brookesia stumpffi , also known as the plated leaf chameleon ( german : stachelchamäleon ) , is a species of chameleon found in some parts of madagascar .

it can be found in nosy bé , north-west madagascar , nosy komba , and nosy sakatia .

brookesia stumpffi

brookesia stumpffi boettger 1894 brookesia stumpffi — glaw & vences 1994 : 236 brookesia stumpffi — klaver & böhme 1997 brookesia stumpffi — necas 1999 : 268 brookesia stumpffi— pianka & vitt 2003 : 11 brookesia stumpffi — townsend et al . 2009
brookesia stumpffi has been bred for some years , although not in high amounts .
citation : - brookesia stumpffi . malaysia biodiversity information system ( mybis ) . urltoken downloaded on 10 july 2018 .
schmidt , w . 1986 . brookesia stumpffi boettger , 1894 . sauria 8 ( 2 ) suppl . : 041–042 - get paper here
remark . —this species has been considered before as brookesia sp . “montagne des francais” [ 7 ] and as brookesia sp . nov . [ 37 ] .
schmidt , w . ; henkel , f . w . & böhme , w . 1989 . zur haltung und fortpflanzungsbiologie von brookesia stumpffi boettger 1894 ( sauria : chamaeleonidae ) . salamandra 25 ( 1 ) : 14 - 20 - get paper here
remark . —this species has been considered before as brookesia sp . aff . karchei “ambre” [ 7 ] and as brookesia sp . nov . [ 41 ] .
the aim of my study is to identify morphological and roosting differences in brookesia stumpffi in relation to primary , secondary , and degraded habitats . this can give implications for conservation of chameleons in madagascar and provide more of an idea about dwarf chameleons coping strategies for deforestation . my hypothesis is that brookesia stumpffi have shifted in their morphology due to a change in resources between primary , secondary , and degraded habitats . i am very excited to be conducted this exciting research project over the next six months .
brookesia from madagascar , and the rationale for its listing on cites appendix ii . oryx
the generic name brookesia is in honor of british naturalist joshua brookes . [ 1 ]
( a ) male and ( b ) female of brookesia tristis from montagne des français ; ( c ) male and ( d ) female of brookesia confidens from ankarana ; ( e ) male and ( f ) female of brookesia micra from nosy hara ; ( g ) male and ( h ) female brookesia desperata from forêt d ' ambre .
wgetz ? [ reptilia - species : brookesia * ] [ accessed 10 august 2005 ] .
brookesia are easiest to find at night when they sleep on the leaves of small shrubs .
brygoo , e . r . & c . a . domergue 1971 . notes sur les brookesia ( chaméléonidés ) de madagascar . description d ' une espéce nouvelle , b . antoetrae n . sp . , et des hémipénis de b . stumpffi et b . ebenaui . remarques sur la répartition de b . stumpffi . . bull . mus . nat . hist . nat . paris ( 2 ) 42 ( 5 ) : 830 - 838 . - get paper here
morphometric measurements ( in mm ) of examined type specimens of brookesia tristis and b . confidens .
morphometric measurements ( in mm ) of examined type specimens of brookesia micra and b . desperata .
remark . —this species has been considered before as brookesia sp . “nosy hara” [ 7 ] .
finally got our 2 . 3 group of brookesia so decided to take some video of the unboxing .
all phylogenetic analyses included these outgroup taxa as well as all non - brookesia chamaeleonid taxa from figure 2 .
remark . —this species has been considered before as conspecific with brookesia sp . “montagne des francais” [ 7 ] .
nota bene : a binomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than brookesia .
boettger , o . 1894 . eine neue brookesia ( chamaeleontidae ) aus nossibé . zool . anz . 17 : 182—185 . - get paper here
brookesia tristis sp . n . zoobank lsid : urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 56f36d4d - 1f94 - 49c4 - ac30 - 6e894b6aa998
brookesia confidens sp . n . zoobank lsid : urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : cb2a9146 - 0161 - 42b7 - a145 - 6ded579f1f21
brookesia micra sp . n . zoobank lsid : urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : d1a239d6 - 93e8 - 4c34 - a428 - f79a2c8b6405
brygoo , e . r . 1978 . reptiles sauriens chamaeleonidae . genre brookesia et complément pour le genre chamaeleo . faune de madagascar 47 : 1 - 173 .
yeah , it says the stumpffi like 77 to 82 degrees , but cooler and very humid under the leaves , so . . . i don ' t really see how you would keep that high without an incandescent unless you just had a hot room . but if you have a warm room , you don ' t need an incandescent .
it has been noted that most of the 15 brookesia species in northern madagascar show a remarkable degree of microendemism [ 12 ] . the importance of northern madagascar has also been assessed based on an explicit analysis of species richness of brookesia , which was highest in this part of the island [ 14 ] . considering the novel classification and new species of the b . minima group , this trend is now even more obvious , with 21 species of brookesia being confined to northern madagascar [ 12 ] .
brookesia feed on small insects and reply on their cyptic coloration to evade predators . when disturbed , these chameleons will play dead in an effort to resemble a fallen leaf .
. . . and juveniles being found lower than adults ( see razafimahatratra et al . , 2008 ) . however , even species such as brookesia stumpffi , which has relatively high roosts for a leaf chameleon ( mean height , 0 . 43 m ) , still roost 2 m lower than sympatric furcifer angeli ( carpenter and robson , 2005 ) . in two studies of leaf chameleons , no significant differences between sexes were found for roost height ( randrianantoandro et al . , 2007a ; razafimahatratra et al . , 2008 ) . . . .
combined mitochondrial ( nd1 / nd2 / nd4 ) and nuclear ( rag1 / cmos ) data , 12 - partition relaxed - clock bayesian ( rcb ) cladogram with maximum - likelihood ( ml ) phylogram insert . analyses included all ougroup taxa , although for clarity , most nonchameleon taxa are not shown . major clades are color coded , and major clades of “typical” brookesia are numbered ( see text ) . rcb / unrooted bayesian ( ub ) pp > 95 % are denoted by asterisks ( pp between 90 % and 95 % are shown as actual values ) above branches , and ml bootstrap values > 50 % are shown below branches . black diamond indicates alternate attachment point for brookesia stumpffi clade in the ub and ml analyses . dashed terminal branches mark individuals represented by nd4 data only .
in this study , we use brookesia to test the temporal and spatial predictions of 3 species - level diversification hypotheses for madagascar ( mr , wc , and rb ; vences et al . 2009 ) . the first step in this process is to infer a phylogeny of brookesia to identify statistically supported sister - species pairs using dna sequence data from multiple mitochondrial and nuclear protein - coding genes . next , we use divergence dating to statistically test the temporal prediction of both the mr and the wc hypotheses that recent ( pleistocene or possibly pliocene ) climatic cycles are a major force promoting brookesia species diversification .
. . . most species of brookesia have very small distribution ranges [ 6 ] , [ 12 ] ; indeed , almost 50 % of the species are known from single localities [ 13 ] . within brookesia , both species diversity and levels of endemism are highest in northern madagascar , and are correlated with elevational and environmental heterogeneity in this area [ 12 ] , [ 14 ] . . . .
when disturbed these chameleons will play dead , resembling a fallen leaf . the brookesia species are often called “leaf chameleons” because their small body and morphology resembling a leaf makes them highly cryptic when on the ground .
necas , p . & schmidt , w . 2004 . mysterious mini - dragons : the stump - tailed chameleons brookesia and rhampholeon . reptilia ( gb ) ( 35 ) : 10 - 21 - get paper here
the following pictures show the habitat of brookesia stumpffi at the end of the rainy season . some are even from finding places of this species . generally , this species has no high demands concerninc specialized habitats , it can cope with various environments . in ankify and ambanja , this species occurs in the thick foliage layer of coffee and cocoa plantations . on nosy be , along the coast of ankify and on nosy komba , they rather inhabit rocky environments with dense undergrowth and mossy soil areas . in contrast the habitat in ankarana is entwined undergrwoth with lots of twigs and thin branches , much foliage and small plants . the ground ist diffused with rocks and stones here , too .
the mrca of the b . nasus – b . lolontany clade and all other brookesia appears early in the history of the group ( although monophyly of neither brookesia nor this subclade is significantly supported ; fig . 2 ) . the remainder of the genus is clearly monophyletic and is divided into 2 well - supported clades . one of these clades corresponds to the extremely miniaturized b . minima group . the other major clade , representing the typical brookesia morphotype , consists of a series of 5 maximally supported subclades ( one of which is a single species ) whose interrelationships are strongly supported by the rcb analysis but less so by the ub and ml analyses ( fig . 2 ) .
necas , p . & schmidt , w . 2004 . geheimnisvolle mini - drachen : die erd - und stummelschwanzchamäleons der gattungen brookesia und rhampholeon . reptilia ( münster ) 9 ( 48 ) : 18 - 27 - get paper here
crottini , angelica ; aurélien miralles , frank glaw , d . james harris , alexandra lima & miguel vences 2012 . description of a new pygmy chameleon ( chamaeleonidae : brookesia ) from central madagascar . zootaxa 3490 : 63–74 - get paper here
one clade of malagasy leaf chameleons , the brookesia minima group , is known to contain species that rank among the smallest amniotes in the world . we report on a previously unrecognized radiation of these miniaturized lizards comprising four new species described herein .
carpenter , a . i . and robson , o . 2005 . a review of the endemic chameleon genus brookesia from madagascar , and the rationale for its listing on cites appendix ii . oryx 39 ( 4 ) : 375 - 380 .
brookesia is a smallest reptiles . members of the genus brookesia are largely brown and most are essentially terrestrial . a significant percentage of the species in the genus were only identified to science within the last three decades , and a number of species that still have not received a scientific name are known to exist . most inhabit very small ranges in areas that are difficult to access , and due to their small size and secretive nature , they have been relatively poorly studied compared to their larger relatives .
. . . these lizards , which appear to form the sister taxon of all other chameleons ( rieppel 1987 ; townsend and larson 2002 ) , constitute one of the largest malagasy reptile groups ( raxworthy and nussbaum 1995 ; glaw and vences 2007 ) . most brookesia species have very small ranges ( raxworthy and nussbaum 1995 ; raselimanana and rakotomamalala 2003 ) , with almost half known essentially from single localities ( carpenter and robson 2005 ) . brookesia can be divided into 3 main groups based on morphology . . . .
beolens b , watkins m , grayson m . 2011 . the eponym dictionary of reptiles . baltimore : johns hopkins university press . xiii + 296 pp . isbn 978 - 1 - 4214 - 0135 - 5 . ( genus brookesia , p . 40 ) .
beolens b , watkins m , grayson m . 2011 . the eponym dictionary of reptiles . baltimore : johns hopkins university press . xiii + 296 pp . isbn 978 - 1 - 4214 - 0135 - 5 . ( genus brookesia , p . 40 ) .
most species of brookesia have very small distribution ranges [ raselimanana ap , rakotomalala d ( 2003 ) ] , [ raxworthy cj , nussbaum ra ( 1995 ) ] ; indeed , almost 50 % of the species are known from single localities [ carpenter ai , robson o ( 2005 ) ] . within brookesia , both species diversity and levels of endemism are highest in northern madagascar , and are correlated with elevational and environmental heterogeneity in this area [ townsend tm , vieites dr , glaw f , vences m ( 2009 ) ] .
. . . the micro leaf chameleon genus brookesia displays extremes within the realm of microendemism and miniaturization , with 50 % of species in this large genus coming from single type localities and exhibiting patterns of miniaturization in proportion with range ( carpenter and robson 2005 , townsend et al . 2011 ) . as a result , many species of brookesia are listed as threatened or endangered under cites due to small ranges , preference for undisturbed habitat , and extremely specialized niche - filling ( carpenter and robson 2005 , glaw et al . 2012 ) . brookesia miniaturization is a unique trait in madagascar chameleons , mirrored by the dwarf african chameleon genus rhampholeon and rippeleon ( glaw et al . 2012 ) , and most likely developed to fulfill extremely specific niches in small habitat ranges ( gaston 1996 ) . . . .
in my experience ( brevicaudatus ) is better indirect light of other terraium ( present in reptile room ) near pigmy tank . . . the tube on the tank produce noise for the brevicaudatus : it ' s the same for brookesia or they prefer more bright terrarium ?
ted m . townsend , david r . vieites , frank glaw , miguel vences ; testing species - level diversification hypotheses in madagascar : the case of microendemic brookesia leaf chameleons , systematic biology , volume 58 , issue 6 , 1 december 2009 , pages 641–656 , urltoken
b . stumpffi resembles the dead leaves among which they live . the head is flattened and the rear of the casque is adorned with spinose projections . the orbital crests are well developed and their edges are somewhat scalloped . a row of thorn - like projections runs down either side of the dorsum , from a few millimeters behind the casque to the proximal 1 / 4 of the tail . the basic body coloration is typically brown , gray , drab green , or rust but orange specimens are also observed on occasion . indistinct , yellowish spots are also possible . during courtship , males may adopt a mottled ,
lichen - like
appearance but otherwise the the color changing ability , as with most members of the brookesia , is not well developed . males may be distinguished by their more slender body shape and the appearance of a hemipenal bulge .
gray je . 1864 . revision of the genera and species of chamæleonidæ , with the description of some new species . proc . zool . soc . london 1864 : 465 - 477 + plates xxxi & xxxii . ( brookesia , new genus , pp . 476 - 477 ) .
townsend , t . m . ; vieites , d . r . ; glaw , f . & vences , m . 2009 . testing species - level diversification hypotheses in madagascar : the case of microendemic brookesia leaf chameleons . systematic biology 58 ( 6 ) : 641–656 - get paper here
brookesia chameleons are some of the world ' s smallest reptiles—one species reaches a maximum length of just over an inch ( 30 mm ) . also known as stumped - tailed or leaf chameleons , these diminutive creatures are found in the leaf litter of rainforests and dry deciduous forests in much of madagascar .
the wc , rb , and mr hypotheses all make general predictions about relative species abundance at different altitudes . following wollenberg et al . ( 2008 ) , we divided madagascar into a coarser grid with cell sizes of 82 × 63 km = 5166 km 2 and used the arcview extension “endemicity tools” ( provided by n . danho ) to calculate brookesia species richness and corrected weighted endemism ( crisp et al . 2001 ) for each cell . we then tested for nonparametric correlation of these values with altitudinal range , defined as maximum–minimum elevations per grid cell ( excluding grids with no occurrence of any brookesia species ) .
males ( left ) and females ( right ) of four brookesia species described in 2012 , all belonging to the b . minima species group : a - b b . tristis , c - d b . confidens , e - f b . micra , g - h b . desperata [ 2 ]
most brookesia are on cites appendix ii , the only exception being b . perarmata on appendix i ( a species also listed as endangered by iucn ) . consequently , a special permit is required to import any of the below species from their native madagascar , and typically no permit is issued for b . perarmata .
glaw , f . ; köhler , j . r . ; townsend , t . m . ; vences , m . ( 2012 ) . salamin , nicolas , ed .
rivaling the world ' s smallest reptiles : discovery of miniaturized and microendemic new species of leaf chameleons ( brookesia ) from northern madagascar
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glaw f , köhler j , townsend tm , vences m . ( 2012 ) .
rivaling the world ' s smallest reptiles : discovery of miniaturized and microendemic new species of leaf chameleons ( brookesia ) from northern madagascar
. plos one 7 ( 2 ) : e31314 . doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0031314 .
madagascar ' s brookesia dwarf chameleons are believed to require relatively intact forest for survival . although they have featured in herpetological surveys , taxonomic reviews and trade assessments , very little is known about their microhabitat requirements or ecology . over a 5 night period in a deciduous forest in western madagascar we recorded the night roosting sites for three sympatric . . . [ show full abstract ]
species richness of brookesia was negatively correlated with the minimum altitude ( p < 0 . 05 ) and positively correlated with the maximum altitude ( p < 0 . 001 ) in each grid cell . species richness and corrected weighted endemism of brookesia furthermore showed a significant correlation with altitudinal range per grid cell ( p < 0 . 001 and p < 0 . 05 , respectively ) . these results are not congruent with the rb and wc hypotheses , both of which predict a higher species richness and endemism at lower elevations where rivers are widest and where river basins forming coes have their headwaters . in contrast , the results are consistent with the mr hypothesis , which predicts more species will be restricted to montane regions where there is a higher probability of isolation during dry periods .
divergences amongst species in the b . minima group are known to be uniformly deep ( eocene or early oligocene ) [ 14 ] . although the confidens - tuberculata and tristis - desperata divergences are slightly lower than other sister - taxon divergences within the b . minima group , they are still larger than almost all sister - taxon divergences in other parts of the brookesia tree [ 14 ] .
average uncorrected nd2 sequence divergences amongst all lineages identified by this analysis are quite high . brookesia confidens is 20 % divergent from its sister taxon b . tuberculata , b . tristis is approximately 18 % divergent from b . desperata , and b . micra is about 23 % and 26 % divergent from b . tristis and b . desperata , respectively . the highest uncorrected pairwise divergences reaches 32 . 6 % between b . karchei and b . micra , and the smallest interspecific distance is 18 % between b . desperata and b . tristis . the largest intraspecific distances are within b . exarmata ( 3 % ) , b . tristis ( up to 2 . 6 % ) , and brookesia sp . from betampona ( 2 . 1 % ) ; all other species have maximum divergences among haplotypes ≤1 . 2 % .
maps illustrating ( a ) differential brookesia species diversity ( richness ) across madagascar , quantified as numbers of species present within one - quarter degree square grid cells covering the entire island and ( b ) degree of endemism in different parts of madagascar . endemism is calculated as a measure of range - size rarity , expressed as the percentage aggregated reciprocal range size for all species per one - quarter degree square grid cell .
. . . microendemism on madagascar proper has been theorized to be the result of watershed retreat during the quaternary period ( wilmé et al . 2006 ) , with subsequent effects of low vagility , genetic isolation , low gene flow , and small isolated land area which have been linked with miniaturization ( gaston 1996 ) . the micro leaf chameleon genus brookesia displays extremes within the realm of microendemism and miniaturization , with 50 % of species in this large genus coming from single type localities and exhibiting patterns of miniaturization in proportion with range ( carpenter and robson 2005 , townsend et al . 2011 ) . as a result , many species of brookesia are listed as threatened or endangered under cites due to small ranges , preference for undisturbed habitat , and extremely specialized niche - filling ( carpenter and robson 2005 , glaw et al . 2012 ) . . . .
the reduction of external morphological complexity in these miniaturized representatives of brookesia has led to considerable taxonomic confusion . citing an absence of clear external morphological differentiation , raxworthy and nussbaum [ 12 ] synonymized b . peyrierasi and b . tuberculata with b . minima , and b . ramanantsoai with b . dentata . subsequently , another species of this group was described ( b . exarmata ) [ 20 ] , and it was demonstrated that b . peyrierasi and b . tuberculata are valid species , based on differences in both external and genital morphology [ 5 ] , [ 20 ] . molecular evidence has supported monophyly of the b . minima group , albeit with the inclusion of one slightly larger species , b . karchei [ 14 ] . further , compared to species within other brookesia clades , all described b . minima group species are characterized by unusually high genetic differentiation strongly supporting their specific distinctness .
glaw , f . ; köhler , j . r . ; townsend , t . m . ; vences , m . ( 2012 ) . salamin , nicolas , ed .
rivaling the world ' s smallest reptiles : discovery of miniaturized and microendemic new species of leaf chameleons ( brookesia ) from northern madagascar
. plos one 7 ( 2 ) : e31314 . doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0031314 . pmc 3279364 . pmid 22348069 .
within the brookesia minima group , hemipenes have been described for three species ( b . peyrierasi , b . ramanantsoai and b . tuberculata ) [ 5 ] , [ 18 ] , [ 36 ] . we herein provide data on genital morphology for the four newly described species , and for b . minima ( see species accounts below ) . hence , within the group , the genital morphology remains unknown only for b . dentata , b . exarmata and b . karchei .
the newly discovered dwarf chameleon species represent striking cases of miniaturization and microendemism and suggest the possibility of a range size - body size relationship in malagasy reptiles . the newly described brookesia micra reaches a maximum snout - vent length in males of 16 mm , and its total length in both sexes is less than 30 mm , ranking it among the smallest amniote vertebrates in the world . with a distribution limited to a very small islet , this species may represent an extreme case of island dwarfism .
the 26 currently recognized species of brookesia typically dwell and forage on the ground , often within the leaf litter on the floor of rainforest and dry deciduous forest , and climb at night to low perches in the vegetation for sleeping . they are characterized by a typically dull brown or ( rarely ) greenish colour , a short non - prehensile tail that is used as “fifth leg” in walking [ boistel r , herrel a , daghfous g , libourel p - a , boller e , et al . ( 2011 ) ] .
brookesia , calumma , and furcifer constitute the three genera of chameleons occurring on madagascar , an island which harbors almost 80 of the world ' s ca . 185 nominal chameleon species [ 6 ] – [ 8 ] ) . all three genera are endemic to madagascar , with the exception of two furcifer species on the nearby archipelago of the comoros [ 9 ] , [ 10 ] . calumma and furcifer are generally medium - sized to large arboreal chameleons ( ca . 50–295 mm svl and 110–695 mm tl ) , and are often vividly coloured [ 7 ] . on the contrary , the 26 currently recognized species of brookesia typically dwell and forage on the ground , often within the leaf litter on the floor of rainforest and dry deciduous forest , and climb at night to low perches in the vegetation for sleeping . they are characterized by a typically dull brown or ( rarely ) greenish colour , a short non - prehensile tail that is used as “fifth leg” in walking [ 11 ] , and a smaller size of ca . 15–65 mm svl and 25–105 mm tl [ 7 ] .
brookesia distributions span the island , although they are absent from many large areas in the central highlands and the south . three main centers of diversity ( fig . 3a ) are found in the northeast , north , and northwest , respectively . these areas are also coes , with the highest percent values of range - size rarity ( fig . 3b ) . however , there are several areas , mainly in the west and northwest regions of the island , with a high degree of endemism corresponding to several species only known from single locality records .
chronogram from the 12 - partition ( nd1 / nd2 , nd4 , cmos , and rag1 , each partitioned by codon position ) rcb phylogenetic analysis . time units on scale bar in millions of years ago . see supplementary materials for exact divergence time means and 95 % cis for all nodes . maps above chronogram illustrate patterns of species richness ( quantified as numbers of species present within one - quarter degree square grid cells ) for the 3 main clades ( 1 = brookesianasus group , 2 = brookesiaminima group , and 3 = “typical” brookesia group ) .
natural history . — most individuals were found roosting at night on thin branches about 5–20 cm above the leaf litter in deciduous dry forest close to a small forest trail within a small area , surrounded by tsingy outcrops . at this locality , the species was relatively abundant , whereas it was not found at similar localities nearby , suggesting a patchy distribution and a preference for certain microhabitats . this hypothesis is also supported by the fact that earlier herpetological surveys in ankarana [ 38 ] , [ 39 ] , did not record any species of the brookesia minima group .
phylograms ( 50 % majority rule consensus trees ) from bayesian inference analyses of dna sequence alignments of ( a ) the nuclear genes cmos ( 846 bp ) and ( b ) rag1 ( 1522 bp ) . ( c ) phylogram from bi analysis of concatenated dna sequences of the nuclear genes cmos ( 846 bp ) and rag1 ( 1522 bp ) , and the mitochondrial genes nd2 ( 568 bp ) and 16s ( 580 bp ) . ( d ) brookesia portion of the bayesian chronogram derived from the beast analyses of all four concatenated genes ( see supporting information s1 for full chronogram with all outgroups ) . posterior probabilities are indicated above branches , and bars represent 95 % hpds for mean date estimates . units on scale are millions of years . species of the northern clade ( b . tuberculata plus the four new species described herein ) are marked in colour . the trees were rooted with brookesia nasus , and including b . brygooi and b . superciliaris as hierarchical outgroups ( not shown ) . a , b and c refer to major clades as discussed in the text . asterisks denote posterior probabilities of 1 . 0 .
additional analyses using alternative calibration distributions and data sets had little effect on divergence time estimates . analyses performed with normally distributed calibrations ( with standard deviations arbitrarily set at 10 % of the mean ) gave average intrachameleon divergences about 10 % more recent than those using lognormally distributed calibrations . likewise , analyses that excluded mtdna third codon positions and all mtdna data gave respective divergence estimates on average about 15 % and 18 % more recent than the full - data analysis . in all these analyses , brookesia sister - taxon divergences remained solidly miocene in age , and thus , our above conclusions are unaffected .
in their study of biogeographic patterns in the leaf chameleons ( genus brookesia ) of northern madagascar , raxworthy and nussbaum ( 1995 ) recognized 5 rainforest regions delimited largely by altitudinal differences and intervening dry forests and characterized by a high degree of endemism in these lizards . raxworthy and nussbaum ( 1995 ) hypothesized that pleistocene climatic fluctuations had caused fragmentation of the rainforest , resulting in multiple allopatrically distributed sister - taxon pairs ( hereafter referred to as the mountain refuge [ mr ] hypothesis ) . these conclusions were not based on explicit phylogenetic hypotheses ; sister - taxon pairs were assumed based on general morphological similarities .
the wilmé et al . ( 2006 ) wc model predicts that sister species should generally occupy adjacent coes or possibly a coe and an adjacent rdw . to test the fit of our brookesia data to the spatial aspect of this model , we first plotted the distributions of all brookesia sister - species pairs identified in our phylogenetic analyses onto the wilmé et al . ( 2006 ) watershed map ( fig . 1 ) and counted the number of pairs matching the model ' s predictions . next , we randomly assigned each species from all sister - species pairs to one of the watersheds collectively occupied by them and counted the number of pairs fitting the model ' s predictions . we repeated this 10 , 000 times to generate a null distribution of expected number of fits to the model if sister species are actually distributed randomly with respect to relative watershed positions . if less than 5 % of the simulation rounds resulted in a number of matches equal to or greater than the number of matches from the real data , we rejected the null in favor of the wilmé et al . ( 2006 ) wc hypothesis . we repeated this analysis under the interpretation that allopatric sister species occupying the same watershed also fit the model .
locality data for all brookesia species of madagascar were gathered from museum data , our own global positioning system readings , and pertinent literature . single - species maps that almost fully agree with the data used herein are reproduced in glaw and vences ( 2007 ) . small sample sizes of locality records are not appropriate to obtain reliable estimates of potential distribution by modeling . for 9 species , more than 6 ( range 7–39 ) locality records were available . for these species , we defined distributions by potential distribution models ( pruned for overprediction ) , and for the rest of the species , we used point locality data .
all specimens were sequenced for 2 nuclear ( rag1 , ∼1500 bp and cmos , ∼800 bp ) and 3 mitochondrial ( nd1 , ∼ 70 bp ; nd2 , ∼ 1035 bp ; and nd4 , ∼ 700 bp ) protein - coding genes ; we included several nd4 sequences from raxworthy et al . ( 2002 ) that expanded our taxonomic ( 3 species ) or geographic ( 6 species ) coverage . our final brookesia sampling covered approximately 28 species , including all but 2 of the named species . museum / collection and genbank numbers of specimens can be found in the online supplementary material ( available from urltoken ) .
the wealth of new material and the obvious morphological distinctness of some of the new specimens ( especially the nosy hara population ) prompted us to study their genetic differentiation , external morphology and genital morphology in more detail . our integrative data clearly and concordantly indicate that populations d - g listed above represent new , undescribed species , and anticipating their formal description below , we will in the following sections use the new species names erected herein : brookesia tristis ( specimens from montagne des français ) , b . confidens ( ankarana ) , b . micra ( nosy hara ) , and b . desperata ( forêt d ' ambre ) .
this ecomorphological disparity among chameleons is also found in mainland africa , leading to use of the general terms “tree chameleons” and “ground chameleons [ 10 ] . ” african ground chameleons comprise the genera rhampholeon and rieppeleon , and are superficially quite similar to the malagasy brookesia ( which are often further distinguished from other ground chameleons by the name “leaf chameleons” ) . interestingly , neither ground chameleons as a whole , nor the african species , form monophyletic groups . in fact , rieppeleon forms the sister taxon of a tree chameleon genus ( archaius ) endemic to the seychelles islands [ 10 ] , indicating a history of multiple independent evolutionary shifts between arboreal and terrestrial chameleon ecomorphs .
rivers appear to have played a substantial role in the diversification of several lemur groups ( pastorini et al . 2003 ; goodman and ganzhorn 2004 ; louis et al . 2005 ) , some frogs ( vieites et al . 2006 ) , and possibly even some chameleons of the genus furcifer ( raselimanana and rakotomamalala 2003 ) . however , this does not seem to be true for leaf chameleons , at least at the species level and above . it seems unlikely that individual brookesia disperse over large distances , and they certainly cannot swim across rivers . however , given their small size and leaf litter microhabitat , they could quite plausibly float across rivers on debris washed away during heavy rains .
phylogram ( 50 % majority rule consensus tree ) from a bayesian inference analysis of the 568 bp dna sequence alignment of the mitochondrial nd2 gene showing deep divergences among and low differences within species of the b . minima group . species of the northern clade ( b . tuberculata plus the four new species described herein ) are marked in colour . the tree was rooted with brookesia nasus , and including b . brygooi and b . superciliaris as hierarchical outgroups ( not shown ) . a , b and c refer to major clades as discussed in the text . inset maps show known distribution ranges ( typically single localities ) of all species . asterisks denote posterior probabilities of 1 . 0 .
among amniotes , the smallest species are lizards , but they are consistently larger than amphibians , suggesting that different constraints are acting on this group . the maximum recorded svl of sphaerodactylus ariasae ( 18 mm ) is below the maximum value in brookesia micra ( 19 . 9 mm ) . however if using tl as yardstick , the record of the smallest squamate and amniote in fact applies to b . micra with a maximum tl of 29 mm , given that s . ariasae has a tl well above 30 mm [ 1 ] due to its relatively longer tail . the ‘award’ for the lower size record in amniotes , as in amphibians , therefore depends on the type of measurement used for ranking .
. . . results obtained from this project suggest that b . micra has a wider range and habitat tolerance than previously believed , indicating that b . micra could be present elsewhere on the island as well as elsewhere in the archipelago or the mainland . in addition , many behavioral aspects common to thejenkins et al . 2003 ) . carpenter and robson ( 2005 ) believe this to be because of census difficulties and overall low density of the brookesia genus . this study , however , shows that b . micra can be found in incredibly high densities . most likely , this is due to presence of good habitat all along the transect line , particularly in areas of high b . micra abundance . b . micra appears to bene . . .
microendemism is widespread in malagasy animals , but there are few examples in which it is as extreme as in the miniaturized species of the brookesia minima group and in frogs of the genus stumpffia [ 49 ] . this indicates a possible body size effect on the degree of microendemism , which is consistent with the body - range size relationship previously demonstrated in the malagasy mantellid frog radiation [ 58 ] . in general , a correlated decrease in species ' ranges with decreasing body size is a recognized pattern in animals [ 59 ] . a closer analysis of this pattern in madagascar ' s biota may yield new insights and provide at least a partial explanation for the prevalence of microendemic patterns in some groups of animals and the absence of such patterns in others .
on the contrary , in several other species and species complexes of brookesia more convoluted taxonomic situations are found . the widespread eastern b . superciliaris shows strong mitochondrial divergences among populations ; however , this structuring is not mirrored by divergences in one nuclear gene studied nor in morphology , suggesting these populations are conspecific [ 42 ] . the equally widespread b . thieli as well contains several deep genealogical lineages which however do not form a monophyletic group , with the morphologically divergent b . lineata and b . vadoni clustering within the b . thieli clade [ 14 ] . finally , the two morphologically distinct species b . ambreensis and b . antakarana , both microendemic in montagne d ' ambre , do not show any consistent mitochondrial or nuclear dna differentiation [ 14 ] .
we were concerned about the effects that substitutional saturation at deeper levels might have on divergence time estimates , especially with regard to mitochondrial dna ( mtdna ) data ( hugall et al . 2007 ) . however , the mtdna data were needed to confidently resolve more recent branching points ( see below ) , suggesting also that branch lengths within brookesia would be better estimated by including mtdna data . we therefore conducted analyses using 1 ) all data , 2 ) nuclear data plus first and second positions from the mtdna data , and 3 ) nuclear data alone to test the robustness of our divergence time estimates . we also tested our fossil calibrations using the cross - validation method of near et al . ( 2005 ) , which identifies potentially problematic fossils that cause incongruent age estimates of other dated nodes in the tree .
voucher specimens were euthanized using approved methods ( anaesthesia with ketamine , followed by ketamine overdosis ) that do not require approval by an ethics committee . all specimens were fixed in 90 % ethanol . muscle tissue samples for molecular analysis were taken from all specimens and preserved in pure ethanol . definition of measurements and the description scheme of the holotypes follows previous brookesia descriptions [ 12 ] . several additional characters were also scored , and their definition follows a previous morphological revision of the b . minima group [ 5 ] . morphometric measurements were taken by mv with a digital caliper to the nearest 0 . 1 mm , following a previously published measuring scheme [ 5 ] . measurements taken include : tl ; svl ; ( these two were previously defined ) tal , tail length ; hw , maximum head width ; hh , maximum head height ; ed , eye diameter ; forl , forelimb length .
the 3 main clades recovered in our phylogenetic analyses ( figs . 2 and 4 ) show distinct biogeographic patterns . the basally diverging b . nasus clade contains 2 species , b . nasus in the southeast and b . lolontany in the north , suggesting an old north - south connection . the b . minima clade shows the highest degree of endemism ; most of the 11 species are restricted to very small areas in the north and north - central regions . the third and largest clade ( typical brookesia ) spans most of the island , although centers of both diversity and endemism in this clade are in the north . within this clade , b . brygooi , b . bonsi , b . decaryi , and b . perarmata ( all western species ; clade 1 , fig . 2 ) form the sister taxon of the remaining species , none of which are restricted to the western forests .
within each of the ml , ub , and rcb analysis sets , phylogenetic results were broadly congruent across the different genomes and genes , with topological conflicts involving only poorly supported nodes ( i . e . , ml bootstraps < 70 % , bayesian posterior probabilities [ pps ] < 95 % ) . one exception to this pattern involves strongly conflicting nuclear and mitochondrial results for the placement of 1 specimen of brookesia brygooi . this discrepancy is probably due to ancient mtdna introgression , and the nuclear topology almost certainly reflects the true organismal history ( see online supplementary material ) . mitochondrial data for this specimen were therefore excluded in all further phylogenetic analyses . in general , the mtdna data alone gave strong support for relationships within more terminal clades , but poor support for basal nodes , and the nuclear data showed the opposite pattern . all results presented here are from analyses of the combined data set ( fig . 2 ) . this data set and trees from this study can be found at urltoken under accession number sn4455 .
the newly discovered species appear to be restricted to single , mostly karstic , localities in extreme northern madagascar : brookesia confidens sp . n . from ankarana , b . desperata sp . n . from forêt d ' ambre , b . micra sp . n . from the islet nosy hara , and b . tristis sp . n . from montagne des français . molecular phylogenetic analyses based on one mitochondrial and two nuclear genes of all nominal species in the b . minima group congruently support that the four new species , together with b . tuberculata from montagne d ' ambre in northern madagascar , form a strongly supported clade . this suggests that these species have diversified in geographical proximity in this small area . all species of the b . minima group , including the four newly described ones , are characterized by very deep genetic divergences of 18–32 % in the nd2 gene and > 6 % in the 16s rrna gene . despite superficial similarities among all species of this group , their status as separate evolutionary lineages is also supported by moderate to strong differences in external morphology , and by clear differences in hemipenis structure .
nossi be = nosy bé , nw madagascar , nosy komba , nosy sakatia .
type locality : restricted to insel nossibé ( = nosy bé ) , off n . w madagascar
note : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .
andreone f . , f . glaw , r . a . nussbaum , c . j . raxworthy , m . vences , and < br / > j . e . randrianirina 2003 . the amphibians and reptiles of nosy be ( nw madagascar ) and nearby islands : a case study of diversity and conservation of an insular fauna . journal of natural history 37 ( 17 ) : 2119–2149
beolens , bo ; michael watkins , and michael grayson 2011 . the eponym dictionary of reptiles . johns hopkins university press , baltimore , usa - get paper here
d ' cruze , neil ; jeremy sabel , katie green , jeffrey dawson , carlie gardner , janine robinson , georgina starkie , miguel vences , and frank glaw . 2007 . the first comprehensive survey of amphibians and reptiles at montagne des francais , madagascar . herp . cons . biol . 2 ( 2 ) : 87 - 99 - get paper here
durkin , louise ; mark d . steer , and elise m . s . belle 2011 . herpetological surveys of forest fragments between montagne d ' ambre national park and ankarana special reserve , northern madagascar . herp . cons . biol . 6 ( 1 ) : 114 - 126 - get paper here
d’cruze , n . ; köhler , j . ; franzen , m & glaw , f . 2008 . a conservation assessment of the amphibians and reptiles of the forêt d’ambre special reserve , north madagascar . madagascar conservation & development 3 ( 1 ) : 44 - 54
glaw , f . 2015 . taxonomic checklist of chameleons ( squamata : chamaeleonidae ) . vertebrate zoology 65 ( 2 ) : 167–246 - get paper here
hyde roberts , s . & c . daly 2014 . a rapid herpetofaunal assessment of nosy komba island , northwestern madagascar , with new locality records for seventeen species . salamandra 50 ( 1 ) : 18 - 26 - get paper here
müller , r . & hildenhagen , t . 2009 . untersuchungen zu subdigital - und subcaudalstrukturen bei chamäleons ( sauria : chamaeleonidae ) . sauria 31 ( 3 ) : 41 - 54 - get paper here
müller , rolf & thomas hildenhagen 2009 . zeigt her eure füßchen - bemerkungen zu sohlen - und schwanzstrukturen bei chamäleons . chamaeleo 19 ( 1 ) : 13 - 24 - get paper here
necas , p . 1995 . chamäleons - bunte juwelen der natur . edition chimaira bei bücher - kreth ( frankfurt / m . , germany )
necas , p . & schmidt , w . 2004 . stump - tailed chameleons . miniature dragons of the rainforest . edition chimaira , frankfurt , 256 pp . [ review in elaphe 14 ( 1 ) : 24 ]
necas , petr 1999 . chameleons - nature ' s hidden jewels . edition chimaira , frankfurt ; 348 pp . ; isbn 3 - 930612 - 04 - 6 ( europe ) < br / > isbn 1 - 57524 - 137 - 4 ( usa , canada )
rakotoarison , andolalao ; jesse erens , fanomezana m . ratsoavina , miguel vences 2015 . amphibian and reptile records from around the betsiboka delta area in north - western madagascar herpetology notes 8 : 535 - 543 - get paper here
raxworthy , c . j . ; enrique martinez - meyer ; ned horning ; ronald a . nussbaum ; gregory e . schneider ; miguel a . ortega - huerta & a . townsend peterson 2003 . predicting distributions of known and unknown reptile species in madagascar . nature 426 : 837 - 841
rovatsos , michail ; marie altmanová , martina johnson pokorná , petr velenský , antonio sánchez baca orcid and lukáš kratochvíl 2017 . evolution of karyotypes in chameleons genes 8 ( 12 ) : 382 ; doi : 10 . 3390 / genes8120382 - get paper here
schmidt , w . ; tamm , k . & wallikewitz , e . 2010 . chamäleons - drachen unserer zeit . natur und tier verlag , 328 pp . [ review in reptilia 101 : 64 , 2013 ] - get paper here
this database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .
this species occurs in northwestern madagascar and offshore islands including nosy be , nosy komba and nosy sakatia ( andreone et al . 2003 , glaw and vences 2007 ) . this species has an elevation limit of 150 m above sea level . the lizard ' s extent of occurrence is estimated to be 61 , 884 km .
continent : indian - ocean distribution : nossi be = nosy bé , nw madagascar , nosy komba , nosy sakatia . type locality : restricted to insel nossibé ( = nosy bé ) , off n . w madagascar
this chameleon has been recorded from primary rainforest habitat , dry forests and disturbed forest areas ( glaw and vences 2007 , carpenter and robson 2005 ; durkin et al . 2011 ) . this species is terrestrial during the day , where it inhabits leaf litter , and at night it is found perched on branches approximately 30 - 80 cm above the ground ( glaw and vences 2007 ) .
the following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . there is 1 barcode sequence available from bold and genbank .
below is the sequence of the barcode region cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 ( coi or cox1 ) from a member of the species .
listed as least concern as it has an extent of occurrence of 61 , 884 km , appears somewhat adaptable to disturbed habitats , and there are no major threats resulting in a significant decline at present . however , as this species is used in the pet trade , and habitat loss and degradation is occurring , monitoring of harvest levels and population trends is needed .
this species is reported to be common in primary rainforest , dry forests and secondary vegetation ( glaw and vences 2007 ) .
forests in this region are being lost as a result of land clearance and the effects of widespread slash - and - burn farming . however , due to this species ' relatively large distribution and broad range of known habitat types , these should not be considered major threats at this time . small numbers of this species are exported for the pet trade , though this is unlikely to be a major threat .
there are several protected areas within this lizard ' s range . international trade of thespecies in this genus is managed under cites appendix ii . similarly , under ec regulation no . 709 / 2010 , an amendment to ec regulation 338 / 37 ( european union wildlife trade regulation ) , species of the genus are listed in annex b . the harvest levels and population trends of this species need to be monitored .
six times , initially by boettger in 1894 . it was later described by glaw and vences in 1994 : 236 , klaver and böhme in 1997 , necas in 1999 : 268 , pianka and vit in 2003 : 11 , and most recently by townsend
glaw and veneces found the species on small islands of madagascar away from the main land mass of the country in 2007 .
can be found up to a height of 150 metres ( 490 feet ) above sea level , and can be found over an area of 61 , 884 kilometres ( 38 , 453 miles ) .
can grow up to 9 cm ( 3 . 5 in ) , and has a life expectancy of at least three years . during reproduction , this species of
lays between three and five eggs , which hatch between 60 and 70 days later , provided they are at a temperature of 23 °c ( 73 °f ) .
( waxworms ) , and grasshoppers . during the day , the body temperature of
is between 22 and 25 °c ( 72 and 77 °f ) , and is 20 °c ( 68 °f ) during the night .
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flockton grey was the british racehorse at the centre of one of the largest betting scandals to hit british horseracing .

the affair remains the best-known case of a corrupt trainer and owner using a ringer to race in place of another horse .

because of the use of the ringer , flockton grey did not actually run in the race for which he became most famous .

flockton grey

flockton grey and good hand - the police kept flockton grey and good hand in custody until 1986 , when flockton grey was sent to the wetherby sales , and bought by trainer robin bastiman for 680gns . flockton grey never raced and , in 1989 , was sold to sharon dick , who worked at bastiman ' s yard . now 21 , flockton grey is still in dick ' s care . good hand was claimed by richardson and subsequently stabled at the aike grange stud , jill banks ' s establishment a few miles from jubilee farm .
flockton grey ' s passport described a horse with a conspicuous scar on its off - fore leg . the grey in wiles ' s yard had no such scar .
the story of the flockton grey case appeared in the racing post in two parts in january 2002 . . .
great racing scams : case closed , but ringer ' s trainer still a mystery : flockton grey , part 2 .
flockton grey - two - year - old flockton grey provided trainer stephen wiles with his first flat winner when recording a 20 - length win under kevin darley at leicester in 1982 . flockton grey had been backed to win by an estimated £200 , 000 and investigators concluded that darley ' s mount was in fact a three - year - old called good hand .
good hand ' s physical characteristics , including the distinctive leg scar , had been recorded on the passport of the two - year - old flockton grey . but the real flockton grey had been the unscarred horse investigators saw at wiles ' s yard .
flockton grey : two - year - old racehorse flockton grey had a 20 - length win at leicester in 1982 . horse was backed to win by # 200 , 000 . but investigators discovered horse was seasoned three - year - old called good hand .
for the past 20 years , flockton grey had been looked after by mary dick and her daughter sharon at their stables near worksop .
wiles said that a horse did arrive back at his yard the following day , but that this horse was not the ' flockton grey ' he himself had stood with in the winner ' s enclosure at leicester . it was a two - year - old ' unnamed ' grey , who he later showed to investigators : the real flockton grey .
the trainer looked at flockton grey ' s passport and was reminded of the scar on its off - fore leg . the horse he had been sent did not have a scar . when wiles phoned mathison , he was told that flockton grey would be with them in time for it to race… flockton grey never arrived . mathison nevertheless told wiles to declare the horse for the leicester race and to book kevin darley .
flockton grey , the horse at the centre of one of the greatest racing scandals and mysteries of the 20th century , has died aged 29 .
ridden by kevin darley , the debutant ' flockton grey ' provided trainer stephen wiles with his first winner on the flat after two years with a licence .
secretariat’s 1973 belmont stakes win by 31 lengths was incredible , sure . but have you heard the one about flockton grey ? a british racehorse , grey , lapped the field , winning by a ludicrous 20 lengths at a 1982 race in leicester .
death of flockton grey , the 20 - length maiden winner who never was ; horse at centre of one of racing ' s greatest scandals dies at age of 29 .
mary dick said yesterday :
flockton grey died of a heart attack on saturday . he was a gem , my favourite horse , and people often asked about him .
another tidbit : flockton grey ( an unwitting accomplice in the scheme ) was “in custody” for four years . profoundly unjust . also : how does one keep a horse in custody ?
death of flockton grey , the 20 - length maiden winner who never was ; horse at centre of one of racing ' s greatest scandals dies at age of 29 . - free online library
flockton grey ' s celebrity , or notoriety , stemmed from ' his ' unlikely 20 - length victory in a race for two - year - olds at leicester on march 29 , 1982 .
browne ' s punishment is the longest period of exclusion since the owner ken richardson was warned off for 25 years in 1984 for his part in the infamous flockton grey
ringer
affair .
in 1984 , richardson , boddy and colin mathison , a close associate , appeared at york crown court charged with having conspired to substitute good hand for flockton grey with the intention of defrauding bookmakers .
at the end of january 1982 , weatherbys issued a passport for flockton grey , bearing the markings of good hand but with a date of birth indicating that the horse was a two - year - old . according to wiles , mathison subsequently told him to make entries for flockton grey . he said that the
little grey
would be sent to wiles and , a few weeks before the leicester race , a little grey did arrive at his yard . wiles testified :
i did believe it was the horse which i had seen for an hour in the january . i thought it was the horse then named flockton grey , and then we started to canter it and found it was absolutely useless , green , nowhere near ready to race , didn ' t know how to gallop straight , nowhere near fit for entering into a race .
for those of a certain age , events will have revived memories of a famous gamble which took place at leicester in 1982 when flockton grey supposedly made his debut in a race for two - year - olds .
the most infamous race in modern annals was surely in march 1982 when flockton grey won a race at leicester by 20 lengths , . this huge margin of victory provoked suspicion of fraud and there was an investigation .
further investigation , including analysis of the photographs of the leicester winner taken at the racecourse , led to the conclusion that this ' flockton grey ' was , in fact , a three - year - old called good hand .
of course , richardson and trainer stephen wiles both put 20 , 000 pounds on the faux flockton grey : further cause for suspicion ( their “winning” bets were never paid out , and each was fined 20 , 000 pounds ) .
the diverse list includes the arrest and background of yorkshire ripper peter sutcliffe , the flockton grey “ringer” racehorse scandal , tracking down shamed coronation street star peter adamson in bali and going on the road with young us dance sensation fame .
the flockton grey scandal is the biggest british race horse scandal in history . that ' s really saying something when you consider just how easy it is to rig a race ( and how often it has happened , too ) .
when george edmondson , an investigating officer , arrived at wiles ' s yard at flockton , between wakefield and huddersfield , he was shown a grey two - year - old , but wiles did not pretend it was the winning horse .
wiles told edmondson that he thought the leicester winner was at a farm owned by ken richardson , a wealthy businessman and gambler , who had bought flockton grey as a yearling . the winner was not at the farm . he had vanished .
flockton grey was a 10 - 1 chance for a race restricted to two - year - olds over the minimum flat racing distance of five furlongs at leicester in march 1982 , but he won by the extraordinary distance of 20 lengths . the margin did not seem quite so surprising , though , when it emerged that flockton grey was in fact good hand - who was a three - year - old , and thus enjoyed an enormous advantage against his juniors . several convictions for conspiracy to defraud duly followed .
mla style :
death of flockton grey , the 20 - length maiden winner who never was ; horse at centre of one of racing ' s greatest scandals dies at age of 29 . .
the free library . 2008 mgn ltd 09 jul . 2018 urltoken
chicago style : the free library . s . v . death of flockton grey , the 20 - length maiden winner who never was ; horse at centre of one of racing ' s greatest scandals dies at age of 29 . .
retrieved jul 09 2018 from urltoken
the previous year , good hand had been claimed out of a selling race at ripon , on richardson ' s behalf . richardson claimed that he had sold flockton grey to wiles and also arranged for wiles to take good hand away , with a view to selling him .
flockton grey was an unremarkable two - year old horse from a relatively unsuccessful yard . when it was entered into its debut race ( a race strictly for horses its age ) the owner ken richardson and trainer stephen wiles decided to say “screw it” and break the law .
the flockton wattle is known or predicted to occur in the following sub - regions of the sydney basin interim biogeographic regionalisation of australia .
he is the first trainer to receive such a sanction while holding a licence since harry bell , warned off for welfare offences in 1985 , and the first to be banned for corrupt practice since stephen wiles , who was involved in the notorious flockton grey
ringer
scandal in 1982 .
instead , a three - year - old horse , good hand , deliberately ran in place of flockton grey . heavily backed , he won by 20 lengths and landed perpetrators of the scam a fortune , although their deceit was later rumbled and they were punished heavily inside and outside the law courts .
apa style : death of flockton grey , the 20 - length maiden winner who never was ; horse at centre of one of racing ' s greatest scandals dies at age of 29 . . ( n . d . ) > the free library . ( 2014 ) . retrieved jul 09 2018 from urltoken
ken richardson , flockton grey’s owner , had swapped out the two - year - old gelding for a veteran three - year - old horse prior to the race . of course , nobody knew that definitively in the immediate aftermath , but the bookies were suspicious to halt payouts on the 10 - 1 winner .
flockton grey landed a massive gamble when winning by 20 lengths at first time of asking at leicester racecourse on 29th march 1982 . as a debutant from an extremely low profile yard he was priced up at 10 / 1 and his owners placed a huge bet on him that would return & pound200 ; , 000 .
the investigators soon found that good hand had a scar on his foreleg ( unlike flockton grey ) and the racecourse vet also noted that the winner had teeth too developed for a two - year - old . both men were caught and charged with conspiracy to defraud . richardson was warned off by the jockey club for 25 years .
the plot thickened with the revelation that jo n jack , an ex - irish chesnut gelding , was bred by one of the three men involved in the notorious flockton grey ' ringer ' scandal a decade ago . but the jockey club established conclusively this week that last week ' s lingfield winner was in fact jo n jack and not a more talented substitute .
in this region the flockton wattle - sydney basin is known to be associated with the following vegetation formations and classes . click on a name to get background information about it .
flockton gray was ridden that afternoon by north yorkshire jockey kevin darley , who was completely unaware that there was anything untoward and was not involved in any way in the fraud .
wiles was to state that the horse he knew as flockton grey ( good hand ) , was not in his yard , but he had been instructed to declare it for the leicester race , and to meet the horsebox at the course . peter boddy , the horsebox driver , who worked for richardson , claimed that he subsequently dropped off the leicester winner at wiles ' s yard .
i have already indicated that even after a through search no plans of old workings in the flockton thin seam in the vicinity of south 9b district were found before or after the inrush .
if the wileses were responsible for obtaining a fraudulent passport , bearing good hand ' s markings , why did they employ a different horse as the ringer ? even if their horsebox had broken down , would they have arranged for boddy to collect the ringer the day before the race , and take it to leicester via newmarket , requiring the horse to stand in the horsebox for 22 hours ? there was no evidence to link the wileses to a single bet on flockton grey . richardson testified that he had never known stephen wiles to have more than £5 on a horse but claimed that wiles had asked him to put £100 on flockton grey for him . why did stephen and fred wiles drive 70 miles to confront richardson and mathison , demanding to know where the winner was , if they already knew ?
stephen and elaine wiles - in 1986 , stephen wiles was banned from holding a trainer ' s licence for five years for having entered and run flockton grey , knowing that the horse had not been in his care for the 14 days preceding the race . stephen later trained point - to - pointers while elaine worked for trainer steve norton and , after his retirement , held a number of jobs within the racing industry .
ringer this means racing a horse that looks similar to another , but is in fact much better . when flockton grey was backed to win £200 , 000 at leicester in 1982 , the horse that actually won the race was in fact called good hand . trainer john bowles was banned for 20 years for a similar scam in 1978 when a horse with little form called in the money won five races . the beast that actually did the running was cobbler ' s march .
7 ringer this means racing a horse that looks similar to another , but is in fact much better . when flockton grey was backed to win £200 , 000 at leicester in 1982 , the horse that actually won the race was in fact called good hand . trainer john bowles was banned for 20 years for a similar scam in 1978 when a horse with little form called in the money won five races . the beast that actually did the running was cobbler ' s march .
at the subsequent trial , geoffrey rivlin qc , for the prosecution , accused boddy of
lying through his teeth
. his evidence was
quite ridiculous and untrue
. richardson was also at the moat house hotel that evening . he had dinner with allan smith , who trained for him in belgium , and made a number of phone calls , including to darley . richardson advised flockton grey ' s rider that the best piece of ground at leicester was next to the inside rail .
however , they had no intention of actually running the real flockton grey in the contest and instead ran a far more physically developed three year old in his place called good hand . unfortunately for ken richardson and stephen wiles , the two behind the scam , the ' ringer ' was simply too good and won by a record winning margin . it was the size of the winning margin that caused a huge amount of suspicion and the police were soon involved as bookmakers refused to pay out .
early on the morning of sunday , march 28 , the day before the race , boddy arrived and told wiles he had come for the grey . later that morning , a horsebox arrived at geoff toft ' s yard at malton . according to toft , richardson had asked him to gallop a two - year - old for him . he had been told that it was a grey . andrew harrison , who rode the horse , confirmed toft ' s verdict that it was weak and backward and nowhere near ready for racing . the horse stayed at toft ' s until the day after the race - tuesday , march 30 - when the same driver arrived to take it away . the same day , the grey who had been taken from wiles on sunday was returned by boddy .
however , mills said at the inquiry that had he been aware of all the information he would have been very hesitant about working coal in the low laithes area and that a considerable amount of doubt has been sown in his mind as to the flockton thin seam as a whole .
ken richardson - banned from racing , richardson turned to football , buying control of bridlington town and then doncaster rovers . colin mathison and peter boddy were ultimately installed as the sole directors of bridlington , while ken haran , richardson ' s friend who denied in court backing flockton grey for richardson , was made chairman at doncaster . in 1995 , the main stand at doncaster was burnt down . in 1999 , sheffield crown court heard that richardson had offered an ex - sas man £10 , 000 to set fire to it . . . richardson , 61 , was given a four - year jail sentence .
“bye pit believed sunk to haigh moor seam at 141 yards deep and bored to silkstoone seam at 302 yards dep . flockton thin seam at 219 yards deep . ” it was in this form he signed the layout plan on august 4th 1971 and initiated its progress through the chain of planning responsibilities .
at no time during the inquiry was any documentary information produced to show that workings existed in the flockton thin seam in the vicinity of south 9b face . the only plans of the area which were available were old estate plans , not certified and likely to be incomplete and unreliable . the information available , the efforts made by surveyors to find out all that they could about workings adjacent to south 9b district and the decisions which they reached are described in the following paragraphs .
on 8th october 1970 , in the course of his investigation to ensure that there was no danger from old workings , wood the colliery surveyor , made a visit to the mining records office at rawmarsh , near rotherham , to inspect abandonment plans . he inspected all available abandonment plans relative to the are of coal proposed to be worked by south 9b face and found no evidence of any workings in the flockton thin seam or of old shafts sunk below the haigh moor seam .
many old shafts have been completely filled with debris but are only filled above wooden platforms sited at a short distance below the surface . variations in the level of water table caused by the weather can have a considerable effect on the fill material , and in time , wooden platforms rot away . this could explain the subsidence at the bull pit in september 1972 . the flockton thin seam workings were 350 yards away at this time and would not affect the shaft or its filling .
in reply to later questions he agreed that there were inconsistencies in the colouring of various boring and sinking sections and that he could not say with certainty where the sinking sections and the bore hole started . i find it significant however , that his impression on seeing the journal for the first time - this is , when he entered the witness box - was that the shaft was sunk to where the coloured detailed section commenced at the flockton thin seam at a horizontal depth of 218 yards .
i find that seven men lost their lives as a result of the inrush of water at the face of south 9b district in the flockton thin seam . the conditions in the district following the incident were such that only one body could be recovered . access to the face was not possible but i am satisfied that the evidence given at the inquiry was sufficiently comprehensive to enable me to determine the causes and circumstances of the inrush . the names of the men who lost their lives in the accident are given later in this report .
in young horses , teeth provide a remarkably accurate guide to a horse ' s age . john hickman , a veterinary surgeon , and douglas witherington , the jockey club ' s chief veterinary officer , examined blown - up photographs . they were agreed that , in racing terms , the winner was undoubtedly a three - year - old . thousands of naming forms and certificates were examined , in a search for a three - year - old grey with a scar on its off - fore leg . there were only three candidates . dick ` e ' bear and wednesday morning were quickly eliminated… that left good hand .
on the day of the race , monday , march 29 , 1982 , boddy drove a horse to leicester racecourse in richardson ' s horsebox . according to boddy , he had picked the horse up from wiles ' s yard the previous day as a favour , their horsebox having broken down . that sunday , he drove the horse to newmarket , along with another two - year - old grey from jubilee farm , which he had to deliver to pat haslam ' s yard . boddy arrived at haslam ' s pegasus stables between 6 . 30pm and 7 . 30pm . john hammond , now a leading trainer in france but then haslam ' s assistant , was there when the horsebox was opened .
coal was won from longwall advancing mechanised faces and the seams worked given in descending order were ; flockton thin – three working faces , eleven yards – one working face , beeston – two working faces . development was taking place in the blocking bed seam which lies between the eleven yards and beeston seams . very little water is pumped from the mine . the main make at lofthouse a and b ) shafts is from the old haigh moor workings and is between 160 and 230 gallons per minute dependent on the season . at wrenthorpe shafts there is a well shaft 63 ft deep , from which 33 to 55 gallons per minute are pumped dependent on seasonal variation . the make of water from the main shafts at wrenthorpe is only 15 gallons per minute pumped from the silkstone pit bottom .
members of the jury , i am sure that you must have found in this case , as i have , that it is both curious and fascinating and you may have thought more than once , ` well , this would make a very good book , a very good detective story ' .
judge harry bennett qc , york crown court , may 30 , 1984 .
in 1979 , colin tinkler jnr had bought good hand as a foal for 600gns . a few months after arriving at tinkler ' s stable , good hand injured his leg on a gate . the injury left a prominent scar on the front of his off - fore leg below the knee . tinkler sold good hand to his brother nigel and , on july 22 , 1981 , the two - year - old made his debut in a selling race over five furlongs at catterick . backed from 5 - 1 to 2 - 1 favourite , good hand did well to finish third after missing the break . he was third again at thirsk later that month , and fourth at ripon in august .
acting on ken richardson ' s behalf , his right - hand man colin mathison subsequently claimed good hand for £3 , 100 , and sent him to jubilee farm . richardson was a yorkshireman with a self - made fortune founded on sacks and paper . his interest in horseracing was a gambling interest , and a highly successful one . richardson claimed that , during the late 1970s and early 1980s , he was winning between £70 , 000 and £90 , 000 a year .
richardson made it clear that the purpose of racing horses was to land gambles . in 1973 , lunness had a two - year - old filly called jubilee girl . he told richardson that jubilee girl might be good enough to win the brocklesby stakes at doncaster , the most valuable early - season two - year - old race . richardson preferred to run her in the seller . he had £10 , 000 on jubilee girl , causing her price to tumble from 4 - 1 to 13 - 8 . she won by seven lengths , and later beat alexben , the winner of the brocklesby .
at the beginning of december 1981 , the two - year - old good hand and the unnamed yearling by dragonara palace out of misippus , both greys , were at jubilee farm . according to richardson , he arranged for stephen wiles to take good hand away with a view to selling him . a busy man , richardson did not subsequently enquire about the horse and heard no more of good hand until after the leicester race . in the same month , again according to richardson , wiles bought the dragonara palace - misippus yearling . peter boddy , who often drove richardson ' s horsebox , delivered the yearling to wiles early in january 1982 .
richardson claimed to know nothing of the horse ' s subsequent movements . when he had asked boddy where he had taken the horse , boddy had replied that he had left it at wiles ' s yard , but both stephen and elaine wiles , and stephen pleasant , a stable lad , testified that no horse by the name of good hand , or like him , ever appeared at the stable after january 5 .
boddy maintained that there were two horses in the box , one intended for haslam , the other for leicester , but hammond testified that there was only one , which he led out himself .
i don ' t think i am wrong about this ,
he said .
my clear recollection is there was only one horse in this box when it arrived and that horse was delivered to us and then the box went away .
boddy claimed that he had then driven to the nearby moat house hotel and parked the horsebox there overnight . if boddy was telling the truth , the winner of the leicester race spent about 22 hours standing in the horsebox .
the field was leased by sylvia jones , whose son , greg , worked for stan mellor . her husband , peter , occasionally rode in point - to - points . mrs jones stated that on march 25 , the thursday before the race , she had gone to the sales at malton , where she told several people that she was looking for a horse as a companion for a foal . subsequently , she was away from home for a few days and , when she returned , on the evening of wednesday , march 31 , her daughter romney told her that a man had phoned that afternoon and a horse had then arrived . jones assumed that someone had heard she was looking for a horse and had responded to her appeal . she did not think it strange that she had not heard from the horse ' s owner since .
jones subsequently contacted derek gardiner , the huntsman who looked after the hounds for the goathland hunt . she offered him £200 to shoot a horse . the offer made gardiner suspicious , and he told jones that he had run out of ammunition . jones denied having contacted gardiner , but when both gave evidence during an appeal hearing in 1986 , lord justice lane made it clear that he believed gardiner but not jones , whose evidence the judge described as
incredible and untrue
. the police found jones an unhelpful witness and , when richardson ' s trial approached , in 1984 , she disappeared .
the jury disagreed . by a 10 - 2 majority , they found all three defendants guilty . richardson was given a nine - month suspended and fined £20 , 000 , with costs estimated at £25 , 000 . mathison was fined £3 , 000 while boddy escaped with a conditional discharge . richardson protested his innocence . in 1986 the court of appeal rejected his appeal and later that year the jockey club warned him off for 25 years , but he did not give up . in 1991 , richardson submitted a petition to the home secretary , kenneth baker , claiming that he was
now in a position to prove that the winning horse could not have been good hand
.
in 1995 , richardson obtained permission to apply for a judicial review of the home secretary ' s continued refusal to refer the case back to the court of appeal . finally , the home secretary , michael howard relented . in june 1995 he agreed to return the case to the court of appeal . the appeal was heard in december 1996 , when the crucial evidence was presented by dennis bellamy , and dr alfred linney , head of the medical graphics division at university college , london .
the passport generated by the naming exercise carried out on january 5 , 1982 showed a two - year - old gelding bearing the markings of the three - year - old good hand . it would have been bizarre for the conspirators to have presented this passport to racecourse officials , yet run a different three - year - old . two days after the race , good hand was delivered to a field leased by sylvia jones . less than eight months earlier , good hand was considered to have been worth £3 , 100 . if the gelding was not the ringer , why would someone make an anonymous gift of him to a woman no - one acknowledged knowing ?
would make a great drama film . plot a bit complex for me though .
hi felix , i always think that these ringer stories would make for a very good film . . . the only one i can think of that has been done was the gay future affair , my favourite i think would have to be the francasal one at bath races . just been reading about the
king of the ringers
, a guy named peter christian barrie aka paddy barrie . . . he was an excellent painter of horses , not so much in the style of sir alfred munnings but more a case of he painted the actual horse itself with henna dyes i . e . turning a chestnut into a bay etc ! best wishes burnsy
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urltoken
2 . 1 the tables below specify the scale of weight for age for flat races for any horse which is bred in the northern hemisphere . 2 . 2 attention is drawn to the provisions of rule 29 . 2 .
153 , entries , declarations and other race administration to be made through the racing calendar office .
the winner , returned at an sp of 10 - 1 , had been heavily backed , and the jockey club launched an investigation .
in december 1982 , a reporter for the daily star received an anonymous telephone call , saying that the leicester winner was in a field near glaisdale , on the north yorkshire moors . the horse was identified as good hand .
the field was leased by sylvia jones , who claimed that a man had delivered the horse on march 31 . her explanation was that someone must have heard that she was looking for a horse as a companion for a foal . no - one had contacted her since . jones had offered derek gardiner , a local huntsman , pounds 200 to shoot the horse but gardiner refused .
although the police failed to establish a link between jones and richardson , a link did exist through a friend of jones who had trained for richardson .
richardson received a ninemonth suspended sentence and a fine of pounds 20 , 000 , plus costs estimated at pounds 25 , 000 . two years later , he lost his appeal and the jockey club warned him off for 25 years .
in 1991 , richardson submitted a petition calling for the case to be referred back to the court of appeal , on the ground that richardson could now prove that the winning horse was not good hand .
eventually , in 1995 , the home secretary agreed to another hearing , which took place in 1996 . after hearing conflicting expert evidence on the winner ' s identity , the appeal court judges dismissed the appeal .
lord justice rose noted :
there was a very strong case indeed . . . not only that they had participated in a conspiracy to defraud , but also that the winner was good hand .
richardson was ordered to pay pounds 50 , 000 costs .
a tantalising question remains . who trained the ' ringer ' ? it wasn ' t wiles .
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you probably never heard of the unreal performance , because , well , it wasn’t real . instead of inspiring admiration , the winning margin awoke suspicion .
the police were involved immediately , and the official investigation showed the winning horse’s teeth were far too developed to belong to a two - year old . further evidence was collected , and ken richardson was charged with conspiracy to defraud .
richardson was convicted in june of 1984 . in addition to the fine above , he was ordered to pay £25 , 000 in costs and was hit with a ( suspended ) nine - month prison sentence . he was banned from the sport for 25 years .
interestingly , the jockey , kevin darley , remained above the fray . why ? well , because if he was in on the scam , he was a moron . had he known what was going on and that he was racing a superior / illegal horse , he’d have pulled back on the reins and not allowed the horse to win by such a ludicrous margin .
and if this absurd story wasn’t already uncanny enough , consider richardson later became the chairman of bridlington town football club and conspired to burn down club facilities to reap an insurance windfall . he spent four years in jail .
boredom spieth is not an alias . boredom spieth is a proud stetson - wearing texan , as you can see in his photo .
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there ' s a big world out there without racing ,
dermot browne said as he left the jockey club ' s headquarters yesterday , and now he has another 20 years to explore it .
the former jockey and trainer was
warned off
until 2022 by the club ' s disciplinary committee after he admitted doping 23 horses in 1990 . but since browne , dubbed the
needle man
, also claims to have passed information to the club naming several individuals who are still involved in the sport , it may be that racing has still not heard the last of him .
browne has been accused of many things over the years , but a shortage of charm has never been one of them . as he spoke after yesterday ' s hearing , there were plenty of smiles mixed in with the expressions of regret . he could not have been further removed from the stereotype of a horse - doper , the grubby , shifty man with a woodbine and a syringe .
but that will be of little comfort to anyone who was , in effect , robbed by browne ' s actions during a seven - week doping spree in august and september 1990 .
when they backed horses like bravefoot , last of five at 11 - 8 in the champagne stakes at doncaster , or hateel , third of four when 11 - 8 favourite for a race at glorious goodwood , browne and his syringe full of fast - acting sedative had already ensured that they could not win .
his other victims included argentum , in the group one nunthorpe stakes , the prolific and popular timeless times in a listed event at ripon , and three horses in one day at yarmouth .
browne , who is 41 , was warned off for 10 years for a number of breaches of jockey club rules in october 1992 . yesterday ' s hearing , however , was the first time that he had been formally found guilty of doping offences , and beforehand there was a feeling that he was likely to be warned off for life .
the fact that his penalty was
only
20 years may reflect his apparent willingness to assist the authorities with any further inquiries .
it ' s more or less what i expected ,
browne said .
i came down here today to put an end to something that ' s been going on for some time .
there are a lot of things going on in racing , but there are a lot of very hardworking genuine people in racing as well . i got involved with some of the wrong ones . there ' s still some of them out there , they ' re still there racing now , and they ' re the ones i ' d like to see out of it as well . why don ' t they come out and admit what they ' ve done ? i ' ve left information here and i ' m sure they ' re going to take it on .
browne has named the man who persuaded him to carry out the dopings as brian wright , a suspected drug - smuggler who is currently a fugitive from justice . other members of his gang are currently serving prison sentences .
i cannot comment on specific situations referred to by dermot ,
john maxse , the jockey club ' s pr director , said ,
but we are grateful for information which would assist in investigations of breaches of the rules .
browne clearly believes that more action is needed .
if i didn ' t care about racing i wouldn ' t have come down here ,
he said .
people have said a lot of things about me , but the truth is out there and it ' s probably going to come and bite them soon .
· be employed in any racing stable . deal in any capacity with a racehorse , for example by selling or placing shares in a horse .
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a group of punters behind a gambling coup on a 33 - 1 winner were last night facing the prospect of either talking to detectives from their local cid - or not being paid out .
the punters became a target for suspicion soon after jo n jack romped home at lingfield nine days ago leaving a number of bookmakers , particularly in the bradford area , decidedly less affluent . estimates of the winnings range from pounds 75 , 000 to double that .
minutes after the 2 . 30 race , the betting office licencees ' association ( bola ) advised its members to withhold payment on all winning bets because of ' unusual betting patterns ' , centred on west yorkshire . bola allegations were then sent to the jockey club who , although finding that no rules of racing had been broken , passed certain information on to the police .
west yorkshire police have asked local radio stations and newspapers to inform the public of two bradford cid telephone numbers that jo n jack backers should ring . the punters are not exactly in hiding , but late yesterday afternoon , detective chief inspector raymond falconer of bradford cid told the independent : ' we haven ' t had a call , not one . '
both bola and the jockey club refused yesterday to divulge the nature of the information that has led to the police inquiry . however , it is understood that part of the basis for bola ' s concern is that most of the bets involved in the coup were ' on the nose ' , and not each - way as may have been expected for such an outsider .
again , most of the individual bets were for relatively small amounts , pounds 100 a time , up to a maximum of pounds 250 , with various bookies . they were placed only moments before the ' off ' , giving no time for bookmakers to use their common practice of laying off money at the course in order to shrink the odds .
there is , of course , nothing illegal in any of this and it appears punters were merely exploiting the system in a legitimate way . indeed , there has been no suggestion from bola that those who backed losers in the lingfield 2 . 30 should have their money returned .
there is concern in racing generally , including among the major bookmakers , that the issue has grown out of proportion and that bola ' s hard line , followed by police involvement , is bringing damaging publicity to the betting industry .
the club have also exonerated roger ingram , who trains the four - year - old at epsom , from any rule - breaking . ingram has consistently expressed astonishment at the controversy and insists he had only pounds 20 on his charge , the same bet he has on all his runners .
dci falconer said yesterday : ' i would like the punters involved to contact us . we have an obligation to investigate a complaint and our intention is to find out if a crime has been committed . if some people have received a tip for a horse and made maximum use of the information and organised a betting coup , then that is not a criminal offence and the people involved would then be advised to contact their individual bookmakers .
' but if it is established that this was a criminal enterprise then the matter will be vigorously pursued , ' falconer added . he declined to discuss what kind of criminal offence could be involved .
tom kelly , director - general of bola , refused to divulge what information it has supplied . david pipe , spokesman for the jockey club , also refused to provide any details and said : ' we passed on to the police some of the information given to us by bola . it was information not directly connected with the race . it is bola ' s information , not ours . '
followers of form may want to know that jo n jack comes under orders again today , in the 4 . 00 at beverley . but he is unlikely to start at 33 - 1 .
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never known that happen ( by accident ) before . was uncle ken involved again ? ?
no masses o money made , the issue here was that the favourite came in second . the bookies have honoured the bets and made out 50k .
the bookies would rather a 50 / 1 chance win than a 4 / 6 . fair play to them for paying out on the favourite .
betting scams have almost as long a history as competitions they ' re attached to . here are the ten most notorious . . .
betting scams have almost as long a history as competitions they ' re attached to . here are the ten most notorious :
hansie cronje : south african cronje , 32 , was banned for life for match fixing in 2000 . he bartered with a bemused nasser hussain to make a game of the rain - ruined centurion park test . his gesture to forfeit an innings was hailed as a pr masterstoke . but he was motivated by a backhander of # 5 , 000 and a leather jacket from a bookie . he died in 2002 in a plane crash .
fixers : three malaysians fronted a far east illegal gambling syndicate . they targeted premiership football for a multi - million pound betting scam and were jailed for 12 years in 1999 . they were caught about to tamper with flood lights at charlton athletic .
angel jacobs : in 1998 amateur jockey angel jacobs was unmasked as an ex - professional . got 10 - year world - wide ban for 21 rides he took .
gay future : cartmel on august bank holiday monday 1974 . permit trainer anthony collins declared gay future to run in a novice hurdle . on the morning of the race , he was backed in doubles and trebles . but the other two horses were declared non - runners - in fact they had not even left for the courses . gay future won by 15 lengths at 10 - 1 .
in the money : this horse won hatherleigh selling handicap hurdle at newton abbot in 1978 , by 20 lengths at a well - backed 8 - 1 . horse was cobbler ' s march , a five - time winner .
francasal : horse ' s 10 - 1 win in the spa selling stakes at bath july 1953 was set up as a scam to make five men # 1million in bets . the conspirators replaced the moderate french horse francasal with a better horse called santa amaro . .
football : in 1965 ex - england footballers tony kay and peter swan and their sheffield wednesday team - mate david layne were given life bans , jailed for four months and fined # 150 for match fixing . .
running rein : lord george bentinck exposed that a four - year - old horse won the 1844 derby , a race for three - year - olds . the case was a landmark in the fight against corruption .
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one of the most famous horse racing betting scams of all involved trainer anthony collins and a horse named gay future . basically , collins plotted up a gamble on his charge for a race at cartmel on bank holiday monday . according to the form book , all of gay future ' s previous form had been moderate to say the least . however , it later transpired that collins had not run gay future in these races and had instead run a far worse horse in his place .
on the day of the cartmel race , with a string of apparently ordinary form figures by his name , gay future was sent off at 10 / 1 . collins and his syndicate protected the price of the horse by backing it in doubles and trebles with two other stablemates who were later withdrawn . in fact , they never even left the stable . all this meant that all the doubles and trebles turned into one big single bet on one of the day ' s easiest winners . gay future bolted up by 15 lengths and was returned at 10 / 1 . bookmakers became suspicious and the syndicate was later convicted of fraud and fined .
in the money recorded an easy 20 length success in a weak selling race having been backed off the boards at big prices into 8 / 1 . it later turned out that in the money was actually a far better horse called cobbler ' s march who had already won five races before . trainer john bowles paid the price though as he was banned for 20 years .