tyler 's tree frog or the southern laughing tree frog ( litoria tyleri ) is an arboreal tree frog .

it is native to eastern australia .

it occurs from southeast queensland to the south coast of new south wales .

it is generally a coastal species and is not found inland .

tyler ' s tree frog

tyler ' s tree frog ( litoria tyleri ) has large toe pads and webbed feet .
tyler ' s tree frog ( litoria tyleri ) is similar - looking but has a golden iris .
the revealed tree frog or whirring tree frog , ( litoria revelata ) is a species of tree frog native to coastal eastern australia .
the peron ' s tree frog is found in northern victoria , new south wales and southern queensland .
the peron ' s tree frog breeds in temporary pools , dams and ditches and sometimes tries to breed in suburban fish ponds .
genus . the male peron ' s tree frog is about 44 - 53 mm , while females are 46 - 65 mm .
the peron ' s tree frog lives in most forest habitats but will also forage for food in open grassland and other open areas .
the peron ' s tree frog has a drill - like call , which has also been described as a ' maniacal cackle ' .
southern laughing tree frog ( litoria tyleri ) by stephen zozaya d ' aguilar range , queensland .
australia has many species of tree frogs , here i film peron ' s tree frog in a breeding pond making a racket - the stuttered laugh call . also present but not seen were tyler ' s tree frog with the fast ' ark ark ark . . . . . ' call . there are a couple more frogs species in this small pond but i ' m not sure of them . filmed on the south coast of nsw on a warm october evening .
some frogs in the tropical rainforest are specially adapted for gliding from tree to tree or parachuting to the forest floor . typical of them is
close - up of frog ' s head showing eye , nostril , mouth and tympanum .
barker , j . , grigg , g . c . , and tyler , m . j . ( 1995 ) .
. some species are carnivorous at the tadpole stage , eating insects , smaller tadpoles , and fish . the cuban tree frog (
males make a high - pitched whirring noise , similar to the verreaux ' s tree frog ; calling occurs from spring to autumn , either from the ground or from vegetation bordering the breeding area .
tree frogs are frogs of the family hylidae . they are of small size and more elegant in form than the true frogs ( family ranidae ) . many tree frogs have bright coloration .
, a less toxic product , by most terrestrial adults . a few species of tree frog with little access to water excrete the even less toxic
another tactic used by some frogs is to
scream
, the sudden loud noise tending to startle the predator . the gray tree frog (
a barred frog provides surrogate eggs for cloning the southern gastric brooding frog . photo by bob beale
i always wondered what these pale grey frogs were called - now i know - a
peron ' s tree frog
. thank you ! i have seen these around but have not heard any ' maniacal cackle ' : )
please don’t let your boyfriend attempt to house a new baby bearded dragon with chameleons and tree frogs . it’s a bad combination because they all require different habitat temperature and humidity parameters .
. indonesia is the world ' s largest exporter of frog meat , exporting more than 5 , 000 tonnes of frog meat each year , mostly to france , belgium and luxembourg .
the southern gastric brooding frog ( rheobatrachus silus ) was discovered in 1972 in the mountains of queensland , australia . but the world only took notice of it in 1974 when mike tyler discovered how it reproduced .
archer has several reasons for trying . there’s the medical potential . there’s the unusual nature of the frog’s life cycle , which no other animal shares . but really , it’s a more “transcendent reason” that drives him . “if we were responsible for the extinction of the species , deliberately or inadvertently , we have a moral responsibility or imperative to undo that if we can , ” he says .
archer , however , is in the business of de - extinction . he’s going to clone the southern gastric brooding frog back into life .
unfortunately , this is not the case for a tree frog , box turtle , chameleon and bearded dragon . bearded dragons are from arid desert areas in australia . they require high heat and low humidity , and their daytime temperature range is 75 to 85 degrees fahrenheit with a focal hot spot of 110 degrees f . being amphibians , tree frogs require higher humidity and a cooler environment . if you tried to keep the temperature range high enough for the beardie , you would end up dehydrating your tree frog , resulting in its untimely demise . i don’t know what kind of tree frog you have , so i cannot offer more specific recommendations . it would be safest to house your chameleons and tree frogs in separate habitats .
the frog prince
is a fairy tale about a frog that turns into a handsome prince after he has rescued a princess ' s golden ball and she has taken him into her palace .
still , archer is hopeful . whenever he has gone through the same technical motions with a living frog , and inserted the species’ nucleus into its own egg , the resulting embryo also paused at the same point . this suggests that there’s something wrong with the team’s techniques , rather than with tyler’s frozen gastric brooding frog tissues . busted tissues would be a deal breaker but technological problems can be fixed , and archer has brought in stem cell expert robert lanza to help him do so . “we retain our vibrant optimism , ” he says .
frog populations have declined dramatically since the 1950s . more than one - third of frog species are considered to be threatened with
. some frogs use their sticky tongues to catch fast - moving prey , while others push food into their mouths with their hands . a few species also eat plant matter ; the tree frog
the colour of a frog ' s skin is used for thermoregulation . in cool damp conditions , the colour will be darker than on a hot dry day . the
when news broke about this weird strategy , other scientists were incredulous . tyler provided vivid accounts of a young frog poking its head out of mum’s mouth like an amphibian russian doll , but even these were insufficient . “it just seemed to many zoologists absolutely impossible , ” he later wrote in a book . “there were frequently insinuations that somehow we were wrong . ”
tree frogs and some non - aquatic species have a rain call that they make on the basis of humidity cues prior to a shower .
frost , s . w . ( 1932 ) .
notes on feeding and molting in frogs
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tree frogs are very acrobatic and can catch insects while hanging by one toe from a twig or clutching onto the blade of a windswept reed .
the peron ' s tree frog has the ability to quickly change colour . by day it is usually a pale green - grey colour that changes to a reddish brown with emerald green flecks at night . it also has bright black and yellow markings on its thighs . it has a cross - shaped pupil and a silver iris .
is a common defensive mechanism in frogs . most camouflaged frogs are nocturnal ; during the day , they seek out a position where they can blend into the background and remain undetected . some frogs have the ability to change colour , but this is usually restricted to a small range of colours . for example , white ' s tree frog (
stuart , s . n . ; chanson , j . s . ; cox , n . a . ; young , b . e . ; rodrigues , a . s . l . ; fischman , d . l . ; waller , r . w . ( 2004 ) .
status and trends of amphibian declines and extinctions worldwide
.
vancompernolle , s . e . ; taylor , r . j . ; oswald - richter , k . ; jiang , j . ; youree , b . e . ; bowie , j . h . ; tyler , m . j . ; conlon , m . ; wade , d . ; et al . ( 2005 ) .
hudson , n . j . ; lehnert , s . a . ; ingham , a . b . ; symonds , b . ; franklin , c . e . ; harper , g . s . ( 2005 ) .
lessons from an estivating frog : sparing muscle protein despite starvation and disuse
.
estrada , alberto r . ; hedges , s . blair ( 1996 ) .
at the lower size limit in tetrapods : a new diminutive frog from cuba ( leptodactylidae : eleutherodactylus )
.
peron ' s tree frog is one of the most variably coloured frogs in australia , with the ability to change colour in less than one hour . it varies in shades of grey and brown , where its lightest is almost white . the frog has mottled yellow and black thighs , armpits , and groin . occasionally , emerald spots are found on the back , which increase in number with age . a characteristic uncommon in the genus
and a frog deprived of its lungs can maintain its body functions without them .
ford , l . s . ; cannatella , d . c . ( 1993 ) .
the major clades of frogs
.
anderson , jason s . ; reisz , robert r . ; scott , diane ; fröbisch , nadia b . ; sumida , stuart s . ( 2008 ) .
a stem batrachian from the early permian of texas and the origin of frogs and salamanders
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, where they scramble around on the branches , twigs , and leaves , sometimes never coming down to earth . the
true
tree frogs belong to the family hylidae , but members of other frog families have independently adopted an arboreal habit , a case of
surface rendering of the head of the frog atelopus franciscus , with ear parts highlighted .
to clone the gastric brooding frog , the team first needed its dna . archer called up mike tyler , who rummaged through his freezers and found some old tissue samples . they were in shoddy condition—just bits of frog dropped in a container , without any antifreeze to protect them . the cells should have been useless , ruptured sacks but they had somehow stayed intact . “we thought it was worth a try , ” archer says .
federle , w . ; barnes , w . j . p . ; baumgartner , w . ; drechsler , p . ; smith , j . m . ( 2006 ) .
wet but not slippery : boundary friction in tree frog adhesive toe pads
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marjanović , d . ; laurin , m . ( 2009 ) .
the origin ( s ) of modern amphibians : a commentary
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emerson , s . b . ; diehl , d . ( 1980 ) .
toe pad morphology and mechanisms of sticking in frogs
.
some species of frog have adaptations that allow them to survive in oxygen deficient water . the
then , good news ! a second species—the northern gastric brooding frog ( rheobatrachus vitellinus ) —was discovered in 1984 in queensland’s eungella national park . but a year later , almost before anyone could uncork the celebratory champagne , it too went extinct .
it took many years , field surveys and photographs to persuade the naysayers . tyler eventually published a full description of the frog and its behaviour in 1981 . ( nature rejected the paper because they—wrongly—deemed it uninteresting . ) the medical community took notice . if this creature could deliberately stop making acid in its stomach , it might provide new ways of treating stomach ulcers or helping people who go through stomach surgeries to heal more quickly . several teams started studying the frog .
during the evolutionary history of the frog , several different groups have independently taken to the air .
is so powerful , one frog contains enough poison to kill an estimated 22 , 000 mice .
the atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .
the frog has a highly developed nervous system that consists of a brain , spinal cord and nerves . many parts of the frog ' s brain correspond with those of humans . it consists of two olfactory lobes , two cerebral hemispheres , a pineal body , two optic lobes , a cerebellum and a medulla oblongata . muscular coordination and posture are controlled by the
this might seem like an over - reaction . after all , millions of frog eggs divide into embryos every day , as they have done since before dinosaurs walked the earth . but this egg was special . archer’s team of scientists had loaded it with the dna of the southern gastric brooding frog —a bizarre creature that has been extinct for almost 30 years .
this article is about the group of amphibians . for other uses , see frog ( disambiguation ) .
youtube video of a frog eating a caterpillar gets close to 1 . 5 million views in three days
nauwelaerts , s . ; schollier , j . ; aerts , p . ( 2004 ) .
a functional analysis of how frogs jump out of water
.
every time the team has done this , the ball of cells starts to turn inwards on itself—a crucial moment called gastrulation—and stops . that’s where they are for now . they have the beginnings of a gastric brooding frog , but are a long way from even a simple tadpole .
, united states . in asia , frog legs are consumed in china , vietnam , thailand and indonesia .
are farmed and consumed on a large scale in some areas of china . frog legs are part of chinese
national recovery plan for the southern corroboree frog ( pseudophryne corroboree ) : 5 . previous recovery actions
tree frog with a small head and large eyes . mottled grey to brown with fine granular skin , sometimes with a few green spots on back . eye has golden coloured iris with cross shaped pupil . the underside is cream or yellowish . the hind surface of thighs is yellow and dark brown / black . large toe discs .
let’s assume archer succeeds . where would the new generation gastric brooding frogs live ? their habitat in the queensland mountains is being threatened by feral pigs , invasive weeds and polluted or diverted waters . and then there’s the chytrid fungus , which has spread to almost every part of the world . it would be like releasing lazarus into an ecological dystopia .
whether a frog sees in colour is debatable but it has been shown that it responds positively to blue light , perhaps because that colour is associated with bodies of water that can provide refuge when the frog feels threatened .
the team then needed something to put the dna into—the egg of another frog . he chose a barred frog —a reasonably close relative that produces large eggs of the right size . the downside—and it’s a big one—is that barred frogs only lay eggs once a year . “we had a few times when we went in and the frogs weren’t laying , and that was that for the year , ” says archer .
, as well as to water . there are blood vessels near the surface of the skin and when a frog is underwater , oxygen diffuses directly into the blood . when not submerged , a frog breathes by a process known as
the call or croak of a frog is unique to its species . frogs create this sound by passing air through the
after metamorphosis , young adults may disperse into terrestrial habitats or continue to live in water . almost all frog species are
so i just found this little guy in my backyard . i have no idea about frogs only snakes haha anyone know what it is ? or is it just a garden frog ? it ' s eyes where crazy looking . i ' ve never seen one like this in my yard before haha . thanks !
sandberger , l . ; hillers , a . ; doumbia , j . ; loua , n - s . ; brede c . ; rödel , m - o . ( 2010 ) .
warkentin , i . g . ; bickford , d . ; sodhi , n . s . ; corey , j . a . ( 2009 ) .
eating frogs to extinction
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can you put chameleons and tree frogs in the same cage together ? i ' ve also heard that you’re not supposed to hold chameleons all that much . is that true ? also my dumb boyfriend is wanting to buy a bearded dragon , and he wants to keep it at my house . the only problem is he is trying to put it in the same cage as the chameleons and tree frogs . even though the cage is big enough , i want to know if it is ok to do .
the grip of the male frog during amplexus stimulates the female to release eggs , usually wrapped in jelly , as spawn .
named 2008 as the
year of the frog
in order to draw attention to the conservation issues faced by them .
because frog toxins are extraordinarily diverse , they have raised the interest of biochemists as a
natural pharmacy
. the alkaloid
) has short , slim hind limbs unsuited to jumping . it can move fast by using a running gait in which the two hind legs are used alternately . slow - motion photography shows , unlike a horse that can trot or gallop , the frog ' s gait remained similar at slow , medium , and fast speeds .
a canadian study conducted in 2006 suggested heavy traffic in their environment was a larger threat to frog populations than was habitat loss .
some of the arguments against de - extinction don’t apply to the gastric brooding frog . unlike the woolly mammoth or passenger pigeon , the frog isn’t a social creature that would need companions to learn from or travel among . unlike the mammoth , which would need to be born inside an elephant , the frog doesn’t need a complicated surrogate parent . and unlike many of the candidates for de - extinction , like the moa or saber - toothed cat , the frog is small and can be reared in a laboratory . archer has so much frozen tissue that once he successfully clones one frog , he could make a practically infinite supply of them .
archer’s goal is simple : to bring the extinct gastric brooding frog back from oblivion and , in doing so , provide hope for the hundreds of other frogs that are heading that way . getting the embryo was a milestone and archer is buoyantly optimistic that he’ll cross the finish line soon . lazarus , he says , will rise again .
. this allows the frog to climb on smooth surfaces , but the system does not function efficiently when the pads are excessively wet .
although few species are toxic enough to be used for this purpose . at least two non - poisonous frog species in tropical america (
shubin , n . h . ; jenkins , f . a . jr ( 1995 ) .
an early jurassic jumping frog
.
, shows how each frog family is related to other families , with each node representing a point of common ancestry . it is based on frost
) digs into the rear of a tadpole , causing a rearrangement of the limb bud cells and the frog develops an extra leg or two .
they may be the only part of an otherwise submerged frog to protrude from the water . each eye has closable upper and lower lids and a
different species of frog use a number of methods of moving around including jumping , running , walking , swimming , burrowing , climbing and gliding .
many frogs are able to absorb water and oxygen directly through the skin , especially around the pelvic area , but the permeability of a frog ' s skin can also result in water loss . glands located all over the body exude mucus which helps keep the skin moist and reduces evaporation . some glands on the hands and chest of males are specialized to produce sticky secretions to aid in
. similar glands in tree frogs produce a glue - like substance on the adhesive discs of the feet . some arboreal frogs reduce water loss by having a waterproof layer of skin , and several south american species coat their skin with a waxy secretion . others frogs have adopted behaviours to conserve water , including becoming
have become elongated to add to the leg length and allow the frog to push against the ground for a longer period on take - off . the
a distress call , emitted by some frogs when they are in danger , is produced with the mouth open resulting in a higher - pitched call . it is typically used when the frog has been grabbed by a predator and may serve to distract or disorientate the attacker so that it releases the frog .
is frog - like , being broad with large eye sockets , but the fossil has features diverging from modern frogs . these include a longer body with more
a frog may be startled by an unexpected noise but it will not usually take any action until it has located the source of the sound by sight .
features michigan j . frog , that will only dance and sing for the demolition worker who opens his time capsule , but will not perform in public .
a frog ' s skin is protective , has a respiratory function , can absorb water and helps control body temperature . it has many glands , particularly on the head and back , which often exude distasteful and toxic substances . the secretion is often sticky and helps keep the skin moist , protects against the entry of moulds and bacteria , and make the animal slippery and more able to escape from predators .
a frog of the family hylidae , of small size and more elegant in form than the true frogs ( family ranidae ) , often with a bright coloration .
many species also have a territorial call that is used to drive away other males . all of these calls are emitted with the mouth of the frog closed .
in small pools , predators are mostly absent and competition between tadpoles becomes the variable that constrains their survival . certain frog species avoid this competition by making use of smaller
) was placed on a treadmill which was turned at varying speeds . by measuring the toad ' s uptake of oxygen it was found that hopping was an inefficient use of resources during sustained locomotion but was a useful strategy during short bursts of high - intensity activity .
) on being approached by a snake is to crouch down and remain immobile . this is usually successful , with the snake passing by and the toad remaining undetected . if it is encountered by the snake ' s head , however , the toad hops away before crouching defensively .
lips has another concern : resurrection projects take up a lot of money . archer concedes that cloning research is initially expensive , but he says that costs will eventually fall . “i can’t think of what cloning dolly must have cost and now it’s a routine technique , ” he says .
a different call is emitted by a male frog or unreceptive female when mounted by another male . this is a distinct chirruping sound and is accompanied by a vibration of the body .
slow - motion photography shows that the muscles have passive flexibility . they are first stretched while the frog is still in the crouched position , then they are contracted before being stretched again to launch the frog into the air . the fore legs are folded against the chest and the hind legs remain in the extended , streamlined position for the duration of the jump .
) was first widely used in laboratories in pregnancy tests in the first half of the 20th century . a sample of urine from a pregnant woman injected into a female frog induces it to lay
) are traditionally used by native colombians to poison the darts they use for hunting . the tip of the projectile is rubbed over the back of the frog and the dart is launched from a
, environmental factors contributing to rates of disease , and vulnerability to attack by parasites . malformations impair mobility and the individuals may not survive to adulthood . an increase in the number of frogs eaten by birds may actually increase the likelihood of parasitism of other frogs , because the trematode ' s complex lifecycle includes the
. in some cases , the full leg still grows , but in others it does not , although the frog may still live out its normal lifespan with only three limbs . occasionally , a parasitic
frost , d . r . ; grant , t . ; faivovich , j . n . ; bain , r . h . ; haas , a . ; haddad , c . l . f . b . ; de sá , r . o . ; channing , a . ; wilkinson , m . ; donnellan , s . c . ; raxworthy , c . j . ; campbell , j . a . ; blotto , b . l . ; moler , p . ; drewes , r . c . ; nussbaum , r . a . ; lynch , j . d . ; green , d . m . ; wheeler , w . c . ( 2006 ) .
the amphibian tree of life
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like other amphibians , the life cycle of a frog normally starts in water with an egg that hatches into a limbless larva with gills , commonly known as a tadpole . after further growth , during which it develops limbs and lungs , the tadpole undergoes metamorphosis in which its appearance and internal organs are rearranged . after this it is able to leave the water as a miniature , air - breathing frog .
frogs are valued as food by humans and also have many cultural roles in literature , symbolism and religion . frog populations have declined significantly since the 1950s . more than one third of species are considered to be
at the end of the tadpole stage , a frog undergoes metamorphosis in which its body makes a sudden transition into the adult form . this metamorphosis typically lasts only 24 hours , and is initiated by production of the
when a frog shoots out its tongue to catch an insect it is reacting to a small moving object that it cannot see well and must line it up precisely beforehand because it shuts its eyes as the tongue is extended .
the distant vision of a frog is better than its near vision . calling frogs will quickly become silent when they see an intruder or even a moving shadow but the closer an object is , the less well it is seen .
that amplifies the sound . species of frog that lack vocal sacs and that do not have a loud call tend to inhabit areas close to constantly noisy , flowing water . they need to use an alternative means to communicate . the
) lays her eggs on the forest floor . the male frog guards them from predation and carries water in his cloaca to keep them moist . when they hatch , the female moves the tadpoles on her back to a water - holding
and its population crashed in 1987 , along with about 20 other frog species in the area . this could not be linked directly to human activities , such as deforestation , and was outside the range of normal fluctuations in population size .
from early in its development , a gill pouch covers the tadpole ' s gills and front legs . the lungs soon start to develop and are used as an accessory breathing organ . some species go through metamorphosis while still inside the egg and hatch directly into small frogs . tadpoles lack true teeth , but the jaws in most species have two elongated , parallel rows of small ,
) are directly exposed or may be covered by a layer of skin and are visible as a circular area just behind the eye . the size and distance apart of the eardrums is related to the frequency and wavelength at which the frog calls . in some species such as the bullfrog , the size of the tympanum indicates the sex of the frog ; males have tympani that are larger than their eyes while in females , the eyes and tympani are much the same size .
the main reason for calling is to allow male frogs to attract a mate . males may call individually or there may be a chorus of sound where numerous males have converged on breeding sites . females of many frog species , such as the
and resting in a water - conserving position . some frogs may also rest in large groups with each frog pressed against its neighbours . this reduces the amount of skin exposed to the air or a dry surface , and thus reduces water loss .
because predation of eggs and larvae is high in large water bodies , some frog species started to lay their eggs on land . once this happened , the desiccating terrestrial environment demands that one or both parents keep them moist to ensure their survival .
the skin is shed every few weeks . it usually splits down the middle of the back and across the belly , and the frog pulls its arms and legs free . the sloughed skin is then worked towards the head where it is quickly eaten .
iskandar , d . t . ; evans , b . j . ; mcguire , j . a . ( 2014 ) .
a novel reproductive mode in frogs : a new species of fanged frog with internal fertilization and birth of tadpoles
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) are also used for this purpose . these are less toxic and less abundant than the golden poison frog . they are impaled on pointed sticks and may be heated over a fire to maximise the quantity of poison that can be transferred to the dart .
while these smaller rearing sites are free from competition , they also lack sufficient nutrients to support a tadpole without parental assistance . frog species that changed from the use of larger to smaller phytotelmata have evolved a strategy of providing their offspring with nutritive but unfertilized eggs .
archer sees it slightly differently—the plight of living species gives him even more recourse to bring back extinct ones . “no matter how many resources we put into looking after the environment , wildlife is no longer safe in the wild , ” he says . “if we accept that maintaining biodiversity is important , we can’t assume that if you whack a fence up , everything’s going to be okay . you need to explore lots of parallel strategies . ”
two years ago , mike archer from the university of new south wales looked down a microscope and saw that a single fertilised frog egg had divided in two . then , it did it again . and again . eventually , the egg produced an embryo containing hundreds of cells .
frogs that live in or visit water have adaptations that improve their swimming abilities . the hind limbs are heavily muscled and strong . the webbing between the toes of the hind feet increases the area of the foot and helps propel the frog powerfully through the water . members of the family
are considered
true toads
. the use of the term
frog
in common names usually refers to species that are aquatic or semi - aquatic and have smooth , moist skins ; the term
toad
generally refers to species that are terrestrial with dry , warty skins .
in the throat . in most calling frogs , the sound is amplified by one or more vocal sacs , membranes of skin under the throat or on the corner of the mouth , that distend during the amplification of the call . some frog calls are so loud that they can be heard up to a mile away .
lays up to 40 eggs on the ground , where they are guarded by the male . when the tadpoles are about to hatch , they are engulfed by the male , which carries them around inside his much - enlarged vocal sac . here they are immersed in a frothy , viscous liquid that contains some nourishment to supplement what they obtain from the yolks of the eggs . they remain in the sac for seven to ten weeks before undergoing metamorphosis , after which they move into the male ' s mouth and emerge .
have pads located on the ends of their toes to help grip vertical surfaces . these are not suction pads , the surface consisting instead of columnar cells with flat tops with small gaps between them lubricated by mucous glands . when the frog applies pressure , the cells adhere to irregularities on the surface and the grip is maintained through
archer is unfazed . “we can ultimately fix the wild , ” he says . “even if we had to maintain most of the world’s wildlife in artificial environments , that would be a thousand times better than to let them slide off the brink . ” the frogs can wait until their homes are ready for them . in the meantime , scientists could perhaps engineer or breed them to be resistant to the chytrid fungus , or carry out experimental releases to see whether they would actually find a niche in this brave , new world .
is increased . this means that the limited amount of energy available to the comatose frog is used in a more efficient manner . this survival mechanism is only useful to animals that remain completely unconscious for an extended period of time and whose energy requirements are low because they are cold - blooded and have no need to generate heat .
among prolonged breeders , males usually arrive at the breeding site first and remain there for some time whereas females tend to arrive later and depart soon after they have spawned . this means that males outnumber females at the water ' s edge and defend territories from which they expel other males . they advertise their presence by calling , often alternating their croaks with neighbouring frogs . larger , stronger males tend to have deeper calls and maintain higher quality territories . females select their mates at least partly on the basis of the depth of their voice .
. it then travels on through the ureters , which are consequently known as urinogenital ducts . there is no penis , and sperm is ejected from the cloaca directly onto the eggs as the female lays them . the ovaries of the female frog are beside the kidneys and the eggs pass down a pair of oviducts and through the cloaca to the exterior .
faivovich , j . ; haddad , c . f . b . ; garcia , p . c . a . ; frost , d . r . ; campbell , j . a . ; wheeler , w . c . ( 2005 ) .
systematic review of the frog family hylidae , with special reference to hylinae : phylogenetic analysis and revision
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once the team had their surrogate egg , they had to destroy the native nucleus so they could insert one from the frozen gastric brooding frog tissues . they either did the job manually with a very fine instrument , or bombarded the egg with ultraviolet ( uv ) radiation . they tried both techniques on hundreds of eggs and one of these eventually divided into an early embryo with hundreds of cells .
, located on the sides of their heads behind the eyes and other glands elsewhere on their bodies . these glands secrete mucus and a range of toxins that make frogs slippery to hold and distasteful or poisonous . if the noxious effect is immediate , the predator may cease its action and the frog may escape . if the effect develops more slowly , the predator may learn to avoid that species in future .
the structure of the feet and legs varies greatly among frog species , depending in part on whether they live primarily on the ground , in water , in trees or in burrows . frogs must be able to move quickly through their environment to catch prey and escape predators , and numerous adaptations help them to do so . most frogs are either proficient at jumping or are descended from ancestors that were , with much of the
being cold - blooded , frogs have to adopt suitable behaviour patterns to regulate their temperature . to warm up , they can move into the sun or onto a warm surface ; if they overheat , they can move into the shade or adopt a stance that exposes the minimum area of skin to the air . this posture is also used to prevent water loss and involves the frog squatting close to the substrate with its hands and feet tucked under its chin and body .
, the larvae of which damage and kill the canes . initial results in many of these countries were positive , but it later became apparent that the toads upset the ecological balance in their new environments . they bred freely , competed with native frog species , ate bees and other harmless native invertebrates , had few predators in their adopted habitats , and poisoned pets , carnivorous birds , and mammals . in many of these countries , they are now regarded both as pests and
at first sight , frogs seem rather defenceless because of their small size , slow movement , thin skin , and lack of defensive structures , such as spines , claws or teeth . many use camouflage to avoid detection , the skin often being spotted or streaked in neutral colours that allow a stationary frog to merge into its surroundings . some can make prodigious leaps , often into water , that help them to evade potential attackers , while many have other defensive adaptations and strategies .
frogs have maxillary teeth along their upper jaw which are used to hold food before it is swallowed . these teeth are very weak , and cannot be used to chew or catch and harm agile prey . instead , the frog uses its sticky , cleft tongue to catch flies and other small moving prey . the tongue normally lies coiled in the mouth , free at the back and attached to the mandible at the front . it can be shot out and retracted at great speed .
this frog reaches 40 mm in length . it is cream to red - brown on the back , with a darker band running down the middle . males turn bright yellow in colour during the breeding season . a dark strip runs from the nostril to the shoulder , across the tympanum . the back the legs are red and the thigh is yellow - orange . some large black dots occur on the thigh and the backs of legs . the belly is cream and the iris is golden .
still , funding is a zero - sum game . there’s only so much cash to go around and conservationists need it to monitor animals that are still alive , work out why they are disappearing , and develop ways of saving them . there are plenty of cases where we know how to save a species , but can’t afford to do so . “i can’t help but think that we can’t even take care of what we’ve got , and now we’re going to invest in very expensive techniques to recover a handful of special - interest species that may or may not be able to survive in the wild on their own , ” says lips . as a best - case scenario , she hopes that these high - profile projects will help to drum up interest in saving a broader swathe of imperilled wildlife .
) normally sink to the bottom of the pond where they lie , semi - immersed in mud but still able to access the oxygen dissolved in the water . their metabolism slows down and they live on their energy reserves . some frogs can even survive being frozen . ice crystals form under the skin and in the body cavity but the essential organs are protected from freezing by a high concentration of glucose . an apparently lifeless , frozen frog can resume respiration and the heart beat can restart when conditions warm up .
simply put , the mother frog converts her stomachs into a womb . she swallows her own eggs and stops making hydrochloric acid in her stomach to avoid digesting her own young . around 20 to 25 tadpoles hatch inside her and the mucus from their gills continues to keep the acid at bay . while the tadpoles grow over the next six weeks , mum never eats . her stomach bloats so much that her lungs collapse , forcing her to breathe through her skin . eventually , she gives birth to her brood through “propulsive vomiting” , spewing them into the world as fully - formed froglets .
the muscular system has been similarly modified . the hind limbs of ancestral frogs presumably contained pairs of muscles which would act in opposition ( one muscle to flex the knee , a different muscle to extend it ) , as is seen in most other limbed animals . however , in modern frogs , almost all muscles have been modified to contribute to the action of jumping , with only a few small muscles remaining to bring the limb back to the starting position and maintain posture . the muscles have also been greatly enlarged , with the main leg muscles accounting for over 17 % of the total mass of the frog .
eastern coast of australia from south - eastern queensland to southern new south wales . the extent of occurrence of the species is approximately 73000 km2
variety of habitats , but usually wet and dry forests . often found in trees and other vegetation overhanging permanent ponds . spring breeder . male call from vegetation surrounding a pond where spawn is deposited and tadpoles develop .
j - m hero et al . ( m . hero at mailbox . gu . edu . au ) , griffith university
> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed jul 9 , 2018 .
> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed 9 jul 2018 .
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justification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , tolerance of a broad range of habitats , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .
this australian endemic occurs along the eastern coast of australia from southeastern queensland to southern new south wales . the extent of occurrence of the species is approximately 73 , 000 km 2 .
the species occurs in a wide range of habitats : melaleuca woodland , upland , and lowland wet sclerophyll forest . it is often found in trees and other vegetation overhanging permanent ponds . it is a spring breeder . males call from vegetation surrounding still water where spawn is deposited and tadpoles develop . it breeds in permanent and semi - permanent water . it also occurs in pasture lands .
this species was accidentally transferred to the genus nyctimystes due to confusion between litora michaeltyleri and l . tyleri . this error is corrected here .
( errata version published in 2015 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2004 : e . t41113a85820328 .
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urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 29ccf6db - 4cad - 4878 - b70c - 7b7e59d0dfde
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 69f078cf - b0ff - 4842 - b5dc - 1a2fcd48c1e2
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : a591355f - 030a - 401d - 89ce - 96258d822782
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : c35b38e7 - d304 - 4b80 - 8a62 - 2b8ca054e27d
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : f5f7c98d - 045f - 42b7 - b88b - d3f65aecd905
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 74d6d114 - 993d - 4e74 - 9786 - 245b68e4943d
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 291914
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these frogs are also in south australia we go to the river murray quite often ( morgan ) & they are everywhere there . . .
this is another species calling heavily around our dam . during the breeding season the males adopt this brilliant yellow colour , in contrast to the grey / brown they are for the rest of the year .
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and over one hundred and twenty are believed to have become extinct since the 1980s .
has no taxonomic justification . from a classification perspective , all members of the order anura are frogs , but only members of the family
species that fit within the anuran definition . the characteristics of anuran adults include : 9 or fewer presacral vertebrae , the presence of a urostyle formed of fused vertebrae , no tail , a long and forward - sloping ilium , shorter fore limbs than hind limbs ,
, by far the largest group , which contains the remaining 24 families of modern frogs , including most common species throughout the world . the neobatrachia suborder is further divided into the two superfamilies
, and the morphology of tadpoles . while this classification is largely accepted , relationships among families of frogs are still debated .
are similar in forming hybrids . these are less fertile than their parents , giving rise to a
the origins and evolutionary relationships between the three main groups of amphibians are hotly debated . a
. this would help account for the relative scarcity of amphibian fossils from the period before the groups split .
seemed to have originated in africa / india , the salamanders in east asia and the caecilians in tropical pangaea .
other researchers , while agreeing with the main thrust of this study , questioned the choice of calibration points used to synchronise the data . they proposed that the date of lissamphibian diversification should be placed in the
, rather less than 300 million years ago , a date in better agreement with the palaeontological data .
was estimated as taking place 292 million years ago , rather later than most molecular studies suggest , with the caecilians splitting off 239 million years ago .
) ,
to jump
) is the name of the total group that includes modern frogs in the order anura as well as their close fossil relatives , the
proto - frogs
or
stem - frogs
. the common features possessed by these proto - frogs include 14
. the tail has separate vertebrae unlike the fused urostyle or coccyx in modern frogs . the tibia and fibula bones are also separate , making it probable that
from the middle jurassic is slightly younger , about 155–170 million years old . the main evolutionary changes in this species involved the shortening of the body and the loss of the tail . the evolution of modern anura likely was complete by the jurassic period . since then , evolutionary changes in
evidence suggests they also inhabited antarctica in an earlier era when the climate was warmer .


isomma is a genus of dragonflies in the family gomphidae .

it is endemic to madagascar and contains only two species : isomma elouardi legrand , 2003 isomma hieroglyphicum selys , 1892

isomma

isomma elouardi occurs on madagascar , but the range of the species is unknown .
scattered collection localities are known for isomma hieroglyphicum , in eastern madagascar from the north to the south of the island .
isomma is a genus of dragonfly in the family gomphidae . it is endemic to madagascar and contains only two species :
justification : only the type specimens with type locality
madagascar
are known for isomma elouardi . therefore the species cannot be assessed in any category other than data deficient .
justification : in the 2006 red list assessment for isomma hieroglyphicum , the species was assessed as data deficient . new records were available for the previous assessment ( 2008 ) from scattered localities in eastern madagascar from the north to the south of the island . therefore the species is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a threatened or the near threatened category . no new records can be added for this assessment . therefore the species is assessed as least concern .
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schorr , m . and paulson , d . 2017 . world odonata list . revision 18 march 2017 . tacoma , washington , usa available at : urltoken .
based on the biology of the family , this species is likely to use small streams and rivers .
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small streams and rivers . specimens in southeastern madagascar were observed along running waters in forested areas .
the species may be affected by deforestation in the region , but more data are required to confirm this .
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the southern flounder ( paralichthys lethostigma ) is a species of large-tooth flounders native to the eastern and gulf coasts of the united states .

it is a popular sports fish and is the largest and most commercially valuable flounder in the western north atlantic ocean and gulf of mexico .

its range is north carolina to the yucatan peninsula .

it is a " left-eyed flounder " , meaning the left side is pigmented and is the " up side " .

the body color is brown with diffuse , unocellated spots and blotches .

paralichthys lethostigma

southern flounder , paralichthys lethostigma . image courtesy of south carolina department of natural resources .
the southern flounder , paralichthys lethostigma , occurs from north carolina south through florida and the gulf of mexico to texas .
physiological performance of juvenile southern flounder , paralichthys lethostigma ( jordan and gilbert , 1884 ) , in chronic and episodic hypoxia .
physiological performance of juvenile southern flounder , paralichthys lethostigma ( jordan and gilbert , 1884 ) , in chronic and episodic hypoxia . - pubmed - ncbi
paralichthys : parallel fish ( jordan and evermann 1898 ) ; lethostigma : forgetting spots , in reference to the absence of conspicuous spots on the body .
nall , l . e . 1979 . age and growth of the southern flounder ( paralichthys lethostigma ) in the northern gulf of mexico with nores on paralichthys albigutta . master ' s thesis , florida state univ . , tallahassee .
jenkins we , smith ti . 1999 . pond nursery production of southern flounder ( paralichthys lethostigma ) and weaning to commercial diets . aquaculture 176 : 173 - 180 .
the southern flounder , paralichthys lethostigma , occurs from north carolina south through florida and the gulf of mexico to texas . the southern flounder occurs throughout the indian river lagoon .
fox ls , white cj . 1969 . feeding habits of the southern flounder , paralichthys lethostigma . barataria bay , louisiana . proc la acad sci 32 : 31 - 38 .
denson mr , smith ti . 1997 . diet and light intensity effects on survival , growth and pigmentation of southern flounder paralichthys lethostigma . j world aquacult soc 28 : 366 - 373 .
table 4 . summary data for the southern flounder , paralichthys lethostigma , recreational fishery in eastern florida waters from 1997 - 2004 . data provided by national marine fisheries service , fisheries statistics division , noaa .
smith ti , denson mr , heyward ld , jenkins we , carter lm . 1999 . salinity effects on early life stages of southern flounder paralichthys lethostigma . j world aquacult soc 30 : 236 - 244 .
burke js , miller jm , hoss de . 1991 . immigration and settlement pattern of paralichthys dentatus and p . lethostigma in an estuarine nursery ground , north carolina , usa . netherlands j sea res 27 : 393 - 405 .
powell ab , henley t . 1995 . egg and larval development of laboratory - reared gulf flounder , paralichthys albigutta , and southern flounder , p . lethostigma ( pisces , paralichthyidae ) . fish bull 93 : 504 - 515 .
stokes gm . 1977 . life history studies of southern flounder ( paralichthys lethostigma ) and gulf flounder ( p . albigutta ) in the aransas bay area of texas . texas parks and wildlife dept technical series 25 . 37 p .
powell , a . d . , and f . j . schwartz . 1979 . food of paralichthys dentatus and p . lethostigma ( pisces : bothidae ) in north carolina estuaries . estuaries 2 ( 4 ) : 276 - 279 .
powell , a . d . , and f . j . schwartz . 1979 . food of paralichthys dentatus and p . lethostigma ( pisces : bothidae ) in north carolina estuaries . estuaries 2 ( 4 ) : 276 - 279 .
fox , l . s . , and c . j . white . 1969 . feeding habits of the southern flounder , paralichthys lethostigma , in barataria bay , la . proc . la . acad . sci . 32 : 31 - 38 .
table 1 . states with nonindigenous occurrences , the earliest and latest observations in each state , and the tally and names of hucs with observations† . names and dates are hyperlinked to their relevant specimen records . the list of references for all nonindigenous occurrences of paralichthys lethostigma are found here .
p . lethostigma is one of the largest and most commercially valuable flounders in the western north atlantic ( burke et al . 1991 ) .
reagan jr re , wingo wm . 1985 . species profiles : life histories and environmental requirements of coastal fishes and invertebrates ( gulf of mexico ) - southern flounder ( paralichthys lethostigma ) ( no . np - 5901733 ) . mississippi state univ . , mississippi state ( usa ) . dept of wildlife and fisheries .
pam fuller , and matt neilson , 2018 , paralichthys lethostigma jordan and gilbert , 1884 : u . s . geological survey , nonindigenous aquatic species database , gainesville , fl , urltoken revision date : 7 / 5 / 2011 , peer review date : 4 / 1 / 2016 , access date : 7 / 9 / 2018
paralichthys lethostigma is sometimes confused with p . albigutta , the gulf flounder . the two are easily distinguished based on the much smaller size of the gulf flounder , which grows only to 15 inches ( 38 cm ) . additionally , the gulf flounder has 3 ocellated spots : 2 vertically placed posterior to the pectoral fins , and 1 placed inside the base of the tail .
paralichthys lethostigma is sometimes confused with p . albigutta , the gulf flounder . the two are easily distinguished based on the much smaller size of the gulf flounder , which grows only to 15 inches ( 38 cm ) . additionally , the gulf flounder has 3 ocellated spots : 2 vertically placed posterior to the pectoral fins , and 1 placed inside the base of the tail .
deubler , e . e . , jr . 1958 . a comparative study of the postlarvae of three flounders ( paralichthys ) in north carolina . copeia 1958 ( 2 ) : 112 - 116 .
ginsburg , i . 1952 . flounders of the genus paralichthys and related genera in american waters . fish . bull . ( u . s . ) 52 ( 71 ) : 267 - 351 .
powell , a . d . , and f . j . schwartz . 1977 . distribution of paralichthid flounders ( bothidae : paralichthys ) in north carolina estuaries . chesapeake science 18 ( 4 ) 334 - 339 .
( of paralichthys letostigma jordan & gilbert , 1884 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
powell , a . d . , and f . j . schwartz . 1977 . distribution of paralichthid flounders ( bothidae : paralichthys ) in north carolina estuaries . chesapeake sci . 18 ( 4 ) : 334 - 339 .
body color is light to dark brown with diffuse non - ocellated dark spots and blotches . the blindside is white or dusky . p . lethostigma are characterized by the following meristic ( number of structures per body part ) counts :
paralichthys lethostigma is distributed in the western north atlantic ocean , from the chesapeake bay south along the u . s . to the loxahatchee river , florida ; absent along the southern florida peninsula ; and in the gulf of mexico , from the west coast of florida at the caloosahatchee river estuary , and west from tampa bay along the entire u . s . gulf coast , and south to tuxpan , mexico ( gilbert 1986 , munroe 2002 , r . robertson pers . comm . 2014 ) .
pigmentation is first observed in middle - stage eggs , following blastopore closure . in larvae , pigmentation is more pronounced in the caudal area , being less developed overall in p . lethostigma than in its close relative p . albigutta , the gulf flounder ( powell and henley 1995 ) .
dissolved oxygen p . lethostigma tolerates low dissolved oxygen concentrations ( less than 5 mg / l ) . however , in a laboratory study , postlarval southern flounder attempted avoidance when dissolved oxygen concentrations in culture vessels fell below 3 . 7 mg / l ( reagan and wingo 1985 ) .
adult p . lethostigma make extensive migrations from estuarine habitats in order to spawn in offshore waters . eggs of p . lethostigma are buoyant at 32 ‰ , and sink at 29‰ , though data indicate that eggs that sink may still hatch . experiments conducted by smith et al . ( 1999 ) showed that eggs incubated in water with a salinity between 0 - 5 ‰ all died within a day . eggs incubated at 10 ‰ had greater hatching success ( 82 % ) , but all larvae moved sluggishly and died shortly after hatching . eggs incubated in water of salinities between 15 - 35 ‰ were normal in appearance and were active . however , larvae reared through metamorphosis to the juvenile stage showed greater mortality at 15‰ salinity than at either 25‰ or 35‰ . further , recently metamorphosed juveniles showed less tolerance to freshwater conditions than did older fish ( smith et al . 1999 ) .
the adult diet of p . lethostigma consists primarily of fish , but is augmented by crustaceans depending upon regional location . in louisiana , adult southern flounders eat shrimp and fish ; though , fox and white ( 1969 ) reported that the primary prey species for southern flounder was striped mullet ( mugil cephalus ) . also included in the diet are fat sleepers ( dormitator maculatus ) and anchovies ( anchoa spp . ) . larger flounders ( 150 mm long ) ate primarily anchovies , menhaden ( brevoortia spp . ) , sciaenids , and mullet ( reagan and wingo 1985 ) .
a genus of pleuronectoid fishes , related to the halibut . it has the lateral line strongly arched in front , the dorsal beginning in front of the eye , scales weakly ciliated , and some of the teeth enlarged . it contains a number of species in the american and asiatic seas , among which are some highly esteemed food - fishes , such as the bastard or monterey halibut ( p . californicus ) , the plaice or summer flounder of new york ( p . dentatus ) , and the southern flounder ( p . lethostigma ) . see halibut , and cut under flounder .
powell and henley ( 1995 ) examined egg and larval development in both p . lethostigma and p . albigutta . results from their study show that fins begin to develop when larvae reach approximately 5 . 4 mm notochord length ( nl ) . the dorsal fin is generally the first to begin development , followed by the caudal , anal , pelvic , and pectoral fins ( powell and henley 1995 ) . development of the caudal fin in p . lethostigma can begin when larvae are approximately 5 . 5 mm nl , but fin rays are not observed until larvae attain 8 . 2 mm sl . dorsal fins begin to develop when larvae are in the preflexion stage , at approximately 6 . 5 mm nl . the dorsal fin is first observed in the head region , with development proceeding posteriorly . by the time larvae reach 8 . 4 mm standard length ( sl ) the dorsal fin is fully developed . following postflexion , when larvae reach approximately 7 . 3 mm standard length ( sl ) , anal fin rays begin to develop , with the full adult complement of fin rays reached at a body size of 8 . 4 mm sl . pelvic fins are first observed on larvae at approximately 8 . 2 mm sl , and are fully developed by the time larvae attain 9 . 7 mm sl . pectoral fins first begin formation when larvae are approximately 8 . 4 mm sl , and are fully formed when larvae exceed 11 . 0 mm sl .
southern flounder eggs and larvae from wild populations develop in offshore waters , with late stage , premetamorphic larvae ( stage 4b - 5 ) , likely returned to estuarine habitats via passive transport on nearshore and tidal currents . once returned to estuaries , larvae settle on the substratum and metamorphose into juveniles . in one north carolina study , comparative data from burke et al . ( 1991 ) suggests that settlement in p . lethostigma is influenced by salinity . these authors reported that though larvae of both summer and southern flounder begin to recruit into estuaries during february , southern flounder larvae concentrated on tidal flats near the heads of estuaries where salinity ranged from 9 - 25‰ , and the substratum had a low sand content ( 4 - 50 % ) . conversely , summer flounder larvae settled more downstream , in the middle reaches of estuaries where salinity ranged from 24 - 35‰ and the substratum had a much higher sand content ( 53 - 95 % ) .
eggs of p . lethostigma range from 0 . 85 - 0 . 95 mm in diameter ( powell and henley 1995 ) , with a single oil globule . laboratory rearing of southern flounder shows that eggs hatch after 3 days at 18°c and 30‰ salinity ( denson and smith 1997 ) . larvae begin to feed when 4 - 6 days old , and show signs of becoming premetamorphic by day 14 . by day 16 , larvae begin to settle out of the water column and congregate on the bottom . by day 21 , larvae show signs of adult pigmentation , and begin to rest on their left sides , though their eyes remain in position . by day 23 , metamorphosis is initiated and the left eye begins to migrate to the right side . most animals had completed metamorphosis by day 36 ( denson and smith 1997 ) . in culture experiments , yolk - sac larvae began metamorphosing to postlarvae at 40 - 46 days , when they were approximately 8 - 11 mm in length . metamorphosis to the juvenile stage was complete by 50 - 51 days ( reagan and wingo 1985 ) . data from powell and henley ( 1995 ) show that larvae complete metamorphosis when they reach approximately 8 . 7 - 9 . 0 mm sl . by this time , the migrating eye has reached the dorsal midline , and the larval stage is complete .
all flatfishes , including the southern flounder , are compressed laterally and spend most of their life lying and swimming along the bottom on their side . in the case of southern flounder , the left side is always the
up
side ; in other species , the opposite is true . small flounder grow rapidly and may reach 12 inches in length by the end of their first year . males seldom exceed 12 inches , but females grow larger than males and often reach a length of 25 inches .
the flounder is wonderfully adapted for its way of life . both eyes in adults are on the
up
side of the head and the pigmentation of the upper side of the body can be varied to match the surrounding environment . a small body cavity and the absence of air bladder aid the flounder in maintaining its position on the bottom .
adult southern flounder leave the bays during the fall for spawning in the gulf of mexico . they spawn for the first time when two years old at depths of 50 to 100 feet . the eggs are buoyant . after hatching , the larval fish swim in an upright position and the eyes are located on opposite sides of the head . as the young fish grows , the right eye begins to
migrate
to the left side of the head . when body length of about one - half inch has been attained , the eye migration is complete and the fish assumes its left - side - up position for life .
the young fish enter the bays during late winter and early spring . at this time they are about one - half inch in length and seek shallow grassy areas near the gulf passes . as growth continues , some will move farther into bays . some will enter coastal rivers and bayous . juvenile flounder feed mainly on crustaceans , but as they grow fish become more important in their diet . adult flounder enter shallow water at night where they lie , often partially buried , and wait for prey . empty depressions where flounder have lain are called
beds .
although most of the adults leave the bays and enter the gulf for spawning during the winter , some remain behind and spend winter in the bays . those in the gulf will reenter the bays in the spring . the spring influx is gradual and does not occur with large concentrations that characterize the fall emigration .
flounder are taken by rod and reel or by gig . when fishing with rod and reel , light tackle offers both the greatest sport and best chance for catching flounder . both artificial lures and natural bait can be used . over barren bottoms , leaded plastic worms ( worm jigs ) are often very effective . in heavily vegetated areas , shallow - running spoons are best .
flounder prefer live to dead bait . live shrimp retrieved slowly along the bottom often produce excellent results . killifish ( referred to locally as mud minnows ) fished in a similar fashion , is good bait . these fish can often be taken in large numbers with the cast or minnow seine .
although many are taken by rod and reel ,
floundering
or gigging offers the best challenge for this species . the flounder is vulnerable to this technique because it often enters the shallows at night to feed . both the skills of the angler and the hunter are called for here .
lanterns are used in searching for flounder and gigs ranging from single - pronged to modified hay forks are used to spear the fish . the anglers wade quietly along the shallows looking for flounder . once the flounder is within the light from the lantern , normally it will not move , affording the fisher a chance to
gig
the fish . although this sounds like a sure - fire method , many fish are missed because they go undetected until they swim away or because of inaccurate gigging by an overanxious angler .
the more sophisticated flounder fisher may mount his lanterns ( or battery - powered lamps ) on the front of a flat - bottomed skiff . the skiff is then poled through the water in search of fish or is pushed by a small air motor . floundering from a boat is much easier than wading . it allows the angler to cover more area and search bottoms that are too soft for wading .
although flounder can be taken by rod and reel in almost any portion of the bay , it is more often productive to fish around jetties or oyster reefs that extend from shore into the bay . flounder do not swim continuously so they tend to accumulate in such places in their search for food . during the fall , when flounder are moving to the gulf for spawning , the best catches are made in the channels and passes leading to the gulf . during the spring , wading anglers work the edges of channels , such as the intracoastal waterway , as the fish are moving back into the bays .
floundering is best during the migration from october to december . hundreds of lanterns can often be seen in and around the pass areas during this period , as the fishers wade through the shallows in search of fish .
during the spring and summer the best catches with gigs are made in the back bays . areas with cord grass (
) along the shoreline are good producers , and a bottom that is slightly silty or muddy generally is better than a hard sand bottom . the mouths of small bayous and sloughs often yield flounder .
since water clarity is very important to the success of any floundering trip , floundering should be done on calm nights . when fishing on windy nights , anglers should try to work small protected bays and shorelines .
the best catches are made during an incoming tide and on dark nights as opposed to moonlit nights . however , do not hesitate to flounder on an outgoing tide . during a falling tide trying farther offshore in water one to two feet deep or around offshore sandbars is often more productive . avoid nights when the tides are abnormally high .
stingrays also frequent the shallows at night . they are flat and can sometimes be mistaken for a flounder or stepped on by the unwary . the inexperienced flounder fisher should make certain of what he has gigged before retrieving it . if in doubt , simply hold the creature on the bottom with the gig and wait for the water to settle before attempting to retrieve your catch . a multi - pronged gig is helpful in such cases , because the catch can be lifted unassisted from the bottom .
the flounder ' s reputation as table fare is unsurpassed in texas . remember that the quality of any seafood is largely dependent on how it is handled between capture and preparation . remove the viscera and gills from the flounder and place the fish on ice as soon as possible . cleaning beyond this point depends on how the fish will be cooked .
flounder can be prepared in many ways . broiling the fish with butter , lemon juice and favorite seasoning is popular . they also may be baked or fried . the gourmet may like his flounder stuffed with crabmeat . many other recipes are available at various internet sites .
, is the largest of more than 25 species of flatfishes found in texas coastal waters . it is highly prized as both food and a recreationally harvested fish and accounts for more than 95 percent of the flounder harvest in the state . southern flounder occur from north carolina to the mouth of the rio grande and southward into mexico . they are usually found west of the mississippi river .
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southern flounder attain a size of up to 3 feet ( 91 cm ) in length , and can weigh as much as 9 kg ( 24 . 1 lbs . ) ( smith et al . 1999 ) . the von bertalanffy growth model predicts a maximum age for summer flounder of approximately of 20 years ( reagan and wingo 1985 ) .
adults migrate to offshore spawning grounds during late fall and winter , though some remain in estuaries year - round . spawning migrations are usually preceded by a drop in water temperature of 4 - 5 °c . males move seaward earlier than females , with few remaining in estuaries after november ( reagan and wingo 1985 ) . in north carolina , southern flounders begin migration in the fall ; in texas , they migrate from october through december ( reagan and wingo 1985 ) .
laboratory experiments from texas indicate that approximately 3 weeks before spawning takes place , male southern flounder begin following gravid females . in tank experiments , the first spawning was in december and occurred at midday . females swam to the surface and released eggs that were immediately fertilized by attending males . fertilization was 30 % to 50 % successful , and 6 % to 35 % of the eggs hatched within 61 - 76 hr ( reagan and wingo 1985 ) .
females become sexually mature at 2 years of age in texas , while the youngest mature female southern flounder in northern florida was 4 years old ( reagan and wingo 1985 ) .
thirteen southern flounders examined in the laboratory , produced a total of 120 , 000 eggs ( approximately 9 , 230 eggs per female ) ( reagan and wingo 1985 ) .
larvae spawned offshore in the atlantic ocean make their return to estuarine habitats by passive transport on nearshore and tidal currents from november through april , with a peak in recruitment occurring in february ( burke et al . 1991 ) . in the gulf of mexico , southern flounder postlarvae are caught along the gulf of mexico coast during winter and early spring . at galveston island , texas , southern flounder postlarvae 18 - 34 mm in total length ( tl ) were captured during february , march , and may . fish 25 - 51 mm tl were caught in the mississippi river during the spring . in aransas bay , texas , the peak movement of postlarvae flounders into estuaries is in february , when water temperature is 16 . 0 - 16 . 2 °c ( stokes 1977 ) .
temperature influences the migration of postlarval and adult southern flounders ( reagan and wingo 1985 ) . in louisiana coastal waters , adult southern flounders have been collected at temperatures ranging from 5 - 35 °c .
southern flounder are highly euryhaline , and withstand fluctuations in salinities ranging from 0 - 35‰ or more . data from smith et al . ( 1999 ) indicates that salinity tolerance in this species increases with age .
burke et al . ( 1991 ) also reported that juvenile southern flounder moved further upstream to more riverine environments later in the spring , while juvenile summer flounder tended to remain in higher salinity tidal areas near spartina saltmarshes . catch comparisons showed that approximately equal numbers of southern flounder were caught in sandy versus muddy substrate types in low salinity waters ; while summer flounder were most abundant in sandy substrata in higher salinity waters . burke et al . ( 1991 ) concluded that southern flounder settlement is more highly correlated with salinity , while summer flounder settlement is more highly correlated with substratum type .
southern flounder are carnivorous fishes that are generally considered to be top or near - top predators . larvae reared under laboratory conditions begin feeding on rotifers 4 - 6 days posthatch . by 8 - 13 days posthatch , larvae begin to feed on newly hatched artemia nauplii ( denson and smith 1997 ) .
a tank study showed that southern flounder tend to be more active at night than during the day ( reagan and wingo 1985 ) .
the southern flounder is a valuable sport and commercial fish along the gulf coast of the united states . most of the commercial catch in the gulf of mexico is incidental to the catch by shrimp trawlers . there has been significant interest in utilizing southern flounder as an aquaculture species . studies in the southeastern u . s . and in the gulf of mexico are currently underway to improve spawning techniques and develop larval rearing methods for southern flounder in order to improve its attractiveness as an aquaculture product ( jenkins and smith 1999 ; smith et al . 1999 ) .
flounders of all species are harvested annually from waters in and around the indian river lagoon , and are especially prized by recreational anglers . however , the commercial fishery is not of particularly high value . for the years 1987 - 2001 , 1 . 7 million pounds of flounders were harvested , with a dollar value of over $ 3 . 1 million reported in the 5 county area encompassing the irl ( volusia , brevard , indian river , st . lucie and martin counties ) . this ranks flounders nineteenth in commercial value within the irl , and twenty - ninth in pounds harvested .
figure 1 below shows the dollar value of the flounder fishery to irl counties by year . note that all species of flounders were combined in the data presented . as shown , commercial catch ranged from a low of $ 77 , 149 in 1987 to a high of over $ 350 , 927 in 1999 . volusia county annually accounts for the largest percentage of the flounder catch with 83 % in total ( figure 2 ) , followed distantly by brevard county , which accounts for 8 % of the total . indian river , st . lucie and martin counties account for 3 % , 4 % and 2 % of the total respectively . note that the fishery ' s value brings in $ 125 , 000 - $ 300 , 000 annually to volusia county businesses , while in all other irl counties , the dollar value is typically less than $ 25 , 000 .
figure 1 . annual dollar value of the commercial catch of flounders to the 5 - county area of the indian river lagoon .
figure 2 . breakdown of total flounder dollar value by county for the years 1987 - 2001 .
table 1 . total dollar value of flounders to irl counties between 1987 - 2001 .
table 2 . by - county annual and cumulative percentages of the flounder harvest for the years 1987 - 2001 .
table 3 . by county cumulative dollar value and percentage of total for the irl flounders harvested from 1987 - 2001 .
recreational fishery the recreational flounder fishery in florida accounts for 65 - 70 % of the annual state - wide harvest ( florida fish and wildlife conservation commission 2004 ) . landings on the gulf coast of florida are somewhat lower than those on the east coast , averaging approximately 198 , 015 pounds per year . on the atlantic coast , landings have averaged less than 300 , 000 pounds per year since 2001 . however , catch rates on both coasts are apparently stable , and have remained so since the early 1990s .
southern flounder are recreationally important in the indian river lagoon on a seasonal basis , specifically during the late fall and winter when large specimens may be landed as they migrate out of the lagoon for spawning . this species was first regulated by the state of florida in 1996 , when a 10 - fish bag limit and 12 - inch minimum size limit was implemented .
since 1997 , the recreational harvest in the 5 - county area encompassing the indian river lagoon has remained fairly consistent , with 1 . 3 million fishes harvested , an average of 166 , 500 per year taken by recreational anglers between 1997 - 2001 . the lowest harvest was recorded in 2004 , when 133 , 643 southern flounder were captured . the highest harvest occurred in 1999 when 201 , 195 southern flounder were taken . approximately 45 . 8 % of the catch was taken in inland waters other than the indian river lagoon . within the irl , anglers caught 379 , 472 southern flounder , 28 . 5 % of the total . coastal waters from the shoreline to 3 miles offshore accounted for 23 . 2 % , while offshore waters to 200 miles accounted for only 2 . 4 % .
figure 3 . survey data for the southern flounder recreational fishery showing the number of fishes harvested in east florida waters from 1997 - 2004 .
figure 4 . summary of the southern flounder recreational harvest and percentage of total by area from 1997 - 2004 .
table 5 . by - county annual and cumulative percentages of the southern flounder harvest for the years 1997 - 2001 . data provided by national marine fisheries service , fisheries statistics division , noaa .
table 6 . summary of the southern flounder recreational harvest and percentage of total fish captured in each area from 1997 - 2004 . data provided by national marine fisheries service , fisheries statistics division , noaa .
burke js . 1995 . role of feeding and prey distribution of summer and southern flounder in selection of estuarine nursery habitats . j fish biol 47 : 355 - 366 .
florida fish and wildlife conservation commission . recreational fisheries landings . available online : urltoken accessed : 4 july 2016 .
minello tj , zimmerman rj , klima ef . 1987 . creation of fishery habitat in estuaries . in : beneficial uses of dredged material : proceedings of the first interagency workshop , 7 - 9 october 1986 , pensacola , florida . final report . 106 - 120 .
rogers sg , van den avyle mj . 1983 . species profiles : life histories and environmental requirements of coastal fishes and invertebrates ( south atlantic ) . atlantic menhaden ( no . fws / obs - 82 / 11 . 11 ) . georgia univ . , athens ( usa ) . school of forest resources .
report by : k . hill , smithsonian marine station submit additional information , photos or comments to irl _ webmaster @ urltoken page last updated : july 9 , 2005
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eschmeyer , w . n . and fricke , r . ( eds ) . 2015 . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . updated 1 october 2015 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 1 october 2015 ) .
this species supports valuable commercial and recreational fisheries in u . s . waters ; mainly the northern gulf of mexico ( warren et al . 1994 , robinson et al . 1995 ) and the southeast atlantic ( monaghan 1996 ) . it is the single most valuable finfish exploited by north carolina fisheries ( takade - heumacher and batsavage 2009 ) . juveniles and adults are also susceptible to capture by shrimp trawl fisheries .
fishing pressure , including incidental catch , is a factor in population reductions of this species , but simultaneous declines across its entire range suggests that broad - scale oceanographic mechanisms may also be contributing ( anderson et al . 2012 ) . this species is estuarine - dependent , and may be susceptible to anthropogenic activities occurring in these areas . it is taken as bycatch in shrimp trawls in the same areas it is also directly targeted by fishermen . it also occurs as bycatch in crab pots and crab trawls in north carolina ( brown 2009 , smith and scharf 2010 ) .
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research curator of fishes , north carolina state museum of natural sciences , research laboratory , 4301 reedy creek rd . , raleigh , nc , 27607 , usa
eschmeyer , w . n . ( ed ) . catalog of fishes . urltoken electronic version accessed 03 - nov - 2014
special publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3
murdy , edward o . , ray s . birdsong , and john a . musick
nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h . espinosa - pérez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , et al . , eds .
full author list : nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , héctor espinosa - pérez , lloyd t . findley , carter r . gilbert , robert n . lea , and james d . williams
page , l . m . , h . espinosa - pérez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , r . n . lea , n . e . mandrak , et al . , eds .
robins , richard c . , reeve m . bailey , carl e . bond , james r . brooker , ernest a . lachner , et al .
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
the nonindigenous occurrences section of the nas species profiles has a new structure . the section is now dynamically updated from the nas database to ensure that it contains the most current and accurate information . occurrences are summarized in table 1 , alphabetically by state , with years of earliest and most recent observations , and the tally and names of drainages where the species was observed . the table contains hyperlinks to collections tables of specimens based on the states , years , and drainages selected . references to specimens that were not obtained through sighting reports and personal communications are found through the hyperlink in the table 1 caption or through the individual specimens linked in the collections tables .
manooch ( 1984 ) ; robins et al . ( 1986 ) ; hoese and moore ( 1998 ) .
marine . atlantic coastal and estuarine waters of the united states from albemarle sound , north carolina , to jupiter inlet , florida , and from caloosahatchee estuary , florida , to northern mexico . south florida is not included in the range ( lee et al . 1980 et seq . ; boschung 1992 ) . murdy et al . ( 1997 ) reported it as an occasional visitor to lower chesapeake bay , virginia .
primarily found over mud or silt bottoms in coastal and estuarine areas , and lower reaches of rivers ( powell and schwartz 1977 ) . although adults can enter and survive in freshwater for long periods of time , spawining and juvenile development occurs in brackish to marine water ( enge and mullholland 1985 ) . primarily consumes fishes and crustaceans ( powell and schwartz 1979 ) .
extirpated from all reservoirs , with the possible exception of casa blanca ( luebke 1978 ) .
no reproduction has been documented in texas freshwaters . limited benefits to anglers resulted in termination of the experimental stocking ( howells and garrett 1992 ) . stomach contents of southern flounder taken from long lake , texas , were mostly small sunfishes ( lasswell et al . 1977 ) .
boschung , h . t . 1992 . catalogue of freshwater and marine fishes of alabama . alabama museum of natural history bulletin 14 : 1 - 266 .
enge , k . m . , and r . mulholland . 1985 . habitat suitability index models : southern and gulf founders . u . s . fish and wildlife service , national coastal ecosystems team , biological report 82 ( 10 . 92 ) .
hoese , h . d . , and r . h . moore . 1998 . fishes of the gulf of mexico . texas , louisiana , and adjacent waters . 2nd edition . texas a & m university press . college station , tx .
howells , r . g . , and g . p . garrett . 1992 . status of some exotic sport fishes in texas waters . texas journal of science 44 ( 3 ) : 317 - 324 .
lasswell , j . l . , g . garza , and w . h . bailey . 1977 . status of marine fish introductions into the freshwaters of texas . proceedings of the 31st annual conference of the southeastern association of fish and wildlife agencies 31 ( 1977 ) : 399 - 403 .
lee , d . s . , c . r . gilbert , c . h . hocutt , r . e . jenkins , d . e . mcallister , and j . r . stauffer , jr . 1980 et seq . atlas of north american freshwater fishes . north carolina state museum of natural history , raleigh , nc . ( cited as a work rather than as individual accounts in the interest of space ) .
luebke , r . w . 1978 . evaluation of a multi - predator introduction . federal aid project f - 31 - r - 4 .
manooch , c . s . 1984 . fisherman ' s guide , fishes of the southwestern united states . north carolina state museum of natural history , raleigh , nc .
murdy , e . o . , r . s . birdsong , and j . a . musick . 1997 . fishes of chesapeake bay . smithsonian institution press , washington , dc .
robins , c . r . , g . c . ray , and j . douglass . 1986 . a field guide to atlantic coast fishes of north america . the peterson guide series , volume 32 . houghton mifflin company , boston , ma .
this information is preliminary or provisional and is subject to revision . it is being provided to meet the need for timely best science . the information has not received final approval by the u . s . geological survey ( usgs ) and is provided on the condition that neither the usgs nor the u . s . government shall be held liable for any damages resulting from the authorized or unauthorized use of the information .
the data represented on this site vary in accuracy , scale , completeness , extent of coverage and origin . it is the user ' s responsibility to use these data consistent with their intended purpose and within stated limitations . we highly recommend reviewing metadata files prior to interpreting these data .
citation information : u . s . geological survey . [ 2018 ] . nonindigenous aquatic species database . gainesville , florida . accessed [ 7 / 9 / 2018 ] .
contact us if you are using data from this site for a publication to make sure the data are being used appropriately and for potential co - authorship if warranted . for queries involving fish , please contact pam fuller . for queries involving invertebrates , contact amy benson .
distribution western atlantic : north carolina to texas in usa , but absent from southern florida .
distribution western atlantic : north carolina to texas in usa , but absent from southern florida . [ details ]
the webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license
robins , c . r . , g . c . ray , j . douglass and r . freund . 1986 . a field guide to atlantic coast fishes of north america . houghton mifflin co . boston . 354 p . [ details ]
mceachran , j . d . ( 2009 ) . fishes ( vertebrata : pisces ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 1223–1316 in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico–origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . [ details ]
lutaenko , k . a . ; furota , t . ; nakayama ; s . ; shin , k . ; xu , j . ( 2013 ) . atlas of marine invasive species in the nowpap region . beijing : nowpap dinrac ( northwest pacific action plan , data and information network regional center ) . 189 pp . [ details ]
froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
lin , y . ; gao , z . ; zhan , a . ( 2015 ) . introduction and use of non - native species for aquaculture in china : status , risks and management solutions . reviews in aquaculture . 7 ( 1 ) : 28 - 58 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
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j exp mar bio ecol . 2001 apr 15 ; 258 ( 2 ) : 195 - 214 .
a cryptic species that tolerates low salinities ; occurs frequently in brackish bays and estuaries , even on occasion in fresh water ( ref . 9988 ) . adults are found mostly over mud bottoms in estuaries and coastal waters to about 40 m depth . taken by anglers inshore from bridges , jetties and small boats . they move to deeper water in winter , but are still easily accessible ( ref . 9988 ) . adults feed chiefly on fishes , also on crabs and shrimps . juveniles take mainly small bottom - living invertebrates . marketed fresh and frozen ; eaten steamed , fried , boiled , microwaved and baked ( ref . 9988 ) .
western atlantic : north carolina to texas in usa , but absent from southern florida .
global range : north carolina to jupiter inlet , florida , and from caloosahatchee estuary , florida , to texas or northern mexico ; absent from southern florida . apparently most abundant in western gulf of mexico . stocked in freshwater lakes near austin , texas .
83 . 0 cm tl ( male / unsexed ; ( ref . 40637 ) ) ; max . published weight : 9 , 330 g ( ref . 4699 ) ; max . reported age : 8 years ( ref . 46275 )
depth range based on 456 specimens in 1 taxon . water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 100 samples . environmental ranges depth range ( m ) : 0 - 223 temperature range ( °c ) : 16 . 407 - 25 . 874 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 286 - 10 . 594 salinity ( pps ) : 33 . 723 - 36 . 472 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 3 . 530 - 5 . 755 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 093 - 0 . 783 silicate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 756 - 5 . 295 graphical representation depth range ( m ) : 0 - 223 temperature range ( °c ) : 16 . 407 - 25 . 874 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 286 - 10 . 594 salinity ( pps ) : 33 . 723 - 36 . 472 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 3 . 530 - 5 . 755 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 093 - 0 . 783 silicate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 756 - 5 . 295 note : this information has not been validated . check this * note * . your feedback is most welcome .
comments : coastal and estuarine waters ; seems to prefer muddy substrates . often enters fresh waters . spawns offshore ; adults move out of estuaries and bays ; postlarvae and juveniles move into estuaries from january to early summer ( manooch 1984 ) .
non - migrant : no . all populations of this species make significant seasonal migrations .
locally migrant : yes . at least some populations of this species make local extended movements ( generally less than 200 km ) at particular times of the year ( e . g . , to breeding or wintering grounds , to hibernation sites ) .
locally migrant : no . no populations of this species make annual migrations of over 200 km .
found mostly over mud bottoms in estuaries and coastal waters to about 40 m depth . a cryptic species ; tolerates low salinities ; occurs frequently in brackish bays and estuaries , even on occasion in fresh water . feeds chiefly on fishes , also on crabs and shrimps . juveniles take mainly small bottom - living invertebrates .
comments : small individuals eat mysid and penaeid shrimps and other small crustaceans ; large individuals eat blue crabs , penaeid shrimps , and fishes ; feeds by partly burying in sand and ambushing prey ( manooch 1984 ) .
spawns in fall and winter ; eggs hatch in about 3 days at 63 f ; sexually mature in 2 years ( manooch 1984 ) .
the following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . there are 5 barcode sequences available from bold and genbank .
below is a sequence of the barcode region cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 ( coi or cox1 ) from a member of the species .
fishing pressure , including incidental catch , is a factor in population reductions of this species , but simultaneous declines across its entire range suggests thatbroad - scale oceanographic mechanisms may also be contributing ( anderson et al . 2012 ) . this species is estuarine - dependent , and may be susceptible to anthropogenic activities occurring in these areas . itis taken as bycatch in shrimp trawls in the same areas it is also directly targeted by fishermen . it also occurs as bycatch in crab pots and crab trawls in north carolina ( brown 2009 , smith and scharf 2010 ) .
comments : localized threats may exist , but on a range - wide scale no major threats are known .
it is a
left - eyed flounder
, meaning the left side is pigmented and is the
up side
.
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the louisiana department of environmental quality ( ldeq ) presented its 2 nd annual green business expo wednesday , august 24 , 2011 . the expo showcased presenters and exhibitors from innovative businesses offering real cost saving opportunities for private and public enterprises while providing an environmental return for the citizens of louisiana . participants assisted in building a report card , which scored presenters on implementation possibilities of their technology .
executive director curt eysink of the louisiana workforce commission will speak about the state’s green jobs initiative . the presentation will focus on opportunities for louisiana’s business community to benefit from global demand for green products and services while increasing the environmental quality of life for louisiana citizens . eysink will present research findings from an 18 - month study of louisiana’s green economy and discuss ways in which the workforce investment community will ensure louisiana workers are prepared to meet changing employer needs .
cerion energy , inc . is based in rochester , ny , and was founded in february , 2007 by a unique team comprised of veteran entrepreneurs , experienced former eastman kodak co . scientists with over 200 years of research experience and hundreds of patents , & internationally renowned rochester institute of technology ( rit ) staff .
go 2 diesel fuel optimizer ( go 2 ) is a product of cerion energy inc . and is a 3 rd generation nanoparticle combustion catalyst . the effect of adding go 2 is increased fuel economy , mpg , and a significant reduction of unwanted and harmful exhaust emissions . tests have demonstrated that adding go 2 improves fuel efficiency by 8 - 13 % .
energy solutions , llc , is a louisiana company that manufactures high quality , renewable energy products . energy solutions has developed the apollo mmx , a solar tracking device which uses sunlight to produce electricity . solar tracking maximizes power production by positioning the panels directly in front of the sun throughout the day . the apollo mmx is unique because it tracks the sun by tilting the panels in two planes instead of rotating them . as a result , the apollo mmx creates 60 % - 80 % more energy than traditional stationary solar systems .