calliostoma granti , common name the multibeaded maurea , is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family calliostomatidae .

some authors place this taxon in the subgenus calliostoma ( maurea ) .

calliostoma granti

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : calliostoma granti ( a . w . b . powell , 1931 ) - id : 5062000454
( of calliostoma granti ( powell , 1931 ) ) marshall , b . a . 1995 . a revision of the recent calliostoma species of new zealand ( mollusca : gastropoda : trochoidea ) . the nautilus 108 : 83 - 127 . [ details ]
( of calliostoma ( maurea ) granti ( powell , 1931 ) ) marshall , b . a . 1995 . a revision of the recent calliostoma species of new zealand ( mollusca : gastropoda : trochoidea ) . the nautilus 108 : 83 - 127 . [ details ]
calliostoma adamsi brazier , 1895 : synonym of calliostoma comptum a . adams , 1855
calliostoma purpureocinctum hedley , 1894 : synonym of calliostoma comptum a . adams , 1855
( of calliostoma ( maurea ) granti ( powell , 1931 ) ) maxwell , p . a . ( 2009 ) . cenozoic mollusca . pp 232 - 254 in gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) new zealand inventory of biodiversity . volume one . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . canterbury university press , christchurch . [ details ]
calliostoma formosensis e . a . smith , 1907 : synonym of calliostoma formosense e . a . smith , 1907
calliostoma poupineli ( montrouzier in souverbie & montrouzier , 1875 ) : synonym of calliostoma comptum a . adams , 1855
calliostoma formosum ( mcandrew & forbes , 1847 ) : synonym of calliostoma occidentale ( mighels & c . b . adams , 1842 )
calliostoma expansum schepman , 1908 : synonym of enida japonica a . adams , 1860
calliostoma euglyptum ( a . adams , 1855 ) - sculptured topsnail , sculptured top shell
calliostoma rubroscalpta lee , y . c . & w . l . wu , 1998
calliostoma bisculptum e . a . smith : synonym of cantharidus bisculptus e . a . smith
calliostoma limatulum marshall , 1995 : synonym of selastele limatulum b . a . marshall , 1995
calliostoma onustum odhner , 1924 : synonym of selastele onustum b . a . marshall , 1995
calliostoma virescens renier , s . a . in coen , g . s . , 1933
calliostoma katoi is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family calliostomatidae .
calliostoma akoya is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family calliostomatidae .
calliostoma coppingeri major castellanos , z . j . a . de & f . fernandes , 1976
calliostoma pulchrum ( c . b . adams , 1850 ) - beautiful topsnail , beautiful top shell
calliostoma swinneni poppe , g . t . , s . tagaro & h . dekker , 2006
calliostoma trotini poppe , g . t . , s . tagaro & h . dekker , 2006
calliostoma trepidum hedley , 1907 : synonym of laetifautor deceptus ( e . a . smith , 1899 )
calliostoma polychroma ( a . adams , 1851 ) : synonym of cantharidus polychroma ( a . adams , 1851 )
calliostoma rubropunctatum ( a . adams , 1851 ) : synonym of laetifautor rubropunctatus ( a . adams , 1851 )
calliostoma occidentale ( mighels and c . b . adams , 1842 ) - boreal topsnail , north atlantic top shell
calliostoma is a genus of small to medium - sized sea snails with gills and an operculum , marine gastropod molluscs within the family calliostomatidae , the calliostoma top snails ( according to the taxonomy of taxonomy of gastropoda by bouchet & rocroi ( 2005 ) ) . previously this genus was placed within the family trochidae . calliostoma is the type genus of the family calliostomatidae .
calliostoma burnupi e . a . smith , 1899 : synonym of dactylastele burnupi ( e . a . smith , 1899 )
calliostoma deceptum e . a . smith , 1899 : synonym of laetifautor deceptus ( e . a . smith , 1899 )
calliostoma regalis ( verrill & s . smith , 1880 ) : synonym of calliotropis regalis ( verrill & smith , 1880 )
calliostoma poupineli montrouzier , r . p . in souverbie , s . m . & r . p . montrouzier , 1875
calliostoma is a large genus of medium - sized sea snails with gills and an operculum , marine gastropod molluscs known as top shells .
calliostoma hayamanum kuroda , t . & t . habe in kuroda , t . , t . habe & k . oyama , 1971
perron , f . e . ( 1975 ) .
carnivorous calliostoma ( prosobranchia : trochidae ) from the northeastern pacific
. veliger 18 : 52–54 .
marshall , b . a . ( 1995 ) .
a revision of the recent calliostoma species of new zealand
. the nautilus 108 : 83–127 .
marshall , b . a . ( 1995 ) .
a revision of the recent calliostoma species of new zealand
. the nautilus 108 : 83–127 .
clench w . & turner r . ( 1960 ) .
the genus calliostoma in the western atlantic
. johnsonia 4 ( 40 ) : 1 - 80 .
marshall , b . a . 1995 . a revision of the recent calliostoma species of new zealand ( mollusca : gastropoda : trochoidea ) . the nautilus 108 : 83 - 127 .
remarks . calliostoma delli tends to be broader than high ; one of the figured paratypes ( fig . 14 ) is unusually narrow , compared to most specimens on the type lot .
clench , w . j . and r . d . turner ( 1960 ) .
the genus calliostoma in the western atlantic
. johnsonia 4 ( 40 ) : 1–80 .
quinn , j . f . jr . ( 1992 ) .
new species of calliostoma and notes on some poorly known species from the western atlantic
. the nautilus 106 : 77–114 .
marshall , b . a . 1995 . a revision of the recent calliostoma species of new zealand ( mollusca : gastropoda : trochoidea ) . the nautilus 108 : 83 - 127 . [ details ]
marshall , b . a . 1995 : a revision of the recent calliostoma species of new zealand ( mollusca : gastropoda : trochoidea ) , the nautilus , 108 ( 4 ) ( p . 90 )
( of venustas punctulata multigemmata powell , 1952 ) marshall , b . a . 1995 . a revision of the recent calliostoma species of new zealand ( mollusca : gastropoda : trochoidea ) . the nautilus 108 : 83 - 127 . [ details ]
( of maurea ( mucrinops ) punctulata ampla powell , 1939 ) marshall , b . a . 1995 . a revision of the recent calliostoma species of new zealand ( mollusca : gastropoda : trochoidea ) . the nautilus 108 : 83 - 127 . [ details ]
the top shells ( which are called calliostoma ) are marine gastropod molluscs . they can be found world - wide . the name of this genus is derived from the greek words kallos ( beautiful ) and stoma ( mouth ) , referring to the pearly aperture .
contrary to what is the case in most other top shells , calliostoma deposits its eggs in gelatinous ribbons that are only fertilized after being deposited . the young emerge as small snails ( lebour , 1936 ) without passing through a free - living planktonic stage as a veliger larva .
currently , calliostoma is being treated in worms as a broad genus . it is expected to be broken up and ( some ) subgenera will be elevated to the status of genus . at this moment ( 2013 ) , information is too fragmentary to assign all species in a revised genus .
holotype for calliostoma atlantoides quinn , 1992 catalog number : usnm 860261 collection : smithsonian institution , national museum of natural history , department of invertebrate zoology preparation : dry locality : st . lucia , caribbean sea , north atlantic ocean depth ( m ) : 417 to 589 vessel : pillsbury r / v
the symbols k . a . c . f . m . an . are used to indicate the geographical range of the species . they have been adopted to give an approxomation of the range of each species within new zealand .
powell , a . w . b . 1979 : new zealand mollusca : marine , land and freshwater shells , collins , auckland ( p . 62 )
note : localities are approximate , and represent only some of the known localities for the species .
- note : several protected species are illustrated here only for identification purposes . they are not for sale . - the photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock , except when only one specimen is offered . we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted ( gamma correction ) .
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some authors consider it the sole member of the non - accepted subgenus akoya .
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urltoken
description . shell large , thin , silky white , nonumbilicate , spire whorls convex . protoconch of one and one - fourth whorls , teleoconch whorls seven , first teleoconch whorl with three spiral cords , noded to produce square cancellations : sculpture changing by the second whorl to three prominently projecting spiral cords , the uppermost cord beaded , the other two smooth . mature sculpture of three prominent cords , subsutural cord the least prominent , remaining close to the suture and losing its beading by about the third whorl ; second cord sharply defined and separated from the subsutural cord by a broad , smooth area ; third cord equally strong and projecting to form the peripheral extent of the whorl . basal keep sharp ; suture laid directly on its lower surface , not forming a channel . basal cording of about three fine cords on the outer edge and two to three bordering the columellar wall ; intermediate area of base smooth except for fine spiral striae . columellar wall thickened , slanted , forming a spur at the base ; outer lip thin . operculum corneous , multispiral . animal and radula as in c . chilena .
dimensions : height 29 . 6 mm . diameter 30 . 9 min ( holotype , fig . 13 ) : height 24 . 3 mm , diameter 23 . 2 mm ( paratype , fig . 14 ) ; height 29 . 0 mm , diameter 26 . 0 ( paratype . fig . 15 ) .
material . chile : los vilos ( lacm , type lot , figs . 13 - 15 ) , papudo , zapallar , algarrobo , punta penablanca ( lacm ) , pichilemu , constitución . specimens examined : 114 .
type material . thirty - three specimens from the type locality , collected 29 may 1977 , by andrade , shrimp trawler goden wind , holotype , lacm 1980 ; paratypes , lacm 1981 ; paratypes , mnhn 200489 ; paratypes , mzicb 15 . 528 ; paratypes , usnm 784738 .
type locality . 400 m off los vilos , chile ( 31°56 ' s : 71°54 ' w ) .
distribution . los vilos ( 31°56 ' s ) to constitución , chile ( 35°20 ' s ) . depth range 200 - 450 m .
diagnosis . a species of the subgenus otukaia characterized by having three spiral cords prominent at all growth stages . it differs from the similarly sculptured c . blacki ( dell , 1956 ) from new zealand ( see dell , 1956 : 46 , pl . 7 , fig . 6 ) in being lower spired , and in having a weaker subsutural ( first ) cord and a stronger second cord .
etymology . we are pleased to name this species in honor of dr . richard k . dell of the national museum of new zealand , wellington . ”
mclean , j . h . and h . andrade . 1982 . large archibenthal gastropods of central chile : collections from an expedition of the r / v anton bruun and the chilean shrimp industry . los angeles county museum , contributions in sciences , 342 : 1 - 20 . urltoken ; = 2316
unconfirmed _ type : mclean , j . & andrade , h . 1982 . contributions in science ( natural history museum of los angeles county ) . 342 : 1 - 20 , figs . 1 - 56 .
holotype : quinn , j . f . 1992 . the nautilus . 106 ( 3 ) : 102 .
unconfirmed type : mclean , j . & andrade , h . 1982 . contributions in science ( natural history museum of los angeles county ) . 342 : 1 - 20 , figs . 1 - 56 .
depth range based on 1 specimen in 1 taxon . water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 1 sample . environmental ranges depth range ( m ) : 274 - 274 temperature range ( °c ) : 12 . 462 - 12 . 462 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 16 . 704 - 16 . 704 salinity ( pps ) : 35 . 456 - 35 . 456 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 3 . 043 - 3 . 043 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 1 . 235 - 1 . 235 silicate ( umol / l ) : 5 . 700 - 5 . 700 note : this information has not been validated . check this * note * . your feedback is most welcome .
stocks , k . 2009 . seamounts online : an online information system for seamount biology . version 2009 - 1 . world wide web electronic publication .
the distribution of this genus is worldwide , found mainly on hard substrata , although japanese species have been found on sandy bottoms . these snails occur from shallow waters to bathyal depths .
the rather thin , acute , coeloconoid ( = approaching conical shape but with concave sides ) shell is imperforate or rarely umbilicate . the whorls are smooth , often polished and spirally ridged or granular . the
perron , frank e . ; turner r . d . ( 1978 ) .
dall w . h . 1889 . reports on the results of dredging , under the supervision of alexander agassiz , in the gulf of mexico ( 1877 - 78 ) and in the caribbean sea ( 1879 - 80 ) , by the u . s . coast survey steamer
blake
, lieut . - commander c . d . sigsbee , u . s . n . , and commander j . r . bartlett , u . s . n . , commanding . xxix . report on the mollusca . part 2 , gastropoda and scaphopoda . bulletin of the museum of comparative zoölogy at harvard college 18 : 1 - 492 , pls . 10 - 40
vilvens c . ( 2012 ) new species and new records of seguenzioidea and trochoidea ( gastropoda ) from french polynesia . novapex 13 ( 1 ) : 1 - 23 . [ 10 march 2012 ] page ( s ) : 18
williams , s . t . ; k . m . donald , h . g . spencer and t . nakano ( march 2010 ) .
vilvens c . ( 2009 ) . new species and new records of calliostomatidae ( gastropoda : trochoidea ) from new caledonia and solomon islands . novapex 10 ( 4 ) : 125 - 163
note : many of our articles have direct quotes from sources you can cite , within the wikipedia article ! this article doesn ' t yet , but we ' re working on it ! see more info or our list of citable articles .
its distribution is world - wide . the name of this genus is derived from the greek words kallos ( beautiful ) and stoma ( mouth ) , referring to the pearly aperture .
according to the latest taxonomy of bouchet & rocroi , this genus belongs in the family calliostomatidae in the clade vetigastropoda . earlier malacologists placed this genus within the trochidae .
, a deep - water gastropod , dredged in the atlantic ocean at a depth of from 100 m to 1170 m .
malacolog 4 . 1 . 0 : : a database of western atlantic marine mollusca - malacolog 4 . 1 . 0 : western atlantic mollusk species database at the academy of natural sciences


the larvae feed on brassicaceae species , including diplotaxis harra .

euchloe aegyptiaca

euchloe aegyptiaca is a butterfly in the pieridae family . it is found from libya to egypt and jordan , extending into saudi arabia .
euchloe belemia palaestinensis röber , 1907 ; in seitz , grossschmett . erde 1 : 51
euchloe ausonia sovinskyi sheljuzhko , 1928 ; lep . rdsch . 2 ( 7 ) : 75
euchloe ausonides ausonides ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 170
euchloe ausonides ogilvia ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 170
euchloe ausonides insulanus ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 170
euchloe creusa creusa ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 171
= euchloe olympia ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 171
euchloe hyantis hyantis ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 171
= euchloe ausonides ausonides ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 170
= euchloe ausonides coloradensis ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 170
= euchloe creusa creusa ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 171
= euchloe hyantis hyantis ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 171
euchloe ausonia melanochloros ; [ bmat ] : 11 , pl . 4 , f . 28 - 40
euchloe tagis ; [ bow ] : pl . 4 , f . 17 ; [ otakar kudrna ]
euchloe tagis pechi ; [ bmat ] : 12 , pl . 5 , f . 1 - 5
euchloe tagis atlasica ; [ bmat ] : 12 , pl . 5 , f . 6 - 10
euchloe tagis reisseri ; [ bmat ] : 13 , pl . 5 , f . 11 - 10
? euchloe charlonia elisabethae hemming , 1932 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 80 : 287
euchloe naina ; [ opler ] ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 171
? euchloe belia melisande fruhstorfer , 1908 ; ent . zs . 22 ( 12 ) : 51 ; tl : palestine
euchloe lessei bernardi , 1957 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 62 : 38 ; tl : ; iran
euchloe belemia belemia ; winhard , 2000 , butterflies of the world 10 : 6 , pl . 5 , f . 18
euchloe belemia hesperidum rothschild , 1913 ; novit . zool . 20 ( 1 ) : 111 ; tl : canary is .
euchloe crameri crameri ; winhard , 2000 , butterflies of the world 10 : 6 , pl . 5 , f . 20
euchloe tagis tagis ; winhard , 2000 , butterflies of the world 10 : 6 , pl . 5 , f . 19
euchloe crameri mauretanica röber , 1907 ; in seitz , grossschmett . erde 1 : 53 , pl . 22 , f . d
euchloe ausonides coloradensis ; [ nacl ] , # 4200a ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 170
euchloe ausonides palaeoreios ; [ nacl ] , # 4200b ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 170
euchloe ausonides insulanus guppy & shepard , 2001 ; butts . b . c . : 160 ; tl : wellington , british columbia
euchloe hyantis andrewsi ; [ nacl ] , # 4203a ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 172
euchloe tagis bellezina ; back , 2001 , atalanta 32 ( 1 / 2 ) : pl . iii , f . 3e - f
euchloe ausonides r . andrewsi martin , 1958 ; bull . south . calif . acad . sci . 35 ( 2 ) : 94
euchloe lotta ; [ boc ] , 146 ; [ opler ] ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 172
euchloe belemia ; [ ebw ] ; [ bow ] : pl . 4 , f . 11 ; [ afrl ] ; [ otakar kudrna ]
euchloe tagis calvensis ; back , 2001 , atalanta 32 ( 1 / 2 ) : pl . iii , f . 2 , 3c - d
euchloe penia ; winhard , 2000 , butterflies of the world 10 : 6 , pl . 5 , f . 22 ; [ otakar kudrna ]
euchloe belemia palaestinensis ; back , 2001 , atalanta 32 ( 1 / 2 ) : pl . via , f . 7 - 8 ( larva )
euchloe lucilla butler , 1886 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1886 ( 3 ) : 376 , pl . 35 , f . 4
euchloe belemia hesperidum ; back , 2001 , atalanta 32 ( 1 / 2 ) : 103 - 106 , pl . v , f . 1 - 2
euchloe belia naina kozhanchikov , 1923 ; jb . martjanov staatmus . minussinsk , 1 ( 1 ) : 3 ; tl : w . sayan , lake buiba
euchloe ausonides mayi f . & r . chermock , 1940 ; can . ent . 72 ( 4 ) : 81 ; tl : riding mtns , man .
euchloe ausonides mayi ; [ nacl ] , # 4200c ; [ boc ] , 142 ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 170
euchloe tagis atlasica rungs , 1950 ; bull . soc . sci . nat . maroc 28 : 144 ; tl : col de tambrata and ifrane ( morocco )
euchloe ausonia algirica gen . aest . pseudonymus rothschild , 1917 ; novit . zool . 24 ( 1 ) : 83 ; tl : c . and s . algeria
euchloe creusa ; [ ebw ] ; [ nacl ] , # 4201 ; [ opler ] ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 171
euchloe crameri ; back , 1990 , atalanta 21 ( 3 / 4 ) : pl . iii , f . 13 - 15 ( larva ) ; [ otakar kudrna ]
euchloe simplonia ; back , 1990 , atalanta 21 ( 3 / 4 ) : pl . iii , f . 7 - 9 ( larva ) ; [ otakar kudrna ]
euchloe belia naina ♀ ab . koshantschikoffi bang - haas , 1927 ; horae macrolep . palaearct . 1 : 40 , pl . 5 , f . 15 ; tl : sajan
euchloe naina jakutia ; dubatolov & kosterin , 1994 , atalanta 25 ( 3 / 4 ) : 514 ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 171
euchloe hyantis ; [ nacl ] , # 4203 ; [ boc ] , 144 ; [ opler ] ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 171
euchloe simplonia jakutia back , 1991 ; atalanta 21 ( 3 / 4 ) : 193 , pl . ii , f . 3 - 4 ; tl : yakutia , suntar mts .
euchloe naina irina dubatolov & kosterin , 1994 ; atalanta 25 ( 3 / 4 ) : 513 ; tl : se . kazakhstan , dzhungarian alatau , 40 - 50km ene of tekeli
euchloe ausonides palaeoreios johnson , 1976 ; j . lep . soc . 30 ( 4 ) : 253 ; tl : spearfish canyon , near spearfish , lawrence co . , south dakota
euchloe ausonia ; [ bru ] , 156 ; [ ebw ] ; back , 1990 , atalanta 21 ( 3 / 4 ) : pl . iii , f . 10 - 12 ( larva ) ; [ otakar kudrna ]
euchloe olympia ; [ nacl ] , # 4202 ; [ ebw ] ; [ bow ] : pl . 17 , f . 21 ; [ opler ] ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 171
euchloe guaymasensis opler , 1986 ; j . lep . soc . 40 ( 3 ) : 188 , f . 1 - 3 ; tl : mexico , estado de sonora , las avispas microwave relay , 2000 ' , 40 mi n guayamas
euchloe belemia eversi ; winhard , 2000 , butterflies of the world 10 : 6 , pl . 5 , f . 17 ; back , 2001 , atalanta 32 ( 1 / 2 ) : pl . via , f . 3 - 6 ( larva )
euchloe tagis piemonti back , 2001 ; atalanta 32 ( 1 / 2 ) : 100 , pl . iii , f . 1 , 3a - b , pl . iv , f . 5 - 17 ; tl : andonno , piemonte , italy , 800m
euchloe falloui ; [ ebw ] ; [ bow ] : pl . 4 , f . 11 ( text only ) ; [ bmat ] : 13 , pl . 5 , f . 20 - 32 ; [ bafr ] , 56 ; [ afrl ]
euchloe guaymasensis ; holland , 1995 , j . lep . soc . 49 ( 2 ) : 122 , f . 2 ; [ opler ] ; [ nl4a ] , # 128 ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 172
euchloe tagis reisseri back & reissinger , 1989 ; nota lepid . 12 ( 2 ) : 86 - 102 , [ 93 ] ( f . a - d ) , 94 ( f . e , f ) , 95 ( f . 1 - 12 ) ] ; tl : xauen ( morocco )
euchloe ausonides ; [ nacl ] , # 4200 ; [ ebw ] ; [ bow ] : pl . 17 , f . 20 ; back , 1990 , atalanta 21 ( 3 / 4 ) : pl . iii , f . 4 - 6 ( larva ) ; [ boc ] , 142 ; [ opler ] ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 170
size : 30 - 35 mm . distinguished by the irregular green markings of the underside of the hindwing .
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© 2016 , butterfly conservation society , ghana - african butterfly research institute - icom ltd .
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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elphinstonia klots , 1930 ; bull . brooklyn ent . soc . 25 ( 2 ) : 87 ; ts : anthocharis charlonia donzel
papilio belemia esper , 1800 ; die schmett . , suppl . th 1 ( 8 - 9 ) : 92 , pl . 110 , f . 2 ; tl : s . spain
larva on sisymbrium sp . , diplotaxis tennuisiliqua , biscutella didyma , sisymbrium bourgeanum [ bmat ]
pontia simplonia freyer , 1829 ; beitr . eur . schmett . 2 : pl . 75 , f . 2
naf , seu , asia minor , amurland , baluchistan - chitral . see [ maps ]
papilio marchandae geyer , 1832 ; samml . eur . schmett . [ 1 ] : pl . 188 , f . 926 - 928
larva on isatis tinctoria , moricandia arvensis , biscutella sp . , sinapis sp . , bunias sp . , iberis sp . [ bmat ]
ausonia graeca ( verity , [ 1908 ] ) ; rhopalocera palaearctica 1 : 175 , pl . 36 , f . 20
ausonia transiens ( verity , [ 1908 ] ) ; rhopalocera palaearctica 1 : 180 , 338 , pl . 37 , f . 12
w . pamirs , n . afghanistan , pakistan , india . see [ maps ]
anthocharis daphalis moore , 1865 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1865 ( 2 ) : 491 , pl . 31 , f . 14 ; tl : kunawur
e . turkey , transcaucasia - iran , afghanistan - s . alai . see [ maps ]
= anthocharis belia var . daphalis ; grum - grshimailo , 1890 , in romanoff , mém . lép . 4 : 229
pulverata alaica ( verity , 1911 ) ; rhopalocera palaearctica 1 : 338 , pl . 67 , f . 33 - 36
altai , n . mongolia - chukot peninsula , altai , sayan , transbaikalia , amur . see [ maps ]
anthocharis ausonides lucas , 1852 ; revue mag . zool . ( 2 ) 4 ( 7 ) : 340 ; tl : san francisco , california
: canada , yukon , ogilve mts . , dempster hwy mile 45 , 500 - 1300m
= auchloe ausonides transmontana ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 170
auchloe ausonides transmontana ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 170
altai - chukot , ussuri , amur , transbaikalia , na ? . see [ maps ]
? ab . alexandri ( turati , 1921 ) ; atti soc . ital . sci . nat . 60 : 212 , f . 2
orientalis emiorientalis ( verity , 1911 ) ; rhopalocera palaearctica 1 : 338 , pl . 67 , f . 37 - 38
anthocharis pechi baker , 1885 ; ent . mon . mag . 21 : 241 ; tl : lambessa
larva on iberis odorata , iberis sp . , iberis ciliata ? , i . taurica ? [ bmat ]
anthocharis insularis staudinger , 1861 ; in staudinger & wocke , cat . lep . ( ed . 1 ) : 2 ; tl : corsica ?
canary islands , morocco , algeria , tunisia , tibesti , macedonia , egypt , sudan , iran , baluchistan , punjab . see [ maps ]
anthocharis charlonia f . atlantica stauder , 1914 ; z . wiss . insektbiol . 10 ( 3 ) : 84 , ( 4 ) : 125 ( f . 2 ) ; tl : el kantara ( algeria )
anthocharis charlonia var . mesopotamica staudinger , [ 1892 ] ; dt . ent . z . iris 4 ( 2 ) : 228
anthocharis charlonia var . transcaspica staudinger , [ 1892 ] ; dt . ent . z . iris 4 ( 2 ) : 228 ; tl :
krasnovodsk
,
achal - tekke
,
schahrud
transcaspica doveri evans , 1932 ; indian butterflies ( edn . 2 ) : 65
transcaspica pila evans , 1932 ; indian butterflies ( edn . 2 ) : 65
penia ( freyer , 1852 ) ; neuere beitr . schmett . 6 : pl . 574 , f . 4
s . turkmenia , uzbekistan , tajikistan , n . iran . see [ maps ]
anthocharis tomyris christoph , 1884 ; in romanoff , mém . lépid . 1 : 99 , pl . 6 , f . 1a - b ; tl : askhabad , turkmenia
n . africa ( desert regions ) , sudan , somalia , arabia . see [ maps ]
larva on moricandia arvensis , m . sinaica , reseda muricata , diplotaxis acris , schouwia thebaica , zilla spinosa [ bmat ]
anthocaris [ sic ] olympia edwards , 1871 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 3 : 266 ; tl : [ kanawha co . , west virginia ]
larva on descurainia pinnata holland , 1995 , j . lep . soc . 49 ( 2 ) : 127
anthocaris [ sic ] hyantis edwards , 1871 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 3 ( 3 / 4 ) : 205 ; tl : ukiah , mendocino , co . , california
colorado , arizona , utah , california , montana , oregon , colorado . see [ maps ]
: klamath co . , oregon ; modoc co . , california ; lasse , colorado
larva on arabis furcata , a . sparsiflora , arabis bolboellii , halimolobos whitedi [ boc ]
checklist of afrotropical papilionoidea and hesperoidea ; compiled by mark c . williams , 7th ed . ( 2008 ) ( april 2007 ) ;
the dates of e . j . c . esper ' s die schmetterlinge in abblidungen . . . 1776 - [ 1830 ] ; archives of natural history ( 1981 ) 10 ( 2 ) : 251 - 254
butterflies of north america . 2 . scientific names list for butterfly species of north america , north of mexico .
[ ² ] this may require parentheses or not . i don ' t have the necessary information for this taxon .
( fabiano , 1993 ) d ' aragón , dans le n . - e . de l ' espagne : '
lepidopteren ost - sibiriens , insbesondere der amur - landes , gesammelt von den herren g . radde , r . maack und p . wulffius
the genera of diurnal lepidoptera , comprising their generic characters , a notice of their habitats and transformations , and a catalogue of the species of each genus ; illustrated with 86 plates by w . c . hewitson
die schmetterlinge in abbildungen nach der natur mit beschreibungen . theil i . die tagschmetterlinge . supplement theil 1 . abschnitt 1
neuere beiträge zur schmetterlingskunde mit abbildungen nach der natur . ( 81 - 100 )
concerning the name anthocaris coloradensis hy . edwards with designation of a new subspecies ( pieridae )
list of diurnal lepidoptera collected by capt . a . m . lang in the n . w . himalayas
some undescribed rhopalocera from mesopotamia and n . w . persia ; and other notes
lepidotteri di cirenaica . ( raccolti dal prof . a . ghigi durante l ' escurisione organizzata dal touring club italiano nel mese di aprile 1920 )
rhopalocera palaearctica iconographie et description des papillons diurnes de la région paléarctique . papilionidae et pieridae
winhard , 2000 pieridae i butterflies of the world 10 : 1 - 40 , pl . title , 1 - 48 , back
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
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a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .
the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .
the author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by
, +
and the number of omitted authors .
attribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .
all diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .
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the vundu ( heterobranchus longifilis ) is a large species of airbreathing catfish found widely in rivers and other freshwater habitats of sub-saharan africa , as well as the nile .

it is also called the solomon fish , tsuni , mazunda , sampa , cur , lenda , or certa .

vundu

joachim volz with two vundu catfish that he caught one night in april 2001 .
vundu camp welcomes children aged 10 years and older , but this is flexible .
image - vundu - catfish badge . png | cryptid wiki | fandom powered by wikia
the vundu catfish of lake kariba zambezi . | the united states catfish association forum and community
vundu camp is located on the banks of the zambezi river in the mana pools national park .
jeremy wade is the first person to ever be granted access to fish for the vundu under a dam on africa ' s zambezi river . he has a small window , and catches a massive vundu .
the male vundu shares his tank with a tiger fish as it is the only species of fish at the aquarium that the vundu will not eat and the two species are commonly found together in the wild . ox heart and hake are the vundu ' s favourite meals fed to him at the nzg .
the national zoo ' s 39 year old vundu - unofficially the oldest fish in an aquarium in the world .
situated 3km upstream from vundu , making it well located within the boundaries of the park on the banks on the zambezi .
situated in the heart of mana pools national park underneath a beautiful forest of riverine trees is our little piece of paradise , vundu camp .
the vundu is becoming rare in habitats like lake kariba and should always be released back into their freshwater habitat as their numbers are dwindling .
vundu camp has a total of eight en - suite tents with flushing toilet and hot water showers which enjoy fantastic views over the zambezi .
experience – the activities , the area , the game and the guiding – we rate vundu as one of the finest on the subcontinent . mana pools is a really stunning park ; the game in this area is great ; and the guiding at vundu is absolutely top - notch .
no credit cards or travellers’ cheques are accepted at vundu camp , but cash payments may be made in us dollars , south african rand or gb pounds .
vundu camp comes with few pretences and without the luxury , or safari chic , that most new safari camps and lodges seem to aspire to . however , in terms of the pure safari experience – the activities , the area , the game and the guiding – we rate vundu as one of the finest on the subcontinent . mana pools is a really stunning park ; the game in this area is great ; and the guiding at vundu is absolutely top - notch .
we recommend a 3–4 night stay at vundu camp . the camp offers a wide range of activities , and most travellers could happily spend 2–3 days just walking here .
with a magnificent combination of wildlife and wilderness , bushlife safaris has created the perfect portfolio of safari experiences for you . these include the luxurious vundu camp built on the banks of the zambezi river , little vundu – an intimate camp , the ruwesi canoe trail which is ideal for adventurous travelers and lastly a tented camp set in the wild chitake springs area .
vundu camp comes with few pretences and without the luxury , or safari chic , that most new safari camps and lodges seem to aspire to . however , in terms of the pure
no other catfish in these waters have such a large second dorsal or adipose fin , nor such long barbells , which reach almost to the origin of the pelvic fin , as does the vundu .
vundu camp is a permanent tented camp that is well - known for its breathtaking views of the zambezi river and the constant stream of elephants passing through to eat the pods of the albida trees .
the habitat of the vundu is deep lakes and rivers including the nile , benue rivers as well as in the congo system . heterobranchus longifilis is also found in lake kariba zambezi , tanganyika and edward .
the habitat of the vundu is deep lakes and rivers including the nile , benue rivers as well as in the congo system . heterobranchus longifilis is also found in lake kariba zambezi , tanganyika and edward .
the knowledgeable guides and stunning location within deep , shady riparian forest beside the zambezi river make vundu camp a great spot for birdwatching in zimbabwe . see bee - eater colonies , kingfishers and plenty of raptors .
the camp is very active with animals , with elephants coming down to drink and feed on the green grass along the channel in front of camp . little vundu has excellent fishing right off the banks at camp .
vundu camp has a fabulous location on the banks of the mighty zambezi in zimbabwe ' s mana pools national park with wonderful wildlife viewing on offer and exceptional guiding , an adventurous and unspoiled safari experience awaits you .
currently there are no specimens of this species in scientific collections from lake turkana , but local fishermen have confirmed the presence of the vundu in the northen part of the lake ( seegers et al . , 2004 ) .
with considerable caution , we can recommend vundu camp for mature children over 10 – largely because nick and desiree have their own children , who also spend some time in camp , and so are very understanding of the needs and interests of children on safari .
many tourists and locals who fish for small species of fish often come across the large predatory catfish and drown because of the methods used to catch smaller fish . it involves pulling the fish out of the water with a fishing line , using your bare hands . a vundu could easily overpower a person and pull them in the water and drown them , especially in cases where people don ' t want to lose their catch and tie the fishing line around their body , which is a huge mistake , and ultimately backfires . also , longlines equipped with multiple hooks are hazardous as if a large vundu is on the end of the line , one of the hooks in the boat can stick in you and if the vundu then pulls , you can be pulled in the water .
vundu camp is owned and run by an extremely knowledgeable zimbabwean , nick murray . well - respected within the industry , he is a qualified ' zim - pro ' guide ( meaning he has earned perhaps the most prestigious game - guiding qualification in africa ) .
mana pools is one of africa’s best parks for walking , and vundu focuses squarely on the very best professional guiding . mana’s environment is very open , giving good visibility ; walkers can often get surprisingly close to relaxed bull elephants , as well as packs of wild dogs .
we frequently choose the same zim - pro guides for private trips and mobiles , both in mana pools and elsewhere in zimbabwe . on our last visit in october 2016 nick was out of camp , so we were guided by chester , a freelance guide who has been at vundu since 2013 .
the vundu ( heterobranchus longifilis ) is a species of airbreathing catfish found in the african countries of niger , senegal , egypt , burundi , the democratic republic of the congo , tanzania , uganda , zimbabwe and zambia . it is also called the sampa , cur , lenda , or certa .
another very interesting species that hails from africa . i ' d love to get over there and fish for these guys , but i ' d have a hard time deciding on tagetting vundu , or the ravenous tigerfish that is found in the same water , or maybe the fish in your second picture there , the monster freshwater fish of africa , the nile perch ! they ' ve also go a way of catching members of the doradid family of fish over there , that i need for find out more about . elephant fish have tiny mouths ! but vundu fishing is indeed supposed to be a blast !
we have visited vundu camp many times over the years , and have always found the food to be tasty and filling . our last visit in october 2016 was no exception , and we were particularly impressed with the effort the camp made to cater for guests in camp with gluten and dairy dietary requirements .
at vundu camp is exceptionally good , and stands out even amongst the universally high standards across zimbabwe . while nick himself does much of the guiding here , he also has a few excellent canoe and zim - pro guides who he uses on a freelance basis . nick is acutely aware of the standards of his fellow guides , and at
the vundu ' s dorsal surface is light to dark olive brown , and gets lighter over its mid - body to a light brown colour with an off - white belly and light brown fins . they have ineffective eyesight that is not developed due to their powerful lateral lines and they rely on vibrations and smell when looking for food .
vundu is a small camp with a long - standing reputation . it sits on the banks of the zambezi river in the heart of zimbabwe’s mana pools national park , shaded by a grove of ebony and tamarind trees . an owner - run property , it focuses on offering a variety of activities in a game - rich area of the park .
it ' s perhaps worth noting that nick has been involved in a lot of the research and monitoring of the wild dog packs in the park , so vundu is a particularly good place for seeing this endangered species . indeed , throughout 2016 the camp was used as a base by a bbc film crew who were staying here specifically to get footage of wild dog .
vundu camp has just eight spacious tents which enjoy fantastic views over the river . each tent has a thatched roof , which helps to keep it cool during the hottest months . all tents have an en - suite bathroom with flushing toilet and hot water shower . the camp has a really authentic safari feel , but achieves this without compromising on standards or levels of comfort .
h . longifilis is an uncommon species which inhabits large rivers . most active at night , it feeds on any available food , including invertebrates and insects when small , then fish and other small vertebrates when large . it scavenges off large carcasses and offal from riverside villages . it can live for 12 or more years . the vundu catfish can survive out of water for extensive periods of time .
your day at vundu camp begins with an early riser cup of tea or coffee around the fire , before you set off on your first activity . after a few exciting hours spent in the thick wilderness of the national park , you will return to a full english breakfast and a chance to have a siesta or enjoy the sounds of the bush and view of the river from the comfort of your private terrace .
toko , imorou ( 1 2 ) ; fiogbe , emile d . , koukpode , bruno , kestemont , patrick ( 2007 ) . rearing of african catfish ( clarias gariepinus ) and vundu catfish ( heterobranchus longifilis ) in traditional fish ponds ( whedos ) : effect of stocking density on growth , production and body composition . issn 0044 - 8486 . coden aqclal . 2007 , vol . 262 , no1 , pp . 65–72 .
vundus are found in egypt , senegal , niger , burundi , democratic republic of congo , tanzania , zambia , uganda and zimbabwe . the vundu ' s preferred habitats of deep lakes and large rivers include the benue and nile rivers as well as the congo system . vundus can also be found in lakes kariba , zambezi , tanganyika and edward . interestingly , vundus are only found below the victoria falls - there have been no recorded catch above the falls .
vundu camp has eight chalets , canvas under thatch , situated on the banks of the zambezi river in the magnificent mana pools national park . each spacious room provides great views over the river and is en - suite with running shower and flush toilet . the family room consists of two rooms , both en - suite , separated by a lounge area . the main lounge / dining area is built on stilts and gives guests amazing views over the zambezi river whilst relaxing after the day’s activities .
vundu camp is perfectly placed in the heart of mana pools on the banks of the zambezi in an area renowned for excellent game viewing . the bush around the camp is home to healthy populations of lion and leopard and also wild dog , one of the most sought after animals to spot on safari . the position on the river also makes for wonderful bird watching as well as wallowing hippos and if you ' re lucky , the breath - taking sight of elephants swimming across the river .
according to the african angler web site , vundu on lake nasser often forage close to shore at night , so that ' s when you should be out there after them . it ' s a pretty strong fish that puts up a good fight , so use sturdy gear . canned meat is a good bait , since it ' s oily and gives off an alluring odor to the fish . cast your bait 6 to 10 feet from the shoreline in the shallower water . stay away from the deeper water where your bait may get lost in the weeds .
mana pools has a moderate to sub - tropical climate with three distinct seasons : from november to april is the rainy season . vundu camp is shut over these months . may to july is zimbabwe ' s winter , when the weather is cool and dry , and august to october is summer , when the weather is hot and dry . in terms of game viewing , the dryer months , meaning a higher concentration of game at the permanent water sources , are a superb time to visit . alternatively come for some superb birdwatching at the end of the rains .
vundu are also accused by locals of snatching babies from the banks of rivers and swallowing them whole while the parents wash clothes . this can be attributed to the catfish ' s barbels which allow it to detect chemical traces of its prey . the scent of the soap used to wash the clothes is detected by the catfish which then lures it in to search for the prey and ultimately it goes for the only thing it can swallow if big enough : a child . soap - baited techniques are used in other parts of africa to catch other species of catfish such as the african sharptooth catfish in which its barbels also allow it to pick up chemical traces of its prey and the soap lures them in .
on land , vundu ' s 4wd game drives and walks can range throughout the national park , although most take place in the camp ' s own private ' concession ' . this is a prime area in the heart of the park , covering an area within about 3–4km of the camp . this is classic ' mana ' scenery – with plenty of forested areas , and some of the pools for which the park is noted . it’s very common for a drive and walk to be combined , with everyone hopping out of the vehicle when an interesting track or animal has been discovered . on our last visit we drove in the morning until we found a pack of wild dog , before walking , then crawling , to within a few metres of the pack . we were then able to sit and watch the pack interact with each other , undisturbed by other vehicles or walkers ; a wonderful experience only achievable thanks to the exceptional experience and skill of our guide .
in europe , clarias gariepinus was first introduced in the netherlands in 1976 . the first brood stock originated from the wild from 40 african catfish transferred from the central african republic ( hogedoorn and vismans , 1980 ) . commercial farming of this species started in 1985 in recirculation aquaculture systems ( ras ) .
much later catfish strains from israel and the republic south africa were introduced . these strains were crossed for the production of fingerlings and resulted in the currently cultured “dutch strain” african catfish .
on farmers level brood stock selection is mostly done in a very primitive way . to hold and monitor large populations of different african catfish strains strictly separate for long periods is very costly . the results are , if you are successful , visible after a couple of years and the next problem for the commercial farmer is keeping this advantage for him selve !
another problem for the farmer producing african catfish fingerlings is to show his customer the benefit of an improved strain . improvements in growth and feed conversion ratio of for example 5 % are great achievements in the mind of a researcher , but for a farmer small differences and most probable not spotted without serious farm recordkeeping .
practically spoken the market for african catfish fingerlings is first of all price driven . next to this hatcheries focus on availability , size , uniformity and health status of the african catfish .
most african catfish farmers ( tropics and europe ) are small to medium sized farmers , not well organised , and simply do not have the means and abilities to do serious research on genetic improvements of their stocks . the little research done on african catfish genetics is done by universities but has never been seriously implemented in practice .
african catfish farming is a relatively new industry . in europe it started in the early eighties and in africa only few farmers were active in an extensive way by that time .
the first broodstock came from the wild . in the netherlands for example , wild african catfish was imported from central africa and the first generations the selection was based on growth . my personal opinion is that we were just performing selection of fish which were able to adapt to the intensive way of farming in warm water recirculation systems . soon after the introduction of african catfish from central africa fish was brought in from israel and rsa . in the netherlands the strains were not kept separate and as a result the “dutch african catfish” is a result of 3 strains .
meat quality and dress out percentage are very important parameters for the processing industry . variation is noticed between the strains from different locations in africa . in the tropics the aspect of meat quality and dressing percentage are of less importance because the fish is consumed as a whole ; no filets are taken from the fish and heads and intestines are not wasted .
within the family of clariidae ( siluriformes ) intergeneric hybrids were produced through interbreeding between species from the genera heterobranchus and clarias ( ref . ) . a well - known intergeneric hybrid is a crossbred between the heterobranchus longifillis female and clarias gariepinus male , the so called “hetero - clarias” . due to rearranging of genetic material from both species in the offspring , the intergeneric hybrids show characteristics of both parental species . a well known hybrid is the cross between a heterobranchus longifillis female and a clarias gariepinus male , called heteroclarias ( see figure 5 ) .
in our hatchery in the netherlands we are producing this hybrid for a group of farmers linked to a processing plant . this group is very keen in producing and marketing this type of fish . the filet of heteroclarias is white in comparison with the pink / reddish colour of clarias gariepinus filets and contains 30 % more fat than clarias gariepinus filets , which improves the taste . the gonads of hybrids are almost absent and not active . for this reason the dressing percentage is relatively high compared to clarias gariepinus . the heteroclarias fish filet can be used as an alternative for white filets from marine fish species .
a close up of a heterobranchus longifilis fingerling . please note the adipose fin ( as shown in the hybrid )
as a fingerling producer of heteroclarias we notice big differences in behaviour with the common african catfish . the heteroclarias fingerlings show a wide variation in growth and severe cannibalism is noticed , especially when frequent grading is neglected . next to this the heteroclarias is easily stressed . after an age of 12 weeks , well graded fish show very equal growth and low mortality to the moment of harvesting at 1 . 4 kg .
in the tropics the heteroclarias is considered superior over the clarias gariepinus in growth in pond culture and is considered as better growing fish .
for a fingerling producer hybridisation has a major benifit . the hybrids are infertile and it is not possible for customers to continue breeding with those fish . the pure parent stock is kept on farm and is never shared with other farmers . the pure heterobranchus longifillis strain matures at a age of 2 years , which is very late compared to clarias gariepinus ( 1 year ) .
the purpose of good brood stock maintenance is to harvest good quality eggs and sperm . the brood stock should be individually tagged to have tracability for each batch of offspring and to have the possibility for a breeding programme . th broodstock should be given enough time to recover from spawning and with the individual tagging it is possible to do proper record keeping .
we prefer recirculation systems in a confined area with temperature control if necessary . in the tropics flow through systems can work too , if flushed with good quality bore hole water .
in our farm the productivity of the female ( fecundity ) expressed as % of the body weight is between 5 - 15 % . the egg size tends to increase with the size of the female . in larger fish the number of eggs per gram of eggs is lower than in smaller broodstock . on average we count 500 eggs per gram . the average females we are using in our farm have a weight of 6 kg and produce 300 - 600 gram of eggs ( 150 . 000 - 300 . 000 eggs ) .
a female is selected from one of the broodstock tanks . with a small tube it is possible to sample the eggs out of the ovaries to check if the nucleus has migrated to the side and the egg size has a diameter of 1 mm or above . most farmers do not perform this check , they just select by eye .
in captivity females do not perform final ripening of the eggs without hormonal treatment . the injection of gonadotropin releasing hormone in the form of natural pituitary glands or synthetic products like ovaprim induces the final step of ripening called vitelogenisis . in this final step the eggs are provided with yolk and take up water .
the period between injection with hormones and stripping of the eggs depends on the temperature of the water and the type of hormone used . through trial and error the perfect time for stripping can be determined . too early or to late stripping results in bad egg quality and thus poor spawning results .
too early stripping : very dry egg mass . it is difficult to completely strip the female because the eggs do not flow out . the female often dies because of the stress and internal injuries .
too late stripping : the egg mass is fluid . often the female has released a lot of eggs in the preparation tank already and stripping is very easy .
several hours after stripping we perform final stripping to remove all ripe eggs from the ovaries of the female . this is to prevent that these ripe eggs die inside the ovaries and start to deteriorate . this will harm the fish and can cause death of the broodstock female . the females have to stay in recovery for a couple of days before putting them back to the broodstock tank .
male clarias gariepinus do not release sperm after treatment with hormones like many other fish species . the males have ripe sperm all year round . the fish should be at least 1 year old to have ripe gonads . a lot of variation can be seen between males of the same age in ripeness and size of testis . in practice farmers sacrify males in order to dissect the testis out of the abdomen . by making incisions in the testis tissue the sperm can be collected . as a consequence new male broodstock needs to be added to the broodstock population sacrificing the males is a big constraint on genetic programmes .
some farmers are using operation on the males . after tranquilizing the fish , a small incision is made in the belly of the fish and with a syringe with needle some sperm is taken out of the testis . finally the incision in the belly is stitched using veterinary stitching materialand the male is able to recover in 1 to 2 weeks . during this time the wound closes completely .
unlike the sperm of mammals sperm of fish is not active , but will become active as soon as it is in the water . the sperm is active for less than a minute , so it has to find an egg quickly before all the energy has gone . this is the reason that during the proces of sperm collection all materials , hands and the fish should be dry . although these precautions are taken , the sperm can be activated accidently . the sperm concentration of good males is more than a million per ml !
cryo conservation of sperm has been done on an experimental scale by universities and the method is quite successful . the problem of this method for farmers is that they have to be equipped with a laboratory and should have permanent availability of liquid nitrogen to keep the sperm preserved .
the eggs and sperm are collected in a dry glass or porcelain bowl and a dry small glass or porcelain cup respectively . a simple but effective way of fertilization is to bring the eggs and sperm together in the egg collection bowl , mix it gently before adding water .
in literature adding certain fertilizing solutions during fertilization is reported as being very benificial , because they are thought to extend the life of the sperm in order to improve the fertilisation rate . i prefer not to use any extra fluids because any extra handling can give a problem too .
artificial propagation of african catfish is a relatively simple procedure and many farmers are very skillful in doing it . millions of larvae are hatched weekly in a country like nigeria but until today there still is a shortage of good quality fingerlings and juveniles . reproduction of african catfish is following a certain procedure , but farming the larvae for 1 or 2 months to juvenile stage comes down to the capabilities of the individual farmer .
african catfish hatcheries in general can be very profitable , provided it has a good culture system and dedicated hatchery staff . because many farmers lack knowledge , proper management ideas and / or a properly build hatchery , the results between farmers can vary from 200 eggs needed for 1 juvenile to 5 eggs needed for 1 juvenile ( an african catfish juvenile being a 2 month old fish of approximately 8 grams ) .
in europe african catfish hatcheries are strictly equipped with recirculation systems ( climate conditions do not allow to do otherwise ) . in the tropics hatcheries are either recirculation systems only or a combination of recirculation systems , flow through systems , hapaâ€™s and small ponds .
in many african countries the juvenile production is by far not meeting the demand . this results in high prices and often inferior quality of african catfish fingerlings / juveniles being sold . many african entrepreneurs are attracted to start a hatchery , but only very few succeed . on the long term i personnaly do not believe in small backyard farmers producing some fingerlings but in medium sized operations using recirculation technology well distributed over the country providing people with fingerlings / juveniles of good quality and support people in growing those fish to table sizes fish . what i can see from my experience is that hatcheries in africa but also in europe are considered as the centres of knowledge for other farmers .
in our hatchery design for african catfish we divide the hatchery in different sections . each section provides the optimal environment for a certain life stage of the african catfish .
we prefer a recirculation system with connected to a water purification unit . the tanks , both fish tanks and tanks of the water purification unit , can be build of materials like glass fibre , polyethylene or concrete . the water purification unit consists of a sedimentation tank , a pump tank , a bio tower and a uv - system . the system should be placed in a confined area were the temperature can be controlled . the tanks should be equipped with good drains for easy and quick selection of the broodstock before reproduction . next to this system a number of preparation - recovery tanks should be placed ( around 300 liters ) .
the number of brood stock needed depends on the success rate of the spawning . for example one female can be used for eight spawnings per year ( in theory ) providing 3 , 2 kg of eggs . this equals around 1 . 6 million eggs and with a minimal 10 % survival till juvenile stage this results in a yearly production 160 . 000 african catfish juveniles .
even in the tropics i prefer to import expensive compound feed from a reliable factory in europe instead of using locally produced and often unreliable feeds . i believe a good starting point is essential for a successful development of the offspring .
in our hatchery we try to maximise the life span of the broodstock , since replacements are costly . males can be used 1 ( if the male is killed ) to 4 times ( if the operation procedure is used ) , before it is being replaced by new , younger males . old males ( above 4 years ) tend to develop testis with sponge like tissue and it is containing watery sperm with a low concentration of spermcells . females can be used for a long period and stay in a better condition for a longer time , especially when the females are used maximum twice per year . females reach a higher weight and size than males ( max . 15 kg and 1 . 30 meters ) . growing the next generation of broodstock should be done in a separate system .
the incubation system should be placed in a room with controlled temperature . the temperature must be kept at 30 °c . even in the tropics the water temperatures in the night can drop to 24 °c , which has a negative effect on the growth and health status of the fry .
the uv - c unit reduces bacterial blooms ( cloudy water ) and growth of fungus , which is developping after the eggs have hatched . with the hatching of the eggs a lot of egg fluids are released in the water . together with unhatched eggs this is a fertile medium for bacteria and fungi to grow . together with constant addition of fresh water , the uv - c device stops the bloom of these unfavourable organisms . the system should be build in a way that it is easy accessible in order to do proper cleaning and inspection .
the fertilised eggs are spread over a sieve . the eggs are surrounded by oxygen rich water , which lowers egg mortality . the eggs hatch in around 24 hours with a water temperature of 29 - 30 °c . the larvae fall through the mesh of the mosquito net , while all dead eggs and egg shells are easily removed with the netting . during the first two days the larvae absorb the yolk sac and develop their intestines . after this period the larvae are able to swim freely in search for food . the larvae change in colour from transparent green to brown during this period .
each hatching cycle takes 13 days ( preparation of the system 2 days , 3 days hatching and absorbing yolk sac , 7 days growing the fry , 1 day harvesting and cleaning ) . it is very important that between each cycle the system is thoroughly cleaned and disinfected .
the first feed for african catfish fry is life artemia nauplii hatched on site . from experience we know that the survival rates and growth of fry starting with life artemia is higher than with dry larval feeds or encapsulated artemia .
if dry feed is applied always start with dry feed before feeding artemia nauplii . with glass aquaria you are able to inspect the eating behaviour and the filling of the stomach very well and overfeeding or underfeeding can be avoided . well fed african catfish larvae show full bellies and these fish settle on the bottom of the tank .
in this system the larvae can grow from 0 , 1 gram to approximately 0 , 5 - 1 , 0 gram . the system consists of a plastic tank connected to a biotower and a sedimentation tank . a pump is providing the flow and an uv - c unit provides clean water .
in nigeria these systems are very popular , because they are sold preassembled for a reasonable price and the maintenance on these systems is very simple and low in cost . preferably the systems should be placed indoor , were a temperature can be maintained of 28 °c .
at 0 , 5 to 1 , 0 grams the now called fingerlings are either sold to customers or moved to the juvenile section of the hatchery .
in africa african catfish is sold as fingerling at this size . the fish is large enough to withstand transport in 20 liter polyethylene bags filled with 1 / 3rd water and 500 to 1000 pieces of african catfish fingerlings and 2 / 3rd oxygen . next to this the fish are able to breath atmospheric air using their branchial organ and can therefore be stocked in green water ponds which normally have big oxygen level fluctuations during the day .
this section is suited for growing fingerlings of 1 , 0 gram to juveniles of approximately 8 grams . farmers like this size because they are more robust than fingerlings and mortality rates ( mostly due to cannibalism ) are much lower . these systems should also be placed indoors . temperature can be kept at 28 °c constantly .
the primary reason for the loss of fish during this period is cannibalism . this loss can be reduced by proper grading for shooters , also during the growth period ( see later section for explanation of grading ) . after this stage , when juveniles are growing to consumption size , loss is less than 10 % .
fingerlings growing to juveniles should be fed several times a day in regular intervals . african catfish is also active in the dark .
the secret of the success of many hatcheries lies for a large part in the mangement of grading . african catfish is a carnivorous fish that displays canibalistic behaviour from the moment the african catfish have absorped the yolk sac and start eating . to minimize the effect of canabilism on overall survival of the fish grading must be performed on precize moments during the growth of fry to juvenile .
grading is performed with either large mesh nylon sieves for small fry and fixed or adjustable graders with bars for larger advanced fry and juveniles . grading takes place when transferring the african catfish from one section to the other , but in between the african catfish can be graded at fixed times ( f . e . half way the growth period in that section ) and when shooters are spotted .
light to dark olive brown on dorsal surface , getting lighter over the mid - body to a light brown , off - white belly . fins usually light brown . they can attain size
fishing practice is as for most catfish but , naturally , larger baits and heavier tackle are used . anglers ' bait preferences include ox livers , hearts , kidneys , plucked birds , meat and fish that have been cut down the belly and turned inside out . the smaller specimens will take a spoon and , like their bigger brothers , tend to move down stream using the current and their heavy weight to combat the angler . the further they run the greater the possibility of getting snagged on some underwater obstruction . heavy tackle , to cut short this initial run and keep the battle in open water .
both these fish break the existing record of 78lb , these two great fish must have been a pair foraging together see the pic below .
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the camp has a total of eight spacious thatched chalets , one of which is a large and comfortable family room . each chalet opens out onto the banks of the mighty zambezi river , located just 10 metres away , where guests can sit outside and relax on their terrace , watching impala , warthog and elephant meander by .
in addition to this the family chalet comes with two bedrooms , one twin and one double , which are both en - suite and are separated by a lounge area .
the main lounge and dining area is elevated providing guests with picturesque views of the zambezi river , making it the perfect place to unwind after a full day of activities and a chance to share your safari stories with other guests , relax with a good book or enjoy a board game or two . with the lounge and dining area being open air guests can soak up the sounds of the bush and enjoy a gentle breeze passing through .
expect to come across elephants and hippo , with sightings of leopards , lions and wild dogs too .
an al ’fresco lunch is served at 1pm where the chef will prepare a fresh feast for you . afternoon tea and cake is served at 3pm where you will then head off to another activity . dinner is served upstairs under the shaded riverine trees where a chandelier is set up , which paired with the bright shining stars , create the perfect out of africa ambience .
canoeing down the zambezi river which is a rare opportunity to experience game viewing from a different perspective – a truly memorable experience . ( children policy is 12 years and above )
bushlife safaris began in 1999 when nick and des murray made a decision to make mana pools , a unesco world heritage site , their home .
nick is a hugely experienced and widely renowned professional guide with decades of experience around africa . his most - loved animal is the wild dog , and he is currently studying these intelligent social predators of mana pools , in cooperation with the painted dog conservation group . nick has an uncanny connection with the wild dogs and his walking safaris allow guests to safely observe them at close range .
together with his wife desiree , a licensed professional safari and canoe guide , they make quite the extraordinary guiding team where their passion lies in providing you with a thrilling venture that you will most certainly return for year after year .
we met this month with what we thought would be a typical october , but we were quite mistaken . from very cold , bundled - in - your - jacket mornings to blistering hot 48°c . the rainy season started . . .
summer is well and truly here ! with temperatures reaching 40 degrees celsius we are experiencing warm and sunny weather . the wildlife viewing this month has been fantastic with some incredible . . .
august is the windy month , blowing last years leaves off the trees , where we change from the cool winter to the warm days of spring . we ' ve experienced a few rough . . .
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we offer a choice of game drives in open sided four - wheel drive vehicles , each with roof to shade guests from the sun , nature walks with a professional guide or a morning / afternoon spent canoeing , the opportunity to spend time on the water canoeing down the zambezi is a rare opportunity to experience game viewing from an entirely different view point – a real highlight as it is a unique activity and not many parks offer the opportunity .
the area is teaming with wildlife , with a pair of resident leopards , lion and the distinct sound of their calls most nights , and elephants visiting to feed on the thick vegetation in camp and to have a mud bath in the pan behind camp . mana pools has a healthy population of wild dogs , which are the most endangered of the carnivores in africa .
twin beds with mosquito nets , a fan , an outside seating area . each tent has an
the main lodge offers wholesome , healthy breakfasts and alfresco lunches , served in an open - air dining room . dinners are exceptional as they are served under a canvas of stars , where after enjoying delicious food prepared by a private chef , guests can relax with a nightcap and listen to the sounds of the wild .
portfolio in mana pools , which includes ruwesi canoe trails on the zambezi river and chitake mobile tented camp .
underlying these operations is the bushlife support unit , which unites operators , guides and conservation groups in mana pools to work with the authorities in stopping the poaching of wildlife and protecting this wonderful national park and world heritage site for future generations .
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i find your newsletter and website very informative . thank you ! keep up the good work - it makes a difference ! priscilla macy - global sojourns , usa
i ' ve really found your site extremely useful . i have recommended it in all the relevant parts of the book as a first stop so readers can get latest up - to - date info , especially at a time when things are changing so fast . paul murray - author : bradt travel guide to zimbabwe
i ' m just getting acquainted with your site and would like to say thanks for all the great information provided and the effort you ' ve put forth . james lynch - usa
urltoken is the best source of independent travel information on mana pools and the zambezi river valley . it covers everything you need to know about travelling to the area . scott ramsay - leisure wheels magazine , south africa
urltoken puts this species in the
high to very high vulnerability
category in terms of survival in the wild . by using catch - and - release , you can help keep the biggest , hardiest specimens alive , so they can keep reproducing .
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the river monsters star offers some kind words for the people that helped make the show successful - the fans .
thanks to some advice from locals , jeremy finally caught the fish that eluded him for years .
jeremy reels in an elusive tapah , a fish he has spent years trying to catch .
jeremy reels in a giant trevally and barracuda , but isn’t convinced they’re the strange fish attacking fishermen near new britain .
jeremy wade doesn’t need the water to reel us in . see what happened when he visited the animal planet office !
jeremy illustrates how you can use a variety of bait and lures to reel in a black bass .
at around 700 pounds and 200 years of age , this greenland shark is one of jeremy’s largest and oldest catches .
jeremy reveals what he did to reel in the biggest catch of his river monsters career .
of all the fish jeremy has reeled in , the lau lau stands out as his most meaningful catch .
jeremy wade reveals how he brought this deep - sea dweller to the surface .
trying to reel in this fish off the coast of indonesia is a battle that pushes jeremy to his physical and mental limits .
jeremy meets with locals to find out what kind of monster fish could be terrorizing the rivers of western nepal .
jeremy was lucky enough to catch a goonch catfish once before , but not so much the second time around .
when jeremy ' s on the hunt for a monster that killed hundreds , he encounters a school of dolphins that may or may not be the friendliest .
jeremy wade is fishing in the zambezi river , looking for a fish capable of pulling a full - grown man in to the water and drowning him . what he finds is a prehistoric - looking fish with crocodile - like teeth .
though it may seem obvious to some , find out why jeremy wade releases fish back into the wild even when they ' re deadly .
top fan favorites : jeremy wade experienced a blood - sucking parasite clamped onto his bare skin last season . you , the fans , loved this clip on urltoken - hear how jeremy felt about the experience .
the whale shark is the largest fish on the planet today - and jeremy wade swims alongside one of these beautiful behemoths . could the whale shark be descended from the greatest river monster to ever live ?
what happens when you stick your arm inside the jaws of a giant paraiba catfish ? blood . watch jeremy learn this first - hand .
karri and her boyfriend michael recall the day a fish flew out of nowhere and left her with broken ribs and punctured lung .
a doctor , who lost his uncle to the depths of the amazon , desperately wanted to identify evidence of the death . so , his best solution ? to catch the killer fish and cut open their stomachs .
jeremy wade catches a piraya , a larger piranha with huge teeth . take it from us , you wouldn ' t want to run in to this fish at night or any other time of day .
with the clear waters of the florida keys working against him , jeremy is forced to reel in a large predator with thin , almost invisible fishing line .