the rufous-fronted parakeet ( bolborhynchus ferrugineifrons ) is a species of parrot in the family psittacidae .

endemic to colombia , its natural habitats are high-altitude shrubland , high-altitude grassland and arable land .

it is threatened by habitat destruction and is classified as " vulnerable " by the international union for conservation of nature .

rufous - fronted parakeet

information on the rufous - fronted parakeet is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
the rufous - fronted parakeet is the only small parrot in a very restricted , high altitude range .
the rufous - fronted parakeet ( bolborhynchus ferrugineifrons ) is losing habitat to agriculture , grazing and conversion to firewood .
anon . 2007 . discovered : the first ever nest of the rufous - fronted parakeet . cyanopsitta : 15 .
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golden - plumed parakeet ( leptosittaca branickii ) y brown - breasted parakeet ( pyrrhura callipetra ) .
18 - 19 cm . chunky parakeet . mostly dark green , with rufous area around bill and bluish tinge to primaries .
project and progress : in 2001 wpt granted american bird conservancy funds to help the ngo proyecto ognorhynchus preserve and study the parrots of the andes , which included yellow - eared conures and the rufous - fronted parakeet .
most of the representatives of the genus bolborhynchus own short and acuminate tail feathers , which is unusual for parakeets . obvious differences between the sexes cannot be found with any species of that genus . it contains the following species : andean parakeet , bolborhynchus orbygnesius ; barred parakeet , bolborhynchus lineola ; rufous - fronted parakeet , bolborhynchus ferrugineifrons .
the endangered rufous - fronted parakeet is restricted in range to the central andes of colombia . these birds are a rich dark green with rufous around the bill , pale green underparts and blue on the outer primaries . the rufous - fronted parakeet is found in semi - humid and humid montane scrub and elfin forest on the borders of páramo and agricultural areas . these parrots prefer to feed on the ground , where they forage for grass seeds , seeds of frailejones and flowers . habitat degradation caused by firewood gathering , grazing , buring and cultivation continues to the shrink the already small range of this species .
there are currently two species considered to be severely endangered - yellow - eared parrot ognorhynchus icterotis and fuerte’s parrot hapalopsittaca fuertesi ; two in danger - great green mackaw ara ambiguus and santa marta parakeet pyrrhura viridicata - and seven vulnerable – military macaw ara militaris , golden - plumed parakeet leptosittaca branickii , brown - breasted parakeet pyrrhura calliptera , rufous - fronted parakeet bolborhynchus ferrugineifrons , spot - winged parrotlet touit stictopterus , saffron - headed parrot gypopsitta pyrilia and rusty - faced parrot hapalopsittaca amazonina .
in comparison , wolters ( 1975 - 1982 ) assigns each of the last two parakeet species to an own genus . so , the sierra parakeet (
we have an amazing birding tour , around ( western , central and eastern andes colombia ) . bogota birding is a company specialized in offering birding trips , orchids & mammals in colombia . . here video the endemic , rufous - fronted parakeet , bolborhynchus ferrugineifrons , lorito cadillero , los nevados national natural park
ecology : the rufous - fronted parakeet is found in cold and sparsely wooded hillsides at an altitude of 2400 - 4000m ( 7872 - 13 , 120 ft ) . birds feed on grass seeds on the ground , herbs and flowers . may be found in potato fields . they may be nomadic outside of breeding season ; birds are gregarious and easily approached .
the taxonomists agree with each other as well . the lineolated parakeet belongs to the order of the
[ five species of parakeet ( bolborhynchus ) ] [ picture ] / w . t . cooper
cooper , william t . ( 1972 ) . [ five species of parakeet ( bolborhynchus ) ] .
collar , n . & boesman , p . ( 2018 ) . rufous - fronted parakeet ( bolborhynchus ferrugineifrons ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 10 july 2018 ) .
, i met lots of different statements during my investigations , especially concerning
the next of kin
of the lineolated parakeet . however , i will try to offer the general idea about the taxonomy of the lineolated parakeet .
18–19 cm . rich , fairly dark green , paler on underparts and rump ; area around bill rufous ; bluish on outer webs of primaries . immature undescribed .
birdlife international . 2013 . species factsheet : barred parakeet bolborhynchus lineola . downloaded from birdlife international on 15 february 2013 .
[ five species of parakeet ( bolborhynchus ) ] [ picture ] / w . t . cooper | national library of australia
cooper , william t . [ five species of parakeet ( bolborhynchus ) ] [ picture ] / w . t . cooper 1972
cooper , william t . 1972 , [ five species of parakeet ( bolborhynchus ) ] [ picture ] / w . t . cooper
outcomes : a report by researcher niels krabb found that , of the thirty - two species of parrot restricted to the andes and the temperate zone of patagonia , fifteen , including the rufous - fronted parakeet , are considered threatened with extinction , primarily because of habitat loss through deforestation . poaching was another main concern . the study determined that knowledge of species ' distribution and population status was required for planning and beginning conservation measures . it also decided that for the parrots of the andean region conservation through in - country programmes would result in the best outcome .
history : the rufous - fronted parakeet , or bolborhynchus ferrugineifrons , is found only in the c andes of colombia , mainly in the volcan ruiz - tolima massif in tolima , risaralda , quindio and caldas . there it exists on cold , scrubby and sparsely wooded mountain slopes , known as paramo , feeding on grass seeds , herbs and flowers . loss of the specific paramo vegetation seems to have had the most adverse effect on population numbers . although trapping for the bird trade exists , it is not thought to have been significant enough to cause a decline in the population .
de souancé , c . 1856 . [ description of a new species of parakeet ] . revue et magasin de zoologie pure et appliquée series 2 volume 8 : 144 .
{ { citation | title = [ five species of parakeet ( bolborhynchus ) ] [ picture ] / w . t . cooper | author1 = cooper , william t . ( william thomas ) , 1934 - 2015 | year = 1972 | language = english } }
the andean parakeet is one of those parakeets that nests underground . a burrow will be formed in a steep bank . a clutch of up to ten eggs ( but generally 4 to 6 ) may be laid . the eggs are incubated by the hen for about 20 days
threatened species lists are always subject to change , and that in birds to watch was intended for regular update . subsequent information has led to some adjustments , involving the deletion of yellow - sided parakeet pyrrbura bypoxantba ( an invalid species ) , the relegation of yellowfaced amazon amazona xantbops to near - threatened status , the promotion from near - threatened status of whiteh eaded amazon amazona leucocepbala , and the addition of el oro parakeet pyrrhura orcesi , fuertes ' hapalopsittaca fuertesi and fireeyed parrots h . pyrrbops , bluecheeked amazona dufresniana and alder amazons a . tucumana . currently , therefore , icbp considers 42 neotropical parrot species at risk .
the andean parakeet is uncommon to locally common from 3 , 000 - 4 , 000m in semi - arid cloud forests , especially with polylepis , or in brushy montane ravines . it forages in small groups or pairs in bamboo thickets or leguminaceous trees , and occasionally on the ground , and nests in deep burrows in steep embankments .
all but one of these species are distributed within six general areas , as follows . central america ( mexico ) holds four ( thick - billed parrot rbyncbopsitta pacbyrbyncba , maroon - fronted parrot r . terrisi , red - crowned amazon amazona viridigenalis and socorro conure aratinga brevipes ) ; the caribbean holds seven ( cuban conure aratinga eu op s , white - headed amazon amazona leucocepbata , puerto rican amazon a . uittata , st . lucia amazon a . versicolor , red - necked amazon a . arausiaca , st . vincent amazon a . guildingii , imperial amazon a . imperialis ) ; the lowland forests of northern south america hold four ( golden conure guaruba guarouba , pearly parakeet pyrrbura p ert ata , blue - cheeked amazon amazona dufresniana , yellowshouldered amazon a . barbadensis ) ; the andes of northwestern south america hold 11 ( golden - plumed
the andean parakeet is plump and relatively short - tailed , and dark green throughout , with a yellow tinge to the face and belly , brightest in the throat and upper breast . the outer webs of the primaries are teal , and can even approach violet . juveniles lack the yellow tinge , and all ages have a plain grayish bill and dull pink legs .
collar , n . , bonan , a . & boesman , p . ( 2018 ) . fiery - shouldered parakeet ( pyrrhura egregia ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
collar , n . , sharpe , c . j . & boesman , p . ( 2018 ) . malherbe ' s parakeet ( cyanoramphus malherbi ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
sacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .
generally occurs at lower elevations and is smaller , with pale bill , and black shoulder patch , wing - bars and barring on flanks .
vulnerable b1ab ( iii , v ) ; c2a ( i ) ; d2 ver 3 . 1
this species is listed to vulnerable because it has a small population which is continuing to decline because of ongoing habitat degradation , with a high proportion of birds concentrated in one or two strongholds .
. most records are from the volcán ruiz - tolima massif in tolima , risaralda , quindío and caldas , but there are two specimens and a few observations from volcán puracé in cauca , and it is probably present at low densities along the intervening ridge . the population has recently been estimated at 2 , 000 - 4 , 000 individuals ( renjifo
2002 ) , significantly higher than previous estimates . in september 1993 , the species was found to be common ( over 100 birds seen in eight hours ) at el bosque , below laguna de otún , in its stronghold , los nevados national park
the population is estimated to number 2 , 000 - 4 , 000 individuals , roughly equating to 1 , 300 - 2 , 700 mature individuals . trend justification : a slow and on - going population decline is suspected on the basis of habitat destruction and degradation , particularly in the páramo .
it inhabits temperate sub - páramo and páramo at 3 , 000 - 4 , 000 m , sometimes as low as 2 , 800 m . it also uses modified shrublands and agricultural areas in the temperate zone , and seems tolerant of heavily modified habitats ( c . downing
( juniper and parr 1998 ) . it forages terrestrially , mostly taking grass - seeds ( especially
conversion of forest for agricultural purposes has been widespread below 3 , 300 m in the central andes . at higher elevations , the forest is exploited for firewood and grazing , but large areas remain . given its adaptation to the agricultural environment , the level of threat posed by deforestation is unknown
. 2000 ) . conversely , widespread destruction of páramo vegetation , even in los nevados , seems to have seriously affected numbers . this is caused by frequent burning ( promoting fresh shooting ) , intense grazing and , to a lesser extent , conversion to potato cultivation . the colombian authorities have been unable to purchase pre - existing landholdings within national parks , often rendering the parks ineffective . it is occasionally kept as a pet .
survey and monitor the species ' s population movements , densities and distribution . clarify its natural history and threats to identify appropriate conservation actions
. 2000 ) . enhance the protection of los nevados through fire control , a major reduction in livestock - grazing and agriculture and , where necessary , compensation to farmers .
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) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : bolborhynchus ferrugineifrons . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
typical calls are short overslurred slightly nasal notes , usually given in a fast repeated series . . .
males with developed gonads in jan . nests reportedly found in rock cavities in cliff .
no information . likely to wander a little outside breeding season , and has been encountered as low . . .
vulnerable . previously listed as endangered . cites ii . a birdlife “restricted - range” species . habitat degradation , caused by firewood - gathering , grazing , burning . . .
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recent reappraisal of higher taxonomy of parrots # r proposed arrangement into three superfamilies , here treated as families ( strigopidae , cacatuidae , psittacidae ) ; same study split psittacidae , as here defined , into three families , with additional recognition of psittrichasidae ( psittrichas to coracopsis , below ) and psittaculidae ( psephotus to micropsitta , below ) ; in present work , separation of these families considered to require further study and perhaps additional support . in the past , present family was often split into two , with recognition of family loriidae ; at the other extreme , it was sometimes considered to include all psittaciformes .
some recent molecular studies indicated a sister relationship between bolborhynchus lineola and nannopsittaca # r # r , another study finding that psilopsiagon was sister to these two genera # r ; a different analysis suggested a sister relationship between touit and nannopsittaca ( although bolborhynchus was not sampled ) # r .
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classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) and listed on appendix ii of cites ( 2 ) .
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both adults in general short , green parrots with red markings on face ; red frontal mark , lores and base of lower mandible blue / green underwings ; short rounded tail . bill grey / yellow . eye dark brown .
cites birdlife international internet bird collection a guide to parrots of the world , juniper and parr , 1998 parrots of the world , forshaw , 2006 . 2010 edition
clearing of forest for agriculture ; also widespread destruction of páramo vegetation , caused by slash burning , has affected numbers .
occurs in cold , scrubby and sparsely wooded mountain slopes at around 2400 - 4000m ( 7872 - 13 , 120 ft ) . may be found in potato fields .
may be nomadic outside of breeding season ; gregarious , roosts communally on cliffs . easily approached .
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periquito barrado ( bolborhynchus lineola ) . pichón de pocos dias con su madre .
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. however , in some systematics the
neo - tropic parrots
are assigned to the
real parrots
, as well .
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reproduced in : parrots of the world / joseph m . forshaw . melbourne : lansdowne , 1973 , p . [ 451 ] .
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the cooperative movement : globalization from below / richard c . williams ; with preface by george cheney
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long treated as a colour morph of c . auriceps but now generally recognized as a separate species # r on basis mainly of assortative mating # r and bill morphology # r , backed up by molecular data # r . form hochstetteri of c . novaezelandiae has been treated as race of present species # r , apparently in error . monotypic .
formerly scattered through most of new zealand ; now confined to n south i . translocated to several islands off south i ( chalky , maud , blumine ) and off north i ( tuhua ) # r .
20 cm . very similar to c . auriceps but frontal band orange , crown pale yellow , patches either side of rump orange . immature almost lacks frontal band .
commonest call a quite nasal rattling chatter , “kehkehkehkehkeh . . . ” , similar to both
forest , in one area being found breeding only at 600–900 m in . . .
scale insects , flower and leaf buds , flowers , young leaves , berries and seeds .
critically endangered . cites ii . in 19th century , distributed widely throughout north i , most of south i , and stewart is of new zealand , but range and population have . . .
this and all the taxa following below have recently been suggested to form a separate family # r . see also under family psittacidae .
molecular data indicate that this taxon is closest to eunymphicus ( see above ) .
( p . l . sclater , 1881 ) – se venezuela and adjacent w guyana .
j . t . zimmer & phelps , sr , 1946 – se bolívar ( in se venezuela ) and adjacent n brazil ( extreme ne roraima ) .
25 cm . generally green ; crown and lores brown edged green ; ear - coverts reddish brown ; sides of neck and breast edged whitish and tipped dark , giving light scaled effect ; . . .
most common call is a series of harsh notes , e . g . “krreek krreek krreek” , both in flight and . . .
tepuí ( tabletop ) forest and edge , ranging round the bases of these mountains , 700–1800 . . .
not globally threatened . cites ii . a birdlife “restricted - range” species . apparently common , but there is considerable loss of habitat in the range of nominate
. most records are from the volcn ruiz - tolima massif in tolima , risaralda , quindo and caldas , but there are two specimens and a few observations from volcn purac in cauca , and it is probably present at low densities along the intervening ridge . the population has recently been estimated at 2 , 000 - 4 , 000 individuals ( renjifo
2002 ) , significantly higher than previous estimates . in september 1993 , the species was found to be common ( over 100 birds seen in eight hours ) at el bosque , below laguna de otn , in its stronghold , los nevados national park ( salaman and gandy 1993 ) .
kari pihlaviita marked the finnish common name
tolimanaratti
from
bolborhynchus ferrugineifrons ( lawrence , 1880 )
as trusted .
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rarest bird in the world : the cone - billed tanager , the mystery .
atlapetes blancae , 8 years later , still not found . wish or species ?
diet consists of seeds , buds and berries . gregarious ; seen in pairs , small groups and occasionally large flocks of over 300 birds . feeds in bamboo , brambles and leguminaceous trees . forages in vegetation or on the ground .
this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the psittacidae family is one of the bird families most threatened in the world . in colombia it is represented by 53 species ; 21 % of them are included in an endangered category due to the destruction of their habitat and the exploitation of these birds for commercial purposes .
to alleviate this situation proaves began in 1999 the yellow - eared parrot project after rediscovering this endangered species considered to be extinct up to then . afterwards it was created the threatened parrots project with the objective of working towards the preservation of the threatened parrot species in colombia .
within this programme we have developed different research projects like the “threatened parrots in the central mountain range project” and the “pyrrhura project” both aimed at evaluating threats and directing the preservation efforts involving the local communities as much as possible . one of the main achievements of this programme was the rediscovery of the hapalopsittaca fuertesi colony , also considered to be an extinct species after 90 years of lack of records .
up to now more than 60 studies have been concluded regarding 9 of the 11 species of threatened parrots . this has led to a recompilation of very important data such as their diet , distribution , reproductive biology , use of their habitat and demography among others . moreover , expeditions have been organized in search of new colonies of parrots and for the first time there have been registers of the hapalopsittaca amazonina in the western mountain range of colombia and of the pyrrhura caeruleiceps in the santander region .
moreover , to contribute to the preservation of the existent parrot colonies we have implemented two specific strategies , namely , the artificial nest programme and the establishment of 8 natural bird reserves with more than 10 . 000 hectares dedicated to the protection and recovery of the parrot’s habitat . the civil society has also dedicated 2 , 600 hectares of woods , in particular within the municipality of jardín and other neighbouring communities , to the preservation of the parrots through the reserves linked to the civil society network of nature reserves .
the numerous achievements of this programme are the result of the hard work made by the proaves team that have cooperated with the local communities and many national and international institutions that also support the preservation process for this species .
from 1st to 6th march , was held the first workshop of population monitoring techniques and management of artificial nests for endangered andean parrots of colombia . it was attended by 20 people from different parts of the country .
on 15 january , the workshop successfully developed plan for the conservation of threatened parrots of colombia from 2010 to 2020 which was attended by representatives of 11 organizations and local communities , ornithologists and conservationists .
parrot experts and conservation groups are working with proaves to develop a ten - year conservation action plan for threatened parrot species in colombia . a workshop will be held on january 15 at the headquarters of proaves to discuss the plan .
proaves has published the first videos inside the nests of the yellow - eared parrot and fuertes’s parrot from its threatened parrots program supported by fundación loro parque .
1 . forest - > 1 . 9 . forest - subtropical / tropical moist montane suitability : marginal season : resident 3 . shrubland - > 3 . 7 . shrubland - subtropical / tropical high altitude suitability : suitable season : resident major importance : no 4 . grassland - > 4 . 7 . grassland - subtropical / tropical high altitude suitability : suitable season : resident major importance : no 14 . artificial / terrestrial - > 14 . 1 . artificial / terrestrial - arable land suitability : suitable season : resident major importance : no
2 . land / water management - > 2 . 1 . site / area management
2 . agriculture & aquaculture - > 2 . 1 . annual & perennial non - timber crops - > 2 . 1 . 3 . agro - industry farming
2 . agriculture & aquaculture - > 2 . 3 . livestock farming & ranching - > 2 . 3 . 2 . small - holder grazing , ranching or farming
5 . biological resource use - > 5 . 1 . hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - > 5 . 1 . 1 . intentional use ( species is the target )
5 . biological resource use - > 5 . 3 . logging & wood harvesting - > 5 . 3 . 3 . unintentional effects : ( subsistence / small scale ) [ harvest ]
7 . natural system modifications - > 7 . 1 . fire & fire suppression - > 7 . 1 . 1 . increase in fire frequency / intensity
1 . research - > 1 . 1 . taxonomy 1 . research - > 1 . 2 . population size , distribution & trends 1 . research - > 1 . 3 . life history & ecology 3 . monitoring - > 3 . 1 . population trends
authors : carlos a . soberanes - gonzález , claudia i . rodríguez - flores , marîa del coro arizmendi , and thomas s . schulenberg
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collar , n . j . 1997 . family psittacidae ( parrots ) . pages 280 - 477 in j . del hoyo , a . elliott , and j . sargatal ( editors ) , handbook of the birds of the world . volume 3 . lynx edicions , barcelona .
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forshaw , j . m . 1977 . parrots of the world . t . f . h . publications , inc . , australia . 584 pp .
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ . 2006 . parrots of the world and identification guide . princeton university press , new jersey , e . u . a . 172 pp .
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miller , a . h . 1963 . seasonal activity and ecology of the avifauna of an american equatorial cloud forest . university of california publications in zoology 66 : 1 - 178 .
o’neill , j . p . , c . a . munn , and i . franke j . 1991 . nannopsittaca dachilleae , a new species of parrotlet from eastern peru . auk 108 : 225 - 229 .
ridgely , r . s . 1981 . the current distribution and status of mainland neotropical parrots . pages 233 - 384 in r . f . pasquier ( editor ) , conservation of new world parrots . international council for bird preservation technical publication number 1 . smithsonian institution press .
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schirtzinger , e . e . , e . s . tavares , l . a . gonzales , j . r . eberhard , c . y . miyaki , j . j . sanchez , a . hernandez , h . müeller , g . r . graves , r . c . fleischer , and t . f . wright . 2012 . multiple independent origins of mitochondrial control region duplications in the order psittaciformes . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 64 : 342 - 356 .
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) , version 1 . 0 . in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa .
parrots are colourful , vegetarian , playful and mimetic , so people find them attractive , easy to keep , companionable and entertaining . in popular consciousness , they are the most high - profile of birds , commonly featured in advertisements that seek to assert the tropical authenticity of a product , and often humourised in cartoon form to assure the conviviality of and complicity in the experience the product offers .
it is all the more curious , then , that scientifically parrots remain so little known . the truth is , however , that for all their colour and noise , parrots are highly cryptic ( being mostly green ) and capable of long periods of silence , feeding invisibly in the high crowns of trees , and when they fly it is often with such speed or over such distances as to prohibit further observation . these factors discourage rigorous study to obtain quantitative data ; so we have many major gaps in our understanding of the ecology and biology of the family in general and almost all of its individual members .
the majority of the world ' s 330 - odd parrot species are indeed found in tropical regions , and most of this majority are tropical forest dwellers , the lowlands being especially rich in species . although dispersed widely through the pacific ocean and old world in general , the parrots reach their maximum diversity in south america , southeast asia and australia . icbp ' s preliminary checklist of the threatened birds of the world , birds to watch ( 1988 ) , treated no fewer than 71 parrot species ( 21 . 5 % of the family ) as at risk of extinction , and listed a further 29 as nearthreatened ( birds in this second category were either genuine borderline cases or species considered most vulnerable to future decline ) . hence no fewer than 100 ( 30 % of the family ' s total 330 species ) were identified as giving cause for concern or worse .
the areas in question are massive , and sympatric occurrence of species within them is commonly lacking . nevertheless , it is obviously important to look for areas of overlap between threatened species in order to identify the optimal areas in which to seek to establish or reinforce reserves . many of the species certainly occur in existing protected areas , but for most it is not known if the populations there possess genetic viability or if their requirements can be met throughout their life - cycle . indeed , detailed information on the distribution and natural history of most species is very poor and in some cases almost completely lacking . this renders the task of determining priorities for particular areas very problematic and , although an essential measure , such priorities should always be framed so as to reflect their provisional nature .
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collar , n . j . 1997 . psittacidae ( parrots ) . in : del hoyo , j . ; elliott , a . ; sargatal , j . ( ed . ) , handbook of the birds of the world , pp . 280 - 477 . lynx edicions , barcelona , spain .
collar , n . j . , gonzaga , l . p . , krabbe , n . , madroño nieto , a . , naranjo , l . g . , parker , t . a . and wege , d . c . 1992 . threatened birds of the americas : the icbp / iucn red data book . international council for bird preservation , cambridge , u . k .
hilty , s . l . ; brown , w . l . 1986 . a guide to the birds of colombia . princeton university press , princeton .
iucn . 2016 . the iucn red list of threatened species . version 2016 - 3 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 07 december 2016 ) .
juniper , t . ; parr , m . 1998 . parrots : a guide to the parrots of the world . pica press , robertsbridge , uk .
renjifo , l . m . ; franco - maya , a . m . ; amaya - espinel , j . d . ; kattan , g . h . ; lópez - lanús , b . 2002 . libro rojo de aves de colombia . instituto de investigación de recursos biológicos alexander von humboldt y ministerio del medio ambiente , bogotá , colombia .
salaman , p . ; gandy , d . 1993 . colombia ' 93 : thunder lake expedition .
snyder , n . ; mcgowan , p . ; gilardi , j . ; grajal , a . 2000 . parrots : status survey and conservation action plan 2000 - 2004 . international union for conservation of nature and natural resources , gland , switzerland and cambridge , uk .
verhelst , j . c . ; pfeifer , a . m . ; orrego , o . ; botero , j . e . 2002 . observaciones sobre la ecología del periquito frentirufo bolborhynchus ferrugineifrons en zonas cercanas a la laguna del otún . cotinga 18 : 66 - 70 .


elachista illectella is a moth of the elachistidae family .

it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from arizona , illinois , indiana , kentucky , maine , mississippi , ohio , oklahoma , ontario , tennessee , texas and west virginia .

the habitat consists of deciduous forests .

the wingspan is 6 – 8 millimetres ( 0.24 – 0.31 in ) .

adults are sexually dimorphic .

the larvae feed on poa ( including poa pratensis ) , agrostis , hystrix , elymus , oryzopsis , bromus and phleum species .

they mine the leaves of their host plant .

the larvae are greenish yellow .

elachista illectella

# 1129 – elachista illectella | st . louis mo 10 / 7 / 15 quote f… | flickr
figure 9 . elachista illectella . adult , reared from leaf mine on a woodland grass ( poaceae ) .
this is definitely one of the elachista spp . formerly ascribed to the genus cosmiotes , and in the eastern usa , illectella is the most commonly encountered species of this group . therefore , illectella would be the odds - on favorite determination here .
cosmiotes illectella clemens , 1860 has been placed in elachista by : kaila , l . 1999 . phylogeny and classification of the elachistidae . systematic entomology 24 : 139 - 169 .
this genus was synonymized under elachista in the phylogeny of kaila ( 1999a ) .
figure 1 . elachista leucofrons . pupa , of the type representative of most elachistidae ( dorsal aspect ) .
figure 2 . elachista epimicta . adult , reared from leaf mine on a woodland grass ( poaceae ) .
figure 7 . elachista albicapitella . adult , reared from leaf mine on a woodland grass ( poaceae ) .
this genus , as with cosmiotes , was subsumed into elachista in the phylogeny of kaila ( 1999a ) .
figure 3 . elachista acenteta . adult , collected at light , iroquois county , illinois , mid - june .
elachista illectella ( fig . 9 ) is a grass leaf miner , with larvae occurring
almost throughout the year , even in the winter . . . on many species of grass
( braun 1948 ) . included in the host list given by braun are poa praetensis , poa spp . , agrostis spp . , hystrix sp . , elymus sp . , oryzopsis sp . , bromus sp . , and phleum . the adult , which commonly appears at light in deciduous forest , is somewhat smaller than most of the elachista species . the color and pattern are of the
blackish with white markings
type , but the white fasciae and patches on the forewing are more diffuse , with the dark areas more heavily suffused with white scaling , than in the other elachista spp . of this color pattern .
figure 8 . closeup of head and thorax of adult elachista leucofrons ( left ) and e . albicapitella ( right ) showing the color differences cited above .
figure 5 . elachista madarella . larva ( removed from leaf mine ) ; leaf mine on a sedge , carex sp . ( cyperaceae ) ; and adult moth .
quote from terry harrison regarding this moth ,
well , i consider any sight id in this group to be equivocal compared to a dissection - based id , because there are so many look - alike spp . , so it certainly wouldn ' t be incorrect to add a
probable
denotation to the id , as we ' ll never really know for sure . in this case , however , it would be ok to be assertive and say that your moth is e . illectella , because it does appear to be in the
cosmiotes
group ( all of the spp . of which look alike ) , and because , from what i have seen , illectella is overwhelmingly the odds - on favorite
cosmiotes
species to be found in this part of the country .
the larva of elachista glenni ( fig . 4 ) most likely feeds as a leaf miner on a sedge or a rush ( possibly scirpus sp . ) . the adult appears in june .
figure 6 . elachista leucofrons . top : left , larva ( removed from leaf mine ) ; right , adult moth ; bottom : occupied leaf mine on a woodland grass ( poaceae ) .
the blackish elachista species with metallic or white markings on the forewing are somewhat similar to some mompha spp . ( coleophoridae : momphinae , treated here as family momphidae , to coincide with the 1983 checklist ) , but moths of these two groups can be differentiated by the fact that the black - and - white mompha spp . have raised tufts of scales on the forewings , whereas elachistids do not . as for the white elachista species , the only other common , similarly - sized illinois microleps in which the forewing is flat - finish white are some of the species of coleophora ( coleophoridae ) . coleophora , however , have relatively narrower , more elongate forewings than do elachista , and they display a distinctive resting posture in which the antennae are held together and projected straight forward . other illinois microleps that are predominantly or entirely white either are considerably larger than elachista , e . g . , yucca moths ( prodoxidae ) or are considerably smaller and more shining - opalescent white , e . g . , phyllonorycter , phyllocnistis ( gracillariidae ) , argyresthia ( argyresthiidae ) , pseudopostega ( opostegidae ) .
the larva of elachista brachyelytrifoliella ( fig . 10 ) occurs from july through october , in a noticeably whitish leaf mine on any of several grass species . according to braun ( 1948 ) , muhlenbergia spp . are preferred , but the larva also has been recorded from brachyelytrum aristatum and uniola latifolia .
elachista epimicta ( fig . 2 ) is a large elachistid , the larva of which is a leaf miner on grasses . it matures in the third week of april in central illinois . braun ( 1948 ) cited hystrix patula ( preferred ) and elymus spp . as hosts . the larval leaf mine occupies the apical one third or so of the host leaf .
elachista madarella ( fig . 5 ) is a leaf miner on sedges of the genera carex and scirpus , with mines occurring from february through early may . the leaf mine of this species usually appears to be unoccupied , but close examination reveals that the larva extends the mine to the very base of its host leaf , and it is there that the larva usually can be found . in central illinois , the adult of this species is common at light in deciduous forest in late june .
elachista leucofrons ( fig . 6 ) is a leaf miner on grasses of low - lying deciduous forest ; according to braun ( 1948 ) , elymus canadensis and e . virginicus are preferred , with hystrix sp . less commonly recorded as a host . active mines appear from late february through mid - april ; apparently , there is only one generation per year . unlike e . madarella , the larva of e . leucofrons does not mine to the base of its host leaf ; therefore , in an occupied mine , the larva can be seen in the main part of the leaf mine at all times , as shown in fig . 6 .
nothing is known of the larval biology of elachista acenteta ( fig . 3 ) . the largest numbers of adults have been collected in southeastern canada . as for usa records , kaila ( 1997 ) reported the species as occurring in colorado and nebraska . in illinois , e . acenteta has been collected in a wet sand area in iroquois county , in mid - june ; james vargo has collected it in the same habitat in an adjacent county in indiana , also in mid - june . these represent the first records of this species from these two states , and they provide something of a connecting point between the two geographically - remote areas of previously - known occurrence .
the traditional definition of this group ( elachistidae sensu strictu ) , which is followed here , in accordance with the revision by braun ( 1948 ) and the hodges et al . ( 1983 ) checklist , includes elachista plus a few allied genera ( about 60 described species , in eight genera , in north america as of the 1983 checklist ; moderately well represented in illinois ) . an expanded concept of elachistidae , in which traditional elachistidae was included as a subfamily , elachistinae , was presented by hodges ( 1999 ) . a phylogeny of elachistidae s . s . was published by kaila ( 1999a ) and revisited by kaila and sugisima ( 2003 ) . the former author also has covered nearctic components of elachistidae in several excellent taxonomic papers ( kaila 1995a , 1995b , 1996 , 1997 , 1999b ) .
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hodges , r . w . et al . , eds . 1983 . check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico . e . w . classey limited and the wedge entomological research foundation , london . 284 pp .
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kaila , l . 1999a . phylogeny and classification of the elachistidae . systematic entomology 24 : 139 - 169 .
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larvae of elachistidae are blotch leaf miners , almost always on grasses ( poaceae ) or on sedges / rushes ( cyperaceae ) , but with a few species using dicots , e . g . , wild oregano , cunila origanoides , in the mint family ( lamiaceae ) . active leaf mines of some elachistid species can be found very early in the year ; apparently , these larvae overwinter in the mine and resume feeding as early as february in the second year . the great majority of elachistid species in illinois are insects of deciduous forest , which is where their leaf mines should be sought . despite their grass - mining larval habits , in illinois they are not seen to be a component of grass - dominated communities such as prairies .
elachistid leaf mines on grasses and sedges can be differentiated from those of cosmopterix spp . ( cosmopterigidae ) , which likewise are blotch leaf miners and which use many of the same host plants as elachistidae , by the fact that , in elachistidae , the larval frass is retained within the mine , where it can be seen scattered throughout , whereas in cosmopterix , frass is removed from the mine , where it can be seen as a small blackish accumulation at one end of the mine . also , in general , elachistid mines tend to be whitish , whereas cosmopterix mines tend to be yellow , but exceptions to this may occur .
after it finishes feeding , the elachistid larva leaves the mine to pupate , often in the depressed crease that occurs at the midvein of a leaf of the host plant . some species pupate under a slight lattice - like sheet of silk , whereas others do not spin at all . the articulation between the front and hind parts of the pupal abdomen allows the posterior part of the abdomen to move only in the sagittal plane ; this is similar to the situation seen in certain other microlepidoptera groups ( e . g . , depressariinae ) . the pupa of one species , dicranoctetes brachyelytrifoliella , is adorned laterally with spiky cuticular projections . pupae of typical elachistidae species lack the cuticular projections seen in dicranoctetes , but they present a distinctive appearance via being laterally and dorsally keeled ( fig . 1 ) .
adult elachistidae display distinctive male genital morphology , in which the valve is elongate and apically rounded , and the gnathos is spined ( and sometimes bifid ) . sight recognition of elachistidae is best effected on basis of coloration and pattern , which fall into several categories , shown below ( these groupings are presented here strictly for convenience of recognition ; they are not meant to represent monophyletic units , whether or not they actually do so ) .
, so that both moths sometimes emerge in the same rearing lot . the adult of
( fig . 8 ) . there are also differences in male genital morphology .
the genus onceroptila , which was erected by braun ( 1948 ) to accommodate two western - nearctic elachistid species , was synonymized under perittia by kaila ( 1995b ) .
the only species of this genus that is likely to be encountered in illinois is perittia herrichiella ( fig . 11 ) , which is a european species that has become established in eastern north america . kaila ( 1995b ) reported it from eastern canada . more recently , james vargo , who kindly provided the specimen shown here , has collected a series of adults of p . herrichiella at light in northern indiana ; collection dates range from late may through mid - july , with a concentration in early to mid - june . this apparently is the first usa record for p . herrichiella . given this , the species might reasonably be expected to be found elsewhere in the north - central and northeastern usa . in europe , the larva of p . herrichiella makes a typical elachistid leaf mine ( full depth , with frass retained inside ) on honeysuckle , lonicera sp . ( caprifoliaceae ) . according to dr . george balogh ( who generously provided the mined leaf shown here ) , p . herrichiella has been established for several years in michigan , where it feeds on woody non - native ( eurasian ) species of lonicera , with leaf mines being especially common in disturbed and secondary forests in which exotic honeysuckle occurs as an invasive species . it is not known whether the moth has expanded its host range in north america to include any of the native nearctic species of caprifoliaceae .
figure 11 . perittia herrichiella . left , adult , collected in northern indiana , specimen courtesy of james vargo ; right , leaf mine on invasive eurasian bush honeysuckle , lonicera sp . ( caprifoliaceae ) , collected in michigan by dr . george balogh .
. the forewings of the males are fuscous , but the base of the paler scales is grayish white . females have darker and more evenly dark brown or black forewings than males . the hindwings are fuscous and also darker in females . adults have been recorded on wing nearly year round .
the leaves of their host plant . the mine starts as a fine line , gradually increases in breadth . the larvae are greenish yellow . mining larvae can be found almost year round . pupation takes place beneath a dense white web of silk strands .
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nessaea batesii , the bates olivewing , is a species of butterfly of the family nymphalidae .

the length of the wings is 29 – 36 mm for males and 32 – 40 mm for females .

the upperside of adult males is dark brown , with bright sky-blue diagonal bands on the forewings and orange patches on the hindwings .

the females have plain brown hindwings , blue diagonal bands across the forewings , and elongated reddish spots within the discal cell of the forewings .

nessaea batesii

nessaea obrinus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) = papilio obrinus linnaeus , 1758 = nessaea ancaeus = nessaea obrina = nessaea lesoudieri le moult 1933 .
nessaea batesii ( c . felder & r . felder , 1860 ) - bates ' olivewing
nessaea , namely aglaura , batesii , hewitsonii and obrinus , all of which are confined to the neotropical region .
the bates olivewing ( nessaea batesii ) is a species of butterfly of the nymphalidae family . it is found in eastern venezuela , the guianas and the lower amazon in brazil .
nessaea hewitsoni is found throughout eastern andes from colombia and venezuela to bolivia , and across the western amazonas of brazil .
all of the species have similar undersides . the uppersides of nessaea males are very dark brown , with bright sky blue diagonal bands on the forewings . the male of hewitsonii also has blue markings on the hindwings , but the remaining species including batesii have orange patches on the hindwings instead . the females of all species have plain brown hindwings , blue diagonal bands across the forewings , and elongated reddish spots within the discal cell of the forewings .
are usually seen singly , and breed in wet primary rainforest at altitudes between 0 - 800m . they are not usually encountered in secondary forest , and it is very unusual for them to be seen in open sunny areas , although i have observed males of nessaea aglaura in forest edge habitats and degraded forest in ecuador .
id : 11901 original name : nessaea ancaeus 01 ( c ) v . motyčka . jpg size 750x566 - 73759 bytes image manager : vladimír motyčka directory : 2135 created : 2005 - 12 - 16 18 : 45 : 10 - user ondřej zicha last change : 2015 - 07 - 18 11 : 01 : 20 - user francesco vitali url : urltoken text function : [ [ i : 11901 ; image ] ] , [ [ it : 11901 ] ] ( thumbnail )
all nessaea species are fast flyers . when at rest they are very alert to movement . if alarmed they fly off very rapidly and with great agility . they usually resettle a short distance away but invariably return to the original spot within a few minutes . normally they settle on foliage about 1 - 3m above the ground , and close their wings immediately upon landing . they then wait motionless for a few minutes , and if undisturbed they will slowly open their wings to bask .
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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a small neotropical forest genus . the green ventral color of the wings is quite unusual among nymphalidae .
lamas , g . ( ed . ) 2004 atlas of neotropical lepidoptera . checklist : part 4a hesperioidea - papiionoidea . gainesville : scientific publishers / association of tropical lepidoptera .
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the larva when fully grown is jade green . each body segment adorned with enormous whorled spikes which are amber in colour . the head is bluish and armed with a pair of long head horns . the larva adopts the usual biblidini resting posture with it ' s body arched and it ' s face appressed to the substrate so that the spines are directed upward . if it is molested the larva twitches violently , swinging it ' s head from side to side . the pupa is dark green , and is attached by the cremaster from the upperside of a leaf , projecting horizontally .
the butterflies are usually found as singletons , but it is not unusual to see several males and one or two females during an hour long walk along a narrow forest track in suitable habitat .
feed at fallen fruit , and can be baited with plantain . they are also attracted to mammal dung and urine on forest tracks , but unlike many other members of the biblidini they are not attracted to sunny river beaches or other open areas .
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curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .
species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .
species catonephele salambria ( c . felder & r . felder , 1861 ) - salambria banner