aoteadrillia bulbacea is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family horaiclavidae .

it was previously included within the family turridae .

aoteadrillia bulbacea

worms - world register of marine species - aoteadrillia bulbacea ( r . b . watson , 1881 )
aoteadrillia bulbacea ( watson , 1881 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 15 april 2010 .
how can i put and write and define aoteadrillia in a sentence and how is the word aoteadrillia used in a sentence and examples ? 用aoteadrillia造句 , 用aoteadrillia造句 , 用aoteadrillia造句 , aoteadrillia meaning , definition , pronunciation , synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha . net .
aoteadrillia powell , 1942 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 29 june 2012 .
aoteadrillia is a genus of sea snails , marine gastropod mollusks in the family horaiclavidae . [ 2 ]
aoteadrillia otagoensis powell , 1942 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 15 april 2010 .
aoteadrillia chordata ( suter , 1908 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 15 april 2010 .
aoteadrillia rawitensis ( hedley , 1922 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 15 april 2010 .

' aoteadrillia wanganuiensis
' is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family horaiclavidae .

' aoteadrillia alpha
' is an extinct species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family horaiclavidae .

' aoteadrillia apicarinata
' is an extinct species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family horaiclavidae .

' aoteadrillia asper
' is an extinct species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family horaiclavidae .

' aoteadrillia exigua
' is an extinct species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family horaiclavidae .

' aoteadrillia callimorpha
' is an extinct species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family horaiclavidae .

' aoteadrillia ihungia
' is an extinct species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family horaiclavidae .

' aoteadrillia consequens
' is an extinct species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family horaiclavidae .

' aoteadrillia waihuaensis
' is an extinct species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family horaiclavidae .
spencer h . g . , willan r . c . , marshall b . a . & murray t . j . ( 2011 ) . checklist of the recent mollusca recorded from the new zealand exclusive economic zone . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
spencer , h . g . , marshall , b . a . & willan , r . c . ( 2009 ) . checklist of new zealand living mollusca . pp 196 - 219 . in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) new zealand inventory of biodiversity . volume one . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . canterbury university press , christchurch . [ details ]
natural history museum , london ( nhm ) : collections management database system . [ details ]
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version 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .
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this article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?
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tucker , j . k . 2004 catalog of recent and fossil turrids ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . zootaxa 682 : 1 - 1295 .
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bouchet p . , kantor yu . i . , sysoev a . & puillandre n . ( 2011 ) a new operational classification of the conoidea . journal of molluscan studies 77 : 273 - 308 .
tucker , j . k . 2004 catalog of recent and fossil turrids ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . zootaxa 682 : 1 - 1295 .
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species aforia serranoi s . gofas , y . i . kantor & a . a . luque , 2014
species agathotoma asthenika e . rolán , r . fernández - garcés & c . redfern , 2012
species agathotoma eduardoi e . rolán , r . fernández - garcés & c . redfern , 2012
species agathotoma kirshi e . rolán , r . fernández - garcés & c . redfern , 2012
species agathotoma prominens e . rolán , r . fernández - garcés & c . redfern , 2012
species agladrillia anadelgado e . rolán , p . ryall & j . horro , 2007
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, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the family .
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cranopsis is a genus of sea snails , marine gastropod mollusks in the family fissurellidae , the keyhole limpets .

cranopsis was previously considered a subgenus of puncturella .

cranopsis ( gastropod )

worms - world register of marine species - cranopsis asturiana ( p . fischer , 1882 )
puncturella ( craniopsis ) [ sic ] ( misspelling of cranopsis a . adams , 1860 )
cowan , i . m . ( 1969 ) a new species of gastropod ( fissurellidae , fissurisepta ) from the eastern north pacific . the veliger , 12 , 24–26 .
( of puncturella ( cranopsis ) asturiana ( p . fischer , 1882 ) ) pérez farfante , i . ( 1947 ) . the genera zeidora , nesta , emarginula , rimula and puncturella in the western atlantic . johnsonia . 2 : 93 - 148 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 118 - 120 [ details ]
( of rimula asturiana p . fischer , 1882 ) fischer p . ( 1882 - 1883 ) . diagnoses d ' espèces nouvelles de mollusques recueillis dans le cours des expéditions scientifiques de l ' aviso
le travailleur
( 1880 et 1881 ) . journal de conchyliologie 30 : 49 - 53 [ 1882 ] , 273 - 277 [ issued march 22 , 1883 according to fischer - piette ( 1937 ) , april 1883 according to winckworth , 1936 ] , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 51 [ details ]
( of puncturella asturiana var . alta locard , 1898 ) locard a . ( 1897 - 1898 ) . expéditions scientifiques du travailleur et du talisman pendant les années 1880 , 1881 , 1882 et 1883 . mollusques testacés . paris , masson . vol . 1 [ 1897 ] , p . 1 - 516 pl . 1 - 22 ; vol . 2 [ 1898 ] , p . 1 - 515 , pl . 1 - 18 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : vol . 2 p . 78 [ details ]
gofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
rosenberg , g . ; moretzsohn , f . ; garcía , e . f . ( 2009 ) . gastropoda ( mollusca ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 579–699 in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico–origins , waters , and biota . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
turgeon , d . ; quinn , j . f . ; bogan , a . e . ; coan , e . v . ; hochberg , f . g . ; lyons , w . g . ; mikkelsen , p . m . ; neves , r . j . ; roper , c . f . e . ; rosenberg , g . ; roth , b . ; scheltema , a . ; thompson , f . g . ; vecchione , m . ; williams , j . d . ( 1998 ) . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks . 2nd ed . american fisheries society special publication , 26 . american fisheries society : bethesda , md ( usa ) . isbn 1 - 888569 - 01 - 8 . ix , 526 + cd - rom pp . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 57 [ details ]
( of puncturella asturiana ( p . fischer , 1882 ) ) locard a . ( 1897 - 1898 ) . expéditions scientifiques du travailleur et du talisman pendant les années 1880 , 1881 , 1882 et 1883 . mollusques testacés . paris , masson . vol . 1 [ 1897 ] , p . 1 - 516 pl . 1 - 22 ; vol . 2 [ 1898 ] , p . 1 - 515 , pl . 1 - 18 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : vol . 2 , 77 - 78 [ details ]
( of puncturella craticia r . b . watson , 1883 ) watson , r . b . ( 1878 - 1883 ) . mollusca of h . m . s . ' challenger ' expedition . journal of the linnean society ( london ) . 14 : 506 - 529 , 586 - 605 , 692 - 716 [ 1878 - 1879 ] ; 15 : 87 - 126 , 217 - 230 , 245 - 274 , 388 - 412 , 413 - 455 , 457 - 475 [ 1880 - 1881 ] ; 16 : 247 - 254 , 324 - 343 , 358 - 372 , 373 - 392 , 494 - 611 [ 1882 - 1883 ] ; 17 : 26 - 40 , 112 - 130 , 284 - 293 , 319 - 340 , 341 - 346 [ 1883 ] . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : vol . 17 p . 29 ; note : in synonymy of rimula asturiana p . fischer , 1882 [ details ]
medin . ( 2011 ) . uk checklist of marine species derived from the applications marine recorder and unicorn . version 1 . 0 . [ details ]
sysoev a . v . ( 2014 ) . deep - sea fauna of european seas : an annotated species check - list of benthic invertebrates living deeper than 2000 m in the seas bordering europe . gastropoda . invertebrate zoology . vol . 11 . no . 1 : 134–155 [ in english ] . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
to biodiversity heritage library ( 11 publications ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 16 publications ) ( from synonym rimula asturiana p . fischer , 1882 ) to clemam ( from synonym rimula asturiana p . fischer , 1882 ) to clemam to encyclopedia of life to pesi to pesi ( from synonym rimula asturiana p . fischer , 1882 ) to usnm invertebrate zoology mollusca collection ( from synonym rimula asturiana p . fischer , 1882 ) to itis
adams , a . ( 1860 ) . on some new genera and species of mollusca from japan . annals and magazine of natural history . ( 3 ) 5 : 299 - 303 [ april 1860 ] ; 405 - 413 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 302 [ details ]
mclean j . h . & geiger d . l . ( 1998 ) . new genera and species having the fissurisepta shell form , with a generic - level phylogenetic analysis ( gastropoda : fissurellidae ) . contributions in science , natural history museum of los angeles county , 475 : 1 - 32 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
mclean j . h . ( 1996 ) . the prosobranchia . in : taxonomic atlas of the benthic fauna of the santa maria basin and western santa barbara channel . the mollusca part 2 – the gastropoda . santa barbara museum of natural history . volume 9 : 1 - 160 . [ details ]
( of puncturella ( craniopsis ) [ sic ] ) nordsieck f . ( 1968 ) . die europäischen meeres - gehäuseschnecken ( prosobranchia ) . vom eismeer bis kapverden und mittelmeer . gustav fischer , stuttgart viii + 273 pp : page ( s ) : 12 [ details ]
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the following are opisthobranchs with shells , but are included here to aid in identification .
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luiz ricardo l . simone museu de zoologia da universidade de são paulo , cx . postal 42494 ; 04218 - 970 são paulo , sp , brazil .
carlo m . cunha museu de zoologia da universidade de são paulo , cx . postal 42494 ; 04218 - 970 são paulo , sp , brazil .
absalão , r . s . & pimenta , a . d . ( 2003 ) a new subgenus and three new species of brazilian deep water olivella swainson , 1831 ( mollusca , gastropoda , olivellidae ) collected by the rv marion dufresne in 1987 . zoosystema , 25 , 177–185 .
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adams a . ( 1860 ) on some new genera and species of mollusca from japan . annals and magazine of natural history , 3 ( 5 ) , 299–307 .
aldea , c . , zelaya , d . g . & troncoso , j . s . ( 2011 ) a new gigantic species of zeidora adams , 1860 from antarctic waters ( gastropoda : fissurellidae ) . the nautilus , 125 , 79–82 .
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betts , v . ( 1981 ) dicionário parintintin - português . sociedade internacional de lingüística . cuiabá , 231 pp .
clarke , a . h . ( 1961 ) abyssal mollusks from the south atlantic ocean . bulletin of the museum of comparative zoology , 125 , 343–387 , pls . 1–4 .
cunha , c . m . ( 2011 ) a new species of acteon ( opisthobranchia : acteonidae ) from northeast brazil . zoologia , 28 , 229–232 . urltoken
dall , w . h . ( 1889 ) reports on the results of dredgings , under the supervision of alexander agassiz , in the gulf of mexico ( 1877–78 ) and in the caribbean sea ( 1879–80 ) , by the u . s . coast survey steamer ' blake ' . bulletin of the museum of comparative zoology , 18 , 1–492 , pls . 10–40 .
dall , w . h . ( 1927 ) small shells from dredgings off the southeast coast of the united states by the united states fisheries steamer ' albatross ' in 1885 and 1886 . proceedings of the united states national museum , 70 , 1–134 . urltoken
dautzenberg , p . & fischer , h . ( 1896 ) dragages effectués par l ' hirondelle et par la princesse - alice , 1888 - 1895 . mémoires de la société zoologique de france , 9 , 395–498 , pls . 15–22 .
defrance , m . ( 1827 ) dictionnaire des sciences naturelles , 45 , 471–472 .
egorova , e . n . ( 1972 ) biological results of the soviet antarctic expeditions . 7 . mollusca of the davis sea . explorations of the faunas of the seas , 26 , 1–142 .
espinosa , j . , ortea , j . & fernández - garcés , r . ( 2004 ) descripción de dos nuevas especies del género zeidora a . adams , 1860 ( mollusca : gastropoda ) de las costas de cuba . avicennia , 17 , 67–70 .
farfante , i . p . ( 1943a ) the genera fissurella , lucapina and lucapinella in the western atlantic . johnsonia , 1 ( 10 ) , 1–20 .
farfante , i . p . ( 1943b ) the genus diodora in the western atlantic . johnsonia , 1 ( 11 ) , 1–20 .
farfante , i . p . ( 1947 ) the genera zeidora , nesta , emarginula , rimula and puncturella in the western atlantic . johnsonia , 2 , 93–148 .
fernandes , m . r . & pimenta , a . d . ( 2013 ) taxonomic review of metaxia ( gastropoda : triphoridae ) from brazil , with description of a new species . zoologia , 28 , 819–830 . urltoken
fernandes , m . r . , pimenta , a . d . & leal , j . h . ( 2013 ) taxonomic review of triphorinae ( gastropoda : triphoridae ) from the vitória - trindade seamount chain , southeastern brazil . the nautilus , 127 , 1–18 .
garcía , e . f . ( 2011 ) a new species of eccliseogyra ( gastropoda : nystiellidae ) from southeastern brazil . the nautilus , 125 , 167–170 .
geiger , d . l . & thacker , c . e . ( 2005 ) molecular phylogeny of vetigastropoda reveals non - monophyletic scissurellidae , trochoidea , and fissurelloidea . molluscan research , 25 , 47–55 .
geiger , d . l . & thacker , c . e . ( 2006 ) molecular phylogeny of basal gastropods ( vetigastropoda ) shows stochastic colonization of chemosynthetic habitats at least from the mid triassic . cahiers de biologie marine , 46 , 343–346 .
gray , j . e . ( 1825 ) a list and description of some species of shells not taken notice of by lamarck . annals of philosophy , 25 ( n . s . 9 ) , 134–140 .
gray , j . e . ( 1847 ) a list of the genera of recent mollusca , their synonyma and types . proceedings of the zoological society of london , 12 , 129–219 .
heilprin , a . ( 1889 ) on some new species of mollusca from the bermuda islands . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia , 41 , 141–142 , pl . 8 .
houart , r . ( 1991 ) the southeastern brazilian muricidae collected by rv marion - dufresne in 1987 , with the description of three new species . the nautilus , 105 , 26–37 .
jeffreys , j . g . ( 1877 ) new and peculiar species of mollusca procured in the valourous expedition . annals and magazine of natural history , series 4 , 19 , 231–243 .
jeffreys , j . g . ( 1882 ) on the mollusca procured during the lightning and porcupine expeditions . iv . proceedings of the zoological society of london ( 1881 ) , 922–952 .
lamarck , j . b . p . m . ( 1798–1816 ) tableau encyclopédique et méthodique des trois règnes de la nature . vol . 3 . paris , 16 pp . , pls . 391–488 .
lamarck , j . b . p . m . ( 1801 ) systême des animaux sans vertèbres . paris , viii , 432 pp .
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leal , j . h . ( 1991 ) marine prosobranch gastropods from oceanic islands off brazil . universal book services . dr . w . backhuys . oegstgeest , 419 pp .
leal , j . h . & bouchet , p . ( 1989 ) new deep - water volutidae from off southeastern brazil ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . the nautilus , 103 , 1–12 .
libassi , i . ( 1859 ) sopra alcune conchiglie fossile dei intorni de palermo . reale academia di scienze , lettere i belle arti di palermo , atti ( n . s . ) , 3 , 1–47 .
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mclean , j . h . ( 2011 ) reinstatement of the fissurellid subfamily hemitominae , with the description of new genera , and proposed evolutionary lineage , based on morphological characters of shell and radula ( gastropoda : vetigastropoda ) . malacologia , 54 , 407–427 . urltoken
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watson , r . b . ( 1883 ) mollusca of h . m . s . ' challenger ' expedition . part xix . zoological journal of the linnean society , 17 , 320–340 . urltoken
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regina l . cunha , a , 1 jorge m . assis , 1 celine madeira , 1 rui seabra , 2 fernando p . lima , 2 evandro p . lopes , 2 , 3 suzanne t . williams , 4 and rita castilho 1
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remote oceanic archipelagos are the ideal setting for studying patterns and processes underlying speciation . while insular terrestrial communities can be formed either by immigration or from a few colonization events and subsequent in situ diversification 1 , phylogeographic patterns of marine species inhabiting island settings can be confounded by recurrent episodes of long - distance dispersal . the volcanic origin of oceanic islands and their circumscribed geographic boundaries enable inferring the tempo and sequence of island colonization when geological ages are known 2 .
isolated islands are expected to have reduced species richness but high levels of endemicity as a result of few colonization events , particularly in older archipelagos 3 . for instance , the reduced dispersal abilities of some indo - west pacific turbinid gastropods that lack a long - lived planktonic stage played a crucial role in developing extensive archipelagic differentiation and fine scale endemism 4 . also , the ongoing emergence and subsidence of islands over geological time is thought to have promoted speciation within this group of marine gastropods at an insular scale 5 .
allopatric speciation induced by vicariance is sometimes regarded as the main driver of differentiation 6 . nonetheless , recent developments in methodological approaches to biogeographic analysis 7 , which integrate a wider range of biogeographical processes ( i . e . dispersal , extinction , vicariance and duplication ) 8 , 9 , showed the importance of dispersal in the diversification processes 10 . for instance , divergence triggered by dispersal events and the organism - specific capacity to occupy suitable habitats and persist , has recently been identified as the main driver of the avian speciation in lowland neotropical rainforests 11 .
dispersal in most sessile marine species occurs predominantly during larval stages in which larvae remain in the water column for periods that can vary between days to months before settlement 12 . it is generally assumed that planktotrophic feeding larvae exhibit higher geographic ranges because they are able to remain longer periods in the water column , while lecithotroph yolk - fed larvae complete their metamorphosis without feeding from the plankton and thus are more prone to originate locally structured populations 13 , 14 .
cape verde represents an excellent model system for studying speciation and to infer colonization pathways given its remoteness and known geological age of most of the islands . this volcanic oceanic archipelago is approximately 500 km off mainland ( senegal - west africa ) and comprises ten major islands and several islets (
) . geochronological data place the age of the islands between 5 . 9 ± 0 . 1 million years ago ( mya ) and 25 . 6 ± 1 . 8 mya
. bi analysis retrieved two clades of cape verde fissurellidae . one clade included all specimens from cape verde that grouped with the included worldwide members of fissurellinae . the other clade grouped all cape verde samples with western atlantic and mediterranean
phylogenetic relationships of fissurellidae based on a bayesian inference analysis of mitochondrial coi and nuclear 28s rrna genes produced by beast .
bayesian posterior probabilities above 50 % are indicated over the branches ( full black circles : bpp = 100 % ; half - black circle : bpp = 86 % ) . geographical origin of the taxa is depicted in colours . photos of the shells corresponding to each of the cape verde fissurella and diodora species are shown . assignments of each cape verde sample to delineated entities from gmyc and spedestem species delimitation tests are shown by rectangles . colour of cluster boxes corresponding to each species indicates mismatch ( black ) and agreement ( white ) between both methods . figure generated in adobe illustrator cs6 ( version 16 . 0 . 0 ) ( urltoken ) and photos taken by r . l . cunha .
) . specimens from south africa and angola were recovered as new species of uncertain generic status and named as fissurellidae sp . 1 and fissurellidae sp . 2 , respectively .
) . effective sample sizes ( ess ) ≫ 200 indicated adequate sampling of the posterior . the 95 % hpd ( highest posterior density interval ) sampled by bamm after analysing 9 , 001 posterior samples comprised the eight most probable distinct shift configurations . the single best shift configurations sampled by bamm suggested an increasing of diversification rates in cape verde
) . overall extinction rates were 0 . 046 ( 0 . 006–0 . 109 ) and remained constant through time . speciation rates were 0 . 089 ( 0 . 058–0 . 132 ) and an overall increase towards the present was identified .
was estimated at 10 . 21 [ 7 . 99–12 . 72 ] mya ( node a ;
) but most of the diversification within this group occurred during the late pliocene ( 2 . 98 [ 2 . 19–3 . 89 ] mya ; node d ,
) was estimated at 6 . 74 [ 5 . 29–8 . 41 ] mya ( node g ;
beast maximum clade credibility chronogram showing main cladogenetic events within fissurellidae based on mitochondrial coi and nuclear 28s rrna genes with ancestral estimation inferred with biogeobears .
age estimates in million years and bayesian posterior probabilities ( bpp ) of cape verde clades are shown on the table . the corresponding 95 % highest posterior density intervals ( blue bars ) are depicted . internal coloured vertical bars at branches indicate main ancestral areas recovered by
under the selected bayarealike + j model immediately following a speciation event whereas at nodes indicate ancestral ranges before speciation . numbers at the coloured squares indicate present - day ( tips ) distribution of species . in the legend , islands that are not represented , individually , by a single species are not coloured .
sp . ) , which was the pacific . this model suggests boavista as the ancestral range of
comprises the northwestern islands of the archipelago ( santo antão , ilhéu raso , santa luzia , são vicente and são nicolau ) . our results suggest a dispersal event towards sal where
is sal , boavista , maio , santiago and são vicente , which implies dispersal events from the northwestern islands ( the ancestral area ) towards sal , boavista and maio .
the total amount per cell of the coastline of rocky substrate ( in grey ) and sand ( in yellow ) on each island is shown in supplementary information s3 . the percentage per cell of the coastline of rocky substrate ( in grey ) and sand ( in yellow ) on each island is shown in supplementary information s4 . boavista is the island with the highest percentage of sand whereas ilhéu raso and santiago show the highest percentage of rocky substrate ( supplementary information s4 ) .
the simulations using high - resolution ocean current fields over the 10 - year period allowed releasing 360 particles per cell ( 6 . 39e
passive particles in total ) . maximum and average distances , probabilities and drifting time produced by the particles that effectively connected different coastal cells determined for the simulations running 4 and 30 days of passive dispersal are shown in
. the mean distance that particles can reach during four days of passive dispersal is 75 . 3 ± 75 . 9 km , which is approximately the same after 30 days ( 76 . 1 ± 75 . 9 km ) . mean connectivity probabilities between pairs of islands produced with simulations running 4 and 30 days of passive dispersal are shown in
, respectively . overall probabilities of connectivity between pairs of islands are quite low ( between 2 . 3e
) . the highest probability of connectivity occurs between são vicente and santo antão and the lowest between santo antão and maio . the degree of connectivity between islands inferred in network analysis running for four or 30 days of passive dispersal are shown in
( a and b ) , respectively . only stronger links are depicted . modularity values indicated good divisions > 0 . 3
. the animation shows different source locations releasing particles every 12 hours from july to november 2010 . the particles are allowed to drift for a maximum of 30 days with effective dispersal measured when they end up on shore .
( a ) degree of connectivity between cape verde islands inferred in network analysis for the simulation running four days of passive dispersal . only stronger links are depicted ( modularity : 0 . 38 ; three putative oceanographic clusters ; significance level of clustering : 0 . 0048 ) ; ( b ) degree of connectivity between cape verde islands inferred in network analysis for the simulation running 30 days of passive dispersal . only stronger links are depicted ( modularity : 0 . 34 ; two putative oceanographic clusters ; significance level of clustering : 0 . 0291 ) ; ( c ) example of pathways resulting from all particles sent from a coastal cell ( red dot ) in the simulation running four days of passive dispersal ; ( d ) example of pathways resulting from all particles sent from a coastal cell ( red dot ) in the simulation running 30 days of passive dispersal . figures were generated with igraph package ( version 1 . 0 . 1 ; url urltoken ) implemented in r language ( r core team ( 2015 ) . r : a language and environment for statistical computing . r foundation for statistical computing , vienna , austria . url urltoken ) and adobe illustrator cs6 ( version 16 . 0 . 0 ) ( urltoken ) .
maximum and average distances , probabilities and drifting time produced by the particles that effectively connected different coastal cells determined for the simulations running 4 and 30 days of passive dispersal .
mean connectivity matrix between pairs of islands produced with the simulation running 4 days of passive dispersal .
mean connectivity matrix between pairs of islands produced with the simulation running 30 days of passive dispersal .
from the mediterranean and western atlantic . both species delimitation tests ( spedestem and gmyc ) indicated the existence of seven cape verde endemic
species of the mediterranean , western atlantic and pacific , whereas gmyc did recognise cape verde specimens as a distinct entity . however , results from both gmyc and genetic distances between cape verde
) , strongly suggest that these specimens should be considered an endemic species . these results are not in agreement with a morphology - based study that reported the existence of twelve
was unexpected , even for organisms with a theoretical pelagic larval phase of four days , considering that distances between islands are as little as 17 km ( e . g . , between ilhéu raso and s . nicolau ;
) , and according to our simulations , the mean distance that a particle can reach after four days of passive dispersal is 75 . 3 ± 75 . 9 km (
, which represents a much larger distance than between most of islands of the cape verde archipelago . nonetheless , this coastal species coexists with its sister species along the continental shore , where no strong physical barriers were identified . it was suggested that transient allopatry determined by historical episodes of climatic fluctuations and shifting currents or ecological barriers could be the main driver of speciation
. considering the extremely low estimated probabilities of connectivity between cape verde islands based on four or 30 days of passive dispersal ( e . g . , ilhéu raso
) . age estimates placed this shift at 2 . 98 [ 2 . 19–3 . 89 ] mya (
) at the plio - pleistocene boundary . key innovations or distinct habitat preferences are often invoked to explain higher rates of diversification
. all eight species occupied similar habitats and we found no evidence for niche segregation among species ( lopes , evandro p . , pers . obs . ) .
the low levels of connectivity between islands and a shift in diversification rates offer plausible explanations for the level of endemism observed in fissurella but a question still remains : why did diodora not diversify in the cape verde archipelago ? to address this question , three hypotheses were considered : ( i ) different sampling efforts for each genus ; ( ii ) differences between the pld of fissurella and diodora , and ( iii ) time of origin of each genus in the archipelago .
could have been undersampled seems unlikely considering that the sampling effort was equally distributed for both genera . field work revealed a strong bias in abundances : while more than 300 specimens of
specimens in total , all from boavista and all belonging to the same species . the type of larval development of cape verde
is unknown but under the observed oceanographic conditions , the second hypothesis of a longer pld to explain the existence of a single species owing to higher connectivity is not supported . our simulations based on patterns of ocean circulation did not significantly increase effective connectivity between islands even when pld was increased from four to 30 days of passive dispersal (
) . note that only effective dispersal events ( i . e . those that result in a larva landing on a coast ) are reported . our analyses show very low probabilities of shore - to - shore connectivity ( 0 . 003 ± 0 . 017 , on average ;
) , since most particles are pushed to open waters and only produce effective connectivity events in the very first days of ocean drifting ( between 1 . 29 ± 0 . 85 and 1 . 35 ± 1 . 02 days , on average ;
) . in fact , only 2 . 62 % of the particles travelled for more than four days , and such an increase in pld did not expand the maximum travelled distance of the particles ( 349 . 3 km ;
) . as the archipelago is separated from the nearest mainland ( the coast of senegal ) by approximately 500 km , this means that island - to - continent dispersal is very unlikely . finally , the mrca of
might have had more opportunities to disperse to other islands and speciate avoiding the severe volcanic eruptions that struck boavista between 9 . 5 and 4 . 5 mya
and likely had the greatest effect on rocky shore species such as keyhole limpets . other
species also present in boavista might have become extinct after these volcanic events , before having time to disperse to other islands .
keyhole limpets can only be found on rocky substrates , we analysed the effect of hard substrate availability on species richness . the number of
lineages showed , however , no correlation with the total area of rocky coast per island [ r ( 6 ) = −0 . 62 , p = 0 . 10 ] nor with the percentage of rocky coast per island [ r ( 6 ) = −0 . 50 , p = 0 . 22 , non - significant , see also
on the other hand , the degree of connectivity between islands provides the best predictor for present - day distribution of species . a model based on known patterns of ocean circulation and four days of passive dispersal (
) . the cluster that includes the northwestern islands ( s . nicolau , santo antão , s . vicente , santa luzia and ilhéu raso ) represents the geographic distribution of
sp . 2 ( sal and s . nicolau ) is favoured by patterns of ocean circulation that connect these two islands (
the archipelagic endemism in marine sessile organisms reported here was driven by shifts in diversification rates promoted by recurrent episodes of low sea levels during the plio - pleistocene boundary and patterns of ocean circulation favouring self - recruitment . the role of dispersal and persistence was determinant in shaping present - day geographic distribution of fissurellid keyhole limpets .
) . all specimens were preserved in 96 % ethanol . dr . rolán , e . , a recognized expert in cape verde invertebrate fauna and author of
using the - - auto option that automatically selects the appropriate strategy according to data size . alignments of both coi ( 540 bp ) and 28s rrna ( 826 bp ) were unambiguous , and amino acid translations in coi were checked using
, respectively . we used the combined data set ( coi : 145 taxa , 540 bp ; 28s rrna : 145 taxa , 826 bp ) for both analyses . this data set included all 120 unique coi and 28s haplotypes from cape verde samples and the remaining fissurellidae retrieved from genbank ( accession numbers in
selected the trn + i + g as the evolutionary model that best fits both data sets . the bayesian analysis was performed using two partitions , coi and 28s rrna . we used a yule tree prior
that assumes a constant rate of speciation among lineages and is more appropriate for species - level phylogenies . we used an uncorrelated relaxed , lognormal clock . mcmc analyses were run twice ( each run with 100 , 000 , 000 generations and a sample frequency of 10 , 000 ) following a discarded burn - in of 10 , 000 , 000 steps . length of burn - in was determined by visual examination of traces in
using the “maximum clade creditability” option and mean node height . the convergence to the stationary distribution was confirmed by inspection of the mcmc samples and of effective sample sizes ( ess ) . ess values above 200 indicate convergence
) and on the r2c2 research group cluster facility , both at the university of algarve .
, code written by t . ezard , t . fujisawa and t . barraclough in r v . 3 . 0 . 2
to compare the number of esus obtained from the single gene ( coi : 540 bp ; 145 taxa ) and the two - gene ( coi : 540 bp ; 28s : 826 bp ; 145 taxa ) data sets . the ultrametric trees based on the coi and the combined data sets were obtained with
using a strict clock model without fossil calibrations and a yule tree prior . both data sets included all 120 unique haplotypes from cape verde samples and remaining fissurellidae retrieved from genbank ( accession numbers in table 1 suplementary material ) . the analyses ran for 10 , 000 , 000 generations with sample frequency of 1000 , after a burn - in of 1000 , 000 .
to delimit the number of fissurellid species in cape verde by comparing the probability of models where putative evolutionary lineages are separate entities to the probability of models where putative lineages are collapsed into a single lineage using a maximum likelihood approach . spedestem takes as an input ultrametric trees and a user - supplied estimate of theta returning a table of models ranked according to their probability . ultrametric trees based on the coi and 28s data sets were produced by
using the coi ( 540 bp ; 145 taxa ) and the 28s ( 826 bp ; 145 taxa ) data sets . the analyses ran for 10 , 000 , 000 generations with sample frequency of 1000 , after a burn - in of 1000 , 000 . we used
that allows incorporation of fossil uncertainties . the data set used in this analysis ( 35 taxa ; coi : 540 bp ; 28s rrna : 826 bp ) included a single representative from each cape verde species inferred by abgd and spedestem and the remaining fissurellidae used in previous analyses . the calibration points used in this analysis are described in the
. this program uses mcmc simulations and reversible - jump sampling to estimate time - varying rates of speciation and extinction , and to find the optimal set of rate - shift configurations .
ultrametric tree was used for this analysis . we set four reversible jumping - mcmc running for 10 million generations sampled every 1000 generations and a burn - in of 10 % . the function setbammpriors in r was used to choose more appropriate prior values . we used ess ( effective sample size ) to assess the convergence of the runs and considered values above 200 as indicating convergence .
to estimate the ancestral ranges of fissurellidae . full description of the method is available on
. we defined 13 geographical areas : ( 1 ) sal ; ( 2 ) boavista ; ( 3 ) maio ; ( 4 ) santo antão ; ( 5 ) santiago ; ( 6 ) ilhéu raso ; ( 7 ) santa luzia ; ( 8 ) são vicente ; ( 9 ) são nicolau ; ( 10 ) mediterranean ; ( 11 ) western atlantic ; ( 12 ) pacific , and ( 13 ) africa . the maximum number of areas that any species may occur was set to five because it is the maximum number of areas where the species may occur .
to characterize shore substrate composition along the studied area , we prepared a 0 . 01° arc - degree ( approx . 1 . 6 km at 16° n ) mesh using r ( r development core team , 2014 ) . the mesh grid was then imported to google earth , and all tiles covering both ocean and land were assigned a substrate type by means of visual inspection . substrate types used were “rock” , “sand” or “both” . lastly , the substrate type layers produced in google earth were rasterised using the r package raster 54 , and the amount of each substrate was quantified .
how to cite this article : cunha , r . l . et al . drivers of cape verde archipelagic endemism in keyhole limpets . sci . rep . 7 , 41817 ; doi : 10 . 1038 / srep41817 ( 2017 ) .
publisher ' s note : springer nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations .
we thank the direcção geral do ambiente , ministério do ambiente , habitação e ordenamento do território from cape verde for providing sampling permits . we are very grateful to dr . emílio rolán for the help provided in species identification . we also thank katy nicastro and gerardo zardi for providing samples from south africa . rlc and ja were supported by post - doctoral fellowships from fct - portuguese science foundation ( sfrh / bpd / 109685 / 2015 and sfrh / bpd / 111003 / 2015 , respectively ) . rs was supported by marinfo - norte - 01 - 0145 - feder - 000031 , funded by norte portugal regional operational program ( norte2020 ) , under the portugal 2020 partnership agreement , through the european regional development fund ( erdf ) .
author contributions r . l . c . and r . c . designed this study . e . p . l . collected the samples . c . m . sequenced all the samples . r . l . c . , j . a . , r . s . , and f . l . analyzed data . r . c . prepared figures and tables . r . l . c . wrote the manuscript and s . t . w . , r . c . , and f . l . revised it . all authors contributed with their ideas and reviewed the final version of the manuscript .
reynoso - granados t . , monsalvo - spencer p . & serviere - zaragoza e .
& guzman del proo , s . a . larval and early juvenile development of the volcano keyhole limpet , fissurella volcano
maddison w . p . & maddison d . r . mesquite : a modular system for evolutionary analysis . urltoken ( 2015 ) .
a mathematical theory of evolution , based on the conclusions of dr . j . c . willis , f . r . s
r : a language and environment for statistical computing . r foundation for statistical computing ( vienna , austria , 2016 ) .
matzke n . j . biogeobears : biogeography with bayesian ( and likelihood ) evolutionary analysis in r scripts . r package , version 0 . 2 . 1 , published july 27 , 2013 at : urltoken ( 2013 ) .
raster : geographic data analysis and modeling . r package version 2 . 1 - 25 . urltoken ( 2013 ) .


the timneh parrot ( psittacus timneh ) , also known as the timneh grey parrot or timneh african grey parrot , is a west african parrot that is variously considered a subspecies of the african grey parrot psittacus erithacus timneh , or a full species psittacus timneh .

in aviculture , it is often referred to by the initials tag and is commonly kept as a companion parrot .

timneh parrot

clinical management of an ectopic egg in a timneh african grey parrot ( psittacus erithacus timneh ) .
timneh african greys aka timneh parrots ( psittacus timneh formerly psittacus erithacus timneh ) are a bit smaller and less well known than the larger congo grey .
information on the timneh parrot ( psittacus timneh ) is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
clinical management of an ectopic egg in a timneh african grey parrot ( psittacus erithacus timneh ) . - pubmed - ncbi
two subspecies of the grey parrot are the larger , more popular congo grey parrot and the smaller timneh .
heavy trapping and habitat loss are fueling population declines of the timneh parrot ( psittacus timneh ) in many parts of west africa .
the african grey parrot , grey parrot or congo african grey parrot ( psittacus erithacus ) is an old world parrot in the family psittacidae .
archived 2011 - 2012 topics : grey parrot ( psittacus erithacus ) has been split into grey parrot ( p . erithacus ) and timneh grey parrot ( p . timneh ) : are both eligible for uplisting ?
this entry was posted in africa , archive , parrots and tagged grey parrot , timneh grey parrot . bookmark the permalink .
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16 responses to archived 2011 - 2012 topics : grey parrot ( psittacus erithacus ) has been split into grey parrot ( p . erithacus ) and timneh grey parrot ( p . timneh ) : are both eligible for uplisting ?
the timneh parrot is classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
archived 2011 - 2012 topics : grey parrot ( psittacus erithacus ) has been split into grey parrot ( p . erithacus ) and timneh grey parrot ( p . timneh ) : are both eligible for uplisting ? | birdlife ' s globally threatened bird forums
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the timneh grey parrot has a horn - colored beak , dark grey body , maroon tail , and white around the eyes .
the tail and undertail coverts are red , in comparison to the maroon of the smaller timneh parrot . both sexes appear similar .
this entry was posted in africa , archive , parrots and tagged parrots , timneh parrot , wildlife trade . bookmark the permalink .
grey parrot psittacus erithacus has been split into grey parrot p . erithacus and timneh grey parrot p . timneh on the basis of genetic , morphological , plumage and vocal differences , following the findings presented by melo and o’ryan ( 2007 ) and additional work by the birdlife taxonomic working group ( unpubl . data ) .
given the large numbers in captivity around the world , it seems incredible that almost nothing is known of the lives of wild timneh parrots ( psittacus timneh ) .
a 13 - year - old female timneh african grey parrot ( psittacus erithacus timneh ) was evaluated because of the presence of a bald patch of skin caudal to the sternum and increased territorial and nesting behavior of 2 weeks ' duration .
this project has just captured the first ever video of timneh parrot breeding behaviour providing a valuable opportunity for biologists to learn more about the species in time .
2008 .
psittacus erithacus ( african grey parrot , congo african grey parrot , grey parrot )
( on - line ) . zipcodezoo . com . accessed march 20 , 2008 at urltoken .
i am looking for a timneh african grey baby if possible . my special needs son is devastate
i am currently looking to purchase a baby timneh african grey parrot in ct or close to ct . please e - mail me if you can help thank you star
the timneh was until recently considered a sub - species of the congro grey . however , in 2011 , the timneh and congo grey parrot races were officially separated based on genetic , morphological , plumage and vocal differences ( ref . research by melo and o ' ryan - 2007 ) .
congo and tinmeh african greys ( ( psittacus e . erithacus and p . e . timneh ) , aves international
the status of the grey parrot and its habitat in state owned protected areas in the contemporary range of the parrot were evaluated and presented in table 2 .
one criteria for splitting up the two species was the fact that these two species don ' t interbreed within their natural habitat . however , congo grey / timneh grey hybrids have occurred in captivity ( for example , libby , a congo - timneh hybrid african grey parrot - image published on urltoken ) . even though congo - timneh crosses are very rare , they are said to be viable and fertile ( able to produce young ) . these hybrids are smaller in size than the congo african grey with the darker grey plumage of the timneh .
the african grey is a medium - sized parrot with a bare facial patch .
african grey parrot personality , food & care | pet birds by lafeber co .
clemmons , j . r . 2003 . status survey of the african grey parrot ( psittacus erithacus timneh ) and development of a management program in guinea and guinea - bissau . cites , geneva , switzerland .
this is roscoe , my timneh african grey parrot talking and making various noises . can you tell what he is saying , and which noises he is mimicking ? : ) hint : he loves his name .
the african grey parrot is famous for its intelligence and ability to mimic human speech .
the timneh african grey is its own bird . it has a different look and a different personality than the congo . the timneh is not as
king - like
and demanding as the congo . but like the congo the timneh is a little shy , yet far more outgoing than its counterpart . timnehs will tolerate more commotion , doors banging and the general noises going on around him . being a more relaxed parrot than its cousin it is easier to have around .
hilarious ! the smartest african gray parrot , talking - singing , and making vacuum sounds .
figure 4 : contemporary distribution of grey parrots in ecoregions of cameroon using parrot detection points .
i . madindou and r . mulwa , “some conservation aspects of the african grey parrot (
the african grey parrot is divided into two subspecies : the timneh african grey and the congo african grey parrot . both have slate gray feathers , yellow eyes , a reddish tail . the african grey congo parrot averages 12 . 8 inches in length , has a bright red tail ( visible in the image on the left ) and a large curved black beak . the timneh is about an inch smaller and has a dark maroon colored tail and a horn colored upper beak with a black tip ( as seen in the bird on the right ) .
. only wpt members gain exclusive access to some of the world ' s top parrot specialists .
listen to exciting podcast interviews with parrot specialists from around the world , many available for wpt members only .
figure 5 : current distribution of grey parrots in vegetation cover in cameroon in relation to parrot detection points .
s . a . tamungang and s . s . ajayi , “diversity of food of the grey parrot (
various parrot densities were calculated using the above formula . total surface area ( size ) occupied by rainforest within the current range of the parrot in each region was obtained from the ministry of forest and wildlife , cameroon [
foraging is an important part of normal daily parrot activity . teach and encourage pet birds to play and forage .
a captive african grey parrot named alex was able to use english words to identify colours , shapes and quantities .
figure 2 : current distribution of grey parrots in cameroon in relation to parrot detection points and aboveground vegetation biomass .
table 2 : status of the grey parrot in national protected areas within the contemporary range of the bird species .
are native to various parts of western and central africa including kenya , uganda , liberia , and islands off the west coast of africa . the timneh african grey ,
the parrot showed his ability to learn over 100 words , differentiating between objects , colors , materials , and shapes .
del hoyo , j . , collar , n . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2016 ) . timneh parrot ( psittacus timneh ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 15 september 2016 ) .
m . melo and c . o ' ryan , “genetic differentiation between príncipe island and mainland populations of the grey parrot (
an african grey timneh that is well cared for will seldom become ill . though it is often difficult to determine illness , some visible signs of illness to be aware of are :
the timneh african grey is readily available in the pet market . the cost of the timneh is usually a little less than the cost of the congo , however they might be harder to find . the reason is for this is the timnehs were not imported to the same degree the congos were and so breeding these feathered creatures has to catch up to demand .
african greys have a strong pair bond in the wild and it carries over to captivity . the timneh will prefer a singular individual , and often someone of the opposite sex . he will tolerate others in the family but stay attached to pretty much just one person . the timneh can be silly and likes to play and frequently considers its human one big personal toy .
staff from the institute of biodiversity and protected areas in guinea bissau ( ibap ) have been working with former parrot trappers and biologists from portugal and iucn member world parrot trust to collect a range of data while at the same time protecting nests from poachers .
del hoyo , j . , collar , n . , kirwan , g . m . & sharpe , c . j . ( 2018 ) . timneh parrot ( psittacus timneh ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
timneh grey parrot appears to have disappeared completely from the forests on and near mt nimba in nimba county , liberia . recent surveys in jun - jul 2008 and jan 2009 by ron demey , apr - may 2010 by ben phalan and oct - nov 2011 by francoise dowsett - lemaire and ben phalan in the east nimba nature reserve and nearby forest areas ( including the new gba community forest in 2011 ) found no timneh grey parrots at all , and no indication from locals that they have been present in recent times .
one criteria for splitting up the two species was the fact that these two species don ' t interbreed within their natural habitat . however , cag / tag hybrids have occurred in captivity ( for example , libby , a congo - timneh hybrid african grey parrot - image published on urltoken ) . even though these crosses are very rare , they are said to be viable and fertile ( able to produce young ) . these hybrids are smaller in size than the congo african grey with the darker grey plumage of the timneh .
the african grey parrot is one of the most talented talking / mimicking birds on the planet , giving it quite a reputation among bird enthusiasts . not only do bird keepers love this intelligent bird , it’s one of the most recognizable species to bird novices as well — everyone knows the african grey parrot . this parrot is one of the oldest psitticine species kept by humans , with records of the bird dating back to biblical times . understated beauty and a brainy no - nonsense attitude are what keep this parrot at the peak of popularity .
] . similar information was also obtained on the total surface area of each region of the country . parrot densities were obtained from the formula
we estimated the extent of the current grey parrot range as a percentage of the whole country as 25 . 4 % and as a percentage of the regions with rainforest as 44 . 5 % . we further estimated the historic grey parrot range in cameroon lost over the years as 55 . 5 % in 2011 . the estimated extent of the range of the grey parrot in africa by cites in 2006 [ 11 ] was 3 , 000 , 000 km 2 . we calculated the contemporary parrot range on cameroon as a proportion of cites’ range estimate as 9 % .
major threats to sustainable parrot conservation in cameroon are directly linked to anthropogenic pressure either directly on the parrot or on its habitat . five major threats to the parrot ( figure 6 ) were identified from questionnaire sampling : forest deforestation , trapping for food , diseases , trapping for trade , and predation by wild animals . irrespective of region , deforestation and trapping for trade were the major threats with a combined percentage of 63 % .
athan , m . s . and deter , d . ( 2000 ) the african grey parrot handbook . barron’s educational series , new york .
athan , m . 1999 . barron ' s guide to companion parrot behavior . new york , new york : barron ' s educational series .
table 1 : major vegetation types within the current range of the grey parrot in relation to total forest zone and protected areas [ 3 ] .
mcgowan , p . 2001 . status , management and conservation of the african grey parrot , psittacus erithacus in nigeria . cites , geneva , switzerland .
the gray parrot is one of the largest parrot species in africa . both males and females have pale gray feathers with whitish edges on the head and neck , darker grey flight feathers , and short , striking red tails . the beak is black , and white facial skin surrounds pale yellow eyes .
figure 1 : historic range of the grey parrot in cameroon , in relation to sampled areas , protected areas , urban centres , and administrative boundaries .
p . e . timneh population : 120 , 100 - 259 , 000 birds , and p . e . erithacus population : 40 , 000 - 100 , 000 birds ( 1992 ) ( red list iucn 2011 )
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progress and outcomes : in early 2013 the world parrot trust received a report from the guinea application of wildlife law ( galf ) of a group of confiscated birds in guinea , some of which were timneh parrots . wpt sent veterinarian dr . davide de guz to care for thirteen timnehs , funding for the birds ' care , and cameras for documentation of their recovery and release .
dr . rowan martin , project coordinator with the world parrot trust told sos : “for a species that readily breeds in captivity it is remarkable that the breeding behaviour of timneh parrots has never been investiagted in the wild . it’s not easy to do , but little by little this project is lifting the lid on the private lives of parrots and providing insights valuable for their conservation” .
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fotso , r . 1998b . survey status of the distribution and utilization of the grey parrot ( psittacus erithacus ) in cameroon . cites , geneva , swizterland .
the african grey parrot is classified as endangered ( en ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) and listed on appendix ii of cites ( 4 ) .
the appalling conditions in which these wild parrots are transported from remote forests in small crates and then held in poor quarantine conditions result in the demise of a high proportion of them . please don’t , however , mistake this for an ethical or animal welfare issue . trade in wild - caught timneh grey parrots ( p . timneh ) and african grey parrots ( p . erithacus ) will continue to threaten the persistence of local populations targeted by trappers and eventually result in local extinctions that cannot be reversed .
the contemporary range of the parrot extends to seven regions of cameroon , but five of the regions had grey parrots in significant quantities ( table 4 ) . the north west and west regions had very low parrot populations as a result of extensive exploitation pressures of the forest and also because larger parts of the regions have savannah and grassland vegetation . the littoral and southwest regions had relatively low parrot populations , while the south and the east regions had high populations , and the centre region occupied a median position ( table 4 ) .
habitat and trade threats are the frontline threats to sustainable parrot conservation in cameroon . the rainforest is the most exploited habitat in the country due to its richness in biological diversity .
the african grey parrot is a very mobile bird in the rainforest environment ; it moves intensively in search of rich food patches and suitable nesting sites [ 6 , 39 ] .
my love and best friend died this morning , i had her for 40 years . ( my timneh ) needless to say i ' m devasted over her passing . she was not ill . fine when i left for . . . ( more ) debra clymer
birdlife international ( 2006 ) birdlife international’s review of the status of the african grey parrot and proposals to cites for its conservation . 22nd meeting of the animals committee , lima , peru .
athan , m . , d . deter . 2000 . the african grey parrot handbook . hauppauge , ny : barron ' s educational series . accessed march 20 , 2008 at urltoken .
33 cm . a mottled grey , medium - sized parrot . it has a large black bill and white mask enclosing a yellow eye , and has a striking red vent and tail .
regional means ranged from 3 , 487 parrots in the littoral to 1351 , 275 parrots in the east regions . the south and the east regions had the highest parrot populations in the country .
some birds die in transit from physiological stress , due to lack of food and drinking water . the trapper may introduce food items in the cage that the wild caught bird is not familiar with and it refuses to eat . there is also a possibility of the transfer of diseases when sick birds are mixed with healthy ones . people who transport parrots with their valid documents suffer lower rates of parrot mortality than illegal transporters and their parrots experience less stress and as such are healthy . both legal and the illegal parrot trades have immensely contributed to the depletion of various parrot populations in cameroon .
african greys are magnificent birds that are perhaps some of the most talented mimics of the avian world . hand - fed birds make excellent pets and are perfect when a quieter parrot is in order .
the timneh african grey parrot has the ability to reproduce any noise it hears in the home . it can sound just like a dog , a spouse , or anyone else that interests him . some examples are rather funny , like getting you to answer the phone when no one has called . or getting you to go to the door and open it for your children , and your children have not arrived home from school yet . one timneh african grey would love to watch the ninja turtles on television . one day some friends came over to visit . upon entering the door
billy
stated quite clearly ,
drop your drawers , i have a pistol
. everyone , struck completely dumb , just looked at each other and then went into fits of laughter .
the timneh is darker gray than its congo counterpart , with a maroon patch of feathers on the underside of its tail . the beak is primarily black but has an ivory or pinkish color on the upper third of the upper mandible . juveniles have black eyes that become a yellow cream color by about two years of age . the timneh ranges between 11 - 13
( 27 . 5 - 32 . 5 cm ) in length from beak to tail , with a weight between 275 - 400 grams . this is about two thirds the size and weight of the congo .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : psittacus timneh . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
the timneh african grey ( or tag for short ) is smaller than the more popular congo african grey ( cag ) . it has a darker gray body , nearly black , with a horn - colored beak , and its tail ranges in color from maroon to dark gray or black .
in cameroon , data on the geographical distributions and ecological requirements of parrots are limited . at the same time , concerns about the potential impacts of habitat fragmentation , deforestation , and live parrot offtake for the pet trade are of increasing interest to ecologists , wildlife managers , and policy makers [ 11 ] . for these reasons , data are needed for informed decisions on the parrot and its range , to determine sustainable conservation strategies for its populations . the need for information on grey parrot distribution and vegetation associations in cameroon for informed management and policy decisions formed the basis of this study [ 9 ] .
african grey parrots require a special human to hold their attention span and keep them from being bored . exercise and play are important activities for the physical well being and psychological health of your parrot . provide your parrot with lots of activities in the form of large link chains , destructible bird toys , bird ladders , parrot swings , ropes , fresh branches for gnawing and chewing . they need a lot of stimulating toys at the same time , 3 to 5 work well , and rotated out with other toys on a regular basis . these activities help deter distress and prevent problems like feather picking and biting .
s . a . tamungang , i . a . ayodele , and z . e . akum , “basic home range for the conservation of the african grey parrot in korup national park , cameroon , ”
the african grey timneh is equivalent in intelligence and ability to that of its congo counterpart , yet with unique strengths of its own . timnehs can learn to speak earlier than congos and are generally less nervous . in coloring they are a slightly darker gray and have a maroon tail rather than red . they are also bit smaller and less expensive , but makes an equally fine companion . being a more laid back version of african grey , some keepers actually prefer this more relaxed parrot to its cousin .
was first described by linnaeus in 1758 . it has been a lesser known grey found in the pet market , with the congo african grey being the most familiar . but today they are becoming increasingly more available . in aviculture it is known as tag , a shortened version of timneh african grey .
there has been a lot of work by specialized breeders to develop grey mutations , utilizing both the congo and the timneh african greys . varieties developed include red pied , albino , ino , blue , cinnamon , and more . the most spectacular mutation is a red african grey first developed in 1998 .
the timneh ( tag ) was until recently considered a sub - species of the congro grey ( cag ) . however , in 2011 , the two races were officially separated based on genetic , morphological , plumage and vocal differences ( ref . research by melo and o ' ryan - 2007 ) .
this african grey parrot only inhabits on the islands of principe and gernando po in the gulf of guinea . this bird is darker than the regular african grey , and is not a regular found in the trade
fahlman , a . 2002 .
african drey parrot conservation : a feasibility evaluation of developing a local conservation program in pricipe
( on - line pdf ) . accessed april 10 , 2008 at urltoken .
african grey parrots are among the most familiar of all parrots . originating from central africa , many african cities now have feral populations . the timneh grey parrot is localized to the ivory coast and sierra leone . habitats for grey parrots include savannahs , coastal mangroves , woodland and edges of forest clearings . african greys are listed under convention on international trade in endangered species ( cites ) appendix ii , which means these species are not necessarily threatened with extinction , but may become so unless their trade is strictly regulated .
the historic range of the grey parrot was relatively larger than its contemporary range but was limited to the rainforest and associated transitional vegetation of southern cameroon . the range encompassed major parts of the southwest , littoral , south , centre , and east regions and small parts of north west and west regions . grey parrots were roughly evenly distributed within this range . the grey parrot mostly preferred areas of the range at elevations of 5 to 650 m . out of the seven ecoregions in the country , three of them harboured grey parrots in significant numbers and the most preferred was the cross - sanaga - bioko forest . in these ecoregions , the grey parrot generally preferred a zone with mixed patches of primary and secondary vegetation . floral composition within the different habitat types was the strongest factor that influenced the contemporary distribution of the grey parrot in the country .
in captivity , breeding the african grey timneh is not difficult . the reproductive years for this species is quite long . the timneh can start to reproduce around 4 years of age . when it is time to breed , the male feeds his mate and both will sing soft monotonous notes and perform mating dances where both sexes droop their wings . african greys will need a deep nest box that is mounted as high up as possible . they do not use any nesting material , but wood blocks should be provided for chewing , which stimulates breeding . the female at this time will sleep in the nest cavity while the male guards it .
dändliker , g . 1992b . the grey parrot in ghana : a population survey , a contribution to the biology of the species , a study of its commercial exploitation and management recommendations . cites , lausanne , switzerland .
28–39 cm . mottled grey , medium - sized parrot , with a large bill with a pale , horn - coloured area to part of the upper mandible , and white mask enclosing a yellow eye ; . . .
worryingly , there also appears to be an increasing market for parrot heads and tail feathers , which are being harvested for purported medicinal purposes , and which are more easily stored and transported than live birds ( 14 ) .
timnehs have all the good qualities of their popular african grey congo counterpart . it has taken a while , but the african grey timneh is now getting more recognition . it has established itself as an excellent speaker with the perfect tone quality required by its humans to be understand , and can precisely mimic sounds in its environment .
melo , m . and o’ryan , c . ( 2007 ) genetic differentiation between príncipe island and mainland populations of the grey parrot ( psittacus erithacus ) , and implications for conservation . molecular ecology 16 : 1673 - 1685 .
the parrot trade is big business in cameroonian society involving the public and the private sectors . it begins with the rural trappers and extends to exporters in towns and cities . the ministry of forestry and wildlife ( minfof ) is the major arm of the government that implements laws and regulations on the parrot trade . minfof works with cites to determine export quotas of parrots for a given period . the driving force behind the trade is poverty alleviation and unemployment .
the african grey parrot inhabits both primary and secondary lowland moist forest . it has also been observed at forest edges and clearings , and sometimes occurs in mangrove forest , gallery forest , savanna woodland and in cultivated areas . the african grey parrot is often found in areas of oil - palms ( elaeis guineensis ) , on which it likes to feed , and commonly roosts in raphia palms overhanging watercourses , or on offshore islands ( 2 ) ( 3 ) .
melo , m . and o’ryan , c . ( 2007 ) genetic differentiation between príncipe island and mainland populations of the grey parrot ( psittacus erithacus ) , and implications for conservation . molecular ecology , 16 : 1673 - 1685 .
although rarely recorded in markets in southeast asia relation to the grey parrot psittacus erithacus , there is evidence that this species is traded internationally – two individuals of unknown provenance were recorded for sale in bandung ; neither bird was ringed .
a mottled grey , medium - sized parrot . it has a large bill with a light , horn - coloured area to part of the upper mandible , and white mask enclosing a yellow eye . the tail is a dark maroon .
reference : dändliker , g . 1992 . “the grey parrot in ghana : a population survey , a contribution to the biology of the species , a study of its commercial exploitation and management recommendations” cites / eec / efta / unep .
melo , m . , c . o ' ryan . 2007 . genetic differentiation between principe island and mainland populations of the grey parrot ( psittacus erithacus ) , and implications for conservation . molecular ecology , 16 : 1673 - 1685 .
bottoni , l . , r . massa , d . boero . 2003 . the grey parrot ( psittacus erithacus ) as a musician : an experiment with the temperate scale . ethology ecology and evolution , 15 : 133 - 141 .
there’s a reason why the african grey is often considered the poster bird for parrot intelligence — not only is this bird inclined to amass a large vocabulary , african greys also demonstrate an aptitude for recognizing the meaning of words and phrases .
annorbah , n . n . d . ; collar , n . j . ; marsden , s . j . 2016 . trade and habitat change virtually eliminate the grey parrot psittacus erithacus from ghana . ibis 158 : 82 - 91 .
did you know ? that the african grey has the reputation as being the best talker of all parrot species ? african grey parrots cannot only mimic speech , but mimic it in a voice that sounds quite human . they also imitate sounds with incredible accuracy , from dripping faucets to construction equipment . parrot keepers should be careful about uttering any words they don ' t want the birds to learn , since they seem to have a special talent for learning just what they shouldn ' t !
you should give a new arrival a few days to get use to you , your voice and its cage before trying to handle it . the timneh african grey parrot is somewhat shy and cautious by nature and they need a period of adjustment . they are reserved with new people and objects too , so will tend to sit back and watch before giving of themselves freely . a hand fed baby will not need much taming and can often be handled right away , but be patient and go slow . allow them to hear your voice , and get used to you and their new environment . .
melo , m . ; o ' ryan , c . 2007 . genetic differentiation between príncipe island and mainland populations of the grey parrot ( psittacus erithacus ) , and implications for conservation . molecular ecology 16 ( 8 ) : 1673 - 1685 .
the african grey parrot has a wide distribution across tropical africa , from south - eastern côte d’ivoire east to kenya and tanzania , and south to angola ( 2 ) , including populations on the islands of príncipe and são tomé ( 3 ) .
juste b . , j . 1996 . trade in the gray parrot psittacus erithacus on the island of príncipe ( são tomé and príncipe , central africa ) : initial assessement of the activity and its impact . biological conservation 76 : 101 - 104 .
2016 ) . for several years guinea exported significant numbers as ‘captive - bred’ despite there being no commercial - scale breeding facilities in guinea ( cites 2012 ) . additionally , multiple shipments have been made from mali despite the species not naturally occurring there . in late 2015 , a shipment of 89 timneh parrots that originated in mali was confiscated in dakar ( r . martin
the need for information on grey parrot distribution and vegetation associations for informed management and policy decisions was the basis for this study . a nationwide survey of the grey parrot population and habitat status was carried out , using questionnaire and point count methods . from the results , the extent of the contemporary range of the parrots was restricted to southern cameroon , which harbours the rainforest . regional parrot population means ranged from 3 , 487 parrots in the littoral to 1 , 351 , 275 parrots in the east regions . the extent of the contemporary range as a percentage of the whole country was 25 . 4 % and as a percentage of the regions with rainforest was 44 . 5 % . the historic range of the bird has been reduced by over 55 . 5 % . estimated percentage of forest lost per region ranged from 20 . 4 % in the centre to 57 . 1 % in the east and south regions . at a global level , cameroon contributed 9 % to the total extent of the range of the grey parrot in africa . the range is increasingly fragmented , contracted , and lost through land - based socioeconomic activities . these degradation pressures on the range called for urgent conservation considerations for long - term survival of the parrot species and its associated biodiversity in cameroon .
perches should be natural wood ranging in size from 2 - 4 inches in diameter . various sized fruit tree branches work very well . playthings can be such things as climbing ropes , chains , bells , parrot swings and wooden or other destructible bird toys .
juste , j . 1995 . trade in the gray parrot ( psittacus erithacus ) on the island of principe ( sao tome and principe , central africa ) : initial assessment of the activity on its impact . biological conservation , 76 : 101 - 104 .
socioeconomic activities ( such as agroforestry ) that preserve the life of tree species known to be frequently used by the parrot ( such as ceiba pentandra , terminalia superba , melia excels , pycnanthus angolensis , etc . ) especially in the support zones of protected areas can be carried out with parrot / wildlife conservation programmes . the felling of trees destroys the nesting , feeding , and roosting sites of grey parrots . together , these negative factors are causing population declines and limits to population distribution of grey parrots in cameroon .
s . a . tamungang and r . a . cheke , ecology and conservation of the grey parrot in cameroon . annual technical and financial progress report : field activities report from parrotpro , cameroon , unpublished report to loro parque fundación , spain , 2009 .
in the wild , the timneh african grey parrots breeding season is variable . greys enter into a lifelong monogamous bond when sexually mature . like macaws , they pick their mates carefully . the pair will show a great deal of devotion and affection to each other in the form of sitting closely and preening . these birds breed in loose colonies , with each pair occupying its own tree .
gatter also records that in “1981 - 84 , according to estimates of forest guards and myself , about 1 , 400 birds annually were smuggled from ivory coast via cavalla river near zwedru at only 3 canoe crossings … less than 1 % of them are p . e . erithacus” . this is an indication that trade is not only a problem for erithacus , but for timneh also .
while there has been some domestic demand within range states , most impacts seem to be due to international trade , probably owing to the high value of this species . in addition to those birds smuggled from ivory coast , in 2009 guinea exported 720 p . timneh , despite a quota of zero , and legal trade as monitored by cites may represent only a proportion of the total numbers taken from the wild . cites imposed a two - year ban from jan 2007 on exports of timneh from four west african countries , and the importation of wild - caught birds into the eu was prohibited in 2007 , leading to a fall in exports of both species , but the number of exportations rose once again in 2008 / 09 ( del hoyo et al . 2016 ) .
each protected area designated with partial habitat status might not harbour the grey parrot in some of its parts due to the presence of savannah and grassland which do not attract the parrot . in some cases , the difference in habitat type in a protected area might be due to degradation from past socioeconomic pressures on the habitat or because that part of the protected area was on a relatively higher elevation than other parts . generally , high elevations brought about changes in vegetation composition and structure . for example , most of the grey parrots were detected below the elevation 800 m in the montane protected areas . in all , 54 . 6 % of the protected areas were completely covered with rainforest ( table 2 ) . the parrot therefore had more habitat resources for exploitation in those protected areas than those with partial rainforest .
of particular concern is the effect of both the legal and illegal trade on the subspecies p . e . timneh , which has smaller numbers and a more limited distribution than the nominate species . there has been no effort to assess the impacts of trade in three of the five range states , nor to assess the effect of guinea having exported numbers of birds in excess of its estimated population .
a survey was carried out by a team on the ground in the study area from 2008 to 2011 involving collection of nationwide data on parrot population distribution , abundance , and vegetation associations . two major methods ( questionnaire and point count ) were used for field data collection .
p . erithacus the populations in upper guinea , nigeria and cameroon may have suffered reductions similar to those suffered by p . timneh . the populations in the congo basin , including equatorial guinea , gabon , republic of congo , dr congo , central african republic may have suffered some declines as stated previously in the birdlife grey parrot factsheet , due to harvesting and forest loss . however , it is unlikely we have sufficient data on the population in any congo basin country to say precisely that the decline of this species has exceeded 30 % . estimations of forest loss are likely to be the best proxy of p . erithacus population decline and should be used for this purpose .
the contemporary range of the parrot has not drastically contracted but has been reduced through fragmentation and deforestation in all regions . fragmentation was observed not only in logged forest concessions , farmland , and human settlements , but also in some parts of protected areas which were encroached with farms and human settlements . for example , villages were observed in the korup national park and the santchou reserve pending government resettlement activities to the support zone of the protected areas . all the regions with parrot populations had at least 20 . 40 % of surviving rainforest ( table 3 ) .
ecology : timneh parrots are found in primary and secondary rainforest , forest edges and clearings , gallery forest , mangroves , savanna and cultivated land . diet consists of a variety of seeds , nuts , fruits ( including oil - palm ) and berries . birds will sometimes travel vast distances for food . they are generally seen in small , but vocal , flocks of a few dozen , usually not more .
has all the great attributes of these popular birds . though the timneh is a less common subspecies than the african grey congo , it ' s a very intelligent and clever bird . african greys are known to be the best talkers in the bird world . they are able to learn 200 or more words and all kinds of tricks . they also frequently imitate the sounds of their environment , and including people .
they equal the congo ' s in pet potential and
talking
ability . they are darker grey in color and have a maroon tail . we have found hand fed tags to be playful and affectionate . they need a
grey
sized parrot cage , lots of stimulating toys and an affectionate owner . they bond closely with their owners and delight in being part of the family . our breeding tag ' s are on a pelleted diet with the addition of fresh fruits and veggies . ( source : rand b aviary - breeder of african greys and parrot connoisseur )
the african grey parrot is still numerous and found over a wide range , and occurs in a number of protected areas such as salonga national park in the democratic republic of congo . this park is a world heritage site and the largest tropical rainforest reserve in africa , although political instability there makes protection difficult ( 15 ) . however , despite trade being monitored to some extent under the convention on international trade in endangered species ( cites ) ( 4 ) , current levels are considered unsustainable and the african grey parrot is now in decline ( 2 ) ( 13 ) .
my love and best friend died this morning , i had her for 40 years . ( my timneh ) needless to say i ' m devasted over her passing . she was not ill . fine when i left for work this morning . couple hours later she laid dead on the bottom of her cage . worst part is not knowing what happened to her . heart attack ? did she fall from her perch and break her neck ? don ' t know i always thought i ' d be the one to go first . . my home is so quiet now it ' s so hard to be in it because of the silence . to everyone who owns a timneh they are the greatest . i know as time goes by pain lessens but the hole in my heart will forever be there . miss you so much my feathered friend .
data were further analysed to show the distribution of the grey parrot with respect to the ecological regions of cameroon ( figure 4 ) . there are seven ecoregions in the country and three of them harbour the grey parrot in significant numbers . in order of decreasing abundance of grey parrots , they are northwestern congolian lowland forest , which is a typical lowland rainforest ; atlantic equatorial coastal forest , which is made up predominantly of mangrove swamp forest ( figure 3 ) ; and the cross - sanaga - bioko forest , which is predominantly made up of a mixture of lowland and highland rainforest .
the species has a wide distribution across tropical africa , from guinea - bissau east to kenya and tanzania , and south to angola ( 2 ) , including populations on the islands of príncipe and são tomé ( 3 ) . p . e . timneh is restricted to the western part of this range , from guinea to ivory coast , with isolated populations in guinea - bissau and southern mali ( 3 ) ( 6 ) .
grey parrots usually bond with one person . they wouldn ' t do well with most children , as they are not very patient and will bite if they are being handled . mind you , which parrot wouldn ' t . . . for kids , i would always recommend parakeets and cockatiels .
the timneh , like most birds , are far more intelligent than humans realize . they are more than a pet . they are a permanent 3 year old dressed in feathers with an unending capacity to love and a need to learn . greys require a lot of attention and stimulation to be a happy healthy member of the family . they want to learn throughout their lifetime and are interested in expanding their knowledge on just about anything .
focus of future work : wpt ' s focus is to work with communities living within the joão vieira – poilão national park in guinea - bissau to identify long - term solutions for the protection of these areas . ongoing support for law enforcement in the region will diminish the threat of illegal trade . in 2018 , wpt will support research focused on timneh ' s status and threats to their survival , being carried out in sierra leone .
much of the grey’s appeal comes from its talking ability . it is among the best talkers in the parrot family , able to repeat words and phrases after hearing them just once or twice . this bird reaches full talking ability around a year of age , and most individuals become capable mimics much earlier .
the study area covered the whole of the southern part of cameroon where rainforest exists ( figure 1 ) . sample points were selected randomly on each path in protected or nonprotected areas , to ensure that a cross - section of the major vegetation types in the geographical range of the grey parrot was sampled .
if you notice any of this bird illnesses in your african grey , immediately provide a warm , draft free , secure environment kept at about 86°f ( 30°c ) . place food and water close to the perch where it is easily accessible . an ailing parrot should be taken to a avian veterinarian for diagnosis and treatment .
geographic coordinates ( longitude and latitude ) and altitude of each sampled site and all parrot detection points were registered with a global positioning system ( gps ) . this information was later downloaded into arcgis software and analysed for distribution on a topographic map of cameroon . satellite vegetation data on cameroon were obtained from various databases . the data consisted of aboveground vegetation biomass ( mg / ha biomass ) , cameroon ecoregions , and vegetation ( land cover ) datasets . each vegetation dataset was analysed and arranged on the cameroon topographic map in various layers . finally , the parrot detection points were arranged in a layer , which was superimposed on each vegetation map to come out with various distribution maps of the bird .
the research team was made up of five persons ( two wildlife biologists , an environmental geographer , a rural sociologist , and a driver ) . structured questionnaires ( open and closed ) , personal interviews , and focus group discussions were administered to a cross - section of the rural population on aspects of parrot distribution , forest exploitation , and wildlife conservation activities .
besides talking , african greys can and will make all the sounds they hear in the home . they can mimic all the other birds and pets , and of course , they can use any voice that they hear in the house as well . they can begin to mimic even before they are weaned , but not usually in clear sounds for some time . timneh african greys don ' t really start speaking until they reach a year of age or older . as you interact with them , they will talk and associate words with meanings .