala agricultural university ( kau ) campus , thrissur district , . . .
a study was conducted to document the species diversity of odonata ( insecta ) of the kerala agricult . . .
dragonflies and damselflies ( insecta : odonata ) of nagaland , with an addition to the indian odonate fau . . .
we surveyed odonates in the districts of kohima , peren and wokha in the state of nagaland , northeas . . .
dragonflies and damselflies ( insecta : odonata ) of tripura , northeastern india with a pictorial catalog . . .
a survey of odonata was conducted in four reserve forests , three wildlife sanctuaries and three unc . . .
habitat and seasonal distribution of odonata ( insecta ) of mula and mutha river basins , maharashtra , in . . .
catchment landscape degradation and habitat modifications of freshwater ecosystems are a primary ca . . .
erratum : habitat and seasonal distribution of odonata ( insecta ) of mula and mutha river basins , mahara . . .
cepf western ghats special series first record of < i > poltys columnaris < / i > thorell , 1890 ( araneae : ara . . .
dragonflies and damselflies ( odonata : insecta ) of tropical forest research institute , jabalpur , madhya . . .
dragonfly and damselfly ( odonata ) species diversity and status were studied in the urltoken campus . . .
the study reports the results from surveys for odonates in the state of goa over 19 months during 2 . . .
odonata are freshwater insects spread world - wide . tropical areas are high odonata diversity area . . .
a list of odonates from sahyadri tiger reserve and amboli with discussion on habitat requirement . . .
picked up this report / project on damselfies from the internet authored by the indian academy o . . .
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joshi , s . , p . koparde , p . dawn , p . roy , and k . kunte ( eds . ) .
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is a widespread , common species that breeds in open and disturbed habitats , and is assessed as least concern .
is a widespread species , known from afghanistan and india to japan and southwards to java .
this species breeds in habitats such as marshes , boggy areas and wet abandoned rice fields .
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tang , h . b . , l . k . wang & m . hämäläinen , 2010 . a photographic guide to the dragonflies of singapore . raffles museum of biodiversity research , national university of singapore , singapore . 222 pp .
raffles museum of biodiversity research rmbr has its origins in the raffles museum which was founded in 1849 . established on…
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nam nao np / environs ( petchabun ) ; doi inthanon ( chiang mai ) ; khao krating np ( chantaburi ) .
( see entry ) . however , it is quite easy to spot the difference . simply look at the eyes . the eyes of
the male ' s thorax and abdomen are bright powdery blue and s9 - 10 can be black , though i have seen specimens where this turns blue too . the males also have slight yellow / black markings on the abdomen , which seem slightly variable depending on age .
this one i captured with my little net . they also seem slightly smaller than most other species in the genus , though this could just be my imagination . still , a beautiful little thing . when i released him , he flew straight towards another male and began fighting .
this young male , has a pruinosed abdomen , but only half of its thorax has changed .
a poor photo ( everything was set up for close macro work ) and one shot and it was gone . . . anyway , it ' s still good enough for id purposes . even here you can see its bright blue eyes . . . something i missed ! special thanks to dr . matti for the id . this was seen at nam nao helicopter pad lake .
like the male , the female becomes pruinosed . this one i saw a good distance from the water ' s edge . the female also has a slimmer abdomen to its counterparts ( from what i can make out anyway ) .
you can see that the female ' s eyes are similar to those of the male .
at last i spotted the female . it ' s actually similar to the young male . the thoracic markings are different and the eyes are similar in colour to that of the male , making it easily identifiable . also , unlike other females in the genus , when you movc near them , they only seem to fly to another leaf or twig . whereas , other females fly away , never to be seen again .
i am too lazy to write about my past , but i now love photographing dragonflies , manchester city football club , fishing and , of course , my girlfriend .
98 . ischnura sp . ( rufostigma selys , 1876 - group ) . . .
number : 186 family : libellulidae genus : nannophya species : nannophya pygmaea common name ( s ) : the scarlet dwarf . . .
number : 182 family : coenagrionidae genus : ceriagrion species : ceriagrion malaisei common name ( s ) : n / a synonyms : . . .
location : phu kao - phu phan kham national park , khon kaen date : saturday 28th may , 2016 habitat : lowland , shallow lake on the edg . . .
number : 176 family : lestidae genus : platylestes species : platylestes platystylus common name ( s ) : n / a synonyms : n / a . . .
location : phu khieo wildlife sanctuary , chaiyaphum date : saturday , 12th november , 2016 habitat : mid - to upland forested ponds . . .
number : 175 family : libellulidae genus : lyriothemis species : lyriothemis sp . common name ( s ) : n / a synonyms : n / a ha . . .
location 1 : tat fa and pha ing waterfalls , tat ton national park , chaiyaphum date : saturday 26th march , 2016 habitat : lowlands ( a . s . l . . . .
number : 189 family : libellulidae genus : amphithemis species : amphithemis curvistyla common name ( s ) : n / a synonyms : . . .
number : 185 family : coenagrionidae genus : ceriagrion species : ceriagrion pallidum common name ( s ) : n / a syn . . .
number : 57 family : libellulidae genus : trithemis species : trithemis aurora common name ( s ) : crimson marsh glider , crimson dropwing , . . .
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mature male is entirely light blue in colour . it has a long slender abdomen . hindwing base is only lightly and narrowly tinted with yellow . eyes are light blue .
this dragonfly can be found in marshes and open ponds . it has a preference for flowing streams . it can be found at bukit batok nature park .
tang , h . b . , wang , l . k . & hämäläinen , m . 2010 . a photographic guide to the dragonflies of singapore . singapore : raffles museum of biodiversity research . 222pp .
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widely distributed dragonfly throughout asian countries including sri lanka . breeds in marshy habitats . it is a least - concerned spices in red data list and no threats have been identified .
eggs english : trinket snake binomial name : coelognathus helena sinhala : කටකලුවා / හබරලියා [ katakaluwa / habaraliya ] c . hel . . .
scales are identical in size and keeled . english : sri lanka wolf snake binomial : lycodon carinatus sinhala : දාර රදනකයා [ dara ra . . .
english : sri lankan pipe snake binomial : cylindrophis maculatus sinhala : දෙපත් නයා / වටඋල්ලා [ depath naya / wata ulla ] an endemic spe . . .
english : dwarf bamboo binomial name : arundinaria densifolia a . densifolia is an species of dwarf bamboo that grows in swampy a . . .
p . penicillatus in 5000 rupee note of sri lanka engish : yellow eared bulbul scientific : pycnonotus penicillatus sinhal . . .
english : sri lankan krait sinhala : මුදු කරවලා [ mudu karawala ] binomial : bungarus ceylonicus bungarus ceylonicus ( sri lankan k . . .
engish : daffodil orchid scientific : ipsea speciosa sinhala : නගා මැරූ අල [ naga maru ala ] i . speciosa is a rare and ende . . .
e . sordida in 50 rupee note english : sri lanka dull - blue flycatcher / dusky - blue flycatcher scientific : eumyias sordida . . .
binomial name : zeuxine regia sinhala : ඉරු රාජ [ iru raja ] an endemic and endangered ground orchid that grows in lowland wet zone an . . .
engish : sundew scientific : drosera burmannii sinhala : කඳුලැස්ස [ kandulessa ] drosera burmannii is a type of sundew whic . . .