the pacific sand sole , psettichthys melanostictus , is the only fish in the genus , psettichthys , in the , pleuronectidae , family .

it is a flatfish and inhabits northeastern pacific waters where it lives on sandy bottoms .

pacific sand sole

planktonic sand sole . only 2 . 7 cm . click image to enlarge . photo : hildering
species name : psettichthys melanostictus common name : pacific sand sole accessioned : tbd burke museum catalog number : burke museum of natural history and culture scanned by : matthew a kolmann scanner model : brucker skyscan 1173 voxel size : 50um comments : a sand sole caught by the 2016 biology of fishes course ( fhl 305a ) at friday harbor labs at jackson beach . image :
ow i hope this little planktonic fish will be a . . . sole survivor .
habitat selection of juvenile sole ( solea solea l . ) : consequences for shoreface nourishment
northeastern pacific : bering sea coast of alaska to islas los coronados , northern baja california , mexico .
similar to rock sole , which has higher arch in lateral line and shorter accessory dorsal branch .
habitat selection of juvenile sole ( solea solea l . ) : consequences for shoreface nourishment - sciencedirect
“the single embedded sand flea remained a virgin , ” thielecke wrote . the results of her self - made sand flea experiment were published last month in travel medicine .
thielecke was living in central madagascar , prime sand - flea country , for an eight - month stretch in 2011 . while working with people who were suffering from tungiasis , thielecke herself fell prey to a sand flea that tunneled deep into the sole of her right foot .
sand sole are an excellent sportfish and are good eating . however , many of these sole are mistaken for california halibut and unnecessarily returned to the water because they do not meet the minimum size requirements for halibut . learn to differentiate between the different flatfish species . sandies live to about ten years of age .
aquarium example of a sole burying itself on the bottom - the hogchoker ( trinectes maculatus ) is a small sole found on the gulf coast . unlike the southern and gulf flounders , all species of soles are right - eyed .
sand or mud - sand bottom in 5 to 167 fm . ; most abundant in 20 to 50 fm , rare below 100 fm . common in shallow coastal water from british columbia to california .
fao species identification guide . the marine living resources of the western central pacific . vol 2 : cephalopods , crustaceans , holothurians and sharks
join me in the cold , dark , life - sustaining ne pacific ocean to discover the great beauty , mystery and fragility hidden there .
on mud or sand bottoms from 5 to 750 fm . commercial catches are from 40 to 550 fm .
posted in daily musings . . . and tagged with california piers , capitola wharf , pier fishing in california , pierfishing , pismo beach pier , saltwater fish , saltwater fishing , sand sole , trinidad pier . rss 2 . 0 feed .
the worldfish center , c / o spc - secretariat of the pacific community , b . p . d5 , 98848 noumea cedex , new caledonia
sand sole are in the right - eye flounder family . most easily identified by the fact that the first four to five dorsal rays are long and free ( seemingly disconnected ) . their coloring is generally gray to tan above with light speckling .
on sand bottom from 0 to 300 fm . young are intertidal . commercial quantities caught at 15 to 80 fm .
widely distributed on sand and mud bottoms from 10 to 465 fm . most abundant at about 100 to 250 fm .
marie - josée gagnon of the salmon coast research station quickly steered me in the right direction , believing it was most likely a species of sole .
abundant off b . c . and alaska . good food fish . similar to butter sole , which has a low lateral line arch and longer accessory dorsal branch .
adults are found on sand bottom ( ref . 2850 ) , usually in deep water ( ref . 9988 ) . feed on invertebrates and bottom fishes ( ref . 6885 ) . livers of large individuals are a rich source of vitamin a ( ref . 6885 ) . marketed fresh or as frozen fillets ( ref . 2850 ) . eaten steamed , fried , micro - waved and baked ( ref . 9988 ) . generally regarded as the premium pacific coast sole ( ref . 9988 ) .
eastern and western pacific : the bering sea coast of alaska , near the aleutian islands ( ref . 27436 ) to the west bering sea and to redondo beach , southern california , usa .
in a suitable environment , the eggs develop into larvae , pupae and eventually adult sand fleas . the duration of the off - host phase depends on characteristics of the soil , ambient temperature and unknown factors . adult sand fleas carry wolbachia bacteria forming an endosymbiosis with the parasite ( heukelbach j et al . 2004a ) .
in endemic areas , surgical extraction of burrowed sand fleas is the standard treatment . usually , this is done by the patients themselves or a care - giver .
abundant off alaska . largest most valuable flatfish in the northeast pacific ; important as commercial and sport fish . similar to california halibut , which is often left - eyed , has larger mouth and less indented tail .
on sand and mud bottoms from 10 to 300 fm . most abundant at 30 to 70 fm from april through october and at 150 to 250 fm during winter .
important commercially because of good size and excellent quality . most caught by trawl and marketed as fresh or frozen fillets . similar to flathead sole and bering flounder which have one row of teeth on upper jaw .
it is plankton – the fuel of the food chain – that creates the dark , emerald waters of the northeast pacific . the plant - like plankton , known as “phytoplankton” , need light , oxygen and nutrients to grow .
balboa pier to the southeastern bering sea and aleutian islands from unalaska island to port heiden and gulf of alaska . ( and , i believe , the southern range designation came about due to pfic . on february 3 , 2005 our pfic reporter snookie caught a 15 - inch - long sand sole at the balboa pier , which was followed by a report on the message board that night . )
excellent food fish . regarded as a delicacy in california . sometimes confused with speckled sanddab , which has black speckling on body . positive identification of pacific sanddab , gulf sanddab , speckled sanddab , and longfin sanddab require full gill raker and lateral line scale counts .
the acute and chronic morbidity associated with tungiasis is the result of an inflammatory reaction around embedded female sand fleas , bacterial superinfection and likely also the release of wolbachia antigens after the death of the parasite .
the female sand flea burrows into the skin . the toes , sole , lateral rim of the foot and heel are predilection sites . 99 % of all lesions occur at the feet . itching and local irritation occurs as the female fleas develop fully and increase their body volume by a factor of 2000 within two weeks . due to bacterial superinfection of the lesions , abscesses , suppuration or lymphangitis can develop . multiple lesions and intense local inflammation restrict mobility .
with regard to the ectoparasites on the sand sole larva , marie - josée gagnon and moira galbraith have again been very generous with their knowledge . it is impossible to know the species from my photo but , due to the size , it is likely a recent infection and could be ( 1 ) first stage chalimus ; ( 2 ) lepeophtheirus bifidus – which , unlike most parasites of benthic marine species is host specific – only being found on the rock sole or possibly , ( 3 ) the isopod gnathia . i valued having affirmed too that adults and young live in different environments to eliminate competition for the same resources but also to provide a buffer or separation to prevent transfer of disease or parasites .
but wait , what are those two little zooplankton guys attached to the larval sole ? they are copepods , but what kind of copepod ? what does their presence mean ? are they parasitic ? and there i go down the marine id rabbit hole .
eschmeyer , w . n . , e . s . herald and h . hammann , 1983 . a field guide to pacific coast fishes of north america . boston ( ma , usa ) : houghton mifflin company . xii + 336 p . ( ref . 2850 )
the ultimate pier fishing resource for pacific coast pier anglers with over 350 new photos and illustrations added to this edition , including detailed , species - specific illustrations of fish - cleaning , rigging illustrations , and maps . the history and culture of each pier is thoroughly covered .
on mud , sand , or gravel bottoms from 0 to 205 fm ; most occur above 80 fm . usually found near shore . often enter brackish or fresh water , and young fish are often intertidal .
tungiasis is a cutaneous parasitosis caused by the female sand flea tunga penetrans ( and in some areas also t . trimamillata it is also commonly known as pulga de areia , nigua , pique , bicho do pé , bichodo porco or jatecuba , and in english - speaking countries , as jigger , sand flea or chigoe . tungiasis is a zoonosis and affects humans and animals alike ( heukelbach j et al , 2001 ) .
the waters of the northeast pacific are dark , making it very difficult to see into the depths . this means many people are inclined to believe that more life is found in tropical waters , where you can peer right down to the ocean bottom and see colourful fish swimming about .
this won’t necessarily help prevent sand flea scourges in countries like madagascar , thielecke and her supervisor , hermann feldmeier , told science magazine , but it might help people who are already host to one flea avoid getting more .
a burrowed female sand flea is fertilized by a male only after it has started to feed on blood . the flea’s hindquarters remain in contact with the air , providing an avenue for breathing , defecating and expelling eggs . during a period of 4 - 6 weeks the embedded sand flea undergoes different developmental stages , produces eggs and eventually dies in situ ( eisele m et al . 2003 ) . eggs are expelled and fall onto the ground .
thielecke knew that the sand fleas tend to attract each other , though , so she made sure to wear shoes and socks every day to avoid getting another flea . and she didn’t really mention it to anyone in the village .
adult flounders often feed in shallow water at night . the abandoned depressions where flounder had lain in wait for prey , called
beds
, are often clearly visible hours later , sometimes even on dry sand after tides have falled .
claude massin , sven uthicke , steven w . purcell , frank w . e . rowe , yves samyn ; taxonomy of the heavily exploited indo - pacific sandfish complex ( echinodermata : holothuriidae ) , zoological journal of the linnean society , volume 155 , issue 1 , 1 january 2009 , pages 40–59 , urltoken
she had a tetanus vaccine , so more serious infections weren’t a worry , and she knew she could easily extract it if she needed to . besides , many of the people in her village had hundreds of sand fleas , scarring and sometimes nearly crippling them .
juveniles of less than a year old feed on plankton and larvae of insects , juveniles of more than a year and adults feed on benthic fauna ( ref . 51442 ) . the adults burrow in the sand during daytime and search for food during nighttime ( ref . 173 ) .
the feet - particularly toes , sole , lateral rim , and heel - are predilection sites . ectopic tungiasis , usually seen with extensive infection often follows prolonged exposure in highly contaminated environments . infestation can occur in all parts of the body ( heukelbach et al . 2004c ) . bullous - type lesions have also been reported ( viviana l . et al . 2010 ) .
it is remarkable that the taxonomy of one of the most valuable of tropical commercial species has remained so chaotic , despite recent monographs on the species ( bai , 1980 ; hamel et al . , 2001 ) . the main problem has been the lack of name - bearing types for two of the three indo - pacific sandfish species now recognized , which has led to a lack of understanding of the original concept of those species based on erroneous , subjective identifications from original descriptions .
surgical extraction should only be performed in an appropriately equipped health facility or by an experienced community health worker using sterile instruments . after removal of sand fleas the sore has to be dressed appropriately and the tetanus vaccination status needs to be verified and a booster vaccination given , if indicated . increasing the coverage of tetanus vaccination in tungiasis - endemic areas would provide a long - lasting protective effect .
these web pages present colored pictures ( courtesy of bill barss , odfw ) and a description of each species . fish descriptions include anatomical features which aid in species identification . size , range , habitat , known depths and other common names are also included . much of the text is taken from the alaska sea grant college program marine advisory bulletin no . 47 , guide to northeast pacific flatfishes , by donald e . kramer , william h . barss , b . c . paust and b . e . bracken , 1995 edition .
this fact helped thielecke understand that it hadn’t reproduced—most likely because she kept the flea separated from its male suitors and in a permanent , single - girl - in - the - foot - city “waiting period , ” as she called it . it also taught her something about the sand flea reproductive style : the males find the clusters of females , hidden alluringly just beyond a thin layer of skin , and make their move .
different mammalian species act as reservoirs for human infection . in rural areas these are predominantly pigs and bovines ; in resource - poor urban communities dogs , cats and rats ( heukelbach j . et al . 2004 ; witt l . et al . 2007 ; pilger d . et al . 2008 ) . transmission occurs when skin comes into contact with soil or floor where adult sand fleas have developed . infection may take place inside the house , peridomiciliary or in classrooms without solid floors . .
bacterial superinfection may cause life - threatening complications , such as post - streptococcal glomerulonephritis , tetanus or gangrene ( heukelbach j . et al . 2004 ; feldmeier h . et al . 2002 ) . the traditional treatment , i . e . removal of embedded sand fleas with sharp , non - sterile instruments may lead to transmission of blood - borne pathogens such as hepatitis b and c virus , possibly also hiv ( feldmeier h et al . 2013a ) . these sequels impose additional costs on health - care systems .
their flattened shape allows them to become nearly invisible on the bottom . for further camouflage , flounders flex and flutter their dorsal and anal fins to create a slight depression in the bottom and lift sand , sediment , and bits of shell and debris to cover themselves . often , only the fish ' s eyes protrude above the bottom , moving rapidly as they watch for potential prey . when an unwary fish or shrimp comes within striking distance , the flounder erupts from the bottom and gulps it ' s prey in an instant .
a–d , holothuria ( metriatyla ) lessoni sp . nov . a , holotype ( the covering fine layer of sand was gently brushed away ) ; b , holotype ( top ) and paratype ( bottom ) ; c , black form ( ig 30768 / 5 ) ; d , mottled form ( ig 30768 / 4 ) . e , h . timama lesson , 1830 , original drawing ; f , h . timama lesson , 1830 , remaining fragment of holotype . photographs a & b by c . massin , c & d by s . purcell ; e & f by y . samyn .
in resource - poor urban neighborhoods and in indigenous communities prevalence may be as high as 60 % in the general population and up to 80 % in children ( feldmeier et al . 2012 ) . the attack rate varies from setting to setting and may be as high as six newly penetrating sand fleas per individual per 24 hours during the peak transmission season ( heukelbach j et al . 2004b ) . in endemic communities age - specific prevalence follows a characteristic pattern with a maximum prevalence in children between 5 and 14 years old and elderly people ( heukelbach j et al . 2007 ) . these age groups are also most vulnerable for severe disease ( feldmeier h et al . 2003 ) .
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this page describes the two common flounders on the mississippi coast - the southern flounder and the gulf flounder . the focus in on the more common southern flounder , with information specific to the gulf flounder added where there are substantial differences .
status : least concern ver 3 . 1 on iucn red list population trend : stable
status : least concern ver 3 . 1 on iucn red list population trend : decreasing
only rarely will inshore anglers in mississippi encounter anything but southern or gulf flounders .
the broad flounder , paralichthys squamilentus , is similar but is rarely found in inshore waters . adults prefer depths of 100 - 220 meters . juveniles are found in shallower water , but seldom in estuaries or bays . as the name implies , the broad flounder ' s body is wider , with the body width being half the length or greater .
another 15 species of lefteye flounders are found in the northern gulf of mexico , but they are unlikely to be confused with the southern , gulf , or broad flounder .
the southern flounder and gulf flounder and other flatfish are compressed laterally and spend most of their life lying on the bottom or swimming along the bottom on their side . they have prominent eyes and a large mouth with large , sharp , pointed teeth .
southern flounder and gulf flounder are known as left - eye flounders ; the eyes of the adults are always on the fish ' s left side . the opposite is true for other species of flounders , halibut , and all the species of soles , whose eyes are on the right side .
the left or
up
side of the southern and gulf flounders is light olive brown to dark brown or nearly black , with many blotches and spots of darker and lighter color . the eyeless
down
size side is white or dusky . gulf flounders are distinguished by three large dark eye - like spots , arranged in a triangle with a pair of spots about midway on the length of the fish and a third closer to the tail . southern flounders may also have scattered large spots but they are much more diffuse and gradually disappear as the fish grows older . the scales are small . as described below , flounders can modify their coloration and patterning to match the bottom .
flounder lying in ambush and partially buried on a sandy bottom . click for a larger version .
southern flounders are larger and live longer than gulf flounders . female southern flounders typically grow to about 28
, while typical female gulf flounders reach only about 18
. males of both species are smaller , typically reaching only 10 to 14
in length . after their first year of life , males spend most of their lives offshore , seldom venturing into estuaries and bays . thus , the majority of flounders caught by anglers in inshore waters are females .
flounders have small body cavities and lack a swim bladder , making it easier for them to maintain their position on the bottom .
the range of the southern flounder and the gulf flounder overlap , and both species are common in mississippi . southern flounder occur from north carolina , across the gulf of mexico , and southward into mexico , with the exception of both coasts of southern florida . the gulf flounder is found in a continuous range from north carolina , along both coasts of florida , across the gulf of mexico to texas .
flounders are found in a wide range of salinity and water temperature , from shallow , low - salinity estuaries to nearshore and shallow offshore waters to depths of 200 feet . southern flounders commonly enter fresh water and have been found in rivers 100 miles from the coast . they prefer soft sediment bottoms and are found throughout the estuaries and in the mouths of bays , bayous , and channels , often around rock jetties , piers , and pilings .
female southern flounders remain in brackish waters most of the year , only moving offshore to spawn in fall and winter . most adult males remain offshore year round .
gulf flounders seem to prefer sandy bottoms , and typically stay further offshore as adults .
for flounders on the northern gulf coast , spawning occurs offshore in water depths of 60 to 200 feet between november and january , with a peak in december . females typically spawn every three to seven days over a period of about two months , typically producing 17 , 000 to 100 , 000 eggs in each session . larger females spawn more frequently and have larger clutches of eggs .
the fertilized eggs float to the surface and hatch in about two days , producing a larva about one tenth of an inch long . the translucent larvae drift with the currents and feed on plankton . at this stage they resemble most fish , with one eye on each side of their head . they swim upright with a side - to - side motion of the tail . as the larva mature they are transported by currents and tides into the shallow water of bays and estuaries .
the stages of the southern flounder from early larva through settlement as a juvenile . source : southern regional aquaculture center publication no . 726 , species profile , southern flounder , h . v . daniels . n . c . state university .
near the end of their larval period , 30 to 60 days after hatching and at a length of 1 / 3 to 1 / 2 inch , the larval flounder settle to the bottom and begin a strange and complex metamorphosis . the skeletal system , muscles , and nerves of the head gradually rearrange themselves and the right eye moves to the left side of the head . the body also adapts to allow the fish to lie on the bottom and swim with its left side up using an up - and - down motion . the two sides of the fish change color to suit its bottom dwelling lifestyle , dark on the upper side and white on the lower side . the transition is completed in two to three weeks when the fish is a ¾ inch to one inch juvenile .
in flounders and other flatfish , the sex of the individual fish is not determined until after the metamorphosis is complete .
the young fish enter the bays during late winter and early spring , seeking shallow grassy areas near the gulf passes . as growth continues , they move farther into the bays and estuaries . some even enter coastal rivers .
small southern flounder grow rapidly and may reach 12 inches in length by the end of their first year . females grow as much as three faster than males . female flounders grow rapidly for the first two years ; then their growth slows . approximate average lengths at each age for females are shown in the table . males seldom exceed 16 inches in length .
southern flounders reach maturity at an age of about two years , though the age at maturity is reported to vary with location along the gulf coast . female southern flounders live for about seven years , while almost no males live past three years old . gulf flounders have shorter lifespans , about three years , though some studies suggest longer lives .
during the first year after hatching , both male and female southern flounders remain in shallow , brackish estuaries , and even in fresher water . they gradually move to deeper waters as they age , but remain within inshore estuaries during the first year . in the late fall , they congregate in large numbers in the lower portions of the estuaries near the gulf of mexico . as water temperatures cool , the fish move offshore into the gulf to spawn , often in mass movements triggered by the arrival of a cold front . the return to inshore waters during the later winter and spring is much more gradual .
while flounders tend to remain in a small area while in inshore waters and often return to the same home area , the spawning migrations of individual flounders can cover large distances . in tagging studies on the coast of georgia and the carolinas , tagged southern flounders have been observed to move 300 to 400 miles .
after their first year of life , male southern flounders spend most of their lives offshore , seldom venturing into estuaries and bays . gulf flounders , especially males , seldom venture into inshore waters . thus , the majority of flounders caught by anglers in inshore waters are female southern flounders .
southern flounders and gulf flounders are wonderfully adapted ambush predators that lie in wait on the bottom , hidden by extremely effective camouflage . they are able to change the coloration and patterning of their upper side to match the surrounding bottom . this is done with cells called chromatophores in the skin of their upper sides that are capable of moving a dark brown or black pigment called melanin . it is the same mechanism that allows squid and octopuses to camouflage themselves to match their surroundings .
gulf flounders blending into the bottom near an off - shore reef as well as a southern flounder partially covered with sediment . source south carolina department of natural resources .
soon after hatching , flounder larvae eat mostly plankton . as juveniles , their diet consists mainly of fish spawn , crustaceans , polychaetes , and small fish . at a length of about six inches , they shift to the adult diet of fish and shrimp . adults favor schooling fish such as menhaden , anchovies , pinfish , grunts , pigfish , croakers , and mullet . a research project in mississippi showed that southern flounders’ stomachs most frequently contained fish , with one - third also containing shrimp . it has been observed that as flounders get larger they don’t eat larger fish like most other predatory fish , but simply eat more small fish .
adult flounders consume from four to eight percent of their body weight daily . feeding activity is heaviest at water temperatures of 61 to 77ºf and during the three days following a first quarter moon and the three days before a new moon .
as larvae and juveniles , flounders are preyed upon by a variety of fish . as adults , their camouflage and bottom dwelling lifestyle provide effective protection from most potential predators . dolphins and sharks are known to feed on adult flounders .
flounders are popular sportfish and food fish throughout their range . on the northern gulf coast , flounders are popularly regarded as one of the
big three
of sportfish , along with red drum ( redfish ) and spotted seatrout ( speckled trout ) . large flounders are referred by proud anglers as
doormats .
flounders are caught not only on conventional hook and line tackle and techniques but by gigging . fishers walk or pole a small boat along the shore in very shallow water and shine a bright light onto the bottom to aid in spotting flounders , which are then speared with a gig . successful gigging requires relatively clear water and a calm night with little wind to ruffle the surface . keen eyesight and concentration are needed to discern the faint outline or the eyes of a camouflaged and buried flounder .
most of the commercial catch of flounder occurs as incidental catch in shrimp trawls , though scattered individual commercial fishermen using gigs or rod and reel also fish for the market .
broiled flounder , often stuffed with crabmeat , is one of the classic seafood dishes of the northern gulf coast . flounders are also enjoyed fried , baked , sauteed , and raw as sashimi . flounders have mild flavored white flesh , and may be cooked as whole fish or as filets .
the status of both the southern flounder and the gulf flounder is listed as
least concern
on the iucn red list , though the population status of the gulf flounder is described as decreasing .
flounders offer significant potential for aquaculture , due to their attractiveness as a table fish , their fast growth rate , and their tolerance for wide ranges of water temperature and salinity . research is being conducted with southern flounder in texas and north carolina . an aquaculture program in new hampshire with the similar winter flounder is being pursued for stock enhancement .
the flounder fishery of the gulf of mexico , united states : a regional management plan , gulf states marine fisheries commission , publication no . 83 . includes an detailed and extensive biological description of southern and gulf flounders .
species profile , southern flounder , h . v . daniels , southern regional aquaculture center publication no . 726 , north carolina state university
southern flounder , natural history and fishing techniques in south carolina , dr . charlie wenner and john archambault educational report no . 20 , south carolina department of natural resources
each link opens in a new window . close the new window to return here . some of these videos show flounder species other than the southern flounder or gulf flounder , but do illustrate typical flounder behavior .
southern flounder eating a bull minnow - filmed in an aquarium , featured above . source : low country estuarium
greek , psetta = grouper + greek , ichthys = fish ( ref . 45335 )
marine ; demersal ; depth range 1 - 325 m ( ref . 6793 ) . temperate ; 64°n - 33°n , 179°w - 118°w
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 63 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 2850 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 72 - 88 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 53 - 66 ; vertebrae : 37 - 39 . dorsal origin above point in front of eye . caudal rounded . pectorals small .
inhabits sandy bottoms . feeds on fishes , worms , crustaceans and mollusks ( ref . 6885 ) .
) : 1 . 3 - 8 . 7 , mean 5 . 2 ( based on 314 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 1 . 0000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00912 ( 0 . 00451 - 0 . 01844 ) , b = 3 . 09 ( 2 . 92 - 3 . 26 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 1 ±0 . 67 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( tm = 2 ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate vulnerability ( 37 of 100 ) .
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primarily landed at piers from monterey bay north . best bets : seacliff state beach pier , capitola wharf , santa cruz wharf , pacifica pier , candlestick state park pier , berkeley pier , point pinole pier , fort baker pier , del norte street pier in eureka and the “b” street pier in crescent city .
generally taken on cut bait such as anchovy , sardine or squid . live grass shrimp and pile worms also make good bait . most often landed on high / low leaders fished on the bottom but many are also taken in the bay area by fishermen using the live bait sliding rigging common for flounder . hooks should be size 6 to 4 .
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flatfishes are unique in that the skull is asymmetrical with both eyes on the same side of the head . flatfish begin life like symmetrical fish , with an eye on each side of the head . a few days after hatching , one eye begins to migrate and soon both eyes are close together on one side . flatfish spend the rest of their lives on or near the bottom with the eyed side facing up . the blind side is usually a paler color than the eyed side . if the right eye migrates to the left side , the flatfish is left - eyed ( sinistral ) . if the left eye migrates to the right side , the fish is right - eyed ( dextral ) .
to identify a flatfish , there are several physical characteristics that are often used . among these are the shape of the arch in the lateral line , and the presence or absence of an accessory dorsal branch to the lateral line and anal spine ( see figure below ) . other common characteristics used in flatfish species identification are size of mouth , teeth , body shape and ridge between the eyes .
flatfish are in the order pleuronectiformes . worldwide there are more than 500 species of flatfishes , in 6 or 7 families . flatfishes include flounders , soles , turbots , halibuts , sanddabs , plaices , and tonguefishes . flatfishes found in north american waters are in two broad categories - one includes the families bothidae and pleuronectidae , and the other includes the families cynoglossidae and soleidae .
the colored pictures were taken at sea or on freshly landed fish . special thanks is given to the commercial fishermen and processors for their help in making the fish available for photographing .
right - eyed . eyed side uniform dark grayish brown to olive brown . blind side dirty white to light gray . scales darker at edges . body shape elongate diamond . caudal fin crescent - shaped . lateral line nearly straight with slight curve over pectoral fin ; accessory dorsal branch absent . mouth very large with two rows of large , sharp arrow - shaped teeth . maxillary extends beyond posterior margin of lower eye . no fang - like tooth on vomer ( bone in roof of mouth ) . left eye on dorsal ridge ( visible from blind side ) . 2 gill rakers on the second upper arch . anal spine absent . preopercle c - shaped ( not angular ) . anterior nostril on blind side has small flap . dorsal fin origin at middle of eye .
to 86 cm ( 34 inches ) and up to 17 pounds . often large , and females are bigger than males .
soft bottoms from 10 to 400 fm . most common at 150 to 220 fm .
common in waters of alaska through oregon . taken primarily in trawls . not of high commercial value due to poor flesh quality . used traditionally as animal feed , but human consumption increasing .
picture : bill barss , odfw text : alaska sea grant marine advisory bulletin no . 47
right - eyed . eyed side light to dark brown or grayish brown with yellow or green mottling . blind side white . dorsal and anal fins edged with bright lemon yellow . body shape oval . caudal fin rounded to broad v - shape . lateral line has low arch over pectoral fin ; long accessory dorsal branch extends past gill cover . mouth small . teeth blunt , strongest on blind side . maxillary extends below anterior part of eye . eyes small . space between eyes flat , narrow . anal spine strong . scales on eyed side rough , extend onto fin rays .
picture : bill barss , odfw . text : alaska sea grant marine advisory bulletin no . 47 .
right - eyed . eyed side reddish brown to dark brown or black , usually with brown or grey mottling . fins dark ; dorsal and anal fins broad . blind side white . body deep oval shape . caudal fin rounded . lateral line has slight curve over pectoral fin ; long accessory dorsal branch reaches to midpoint of body . mouth small . maxillary extends to below anterior part of lower eye . eyes large , closely set . high , bony ridge between eyes with tubercle or blunt spine at each end . has 2 or 3 bony tubercles on head behind upper eye . anal spine present . first 9 to 12 dorsal fin rays are on blind side . origin or dorsal fin level with lower corner of mouth .
edibility very good . similar to spotted and hornyhead turbots , which have 4 to 6 dorsal fin rays inserted on blind side .
right - eyed . eyed side brown or grayish brown ; may be mottled with darker spots . fins blackish toward edges . blind side smudgy off - white to dark brownish gray . body elongate with very small scales . caudal fin rounded . lateral line nearly straight ; accessory dorsal branch absent . mouth very small . maxillary extends to below anterior of lower eye . teeth mostly on blind side ; teeth flat and incisor - like . eyes large and bulging , with upper eye posterior to lower eye . space between eyes convex . anal spine absent . soft , flabby body is slippery , because of large amounts of slime .
to 76 cm ( 30 inches ) and up to 10 pounds . average size in trawl catch is about 1 pound .
common and widely distributed . important commercially ; marketed as fillets . good flavor and good keeping qualities . poor flesh quality often found for fish caught below 300 fm .
right - eyed . eyed side usually uniform brown to olive brown but may have white speckles . dorsal and ventral fin edges dark . blind side white to pale yellow tinged with reddish brown . body elongate , diamond shaped . small head is slender and pointed . caudal fin nearly square with slight point at center . lateral line nearly straight with slight curve ; long accessory dorsal branch . mouth small and asymmetric . jaws stronger on blind side . maxillary extends to anterior edge of lower eye . high , narrow ridge between eyes . anal spine strong . scales smooth at anterior part of body and rough at posterior .
to 61 cm ( 24 inches ) . average size in commerical catch ( mostly females ) is about 14 inches and 3 / 4 pound .
important commercial species caught by trawl . good flavor . may have iodine flavor that is acceptable and even desirable in some markets .
right - eyed . eyed side dark olive brown to reddish gray - brown , sometimes with dusky blotches . blind side with white and translucent areas ; dorsal and anal fins have dusky blotches . pores under eye . lateral line with little arch and no dorsal branch . upper jaw is narrow in the middle and has 1 row of teeth .
silty or muddy bottoms from 0 to 575 fm . ( common 55 to 135 fm ) .
almost always right - eyed . eyed side greenish brown to dark brown or black with lighter blotches . blind side white to milky white . body large and stout with elongate diamond shape . caudal fin has crescent shape often indented near edges ( double truncate ) . lateral line has high arch over pectoral fin , accessory dorsal branch absent . mouth large with two rows of teeth on upper jaw and one row on lower jaw . maxillary reaches to below middle of lower eye . area between eyes flat to slightly concave . anal spine present . scales small and smooth on both sides of body .
to 267 cm ( 105 inches ) and 500 pounds . there are unverified reports of fish over 9 feet and 700 pounds . average size in commercial catch is 30 to 40 pounds .
sea of japan and sea of okhotsk north to gulf of anadyr . bering sea south to point camalu , northern baja california .
found from 3 to 600 fm . mostly in 15 to 150 fm in summer , but deeper in winter .
left - eyed . eyed side dull light brown , mottled with brown or black and sometimes yellow or orange . blind side off - white to tan . body oval , with large scales . caudal fin only slightly rounded . lateral line nearly straight ; accessory dorsal branch absent . mouth medium sized with maxillary extending below anterior part of lower eye . eyes large . anals spine absent . gill rakers on lower limb of first arch are 12 to 16 . scale count in lateral line is 61 to 70 .
to 41 cm ( 16 inches ) . to 2 pounds ; most weigh less than 1 / 3 pound .
sea of japan , aleutian islands , bering sea , and south to cape san lucas , baja california .
right - eyed . eyed side uniform light to dark brown . blind side white , sometimes with pink traces . body shape oval to round . caudal fin longest in middle and slightly indented near edges . lateral line with low curve over pectoral fin ; accessory dorsal branch absent . mouth large . maxillary extends to below or slightly beyond middle of lower eye . upper jaw with two rows of small , arrow - shaped teeth ; one row of teeth on lower jaw . posterior edge of lower jaw rounded . eyes medium - sized with broad space between them . anal spine strong .
to 70 cm ( 28 inches ) and 8 pounds . average size in trawl catch is about 1 to 2 pounds .
bering sea and aleutian islands through gulf of alaska to coronado islands , northern baja california .
right - eyed . eyed side uniform light brown to gray . edges of dorsal and ventral fins dark or dusky . pectoral fin on eyed side very long and mostly black . blind side off - white to dusky . body elongate . caudal fin rounded with rays longest in center , forming a broad v . lateral line nearly straight . mouth very small . maxillary extends to below anterior edge of lower eye . snout rounded . eyes large with ridge between them . anal spine strong . scales small .
to 61 cm ( 24 inches ) . average size about 10 inches and 1 / 2 pound .
abundant and excellent food fish . commonly marketed
rexed
which is head off and gutted .
right - eyed . eyed side gray to olive to dark brown or black , mottled with lighter or darker shades , sometimes spotted with yellow or red . dorsal and anal fins have dark blotches or bars ; fins may be yellowish near tail . body thick , oval to round . caudal fin rounded or in shape of a broad v . lateral line has high arch ; accessory dorsal branch short . mouth small with fleshy lips . maxillary extends below anterior edge of eye . teeth more strongly developed on blind side . eyes small . anal spine strong . scales rough , tuberculate on eyed side .
to 61 cm ( 24 inches ) and 6 pounds . weight is usually between 1 and 1 . 5 pounds .
in sea of japan and sea of okhotsk . from bering strait south to tanner bank off southern california .
on rocky , pebbly , or sandy bottoms form 0 to 200 fm . most are caught in 20 to 40 fm .
right - eyed . eyed side light green or gray to brown with fine , dark brown to black speckles . skin on eyed side has the feel of fine sandpaper . dorsal and anal fins often have dull yellow on edges . blind side white . body shape elongate to oval . caudal fin rounded . lateral line has slight curve over pectoral fin ; accessory dorsal branch short to moderate . mouth large with large teeth . maxillary extends below middle of lower eye . eyes small with flat , wide space between them . anal spine strong . first few dorsal fin rays elongate and mostly free of membrane .
from near shore to about 100 fm . a shallow water species usually found shallower than 40 fm . prefers sandy bottom .
fine food fish . common and often caught by sport fishermen from shore . a minor part of the commercial trawl catch .
belongs to the right - eyed family , but can also be left - eyed . eyed side olive to dark brown or almost black . unpaired fins white to yellow to orange with black bars . blind side white to creamy white . body shape oval . caudal fin nearly square or slightly rounded . lateral line with slight curve over pectoral fin ; accessory dorsal branch absent . mouth small . maxillary extends below anterior part of lower eye . eyes small with lower eye anterior to upper eye . space between eyes flat . head slender , pointed . anal spine strong . scattered rough tubercles ( star - like scales ) on eyed side .
to 91 cm ( 36 inches ) and 20 pounds . usual size is 12 to 14 inches .
in sea of japan and sea of okhotsk . from chukchi sea , bering sea , and aleutian islands south to los angeles harbor , california .
common . important sport fish . highly regarded as food fish , but has moderate commercial value . processing difficult due to rough skin , and needs to be deep skinned to remove unappealing , dark fat layer .
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fish can be categorized many ways ; for example , mark bittman , author of how to cook everything , divides fish into 11 categories . for simplicity’s sake , we have identified five . generally , you can substitute any fish within one category for another , although you’ll notice differences in taste .
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greek , eos = dawn , aurore + greek , psetta = grouper ( ref . 45335 )
named after david starr jordan , great inciter of ichthyology in the usa ( ref . 6885 )
marine ; demersal ; depth range 0 - 550 m ( ref . 6793 ) . temperate ; 67°n - 31°n , 172°e - 117°w
maturity : l m 44 . 0 , range 40 - 44 cm max length : 53 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 56527 ) ; 70 . 0 cm tl ( female ) ; common length : 42 . 5 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 56527 ) ; max . published weight : 3 . 7 kg ( ref . 56527 ) ; max . reported age : 35 years ( ref . 55701 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 87 - 101 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 67 - 79 ; vertebrae : 41 - 44 . dorsal origin over middle part of eye . caudal longest in middle , ending in a broad ' v ' . pectoral fins large , bluntly pointed .
) : 1 - 8 . 6 , mean 5 ( based on 420 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 7500 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00661 ( 0 . 00411 - 0 . 01061 ) , b = 3 . 10 ( 2 . 97 - 3 . 23 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( k = 0 . 16 ; tm = 7 - 8 ; tmax = 35 ; fec = 400 , 000 ) .
prior r = 0 . 35 , 2 sd range = 0 . 21 - 0 . 57 , log ( r ) = - 1 . 05 , sd log ( r ) = 0 . 25 , based on : 1 m , 1 k , 7 tgen , 2 tmax , 2 fec records


the yellow steppe lemming ( eolagurus luteus ) is a species of rodents in the family cricetidae .

it is found in china , kazakhstan , and mongolia .

its natural habitat is temperate desert .

yellow steppe lemming

: narrow dark brown spinal stripe ; ventral fur gray to yellow ; tail white ; winter fur more yellow than summer fur .
bolonina , n . 1960 . tumors induced by methylcholanthrene in the steppe lemming . a transmissible strain of lemming sarcoma ( ls ) .
mohi aldeen , k . , c . finn . 1970 . the implantation of blastocysts in the russian steppe lemming (
a steppe lemming usually stays within six meters of its burrow . it will deplete the food supply around the burrow , then begin to maintain peripheral , temporary burrows that allow it to forage in more distant areas .
breeding interval steppe lemmings breed about six times per year between april and september .
steppe lemmings are an important prey base for many carnivores of the steppe . in addition , their presence in an area can limit the success of other voles .
semb - johansson , a . , c . engh , e . ostbye . 1993 . reproduction , litter size and survival in a laboratory strain of the norwegian lemming (
steppe areas are regions with sufficient rainfall to support grasses , but too little moisture to support forest growth .
is an herbivore feeding primarily on the above ground portions of plants . steppe lemmings have a preference for austrian wormwood (
this species is used in research related to cancer and exposure to toxic chemicals . steppe lemmings are also kept as pets .
steppe lemmings are prey for many predatory mammals and birds including : steppe polecats , ermines , weasels , foxes , domestic cats , eagle owls , buzzards , harriers , and kestrels . they avoid predation by lying flat on the substrate , staying under the cover of vegetation , entering their burrows , or by hiding in natural crevices or temporary burrows .
mal ' kova , m . , n . pal’chekh , v . yakimenko , l . kuz’min . 2004 . the spatiotemporal structure of rodent populations in the steppe zone of western siberia .
young are altricial , and they are cared for by the female in a nest area , which , in the case of steppe lemmings , is located within the burrow . the nest is commonly located at a depth of 25 to 30 cm below the surface . it is spherical in form and lined with soft grasses . female steppe lemmings are known for their aggressive nature in protecting young . males take no part in caring for the young .
when population densities are high , the presence of steppe lemmings can be destructive to the ecosystem . in some cases they will reduce vegetation such that only hardy plants such as wormwood remain . in extreme situations where predation is limited ,
inhabits eurasian steppes , feeding on grasses and herbs , and depending on the cover these provide to avoid predation . steppe lemmings are found in particular abundance in areas of mixed feather grass and sheep’s fescue , but also in growths of wormwood (
communcate via scent marking and vocalization . scent marking is used to delineate territory and establish dominance . calls are used for various social interactions including warning others of danger and making threats . female steppe lemmings are particularly vocal just prior to giving birth .
, males are usually promiscuous , though some species are monogamous . male and female steppe lemmings are only found living together in shared burrows before the birth of young . following this event , the male will move to another burrow and avoid involvement in raising the young . some female
lemmings are famous for their mass migrations . steppe lemmings , though they are not true lemmings , also participate in mass migrations . smaller scale migrations often occur locally as populations move from one food source to another due to seasonal changes in availability . however , mass migrations can occur in years when population densities rise too high due to mild autumns that allow continued breeding , or due to a lack of predators .
) , but will also take herbs , grasses , lichens , roots , tubers , and bulbs . the average daily food intake is 10 . 7 g in the summer . during this time only the best portions of the plant are eaten . the remains are left out or packed into the burrow and will serve to provide the animal with nourishment when other food is scarce . steppe lemmings are able to process large amounts of abrasive vegetation because they possess continuously growing molars ( and incisors ) .
steppe lemmings breed primarily between the months of april and september , though winter breeding does sometimes occur . the length of the estrus cycle is seven days , and implantation takes place six or seven days following fertilization . during the normal breeding season a female will produce about six litters each consisting of three to seven young . litters tend to be largest in the spring . the female gives birth to young weighing about 1 g each after a gestation period of approximately 20 days . although data are unavailable for
steppe lemmings are burrowers that dig two types of burrows , domicile burrows and temporary burrows . the domicile burrow commonly has two to three openings , but only one distinct main entrance surrounded by a mound of raised earth . the main passage heads down at an angle of 30 to 40 degrees to a depth of up to 90 cm . a spherical nest area , located in the main passage , varies in size from about eight to 12 cm in diameter . there are also numerous blind ended passages , used when the animal is threatened , that extend up from the main burrow to within several centimeters of the surface . separate , shallower , temporary burrows located within three meters of the main burrow are also used in times of danger .
steppe lemmings are relatively small arvicolines having masses that vary seasonally from an average of 22 g in the winter to 34 . 8 g in the summer . the combined length of the head and body ( for adults ) ranges between 80 to 120 mm . females are slightly larger than males . lagurus can be distinguished from lemmiscus by possession of a tail that is shorter than the hind foot , with lengths ranging from 7 to 19 mm . the eyes are small , and the pinnae are short , rounded , and lack an antitragus . the dorsal pelage is gray to gray - brown with a central black stripe running longitudinally , while the ventral pelage is light in color . sexual dimorphism in size or color is uncommon in arvicolinae . the pedes are almost completely covered in fur and have four pads . females have eight teats .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
justification : a widespread species with no known major threats . listed as least concern .
distributed in china , kazakhstan , russia and mongolia . main part of the range is in china , n xinjiang ( smith and xie in press ) . in mongolia found in dzungarian govi desert and parts of trans altai govi desert ( sokolov and orlov , 1980 ) . recently recorded in ikh nartiin chuluu nature reserve in eastern govi . at the end of xix century used to be common in caspian and kazakhstan deserts and semi - deserts , but western part of the range drastically has drastically shrunk . currently western limit of the range is at zaisan basin , kazakhstan ( gromov and erbaeva 1995 ) . in russia found in s altai near the border with kazakhstan and china .
this species experiences population fluctuations on a yearly basis , with large populations observed in 1993 ( n . batsaikhan pers . comm . ) , 1996 , 1997 and 2002 ( d . avirmed pers . comm . ) , however , the most recent estimate in 2005 found small population sizes ( d . avirmed pers . comm . ) . in kazakhstan and russia it is rare .
possible habitat degradation through grazing by increasing numbers of livestock . drying of water sources and droughts also threaten this species , although it remains unclear if these represent natural environmental changes or are driven by anthropogenic activity . these are not considered to be major threats to the survival of the species .
least concern in china , data deficient in russia . in mongolia approximately 50 % of the species’ range occurs within protected areas .
this errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .
( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t7782a115086020 .
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is found on the steppes of eurasia from the dnieper river of ukraine in the west to the yenisey river northeast of kazakhstan in the east . the range extends through kazakhstan into northwest china and northern mongolia while reaching its southern limit at the tien shan range . the northern limit of the range occurs at about 55ºn . in the pleistocene the range of the genus
, the northern subspecies , is found in the northern european portion of the former u . s . s . r . and in northern kazakhstan . the isolated subspecies
) . when feather grass dominates the flora , lemmings tend to be found in places lacking vegetation , such as in rocky areas . in general they prefer loose soils that allow for easier burrowing .
when living near agricultural lands , individuals often take up residence in fields and , in some cases , they have been known to live in storage buildings . however , as plowing damages their burrows , they must frequently make temporary moves away from the cultivated fields . this requirement leads to relatively low populations in agricultural areas .
diagnostic molar characteristics include five closed enamel loops in m3 , with the elongated posterior loop angled labially , and an m1 with seven to eight closed enamel loops . the skull is flat in profile and the zygomatic arches are wide and heavily built . the sagittal crest is absent .
geographic variation includes trends of increasing body size and narrowing of the dorsal stripe from west to east . individuals also tend to have paler fur to the east and south . more specific differences between the subspecies include :
have a postpartum estrus allowing mating to occur following parturition . this , in combination with early sexual maturation and short gestation periods , leads to the high reproductive potential of
. females reach sexual maturity at 21 to 140 days . variability in sexual maturation age is due largely to delayed maturation in those females born in late autumn . males tend to mature slightly earlier than females , but no information is available on variability in male maturation age .
( mohi aldeen and finn , 1970 ; nowak , 1999 ; ognev , 1964 ; pokrovskij , 1970 ; semb - johansson , et al . , 1993 )
breeding season primarily april to september , but some mating occurs in the winter .
lifespans are approximately 0 . 5 to 2 . 0 years . one source lists the maximum longevity for
as 3 . 8 years . most probably live no longer than one year .
this species is primarily crepuscular ( active in the late evening and early morning ) . it has also been characterized as nocturnal , though it sometimes remains active through the day . male and female arvicolines typically maintain territories , which are marked using glandular secretions . females engage in competition for resource - rich territories , while competition in males is focused on gaining access to females .
revealed differences in distribution when population densities differed . in the spring , when population densities were low ( 6 . 1 individuals per hectare ) ,
lived in territorial family groups consisting of about six individuals . each family group occupied an average territory of 0 . 2 hectares , and was separated from other groups by 73 . 3 m . in the autumn , when population densities were higher ( 34 . 0 individuals per hectare ) , no family groups could be distinguished .
( formozov , 1996 ; mal ' kova , et al . , 2004 )
adam rountrey ( author ) , university of michigan - ann arbor , phil myers ( editor , instructor ) , museum of zoology , university of michigan - ann arbor .
living in the northern part of the old world . in otherwords , europe and asia and northern africa .
young are born in a relatively underdeveloped state ; they are unable to feed or care for themselves or locomote independently for a period of time after birth / hatching . in birds , naked and helpless after hatching .
having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .
having markings , coloration , shapes , or other features that cause an animal to be camouflaged in its natural environment ; being difficult to see or otherwise detect .
animals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature . endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia , although it may have arisen in a ( now extinct ) synapsid ancestor ; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities . convergent in birds .
referring to a burrowing life - style or behavior , specialized for digging or burrowing .
offspring are produced in more than one group ( litters , clutches , etc . ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ) . iteroparous animals must , by definition , survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ) .
the area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .
the business of buying and selling animals for people to keep in their homes as pets .
the kind of polygamy in which a female pairs with several males , each of which also pairs with several different females .
places a food item in a special place to be eaten later . also called
hoarding
that region of the earth between 23 . 5 degrees north and 60 degrees north ( between the tropic of cancer and the arctic circle ) and between 23 . 5 degrees south and 60 degrees south ( between the tropic of capricorn and the antarctic circle ) .
a terrestrial biome . savannas are grasslands with scattered individual trees that do not form a closed canopy . extensive savannas are found in parts of subtropical and tropical africa and south america , and in australia .
a grassland with scattered trees or scattered clumps of trees , a type of community intermediate between grassland and forest . see also tropical savanna and grassland biome .
a terrestrial biome found in temperate latitudes ( > 23 . 5° n or s latitude ) . vegetation is made up mostly of grasses , the height and species diversity of which depend largely on the amount of moisture available . fire and grazing are important in the long - term maintenance of grasslands .
reproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female .
, arvicolidae ) over - mark and adjacent - mark the scent marks of same - sex conspecifics .
formozov , a . 1996 . adaptive modifications of behavior in mammals of the eurasian steppes .
fauna of the ussr : mammals volume iii , no . 8 : voles ( microtinae )
. washington , d . c . : smithsonian institution libraries and the national science foundation .
krebs , c . 2001 . voles and lemmings . pp . 628 - 633 in d macdonald , s norris , eds .
mammals of the u . s . s . r and adjacent countries : mammals of eastern europe and northern asia vol . vii rodents
oku , y . , j . wei , j . chai , i . osman , j . wei , l . liao , m . asakawa , k . hagiwara , k . kobayashi , m . ito . 2002 . meriones meridianus and lagurus lagurua as alternative definitive hosts of echinococcus multilocularis and e . granulosus .
pokrovskij , a . 1970 . seasonal changes in biological cycles in some rodents and the problem of absolute age determination .
ralls , k . 1976 . mammals in which females are larger than males .
) . pp . 329 - 337 in n stenseth , r ims , eds .
, vol . linnean society symposium series no . 15 . london : academic press : harcourt brace & co . .
de magalhães , j . 2006 .
human ageing genomic resources
( on - line ) . accessed march 19 , 2006 at urltoken .
to cite this page : rountrey , a . 2006 .
lagurus lagurus
( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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musser , guy g . , and michael d . carleton / wilson , don e . , and deeann m . reeder , eds .
mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vol . 2
mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 2nd ed . , 3rd printing
with contributions by bernadette n . graham , adam p . potter , and mariana m . upmeyer
comments : gromov and polyakov ( 1977 ) and gromov and erbajeva ( 1995 ) excellently covered morphology , geographic distribution , and phylogeny ; cranial and dental morphology also described by hinton ( 1926a ) . the three synonyms were originally appied as species to samples of eolagurus from early and middle pleistocene sediments , but are now regarded as extinct subspecies of e . luteus ( gromov and polyakov , 1977 )
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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no use as a complete program , for sequential use with other bbc clips , for unofficial association with bbc , or in a manner that brings bbc into disrepute . additional bbc motion gallery restrictions apply – see section 3 ( g ) of applicable getty images license agreement . please contact getty images for any use of this clip for education / learning purposes . cannot be used by clients located in the territories indicated : china - greater
you are welcome to use content from the getty images site on a complimentary basis for test or sample ( composite or comp ) use only , for up to 30 days following download . however , unless a license is purchased , content cannot be used in any final materials or any publicly available materials . no other rights or warranties are granted for comp use .
the ibm strategic repository for digital assets such as images and videos is located at urltoken . this repository is populated with tens of thousands of assets and should be your first stop for asset selection .