the generic name wattebledia is in honor of french malacologist gustave-éduard joseph wattebled ( 1844-1886 ) .

wattebledia

bithyniidae » wattebledia crosseana , id : 724133 , shell detail « shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc .
wattebledia is a genus of freshwater snails with a gill and an operculum , an aquatic gastropod mollusks in the family bithyniidae .
wattebledia crosseana is a species of freshwater snail with a gill and an operculum , an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family bithyniidae .
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : wattebledia crosseana ( g . e . j . wattebled , 1886 ) - id : 5202000097
the genera wattebledia and bithynia formed monophyletic clusters as well , but gabbia did not . the selection of neotricula aperta gamma strain ( in the same superfamily ) from genbank as the outgroup appeared legitimate as it clustered separately from other snails in family bithyniidae . increased taxon , geographic , and gene sampling would be worthwhile to further explore the two ‘barcode outliers’ and the ability of coi to infer geographic provenance and phylogenetic affinities in this group .
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citation : kulsantiwong j , prasopdee s , ruangsittichai j , ruangjirachuporn w , boonmars t , viyanant v , et al . ( 2013 ) dna barcode identification of freshwater snails in the family bithyniidae from thailand . plos one 8 ( 11 ) : e79144 . urltoken
copyright : © 2013 kulsantiwong et al . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
funding : the study was supported by the higher education research promotion and national research university project ( nru ) of thailand , and the office of the higher education commission , ministry of education of thailand and through the health cluster ( shep - gms ) , khon kaen university , thailand . jutharat kulsantiwong thanks the office of the higher education commission for supporting her phd program ( che ) in the department of parasitology , faculty of medicine , khon kaen university , thammasat university , and udonthani rajabhat university . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .
molecular taxonomic methods have been used extensively to complement morphological approaches for species identification , and for establishing phylogenetic relationships [ 1 - 10 ] . particularly , species identification through dna barcoding has seen rapid adoption over the past decade . prior dna barcode studies have clearly established their effectiveness in the delimitation of animal species , and also contributed several advantages [ 11 - 13 ] . the ability of dna barcoding to identify all life stages has particular importance in medical parasitology , where it is not only important to identify the parasite and its final host , but also all its life stages and its intermediate hosts . thus , a multidisciplinary method of classification that includes morphological , molecular and distributional data is an essential prerequisite for understanding the epidemiology of any parasite - induced disease [ 7 ] .
the present study is the first to explore the application of dna barcoding in species identification in the family bithyniidae . we analyzed variation of the coi barcode region within 10 species / subspecies of bithyniidae using pairwise sequence comparisons . we then examined the effectiveness of dna barcoding in differentiating among these species .
each snail was subsequently examined for trematode infections by testing for cercarial shedding twice within a week . prior to cercarial shedding , the snails were cleaned with dechlorinated tap - water . shedding was induced under 25 w electric light bulbs for 2 hours at room temperature during the day . for species that shed cercaria at night , black covers were used to achieve total darkness and snails were allowed to shed overnight . uninfected snails were soaked in phosphate buffered saline ( pbs ) containing antibiotics ( 200 unit / ml of penicillin and 100 µg / ml of streptomycin ) for 3 to 4 hours before extraction of dna to ensure that bacterial contamination was minimized .
each snail was dissected to remove its soft body parts , and kept at - 20 °c until further analysis . each specimen was labeled , databased and imaged . all specimen records are in the project ‘jut - mitochondrial dna barcodes identification for snail in family bithyniidae in thailand’ on bold , the barcode of life data systems [ 38 ] .
total genomic dna was extracted from whole snail tissue using methods similar to those in winnepenninckx et al . [ 39 ] . snail tissue was first homogenized in lysis buffer ( 2 % w / v cetyltri - ammonium bromide ; ctab , 1 . 4 m nacl , 0 . 2 % v / v β - mercaptoethanol , 20 mm edta , 100 mm trishcl ph 8 , 0 . 2 mg / ml proteinase k ) , and then incubated at 55 °c for 6 hours . subsequently , proteins were precipitated using phenol / chloroform ( 1 : 1 ) once , followed by phenol / chloroform / isoamylalcohol ( 25 : 24 : 1 ) , centrifuged at 13 , 000 g for 10 min ( 4 °c ) twice , and finally washed with chloroform ( 1 : 1 ) . the upper aqueous layer was removed , and dna was precipitated in isopropanol ( 2 : 3 v / v ) , mixed gently by inverting the tube a few times , put on ice for 15 min , and then spun in a microcentrifuge at 13 , 000 g for 5 min . after centrifugation , the supernatant was discarded ; the dna pellets were washed in 75 % absolute ethanol , and centrifuged at 13 , 000 g for 5 min . after air - drying , the dna pellet was re - suspended in te buffer ( 10 mm tris , 1mm edta , ph 8 . 0 ) and stored at - 20 °c until analysis . the dna concentration and purity were estimated by spectrophotometer ( nanovue , ge healthcare uk limited , buckinghamshire , uk ) at an absorbance of 260 and 280 nm wavelengths . the extracted genomic dna was then diluted to a working concentration of 10 ng / µl .
forward and reverse dna sequences were assembled , and edited using chromas version 2 . 23 [ 46 ] , bioedit v . 5 . 0 . 6 [ 47 ] and codoncode v . 3 . 01 ( codoncode corporation , dedham , ma ) . alignment and homology analysis were performed using clustal x v . 1 . 8 [ 48 ] and mega 4 [ 49 ] with pairwise nucleotide sequence divergences calculated using the kimura 2 - parameter ( k2p ) model [ 50 ] . base composition and distance summaries were obtained using the tools provided on the bold workbench ( www . boldsystems . org ) [ 38 ] , but only sequences ≥ 350 bp were included in the analysis . a neighbour - joining ( nj ) tree was also created using bold to provide a preliminary display of the sequence divergences .
pairwise distances ( k2p ) for coi sequences from snail species in the family bithyniidae separated into two categories : ( a ) intraspecific ; ( b ) interspecific .
the high intraspecific divergences in w . crosseana and g . wykoffi could indicate the presence of previously unrecognized cryptic species . dna barcoding has proven invaluable at detecting cryptic species , which in many cases , are subsequently corroborated by life history , morphological or other character sets [ 51 - 54 ] . for these two snail species , the clusters represent allopatric populations with no apparent morphological differences , so it is currently unclear if they represent merely isolated populations or separate entities with differences yet to be revealed . conversely , the sharing of identical barcode sequence in g . pygmaea and one northern thailand population of g . wykoffi may be indicative of introgressive hybridization , incomplete lineage sorting , misidentification , or a previously unrecognized synonymy . further investigations into these groups are necessary to untangle and confirm these predictions and the use of more holistic approaches to delimit species boundaries will be beneficial .
an important finding in the present study is that the three first intermediate hosts ( b . s . siamensis , b . s . goniomphalos and b . funiculata ) of southeast asian liver fluke can all be distinguished by coi barcodes . all three taxa of bithynia sp . form monophyletic clusters , with 1 . 5 % divergence between the two subspecies of b . siamensis and both subspecies had 7 . 1 % divergence from b . funiculata ( table 3 ) . because the two subspecies of b . siamensis are morphologically indistinguishable , the capacity of dna barcoding to discriminate them is significant . moreover , morphological similarity has created taxonomic confusion and difficulties in the accurate identification of b . s . siamensis and b . s . goniomphalos which are currently believed to be distributed in the north , central , south and northeast of thailand [ 26 , 29 , 36 - 38 ] . as well , the capacity to rapidly diagnose all stages of the host’s life cycle is essential for better understanding of the epidemiology of this parasite - induced disease .
neighbour - joining tree ( k2p ) for 10 species / subspecies of snails in the family bithyniidae .
the number of individuals for each branch is given in parentheses . a detailed version of this tree , including locality information , is provided in figure s1 .
similar studies which have also been reported in other organisms [ 52 - 59 ] , yet over all dna barcoding has proven reliable in identifying species in more than 90 % of the organisms investigated [ 60 ] . the neighbour - joining tree and me analysis also revealed that in general , individuals tended to cluster in accordance with collection localities ( supporting information , figure s1 , s2 ) . the results from me analysis were very similar to the neighbor - joining analysis so the latter was used to generate diagrams .
in summary , the present study has studied genetic - variation in ten species / subspecies of bithyniidae from thailand using coi . sequence divergences were lower for intraspecific than congeneric comparison . using coi , 80 % of the studied snail taxa could accurately identified . in comparison with other methods for identifying snails in this family , dna barcoding is quicker , easier and more applicable , it is suitable for young snail identification which will be beneficial for understanding the epidemiology of opisthorchiasis transmission .
neighbour - joining tree ( distance model : kimura - 2 - parameter ) of profile and test taxa ; includes a list of bold with process id , taxa names , length of sequence and locality .
minimum evolution tree ( me ) of 218 coi sequences of 10 species / subspecies of snails in the family bithyniidae . the number of individuals for each branch is given in parentheses .
we thank the staffs of the biodiversity institute of ontario , university of guelph , ontario , canada , especially mr . sean prosser for providing technical advice . dr . jeff webb aided with data analysis , while dr . jeremy r . dewaard provided valuable comments on the manuscript . we also thank assistant professor dr . pairat tarbsripair , the malacologist who confirmed our identification species of the specimens . fieldwork that provided the basis for this work would not have been completed without the gracious support from dr . pairat tarbsripair , dr . supawadee piratae , dr . panita khampoosa , chalermlap donthaisong , patpicha arunsan , dr . apiporn suwannatrai , and kulwadee suwannatrai .
conceived and designed the experiments : jk st wr tb vv jr . performed the experiments : jk . analyzed the data : jk sp jr tb pp . contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools : jk sp pp pdnh . wrote the manuscript : jk st vv pp pdnh . collected specimens : sp . commentation : wr tb .
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( of bithynia crosseana wattebled , 1884 ) wattebled g . ( 1884 ) . description de mollusques inédits , recueillis par m . le capitaine dorr , en cochinchine . journal de conchyliologie . 32 : 125 - 131 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 127 , pl . 6 fig . 4 [ details ]
brandt r . a . m . ( 1974 ) . the non - marine aquatic mollusca of thailand . archiv für molluskenkunde . 105 : i - iv , 1 - 423 . page ( s ) : 64 , pl . 5 , figs . 66 - 67 [ details ]
abbott r . t . ( 1948 ) . handbook of medically important mollusks of the orient and the western pacific . bulletin of the museum of comparative zoology at harvard college . 100 ( 3 ) : 245 - 328 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 281 [ details ]
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dyer , e . , soulsby , a . - m . , whitton , f . , mcguinness , s . , de silva , r . , milligan , h . t . , kasthala , g . , herdson , r . , thorley , j . , mcmillan , k . & collins , a .
this species is known from several irrigation canals and reservoirs in thailand , including the lam ta khong reservoir in nakhon ratchasima ( tesana , 2002 ) and paddy fields and canals of several locations in chiang mai province ( ngern - klun 2006 ) , khon kaen province ( kittivorachate and yangyuen 2004 ) . further limited populations have also been found in nakorn sri thammarat province ( manning 1970 ) , surin province , and sriracha province . the species is also reported from close to the myanmar and cambodian borders , suggesting this species may also be found within these countries ( brandt 1974 ) , and there is a record from perlis state , northern peninsular malaysia ( malacology collection , academy of natural sciences , philadelphia ) .
, including this species , was found to be the third most abundant mollusc in khon kane reservoir , with the highest populations occurring in june ( kittivorachate 2004 ) . in addition , this species was found to be one of the dominant species of mollusc at depths of around 8 m ( kittivorachate 2004 ) .
further mollusc collections in chiang mai province found this species to be the second most abundant during the rainy season ( ngern - klun 2006 ) .
this species was collected from artificial reservoirs at a benthic depth range of 0 . 5 - 8 m ( kittivorachete 2004 ) . it has been found in cargo shipments to the usa , but has not become established ( perez
2004 ) . a general molluscan survey of lam ta khong reservoir across three seasons found an extremely low density of this species ( tesana , 2002 ) .
there are no species - specific conservation measures in place . further research on this species is recommended to clarify its abundance , distribution , life history and ecology and threats .
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j . nucl . energy , part c plasma phys . ( 1959 - 1966 )
j . opt . a : pure appl . opt . ( 1999 - 2009 )
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j . phys . c : solid state phys . ( 1968 - 1988 )
1 department of biology , faculty of mathematics and natural sciences , bogor agricultural university , indonesia .
w priawandiputra et al 2017 iop conf . ser . : earth environ . sci . 58 012007
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the specific name crosseana is in honor of french conchologist joseph charles hippolyte crosse .
bouchet p . & rocroi j . - p . ( 2005 ) . classification and nomenclator of gastropod families . malacologia . 47 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 397 isbn 3 - 925919 - 72 - 4 . [ details ]
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pao baileyi , the hairy puffer , is a species of pufferfish usually found in the rocky habitats , including rapids , of the mekong mainstream and its larger tropical freshwater tributaries .

pao baileyi

the following term was not found in genome : pao baileyi [ orgn ] .
how can i put and write and define pao baileyi in a sentence and how is the word pao baileyi used in a sentence and examples ? 用pao baileyi造句 , 用pao baileyi造句 , 用pao baileyi造句 , pao baileyi meaning , definition , pronunciation , synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha . net .
origin of pao is from the local name of pufferfishes in thai and lao languages , pla pao and pa pao , respectively , with pla and pa meaning fish , and pao meaning purse .
pao baileyi is very aggressive against conspecifics . so one should keep these puffers solitary and put pairs together only for breeding purposes . the hardness and ph of the water is of no meaning , but this puffer needs clean , oxygen - rich water .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 12 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 43281 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; anal spines : 0 . head and body usually sparsely or densely covered with epidermal outgrowths or cirri ( may be missing in specimens smaller than 3 cm sl ) ; body entirely without scales ; abdomen of live fish golden or orange with no other markings ( ref . 47661 ) .
found mainly in rocky habitats including rapids of the mekong mainstream and its larger tributaries ( ref . 27661 ) .
roberts , t . r . , 1998 . freshwater fugu or pufferfishes of the genus tetraodon from the mekong basin , with descriptions of two new species . ichthyol . res . 45 ( 3 ) : 225 - 234 . ( ref . 27661 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5001 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 02754 ( 0 . 01256 - 0 . 06040 ) , b = 2 . 88 ( 2 . 70 - 3 . 06 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 3 ±0 . 3 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 13 of 100 ) .
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juffe bignoli , d . , parenti , l . & vidthayanon , c .
justification : this species is found in the mekong basin in lao pdr and thailand where it covers a wide geographic range . current population trends is unknown . planned dams in the mainstream may pose a threat to this species in the future . however , based on current available information it is listed as least concern .
1997 , roberts 1998 , kottelat 2001 ) . it is also possibly present in cambodia as it has been collected near the cambodia border ( m . kottelat pers . comm . 2011 ) ; vidthayanon ( 2005 ) shows presence in cambodia in the mekong above phnom penh , without details .
this species inhabits rocky rapids of the mekong mainstream and its larger tributaries . the species is elusive and may be under - reported .
arrive at khone falls at start of hydrological year ( oct - nov ) ( baran et al . 2005 ) .
planned dams in the mainstream of the mekong , as well as existing and proposed dams on many of its tributaries within the species range , are potential threats to this species . this will cause habitat degradation , disruption of the natural flood / drought cycle of the river , and changed levels of sedimentation and dissolved oxygen . pollution from a range of sources may also impact the species in parts of its range .
the species has been assessed as ' endangered ' in thailand due to habitat loss ( vidthayanon 2005 ) . jenkins
( 2011 ) considered the species ' vulnerable at the global scale due to population declines inferred from habitat loss .
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this variability is connected with the unique lifestyle of the fish . they imitate stones ! the puffer sucks with its belly to the ground . now the function of the beard becomes obvious : this beard imitates algae growing on a stone ! if a fish or a shrimp comes along and tries to feed aufwuchs or algae from the surface of that “stone” , it becomes prey of the pufferfish . so a comparably bad swimmer like a pufferfish can survive in the strong current of rapids with a minimum of energy .
for our customers : the animals have code 461254 on our stocklist . please note that we exclusively supply the wholesale trade . available in limited numbers only !
as each month we present the top 5 fish imports sponsored by aquarium glaser ! first place - paracaridina zijinica for the first time we can offer the very pretty , black - and - white
mustang shrimp
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head and body usually sparsely or densely covered with epidermal outgrowths or cirri ( may be missing in specimens smaller than 3 cm sl ) ; body entirely without scales ; abdomen of live fish golden or orange with no other markings ( ref . 47661 ) .
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epicephala mirivalvata is a moth of the gracillariidae family .

it is found in fujian and hainan , china .

the larvae feed on breynia fruticosa and breynia rostrata .

epicephala mirivalvata

statistics of eggs laid by epicephala mirivalvata on breynia female flowers at three locations .
epicephala mirivalvata zhang , hu , wang & li , 2012 , sp . nov . - plazi treatmentbank
annual fruit stage of breynia fruticosa and life history of epicephala lativalvaris and e . mirivalvata in yingge mountain of hainan , china .
annual fruit stage of breynia fruticosa and epicephala rostrata , and life history of e . lativalvaris and e . mirivalvata in tianzhu mountain and wanshi botanical garden of xiamen , china .
statistics of oviposition scars made by epicephala lativalvaris on breynia fruits at five locations .
epicephala moths sucking nectar on female flowers of breynia fruticosa ( a ) and b . rostrata ( b ) .
in hainan , b . fruticosa has six fruit periods per year , lasting from the first period in early january to the sixth period in late november . epicephala lativalvaris and e . mirivalvata have six generations correspondingly , lasting from the first generation in middle january to the sixth generation in late december ( table s1 ) .
a single larva of both e . lativalvaris and e . mirivalvata needs to consume all six seeds within a fruit to develop into maturity . mature larvae ( the last instar ) gnawed a hole in the fruit wall and exited , then produced cocoons and turned into pupae on leaves of hosts or the ambient plants . pupal stage of e . lativalvaris lasted 9–15 days , and pupal stage of e . mirivalvata lasted 9–12 days . adults of both epicephala species could survive 3–5 days by sucking nectar for nutrition ( figure s1 ) .
epicephala lativalvaris collecting pollen grains on male flower of breynia fruticosa ( a ) and actively pollinating for breynia fruticosa ( b ) and b . rostrata ( c ) . e . lativalvaris inserting ovipositor through calyx lobe and ovary to lay eggs on b . fruticosa ( d ) and b . rostrata ( e ) . ( f ) egg of e . lativalvaris . e . mirivalvata laying eggs between ovary and calyx lobe on b . fruticosa ( g ) and b . rostrata ( h ) . ( i ) egg of e . mirivalvata . ( e ) egg .
we analyzed the coi genes of e . lativalvaris and epicephala sp . ex b . fruticosa [ 11 ] , and found that the pairwise distance between them is 0 . moreover , epicephala sp . ex b . fruticosa would leave scars on host flowers after ovipositing , which is similar to e . lativalvaris . based on the above information , we could conclude that the epicephala species pollinating b . fruticosa in kawakita and kato [ 11 ] is e . lativalvaris .
( a ) e . lativalvaris with spine - shaped apex . ( b ) e . mirivalvata with blunt apex . ( o ) ovipositor . ( a ) antrum . ( db ) ductus bursae . ( cb ) corpus bursae .
epicephala lativalvaris li , wang & zhang , 2012 and e . mirivalvata li , wang & zhang , 2012 are two small nocturnal moths that are distinctly different in morphology [ 17 ] . females have a different oviposition mode due to having a differently shaped ovipositor ( figure 5 ) . however , they obligately and jointly pollinated b . fruticosa in hainan and fujian , and pollinated b . rostrata in fujian .
figures 1 – 6 . adults of epicephala spp . 1 , e . lanceolaria sp . nov . , paratype 3 ; 2 , e . lativalvaris sp . nov . , paratype 3 ; 3 , e . mirivalvata sp . nov . , paratype ƥ ; 4 , e . vitisidaea sp . nov . , paratype ƥ ; 5 , e . bipollenella sp . nov . , paratype ƥ ; 6 , e . eriocarpa sp . nov . , paratype ƥ .
zhang , jing , hu , bingbing , wang , shuxia & li , houhun , 2012 , six new species of epicephala meyrick , 1880 ( lepidoptera : gracillariidae ) associated with phyllanthaceae plants , zootaxa 3275 , pp . 43 - 54 : 48 - 49
figures 7 – 12 . male genitalia of epicephala spp . 7 , e . lanceolaria sp . nov . , paratype , slide no . bhy 08332 ; 8 , e . lativalvaris sp . nov . , paratype , slide no . zj 10007 ; 9 , e . mirivalvata sp . nov . , paratype , slide no . zj 10080 ; 10 , e . vitisidaea sp . nov . , paratype , slide no . zj 10041 ; 11 , e . bipollenella sp . nov . , paratype , slide no . zj 10056 ; 12 , e . eriocarpa sp . nov . , paratype , slide no . zj 11038 .
citation : zhang j , wang s , li h , hu b , yang x , wang z ( 2012 ) diffuse coevolution between two epicephala species ( gracillariidae ) and two breynia species ( phyllanthaceae ) . plos one 7 ( 7 ) : e41657 . urltoken
epicephala adults repeatedly rubbed proboscis against stigma to deposit pollen grains on all stigmas ( figure 2 : b , c ) . they would pace back and forth to pollinate all flowers on one branch , and female flowers were pollinated in this way as to pollinate most efficiently .
( a ) the maximum - parsimonious tree of epicephala moths ( length , 486 ; ci = 0 . 519 ; ri = 0 . 518 ) . ( b ) the maximum - likelihood tree of epicephala moths ( - ln likelihood = 1628 . 20777 ; transition / transversion ratio = 2 ; empirical frequencies : a = 0 . 29923 , c = 0 . 16930 , g = 0 . 14101 , t = 0 . 39046 ) . numbers above branches are bootstrap values . red branches refer to the species involved in this study .
we observed epicephala moths during full anthesis and recorded their visiting behavior in detail , with particular attention paid to their nocturnal activities . we recorded the time that the moths spent on pollination , oviposition and pollen collection , and observed how they used their proboscis to collect pollen and pollinate flowers , and where they oviposited . we collected developing and mature fruits and put them in a cylindrical plastic box ( 8 . 5 cm×12 . 0 cm ) to rear epicephala larvae . we then recorded how and when the larvae left fruits to cocoon and emerge .
adult specimens examined in this study were collected from their hosts or reared from fruits in captivity . dissection of female flowers of breynia plants and female genitalia of epicephala moths was conducted under an olympus sz11 stereo - microscope . photographs were taken with a canon g10 digital camera in the field and the illustration of genitalia were prepared with an olympus c–7070 wide zoom digital camera .
we extracted genomic dna of epicephala moths from the fruits we reared , and extracted genomic dna of b . rostrata from silica - gel dried leaves collected in tianzhu mountain , fujian . the method of dna extraction followed the ctab procedure [ 19 ] . we pcr - amplified the coi gene fragments using primers lepf1 and lepr1 [ 20 ] , and pcr - amplified the matk gene fragments using primers 570f and 1710r [ 21 ] .
male flowers of b . fruticosa ( a ) and b . rostrata ( b ) with stamens concealed in calyxe which can be visited by epicephala moths only . female flowers ( c ) and fruit ( d ) of b . fruticosa with excurved stigmas and discal calyx sepals . female flowers ( e ) and fruit ( f ) of b . rostrata with stigmas erect and reflexed calyx sepals . ( cs ) calyx sepals . ( s ) stigma .
the presence of oviposition scars and eggs on fruits was considered to have a one–to–one correspondence [ 11 ] . we randomly examined 23 flowers in hainan ( yingge mountain ) and 179 flowers in fujian ( tianzhu mountain and wanshi botanical garden ) to search for eggs ( table s3 ) ; and randomly examined oviposition scars on 1162 fruits in hainan ( yingge mountain , wuzhi mountain and jianfeng mountain ) and 974 fruits in fujian ( tianzhu mountain and wanshi botanical garden ) to acquire the egg amount of epicephala moths ( table s4 ) .
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not stated ,
two perfect types
, ansp ( busck 1903 : 191 ) ; 2 syntypes ex coll . clemens , ex coll . stainton , bmnh ; 1 syntype ex coll . chambers , ex coll . stainton , bmnh .
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copyright : © zhang et al . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
funding : this research was supported by the national natural science foundation of china ( no . 30930014 ) . funder’s website : urltoken . the funder had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .
female flowers ( a ) and fruits ( b ) with erect stigmas and flat calyx sepals . female flowers ( c ) and fruits ( d ) with excurved stigmas and reflexed calyx sepals . ( cs ) calyx sepals . ( s ) stigma .
we found some plant individuals are difficult to identify , because they possess double morphological characters of both b . fruticosa and b . rostrata : three individuals ( figure 1 : a , b ) in hainan with erect stigmas ( characteristic of b . rostrata ) and flat calyx sepals ( characteristic of b . fruticosa ) ; nineteen individuals ( figure 1 : c , d ) in fujian with excurved stigmas ( characteristic of b . fruticosa ) and reflexed calyx sepals ( characteristic of b . rostrata ) .
the result of the hand - pollination hybridization experiment showed that there are no reproductive barriers between b . fruticosa and b . rostrata . 90 % b . fruticosa female flowers ( n = 50 ) with pollen grains from b . rostrata developed , so did 94 % b . rostrata female flowers ( n = 50 ) with pollen grains from b . fruticosa ( table s7 ) .
plant species . ( a ) the maximum - parsimonious tree of phyllantheae plants ( length , 179 ; ci = 0 . 933 ; ri = 0 . 985 ) . ( b ) the maximum - likelihood tree of phyllantheae plants ( - ln likelihood = 2922 . 8917 ; transition / transversion ratio = 2 ; empirical frequencies : a = 0 . 30688 , c = 0 . 16491 , g = 0 . 15206 , t = 0 . 37615 ) . numbers above branches are bootstrap values . red branches refer to the species involved in this study .
diffuse coevolution firstly advanced and defined by janzen ( 1980 ) [ 14 ] . he defined coevolution as an evolutionary change in a trait of the individuals in one population in response to a trait of the individuals of a second population , followed by an evolutionary response by the second population to the change in the first . diffuse coevolution occurs when either or both populations in coevolution are represented by an array of populations that generate a selective pressure as a group [ 14 ] .
breynia fruticosa and b . rostrata are sister taxa , which suggests that the pollinators they are sharing might have pollinated their ancestor , and that this pollination system maintained after the speciation of b . fruticosa and b . rostrata .
from november 2009 to september 2011 , we carried out field observations on breynia fruticosa in yingge mountain nature reserves ( alt . 200–755 m , 18°50′–19°12′n , 109°15′–109°50′e ) , wuzhi mountain national nature reserves ( alt . 512–720 m , 18°49′–18°59′n , 109°32′–109°43′e ) and jianfeng mountain national nature reserves ( alt . 807–973 m , 18°23′–18°52′n , 108°44′–109°02′e ) in hainan , china ; and on b . fruticosa and b . rostrata in wanshi botanical garden ( alt . 28–201 m , 117°53′–118°25′e , 24°25′–24°54′n ) and tianzhu mountain national forest park ( alt . 50–200 m , 24°35′–24°39′n , 117°53′–117°57′e ) in fujian , china .
to make sure whether the hybridization could happen between b . fruticosa and b . rostrata , we performed a hand - pollination hybridization experiment in wanshi botanical garden . we respectively selected 50 non - pollinating female flowers of b . fruticosa and b . rostrata . we gathered pollen grains from male flowers of b . fruticosa and hand - pollinated female flowers of b . rostrata , and from male flowers of b . rostrata and hand - pollinated female flowers of b . fruticosa . we bagged these pollinated flowers with fine netting ( 0 . 5 mm mesh ) , and seven days later , we counted and calculated their developmental rate ( figure s2 ) .
maximum - parsimony and maximum - likelihood analyses of coi and matk were performed using paup v . 4 . 0 b10 [ 25 ] . both maximum - parsimony and maximum - likelihood heuristic searches were conducted with equal weight , 1000 and 100 replicates of random addition analyses respectively , and tree bisection - reconnection branch swapping . the robustness of maximum - parsimony and maximum - likelihood trees were assessed by non - parametric bootstrapping with 1000 and 100 replicates respectively .
hand - pollination hybridization experiment of breynia fruticosa and b . rostrata . ( a ) flowers bagged with fine netting . ( b ) hand - pollinated b . rostrata with pollen of b . fruticosa . ( c ) non - pollinated female flower of b . fruticosa . ( d ) developed female flowers of b . fruticosa with pollen of b . rostrata . ( e ) non - pollinated female flower of b . rostrata . ( f ) developed female flowers of b . rostrata with pollen of b . fruticosa .
we appreciate fuchen shi for identifying breynia plants , to yanru yin for her assistance in the field . special thanks are given to members of tianzhu mountain national forest park and yingge mountain nature reserves for their support and kind help in the field . this research was supported by the national natural science foundation of china ( no . 30930014 ) .
conceived and designed the experiments : hl sw . performed the experiments : jz bh xy zw . analyzed the data : jz hl . wrote the paper : jz sw hl .
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south africa , transvaal [ limpopo ] , soutpansberg district , louis trichardt , 06 . vi . 1923 , leg . l . vári .
vári , l . 1961 . south african lepidoptera . vol . i . lithocolletidae . - transvaal museum memoir 12 : 238 pp . 112 pls .
* a large , irregular , transparent , whitish blotch - mine on upperside of leaf with greenish - brown discoloration .
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a ) . during pollen collection , female adults intermittently spread proboscis several times to get more pollen grains . they only collected pollen grains in one male flower each time effectively , which could pollinate more than ten female flowers in the same or different plants .
b , c ) . they would pace back and forth to pollinate all flowers on one branch , and female flowers were pollinated in this way as to pollinate most efficiently .
species exhibited similar behavior of pollen collection and pollination , but their oviposition behavior was visibly different .
moths often gave complementary pollination to make sure there are enough pollen grains for female flowers . on rare occasion , they would not lay eggs if disturbed .
are closely related , their hybrid offsprings could survive and possess double characters of both species . this hypothesis is supported by the fact that some plant individuals in tianzhu mountain and wanshi botanical garden have double characters of both
, but we did not find it in this study . we only found three individuals with characters of both
was either very small or has disappeared . the plants with double characters in hainan may imply that
does and plays a secondary role in this mutualism . this is closely associated with female ovipositor structures and oviposition mode .
d–f ) . so the external influence imposed on egg hatching could be greatly reduced , and the newly hatched larvae could instantly feed on seeds to ensure a higher survival rate . on the contrary ,
g–i ) . so both eggs and newly hatched larvae were exposed to the influence of environmental factors . moreover , the newly hatched larvae had to bore into the ovary , which could increase the mortal hazard and eventually decrease the population size . the phylogenetic analysis of
moths ; female flowers bear free calyx and styles , which is likely to be accessed by other flower visitors . the two
this research was supported by the national natural science foundation of china ( no . 30930014 ) . funder’s website : urltoken . the funder had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .
samuel r , kathriarachchi h , hoffmann p , barfuss mh , wurdack kj , et al . ( 2005 )
kathriarachchi h , samuel r , hoffmann p , mlinarec j , wurdack kj , et al . ( 2006 )
type material . china : hainan province : holotype 3 , yingge mountain nature reserves ( 19 °02ʹn , 109 ° 50 ʹe ) , 4 . ix . 2010 , leg . bingbing hu , genitalia slide no . zj 10062 . paratypes : 3 ƥƥ , 3–4 . ix . 2010 , leg . bingbing hu , 1 ƥ , 5 . vi . 2010 , leg . jing zhang , same locality as holotype ; 1 3 , mt . limu ( 19 ° 10 ʹn , 109 ° 46 ʹe ) , 700 m , 15 . iv . 2008 , leg . binbin hu & haiyan bai ( by light trap ) ; fujian province : 1 3 , mt . tianzhu ( 24 ° 36 ʹn , 117 ° 59 ʹe ) , xiamen , 23 . viii . 2010 , leg . jing zhang .
) . tegumen broad ligulate . costa with basal half narrow and parallel dorsoventrally , distal half broadened gradually to rounded apex ; apex obliquely rounded ; with dense long setae near apical and ventral margins ; transtilla elongate triangular , acute at apex . sacculus shorter than costa , irregularly triangular , about 2 . 5 times as wide as costa at base , gradually narrowing towards acute apex ; dorsal margin conspicuously arched ; ventral margin nearly straight , with a broad rectangular plate along basal 2 / 5 , its outer margin incised ; distal 1 / 3 scattered with teeth , dentate ventrally . vinculum u - shaped , blunt posteriorly ; saccus slender , straight , as long as vinculum , acute at apex . phallus broad and straight , longer than costa ; cornuti consisting of six small spines at distal 1 / 3 , a dorsoapical tooth and a large ventroapical thorn ; in some individuals , phallus with some indistinct teeth and a large ventroapical thorn .
sp . nov . in appearance , but can be separated from the latter by the forewing dorsally with a distinct broad white band , and the sacculus not very broad but quite differently shaped in the male genitalia ; and the ostium bursae anteriorly not bearing a semicircular sac and the longer antrum in the female genitalia .
etymology . the specific name is derived from the latin prefix miri - , meaning bizarre , and the word valvatus , meaning valvular , in reference to the peculiar sacculus .
sp . nov . , paratype , slide no . hbb 10020 ; 14 ,
sp . nov . , paratype , slide no . zj 10054 ; 16 ,
sp . nov . , paratype , slide no . zj 10068 ; 17 ,
sp . nov . , paratype , slide no . zj 11013 ; 18 ,
no known copyright restrictions apply . see agosti , d . , egloff , w . , 2009 . taxonomic information exchange and copyright : the plazi approach . bmc research notes 2009 , 2 : 53 for further explanation .
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the richtersveld katydid ( africariola longicauda ) is a species of katydid that is endemic to the richtersveld national park in south africa .

it occurs in semi-arid habitats of the karoo biotope .

it is threatened by livestock grazing and climate change .

richtersveld katydid

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the richtersveld katydid ( africariola longicauda ) is endemic to the richtersveld national park , northern cape province , south africa , and areas immediately adjacent to it .
the park boasts excellent bird watching opportunities , as well as a diverse range of animals including grey rhebok , duiker , steenbok , klipspringer , kudu , hartmann ' s mountain zebra , baboon , vervet monkey , caracal and leopard . the threatened richtersveld katydid is endemic to the area .
this species is known to occur only within the semi - arid habitats of nama and succulent karoo within richtersveld national park .
) is endemic to the richtersveld national park , northern cape province , south africa , and areas immediately adjacent to it .
no specific conservation measures are in place for this species , but it is only known to occur within a protected area , richtersveld national park .
in june 2007 , the
richtersveld cultural and botanical landscape
, just to the south of the national park and an area of equivalent size and beauty , was named a unesco world heritage site . unlike the national park , the richtersveld community conservancy , which forms the core zone of the world heritage site , is not subject to diamond mining and is as a result the more pristine of the two areas .
with water so scarce , life in the richtersveld depends on moisture from the early morning fog . locals call it ' ihuries ' or ' malmokkies ' and it makes survival possible for a range of small reptiles , birds and mammals .
located in south africa ' s northern namaqualand , this arid area represents a harsh landscape where water is a great scarcity and only the hardiest of lifeforms survive . despite this , the richtersveld is regarded as the only arid biodiversity hotspot on earth , with an astonishing variety of plant , bird and animal life ( much of which is endemic ) .
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the greatest threat to this species is habitat destruction caused by livestock over - grazing and climate change .
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part of the area is inscribed on unesco ' s world heritage list due to its cultural values , but remains a favourite amongst nature travellers to south africa , the landscape is sometimes described as
martian
. though barren and desolate at first glance , closer examination reveals the area to be rich in desert lifeforms , with an array of unique species specially adapted for survival .
the northern part of the area was proclaimed as a national park in 1991 after 18 years of negotiation with the local community , who continue to live and graze their livestock in the area . it has an area of
having been recorded in mid - summer . nights are cool and bring with them heavy dew . this unique climate is what has fostered such a unique ecosystem .
home to c . 650 plant species , this park boasts the world’s largest diversity of succulents and represents an example of one of the most interesting mega - ecosystems in the world , the karoo .
the area is home to a number of rather unusual plants , many of which are found nowhere else on earth . chief among these is the
halfmensboom
( pachypodium namaquanum welw . ) . literally translated , this means
half - person tree
and the name comes from the tree ' s resemblance to the human form ; its top consists of a grouping of thick , crinkled leaves , generally leaning northwards , which can make it look almost like a human head .
these trees are revered by the indigenous nama people as the embodiment of their ancestors , half human , half plant , mourning for their ancient namibian home .
also found here are gnarled kokerbooms , other tall aloes , and a variety of other unusual succulents , such as aloe pearsonii .
and is entirely responsible for management of the world heritage site . both areas are used by traditional nomadic / transhumance herders to practice their ancient lifestyle and culture . it is the last place where the traditional way of life of the
( of whom the nama are the largest surviving clan ) who once occupied the entire south - western part of africa , survives to any great extent . the
is declared under the cultural criteria of the world heritage convention although it is recognised that the cultural values of the community and their continued existence are intrinsically connected to the environment .
for official site names , see each article or the list of world heritage sites in south africa .
this article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 3 / 3 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .
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