the common green bottle fly ( biological name phaenicia sericata or lucilia sericata ) is a blow fly found in most areas of the world , and the most well-known of the numerous green bottle fly species .

it is 10 – 14 mm long , slightly larger than a house fly , and has brilliant , metallic , blue-green or golden coloration with black markings .

it has short , sparse black bristles ( setae ) and three cross-grooves on the thorax .

the maggots ( larvae ) of the fly are used for maggot therapy .

common green bottle fly

common green bottle fly ( calliphoridae : lucilia sericata [ phaenicia sericata ] ) under a microscope .
a common green bottle fly ( lucilia sericata ) feeding on a pink salmon carcass near the mashiter river .
variation in developmental time for geographically distinct populations of the common green bottle fly , lucilia sericata ( meigen ) .
green bottle fly prevention and control may be comprised of both exterior and interior procedures .
common green bottle fly ( calliphoridae : lucilia sericata [ phaenicia sericata ] ) collecting around a dead carcass for feeding .
figure 3 . ventral view of the common green bottle fly , lucilia sericata ( meigen ) . photograph by joseph berger , urltoken
gallagher mb , sandhu s , kimsey r . variation in developmental time for geographically distinct populations of the common green bottle fly ,
variation in developmental time for geographically distinct populations of the common green bottle fly , lucilia sericata ( meigen ) . - pubmed - ncbi
figure 2 . dorsal view of the common green bottle fly , lucilia sericata ( meigen ) . photograph by joseph berger , bugwood . org .
the bottle fly is a predominant type of large flying insect , in which the adults can be identified easily by their green or blue metallic coloration . they are categorized based on the body color . to be precise , the blue and green bottle fly life cycle is similar to the life cycle of the common bottle fly .
figure 4 . anterior - lateral view of the common green bottle fly , lucilia sericata ( meigen ) . photograph by joseph berger , bugwood . org .
m . b . gallagher , s . sandhu , and r . kimsey , “variation in developmental time for geographically distinct populations of the common green bottle fly ,
figure 1 . common green bottle flies , lucilia sericata ( meigen ) , on dog feces . photograph by whitney crenshaw , colorado state university , bugwood . org .
– keep the property clean and get rid of all sources that provide green bottle flies a suitable development habitat .
conservation status : the common blow fly is considered very stable - not endangered . videos :
fly baits are a common method of fly control . if you use fly baits , remember to keep the fly bait as far away as possible from your house or building . fly bait such as marlin fly bait , bonanza fly bait or maxforce granular fly bait work quickly , killing flies in about 60 seconds , and keeps controlling them for up to 30 days .
brodie b , gries r , martins a , vanlaerhoven s , gries g . bimodal cue complex signifies suitable oviposition sites to gravid females of the common green bottle fly . entomol exp appl . 2014 ; 153 : 114–27 .
blow flies also include a number of species including the common bluebottle fly , calliphora vomitoria ( linnaeus ) the green bottlefly , phaenicia sericata ( meigen ) and others .
gallagher mb , sandhu s , kimsey r . variation in developmental time for geographically distinct populations of the common green bottle fly , lucilia sericata ( meigen ) . journal of forensic sciences . 2010 ; 55 ( 2 ) : 438–442 .
green bottle flies deposit eggs in decaying tissue , which the larvae feed on after hatching this is why the pests often swarm near and develop in dead animals in wall voids , crawl spaces , attics and garages . outside homes green bottle fly preferred development sites are trashcans , spilled trash and animal feces .
blow flies comprise the family calliphoridae in the insect order diptera , the true flies . they are related to botflies and flesh flies , the larvae of which also live in dead or live animal tissues and dung . the common blow fly is eucalliphora lilea ; the cluster fly is pollenia rudis ; the green bottle fly is phaenicia sericata ; the black blow fly is phormia regina ; and the screwworm fly is cochliomyia hominivorax .
figure 5 . adult female common green bottle flies , lucilia sericata ( meigen ) , laying eggs . note the extended ovipositor on adult in lower right corner . photograph by susan ellis , bugwood . org .
the green bottle fly is found throughout the world , but is more likely to be found in the northern hemisphere . this species is widely distributed throughout the united states and southern canada .
weeds & escapee plants : a to f ( common names with photo ) .
weeds & escapee plants : g to l ( common names with photo ) .
weeds & escapee plants : m to q ( common names and photo ) .
weeds & escapee plants : r to z ( common names with photo ) .
– seal and repair screens , holes , gaps and any other entryway that green bottle flies may use to enter the home or may allow animals to enter the structure .
the green bottle fly is measured up to 10 - 14mm long , slightly larger than a house fly , and has brilliant , metallic , blue - green or golden colorations with black markings . it has black bristle - like hair and three cross - grooves on the thorax . the wings are clear with light brown veins , and the legs and antennae are black .
common green bottle fly lucilia sericata ( phaenicia sericata ) ( order diptera ; family calliphoridae ) lucilia sericata ( phaenicia sericata ) , female ( photo taken by rachel havlik ) ( kansas : sedgwick county . derby , 37°33’23 . 45’’ n , 97°15’06 . 10’’ w . in home around light fixture . may 24 , 2013 ) .
sukontason kl , et al . ommatidia of blow fly , house fly , and flesh fly : implication of their vision efficiency . parasitol res . 2008 ; 103 : 123–31 .
exclude blow / bottle flies from a structure with proper screening and maintenance of doors and windows .
they also stimulate fluid production and auto - irrigation of a wound as well as secrete antibacterial substances . sterile preparations of larvae of the common bluebottle fly (
the life cycle of a bottle fly includes four successive stages , namely eggs , larvae , pupae , and adults . this article explains this process in detail .
the adult bottle fly measures about 1 / 4 - inch to 3 / 8 - inch in length . depending upon the species , the adult color may be metallic - green , blue , bronze , or copper . adults become sexually mature within 2 weeks after emerging . following mating , the female breeds in damp areas , compost bins , and unprotected wounds of animals . thus , the life cycle of the bottle fly starts again . within one year , usually 3 - 4 generations of bottle flies are completed .
] , separated the green color channel , manually selected wings , and graphed histograms of pixel values .
the blue bottle fly have a dull bluish - black thorax and a shiny metallic dark blue abdomen . its body and legs are covered with black bristle - like hair , the eyes are red in colour with clear and black legs and antennae . they measure up 10 to15mm long which makes them slightly large than the common house fly
in many animal rearing situations , the majority of the flies are the common house fly . these are controlled with fly parasites , filth fly traps and manure management . a small number of biting flies can torment the animals and ranch hands . add a few biting fly traps to your program to remove these pesky critters and improve the health of your animals .
transmit disease while unsightly and a nuisance , the green bottle fly is also a potential threat to human health since these pests transmit diseases like dysentery and salmonellosis through food contamination . symptoms can range from mild cramps to severe diarrhea , vomiting , headache , weakness and fever .
first , contact your pest management professional for assistance . your pest management professional will positively identify the offending pest , conduct an inspection and then develop an integrated pest management plan ( ipm ) to resolve the problem . the key components of a green bottle fly ipm plan include :
there are a bunch of fly species common to the midwest . each has very unique differences , but the one i ' d like to focus on is the bluebottle fly and the dead truth about why they might be in your house .
green bottle flies complete their life cycle in a short time , but the period of time is affected by factors such as the quality of their food source , seasonality , temperature and humidity . the adult female fly deposits up to about 200 eggs that hatch and become larvae in 1 - 3 days . within about 3 - 10 days , fully developed larvae leave their development site and burrow into the soil . pupal development takes approximately 6 - 14 days after which time the adults will emerge and begin to feed on plant nectar , a carcass or garbage . the female fly lays eggs about 2 weeks after they leave the pupal stage . green bottle flies usually complete 3 or 4 generations per year , more in the warmer regions of their distribution areas . one female green bottle fly will lay about 2 , 000 - 3 , 000 eggs in her lifetime
blow and bottle flies are found worldwide , occurring nearly every place inhabited by people . the name blow fly comes from the bloated condition of the rotting animal carcasses that their larvae , known as maggots , infest . blow flies are one of the most common flies found around dead animals . these flies are common in populated areas and are often found near meat - processing plants , garage dumps and slaughterhouses .
within a few days , the larva matures and pupates in a dry place . the resulting cocoons have a tough , brown - colored covering . as compared to other flies , the pupation stage of a bottle fly is very long ( about 2 weeks ) . during low temperature conditions , a pupa may take about three weeks to emerge into an adult bottle fly .
chemicals – chemical products to treat fly resting places and using chemical fly baits , residual insecticide and aerosol products in locations where flies are active .
blow fly maggots are important in forensic analyses in cases of homicide and other human deaths . because the maggots grow at constant rates , their size and stage of development can provide clues to the time and conditions of death . blow flies have played a role in medicine : species such as the green bottle fly and the black blow fly were once commonly used to clean open wounds in humans because the maggots tend to feed only on decayed tissue .
eggs are usually laid on meat or dead animals . some blow fly species , such as the screw worm fly , lay their eggs on living animals .
“nzi” is the swahili word for fly , reflecting the trap’s development in africa to control the deadly tsetse flies that spread sleeping sickness . the trap mimics the shape of a large animal , as perceived by the fly visual system . the front blue panel is perceived by the fly eye as the underbelly of an animal . expecting a blood meal from the animal’s “underbelly , ” the fly swoops down . but instead of the expected juicy underbelly , the fly is greeted by sunlight pouring down from the top of the trap . the natural fly response is to fly up into the sunlight , where it is stopped by mosquito netting and then channeled into a clear plastic bottle and trapped .
colors include : blue , gold , green , bronze , black / bluish , all with a metallic sheen , or irridescence .
fly ( red eyed , small ) ) probably in the family : sapromyzidae .
calliphorid flies are generally found everywhere and are mostly stout , large to moderate in size and are often shiny with metallic colouring , with blue , green , or black thoraces and abdomens . they fly mainly by day .
spider eating fly alive . nature at its best ! ! epic . amazing quality .
the bottle fly is a species of the common blow fly which is found in almost all habitats of the world . while flying , this fly produces a characteristic buzzing sound . it is a scavenger and feeds on dead and decayed organic matter , meat , feces , etc . nevertheless , when there is a shortage of decayed organic matter , the female feeds on the nectar of strongly - fragrant flowers for laying healthy eggs . thus , this fly plays a major role as a pollinator in the ecosystem . coming to its life cycle , it is similar to that of other flies and comprises four successive stages .
the most common signs of bottle flies are either the adults themselves or their larvae . the adults may be seen resting on surfaces or buzzing around potential food sources in which to lay eggs . larvae may be observed when they crawl out of the breeding material to pupate .
citation : blenkiron c , tsai p , brown la , tintinger v , askelund kj , windsor ja , et al . ( 2015 ) characterisation of the small rnas in the biomedically important green - bottle blowfly lucilia sericata . plos one 10 ( 3 ) : e0122203 . urltoken
the common green bottle fly , lucilia sericata ( meigen ) , formerly phaenicia sericata , is a common visitor to carrion , feces , and garbage . lucilia sericata , is also one of the most common species in the genus ( whitworth 2006 ) . this blow fly is a member of the family calliphoridae , and like many of the other blow flies , l . sericata plays an important role in forensic , medical and veterinary science . in forensic science , the larvae or maggots help to determine the period of insect colonization as it relates to the time of death , aiding law enforcement in their investigations . medical treatment using maggot therapy can help to heal infections that are otherwise incurable ( rueda et al . 2010 ) . in the field of veterinary medicine , feeding by larval l . sericata can cause substantial losses in animals and production ( strikewise 2007 ) .
we present here the draft genome sequence of a providencia stuartii strain , derived from the salivary glands of larval lucilia sericata , a common blow fly important to forensic , medical , and veterinary science . the genome sequence will help dissect coinfections involving p . stuartii and proteus mirabilis , as well as blow fly–bacteria interactions .
fly glue traps such as catchmaster gold sticks - 10 . 5
and catchmaster goldstick - 24
, or revenge jumbo fly catchers may be used to trap and kill blow flies . you can use the goldsticks inside or outside . the jumbo fly catchers are perfect for hanging in gararges or basements . we carry a large assortment of blow fly glue traps
common green bottle fly ( phaenicia sericata ) , filmed in the u . k . on 25 july 2014 . author : the nature box license : cc by - sa 4 . 0 link : urltoken details of the licenses can be found on this channel ' s
about
page . link to this video’s license : urltoken in this video , no changes or modifications have been made to the original material . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
about the same size as the house fly maybe a little bit bigger and more robust .
open doors , cracked window frames , and holes in screens allow green bottle flies to enter homes . once inside , they can contaminate food and lay eggs in wastes and wet garbage . they eat from dirty dishes and trashcans but will consume almost any edible items left out in the open .
in each replicate of experiment 3 ( n = 10 ) , we mounted one live female fly and one live male fly 7 cm apart on an aluminum t - bar ( fig .
adult flies were collected using plastic bottle fly traps and entomological nets at the laleh park in center of tehran as well as the livestock shopping center and close vicinity of slaughter houses in the east and south of tehran , iran . the traps were made by cutting the top of a plastic water bottle , placing some sands ( 3 cm ) into the bottom of the bottle , putting some raw sheep / chicken liver ( 100 g ) on top of the sand , and then inverting the top of the bottle into the bottom , and tape the two halves together . larval collection from natural infestations of sheep and cattle were performed , but it was unsuccessful because of insecticide application on the animals .
! at first the fly will be soft and not contain its bright green color . it will take the body of the fly 48 hours to harden , which it will then display , color and finally have fully functional wings . mating activity will then occur anywhere from 3 - 8 days after emergence . then the life cycle will start all over again !
if a large number of green bottle flies are found inside a structure , they are usually breeding inside the home or in the immediate area of the home . examples of such breeding sites may be a dead mouse or squirrel in the attic or wall void , or a dead bird or other animal in the chimney .
farkas r , hell e , hall mj , gyurkovszky m . in vitro rearing of the screwworm fly
adults : the adults are usually a metallic green and can also have a copper green color . the mouthparts are usually yellow ( apperson et al . 2011 ) . the back is hairy and the overall diameter is about 8–10 mm . the squamae at the base of the wings are hairless ( salimi et al . 2010 ) .
, the common green - bottle fly , by artificially inducing myiasis in a controlled clinical situation . the first documented descriptions of this method date back to the 16th century ; later descriptions of successful maggot applications were found in the writings of napoleon’s surgeon , and , finally , the founder of the modern maggot therapy is believed to be william baer , professor of orthopedic surgery at the johns hopkins school of medicine in maryland , usa , who was a pioneer in the use of sterile maggots for wound therapy , and made observations of the maggot therapy of traumatic wounds during world war i on the battlefields in france .
we used the same high - speed video technology as described above , except that we exposed the mounted fly to diffuse instead of point source light . we placed the fly inside a ping pong ball “diffuser” ( fig .
first study on the larval growth parameter and growth rate of a forensically important blow fly , hyp . . .
all flies have either sponging / lapping or piercing / sucking mouth parts . the bluebottle fly falls into the
filth fly
category . this type of fly has a sponge - like mouthpart to suck up the decomposing liquid that its stomach acids produce when it comes into contact with the organic things it lands on . gross ! ! !
blow / bottle flies do not always require chemical control . however , if necessary , spray entry points on building or fly resting areas with residual liquid insecticides such as cyper wsp or lambdastar ultra cap 9 . 7 . in order to maintain a residual control , use these insecticides once a month .
in many areas such as the american southwest , blow flies are the most common type of flies found in and around houses and other human habitations . blow flies range in length from 7 to 16 mm ( 0 . 28 to 0 . 63 in ) ; they have robust bodies and wide heads . the name blow fly comes from the bloated condition of the rotting animal carcasses that their larvae , known as maggots , infest . the most frequent species found under these conditions is the common blow fly . adult blow flies feed primarily on flower nectar , plant sap , and other sugary materials .
lucilia sericata is a common green bottle fly that you may have come in contact with while enjoying the great outdoors , or sitting in your living room watching televison . many people become annoyed with the presence of flies . yet , this organism is amazing ! this webpage was created in order to inform the public about this impressive organism . they can fight crime and even heal wounds ! these blow flies have complex life cycles and are able to reproduce very quickly . this incredible organism helps decompose material and pollinate flowers . you might not think that a little pest like lucilia sericata is capable of so many different things that help out the environment . however , if you are a sheep this fly might be your worst enemy . hopefully after exploring this site you will gain an appreciation for lucilia sericata and will hopefully think twice about grabbing that fly swatter ! to begin check out the classification page . go back to urltoken
habitat : blow flies prefer moderate , temperate and tropical climates mainly . they are especially common in the southern hemisphere but can be found in all warm , moist climates and coastal regions .
green lacewing ( scientifically known as chrysoperla rufilabris ) is widely used in various situations to control many different pests . many species of adult lacewings do not kill pest insects , they actually subsist on foods such as nectar , pollen and honeydew . it’s their predacious offspring that get the job done . if you’re looking for effective aphid control , green lacewing larva should help do the trick .
in conclusion , we describe a previously unidentified visual mate recognition system in the common green bottle fly . the system depends upon both the sex - and age - specific frequencies of light flashes reflecting off moving wings , and the ability of male flies to distinguish between the frequency of light flashes produced by rival males and prospective mates . our findings imply that insect photoreceptors with fast processing speed may not only support agile flight with advanced maneuverability but may also play a supreme role in mate recognition . with emerging evidence that light flash mate cues also occur in other insects ( unpublished data ) , there may be an opportunity for optimizing light traps for capture of specific nuisance insects in urban and industrial settings .
effects of temperature and diet on black soldier fly , hermetia illucens ( l . ) ( diptera : stratiomyidae ) , development
diet : larvae blow flies feed exclusively on carrion and excrement where they develop after hatching from eggs . adult blow flies feed on flower nectar . swarming of females on carcasses or excrement is common .
like to lay their eggs in an area that is usually exposed to light . check out this youtube video of a fly laying
filth feeders green bottle flies are classified as filth feeders that develop in and feed on dead animals , feces , garbage and decomposing plant materials . because of their unsanitary habitats , they may carry pathogenic bacteria that can be transmitted to people and animals via mechanical transmission . outside , they are commonly seen on dog feces and are one of the many reasons why it is so important to pick up dog feces .
egg > lava > pupa > adult : female blowflies , lays several batches of eggs of up to 180 on suitable food materials ( carcasses or meat ) . the eggs are whitish in colour and about 1 . 5mm long and will hatch within 1 - 2 days . upon hatching , the larvae may feed on the surface and then burrow into the food material . the larvae or maggots are usually whitish in colour , legless and measure up to 18mm long . larvae pass through three moults before emerging into adulthood . the fully grown or mature larvae will leave the food source to pupate in soil or dry areas . the pupae are reddish brown and will develop into adult blow flies within 1 - 2 weeks . although the green bottle fly has very similar egg laying patterns and larval development as the blue bottle fly , they are slightly slower due to their dependence on outside ambient conditions .
blow flies are commonly known worldwide and in britain . alternatively , the name bottle fly may reflect the shiny , glass - like or metallic coloration of the flies . blow flies enter buildings , and structures , domestic homes , and stables ready to breed . they are more than just a nuisance ; are of medical importance because of their mechanical transmission of disease organisms and ability to cause meiosis ( infestation of tissues / cavities ) in humans and animals by the fly larvae .
australian museum . ( november 2009 ) . decomposition : \ fly life cycle and development times . urltoken ( 30 august 2011 ) .
) , and immobilized the wings of each fly with cyanoacrylate adhesive . we illuminated the male from above by an led ( fig .
the p . stuartii strain crippen was isolated from lucilia sericata , a green bottle fly , which is of importance to decomposition ecology ( 18 ) as related to the medical and forensic sciences ( 16 , 17 ) . our strain was coisolated along with proteus mirabilis strain wood ( 19 ) , which can affect l . sericata attraction to , and colonization of , resources ( 20 , 21 ) . mixed microbial communities , including proteus - providencia coinfections , which increase the incidence of bacteremia and urolithiasis ( 8 ) , can have properties distinct from those of their individual components ( 22 , 23 ) . this property of mixed cultures has also been shown to impact fly behavior and life history ( 24 ) . therefore , knowledge of this genome will help elucidate fly–microbe interactions that are important to forensic science and ecology , as well as coinfections relevant to medicine .
effect of fly sex and age on the frequency ( hz ) of wing - reflected light flashes and their effects on attraction of males .
pöppel a - k , vogel h , wiesner j , vilcinskas a . 2015 . antimicrobial peptides expressed in medicinal maggots of the blow fly
design by oleg ko
blow fly ,
microsoft¨ encarta¨ online encyclopedia 2009 urltoken © 1997 - 2009 microsoft corporation . all rights reserved .
maggots are the most obvious sign of any fly infestation . they are often found in decaying food or in any type of rotting organic matter .
the green bottle fly maggot , lucilia sericata , is a species with importance in medicine , agriculture and forensics . improved understanding of this species’ biology is of great potential benefit to many research communities . micrornas ( mirna ) are a short non - protein coding regulatory rna , which directly regulate a host of protein coding genes at the translational level . they have been shown to have developmental and tissue specific distributions where they impact directly on gene regulation . in order to improve understanding of the biology of l . sericata maggots we have performed small rna - sequencing of their secretions and tissue at different developmental stages .
green p , simmonds m , blaney w . diet nutriment and rearing density affect the growth of black blowfly larvae , phormia regina ( diptera : calliphoridae ) . european journal of entomology . 2003 ; 100 ( 1 ) : 39–42 .
lucilia sericata larvae are commonly known as green - bottle blowfly maggots and are an important species in forensics , agriculture and biomedicine [ 1 , 2 ] . their ability to assist in wound debridement has been exploited for centuries and they are still used today in the treatment of chronic skin wounds and ulcers to promote healing [ 3 ] . lucilia have also proven useful in forensics for estimation of post - mortem intervals [ 4 ] . conversely in agriculture , lucilia , both l . sericata and to a greater extent l . cuprina , are parasites of sheep causing blow - fly strike which has detrimental economic effects worldwide [ 5 , 6 ] .
figure 8 . adult australian sheep blow fly , lucilia cuprina ( wiedemann ) . image taken in australia . photograph by lesley ingram , bugwood . org .
blow flies are slightly larger than true house flies , and the bodies of many are metallic blue or green in color . worldwide , there are about 1200 species of blow flies , and in north america there are 80 . in many areas including the american southwest , blow flies are the most common type of flies found in and around buildings . blow flies range in length from 7 to 16 mm ( 0 . 28 to 0 . 63 in ) ; they have robust bodies and wide heads .
during cold climatic conditions , the pupae and adults hibernate until the temperature is warm and favorable . in general , the life span of a bottle fly is about 3 weeks , which may be shortened in warmer areas . it is mostly found outdoors . in case you find a fly indoors , check for the infestation site . besides scavenging on dead organic matter , it is also a carrier of disease - causing microbes . hence , it is often considered as a serious pest . if necessary , you can hire professional a pest control service to get rid of the infestation .
van hateren jh , hardie rc , rudolph a , laughlin sb , stavenga dg . the bright zone , a specialized dorsal eye region in the male blow fly
dead animals in chimneys will often cause the larva of this fly type to drop down into the fireplace , pupate and then infest the inside of a house .
the female blow fly typically lays her eggs on the body of a recently killed animal . the eggs hatch quickly and the maggots then feed on the decaying tissues . in warm weather , some species can complete their larval growth within a week . they then burrow into the soil and pupate , to emerge later as adult flies . blow flies play an essential role in nature by decomposing dead tissue . the cluster fly species of blow fly is an exception : its larvae prey on earthworms .
k . sukontason , k . l . sukontason , s . piangjai et al . , “identification of forensically important fly eggs using a potassium permanganate staining technique , ”
blow fly , any of a large family of flies known for the habit of the larvae , or immature flies of , infesting animal carcasses . they are found worldwide , occurring nearly every place inhabited by people . blow flies are slightly larger than true house flies , and the bodies of many are metallic blue or green in color . worldwide , there are about 1200 species of blow flies , and in north america there are 80 .
green lacewing eggs are oval and pale green . just before the larvae hatch , eggs turn gray . the eggs are shipped in vials with food and a carrier such as rice hulls , bran or vermiculite . it is best to allow a few of the lacewing larvae to begin emerging from the eggs before releasing . as soon as a few emerge , release as soon as possible to avoid cannibalism . the best time to release is early morning or late afternoon . eggs can be stored at no lower than 50°f for up to 48 hours .
wall r , fisher p . visual and olfactory cue interaction in resource - location by the blow fly , lucilia sericata . physiol entomol . 2001 ; 26 : 212–8 .
ruck p . photoreceptor cell response and flicker fusion frequency in compound eye of the fly , lucilia sericata ( meigen ) . biol bull . 1961 ; 120 : 375–83 .
some blow fly species , such as the screwworm fly , lay their eggs on living animals . the maggots then feed on the animal ' s healthy tissue . because blow flies routinely move between dead animals or dung and human habitats , they may transmit disease organisms to people , including the bacteria that cause dysentery , typhus , and cholera .
locate and eliminate all possible breeding sources . blow flies and bottle flies feed and breed on dead animals and garbage . whenever possible , remove all material where the flies can lay their eggs . killing adult flies will reduce infestation , but elimination of breeding areas is necessary for proper management
: figure s1a ) , one that produced light pulses at 190 hz approximating the wing flash frequency of a flying female , and the other that produced constant light at the same intensity . second , we isolated the pulsed - light effects from phenotypic traits of female flies by mounting one live female fly and one live male fly side by side ( fig .
tatler b , o’carroll d , laughlin s . temperature and the temporal resolving power of fly photoreceptors . j comp physiol a sens neural behav physiol . 2000 ; 186 : 399–407 .
k . l . sukontason , r . ngern - klun , d . sripakdee , and k . sukontason , “identifying fly puparia by clearing technique : application to forensic entomology , ”
tarone am , foran dr . gene expression during blow fly development : improving the precision of age estimates in forensic entomology . journal of forensic sciences . 2011 ; 56 : s112–s122 .
) , the rounded lens of which was sanded down to be flush with the sphere’s surface . sanding the lens ensured that the emitted light was visible to flies from many viewing angles rather than from the narrow viewing angle that the lens otherwise creates . by random assignment , one led in each pair emitted constant light ; the other emitted light pulsed at 290 hz ( experiment 5 ) , 250 hz ( experiment 6 ) , 178 hz ( experiment 7 ) , or 110 hz ( experiment 8 ) . we selected the frequencies of 290 hz and 110 hz to test the response of males to pulse frequencies that are well above or below the wing flash frequencies produced by flying common green bottle flies . in each of experiments 5–8 , we analyzed the mean numbers of alighting responses by males on paired spheres holding leds emitting constant light or pulsing light by a paired two sample for means
tarone am , foran dr . 2010 . gene expression during blow fly development : improving the precision of age estimates in forensic entomology . journal of forensic sciences 56 : s112 - s122 .
] . after that , they were preserved in a small glass bottle containing 70 % ethanol . the preserved larvae were dissected individually at two sites to obtain three body portions by using a sharp blade under a stereo microscope ( olympus , japan ) , according to the method described by sukontason et al . [
tomberlin jk , adler ph , myers hm . development of the black soldier fly ( diptera : stratiomyidae ) in relation to temperature . environmental entomology . 2009 ; 38 ( 3 ) : 930–934 .
warren ja , anderson gs . effect of fluctuating temperatures on the development of a forensically important blow fly , protophormia terraenovae ( diptera : calliphoridae ) . environmental entomology . 2013 ; 42 : 167–172 .
we next looked at the patterns of insect trna fragments that were found in each sample ( fig . 2 ; s2 table ) . a trna glygcc was the most common fragment identified , accounting for 55–70 % of all insect trna counts . other common trnas were aspgtc , lysctt , lysttt , hisgtg , procgg and valcac . interestingly when the fragments are matched to the known drosophila mature trna sequences they are predominantly at the 5’ end , particularly when the trna is highly abundant . the fragmentation patterns for trnas were generally consistent across samples with the only differences seen for those with lower read counts suggesting that they are random degradation products .
video - recording wing movements of abdomen - mounted common green bottle flies , lucilia sericata , under direct light at 15 , 000 frames per second revealed that wing movements produce a single , reflected light flash per wing beat . such light flashes were not evident when we video - recorded wing movements under diffuse light . males of l . sericata are strongly attracted to wing flash frequencies of 178 hz , which are characteristic of free - flying young females ( prospective mates ) , significantly more than to 212 , 235 , or 266 hz , characteristic of young males , old females , and old males , respectively . in the absence of phenotypic traits of female flies , and when given a choice between light emitting diodes that emitted either constant light or light pulsed at a frequency of 110 , 178 , 250 , or 290 hz , males show a strong preference for the 178 - hz pulsed light , which most closely approximates the wing beat frequency of prospective mates .
k . sukontason , r . methanitikorn , k . l . sukontason , s . piangjai , and j . k . olson , “clearing technique to examine the cephalopharyngeal skeletons of blow fly larvae , ”
voss sc , spafford h , dadour ir . temperature - dependent development of nasonia vitripennis on five forensically important carrion fly species . entomologia experimental et applicata . 2010 ; 135 ( 1 ) : 37–47 .
baque m , filmann n , verhoff m , amendt j . establishment of developmental charts for the larvae of the blow fly calliphora vicina using quantile regression . forensic science international . 2015 ; 248 : 1–9 .
mcwatters hg , saunders ds . the influence of each parent and geographic origin on larval diapause in the blow fly , calliphora vicina . journal of insect physiology . 1996 ; 42 ( 8 ) : 721–726 .
davies k , harvey ml . internal morphological analysis for age estimation of blow fly pupae ( diptera : calliphoridae ) in postmortem interval estimation . journal of forensic sceinces . 2013 ; 58 ( 1 ) : 79–84 .
adult age estimation is generally confined to the period immediately following eclosion , where wings are gradually unfurled as hemolymph moves into veins , and general body coloration of the fly develops . 62 there is little call for determining age of adult flies , given that their mobility makes connecting them to development on a specific source of carrion problematic . the puparium left behind following eclosion is likely to provide as much information as the adult fly itself .
each green lacewing larva will devour 200 or more pests or pest eggs a week during their two to three week developmental period . after this stage , the larvae pupate by spinning a cocoon with silken thread . approximately five days later adult lacewings emerge to mate and repeat the life cycle . depending on climatic conditions , the adult will live about four to six weeks .
nabity p , higley l , heng - moss t . light - induced variability in development of forensically important blow fly phormia regina ( diptera : calliphoridae ) . journal of medical entomology . 2007 ; 44 ( 2 ) : 351–358 .
voss sc , spafford h , dadour ir . temperature - dependent development of tachinaephagus zealandicus ashmead ( hymenoptera : encyrtidae ) , on five forensically important carrion fly species . medical and veterinary entomology . 2010 ; 24 ( 2 ) : 189–198 .
adult were transferred individually into a bottle trap including sand and meat to lay eggs at 28° c±1 , 40 % ±5 relative humidity and 12 h photoperiodicity , protected with an external net curtain to avoid the entry of other insect species . after laying eggs , the dead specimens were identified morphologically by using the taxonomic keys of james 1947 , zumpt 1965 , mcalpine 1981 , and whitworth 2006 .
the present nzi trap design , tested mainly in africa , caught thousands of stable flies ( stomoxys spp . ) per day in the forests of kenya’s nairobi national park . the traps worked best in sunny locations away from bushes and trees . octenol or fermented cow urine as an attractant bait increased fly catches in trials , but the traps work fine even without these added attractants . so far , the nzi trap has been the best biting fly trap design we have tested in north america .
sp . ) was similar but the development duration of larval and pupal stages in the blowflies were shorter than the flesh fly . life cycle span from egg to eclosion in blowflies ranged from eight to twelve days whereas it was ten to sixteen days in the flesh fly . egg hatching and larval stages prolonged each about one fourth of the total pre - imago time whereas duration of pupation took almost half of the time of the total pre - adult development time for all of the three species .
teh ch , nazni wa , lee hl , fairuz a , tan sb , et al . ( 2013 ) in vitro antibacterial activity and physicochemical properties of a crude methanol extract of the larvae of the blow fly lucilia cuprina . med vet entomol .
nassu mp , thyssen pj , linhares ax . developmental rate of immatures of two fly species of forensic importance : sarcophaga ( liopygia ) ruficornis and microcerella halli ( diptera : sarcophagidae ) . parasitology research . 2014 ; 113 ( 1 ) : 217–222 .
) , immobilizing their wings and illuminating the wings of the male by the 190 - hz light pulses while keeping the wings of the paired female under constant illumination . in both experiments , we placed the t - bar with the two mounted flies into a bioassay cage containing 50 male flies and recorded the numbers of alighting responses on either fly in each pair . in both experiments , the female or male fly exposed to pulsed light ( 190 hz ) received many more alighting responses ( mean ± se ) by males than did the fly illuminated by constant light ( exp . 2 : 27 . 8 ± 4 . 32 vs . 0 . 9 ± 0 . 31 ; n = 10 , t crit . two - tail = 2 . 26 ,
] , suggesting that females send and males perceive the visual signals or cues . occupying vantage points in their territories , males survey rapid fly - bys of females and males , and then decide whether to fend off rival males or pursue prospective female mates .
sensory perception of light flashes produced by moving wings seems to be facilitated by the functional design , neural circuitry , and processing speed found in the sexually dimorphic compound eyes of several species of flies . for example , males but not females of the blow fly
; additional file 5 : video s3 ; additional file 6 : video s4 ) that are detectable from all directions , allowing a territorial male fly to rapidly notice a female irrespective of her flight trajectory , particularly when he is perching at a vantage point that optimizes contrast between fly flash signals and background . remarkably , the flash frequency is so informative that it allows the territorial male to distinguish between old and young females , and to pursue primarily young females that are preferred mates . furthermore , the low mating propensity of
a pyrethrum aerosol will provide a contact kill for immediate relief . it may take a while for sanitation methods , residual chemical methods and fly baits to begin working . cb 80 pyrethrin aerosol or pt 565 can be used as a contact , quick kill insecticide .
oshaghi ma , maleki ravasan n , javadian e , rassi y , sadraei j , enayati aa , vatandoost h , zare z , emami sn . application of predictive degree day model for field development of sand fly vectors of visceral leishmaniasis in northwest of iran .
blow flies control includes inspection , sanitation , mechanical control , and insecticide application . physical control methods should be first used to get rid of blow flies in a particular location ( removal of food source ) . approved insecticide and sticky paper can be used to control the remaining lava , and adult . blow flies can be controlled in buildings , restaurant and homes by good sanitation or hygiene practice , fly screen , electronic fly killers ( efk ) etc . call now for pest exterminators in london to solve your london pest control
zuha r , razak t , ahmad n , omar b . interaction effects of temperature and food on the development of forensically important fly , megaselia scalaris ( loew ) ( diptera : phoridae ) . parasitology research . 2012 ; 111 ( 5 ) : 2179–2187 .
the key factor in the preparation of maggots is their sterility , as the outer surfaces of fly eggs are heavily contaminated with different microorganisms , and because of this numerous studies have been devoted to solving the sterility problem . the modern founder of maggot use , baer ,
brown a , horobin a , blount dg , hill pj , english j , et al . ( 2012 ) blow fly lucilia sericata nuclease digests dna associated with wound slough / eschar and with pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm . med vet entomol 26 : 432–439 . pmid : 22827809
lucilia sericata and a similar species , lucilia cuprina ( wiedemann ) , are known in britain and australia for causing sheep strike . as a result , l . sericata is sometimes called the sheep blow fly . sheep strike , also known as blowfly strike , is a type of myiasis ( invasion of living tissue by fly larvae ) and usually is observed near the rear of the sheep where there is fecal matter and urine on the wool ( strikewise 2007 , australia museum 2009 ) . this condition is quite serious and untreated sheep die .
matching of the counts to mirbase v19 identified known annotated mirnas from insect and mammals . the counts per matched mirna as a proportion of all counts that matched to mirbase are shown in the four tissues . species nomenclature is used for the mirna with the perfect matches to the l . sericata reads : dme , drosophila melanogaster ( fruit fly ) ; tca , tribolium castaneum ( red flour beetle ) ; sha , sarcophilus harrisii ( tasmanian devil ) ; dps , drosophila pseudoobscura ( fruit fly ) ; aae , aedes aegypti ( mosquito ) .
gaudry e , blais c , maria a , dauphon - villemant c . study of steroidogenesis in pupae of the forensically important blow fly protophormia terraenovae ( robineau - desvoidy ) ( diptera : calliphoridae ) . forensic science international . 2006 ; 160 ( 1 ) : 27–34 .
adult diagnosis : adult blow flies are just under a centimeter in length and are characterized by metallic green , bronze or blue thorax and abdomen coloration . the thorax of the insect is covered in black bristles . eyes are pronounced and red . wings are clear and membranous with typical dipteran wing formation - two large flight wings and two small hind wings reduced to halteres . adults have cross grooves on the thorax which are characteristic of the species .
voss sc , cook df , wei - feng h , dadour ir . survival and development of the forensically important blow fly , calliphora varifrons ( diptera : calliphoridae ) at constant temperatures . forensic science , medicine , and pathology . 2014 ; 10 ( 3 ) : 314–321 .
time between death and discovery of remains , or postmortem interval ( pmi ) , can be assessed using blow fly maggot age . forensic entomologists rely on published , often nonlocal , species - specific developmental tables to determine maggot age . in a series of common garden experiments , we investigated the developmental rate variation between populations of lucilia sericata collected from sacramento , ca , san diego , ca , and easton , ma at 16 degrees c , 26 degrees c , and 36 degrees c . for the 16 degrees c trial the time measurement started at egg hatch , while for the higher temperatures the experiment began at oviposition ; the wandering stage signified the endpoint for all experiments . the distribution of developmental times differed significantly ( anova , p < 0 . 001 ) between the three populations within each temperature treatment . we discovered that regional variation of developmental times within a blow fly species exists . this study demonstrates the importance of assembling local population - specific developmental tables when estimating larval age to determine pmi .
the thought of using live insects to treat human ailments would make most pale , but the results can sometimes outperform drugs and surgery typical of more traditional western medicines . honey bees , fly maggots , ants , and plasmodium - carrying mosquitoes are examples of insects used in human therapy .
the most common way of estimating pmi using dipteran larvae , such as l . sericata , is to determine the developmental stage the immature is in when collected . although this method is usually accurate , it can vary , as many factors can determine the growth rate of a larva . tarone and foran ( 2010 ) have developed a method using gene expression that provides greater precision in age estimation resulting in a more accurate and precise minimum pmi estimation .
flies which cause myiasis are grouped into two categories : obligate and facultative parasites . obligate parasites ingest living tissue to complete their lifecycles , and hence their larvae may produce severe damage in healthy tissue ; they are not suitable for use in maggot therapy . in contrast , facultative parasites are able to parasitize living hosts in favorable conditions but usually develop on carrion , and therefore this type of maggot is used for wound healing , with the most common being l . sericata .


the desert dormouse ( selevinia betpakdalaensis ) is a species of rodent in the dormouse family , gliridae .

this species was formerly placed in its own family , seleviniidae , but it is now considered to be a dormouse , monotypic within the genus selevinia .

it is endemic to kazakhstan .

desert dormouse

dormouse : this desert dormouse is one of the species referred to as ´mouse´ ( hebrew akbar ) . ( full text )
hazel dormouse - muscardinus avellanarius the hazel dormouse is also known as the common dormouse . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
hazel dormouse - muscardinus avellanarius the hazel dormouse is the smallest species of dormouse . source : paignton zoo intended audience : general reading level : elementary school teacher section : yes
blurb [ 20 ] =
this desert dormouse is one of the species referred to as ' mouse ' ( hebrew akbar ) .
the red desert is the location of crims , the castle at salazen grum where the red queen lives . as alice goes to crims with bayard the bloodhound , they also pass the red desert . the desert mostly consists of red or green ground and bare trees . the red desert has only appeared in the 2010 movie .
haberl , werner .
dormouse hunting in slovenian tradition .
dormouse culture , tradition & myths . 2007 . 3 october 2007
distribution : widespread throughout namibia , including etosha national park and in the namib desert .
explore the spectacular desert around this property or use it as a base to visit sossusvlei .
search desert dormouse and thousands of other words in english definition and synonym dictionary from reverso . you can complete the list of synonyms of desert dormouse given by the english thesaurus dictionary with other english dictionaries : wikipedia , lexilogos , oxford , cambridge , chambers harrap , wordreference , collins lexibase dictionaries , merriam webster . . .
the red desert is a location that first appears in tim burton ' s alice in wonderland .
forest , swamps , rocky areas , cultivated fields , and steppe desert . most active at night .
the almost 30 extant species are commonly placed into nine ( or eight ) genera . because only one species of dormouse is native to the british isles , the hazel dormouse or common dormouse ( muscardinus avellanarius ) , in everyday english usage the term dormouse usually refers to this specific species . ( the edible dormouse , glis glis , has been accidentally introduced to the british isles ) . the hazel dormouse gained fame as a character in alice ' s adventures in wonderland by lewis carroll , where the dormouse is often found falling asleep during the scene .
edible dormouse - glis glis the edible dormouse looks like a gray squirrel . source : animal diversity web intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
the dormouse is a famous character in lewis carrol ' s book , alice ' s adventures in wonderland ! in the famous tea party scene , the dormouse keeps falling asleep .
a private and secluded hide - a - way in the namib desert . ideal for those wanting a break from civilization
english : common dormouse ; french : muscardin ; german : haselmaus ; spanish : muscardino .
et al 2003 ecology . pdf
long living and reproduction skipping in the fat dormouse
english : orchard dormouse ; french : lerot ; german : gartenschläfer ; spanish : lirón careto .
the march hare and the hatter put the dormouse ' s head in a teapot . illustration by
edible dormouse - glis glis the edible dormouse is also knonw as the fat dormouse . it is found throughout much of central and southern europe through northern turkey to the caucasus , northern iran and turkmenistan . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
shortages before fruits and seeds have ripened .
carnivorous
dormice switch to nuts and seeds in the fall , so that their fat intake increases in preparation for hibernation . only the desert dormouse is thought to be purely carnivorous .
african dormice live in a wide range of forested habitats , ranging from thick forest where they may even be diurnal , to thinly wooded riverbanks of mountainous , rocky areas . the desert dormouse lives in desert scrub . only the little - studied mouse - tailed dormice appear to live on or under the ground . in southeastern europe , roach ' s mouse - tailed dormouse ( myomimus roachi ) has been trapped in a variety of open habitats , but never in forest .
and of dormouse fat as a medicament is documented there since the 13th century . seasonal dormice feasts were welcome
magda peršič ( september 1998 ) . urltoken
dormouse hunting as part of slovene national identity
] .
hazel dormouse - muscardinus avellanarius the hazel dormouse is found in deciduous forests in much of europe as well as northern asia minor . source : animal diversity web intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
betpaqdala , desert in eastern kazakhstan , situated west of lake balqash . it has an area of about 29 , 000 square miles ( 75 , 000 square km ) and an average elevation of 1 , 000–1 , 150 feet ( 300–350 m ) . the desert is generally flat or gently undulating but is more…
english : dormouse ; french : loir myomime , loir d ' ognev ; german : mausschläfer ; spanish : lirón colipelado .
despite its name , the garden dormouse is most often found in forests . also cultivated fields , rocky areas , and marshland .
although the edible dormouse is the only living member of its genus , a number of fossil species are also known . the genus
asian garden dormouse - eliomys melanurus the asian garden dormouse is found in egypt , iraq , israel , jordan , lebanon , libya , saudi arabia , syria , and turkey . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
roach ' s mouse - tailed dormouse was only discovered in europe in the mid - twentieth century . despite years of concentrated research , scientists in the united kingdom only discovered at the end of the twentieth century that hedges were an important habitat for the hazel dormouse .
; if another animal grasps the tail , the skin breaks easily and slides off the underlying bone , allowing the dormouse to escape . the exposed
dormice range in size from about 2 . 5 - 3 . 1 inches ( 6 . 5 - 8 centimeters ) in the japanese dormouse ( glirulus japonicus ) to 5 . 1 - 7 . 5 inches 913 - 19 centimeters ) in the edible dormouse , myoxus glis ( or glis glis ) ( niemann 2004 ) .
english : fat dormouse ; french : loir , loir gris ; german : siebenschläfer ; spanish : lirón ( castillian ) , lirón gris , rata durmidora ( catalan ) .
the name dormouse is based on this trait of hibernation ; it comes from anglo - norman dormeus , which means
sleepy ( one )
; the word was later altered by folk etymology to resemble the word
mouse .
the sleepy behaviour of the dormouse character in lewis carroll ' s alice ' s adventures in wonderland also attests to this trait .
rachkovskaya , e . i . 1995 . vegetation of kazakhstan and middle asia ( desert region ) . vegetation map of kasakhstan and middle asia . scale 1 : 2 500 000 . komarov botanic institute , russian academy of sciences , saint petersburg . urltoken
baudoin , c . 1984 . dormouse . pages 210 - 212 in d . macdonald ( ed . ) , the encyclopedia of mammals . new york : facts on file . isbn 0871968711 .
garden dormouse - eliomys quercinus garden dormice are found found throughout europe to asia and north africa . source : animal diversity web intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
dormouse , ( family myoxidae ) , any of 27 species of small - bodied eurasian , japanese , and african rodents . the largest , weighing up to 180 grams ( 6 . 3 ounces ) , is the fat , or edible , dormouse ( glis glis ) of europe and the middle east , with a body up to 19 cm ( 7 . 5 inches ) long and a shorter…
concerted efforts to understand the complex ecology and difficulties of protecting this vulnerable family have led to a series of international dormouse conferences , where scientists have been able to share information on the appealing but enigmatic myoxidae .
in addition to chromosomal variation observed within e . quercinus , large morphological variation is present across the distribution of this species ( filippucci et al . 1988a ; krystšfek and kraft 1997 ) . however , this morphological diversity does not correspond to chromosomal races , which has led to uncertainties regarding the taxonomic status of garden dormouse populations ( cristaldi and canipari 1976 ; filippucci et al . 1988a ) . in the past decades , 5 or more species have been described in the genus eliomys across europe ( miller 1912 , cited in kryštufek and kraft 1997 ) . these taxonomic changes can have important consequences on the protection status of garden dormouse populations and thus on the long - term persistence of the garden dormouse karyotypic and morphological diversities . the biogeographic history and the genetic structure of garden dormouse populations thus need to be assessed using independent molecular markers .
dormice historically and currently have been used by humans as food , with records of such usage dating back thousands of years . in ancient rome , the edible dormouse was considered a delicacy , often used as either as a savory appetizer or as a dessert ( dipped in honey and poppy seeds ) , with the romans using a special kind of enclosure , a glirarium to rear the dormice for the table . ranging in length from about 5 to 7 . 5 inches without the tail , the edible dormouse has stores of fat reserves that make them desirable as food and dormouse fat also was used by the elizabethans to induce sleep .
endemic of kazakhstan . distributed from dar ' yalyk desert ( 100 km to east from dzhusaly ) to zaysan and alakol ' basins . northern border is unclear . findings near bayanaul ( pavlodar region ) need confirmation . possibly distributed in nw china ( gromov and erbaeva , 1995 ) .
types and severity of threats the main anthropogenic threats are agriculture , especially irrigated cotton production , hunting and poaching , and the overuse of woody plants for firewood and silk production . overgrazing of livestock occurs in non - irrigated areas . unregulated construction of roads threatens especially fragile desert ecosystems .
japanese dormouse - glirulus japonicus japanese dormice are found on the islands of honshuu , shikoku , and kyuushuu in japan . source : animal diversity web intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
edible dormice inhabit deciduous or mixed woodland . both this species and the garden dormouse ( eliomys quercinus ) are also found in orchards . the latter species , also called the orchard dormouse , is also able to live on the ground , since small numbers are discovered in fields , swamps , steppe , and even places where there are no trees . however , their title is something of a misnomer , since most live in forest habitat .
the earliest fossil remains of this family were discovered in europe and date from the eocene era ( about 40 million years ago ) . pleistocene fossils of leithia , a giant dormouse , have been found in sicily and malta .
dormice tend to be omnivorous , typically feeding on fruits , berries , flowers , nuts and insects . the lack of a cecum , a part of the gut used in other species to ferment vegetable matter , means that low grade vegetable matter is only a minimal part of their diet ( niemann 2004 ) . some species are predeominately carnivorous ( african , eidble , and hazel dormice ) , whilse some have a largely vegetarian diet ( edible and hazel dormice ) ; the desert dormouse may be unique that it is thought to be purely carnivorous ( niemann 2004 ) .
grégoire c . l . perez , roland libois , caroline m . nieberding ; phylogeography of the garden dormouse eliomys quercinus in the western palearctic region , journal of mammalogy , volume 94 , issue 1 , 15 february 2013 , pages 202–217 , urltoken
walter , h . , and e . o . box . 1983 . the karakum desert , an example of a well - studied eu - biome . pages 56 - 89 in n . e . west , editor . ecosystems of the world 5 : temperate deserts and semi - deserts . elsevier scientific publishing company , new york .
the most common desert mammals are the long - eared hedgehog ( erinaceus auritus ) , long - quilled hedgehog ( piracohinus hypomelas ) , and tolai hare ( lepus tolai ) . a variety of rodents such as gerbils ( rhombomys spp . , meriones spp . ) , and more than ten species of jerboas ( allactaga , dipus , paradipus , eremodipus , stylodipus ) also live here . the characteristic components of desert ecosystems are such rare and disappearing mammal species as the honey badger ( mellivora capensis ) , sand lynx ( felis caracal ) , sand cat ( felis margarita ) , onager ( equus hemionus ) , goitered gazelle ( gazella subgutturosa ) , and marbled polecat ( vormela peregusna ) .
lives in steepe deserts , hollow trees , rock crevices , and human dwellings . although they are highly arboreal , they are occasionally found in swamplands . the common name
garden dormouse
is misleading because of the variety of habitats in which these rodents are found .
. . . the occurrence of the asiatic garden dormouse in this desert habitat is noteworthy since it is originally an arboreal rodent . it was previously reported from the mediterranean mountains of moab ( bodenheimer , 1958 ) as well as the arid and semi - arid habitats in azraq , jawa and al wisad ( atallah , 1978 ; searight , 1987 ; abu baker and amr , 2003b ) . it was also reported from the arid mountains of sinai and the rocky hills of negev ( osborn and helmy , 1980 ; krasnov , 1996 ) and the southern mountains of saudi arabia ( nader , et al . 1983 ) . . . .
thirteen species of rodents representing four families ( dipodidae , gliridae , muridae and gerbillidae ) were recorded in the southern desert of wadi ramm , jordan . species accounts including external and cranial measurements and comments on their distribution and diurnal activity are given . new distribution records for the known range of eliomys melanurus , sekeetamys calurus , gerbillus andersoni . . . [ show full abstract ]
forest dormouse - dryomys nitedula forest dormice are found in dense forests from switzerland in the west through eastern and southern europe , asia minor and the caucasus to central russia and central asia . source : animal diversity web intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
woodland dormouse - graphiurus murinus woodland dormice are found in burundi , ethiopia , kenya , lesotho , malawi , mozambique , rwanda , south africa , tanzania , uganda , zambia , and zimbabwe . source : animal diversity web intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
the central asian southern desert is the richest desert complex in eurasia . the hydrothermal characteristics of this area distinguish it from the deserts to the north . precipitation is greatest during the winter and spring while the average temperature and degree of aridity are higher than in the northern deserts . consequently , the native flora and fauna have developed physiological and morpho - biological mechanisms that ensure survival in these conditions . reptile and rodent diversity are particularly high . along with several endemic jerboa species , this ecoregion is home to rare and endangered cats such as pallas’ cat and the small , secretive sand cat . the main anthropogenic threats are agriculture - related , especially irrigated cotton production . other significant threats include hunting and poaching , and the overuse of woody plants for firewood and silk production .
the small - eared dormouse ( graphiurus microtis ) is a species of rodent in the family gliridae . it is found in angola , botswana , eritrea , ethiopia , kenya , lesotho , malawi , mozambique , namibia , south africa , sudan , swaziland , tanzania , zambia , and zimbabwe .
saksaul and other trees and shrubs are cut extensively for fuel wood . in the last five to seven years , the area covered by saksaul has decreased by half , leaving the topsoil prone to erosion . the reduction of native species has encouraged the spread of desert moss ( tortula desertorum ) , which provides no nutritional value for wildlife and prevents the re - seeding of higher forms of native plants .
a number of factors conspire to make more than half of all dormouse species at risk under iucn criteria . the exclusively forest - dwelling species have poor mobility and this makes them highly vulnerable to habitat loss and fragmentation . furthermore , a nocturnal , arboreal existence makes both survey and research work difficult . the little - understood
dormice are also famous for their sustained periods of hibernation and torpor . indeed , the name comes from the french dormir —to sleep . the hazel dormouse—known in rural england as the sleep - mouse—gained wider notoriety when it was portrayed in lewis carroll ' s book alice in wonderland and in the disney movie nearly a century later .
at the start of the mating season , males exhibit territorial aggression towards each other . the hazel dormouse flicks its tail like a squirrel as a warning sign to intruders . edible dormice mark their space with glandular secretions and fight with great savagery . garden dormice share sleeping and feeding sites . males adopt a dominance hierarchy shortly after the animals emerge from hibernation .
repetek has been a unesco biosphere reserve since 1978 and encompasses 34 , 600 hectares . shakhsenem , kelif , zauaboiski , and sarakamysh serve as wildlife refuges . unfortunately , the current social and economic difficulties in turkmenistan and uzbekistan have caused a sharp decrease in funding for nature reserves , making proper function difficult . other protected areas included in the table combine the conservation of fragments of southern deserts with riparian forests . there are few protected areas that support self - sustainable development of desert ecosystems .
the ability of dormice to store reserves of fat in their bodies has made them desirable to humans as food . their appeal dates back millennia—the romans kept edible dormice in darkened enclosures called glisaria . dormouse eating is well documented in southern africa , slovenia , and yugoslavia and there is good reason to suppose it has taken place wherever humans have come into contact with these mammals .
. . . and either one of the large - sized jirds , m . crassus or m . libycus . this species was collected in high numbers from the salty dunes and mudflats of hazim , dahik , and azraq areas in the eastern desert of jordan ( abu baker and amr , 2003b ) . collected specimens had less inflated or smaller tympanic bulla than the g . nanus arabium collectred from al aqabah area ( kock and nader , 1983 ; harrison and bates , l99l ) . . . .
this old world family is found through most of europe apart from far northern parts ; north africa and the rest of the continent south of the equator ; and western and more patchily , central asia . the single species in the far east is the japanese dormouse , found only , as its name suggests , on islands of japan . the two balearic dormice species in the hypnomys
the edible dormouse is the largest of all dormice , being around 14 to 19 centimetres ( 5 . 5 to 7 . 5 in ) in head - body length , plus a 11 to 13 centimetres ( 4 . 3 to 5 . 1 in ) tail . it normally weighs from 120 to 150 grams ( 4 . 2 to 5 . 3 oz ) , but may almost double in weight immediately prior to
in appearance , dormice have a squirrel or sometimes chipmunk - like shape . they vary considerably in size between species : an edible dormouse ( myoxus glis ) is nearly two and a half times the length of a japanese dormouse ( myoxus japonicus ) , for example . most dormice are highly adapted to a predominantly arboreal existence—only mouse - tailed dormice appear to live exclusively on the ground . the feet are well adapted to grasping on to trees . on the soles , they have cushioned pads for gripping , and the four toes on the front feet and five toes on the hind feet all have strong , curved claws . the hind feet can be turned backwards , like those of a squirrel , enabling the animal to hang head - first from a branch to feed on the lowest fruit , and to run down stems with some dexterity .
. . . young individuals were caught in july suggesting that they were born in june . a . russatus is distinguished from a . cahirinus by its yellowish - golden back color , shorter tail length than head and body length and its black pigmented skin . the melanistic form , acomys russatus lewisi was recorded from several localities from the northeastern lava desert ( atallah , 1967 ; atallah , 1978 ; searight , 1987 ; al - melhim , et al . 1997 ; abu baker and amr , 2003b ) . atallah ( 1967 ) treated this form as a distinct species ( a . . . .
white salsola ( salsola arbuscula ) and sagebrushe communities with a number of endemic species ( artemisia kemrudica , a . diffusa , a . dimoana , a . arenicola , mausolea eriocarpa ) are widespread on thin sandy soils and loamy sands . the presence of original desert types that are dominated by the endemic astragalus vilosissimus and shrub bindweed ( convolvulus hammada ) are characteristic for the east part of region . the perennial saltworts ( salsola gemmascens , s . orientalis ) dominate on clay soils . halophytic , succulent semishrubs such as halostachys caspica , halocnemum strobilaceum , suaeda microphylla , and salsola dendroides , grow on solonchaks .
the community structure of desert vegetation is closely associated with edaphic conditions . white saxaul ( haloxylon persicum ) and black saxaul ( haloxylon aphyllum ) occupy large areas on the sands . saxaul is a high shrub ( 3 - 10 m ) . there are many endemic species found in sand the regions typical of the southern deserts ( e . g . , salsola richteri , s . subaphylla , ephedra strobilacea ferula foetida ) . sandy acacia ( ammodendron conollyi ) grows on barkhans ( sand - hills ) . in this region a diversity of shrub species such as calligonum leucocladum , c . eriopodum , and c . setosum is great .
. . . rodents are one of the most diversified groups of mammals inhabiting temperate , arid and semi - arid habitats in north and east africa , the levant and the arabian peninsula ( harrison , 1972 ; lay , 1983 ; harrison & bates , 1991 ; wilson & reeder , 2005 ) . due to the variation in habitat structure , this group of small mammals forms an important component of the mammalian fauna for these regions including the arid zones as they are adapted to tolerate extreme desert conditions ( lay , 1983 ; granjon et al . , 1999 ; scott & dunstone , 2000 ; abu baker & amr , 2003b ; . . . .
introduction : little or no studies have been carried out on the rock dormouse ( graphiurus platyops ) . a distinguishing feature is their flattened skull and they are known to be active at night in rock piles . in central namibia where rocks are scarce they can be found climbing around on camelthorn trees . communication between dormice is part visual , part vocal . attention to other dormice can be gained by lashing the tail around . they also use scent trails and warning calls consist of a number of short low - pitched notes .
the divergence time between e . quercinus and e . melanurus was estimated at 7 . 0 mya ( montgelard et al . 2003 ) , and paleontological data attest to the presence of “modern” eliomys sp . in the iberian peninsula and in north africa since the late miocene ( garcía - alix et al . 2008 ) . one can imagine that eliomys diverged into at least 2 species following the messinian crisis when contacts between europe and africa allowed the garden dormouse to colonize north africa , as shown for other terrestrial vertebrates ( agusti et al . 2006 ; dobson 1998 ) .
dormice become sexually active after their first hibernation and bouts of wakefulness towards the end of hibernation may be caused by hormone changes that trigger sexual activity . vocal calls are important in courtship as each sex entices the other with a range of squeaks and whistles . once mated , the female builds a globular nest and gives birth to pink , blind young weighing just 0 . 07 oz ( 2 g ) . at seven days , they gain gray fur . by 18 days , the fur is brown and the babies can both hear and see . shortly after , the young are able to accompany their mother on foraging trips . they reach independence after four to six weeks . longevity is up to about 5 . 5 years in the wild . a captive garden dormouse lived for five years and six months .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
justification : this species has a relatively large range ( > 100 , 000 km² ) , but it is rare , sporadically distributed , and very infrequently recorded ( in total about 40 animals have been found from about 30 localities ) . it may be threatened by habitat loss . assessed as data deficient .
rare , distributed sporadically , known from single findings . in total about 40 animals have been found from about 30 localities .
inhabit rubbly , clay and saline deserts of northern type with dominant vegetation of wormwood and saltworts . hibernates , active period is from march to september . feed on insects , especially on locusts . pregnant and lactating females were found from end of may to end of june . number of embryos is 4 - 8 .
habitat loss due to extraction of spiraeanthus shrubs . the habitat is under increasing human induced degradation ( tilekova et al . 2016 ) .
listed in red list of kazakhstan ( category iii , and a species that requires special protection ) . several areas withing the range were proposed to make protected areas . breeding in captivity was unsuccessful .
this errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .
( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t20102a115156769 .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]
your web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .
your list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .
note : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .
the e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .
the e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .
i thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , ©2005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352
wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of
information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
- - publisher ' s website .
please choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .
this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
a uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all
add tags for
mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference
.
you may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .
wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
- - publisher ' s website .
worldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more ››
don ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .
has a stout rounded body 8 to 10 cm ( 3 . 1 to 3 . 9 inches ) long and a slightly shorter fine - haired tail of 6 to 8 cm . its gray fur is long , soft , and dense , and its underside is white . the molt of this species is unique in that patches of both skin and hair are sloughed off and replaced by a dense new growth . other rodents replace their hair during the molt but not the skin . the upper incisor teeth are large , but the cheek teeth are very small , barely jutting above the gums .
rodent , ( order rodentia ) , any of more than 2 , 050 living species of mammals characterized by upper and lower pairs of ever - growing rootless incisor teeth . rodents are the largest group of mammals , constituting almost half the class mammalia’s approximately 4 , 660 species . they are indigenous to every land area except antarctica , new zealand , …
endangered species , any species that is at risk of extinction because of a sudden rapid decrease in its population or a loss of its critical habitat . previously , any species of plant or animal that was threatened with extinction could be called an endangered species . the need for separate definitions of…
lake balkhash , lake , situated in east - central kazakhstan . the lake lies in the vast balqash - alaköl basin at 1 , 122 feet ( 342 m ) above sea level and is situated 600 miles ( 966 km ) east of the aral sea . it is 376 miles ( 605 km ) long from west to east . its area…
we welcome suggested improvements to any of our articles . you can make it easier for us to review and , hopefully , publish your contribution by keeping a few points in mind .
encyclopædia britannica articles are written in a neutral objective tone for a general audience .
you may find it helpful to search within the site to see how similar or related subjects are covered .
at the bottom of the article , feel free to list any sources that support your changes , so that we can fully understand their context . ( internet urls are the best . )
your contribution may be further edited by our staff , and its publication is subject to our final approval . unfortunately , our editorial approach may not be able to accommodate all contributions .
our editors will review what you ' ve submitted , and if it meets our criteria , we ' ll add it to the article .
please note that our editors may make some formatting changes or correct spelling or grammatical errors , and may also contact you if any clarifications are needed .
animal , ( kingdom animalia ) , any of a group of multicellular eukaryotic organisms ( i . e . , as distinct from…
corrections ? updates ? omissions ? let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article ( requires login ) .
if you prefer to suggest your own revision of the article , you can go to edit mode ( requires login ) .
our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article .
james rosindell changed the thumbnail image of
file : stamp of kazakhstan 408 . jpg
.
kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name
aavikkounikeko
to
selevinia betpakdalaensis belosludov and bazhanov , 1939
.
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
urltoken
english - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
conservation status critically endangered : 1 species ; endangered : 4 species ; vulnerable : 5 species ; lower risk / near threatened : 5 species .
phylogenetically , dormice have been grouped with the mountain beaver , aplodontidae , and squirrels , sciuridae : in appearance and behavior , dormice most closely resemble squirrels .
the fur is generally soft and thick and in most species , the tail is bushy and long . its primary function appears to be in assisting with balance , since it is not prehensile . dormice will readily shed their tails to escape from predators . ground - dwelling mouse - tailed dormice have thin , naked tails .
adaptations for a largely nocturnal existence usually include large eyes , sensitive vibrissae , and an acute sense of hearing ; the rounded ears are not , however , especially large .
genus are probably extinct , extirpated from these western mediterranean islands by human settlers and their animals about 5 , 000 years ago .
most dormice occupy forest , woodland , or scrub habitat . true to their name , forest dormice are among the most arboreal , living in dense forests at up to 8 , 200 ft ( 2 , 500 m ) in altitude . hazel dormice ( muscardinus avellanarius ) are also reluctant to come to ground , preferring to stay in the canopy of largely deciduous woodland . they may remain high in tall trees for several days at a time , or spend long periods feeding on low - hanging fruits close to the ground .
dormice live at lower densities than most rodents of equivalent size . outside the mating season , they appear to show little territoriality . most species studied coexist in small groups , with juveniles typically making up half their number . artificial nest boxes are often found with several inhabitants of both sexes inside . families tend to stay together through winter hibernation ; but a wild male , probably leaves a female after mating , in order to pursue other estrous females .
home feeding ranges are very variable . at one extreme , hazel dormice rarely venture more than 230 ft ( 70 m ) from their daytime nest . african dormice range far wider , and , in common with most species , males travel greater distances than females . in spectacled dormice ( graphiurus ocularis ) , the male occupies an average of 34 . 3 acres , ( 13 . 9 ha ) while the female roams over 21 acres ( 8 . 5 ha ) .
all species studied communicate using a range of calls . five or six separate calls have been identified for forest dormice , including an alarm squeak . other calls have sexual or aggressive functions .
during periods of inactivity , dormice seek a variety of places in which to shelter . day nests are often constructed in
tree hollows , with the animal weaving a round ball of vegetation , consisting of leaves , grass , moss , lichen , and shredded bark , bound together with saliva , and lined with hair or feathers . sometimes , a ball nest is made in the branches of a tree ; at other times the animal will use a bird or squirrel nest as a foundation for its own nest , or it will tuck the nest behind the bark of the tree . garden and african dormice in particular also use rock crevices . artificial nestboxes are adopted readily by many species .
ironically , it is during the period of sustained inactivity that dormice are most likely to come into contact with humans . their search for a secure , enclosed hibernation site with stable temperatures leads them into some bizarre places . while hazel dormice make their winter nests in tree stumps or on the ground , rather than in trees where temperatures fluctuate and desiccation is a threat , edible dormice may also choose woodpecker holes , artificial nest boxes , and barns . japanese dormice are known to select cottage roofs and birdhouses while african dormice sometimes winter inside house furniture .
most species undergo periods of hibernation in response to food shortages and low temperatures . hibernation in europe may extend from september until may . the animal curls itself into a ball , with the tail covering the mouth to reduce water loss . although hibernation is thought to occur in most species , climactic variation means that in some milder areas such as israel , dormice do not go into true hibernation , but have several hours of torpidity each day during the winter .
dormice are nocturnal and crepuscular foragers , with most species taking their food from trees . although they are nominally omnivorous , they are the only rodent family lacking a cecum . consequently , their consumption of low grade plant food is minimal .
most species are specialized in taking advantage of seasonal food . typically , buds and tree flowers are eaten in spring and early summer ; insects and other arthropods , small rodents , birds ' eggs and insects in summer ; and fruit , berries , seeds , and nuts in late summer and the fall . the extent to which individual species depend on one source varies—edible and hazel dormice have a largely vegetarian diet , whereas garden , forest , and african dormice are predominantly carnivorous . yet each species can alter its diet in response to particular needs .
vegetarian
dormice eat insects in the summer period of
lengthy hibernation periods at either end of the year mean that for a number of species , the breeding season is very short .
in temperate zones , it lasts typically from may to october with one litter producing on average four young . hazel dormice sometimes attempt—usually unsuccessfully—a second litter . forest dormice appear to be exceptional in raising three litters . productivity in africa , where breeding seasons are much longer , is largely unknown .
dormice may be adversely affected by climate change , which causes habitat alteration and temperature fluctuations . arousal from hibernation during mild winters forces an animal to expend considerably greater amounts of energy than if it maintained consistently low internal temperatures .
head and body length 2 . 7–6 . 5 in ( 7–16 . 5 cm ) , tail 1 . 9–5 . 3 in ( 5–13 . 5 cm ) ; weight 0 . 6–1 oz ( 18–30 g ) . color is grayish with markings on the face , paler underneath .
territorial pairs and their young occupy sizeable areas of up to 34 . 5 acres ( 14 ha ) .
seeds , nuts , fruits , grain , insects , eggs , and small vertebrates .
formerly more common around human habitation and eaten . now largely absent because of competition with rats .
dryomys nitedula ( pallas , 1778 ) , lower volga river , russia . fifteen subspecies .
head and body length 3 . 1–5 . 1 in ( 8–13 cm ) , tail 2 . 35–4 . 5 in ( 6–11 . 3 cm ) ; weight 0 . 6–1 . 2 oz ( 18–34 g ) . color is grayish to yellowish brown , buffy white underneath .
arboreal and highly agile—able to leap distances of up to 6 . 6 ft ( 2 m ) between trees .
carnivorous in summer , eating spiders and other small invertebrates , eggs , and young birds . otherwise subsists on seeds , buds , and fruit .
nests colonially , either in one tree or in adjacent trees . three litters south of its range and one litter of usually 2–5 young in temperate areas .
classified as lower risk / near threatened on the iucn red list . loss of forest habitat has caused declines in central europe .
head and body length 3 . 5 in ( 9 cm ) , tail 3 . 6–4 in ( 9 . 2–10 . 2 cm ) ; weight 0 . 8–1 . 2 oz ( 24–36 g ) . color is grayish to yellowish brown , buffy white underneath .
head and body length 3 . 9–6 . 9 in ( 10–17 . 5 cm ) , tail 3 . 5–5 . 3 in ( 9–13 . 5 cm ) ; weight 1 . 5–4 . 2 oz ( 45–120 g ) . color is gray to brown , cream to white underneath .
although an agile tree climber , this species can also live without trees . recorded feeding and sleeping together in groups .
largely carnivorous , with insects making up to 89 % of diet . also fruit , especially in fall .
loss of forest habitat has meant this species is classified as vulnerable on the iucn red list .
head and body length 2 . 4–4 . 7 in ( 6 . 1–12 cm ) , tail 2–3 . 7 in ( 5 . 3–9 . 4 cm ) ; weight 0 . 7–1 . 9 oz ( 21–56 g ) . color is ocher and gray , white underneath .
not a specialized tree dweller , this species appears to spend most of its time on the ground .
seven pairs of mammae suggest large numbers of offspring . breeding biology largely unknown .
head and body length 2 . 9–3 . 7 in ( 7 . 5–9 . 5 cm ) , tail 2 . 3–3 in ( 5 . 8–7 . 7 cm ) ; weight 0 . 6–0 . 9 oz ( 18–25 g ) . fur is grayish above and whitish underneath .
thought to emerge at twilight to feed , sheltering from the sun under cover , or possibly in a burrow by day . when threatened , moves in a succession of short jumps .
probably wholly carnivorous , feeding on insects and spiders . can eat three - quarters of its own body weight in one night .
head and body length 2 . 5–3 . 1 in ( 6 . 5–8 cm ) , tail 1 . 5–2 . 1 in ( 4–5 . 5 cm ) ; weight 0 . 5–1 . 4 oz ( 14–40 g ) . color is pale olive brown with a darker stripe along the spine .
an average of four young born in june–july after a month - long gestation .
muscardinus avellanarius ( linnaeus , 1758 ) , sweden . six sub - species .
head and body length 2 . 35–3 . 5 in ( 6–9 cm ) , tail 2 . 1–2 . 9 in ( 5 . 5–7 . 5 cm ) ; weight 0 . 5–1 . 4 oz ( 15–40 g ) . color is yellowish brown or yellowish red , white to buff underneath .
probably exclusively arboreal . in temperate areas , may hibernate for up to nine months of the year .
long - lived species , normally producing a single annual litter of 4–5 young .
head and body length 5 . 1–7 . 5 in ( 13–19 cm ) , tail 4 . 3–5 . 9 in ( 11–15 cm ) ; weight 2 . 4–6 . 3 oz ( 70–180 g ) . color is silvery gray , white underneath .
one of the most agile of arboreal dormice—recorded making tree - to - tree leaps of more than 23 ft ( 7 m ) .
apparently a territorial species , with males scent - marking boundaries . male assists in raising of young and families may stay together through hibernation .
historically regarded as a food source , particularly as a delicacy . considered a pest of fruit and vine crops .
upperparts range from pale ashy gray to dark slaty gray , and from buffy to reddish brown , tinged with grayish . underparts are white to grayish , often tinged with buff or reddish brown . face has black and white markings . head and body length 2 . 8–6 . 5 in ( 7–16 . 5 cm ) and tail length 2 . 0–5 . 3 in ( 5–13 . 5 cm ) .
forests and rocky areas near waterways . nocturnal , though active during the day in dark forests .
grains , seeds , nuts , fruits , insects , eggs , and small vertebrates .
sudan and ethiopia , south to south africa ; through democratic republic of the congo ( zaire ) to southern angola .
sierra leone and mali east to nigeria ; sudan , ethiopia , and somalia south to tanzania .
upperparts range from pale ashy gray to dark slaty gray , and from buffy to reddish brown , tinged with grayish . underparts are white to grayish , often tinged with buff or reddish brown . face has black and white markings . head and body length 2 . 8– . 5 in ( 7–16 . 5 cm ) and tail length 2 . 0–5 . 3 in ( 5–13 . 5 cm ) .
upperparts grayish brown to yellowish brown ; underparts buffy white . head and body length 3 . 1–5 . 1 in ( 8–13 cm ) ; tail length 2 . 4–4 . 4 in ( 6–11 . 3 cm ) ; and weight 0 . 6–1 . 2 oz ( 18–34 g ) .
upperparts range through several gray and brown shades ; underparts are creamy or white . head and body length 3 . 9–6 . 9 in ( 10–17 . 5 cm ) ; tail length 3 . 5–5 . 3 in ( 9–13 . 5 cm ) ; and weight 1 . 6– 4 . 2 oz ( 45–120 g ) .
acorns , nuts , fruits , insects , small rodents , and young birds .
upperparts are a combination of ochraceous and gray ; underparts , insides of the limbs , and feet are white . mouse - like tail . head and body length ( 6 . 1–12 cm ) ; tail length ( 5 . 3–9 . 4 cm ) ; weight 0 . 7–2 . 0 oz ( 21–56 g ) .
kingdon , j . the kingdon field guide to african mammals . san diego : academic press , 1997 .
macdonald , d . european mammals : evolution and behavior . london : collins , 1995 .
—— . the new encyclopaedia of mammals . oxford : oxford university press , 2001 .
macdonald , d . , and p . barrett . the collins field guide to the mammals of britain and europe . new york : harpercollins , 1993 .
nowak , r . m . walker ' s mammals of the world online . baltimore : johns hopkins university press , 1995 . < urltoken > .
dormice ( myoxidae ) .
grzimek ' s animal life encyclopedia . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken
dormice ( myoxidae ) .
grzimek ' s animal life encyclopedia . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken
urltoken gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the modern language association ( mla ) , the chicago manual of style , and the american psychological association ( apa ) .
within the “cite this article” tool , pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style . then , copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list .
because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article , urltoken cannot guarantee each citation it generates . therefore , it’s best to use urltoken citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publication’s requirements and the most - recent information available at these sites :
most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers . therefore , that information is unavailable for most urltoken content . however , the date of retrieval is often important . refer to each style’s convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates .
in addition to the mla , chicago , and apa styles , your school , university , publication , or institution may have its own requirements for citations . therefore , be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list .