macrovipera schweizeri is a venomous viper species found in greece on the islands of the cyclades archipelago in the aegean sea .

no subspecies are currently recognized .

macrovipera schweizeri

macrovipera deserti was previously considered a subspecies of vipera mauritanica , macrovipera schweizeri as a subspecies of vipera lebetina .
rare cb milos viper ( macrovipera schweizeri 0 . 1 ) fast strike on rat video
rare cb milos viper ( macrovipera schweizeri 0 . 1 ) fast strike on rat video - youtube
2 ) identifying threats to macrovipera l . lebetina on cyprus and comparing them with the threats to the endangered macrovipera schweizeri on the island of milos , and to other large vipers of semi - arid area ,
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the cyclades viper ( macrovipera swiss ) , also known as milosotter , is an aegean viper from the kind of large - scale vipers ( macrovipera ) .
the cyclades viper was first in 1935 by the austrian herpetologists franz werner as a subspecies of the levant viper ( macrovipera lebetina ) described and long recognized as such . the classification of macrovipera swiss in the subspecies macrovipera swiss swiss and swiss macrovipera siphnensis is up for discussion , but is currently still questionable as far genetic studies are lacking .
macrovipera schweizeri , commonly named milos viper or cyclades blunt - nosed viper , is a venomous snake . it can be found only on four greece islands : milos , kimolos , polinos and siphnos .
mertens , r . 1955 . der typus von vipera lebetina schweizeri . senckenbergiana biologica 36 : 297 - 299 .
( 2000 ) suggest assigning the species vipera ( = macrovipera ) mauritanica , vipera ( = macrovipera ) deserti and vipera palaestinae to the genus daboia , together with russell ' s viper .
map 50 macrovipera spp . , as well as asian and north african species of the genus vipera sp .
coluber lebetinus linnaeus 1758 : 218 vipera lebetina — wall 1908 : 804 vipera lebetina — smith 1943 : 486 vipera xanthina ( gray 1849 ) fide khalikov ( pers . comm . ) vipera mauritanica ( gray 1849 ) fide khalikov ( pers . comm . ) vipera euphratica — boettger 1880 : 167 vipera euphratica — boulenger 1887 : 345 daboia lebetina — engelmann et al 1993 macrovipera lebetina — mcdiarmid , campbell & touré 1999 : 383 vipera lebetina — sharma 2004 macrovipera lebetina — kwet & trapp 2015 macrovipera lebetina — wallach et al . 2014 : 421 macrovipera lebetina cernovi ( chikin & szczerbak 1992 ) macrovipera lebetina cernovi — davletbakov et al . 2016 macrovipera lebetina lebetina ( linnaeus 1758 ) coluber lebetinus linnaeus 1758 macrovipera lebetina cypriensis reuss 1933 vipera lebetina euphratica — schmidt 1939 vipera lebetina lebetina — harding & welch 1980 vipera lebetina lebetina — welch 1994 : 73 daboia lebetina lebetina — obst 1983 : 232 macrovipera lebetina lebetina — golay et al . 1993 macrovipera lebetina obtusa ( dwigubsky 1832 ) vipera obtusa dwigubsky 1832 : 30 vipera euphratica martin 1838 vipera peilei murray 1892 vipera lebetina boulenger 1920 vipera lebetina peilei — schwarz 1936 : 244 vipera lebetina euphratica schmidt 1939 vipera lebetina obtusa — mertens & wermuth 1960 vipera lebetina euphratica — haas & werner 1969 vipera lebetina obtusa — harding & welch 1980 daboia lebetina obtusa — herrman , joger & nilson 1989 daboia lebetina obtusa — engelmann et al 1993 macrovipera lebetina obtusa — golay et al . 1993 vipera lebetina obtusa — welch 1994 : 121 vipera lebetina obtusa — frynta et al . 1997 macrovipera lebetina obtusa — schweiger 2009 macrovipera lebetina obtusa — iskenderov 2013 macrovipera lebetina transmediterranea ( nilson & andrén 1988 ) vipera lebetina transmediterranea nilson & andrén 1988 macrovipera lebetina transmediterranea — golay et al . 1993 vipera lebetina transmediterranea — welch 1994 : 121 daboia lebetina transmediterranea macrovipera lebetina transmediterranea — kucharzewski 2011 macrovipera lebetina turanica ( chernov 1940 ) vipera lebetina turanica chernov 1940 vipera lebetina turanica — harding & welch 1980 daboia lebetina turanica — obst 1983 : 232 macrovipera lebetina turanica — golay et al . 1993 macrovipera lebetina turanica — laita 2013 macrovipera lebetina turanica — davletbakov et al . 2016
4 ) providing and discussing recommendations for the conservation of cypriot populations of macrovipera l . lebetina and its habitats .
photo of a milos viper , macrovipera schweizeri , which is a highly venomous viper endemic to the milos island group . its closest relatives are found in north africa and the eastern mediterranean . it is highly prized by reptile collectors , especially in its red form .
my first ever video of my snakes . this is my female milos viper ( macrovipera schweizeri ) striking on a rat . . . sorry for any mistakes , resolution etc ( see video description for more ) . hope you enjoy the video , thanks for watching !
my first ever video of my snakes . this is my female milos viper ( macrovipera schweizeri ) striking on a rat . . . sorry for any mistakes , resolution etc ( see video description for more ) . hope you enjoy the video , thanks for watching ! urltoken
nilson , g . , andren , c . , ioannidis , y . & dimaki , m . ( 1999 ) ecology and conservation of the milos viper , macrovipera schweizeri ( werner , 1935 ) . amphibia - reptilia , 20 ( 4 ) : 355 – 375 . available at : urltoken
nilson , g . , andren , c . , ioannidis , y . and dimaki , m . ( 1999 ) ecology and conservation of the milos viper , macrovipera schweizeri ( werner , 1935 ) . amphibia - reptilia , 20 ( 4 ) : 355 - 375 . available at : urltoken
the blunt - nosed viper ( macrovipera lebetina ) is composed of seven subspecies which inhabit semi - arid environments in north africa and in the near and middle east ( irano - turanian region ) . the nominate subspecies macrovipera lebetina lebetina is restricted to cyprus ( and possibly some localities in southeastern turkey ) . cyprus is home to 11 snake species , of which macrovipera lebetina is the only venomous one .
the species vipera lebetina and vipera mauritanica and their subspecies , formerly assigned to the genus vipera , are now included in the genus macrovipera .
hellebuyck , tom 2016 . picture : milos viper ( macrovipera lebetina ) . litteratura serpentium 36 ( 3 ) : 110 - get paper here
zwinenberg , a . j . 1979 . biologie en status van de levantijnse adden van de cycladen , vipera lebetina schweizeri . lacerta 9 : 138 - 146 . - get paper here
gál , j . , tóth , t . , molnár , v . , marosán , m . and sós , e . ( 2005 ) mass incidence of gout in a breeding colony of milos vipers ( macrovipera schweizeri ) . magyar allatorvosok lapja ( hungarian veterinary journal ) , 2005 : 551 - 556 . available at : urltoken
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ aspidelaps l . lubricus 1 . 1 , agkistrodon b . bilineatus 0 . 1 , macrovipera schweizeri 0 . 1 , morelia spilota variegata 0 . 1 , pantherophis guttatus 1 . 0 check out my youtube channel and watch my snake videos - - - > urltoken
jestrzemski , daniel 2015 . feldstudie zur zypriotischen levanteotter ( macrovipera lebetina lebetina ) . terraria - elaphe 2015 ( 1 ) : 54 - 57 [ 2014 ] - get paper here
gumprecht , a . & u . lauten 1997 . zur fortpflanzung und haltung der levante - otter macrovipera lebetina lebetina . sauria 19 ( 1 ) : 39 - 43 - get paper here
m . lebetina and m . schweizeri in shades of grey or brown , with rectangles or a rectangular zig - zag pattern along the body ; sometimes the markings are barely visible . m . mauritanica in shades of brown with a zig - zag or wavy band .
kamelin , eugeny r . , yuri a . lukin , and konstantin d . milto 1997 . hybridization of vipera schweizeri ( werner , 1935 ) and vipera lebetina obtusa , dvigubsky 1832 . russ . j . herpetol . 4 ( 1 ) : 75 - 78 - get paper here
kabisch , k . & wiedl , h . j . 2009 . zur levanteotter , macrovipera lebetina lebetina ( linnaeus , 1758 ) auf zypern . sauria 30 ( 4 ) : 29 - 36 [ 2008 ] - get paper here
sanz , l . ; ayvazyan , n . ; calvete , j . j . 2008 . snake venomics of the armenian mountain vipers macrovipera lebetina obtusa and vipera raddei . journal of proteomics 71 ( 2 ) : 198 - 209 .
tok , c . v . , d . cihan & d . ayaz 2002 . a new record of macrovipera lebetina obtusa ( viperidae ) from south - eastern anatolia . zoology in the middle east 25 : 23 - get paper here
data about microvipera schweizeri viper occurence is based on the information from wikipedia page [ 1 ] . the data are divided into two indicators : [ 1 ] - risk region [ 0 ] - secure region . the data was created based on the maps and descriptions from the corresponding wikipedia‚äôs websites . ( see data access and policies ) .
moradi , naeim ; nasrullah rastegar - pouyani , eskandar rastegar - pouyani 2014 . geographic variation in the morphology of macrovipera lebetina ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ( ophidia : viperidae ) in iran . acta herpetologica 9 ( 2 ) : 187 - 202 - get paper here
al oran , r . m . , rostum , s . , joger , u . & z . amr . 1998 . first record of the levantine viper , macrovipera lebetina , from jordan . zoology in the middle east 16 : 65 - 70 - get paper here
coşkun , yüksel ; mahmut coşkun , mario schweiger 2011 . new locality records of blunt - nosed viper , macrovipera lebetina obtusa in central anatolia , turkey ( serpentes : viperidae ) . fen bilimleri dergisi , cilt 32 ( 2 ) : 22 - 28 - get paper here
the genus macrovipera contains large snakes that are responsible for a number of bites in western asia and north africa each year ( mallow and nilson 2003 ) . the members of this genus can be ill - tempered and dangerous . bites are painful and a great deal of venom can be injected .
herrmann , h . w . ; joger , u . & nilson , g . 1992 . phylogeny and systematics of viperine snakes . iii . : resurrection of the genus macrovipera ( reuss , 1927 ) as suggested by biochemical evidence . amphibia - reptilia 13 : 375 - 392 - get paper here
mermer , ahmet ; bayram göçmen and kerim çi̇çek 2012 . extreme cases of colour pattern and size in levantine viper , macrovipera lebetina ( l . , 1758 ) from the west of euphrates basin ( southern anatolia , turkey ) . biharean biologist 6 ( 1 ) : 70 - 71 - get paper here
gocmen , bayram ; arikan , huseyin ; mermer , ahmet ; langerwerf , bert ; hahar , hasan 2006 . morphological , hemipenial and venom electrophoresis comparisons of the levantine viper , macrovipera lebetina ( linnaeus , 1758 ) , from cyprus and southern anatolia . turkish journal of zoology 30 : 225 - 234 - get paper here
göçmen , b . ; arikan , h . ; cicek , k . & yildiz , z . 2007 . a serological comparison of the populations of the levantine viper , macrovipera lebetina ( linnaeus , 1758 ) in cyprus and southern turkey . north - western journal of zoology 3 ( 2 ) : 75 - 80 - get paper here
mebert , konrad ; bayram göçmen , naşi̇t i̇ğci̇ , mehmet anil oğuz , mert kariş & sylvain ursenbacher 2015 . new records and search for contact zones among parapatric vipers in the genus vipera ( barani , kaznakovi , darevskii , eriwanensis ) , montivipera ( wagneri , raddei ) , and macrovipera ( lebetina ) in northeastern anatolia herpetological bulletin ( 133 ) - get paper here
garrigues , thomas ; catherine dauga ; elisabeth ferquel ; valérie choumet and anna - bella failloux 2005 . molecular phylogeny of vipera laurenti , 1768 and the related genera macrovipera ( reuss , 1927 ) and daboia ( gray , 1842 ) , with comments about neurotoxic vipera aspis aspis populations . molecular phylogenetics and evolution < br / > volume 35 ( 1 ) : 35 - 47 - get paper here
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home » resources » categories and criteria » 2001 iucn red list categories and criteria version 3 . 1
see below for the rules and requirements outlined in the iucn red list categories and criteria . version 3 . 1 ( second edition ) . for translations of this document into other languages , click here .
the iucn red list categories and criteria are intended to be an easily and widely understood system for classifying species at high risk of global extinction . the general aim of the system is to provide an explicit , objective framework for the classification of the broadest range of species according to their extinction risk . however , while the red list may focus attention on those taxa at the highest risk , it is not the sole means of setting priorities for conservation measures for their protection .
extensive consultation and testing in the development of the system strongly suggest that it is robust across most organisms . however , it should be noted that although the system places species into the threatened categories with a high degree of consistency , the criteria do not take into account the life histories of every species . hence , in certain individual cases , the risk of extinction may be under - or over - estimated .
before 1994 the more subjective threatened species categories used in iucn red data books and red lists had been in place , with some modification , for almost 30 years . although the need to revise the categories had long been recognized ( fitter and fitter 1987 ) , the current phase of development only began in 1989 following a request from the iucn species survival commission ( ssc ) steering committee to develop a more objective approach . the iucn council adopted the new red list system in 1994 .
to give people using threatened species lists a better understanding of how individual species were classified .
since their adoption by iucn council in 1994 , the iucn red list categories have become widely recognized internationally , and they are now used in a range of publications and listings produced by iucn , as well as by numerous governmental and non - governmental organizations . such broad and extensive use revealed the need for a number of improvements , and ssc was mandated by the 1996 world conservation congress ( wcc res . 1 . 4 ) to conduct a review of the system ( iucn 1996 ) . this document presents the revisions accepted by the iucn council .
the proposals presented in this document result from a continuing process of drafting , consultation and validation . the production of a large number of draft proposals has led to some confusion , especially as each draft has been used for classifying some set of species for conservation purposes . to clarify matters , and to open the way for modifications as and when they become necessary , a system for version numbering has been adopted as follows :
version 1 . 0 : mace and lande ( 1991 ) the first paper discussing a new basis for the categories , and presenting numerical criteria especially relevant for large vertebrates .
version 2 . 0 : mace et al . ( 1992 ) a major revision of version 1 . 0 , including numerical criteria appropriate to all organisms and introducing the non - threatened categories .
version 2 . 1 : iucn ( 1993 ) following an extensive consultation process within ssc , a number of changes were made to the details of the criteria , and fuller explanation of basic principles was included . a more explicit structure clarified the significance of the non - threatened categories .
version 2 . 2 : mace and stuart ( 1994 ) following further comments received and additional validation exercises , some minor changes to the criteria were made . in addition , the susceptible category present in versions 2 . 0 and 2 . 1 was subsumed into the vulnerable category . a precautionary application of the system was emphasised .
version 2 . 3 : iucn ( 1994 ) iucn council adopted this version , which incorporated changes as a result of comments from iucn members , in december 1994 . the initial version of this document was published without the necessary bibliographic details , such as date of publication and isbn number , but these were included in the subsequent reprints in 1998 and 1999 . this version was used for the 1996 iucn red list of threatened animals ( baillie and groombridge 1996 ) , the world list of threatened trees ( oldfield et al 1998 ) and the 2000 iucn red list of threatened species ( hilton - taylor 2000 ) .
version 3 . 0 : iucn / ssc criteria review working group ( 1999 ) following comments received , a series of workshops were convened to look at the iucn red list criteria following which , changes were proposed affecting the criteria , the definitions of some key terms and the handling of uncertainty .
version 3 . 1 : iucn ( 2001 ) the iucn council adopted this latest version , which incorporated changes as a result of comments from the iucn and ssc memberships and from a final meeting of the criteria review working group , in february 2000 .
all new assessments from january 2001 should use the latest adopted version and cite the year of publication and version number .
in the rest of this document , the proposed system is outlined in several sections . section ii , the preamble , presents basic information about the context and structure of the system , and the procedures that are to be followed in applying the criteria to species . section iii provides definitions of key terms used . section iv presents the categories , while section v details the quantitative criteria used for classification within the threatened categories . annex i provides guidance on how to deal with uncertainty when applying the criteria ; annex ii suggests a standard format for citing the red list categories and criteria ; and annex iii outlines the documentation requirements for taxa to be included on iucn ' s global red lists . it is important for the effective functioning of the system that all sections are read and understood to ensure that the definitions and rules are followed .
the information in this section is intended to direct and facilitate the use and interpretation of the categories ( critically endangered , endangered , etc . ) , criteria ( a to e ) , and subcriteria ( 1 , 2 , etc . ; a , b , etc . ; i , ii , etc . ) .
extinction is a chance process . thus , a listing in a higher extinction risk category implies a higher expectation of extinction , and over the time - frames specified more taxa listed in a higher category are expected to go extinct than those in a lower one ( without effective conservation action ) . however , the persistence of some taxa in high - risk categories does not necessarily mean their initial assessment was inaccurate .
all taxa listed as critically endangered qualify for vulnerable and endangered , and all listed as endangered qualify for vulnerable . together these categories are described as ' threatened ' . the threatened categories form a part of the overall scheme . it will be possible to place all taxa into one of the categories ( see figure 1 ) .
for listing as critically endangered , endangered or vulnerable there is a range of quantitative criteria ; meeting any one of these criteria qualifies a taxon for listing at that level of threat . each taxon should be evaluated against all the criteria . even though some criteria will be inappropriate for certain taxa ( some taxa will never qualify under these however close to extinction they come ) , there should be criteria appropriate for assessing threat levels for any taxon . the relevant factor is whether any one criterion is met , not whether all are appropriate or all are met . because it will never be clear in advance which criteria are appropriate for a particular taxon , each taxon should be evaluated against all the criteria , and all criteria met at the highest threat category must be listed .
the different criteria ( a - e ) are derived from a wide review aimed at detecting risk factors across the broad range of organisms and the diverse life histories they exhibit . the quantitative values presented in the various criteria associated with threatened categories were developed through wide consultation , and they are set at what are generally judged to be appropriate levels , even if no formal justification for these values exists . the levels for different criteria within categories were set independently but against a common standard . broad consistency between them was sought .
the criteria for the threatened categories are to be applied to a taxon whatever the level of conservation action affecting it . it is important to emphasise here that a taxon may require conservation action even if it is not listed as threatened . conservation actions which may benefit the taxon are included as part of the documentation requirements ( see annex 3 ) .
the criteria are clearly quantitative in nature . however , the absence of high - quality data should not deter attempts at applying the criteria , as methods involving estimation , inference and projection are emphasised as being acceptable throughout . inference and projection may be based on extrapolation of current or potential threats into the future ( including their rate of change ) , or of factors related to population abundance or distribution ( including dependence on other taxa ) , so long as these can reasonably be supported . suspected or inferred patterns in the recent past , present or near future can be based on any of a series of related factors , and these factors should be specified as part of the documentation .
taxa at risk from threats posed by future events of low probability but with severe consequences ( catastrophes ) should be identified by the criteria ( e . g . small distributions , few locations ) . some threats need to be identified particularly early , and appropriate actions taken , because their effects are irreversible or nearly so ( e . g . , pathogens , invasive organisms , hybridization ) .
the data used to evaluate taxa against the criteria are often estimated with considerable uncertainty . such uncertainty can arise from any one or all of the following three factors : natural variation , vagueness in the terms and definitions used , and measurement error . the way in which this uncertainty is handled can have a strong influence on the results of an evaluation . details of methods recommended for handling uncertainty are included in annex 1 , and assessors are encouraged to read and follow these principles .
in general , when uncertainty leads to wide variation in the results of assessments , the range of possible outcomes should be specified . a single category must be chosen and the basis for the decision should be documented ; it should be both precautionary and credible .
when data are very uncertain , the category of ' data deficient ' may be assigned . however , in this case the assessor must provide documentation showing that this category has been assigned because data are inadequate to determine a threat category . it is important to recognize that taxa that are poorly known can often be assigned a threat category on the basis of background information concerning the deterioration of their habitat and / or other causal factors ; therefore the liberal use of ' data deficient ' is discouraged .
listing in the categories of not evaluated and data deficient indicates that no assessment of extinction risk has been made , though for different reasons . until such time as an assessment is made , taxa listed in these categories should not be treated as if they were non - threatened . it may be appropriate ( especially for data deficient forms ) to give them the same degree of attention as threatened taxa , at least until their status can be assessed .
all assessments should be documented . threatened classifications should state the criteria and subcriteria that were met . no assessment can be accepted for the iucn red list as valid unless at least one criterion is given . if more than one criterion or subcriterion is met , then each should be listed . if a re - evaluation indicates that the documented criterion is no longer met , this should not result in automatic reassignment to a lower category of threat ( downlisting ) . instead , the taxon should be re - evaluated against all the criteria to clarify its status . the factors responsible for qualifying the taxon against the criteria , especially where inference and projection are used , should be documented ( see annexes 2 and 3 ) . the documentation requirements for other categories are also specified in annex 3 .
the category of threat is not necessarily sufficient to determine priorities for conservation action . the category of threat simply provides an assessment of the extinction risk under current circumstances , whereas a system for assessing priorities for action will include numerous other factors concerning conservation action such as costs , logistics , chances of success , and other biological characteristics of the subject .
re - evaluation of taxa against the criteria should be carried out at appropriate intervals . this is especially important for taxa listed under near threatened , data deficient and for threatened taxa whose status is known or suspected to be deteriorating .
a taxon may be moved from a category of higher threat to a category of lower threat if none of the criteria of the higher category has been met for five years or more .
if the original classification is found to have been erroneous , the taxon may be transferred to the appropriate category or removed from the threatened categories altogether , without delay ( but see point 10 above ) .
the term ' population ' is used in a specific sense in the red list criteria that is different to its common biological usage . population is here defined as the total number of individuals of the taxon . for functional reasons , primarily owing to differences between life forms , population size is measured as numbers of mature individuals only . in the case of taxa obligately dependent on other taxa for all or part of their life cycles , biologically appropriate values for the host taxon should be used .
subpopulations are defined as geographically or otherwise distinct groups in the population between which there is little demographic or genetic exchange ( typically one successful migrant individual or gamete per year or less ) .
the number of mature individuals is the number of individuals known , estimated or inferred to be capable of reproduction . when estimating this quantity , the following points should be borne in mind :
mature individuals that will never produce new recruits should not be counted ( e . g . densities are too low for fertilization ) .
in the case of populations with biased adult or breeding sex ratios , it is appropriate to use lower estimates for the number of mature individuals , which take this into account .
where the population size fluctuates , use a lower estimate . in most cases this will be much less than the mean .
reproducing units within a clone should be counted as individuals , except where such units are unable to survive alone ( e . g . corals ) .
in the case of taxa that naturally lose all or a subset of mature individuals at some point in their life cycle , the estimate should be made at the appropriate time , when mature individuals are available for breeding .
re - introduced individuals must have produced viable offspring before they are counted as mature individuals .
generation length is the average age of parents of the current cohort ( i . e . newborn individuals in the population ) . generation length therefore reflects the turnover rate of breeding individuals in a population . generation length is greater than the age at first breeding and less than the age of the oldest breeding individual , except in taxa that breed only once . where generation length varies under threat , the more natural , i . e . pre - disturbance , generation length should be used .
a reduction is a decline in the number of mature individuals of at least the amount ( % ) stated under the criterion over the time period ( years ) specified , although the decline need not be continuing . a reduction should not be interpreted as part of a fluctuation unless there is good evidence for this . the downward phase of a fluctuation will not normally count as a reduction .
a continuing decline is a recent , current or projected future decline ( which may be smooth , irregular or sporadic ) which is liable to continue unless remedial measures are taken . fluctuations will not normally count as continuing declines , but an observed decline should not be considered as a fluctuation unless there is evidence for this .
extreme fluctuations can be said to occur in a number of taxa when population size or distribution area varies widely , rapidly and frequently , typically with a variation greater than one order of magnitude ( i . e . a tenfold increase or decrease ) .
the phrase ' severely fragmented ' refers to the situation in which increased extinction risk to the taxon results from the fact that most of its individuals are found in small and relatively isolated subpopulations ( in certain circumstances this may be inferred from habitat information ) . these small subpopulations may go extinct , with a reduced probability of recolonization .
extent of occurrence is defined as the area contained within the shortest continuous imaginary boundary which can be drawn to encompass all the known , inferred or projected sites of present occurrence of a taxon , excluding cases of vagrancy ( see figure 2 ) . this measure may exclude discontinuities or disjunctions within the overall distributions of taxa ( e . g . large areas of obviously unsuitable habitat ) ( but see ' area of occupancy ' , point 10 below ) . extent of occurrence can often be measured by a minimum convex polygon ( the smallest polygon in which no internal angle exceeds 180 degrees and which contains all the sites of occurrence ) .
figure 2 . two examples of the distinction between extent of occurrence and area of occupancy . ( a ) is the spatial distribution of known , inferred or projected sites of present occurrence . ( b ) shows one possible boundary to the extent of occurrence , which is the measured area within this boundary . ( c ) shows one measure of area of occupancy which can be achieved by the sum of the occupied grid squares .
the term ' location ' defines a geographically or ecologically distinct area in which a single threatening event can rapidly affect all individuals of the taxon present . the size of the location depends on the area covered by the threatening event and may include part of one or many subpopulations . where a taxon is affected by more than one threatening event , location should be defined by considering the most serious plausible threat .
a quantitative analysis is defined here as any form of analysis which estimates the extinction probability of a taxon based on known life history , habitat requirements , threats and any specified management options . population viability analysis ( pva ) is one such technique . quantitative analyses should make full use of all relevant available data . in a situation in which there is limited information , such data as are available can be used to provide an estimate of extinction risk ( for instance , estimating the impact of stochastic events on habitat ) . in presenting the results of quantitative analyses , the assumptions ( which must be appropriate and defensible ) , the data used and the uncertainty in the data or quantitative model must be documented .
extinct ( ex ) a taxon is extinct when there is no reasonable doubt that the last individual has died . a taxon is presumed extinct when exhaustive surveys in known and / or expected habitat , at appropriate times ( diurnal , seasonal , annual ) , throughout its historic range have failed to record an individual . surveys should be over a time frame appropriate to the taxon ' s life cycle and life form .
extinct in the wild ( ew ) a taxon is extinct in the wild when it is known only to survive in cultivation , in captivity or as a naturalized population ( or populations ) well outside the past range . a taxon is presumed extinct in the wild when exhaustive surveys in known and / or expected habitat , at appropriate times ( diurnal , seasonal , annual ) , throughout its historic range have failed to record an individual . surveys should be over a time frame appropriate to the taxon ' s life cycle and life form .
critically endangered ( cr ) a taxon is critically endangered when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria a to e for critically endangered ( see section v ) , and it is therefore considered to be facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild .
endangered ( en ) a taxon is endangered when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria a to e for endangered ( see section v ) , and it is therefore considered to be facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild .
vulnerable ( vu ) a taxon is vulnerable when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria a to e for vulnerable ( see section v ) , and it is therefore considered to be facing a high risk of extinction in the wild .
near threatened ( nt ) a taxon is near threatened when it has been evaluated against the criteria but does not qualify for critically endangered , endangered or vulnerable now , but is close to qualifying for or is likely to qualify for a threatened category in the near future .
least concern ( lc ) a taxon is least concern when it has been evaluated against the criteria and does not qualify for critically endangered , endangered , vulnerable or near threatened . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category .
data deficient ( dd ) a taxon is data deficient when there is inadequate information to make a direct , or indirect , assessment of its risk of extinction based on its distribution and / or population status . a taxon in this category may be well studied , and its biology well known , but appropriate data on abundance and / or distribution are lacking . data deficient is therefore not a category of threat . listing of taxa in this category indicates that more information is required and acknowledges the possibility that future research will show that threatened classification is appropriate . it is important to make positive use of whatever data are available . in many cases great care should be exercised in choosing between dd and a threatened status . if the range of a taxon is suspected to be relatively circumscribed , and a considerable period of time has elapsed since the last record of the taxon , threatened status may well be justified .
not evaluated ( ne ) a taxon is not evaluated when it is has not yet been evaluated against the criteria .
note : as in previous iucn categories , the abbreviation of each category ( in parenthesis ) follows the english denominations when translated into other languages ( see annex 2 ) .
( e ) the effects of introduced taxa , hybridization , pathogens , pollutants , competitors or parasites .
e . quantitative analysis showing the probability of extinction in the wild is at least 50 % within 10 years or three generations , whichever is the longer ( up to a maximum of 100 years ) .
a . severely fragmented or known to exist at no more than five locations .
e . quantitative analysis showing the probability of extinction in the wild is at least 20 % within 20 years or five generations , whichever is the longer ( up to a maximum of 100 years ) .
a . severely fragmented or known to exist at no more than 10 locations .
1 . population size estimated to number fewer than 1 , 000 mature individuals .
2 . population with a very restricted area of occupancy ( typically less than 20 km 2 ) or number of locations ( typically five or fewer ) such that it is prone to the effects of human activities or stochastic events within a very short time period in an uncertain future , and is thus capable of becoming critically endangered or even extinct in a very short time period .
e . quantitative analysis showing the probability of extinction in the wild is at least 10 % within 100 years .
the red list criteria should be applied to a taxon based on the available evidence concerning its numbers , trend and distribution . in cases where there are evident threats to a taxon through , for example , deterioration of its only known habitat , a threatened listing may be justified , even though there may be little direct information on the biological status of the taxon itself . in all these instances there are uncertainties associated with the available information and how it was obtained . these uncertainties may be categorized as natural variability , semantic uncertainty and measurement error ( akçakaya et al . 2000 ) . this section provides guidance on how to recognize and deal with these uncertainties when using the criteria . more information is available in the guidelines for using the iucn red list criteria .
natural variability results from the fact that species ' life histories and the environments in which they live change over time and space . the effect of this variation on the criteria is limited , because each parameter refers to a specific time or spatial scale . semantic uncertainty arises from vagueness in the definition of terms or lack of consistency in different assessors ' usage of them . despite attempts to make the definitions of the terms used in the criteria exact , in some cases this is not possible without the loss of generality . measurement error is often the largest source of uncertainty ; it arises from the lack of precise information about the parameters used in the criteria . this may be due to inaccuracies in estimating the values or a lack of knowledge . measurement error may be reduced or eliminated by acquiring additional data . for further details , see akçakaya et al . ( 2000 ) and burgman et al . ( 1999 ) .
one of the simplest ways to represent uncertainty is to specify a best estimate and a range of plausible values . the best estimate itself might be a range , but in any case the best estimate should always be included in the range of plausible values . when data are very uncertain , the range for the best estimate might be the range of plausible values . there are various methods that can be used to establish the plausible range . it may be based on confidence intervals , the opinion of a single expert , or the consensus opinion of a group of experts . whichever method is used should be stated and justified in the documentation .
when interpreting and using uncertain data , attitudes toward risk and uncertainty may play an important role . attitudes have two components . first , assessors need to consider whether they will include the full range of plausible values in assessments , or whether they will exclude extreme values from consideration ( known as dispute tolerance ) . an assessor with a low dispute tolerance would include all values , thereby increasing the uncertainty , whereas an assessor with a high dispute tolerance would exclude extremes , reducing the uncertainty . second , assessors need to consider whether they have a precautionary or evidentiary attitude to risk ( known as risk tolerance ) . a precautionary attitude will classify a taxon as threatened unless it is certain that it is not threatened , whereas an evidentiary attitude will classify a taxon as threatened only when there is strong evidence to support a threatened classification . assessors should resist an evidentiary attitude and adopt a precautionary but realistic attitude to uncertainty when applying the criteria , for example , by using plausible lower bounds , rather than best estimates , in determining population size , especially if it is fluctuating . all attitudes should be explicitly documented .
an assessment using a point estimate ( i . e . single numerical value ) will lead to a single red list category . however , when a plausible range for each parameter is used to evaluate the criteria , a range of categories may be obtained , reflecting the uncertainties in the data . a single category , based on a specific attitude to uncertainty , should always be listed along with the criteria met , while the range of plausible categories should be indicated in the documentation ( see annex 3 ) .
where data are so uncertain that any category is plausible , the category of ' data deficient ' should be assigned . however , it is important to recognize that this category indicates that the data are inadequate to determine the degree of threat faced by a taxon , not necessarily that the taxon is poorly known or indeed not threatened . although data deficient is not a threatened category , it indicates a need to obtain more information on a taxon to determine the appropriate listing ; moreover , it requires documentation with whatever available information there is .
under section v ( the criteria for critically endangered , endangered and vulnerable ) there is a hierarchical alphanumeric numbering system of criteria and subcriteria . these criteria and subcriteria ( all three levels ) form an integral part of the red list assessment and all those that result in the assignment of a threatened category must be specified after the category . under the criteria a to c and d under vulnerable , the first level of the hierarchy is indicated by the use of numbers ( 1 - 4 ) and if more than one is met , they are separated by means of the ' + ' symbol . the second level is indicated by the use of the lower - case alphabet characters ( a - e ) . these are listed without any punctuation . a third level of the hierarchy under criteria b and c involves the use of lower case roman numerals ( i - v ) . these are placed in parentheses ( with no space between the preceding alphabet character and start of the parenthesis ) and separated by the use of commas if more than one is listed . where more than one criterion is met , they should be separated by semicolons . the following are examples of such usage :
all assessments published on the iucn red list are freely available for public use . to ensure assessments are fully justified and to allow red list assessment data to be analysed , thus making the iucn red list a powerful tool for conservation and policy decisions , a set of supporting information is required to accompany every assessment submitted for publication on the iucn red list of threatened species ™ :
required supporting information under specific conditions ( e . g . taxa assessed under specific red list categories or criteria , plant assessments , reassessed taxa , etc . ) .
tools available for preparing and submitting assessments for the iucn red list , including the iucn species information service ( sis ) and ramas® red list ( akçakaya and ferson 2001 ) .
note that the documentation standards and consistency checks for iucn red list assessments and species accounts will be updated on a regular basis .
click here for a summary of the five criteria ( a - e ) used to evaluate if a taxon belongs in an iucn red list threatened category ( critically endangered , endangered or vulnerable ) .
akçakaya , h . r . and ferson , s . 2001 . ramas ® red list : threatened species classifications under uncertainty . version 2 . 0 . applied biomathematics , new york .
akçakaya , h . r . , ferson , s . , burgman , m . a . , keith , d . a . , mace , g . m . and todd , c . a . 2000 . making consistent iucn classifications under uncertainty . conservation biology 14 : 1001 - 1013 .
baillie , j . and groombridge , b . ( eds ) . 1996 . 1996 iucn red list of threatened animals . iucn , gland , switzerland .
burgman , m . a . , keith , d . a . and walshe , t . v . 1999 . uncertainty in comparative risk analysis of threatened australian plant species . risk analysis 19 : 585 - 598 .
fitter , r . and fitter , m . ( eds ) . 1987 . the road to extinction . iucn , gland , switzerland .
gärdenfors , u . , hilton - taylor , c . , mace , g . , and rodríguez , j . p . , 2001 . the application of iucn red list criteria at regional levels . conservation biology 15 : 1206 - 1212 .
hilton - taylor , c . ( compiler ) . 2000 . 2000 iucn red list of threatened species . iucn , gland , switzerland and cambridge , uk .
iucn . 1993 . draft iucn red list categories . iucn , gland , switzerland .
iucn . 1994 . iucn red list categories . prepared by the iucn species survival commission . iucn , gland , switzerland .
iucn . 1996 . resolution 1 . 4 . species survival commission . resolutions and recommendations , pp . 7 - 8 . world conservation congress , 13 - 23 october 1996 , montreal , canada . iucn , gland , switzerland .
iucn . 1998 . guidelines for re - introductions . prepared by the iucn / ssc re - introduction specialist group . iucn , gland , switzerland and cambridge , uk .
iucn . 2001 . iucn red list categories and criteria : version 3 . 1 . iucn species survival commission . iucn , gland , switzerland and cambridge , uk .
iucn . 2003 . guidelines for application of iucn red list criteria at regional levels : version 3 . 0 . iucn species survival commission . iucn , gland , switzerland and cambridge , uk .
iucn . 2012 . guidelines for application of iucn red list criteria at regional and national levels : version 4 . 0 . gland , switzerland and cambridge , uk : iucn .
iucn / ssc criteria review working group . 1999 . iucn red list criteria review provisional report : draft of the proposed changes and recommendations . species 31 - 32 : 43 - 57 .
mace , g . m . , collar , n . , cooke , j . , gaston , k . j . , ginsberg , j . r . , leader - williams , n . , maunder , m . and milner - gulland , e . j . 1992 . the development of new criteria for listing species on the iucn red list . species 19 : 16 ? 22 .
mace , g . m . and lande , r . 1991 . assessing extinction threats : toward a re - evaluation of iucn threatened species categories . conservation biology 5 : 148 ? 157 .
mace , g . m . and stuart , s . n . 1994 . draft iucn red list categories , version 2 . 2 . species 21 - 22 : 13 - 24 .
oldfield , s . , lusty , c . and mackinven , a . 1998 . the world list of threatened trees . world conservation press , cambridge .
the convention aims to ensure conservation of wild flora and fauna species and their habitats . special attention is given to endangered and vulnerable species , including endangered and vulnerable migratory species specified in appendices .
the parties undertake to take all appropriate measures to ensure the conservation of the habitats of the wild flora and fauna species . such measures should be included in the parties planning and development policies and pollution control , with particular attention to the conservation of wild flora and fauna . the parties undertake to promote education and disseminate general information concerning the need to conserve species of wild flora and fauna and their habitats .
the convention establishes a standing committee on which the parties are represented by their delegates . the committee ' s principal task is to monitor the provisions of this convention in the light of development of the wild flora and the assessment of its needs . for this purpose , the standing committee is especially competent to make recommendations to the parties and amendments to the appendices where these protected species are specified .
appendix iv - prohibited means and methods of killing , capture and other forms of exploitation .
cox , n . and temple , h . j . ( global reptile assessment )
justification : listed as endangered because its extent of occurrence is not much greater than 100km2 , it is known from only four small islands , there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat . the population trend may now have more or less stabilized , but this is a recent change and could easily be reversed .
this species is endemic to the western cyclade islands ( milos , syphnos , kimolos and polyaigos ) of greece . it is found from sea level up to 400m asl ( the highest point on the islands ) .
the population probably totals around 3 , 000 individuals , with about 2 , 500 of these on western milos . subspecies syphnoensis ( from island of syphnos ) is very rare , with only occasional specimens recorded . the population is now more or less stable , but over the last 30 - 40 years there have been significant declines as a result of collecting and road kills .
it can be found throughout the islands on dry , sunny hillsides and in traditionally cultivated land , in densely vegetated areas close to water with rocky outcrops , and also in pools of water . its most important habitat is small creeks . the female lays a clutch of between four and 11 eggs .


colonel john ( foaled march 4 , 2005 in kentucky ) is an american thoroughbred racehorse best known as the winner of the 2008 santa anita derby and travers stakes .

colonel john

visit john mccrae timeline , a chronology page with more john mccrae facts and information .
airoforce , a son of colonel john , won his dirt debut in the grade 2 kentucky jockey club stakes at churchill downs .
this entry was posted in bloodstock and tagged colonel john , well armed , winstar farm by paulick report staff . bookmark the permalink .
grade i winner colonel john , seen here winning the 2009 wickerr stakes , has been sold and will stand stud in korea for 2017 .
colonel john w . henderson became the commander of the omaha district , u . s . army corps of engineers , july 31 , 2015 .
so , what can we expect from colonel john ' s progeny ? s colonel john was adept over dirt , turf and cushion track . he placed on polytrack , but that wasn ' t his best surface . so far , colonel john is represented by winners over tapeta and turf . his babies should also handle mud . some may be capable over polytrack , but may not be able to offer a top level performance over the surface .
winstar farm sire colonel john has been sold to the korea thoroughbred breeders association ( ktba ) to stand in jeju - do , korea in 2017 .
colonel john had defeated maidens at seven furlongs oct . 7 at santa anita after finishing second in his career debut aug . 19 at del mar .
25 of colonel john ' s two year olds went through the sales ring . 17 sold between $ 19k - $ 300k , eight were rna .
runner - up in the 2007 gi cashcall futurity , colonel john added the gi santa anita derby and a thrilling success in that year’s gi travers s . he was a stakes winner and grade i - placed at four . during his tenure at winstar , colonel john sired 10 black - type winners , five at the graded level .
lieutenant colonel graham parker , obe , founder of the poppy umbrella in ypres on 11 th november 2008 .
colonel john’s 2008 debut was a success when garrett gomez , subbing for the injured nakatani , beat el gato malo by a half - length in the sham stakes at santa anita on march 1 . now that nakatani’s broken collarbone is healed and gomez opted to ride court vision in saturday’s wood memorial stakes at aqueduct , nakatani is reunited with colonel john .
multiple grade 1 winner and freshman sire colonel john was represented by his first winner on sunday when his son cash conversion captured a maiden special weight event at presque isle downs .
colonel john , who has 86 2 - year - olds in his first crop , stands alongside his sire tiznow at winstar for an advertised fee of $ 15 , 000 .
colonel john was a good horse right from the get - go as a juvenile , running second at del mar in his first start , followed by an easy maiden win at seven furlongs at the oak tree meeting at santa anita in october for trainer eoin harty . victory in the listed real quiet stakes at hollywood park was just as easy , and colonel john started favorite for the grade 1 cashcall futurity but found one too good for him . into mischief won by 1 1 / 4 lengths as colonel john rallied from well behind but could never catch him .
colonel john , bred and raced by winstar farm – then owned by bill casner and kenny troutt in partnership – was from the third crop of his sire , 2000 horse of the year tiznow , but is a very different physical type from both his sire and broodmare sire . both tiznow and turkoman , sire of colonel john’s dam , sweet damsel , stand over 17 hands , and tiznow in particular is a rather coarse , plain individual . colonel john is tall but not overly big , and he is a far more elegant horse than tiznow , with a lovely head .
kieran lalor , winstar ' s broodmare manager , described colonel john as a
tall , very athletic horse , with a very strong body type . ' ' his foals take after him .
canadian physician , soldier , teacher and poet john mccrae was born in guelph ontario on november 30 , 1872 , the second son of scottish immigrants lieutenant colonel david mccrae and janet simpson eckford mccrae .
airoforce’s obvious talent will not be enough alone to revive the stud career of colonel john , but it proves that , given the right mare , the son of tiznow can sire a good horse .
colonel john will do a period of quarantine before shipping to korea at the end of october . he will join former us - based sires any given saturday and chapel royal ) at jeju stud farm .
“the big reason we sent him to california was so he could run and train on the artificial surfaces , ” casner said saturday after colonel john won the $ 200 , 000 sham stakes on saturday .
colonel john is the most accomplished of his dam ' s offspring . proving that breeding is still a genetic roll of the dice , colonel john ' s full brother mr . hot stuff placed in the sham and santa anita derby , but found his calling as a steeplechase horse . their full sister kayce ace is stakes placed . another half sister , caroline ' s gold is grade 3 stakes placed .
winstar farms ' colonel john and jockey garrett gomez win the wickerr stakes race at del mar thoroughbred club in del mar , calif . ( july 31 , 2009 ) photo credit : ap / benoit photo
“the ktba is very excited to stand colonel john , ” said bloodstock agent jun park , a longtime advisor to the ktba who brokered the deal . “he will be a wonderful addition to their growing breeding program . ”
making his first start around two turns and only the third of his career , colonel john won the $ 100 , 000 real quiet stakes like a colt who could make a lot of noise in the coming months .
one of tiznow’s top runners is the winstar homebred colonel john ( truenicks , sro ) who returns home to stand alongside his sire for the 2010 season . out of a mare by turkoman , colonel john won the santa anita derby ( gr . i ) and the travers s . ( gr . i ) as a three - year - old . he retires as tiznow’s second leading money earner having bankrolled over $ 1 . 7 million .
the ktba is very excited to stand colonel john ,
said bloodstock agent jun park , a longtime advisor to the ktba who brokered the deal .
he will be a wonderful addition to their growing breeding program .
born in guelph , ontario , on november 30 , 1872 , john mccrae was the second son of lieutenant - colonel david mccrae and janet simpson eckford mccrae . he had a sister , geills , and a brother , tom .
lieutenant colonel john mccrae md was buried with full military honors in the cemetery in wimereux , france ( plot 4 , row h , grave 3 ) . john mccrae’s funeral was one of the best attended funerals of the entire war . in attendance were his many friends , military dignitaries , nursing sisters and colleagues .
john mccrae attended sunday morning services regularly at st . paul ' s presbyterian church in
a three - quarter brother to grade 1 multimillionaire well armed was born at winstar farm on april 14th . the bay colt is from the first crop of multiple grade 1 winner colonel john – tiznow ' s top performer at stud .
colonel john stood for $ 7 , 500 this year at winstar farm , near versailles , ky . with more than $ 4 million in 2016 earnings , he ranks 33rd on this year ' s general sire list through sept . 27 .
john glenn - military leader , u . s . senator , astronaut , pilot - biography
john murtha was appointed to the u . s . house of representatives in a special election to fill a vacancy caused by the death of gop rep . john p . saylor .
colonel john ' s damsire turkoman was champion older male in 1986 . he ' s an excellent broodmare sire and claims over 30 stakes winners as a damsire , including king ' s bishop ( g - 1 ) winner and sire hard spun .
overall , colonel john ' s distaff family is light on blacktype . his dam owns no stakes earnings , but she was a solid race mare , earning a 33 - 5 - 5 - 4 ( $ 66 , 469 ) record at the allowance level . sweet damsel was a miler who won over dirt and turf . colonel john ' s second dam grande dame won a restricted race and his third dam fia placed in the cca oaks ( g - 1 ) and three other graded stakes .
colonel john ' s most important wins as a racehorse came in the santa anita derby ( gr . i ) and travers stakes ( gr . i ) . he is out of the winning turkoman mare sweet damsel , who also has produced grade i - placed
well dressed is booked back to tiznow , who stands the 2011 season for $ 75 , 000 stands and nurses . colonel john stands his second season in 2011 for a fee of $ 15 , 000 stands and nurses . both stallions have been booked full .
colonel john was racing for the first time since dec . 22 , when he ran second in the hollywood futurity . trainer eoin harty next will run the colt in the $ 750 , 000 santa anita derby , also at 11 / 8 miles , on april 5 .
trained by eoin harty , colonel john won the grade iii sham stakes and grade i santa anita derby in 2008 prior to finishing sixth in that year’s kentucky derby . he would return that summer to capture the grade i travers stakes , his final career graded stakes win .
john mccrae was deeply affected by the fighting and losses in france . he became bitter and disillusioned .
winstar farm homebred colonel john ( tiznow–sweet damsel , by turkoman ) , sire of the current graded - stakes horses airoforce and dalmore , has been sold to the korea thoroughbred breeders association ( ktba ) and will stand his first year at stud in jeju - do in 2017 .
winstar homebred colonel john , a multiple grade i - winner on the track and sire of graded stakes winners airoforce , cocked and loaded , and dalmore , has been purchased by the korea thoroughbred breeders association ( ktba ) and will stand stud in jeju - do , korea in 2017 .
nothing travels faster in bluegrass country than news about a hot young sire .
that ' s exactly right , ' ' walden said .
colonel john was the leader at the july sale , and that ' s what has people excited . it ' s a repeatable thing . ' '
fasig - tipton ' s saratoga yearling sale began monday night at the humphrey s . finney pavilion , two blocks from where colonel john enjoyed his career highlight in the 2008 travers . his first crop of yearlings led keeneland ' s fasig - tipton july sale with a $ 141 , 250 average , and there ' s a serious buzz about his five offspring in the spa ' s two - evening bidding frenzy . colonel john made $ 1 . 77 million racing for his owner - breeder , winstar farm of versailles , ky . , but he could be worth exponentially more as a stallion .
2008 marked the 40 anniversary of opening of mccrae house in guelph ontario , the stone cottage birthplace of john mccrae . built in 1857 mccrae house remained a private residence for over a century until it was threatened with demolition in the mid - 1960’s . local residents ( including cyril allinson , the young soldier who witnessed john mccrae writing the poem in 1915 ) formed the john mccrae birthplace society , purchased the home and opened john mccrae house as a museum in 1968 . mccrae house also includes john mccrae’s war medals plus a garden of remembrance with a memorial cenotaph .
colonel john , covering 11 / 8 miles in 1 : 50 . 15 under garrett gomez , took the lead in the stretch and held on to defeat 7 - 10 favorite el gato malo by one - half length in the field of five . el gato malo suffered his first defeat in four career starts .
for walden , a third - generation kentucky horseman , owning an up - and - coming stallion his farm bred is glorious .
it ' s very exciting , ' ' he said .
tiznow has been a great sire for us , and we hope colonel john will be one , too . ' '
both john and thomas mccrae were major contributor ' s to osler ' s modern medicine , a 10 - volume textbook published in 1909 . in addition , john mccrae co - authored a textbook on pathology which was published in 1912 .
library of congress , american memory :
dr . john s . pemberton ( inventor of coca - cola )
colonel john ( usa ) b . h , 2005 { 5 - i } dp = 4 - 1 - 9 - 0 - 0 ( 14 ) di = 2 . 11 cd = 0 . 64 - 15 starts , 6 wins , 3 places , 1 shows career earnings : $ 1 , 779 , 012
colonel john’s comeback race after a two - month break resulted in a fair third in the grade 2 swaps , but he was fitter for the grade 1 travers stakes at saratoga and held on grimly in a stretch battle with mambo in seattle to win by a nose . with big brown retired , colonel john was the best american - trained 3 - year - old available for the breeders’ cup classic , and probably ran right up to his best form , finishing fifth , beaten about five lengths , to the british - trained sophomore raven’s pass . he ran once more at 3 , finishing fourth over the inadequate distance of seven furlongs in the malibu .
enter colonel john , a 3 - year - old son of two - time breeders’ cup classic winner tiznow . nakatani will be aboard the eoin harty - trained colt in saturday’s 71st running of the santa anita derby , and he hopes the 2 - 1 morning - line favorite will help him end those string of goose eggs .
as a stallion , colonel john is led by airoforce , winner of the grade 2 kentucky jockey club stakes and grade 3 bourbon stakes and runner - up in the breeders ' cup juvenile turf last year . he is represented by 12 other stakes winners , including graded winners cocked and loaded , dalmore , southern honey , and concave .
thus it is always instructive to see a horse like colonel john come up with a genuinely good horse from one of the better - credentialed mares in his book . that horse is airoforce , out of the stakes - placed cuvee mare chocolate pop . airoforce won the grade 2 kentucky jockey club stakes on nov . 28 at churchill downs .
we ' re very pleased with colonel john ' s yearlings overall , ' ' said elliott walden , winstar ' s president , ceo and racing manager .
he was a good racehorse , and he gets you a nice , big , scopey , very athletic horse , and that ' s what people are looking for . ' '
colonel john retired after the 2009 season with six wins from 15 starts and $ 1 , 779 , 012 in earnings . as a sire , he ranks no . 1 on the latest north american fourth - crop sires list for 2016 , and is no . 2 on the cumulative fourth - crop sires list in north america behind pioneerof the nile .
late in september 1826 by arrived at the mouth of the rideau river to begin initial preparations . in april 1827 , accompanied by john
( 1 ) photograph of lieutenant alexis helmer . featured in a crown of life : the world of john mccrae , by dianne graves
colonel john , by winstar stallion tiznow , was bred and raced by the farm . he was a multiple grade 1 - winning 3 - year - old in 2008 , taking the santa anita derby and travers stakes . he won or placed in six other stakes over his three seasons of racing , and retired with $ 1 , 779 , 012 in earnings .
on february 20 , 1962 , astronaut john glenn entered the spacecraft friendship 7 to begin the first american - manned mission to orbit earth .
i really liked col . john , so it ' s nice to see that his babies are already entering the winner ' s circle .
colonel john will enter quarantine before shipping to south korea at the end of october to take up residence at his new home jeju stud farm , which also currently stands former american stallions any given saturday and chapel royal . because its racing takes place on dirt , korea has invested heavily in american stock as it has built its thoroughbred industry ; the country also stands champion juvenile hansen .
just like on the racetrack , there are no sure things at an auction . the colonel john colt went for $ 250 , 000 to phase ii thoroughbreds , but the filly was not sold . the final bid of $ 190 , 000 did not meet her reserve , the minimum price agreed upon by her owner , spruce lane farm , and sales agent , hidden brook farm .
john mccrae had a remarkable affinity for people and animals . his many friends and colleagues described him as warm and compassionate with very high principles .
looks like col . john is off to a great early start with his runners and that should make him popular with today ' s breeders .
bred to improve with more distance - - his dam ( sweet damsel ) is a daughter of multiple stakes - winning router turkoman - - colonel john didn ' t disappoint sunday . he will be favored , if he runs , in the $ 750 , 000 hollywood futurity , now sponsored by cashcall , on dec . 22 . the promising juvenile will have to be supplemented to the race .
as the brigade doctor , john mccrae was asked to conduct the burial service for alexis because the chaplain had been called away somewhere else on duty that evening . it is believed that later that evening , after the burial , john began the draft for his now famous poem “in flanders fields” .
when america’s most famous race is run for the 134th time on may 3 , churchill downs will have its usual dirt track in place . but if colonel john , a 3 - year - old tiznow colt bred and owned by casner and his wife susan , is in the starting gate for the run for the roses , he believes a major reason will be the synthetic surface at santa anita .
the poem was written by a canadian—john mccrae , a doctor and teacher , who served in both the south african war and the first world war .
colonel john is a large bodied horse reminiscent of his sire tiznow . he was a late - season two year old , yet showed obvious talent demolishing a group of maidens by over four lengths . the winstar homebred won the real quiet stakes before checking in a late - running second to into mischief in the cash call futurity ( g - 1 ) , to finish out his two year old season .
no well - authenticated portrait of john by is known to exist . two silhouettes have been used in recent publications , but they have not been positively identified
in the summer of 1910 john mccrae accompanied governor general earl grey as expedition doctor on a month - long canoe trip from lake winnipeg to hudson’s bay .
john hancock was an 18th century u . s . merchant who was president of the continental congress and the first person to sign the declaration of independence .
colonel john has a stamina oriented pedigree . his sire , two - time horse of the year champ tiznow , is a young stallion whose only son at stud with babies on the track is tiz wonderful ( by hennessy ) . tiz wonderful ' s first crop are now three year olds . he wound up at # 8 on the freshman sire list last year and is currently # 7 on the second crop sire list .
the symbolic poppy and john mccrae ' s poems are still linked and the voices of those who have died in war continue to be heard each remembrance day .
king , monroe m .
john stith pemberton ( 1831 - 1888 ) .
new georgia encyclopedia . 13 june 2017 . web . 09 july 2018 .
john mccrae resigned from the 1st brigade of artillery in 1904 after being promoted to captain and then major . he was not involved with the military again until 1914 .
saratoga springs - - he has everything you want in a sire - - grade i victories , tactical speed , stamina , versatility and durability . besides his santa anita derby and travers trophies , colonel john won on turf and synthetic and competed until late in his 4 - year - old season . his pedigree is impeccable , by two - time breeders ' cup classic hero tiznow out of a mare by turkoman , the 1986 champion older male .
because winstar owns none of the five mares , it won ' t profit from the foals ' prices .
we won ' t make anything directly , ' ' walden said ,
but colonel john ' s reputation and value as a stallion would be enhanced . ' ' his stud fee is $ 15 , 000 , but if enough of his yearlings excel as runners , his price could approach tiznow ' s ( $ 75 , 000 ) .
john glenn was the first u . s . astronaut to orbit earth , completing three orbits in 1962 . he also served as a u . s senator from ohio .
on april 17th , 1915 john mccrae earned the rank of lieutenant colonel . on june 1st , 1915 mccrae left the battlefront and transferred to number 3 general hospital at boulogne where he treated wounded soldiers from the battles of somme , vimy ridge , arras , and passchendaele . on january 5 , 1918 mccrae became the first canadian ever to be appointed as consultant physician to the british armies in the field . unfortunately , mccrae died before he could he could take up his new position .
as well as expressing himself in words , john mccrae also did small , detailed pencil sketches of scenes on his trips , mostly in south africa , the united states and scotland .
on 11 th november 1995 lieutenant colonel graham parker , obe was in ypres ( ieper ) to take part in the annual armistice day ceremonies . as he led the poppy parade to the menin gate memorial to the missing , there was a heavy rainstorm and the crowds lining the route began putting up umbrellas .
a full - length biography of by is available in r . [ f . ] legget , john by , lieutenant colonel , royal engineers , 1779–1836 : builder of the rideau canal , founder of ottawa ( [ ottawa ] , 1982 ) . a summary biography and a description of his work in building the canal is given in the same author’s rideau waterway ( toronto , 1955 ; rev . ed . , toronto and buffalo , n . y . , 1972 ; 2nd ed . , toronto , 1986 ) . much of the information about by’s life comes from h . p . hill , “lieutenant - colonel john by – a biography , ” royal engineers journal ( chatham , eng . ) , [ new ser . ] , 46 ( 1932 ) : 522–25 , and this was supplemented by minor pieces of information such as his baptismal record in the register of st - mary - at - lambeth ( london ) , 10 aug . 1779 , at the greater london record office .
john bell was elected tennessee senator in 1847 , serving in the senate until 1859 . he was also a u . s . presidential nominee on the eve of the american civil war .
colonel john retired to his birthplace in 2010 at a fee of $ 15 , 000 with a consistent record of six wins , three seconds , and a third in 15 starts for earnings of $ 1 , 779 , 012 . as the winner of the santa anita derby and travers , he was arguably the second - best american - trained 3 - year - old of his crop behind big brown , but in retrospect , the american 3 - year - olds of 2008 were not an outstanding group .
the wacker estate sold chocolate pop for only $ 25 , 000 to greathouse bloodstock at the 2010 keeneland november sale , and the mare was re - offered , in foal to colonel john , but failed to meet her reserve at $ 35 , 000 in 2012 . airoforce , who was bred by stewart m . madison , is her first foal . she has since produced a yearling full sister to airoforce , and a weanling filly by first samurai . chocolate pop was bred to sidney’s candy this year .
precocious doesn ' t come to mind when one thinks of colonel john ' s offspring . yet they ' ve started to make their appearance on the track . within the last couple of weeks , two of his sons have entered the winner ' s circle . the winstar farm home - bred cash conversion galloped to a 2 ¾ length victory over the presque isle downs oval to kick off the month of june . a week later , here ' s johnny subdued his rivals by 2 ½ lengths at churchill .
burrows , john ( vol . 7 ) drummond , robert ( vol . 6 ) duberger , jean - baptiste ( vol . 6 ) duvernet , henry abraham ( vol . 7 ) jebb , sir joshua ( vol . 9 ) kempt , sir james ( vol . 8 ) macdonell , george richard john ( vol . 9 ) mann , gother ( vol . 6 ) more
john lindsay was a u . s . congressman and was the mayor of new york city during the 1960s . he is known for his
ghetto walks
and clashes with labor groups .
the family were scottish presbyterians and john mccrae was a man of high principles and strong spiritual values . he has been described as warm and sensitive with a remarkable compassion for both people and animals .
he took with him a horse named bonfire , a gift from a friend . later , john mccrae sent his young nieces and nephews letters supposedly written by bonfire and signed with a hoof print .
for respite , he took long rides on bonfire through the french countryside . another animal companion was a casualty of the war , the dog bonneau , who adopted john mccrae as his special friend .
in 1898 , john mccrae received a bachelor of medicine degree and the gold medal from the university of toronto medical school . he worked as resident house officer at toronto general hospital from 1898 to 1899 .
an avid outdoorsman , john mccrae was invited in 1910 to serve as expedition physician when the governor general , lord grey , journeyed by canoe from norway house on lake winnipeg to hudson ' s bay .
in the trenches , john mccrae tended hundreds of wounded soldiers every day . he was surrounded by the dead and the dying . in a letter to his mother , he wrote of the battle of ypres .
when mccrae went to europe he took with him his horse bonfire , a gift given to him by his friend john l . todd . mccrae was very fond of animals and often wrote home to his niece and nephew as if the letters were from bonfire and signed with bonfire’s hoof print . while at ypres , john mccrae also befriended a dog he named bonneau which accompanied mccrae on his rounds through the medical wards .
the right horse might be colonel john , who began his career with a runner - up effort in a maiden special weight on aug . 19 at del mar . he broke his maiden by 4 < md + , % 30 , % 55 , % 70 > 1 / < md - , % 0 , % 55 , % 70 > 2 lengths with nakatani aboard next time out on oct . 7 at oak tree and , following his victory in the real quiet , finished second to into mischief in the cashcall futurity at hollywood park on dec . 22 .
geoffrey serle , ' monash , sir john ( 1865–1931 ) ' , australian dictionary of biography , national centre of biography , australian national university , urltoken published first in hardcopy 1986 , accessed online 10 july 2018 .
john mccain is a vietnam war veteran and a six - term u . s . senator from the state of arizona . he was the republican nominee for the 2008 presidential election , before his loss to barack obama .
after this ground - breaking mission , glenn became an american hero . he was feted with parades and received numerous accolades . president john f . kennedy presented him with the nasa distinguished service medal , and the two eventually became friends . it was president kennedy & apos ; s brother robert who encouraged glenn to consider a life in public service . glenn , who had risen in the ranks to colonel , continued to serve as an advisor to nasa until 1964 , and the following year he retired from the marines corps . with a longtime interest in politics he decided to run for office .
as an author , john mccrae wrote numerous articles for medical journals , co - authored “a text - book of pathology for students of medicine” with j . g . adami and published a number of poems , letters , articles and short stories in national magazines including saturday night and godey’s plus the university of toronto student newspaper , the varsity . john mccrae was also a contributing writer to osler’s book of modern medicine , a 10 - volume textbook by william osler .
after graduating with honors from medical school in toronto in 1898 , john mccrae served in the artillery during the second boer war in south africa ( 1899 – 1901 ) . mccrae was shocked by the poor treatment of the sick and injured soldiers .
in april 1915 , john mccrae was in the trenches near ypres , belgium , in the area traditionally called flanders . some of the heaviest fighting of the first world war took place there during what was known as the second battle of ypres .
mckay , thomas ( vol . 8 ) ramsay , george , 9th earl of dalhousie ( vol . 7 ) smyth , sir james carmichael ( vol . 7 ) white , andrew ( vol . 6 ) lennox , charles , 4th duke of richmond and lennox ( vol . 5 ) redpath , john ( vol . 9 ) ansley , amos ( vol . 7 ) baird , nicol hugh ( vol . 7 ) barrie , sir robert ( vol . 7 ) bonnycastle , sir richard henry ( vol . 7 ) bradford , richard ( vol . 5 ) chaffey , samuel ( vol . 6 ) christie , alexander james ( vol . 7 ) degaugreben , friedrich ( vol . 6 ) durnford , elias walker ( vol . 7 ) le breton , john ( vol . 7 ) mactaggart , john ( vol . 6 ) mcmartin , alexander ( vol . 8 ) rose , sir john ( vol . 11 ) sparks , nicholas ( vol . 9 ) stewart , william ( vol . 8 )
tiznow ' s offspring look remarkably like their sire and colonel john is no exception . he is a large , muscular horse who covers a distance of ground . typically , he was a mid / late season two year old . like many with his physical build and pedigree , he improved with age and racing . the majority of his progeny will make their debuts from mid - season ( late july , early august ) onward and improve greatly as three year olds . some may be quick enough to win at six furlongs , however , seven furlongs through 1 1 / 4 miles will be more suitable . they should be proficient over every surface , although bet his offspring on polytrack with caution .
john mccrae began writing poetry while a student at the guelph collegiate institute . as a young boy , he was also interested in the military . he joined the highfield cadet corps at 14 and at 17 enlisted in the militia field battery commanded by his father .
writing letters and poetry also allowed john mccrae to escape temporarily from the pressures of his administrative duties at the hospital . his last poem ,
the anxious dead
, echoed the theme of
in flanders fields
but was never as popular as the earlier poem .
in 1899 , he went to baltimore and interned at the johns hopkins hospital where his brother thomas had worked as assistant resident since 1895 . there , both john and thomas mccrae became close associates of dr . william osler , the pre - eminent medical educator of his time .
during the summer of 1917 , john mccrae was troubled by severe asthma attacks and occasional bouts of bronchitis . he became very ill in january 1918 and diagnosed his condition as pneumonia . he was moved to number 14 british general hospital for officers where he continued to grow weak .
john mccrae graduated from guelph collegiate at 16 and was the first guelph student to win a scholarship to the university of toronto . after attending university for three years , however , he was forced to take a year off due to severe asthma . this illness recurred throughout his life .
although he had been a doctor for years and had served in the south african war , it was impossible to get used to the suffering , the screams , and the blood here , and major john mccrae had seen and heard enough in his dressing station to last him a lifetime .
the story of john mccrae ' s world war i poem interweaves the poet ' s words with information about the war , details of daily life in the trenches , accounts of mccrae ' s experience in his field hospital , and the circumstances that contributed to the poem ' s creation .
the words of john mccrae , a soldier , doctor and poet , are called to mind every year on 11 november . it was his poem , in flanders fields , that was the inspiration for the poppy as a symbol of remembrance . this book charts the story of his life .
after his retirement , glenn and his wife founded the john glenn college for public service at the ohio state university with the mission to improve the quality of public service and to encourage young people to pursue careers in government . the glenns also serve as trustees of their alma mater , muskingum college .
john mccrae sailed to africa in december and spent a year there with his unit . when he left south africa , it was with mixed feelings about war . he was still convinced of the need to fight for one ' s country but shocked by the poor treatment of the sick and injured soldiers .
sir john monash ( 1865 - 1931 ) , soldier , engineer and administrator , was born on 27 june 1865 in west melbourne , eldest of three children and only son of louis monash ( 1831 - 1894 ) and his wife bertha , née manasse . several generations of john ' s paternal ancestors had lived at krotoschin ( krotoszyn ) , posen province ( poznan , poland ) , prussia , near breslau ( wroclaw ) . almost one - third of the town ' s population was jewish . john ' s grandfather baer - loebel monasch was a learned publisher and printer . his uncle by marriage heinrich graetz was the eminent historian of the jewish people . his father louis migrated to melbourne in 1854 , prospered as a merchant , was naturalized in 1856 and was secretary of the deutscher verein . he returned to europe in 1863 , married bertha ( of dramburg , near stettin ( szczecin ) ) , and next year took her back to melbourne .
john mccrae was buried with full military honours in wimereux cemetery , just north of boulogne , not far from the fields of flanders . bonfire led the procession , mccrae ' s riding boots reversed in the stirrups . his death was met with great grief among his friends and contemporaries . a friend wrote of the funeral :
glenn met his wife annie when they were children growing up in new concord , ohio . glenn wrote in his autobiography john glenn , a memoir : “she was part of my life from the time of my first memory . ” they were married on april 6 , 1943 at the college drive presbyterian church in new concord .
john mccrae’s flanders fields poem was first published anonymously in the december 8th 1915 issue of the british punch magazine and is credited with the inspiration for adopting the “poppy” as canada’s official flower of remembrance , which is also recognized in canada , the u . s . , france , britain and other commonwealth countries including australia and new zealand .
in 1901 , john mccrae picked up the thread of his life , resuming his studies in pathology . the years after the war were busy ones for the young doctor . as governor ' s fellow in pathology and resident assistant pathologist , he had the dual function of research work in the medical faculty laboratories at mcgill and autopsy duties at
it is a terrible state of affairs , and i am going because i think every bachelor , especially if he has experience of war , ought to go . i am really rather afraid , but more afraid to stay at home with my conscience . ( prescott . in flanders fields : the story of john mccrae , p . 77 )
famed american astronaut and politician john glenn jr . , who made history in 1962 as the first american to orbit earth , was born in cambridge , ohio on july 18 , 1921 to john and clara glenn . when he was two years old , his family moved to the small town of new concord , ohio , where his father ran a plumbing business . glenn developed an early interest in science , particularly aeronautics , and a sense of patriotism that would lead him to serve his country later in life . according to glenn & apos ; s official website , he had a very happy childhood . “a boy could not have had a more idyllic early childhood than i did , ” he wrote .
while still at the battlefront during the second battle of ypres , john mccrae performed a burial service for his good friend and former student alexis helmer . the next day on may 3 , 1915 mccrae reportedly sat on the step of an ambulance wagon and composed what is now considered to be the world’s most famous and recognized war memorial poem , in flanders fields .
mccrae suffered from asthma since childhood and by december of 1917 his health had dramatically declined . john mccrae succumbed to pneumonia and meningitis on january 28th , 1918 at number 14 british general hospital for officers in boulogne , france . his funeral procession was led by his horse bonfire and in the tradition of mounted officers ; mccrae’s boots were placed backwards in the stirrups .
during the early days of the second battle of ypres a young canadian artillery officer , lieutenant alexis helmer , was killed on 2 nd may , 1915 in the gun positions near ypres . an exploding german artillery shell landed near him . he was serving in the same canadian artillery unit as a friend of his , the canadian military doctor and artillery commander major john mccrae .
when the south african war started in october 1899 , john mccrae felt it was his duty to fight . in order to serve in south africa , he requested postponement of a fellowship in pathology that he had been awarded at mcgill university in montréal . he was subsequently commissioned to lead an artillery battery from his home town . this guelph contingent became part of d battery , canadian field artillery .
pemberton served with distinction as a lieutenant colonel in the third georgia cavalry battalion during the civil war and was almost killed in the fighting at columbus in april 1865 . in 1869 he became a principal partner in the firm of pemberton , wilson , taylor and company , which was based in atlanta , where he moved in 1870 . two years later he became a trustee of the atlanta medical college ( later emory university school of medicine ) and established a business in philadelphia , pennsylvania , where his own brands of pharmaceuticals were manufactured on a large scale . he also served for six years ( 1881 - 87 ) on the first state examining board that licensed pharmacists in georgia .
the war of 1812 had clearly demonstrated the vulnerability of the military supply line along the st lawrence between montreal and kingston , upper canada . british commanders in lower and upper canada had seen the need for an alternative route even before the end of the war , and late in 1814 lieutenant - colonel george richard john macdonell * had roughly surveyed the rideau - cataraqui line . to render the route between montreal and kingston by the ottawa , rideau , and cataraqui rivers navigable for small naval vessels , it was necessary to build a lock at the mouth of the ottawa river , three small canals to circumvent rapids on the ottawa , and a canal system along the stretch from the mouth of the rideau river to kingston . although representations were made to london about the necessity of these works , it was only late in 1815 that orders were given for a study of the route to be made . lieutenant joshua jebb * surveyed the rideau - cataraqui route in the spring of 1816 but nothing further transpired . however , the entrance lock to the ottawa was built by private interests that year .
the day of the funeral was a beautiful spring day ; none of us wore overcoats . you know the haze that comes over the hills at wimereux . i felt so thankful that the poet of ' in flanders fields ' was lying out there in the bright sunshine in the open space he loved so well . . . . ( prescott . in flanders fields : the story of john mccrae , p . 129 )
before he died , john mccrae had the satisfaction of knowing that his poem had been a success . soon after its publication , it became the most popular poem on the first world war . it was translated into many languages and used on billboards advertising the sale of the first victory loan bonds in canada in 1917 . designed to raise $ 150 , 000 , 000 , the campaign raised $ 400 , 000 , 000 .
during this year off , he was assistant resident master at the ontario agricultural college in guelph , teaching english and mathematics . it is reported that he also fell in love with a friend ' s eighteen year - old sister , but he was dealt a bitter blow when the young woman died shortly after they met . john mccrae expressed the pain of this loss through his poetry which even then dwelt on the theme of death .
the day before he wrote his famous poem , one of mccrae ' s closest friends was killed in the fighting and buried in a makeshift grave with a simple wooden cross . wild poppies were already beginning to bloom between the crosses marking the many graves . unable to help his friend or any of the others who had died , john mccrae gave them a voice through his poem . it was the second last poem he was to write .
the farm at tully was purchased from the fay family in 1900 by colonel william hall walker . hall walker became the most successful breeder of the age , enjoying his finest hour when king edward vii led minoru , born and raised at tully , into epsom’s winners’ enclosure following a famous victory in the 1909 derby . in 1915 the farm and all its stock was gifted to the crown and became the national stud under the leadership of sir henry greer . the success continued with the farm producing the winners of all five classics . in 1942 sun chariot , born and bred at tully , earned herself an indelible place in racing history when landing the fillies’ triple crown – the 1 , 000 guineas , oaks and st . leger – for king george vi .
on august 4 , 1914 , britain declared war on germany . canada , as a member of the british empire , was automatically at war , and its citizens from all across the land responded quickly . within three weeks , 45 , 000 canadians had rushed to join up . john mccrae was among them . he was appointed a medical officer with the first brigade of the canadian field artillery with the rank of major and second - in - command .
a kitten has taken up with a poor ( child ) dying of muscular atrophy who cannot move . it stays with him all the time , and sleeps most of the day in his straw hat . tonight i saw the kitten curled up under the bedclothes . it seems as it were a gift of providence that the little creature should attach itself to the child who needs is most . ( prescott , in flanders fields : the story of john mccrae , p . 18 )
john glenn , the last of nasa & apos ; s first class of astronauts , died on december 8 , 2016 at the age of 95 , at ohio state university wexner medical center in columbus , ohio . he is survived by his wife of 73 years , annie , their two children and grandchildren . the legendary astronaut and senator was laid to rest at arlington national cemetery on april 6 , 2017 , which would have been his 74th wedding anniversary with his wife annie .
although mccrae worked hard at his university teaching and at his increasingly busy practice , the advantage of working in a university was that he could take time off . he holidayed at various times in england , france and europe . . . at times he worked his passage to europe as ship ' s surgeon ; he enjoyed ships and the sea . these were the compensations of a bachelor ' s life . ( prescott , in flanders fields : the story of john mccrae , p . 70 )
in 1914 at the start of the first world war , mccrae followed his sense of duty to god , his country and his fellow man and enlisted . in a letter to his mother john mccrae wrote , “ i am really rather afraid , but more afraid to stay at home with my conscience . ” at 42 years of age , mccrae was older than most wwi volunteers when he enlisted . in 1915 he was given the rank of major and appointed brigade - surgeon to the first brigade of the canadian forces artillery stationed at ypres , belgium .
airoforce sold for only $ 20 , 000 at the 2014 fasig - tipton kentucky october yearling sale to michael neatherlin , but worked so well at the 2015 obs april sale that east west stable paid $ 350 , 000 for him . the kentucky jockey club was airoforce’s third win in four starts , all for owner john c . oxley and trainer mark casse , and his first on dirt . his only loss came in the grade 1 breeders’ cup juvenile turf when he failed by only a neck to hold off the closing surge of hit it a bomb .
he felt he should have made greater sacrifices , and insisted on living in a tent through the year , like his comrades at the front , rather than in the officers ' huts . when this affected his health in mid - winter he had to be ordered into warmer surroundings . to many he gave the impression that he felt he should still be with his old artillery brigade . after the battle of ypres he was never again the optimistic man with the infectious smile . ( prescott . in flanders fields : the story of john mccrae , p . 110 )
the general impression in my mind is of a nightmare . we have been in the most bitter of fights . for seventeen days and seventeen nights none of us have had our clothes off , nor our boots even , except occasionally . in all that time while i was awake , gunfire and rifle fire never ceased for sixty seconds . . . . . and behind it all was the constant background of the sights of the dead , the wounded , the maimed , and a terrible anxiety lest the line should give way . ( prescott . in flanders fields : the story of john mccrae , p . 98 )
john glenn jr . was born on july 18 , 1921 in cambridge , ohio . a marine pilot , he was selected in 1959 for project mercury astronaut training . he became a backup pilot for alan b . shepard jr . and virgil
gus
grissom , who made the first two u . s . suborbital flights into space . glenn was selected for the first orbital flight , and in 1962 , aboard friendship 7 , he made three orbits around earth . after his decorated service in the u . s . marine corps and nasa , glenn went on to serve as u . s . senator from his home state . he died on december 8 , 2016 at the age of 95 .