long run is a retired national hunt racehorse owned by robert waley-cohen and trained during his racing career by nicky henderson in great britain and later by his owner .

long run ( horse )

long run won ' t be ready to run this season ,
said the owner on twitter .
it has not yet been confirmed what long run will be doing during his retirement .
kauto star was probably at his best today , but long run is a very good young horse .
long run trainer nicky henderson was similarly thrilled to see his charge return to winning form .
the win saw long run become only the seventh horse after the likes of kauto star and desert orchid to reclaim the king george title .
long run justified his billing as 7 - 2 favourite by winning the cheltenham gold cup with a superb display .
what i look for is to see a horse that is consistent , that wants to go out there and run a good race and to me that epitomises long run as a horse who is all courage and loves his racing .
nacarat had made the early running , but the french - bred long run and kauto star were always in close proximity .
amateur jockey sam waley - cohen says his 2011 cheltenham gold cup winner long run can reclaim the prize on 15 march .
no horse other than kauto star has regained the gold cup having lost it but there is little likelihood of long run ' s owner robert waley - cohen replacing his son on the horse .
long run , winner of the cheltenham gold cup and two king george vi chases , has been retired from racing aged 11 .
long run lost to silviniaco conti in the betfair chase at haydock in november , while sir des champs won the irish hennessy .
the idea that long run ' s victory brought the scene - shifters into jump racing was resisted by sam , who lost a brother , thomas , to cancer . he said :
it may be too early for that , but long run ' s an amazing horse – and a baby .
amateur jockey sam waley - cohen produced a faultless ride on 9 - 2 second favourite long run , who is owned by his father robert .
the 2011 cheltenham gold cup winner long run will miss this season and return to racing in the autumn , says owner robert waley - cohen .
climbing when a horse lifts its front legs abnormally high as it gallops , causing it to run inefficiently .
on the bit when a horse is eager to run . also known as
in the bridle .
long run was initially aimed at this year’s cheltenham foxhunter before a setback in january saw hopes divert towards the grand national at aintree . sunday’s race was considered a trial run ahead of the liverpool showcase — but his disappointing run prompted connections to call it a day on his illustrious racing career .
inside information is where people who have close connections with a horse know how likely it is that the horse is going to run in a certain race , and if it does , how well it is likely to run .
a mistake by kauto star at the penultimate fence sealed his fate , and the foot - perfect long run surged to the line for a convincing victory .
long run , dual king george vi chase hero and winner of the gold cup , has been retired after finishing fifth in a hunter chase at carlisle .
long run was one of the favourites , at 12 - 1 , for last year ' s national at aintree but fell at valentine ' s brook .
long run is a phenomenal horse and i ' m so pleased he ' s shown people what he is capable of ,
said the 28 - year - old sam waley - cohen .
key horse a single horse used in multiple combinations in an exotic wager . l
kauto star , right , finished a well - beaten third behind long run in the king george vi chase at kempton . photograph : tom jenkins for the observer
brilliant young steeplechaser long run thwarted kauto star ' s bid to create racing history as he trounced his rivals to win the king george vi chase at kempton .
the 15 - 8 favourite long run claimed victory in a thrilling finish to the king george vi chase at kempton to win the race for a second time .
run - out bit a special type of bit to prevent a horse from bearing out ( or in ) . s
asked if he had £10 to put on one horse in the gold cup , waley - cohen replied ;
i would back long run . i think he has a chance of winning it .
long run looked sure to finish third after jumping the final fence , but was eased and stopped to a walk on the run - in , being passed by both barachois silver and durban gold , meaning he beat just one rival home .
long run , trained by nicky henderson , won january ' s king george vi chase but the six - year - old had struggled at cheltenham on previous visits .
the jockey was criticised when winning a second king george in december after long run made a mistake at the last fence but battled back to edge out captain chris .
near side left side of a horse . side on which a horse is mounted .
reins long straps , usually made of leather , that are connected to the bit and used by the jockey to control the horse .
but after running out of time , he instead made the long trip north to cumbria .
nasogastric tube a long tube that is capable of reaching from the nose to the stomach .
national hunt heroes big buck’s , denman and long run are among the equine stars that will be parading at the cheltenham festival on the opening day ( tuesday , 14 march ) .
( a ) silky sullivan a horse that makes a big run from far back . named for the horse silky sullivan , who once made up 41 lengths to win a race .
growth plates located at the end of long bones where they grow in length . see physis .
trip an individual horse ' s race , with specific reference to the difficulty ( or lack of difficulty ) the horse had during competition , e . g . , whether the horse was repeatedly blocked or had an unobstructed run .
bounce a poor race run directly following a career - best or near - best performance .
burn ( ed ) see run down . commonly used in the term : burned heels .
“that’s it for long run now . we’ll find something else for him to do . he’s been a wonderful horse , i’ve had him since was a three - year - old and he’s given us some fantastic moments , ” said robert .
champion trainer henderson has five possible runners , including long run , with the seven barrows handler also leaving in captain conan , finian’s rainbow , riverside theatre and cheltenham gold cup hero bobs worth .
long - distance running and evolution : why humans can outrun horses but can’t jump higher than cats .
breakdown when a horse suffers a potentially career - ending injury , usually to the leg : the horse suffered a breakdown . the horse broke down .
waley - cohen , whose mount beat great steeplechasers denman and kauto star two years ago , has also been third in a gold cup and landed the king george vi chase twice with long run .
long run was the youngest gold cup winner since mill house in 1963 , but was beaten twice by kauto star last season before finishing third behind winner synchronised when favourite for the big cheltenham race .
the race was run at a slow pace and nicky said to be aware and ride him handy . i was just keeping out of trouble and making sure he got a nice run .
spit the bit a term referring to a tired horse that begins to run less aggressively , backing off on the
pull
a rider normally feels on the reins from an eager horse . also used as a generic term for an exhausted horse .
sheets a handicapping tool assigning a numerical value to each race run by a horse to enable different horses running at different racetracks to be objectively compared .
meanwhile , following the carlisle race , long run’s jockey sam received a controversial seven - day suspension for easing up on the gelding during the run - in . he has announced he will appeal against the ban which rules him out of the aintree fox hunters in april — a race the jockey has won three times .
mane long hairs growing on the crest of the horse ' s neck , which are usually kept clipped to about six inches in length for neatness , or decoratively braided .
trainer nicky henderson , claiming his fifth win of the day , sealed a one - two as long run beat stablemate riverside theatre by 12 lengths , with the four - time king george winner a further seven lengths adrift .
but it was time for a new champion as long run , who only officially had his sixth birthday on new year ' s day , proved too good on the day for the 11 - year - old kauto star .
cut down horse suffering from injuries from being struck by the shoes of another horse . or , due to a faulty stride , a horse may cut itself down . d
bha works on the principle that no horse should run in great britain under the effects of medication or have any substance present in its system that can affect performance .
front - runner a horse whose running style is to attempt to get on or near the lead at the start of the race and to continue there as long as possible .
pastern ( bones ) denotes the area between the fetlock joint and the hoof . the joint between the long and short pastern bones is called the
pastern joint .
can also be used to describe the area of the limb or to describe a specific bone long pastern bone . technically known as the p1 ( long ) and p2 ( short ) .
grandsire the grandfather of a horse ; father (
sire
) of the horse ' s dam or sire .
but last year ' s gold cup winner dug deep on the run - in to win by a neck .
one horse who heads to the festival undiminished is the champion hurdler , binocular , trained , like long run , by nicky henderson who had five winners in total . binocular was an authoritative winner of the restaged christmas hurdle under mccoy , who rode the new desert orchid for the first time .
waley - cohen had taken over the training of long run since his unsuccessful journey to france — when he suffered various injuries on his way back to britain - and had hoped to get him qualified for the foxhunter chase at cheltenham .
long run , winner of the two out of the last three runnings of the william hill king george vi chase at kempton and last year’s runner - up , captain chris , head the list of 30 entries for this year’s race .
long run ' s stablemate bobs worth , who has won four races at cheltenham and triumphed in the hennessy gold cup last time out , heads the betting at about 3 - 1 ahead of silviniaco conti and irish challenger sir des champs .
i ' ll sit down and have a talk with clive but if he ' s sound and well there is no reason why he can ' t run in this year ' s gold cup . cheltenham will suit him better than kempton does now , he ' s just that bit slower . long run was always going to be a good horse if he put it all together and he did that .
distal sesamoidean ligaments attaches to the bottom of the sesamoid bones , passing down and attaching to the long and short pastern bones .
flatten out a very tired horse that slows considerably , dropping its head on a straight line with its body . some horses , however , like to run with their heads lowered .
horse when reference is made to sex , a
horse
is an ungelded male five - years - old or older .
fetlock ( joint ) joint located between the cannon bone and the long pastern bone , also referred to as the
ankle .
jail refers to the requirement that a horse which has been claimed that next runs in a claiming race must run for a claiming price 25 percent higher for the next 30 days . commonly used in the phrase the horse is in ( out of ) jail .
digital the part of the limb below the ankle ( fetlock ) joint . includes the long and short pastern bones and the coffin bone .
schooling process of familiarizing a horse with the starting gate and teaching it racing practices . a horse may also be schooled in the paddock . in steeplechasing , more particularly to teach a horse to jump .
but waley - cohen had long run well positioned and they looked dangerous at the top of the hill and loomed alongside the nicholls duo with two fences to go and his younger legs were able to get him clear from the last and up the cheltenham hill for a famous win .
lunge 1 ) horse rearing and plunging . 2 ) a method of exercising a horse on a tether (
lunge line
) . m
“he won’t run again and will now do something he enjoys . whether that’s showing or eventing , we’ll have to wait and see . ”
people who care about horses are turning their backs on the grand national and every other race in which horses are being run to death .
if a horse’s microchip is unreadable / undetectable then the horse will be identified by the markings in its passport . a notification form will be issued by the veterinary officer , for the horse to be re - micro chipped .
on rare occasions a horse will be unable to be identified from its chip or passport . should this happen the horse will be prevented from running .
mare ' s month september . in theory , because mares that have not run well during the summer often
wake up
in september .
long run , who had finished second to kauto star in last year ' s race after winning in 2010 , had battled hard in the testing heavy conditions and three fences from home looked the most likely winner before captain chris and richard johnson challenged with grands crus ( 7 - 1 ) finishing third .
consolation double a payoff to holders of daily double tickets combining the winning horse in the first race of the double with a scratched horse in the second .
fire a burst of acceleration by a horse in a race . for example ,
the horse did ( didn ' t ) fire when asked .
graduate 1 ) winning for the first time , horse or rider . 2 ) a horse that has moved up to allowance , stakes or handicap racing .
defending champion imperial commander , who was out of contention a long way from home before being pulled up , was later found to have burst a blood vessel .
kauto star took the race a long way out and with three fences to go was fighting it out with stablemate and fellow 11 - year - old denman .
i just thought he might run well at kempton , finish third or fourth , and then we ' d put him away for the summer .
david johnson ' s patience is unbelievable . this is the longest td run of his career . . . 58 yards ! # mnf # nyjvsaz urltoken
condition book ( s ) a series of booklets issued by a racing secretary which set forth conditions of races to be run at a particular racetrack .
horse racing betting tips : top picks for the eclipse at sandow . . .
horse racing betting tips june 30 : best bets for the northumbe . . .
any horse affected will receive immediate attention and treatment from the racecourse veterinary team .
fault weak points of a horse ' s conformation or character as a racehorse .
muzzle 1 ) nose and lips of a horse . 2 ) a guard placed over a horse ' s mouth to prevent it from biting or eating . n
second dam grandmother of a horse . also known as a
granddam .
short a horse in need of more work or racing to reach winning form .
snip small patch of white hairs on the nose or lips of a horse .
stall walker horse that moves about its stall constantly and frets rather than rests .
stud 1 ) male horse used for breeding . 2 ) a breeding farm .
timber topper jumper or steeplechase horse . more properly horses jumping over timber fences .
underlay a horse racing at shorter odds than seems warranted by its past performances .
physis plural physes . the
growth plate
at the end of the long bones ( such as the cannon bone ) that lets the bone grow in length .
each horse has its own passport . checks are carried out on selected horses to ensure their recorded markings match the chip number recorded on the passport . all horses having their first run on a racecourse will be checked , as will horses having their first run for a new trainer . equine influenza vaccination records are also checked to ensure they comply with the requirements set out in the rules .
but the golden run came to an end for the northern irishman , who has ridden more than 3 , 000 winners in a record - breaking career .
action 1 ) a horse ' s manner of moving . 2 ) a term meaning wagering , for example ,
the horse took a lot of action .
declared in the united states , a horse withdrawn from a stakes race in advance of scratch time . in europe , a horse confirmed to start in a race .
reserve a minimum price , set by the consignor , for a horse in a public auction . for example ,
the horse did not reach its reserve .
for an amateur to win such a prestigious race is rare , and waley - cohen has had to endure much adverse comment about his suitability for the long run ride . pure nepotism , some thought . his father , robert , said :
that ' s the perfect riposte . he has justified my faith in him .
horse racing tips july 2 : pontefract , hamilton , windsor , wolve . . .
bottom 1 ) stamina in a horse . 2 ) subsurface of a racing strip .
colt an ungelded ( entire ) male horse four - years - old or younger .
digestible energy the amount of energy a horse is able to digest from a feedstuff .
entry fee money paid by an owner to enter a horse in a stakes race .
exercise rider rider who is licensed to exercise a horse during its morning training session .
nose smallest advantage a horse can win by . called a short head in britain .
prop when a horse suddenly stops moving by digging its front feet into the ground .
pull up to stop or slow a horse during or after a race or workout .
show bet wager on a horse to finish in the money ; third or better .
yes , so long as you are still eligible , to claim an allowance in accordance with rules ( f ) 140 or ( f ) 141 of the rules of racing .
green osselet an inflammation and swelling in the fetlock joint of young horses , particularly on the front of the joints where the cannon and long pastern bones meet . see arthritis .
the seven - year - old , who is owned by the jockey ' s father robert , will now be hoping to complete another king george / gold cup double in cheltenham in march , but his stable - mate bobs worth remains at the head of the betting market at around 4 - 1 with long run at around 7 - 1 .
running and jumping comes naturally to horses , and we see them doing both those things in the wild . it’s also interesting to note that when a horse unseats its rider during a race , it will continue to run and jump with the other horses .
beyer number a handicapping tool , popularized by author andrew beyer , assigning a numerical value ( speed figure ) to each race run by a horse based on final time and track condition . this enables different horses running at different racetracks to be objectively compared .
long run ( fr ) b . g , 2005 { 1 - x } dp = 1 - 0 - 4 - 3 - 0 ( 8 ) di = 0 . 60 cd = - 0 . 13 - 34 starts , 15 wins , 7 places , 6 shows career earnings : £1 , 542 , 715 in gb / fr / ire
break ( a horse ) 1 ) to train a young horse to wear a bridle and saddle , carry a rider and respond to a rider ' s commands . almost always done when the horse is a yearling . 2 ) to leave from the starting gate .
trial in thoroughbred racing , a preparatory race created in tandem with a subsequent , more important stakes race to be run a few days or weeks hence the derby trial .
the french - bred horse becomes the youngest gold cup winner since mill house in 1963 .
i want to say thank you to everyone for believing in me and the horse .
horse racing tips july 6 : best bets for sandown , doncaster , ne . . .
horse racing tips july 3 : best bets for stratford , brighton , h . . .
horse racing tips july 1 : best bets for uttoxeter , cartmel , wi . . .
horse racing tips june 30 : best bets for york , chester , windso . . .
horse racing tips june 25 : best bets for beverley , brighton , n . . .
brace ( or bracer ) rubdown liniment used on a horse after a race or workout .
breeze ( breezing ) working a horse at a moderate speed , less effort than handily .
conformation the physical makeup of and bodily proportions of a horse how it is put together .
driving a horse that is all out to win and under strong urging from its jockey .
grass slip used in some areas , permission to exercise a horse on the turf course .
head a margin between horses . one horse leading another by the length of its head .
the foot of the horse . consists of several parts that play an integral role in supporting the weight of the horse . see
hoof
subsection of
musculoskeletal system
in
mudder horse that races well on muddy tracks . also known as a
mudlark .
overweight surplus weight carried by a horse when the rider cannot make the required weight . p
shank rope or strap attached to a halter or bridle by which a horse is led .
taken up a horse pulled up sharply by its rider because of being in close quarters .
closed knees a condition when the cartilaginous growth plate above the knee ( distal radial physis ) has turned to bone . indicates completion of long bone growth and is one sign of maturity .
long run is an 8 - 1 chance for a repeat performance of last season’s epic battle with captain chris – who is rated a 25 - 1 shot – after a disappointing showing in last weekend’s charlie hall chase at wetherby , in which he finished out of the first three for the first time in his career , but subsequently was found to have scoped badly .
oiled ( oiling ) administration of mineral oil via nasogastric tube to relieve gas or pass blockage . preventative procedure commonly used in long van rides to prevent impaction with subsequent colics . see colic .
a horse ambulance is available on site to ensure prompt and safe transport of an injured horse to either the on - course veterinary treatment facilities or a near - by equine referral centre .
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cup 1 ) refers to the irregular occlusal surface of the tooth ( the surfaces that meet when a horse closes its mouth ) and is used as a visual method of determining age in a horse . 2 ) trophy awarded to winning horse owners , usually in a stakes race .
william hill king george vi chase odds : 5 - 1 dynaste , 6 - 1 bobs worth , cue card , silviniaco conti , 7 - 1 sir des champs , 8 - 1 long run , 12 - 1 al ferof , 16 - 1 captain conan , flemenstar , mount benbulben , 20 - 1 lord windermere , menorah , tidal bay , 25 - 1 bar .
horse racing tips july 8 : best bets for ayr , market rasen , fai . . .
check ( ed ) when a jockey slows a horse due to other horses impeding its progress .
connections persons identified with a horse , such as owner , trainer , rider and stable employees .
morning glory horse that performs well in morning workouts but fails to reproduce that form in races .
rabbit a speed horse running as an entry with another , usually come - from - behind horse . the rabbit is expected to set a fast pace to help the chances of its stablemate .
ridden out a horse that finishes a race under mild urging , not as severe as driving .
white a horse color , extremely rare , in which all the hairs are white . the horse ' s eyes are brown , not pink , as would be the case for an albino .
there was disappointment for amateur jockey willy twiston - davies when he was unseated by the well - fancied baby run in the christie ' s foxhunter chase two from home when well clear .
condylar ( fracture ) a fracture in the lower knobby end ( condyle ) of the lower ( distal ) end of a long bone such as the cannon bone or humerus ( upper front limb ) .
the sport’s substantial investment in veterinary research and education brings benefits for all breeds of horse in britain .
carpus a joint in the horse ' s front leg , more commonly referred to as the knee .
cryptorchid a
unilateral cryptorchid
is a male horse of any age that has one testicle undescended . a
bilateral cryptorchid
is a male horse of any age that has both testicles undescended . the jockey club defines
cryptorchid
as a male horse of any age that has both testicles undescended .
feather light weight . usually refers to the weight a horse is assigned to carry in a race .
hung a horse that does not advance its position in a race when called upon by its jockey .
nominator one who owns a horse at the time it is named to compete in a stakes race .
overlay a horse going off at higher odds than it appears to warrant based on its past performances .
steadied a horse being taken in hand by its rider , usually because of being in close quarters .
tattoo a permanent , indelible mark on the inside of the upper lip used to identify the horse .
five out he was clumsy ; four out he dropped four lengths behind the leaders as long run surged ahead of the old champion and staked his claim on the future , passing the post 12 lengths clear of his stable companion riverside theatre . at the second - last kauto star turned mccoy into a rodeo rider , blundering badly and almost ejecting the bbc sports personality of the year out of the saddle .
it’s important to note that if a horse does not want to race , it won’t , and very occasionally we see a horse plant its feet and refuse to move . no horse can be made to race against its will . in the overwhelming majority of cases , horses happily take part in a race .
the graduate development programme is run each year from the end of june to beginning of september with around 18 placements on offer . visit the graduate page on the careersinracing website to found out more .
as with any sport , those taking part do sometimes suffer injury , but it is important to note that 99 . 58 % of runners in british racing complete their race without incurring any long - term injury .
scratch to be taken out of a race before it starts . trainers usually scratch horses due to adverse track conditions or a horse ' s adverse health . a veterinarian can scratch a horse at any time .
stakes a race for which the owner usually must pay a fee to run a horse . the fees can be for nominating , maintaining eligibility , entering and starting , to which the track adds more money to make up the total purse . some stakes races are by invitation and require no payment or fee .
“he’s been a magic horse and in many ways changed our lives with the fabulous days he’s given us .
“it was a course record as well , which just puts into context how good a horse he was .
closer a horse that runs best in the latter part of the race , coming from off the pace .
conditioner 1 ) a trainer . 2 ) a workout or race to enable a horse to attain fitness .
cuppy ( track ) a dry and loose racing surface that breaks away under a horse ' s hooves .
drop ( ed ) down a horse meeting a lower class of rival than it had been running against .
earmuffs a piece of equipment that covers a horse ' s ears to prevent it from hearing distracting sounds .
leg up 1 ) to help a jockey mount a horse . 2 ) a jockey having a mount .
prep ( race ) a workout ( or race ) used to prepare a horse for a future engagement .
teaser a male horse used at breeding farms to determine whether a mare is ready to receive a stallion .
if a horse is injured , it’s important that it is kept calm , and provided with some privacy . a screen helps create a calm environment around the horse and allows the vets to work safely and without distraction .
this horse is still only six , so there is a lot to look forward to with him yet .
bad doer a horse with a poor appetite , a condition that may be due to nervousness or other causes .
false favorite horse that is a race favorite despite being outclassed by other competition in the field . see underlay .
past performances a horse ' s racing record , earnings , bloodlines and other data , presented in composite form .
blood - typing a way to verify a horse ' s parentage . blood - typing is usually completed within the first year of a horse ' s life and is necessary before registration papers will be issued by the jockey club .
but he ' s improved a massive amount from that run . today he ' s travelled supremely and jumped . he picked them up the minute he wanted to and he ' s our little hurricane fly .
veterinary surgeons must record any vaccines given in the horse’s passport . if the horse is signed out of the food chain in its passport , generally no other records need to be kept for the vmd . if the horse is not signed out of the food chain there are strict recording requirements for the acquisition , use and disposal of medicines : urltoken
declaring a new era open , bookmakers installed long run as the 6 - 1 second - favourite for the gold cup behind imperial commander ( 3 - 1 ) , who defends his title at the cheltenham festival . kauto star was pushed out to 8 - 1 , the same price as his stablemate denman . those two have carved up steeplechasing over the past five years but motor to the cotswolds now as beloved veterans – assuming kauto star travels at all .
paying his own tribute , he said : “he’s been a phenomenal horse who rose to the biggest occasion every time .
as with any sport , horse racing is tough , but the level of risk for its participants is very low .
break maiden horse or rider winning the first race of its career . also known as
earning a diploma .
gate card a card , issued by the starter , stating that a horse is properly schooled in starting gate procedures .
gelding a male horse of any age that has been neutered by having both testicles removed (
gelded
) .
morning line probable odds on each horse in a race , as determined by a mathematical formula used by the track handicapper , who tries to gauge both the ability of the horse and the likely final odds as determined by the bettors .
overgirth an elastic band that goes completely around a horse , over the saddle , to keep the saddle from slipping .
speed figure a handicapping tool used to assign a numerical value to a horse ' s performance . see beyer number .
subscription fee paid by owner to nominate a horse for a stakes race or to maintain eligibility for a stakes race .
tubing inserting a nasogastric tube through a horse ' s nostril into its stomach for the purpose of providing oral medication .
wheel betting all possible combinations in an exotic wager using at least one horse as the key . see part wheel .
yearling a horse in its second calendar year of life , beginning jan . 1 of the year following its birth .
re - entered the reason that the horse was scratched out of the race was that he was either a ) entered in another race on that day , either at the same track or another track and opted to race in the other race or b ) was scratched out of this race to run in another race in the next few days .
“when it’s a 50 - 50 call , i think you lean on the side of the welfare of the horse . ”
breather easing off on a horse for a short distance in a race to permit it to conserve or renew its strength .
gastric ulcers ulceration of a horse ' s stomach . often causes symptoms of abdominal distress ( colic ) and general unthriftiness .
hood a ( usually ) nylon covering which goes over a horse ' s head to which blinkers or earmuffs are attached .
part wheel using a key horse or horses in different , but not all possible , exotic wagering combinations . see wheel .
state - bred a horse bred in a particular state and thus eligible to compete in races restricted to state - breds .
swayback horse with a prominent concave shape of the backbone , usually just behind the withers ( saddle area ) . scoliosis .
in sum , you might say we were born to run . but you also might just as well say we ran to be born . come to think of it , that would make a seriously good motto for the wales marathon .
in only his second run over hurdles after an impressive debut at kempton , the 13 - 2 chance , ridden by daryl jacob , ran out an impressive two - and - a - quarter - length winner from the irish filly unaccompanied .
added weight a horse carrying more weight than the conditions of the race require , usually because the jockey exceeds the stated limit .
cast a horse , positioned on its side or back , and wedged against a wall , such that it cannot get up .
maiden 1 ) a horse or rider that has not won a race . 2 ) a female that has never been bred .
refuse 1 ) when a horse will not break from the gate . 2 ) in jumping races , balking at a jump .
stripe a white marking running down a horse ' s face , starting under an imaginary line connecting the tops of the eyes .
the big horses were all there and he had to get through them , and he did . it was a wonderful ride . it was a great race because all the horses have run great races - there ' s no disputing it .
open knee a condition of young horses in which the physis of the knee has not closed ; an immature knee . often used to describe the status of the physis immediately above the knee and is an indicator of long bone growth in two - year - olds .
flank area between the horse ' s ribs and hip . lacking heavy musculature and the site of important internal organs , the flank is a very sensitive region on the horse ' s body and cannot be touched by a jockey ' s whip during a race .
twitch a restraining device usually consisting of a stick with a loop of rope or chain at one end , which is placed around a horse ' s upper lip and twisted , releasing endorphins that relax a horse and curb its fractiousness while it is being handled .
but , despite their successful association , some believe a professional with more experience should be on board the nicky henderson - trained horse .
it is information that is known by those who work closely with the horse such as an owner , trainer , rider , stable employee or their service providers . service providers are people like vets , farriers and feedmen that have provided services to do with the horse .
ewios , who work in teams , are responsible for the security of the stable yard and the monitoring horse welfare at race meetings .
across the board a bet on a horse to win , place and show . if the horse wins , the player collects three ways ; if second , two ways ; and if third , one way , losing the win and place bets . actually three wagers .
black a horse color which is black , including the muzzle , flanks , mane , tail and legs unless white markings are present .
groom a person who cares for a horse in a stable . known as a
lad
or
girl
in britain .
neck unit of measurement . about the length of a horse ' s neck ; a little less than a quarter of a length .
rattle used in the expression ,
he likes to hear his feet rattle ,
a horse that likes a firm turf course .
we ' ll know more in a week ,
said clive smith , his owner , acknowledging at least the possibility that the first horse to regain the gold cup title has run his last race . if any damage is found , smith added , they could
call it a day
. paul nicholls , his trainer , favours perseverance and will argue for one more adventure .
the decision was made to retire the son of cadoudal after he finished fifth in a hunter chase at carlise on sunday ( 20 march ) . it was his comeback run after sustaining an injury on his way back from racing in france in may 2014 .
girth 1 ) an elastic and leather band , sometimes covered with sheepskin , that passes under a horse ' s belly and is connected to both sides of the saddle . 2 ) deepest point of the horse ' s midsection , around which the saddle girth is tightened .
owners and trainers love their horses and have invested huge amounts of time and care into looking after and training them . the last thing they want is to have to put down a horse . but horses have far more complex physiology than humans , and a broken leg can often cause damage to blood vessels and other tissue . because horses can not stay off their feet for long periods , broken bones do not have a chance to heal , and so often sadly the kindest way to help a horse with a broken limb is to put it down .
when he got there he saw the crowd and he wanted to stop and have a look . what a horse he is .
a trainer or member of their stable staff may sign in the owner of their horse and escort them in and out of the stables .
cribber a horse that clings to objects with its teeth and sucks air into its stomach . also known as a
wind sucker .
forelock lock of mane hair that falls forward from the poll ( top of the head ) to just above the horse ' s eyes .
under wraps horse under stout restraint in a race or workout to keep it from pulling away from the competition by too large a margin .
99 . 58 % of runners in british racing complete their race without incurring any long - term injury . over the last twenty years , concerted efforts across the sport has seen an already low equine fatality rate drop by a further third , to just 0 . 18 % of runners .
claiming process by which a licensed person may purchase a horse entered in a designated race for a predetermined price . when a horse has been claimed , its new owner assumes title after the starting gate opens although the former owner is entitled to all purse money earned in that race .
off - track betting wagering at legalized betting outlets usually run by the tracks , management companies specializing in parimutuel wagering , or , in new york state , by independent corporations chartered by the state . wagers at otb sites are usually commingled with on - track betting pools .
racecourses employ experienced veterinary surgeons and have state - of - the - art horse ambulances available to ensure the very best treatment of any injury .
distanced horse so far behind the rest of the field of runners that it is out of contact and unable to regain a position of contention .
rank a horse that refuses to settle under a jockey ' s handling in a race , running in a headstrong manner without respect to pace .
washed out a horse that becomes so nervous that it sweats profusely . also known as
washy
or
lathered ( up ) .
if a horse does have to be put down , it is done in a quick and painless way , by a trained veterinary surgeon . the usual method is by injection , but the vets will decide on the most appropriate course of action for the horse based on its specific circumstances . any decision is taken by a team of veterinary surgeons ; where appropriate this will be done in consultation with the owners and trainer of a horse .
jumps in horse racing are designed , first and foremost , to be as safe as possible , and allow horses to show off their natural athleticism . there are lots of ways that jumps are designed to pose a challenge to the horse and jockey , but at the same time minimise risk .
claiming race a race in which each horse entered is eligible to be purchased at a set price . claims must be made before the race and only by licensed owners or their agents who have a horse registered to race at that meeting or who have received a claim certificate from the stewards .
tongue tie strip of cloth - type material used to stabilize a horse ' s tongue to prevent it from
choking down
in a race or workout or to keep the tongue from sliding up over the bit , rendering the horse uncontrollable . also known as a
tongue strap .
“it is a difficult balance for the stewards . you have to have the horse’s welfare in your mind as well as riding for all your worth .
also - eligible a horse officially entered for a race , but not permitted to start unless the field is reduced by scratches below a specified number .
dosage index ( di ) a mathematical reduction of the dosage profile to a number reflecting a horse ' s potential for speed or stamina . the higher the number , the more likely the horse is suited to be a sprinter . the average dosage index of all horses is about 4 . 0 .
as races are shorter on the flat , it’s important that the participants begin in as straight a line as possible . for longer races ( and that includes some long flat races as well as all jump races ) , riders often want to take up a tactical position that they believe offers their horse its best chance to perform well . for some , that might mean going out in front , whilst for others it might mean taking a lead from another horse or dropping in at the back of the field . the ground would often be too soft to move the stalls around on at a jumps meeting .
elite human runners , however , can sustain speeds up to 6 . 5 meters per second . even run - of - the - mill joggers typically do between 3 . 2 and 4 . 2 meters per second , which means they can outrun dogs at distances greater than two kilometers .
the cardinals running back proved that yet again monday night . against the jets , johnson got the scoring started with a 58 - yard touchdown run . he showed great patience in allowing the play to develop before he hit full speed and then proceeded to dance his way around the entire defense .
all racecourses appoint specialist equine veterinary surgeons ( racecourse veterinary surgeons ) who attend each race meeting to provide immediate first aid and veterinary treatment to any horse .
fontana safety rail an aluminum rail , in use since 1981 , designed to help reduce injuries to horse and rider . it has more of an offset ( slant ) to provide greater clearance between the rail and the vertical posts as well as a protective cover to keep horse and rider from striking the posts .
nod lowering of head . to win by a nod , a horse extends its head with its nose touching the finish line ahead of a close competitor .
tightener 1 ) a race used to give a horse a level of fitness that cannot be obtained through morning exercises alone . 2 ) a leg brace .
top line 1 ) a thoroughbred ' s breeding on its sire ' s side . 2 ) the visual line presented by the horse ' s back .
pony any horse or pony that leads the parade of the field from paddock to starting gate . also , a horse or pony which accompanies a starter to the starting gate . also can be used as a verb he was ponied to the gate . also known as a
lead [ leed ] pony .
cooling out restoring a horse to normal temperature , usually by walking , after it has become overheated during exercise . all horses that are exercised are cooled out .
entire an ungelded horse . in europe , where geldings are not permitted to enter certain races , the race conditions might read
entire colts and fillies .
handily 1 ) working in the morning with maximum effort . compare with , 2 ) a horse racing well within itself , with little exertion from the jockey .
as it is important to complete any course of antibiotics to help prevent resistance developing within the bacteria we would not wish for a trainer to stop giving a course of antibiotics prescribed by a vet in order for the horse to be eligible to run in the future . we are confident that antibiotics do not improve performance on raceday . more details on detection of anti - infective drugs can in the bha notices section of the rules website and there are specific notices on :


euglossa dilemma , the green orchid bee or dilemma orchid bee , is a species of solitary euglossine bee native to a broad area of central america , and recently introduced to florida in the united states .

it was first detected in broward county , florida in 2003 , and initially identified as euglossa viridissima , but further study revealed that e. viridissima as previously defined consisted of two cryptic species , and the one present in florida was new to science .

euglossa dilemma

maggie whitson marked
euglossa dilemma ( green orchid bee )
as trusted on the
euglossa dilemma
page .
maggie whitson marked
green orchid bee ( euglossa dilemma )
as trusted on the
euglossa dilemma
page .
maggie whitson added a link to
featured creatures : green orchid bee - euglossa dilemma friese
on
euglossa dilemma
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euglossa dilemma genome assembly edil _ v1 . 0 ( gca _ 002201625 . 1 / nijg01 )
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euglossa - dilemma , - male , - side _ 2012 - 06 - 27 - 17 . 32 . 14 - zs - pmax
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euglossa dilemma , male , face _ 2012 - 06 - 27 - 17 . 20 . 45 zs pmax
euglossa dilemma , male , face _ 2012 - 06 - 27 - 17 . 20 . 45 zs pmax | flickr
euglossa dilemma genome assembly edil _ v1 . 0 ( gca _ 002201625 . 1 / nijg01 ) | i5k workspace @ nal
euglossa - dilemma , - male , - side _ 2012 - 06 - 27 - 17 . 32 . 14 - zs - pmax
euglossa - dilemma , - male , - side _ 2012 - 06 - 27 - 17 . 32 . 14 - zs - pmax | flickr
chemosensory genes detected in the antennal transcriptomes of e . dilemma and e . viridissima
e . dilemma gene annotations with homology to the honey bee . ( . txt )
establishment of the neotropical orchid bee euglossa viridissima ( hymenoptera : apidae ) in florida .
figure 2 . a female euglossa dilemma photographed while foraging . corbiculae ( pollen baskets ) are visible , and contain yellow pollen stores . photograph by thomas chauvenc , university of florida , ft . lauderdale research and education center .
a fixed and polymorphic non - synonymous and synonymous substitutions between orthologs of given genes of e . dilemma and e . viridissima
figure 1 . a male euglossa dilemma photographed from various angles . characteristic green metallic coloration , long tongue , brush - like front tarsi , and enlarged hind tibiae are visible . photographs by aaron mullins , university of florida , ft . lauderdale research and education center .
a homologous genes identified independently in the antennal transcriptomes of e . dilemma and e . viridissima with ≥10 - fold mean per - base coverage
acquisition of species - specific perfume blends : influence of habitat - dependent compound availability on odour choices of male orchid bees ( euglossa spp . )
characterization of the orchid bee euglossa viridissima ( apidae : euglossini ) and a novel cryptic sibling species , by morphological , chemical , and genetic characters .
pech , m . e . c . , w . de j . may - itzá , l . a . m . medina , and j . j . g . quezada - euan , 2008 sociality in euglossa ( euglossa ) viridissima friese ( hymenoptera , apidae , euglossini ) . insectes sociaux
acquisition of species - specific perfume blends : influence of habitat - dependent compound availability on odour choices of male orchid bees ( euglossa spp . ) | springerlink
if you use this dataset , please cite the following publication : the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes of the facultatively eusocial orchid bee euglossa dilemma philipp brand , nicholas saleh , hailin pan , cai li , karen m . kapheim and santiago r . ramírez g3 : genes , genomes , genetics early online july 12 , 2017 ; urltoken
our results are consistent with the hypothesis that genes of the olfactory peripheral system of e . dilemma and e . viridissima have evolved under strong divergent selective pressures . together , these observations support a significant trend of increased divergent selective pressures that may have shaped the recent evolution of chemosensory genes in e . dilemma and e . viridissima .
skov c , wiley j . 2005 . establishment of the neotropical orchid bee euglossa viridissima ( hymenoptera : apidae ) in florida . florida entomologist 88 : 225 - 227 .
allpaths - lg for more information , or to cite , please see the following publication : the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes of the facultatively eusocial orchid bee euglossa dilemma philipp brand , nicholas saleh , hailin pan , cai li , karen m . kapheim and santiago r . ramírez g3 : genes , genomes , genetics early online july 12 , 2017 ; urltoken
first identified as euglossa viridissima , but further study revealed that e . viridissima as previously defined consisted of two cryptic species , and the one present in florida was new to science
mitochondrial genome reconstruction . the structure of the honey bee mitochondrial genome and information of the homologous reconstructed parts of the e . dilemma mitochondrial genome . nonreconstructed parts of incompletely reconstructed genes are hatched .
this bee was spotted in north naples fl june 4 , 2016 . it has an bright fluorescent green color . but what really caught our eye was the way it hovers and dart around our basil plant . i think it was eating the basil leaves ? i found this description online : green bee ? - euglossa dilemma - female north lauderdale , broward county , florida , usa euglossa viridissima . neotropical orchid bees ( hymenoptera : apidae : euglossini ) have been reported only twice from the united states of america ; once near brownsville , texas and more recently near silverbell , arizona .
villanueva - gutierrez r , quezada - euan j , eltz t . pollen diets of two sibling orchid bee species , euglossa , in yucatán , southern mexico . apidologie . 2013 ; 44 : 440–6 .
all bees play an important role in the pollination of plants . in the case of green orchid bees , this role is not entirely known in its naturalized range in florida . pemberton and wheeler ( 2006 ) provide a comprehensive list of important plants known to be visited by euglossa dilemma in florida . though most of these plants are beneficial , there is evidence that the green orchid bee outperforms native bees in the pollination of certain invasive weeds .
to analyze genome structure , we compared the genome - wide gene synteny of e . dilemma and the honey bee . we used the genomic locations of homologous genes ( as determined above ) of the honey bee and e . dilemma scaffolds of at least 100 kb length to build haplotype blocks with a minimum length of 1 kb . haplotype blocks included the entire gene span as well as intergenic regions whenever two or more adjacent genes were homologous in both species . we discarded gene annotations from downstream analysis that were recovered as homologous to multiple genomic locations in either species . furthermore , we excluded e . dilemma genes that were recovered as homologous to honey bee scaffolds belonging to unknown linkage groups .
schorkopf dlp , mitko l , eltz t . enantioselective preference and high antennal sensitivity for ( − ) - ipsdienol in scent - collecting male orchid bees , euglossa cyanura . j chem ecol . 2011 ; 37 : 953–60 .
zimmermann y , roubik dw , quezada - euan jjg , paxton rj , eltz t ( 2009b ) single mating in orchid bees ( euglossa , apinae ) : implications for mate choice and social evolution . insectes sociaux 56 : 241–249
in rare cases , high similarity between sequences detected in the euglossa transcriptomes and the reference sequences allowed for subsequent manual identifications of homologs of the other species only assembled by one assembler . the resulting chemosensory gene family sets constituted the basis of all subsequent analyses .
aquino - vázquez a , cuadriello - aguilar ji . 1990 . un nido de euglossa viridissima friese 1899 ( hymenoptera : apidae : euglossini ) , pp . 117 - 118b in xxv congreso nacional de entomologíá . programa y resumenes . oaxaca , oaxaca , mexico .
hinojosa - díaz ia , feria - arroyo tp , engel ms . 2009 . potential distribution of orchid bees outside their native range : the cases of eulaema polychroma ( mocsáry ) and euglossa viridissima friese in the usa ( hymenoptera : apidae ) . diversity and distributions 15 : 421 - 428 .
distribution of non - synonymous amino acid substitutions across odorant receptor ( or ) domains . a the white bars represent the sum of all non - synonymous substitutions detected in the respective domain over all ors . or12 , or41 and or45 are highlighted because they showed the most non - synonymous substitutions between e . dilemma and e . viridissima . in : intracellular n - terminus , tm : transmembrane domain , el : external loop , il : internal loop , ec : extracellular c - terminus . b predicted membrane topology for or41 . fixed non - synonymous substitutions between e . dilemma and e . viridissima are highlighted in black
pokorny t , hannibal m , quezada - euan jjg , hedenström e , sjöberg n , bång j , et al . acquisition of species - specific perfume blends : influence of habitat - dependent compound availability on odour choices of male orchid bees ( euglossa spp . ) . oecologia . 2013 ; 172 : 417–25 .
eltz t , fritzsch f , pech jr , zimmermann y , ramírez s , quezada - euan jjg , et al . characterization of the orchid bee euglossa viridissima ( apidae : euglossini ) and a novel cryptic sibling species , by morphological , chemical , and genetic characters . zool j linn soc . 2011 ; 163 : 1064–76 .
eltz t , fritzsch f , petch jr , zimmermann y , ramirez sr , quezada - euan jg , bembe b . 2011 . characterization of the orchid bee euglossa viridissima ( apidae : euglossini ) and a novel cryptic sibling species by morphological , chemical , and genetic characters . zoological journal of the linnean society 163 : 1064 - 1076 .
we identified 3185 orthologous genes including 94 chemosensory loci from five different gene families ( odorant receptors , ionotropic receptors , gustatory receptors , odorant binding proteins , and chemosensory proteins ) . our results revealed that orthologs with signatures of divergent selection between e . dilemma and e . viridissima were significantly enriched for chemosensory genes . notably , elevated signals of divergent selection were almost exclusively observed among chemosensory receptors ( i . e . odorant receptors ) .
eltz , thomas ; fritzsch , falko ; zimmermann , yvonne ; pech , jorge ramirez ; ramirez , santiago r . ; quezada - euan , j . javier g . ; bembe , benjamin ( 2011 ) .
characterization of the orchid bee euglossa viridissima ( apidae : euglossini ) and a novel cryptic sibling species , by morphological , chemical , and genetic characters
. zoological journal of the linnean society 2011 ( 163 ) : 1064–1076 . doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1096 - 3642 . 2011 . 00740 . x .
the e . dilemma genome assembly edil _ v1 . 0 , the annotation , and the original gene set edil _ ogs _ v1 . 0 are available for download via ncbi ( bioproject : prjna388474 ) , beebase ( elsik et al . 2016 ) , the i5k nal workspace ( urltoken ) ( i5k consortium 2013 ) , and the ramirez lab website . the raw reads are available via ncbi ( bioproject : prjna388474 ) . the published raw transcriptome sequence reads are available at the ncbi sequence read archive ( sra : srx765918 ) ( brand et al . 2015 ) .
the high success in mitochondrial gene reconstruction is likely due to the nature of the analyzed transcriptome data . short intergenic regions as well as polycistronic mitochondrial mrna likely lead to the assembly of multiple genes into single scaffolds . the a - t rich region is completely missing as well as the nd2 and 12s rrna genes flanking the region in insect mitogenomes . this unrecovered region also contains a high number of trnas in the honey bee , which could explain the low number of recovered trnas in e . dilemma . while the partial mitochondrial genome assembly is only 75 % complete , it represents the first mitogenome for the group of orchid bees and will thus be a valuable resource for future phylogenetic analyses within the lineage and between more distantly related bee taxa .
the cegma and busco analysis and the gene annotation results suggest that the gene - coding fraction of the e . dilemma genome was properly assembled , despite the large estimated genome size and comparatively low per - base sequencing coverage . however , genetic material obtained from natural populations as in our study can lead to the fragmentation of assemblies due to high nucleotide diversity ( kajitani et al . 2014 ) . in addition , high genetic diversity in the underlying genetic material can lead to a high number of false duplicates due to multiple incorporation of divergent genomic regions in genome assemblies ( kelley and salzberg 2010 ) . our busco analysis suggests that the assembly did not produce an unusually high fraction of duplicated benchmark single - copy orthologs , indicating a relatively low abundance of false duplicates . the observed fragmentation in our assembly is thus likely to be primarily the result of repetitive genomic elements , and less likely the result of low coverage or high nucleotide diversity in the genetic material used for sequencing .
total - rna was extracted using the trizol extraction method ( invitrogen ) following the manufacturers tissue preparation protocol , except for an extended incubation time of 15 min in the phase separation step to maximize rna yield . extracted rna was resuspended in 30 μl of rnase free water . all optional steps were skipped . rna pools were treated with dnasei to purge potential dna contamination and subsequently quantified on the experion automated electrophoresis system ( bio - rad ) with the experion stdsens analysis kit ( bio - rad ) according to the standard protocol . afterwards , 4 μg and 2 μg of total - rna of the e . dilemma and e . viridissima pool , respectively were sent to gatc - biotech ( constance , germany ) for barcoded cdna library preparation using the truseq mrna kit ( illumina ) and subsequent 100 - bp single - end sequencing on an illumina hiseq 2000 lane ( raw sequence reads are available at the ncbi sequence read archive [ sra : srx765918 , sra : srx765888 ] ) .
analysis of divergent selection between e . dilemma and e . viridissima . a boxplot comparing d n and d s values obtained for chemosensory and non - chemosensory ( nc ) genes ( d n and / or d s ≠ 0 ) . d n was significantly higher for chemosensory than for nc loci while d s had similar values for both sets resulting in elevated mean d n / d s for the chemosensory loci ( see text for statistics ) . * : p < 0 . 001 . b d n / d s plot for 3185 genes reconstructed from the antennal transcriptome analysis . those genes exhibiting d n / d s > 1 have higher non - synonymous to synonymous substitution rates , in agreement with the hypothesis of divergent selection ( lower right ) ; those genes with d n / d s < 1 exhibit lower non - synonymous to synonymous substitution rates , being consistent with the hypothesis of purifying selection ( upper left ) . genes with zero d n and d s are not shown and genes with either d n or d s = 0 are indicated by small points . the set of genes with d n / d s > 1 was enriched for chemosensory receptor genes . ors : odorant receptors , irs : ionotropic receptors , obps : odorant - binding proteins
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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
brilliant metallic green with
inflated
hind legs , used to store floral oils .
if you see their tongue , it ' s is nearly as long as its body .
recorded on cheilocostus and datura . the hosts section on its discover life species page lists known associations based on specimen records and images .
the bees in your backyard : a guide to north america ' s bees . joseph s . wilson & olivia j . messinger carril . 2015 . princeton university press .
contributed by martin hauser on 11 may , 2006 - 12 : 18pm additional contributions by beatriz moisset , john s . ascher , h . go , marci hess last updated 6 may , 2017 - 2 : 19pm
disclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .
contributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .
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since this arrival , the green orchid bee has become well established in south florida . current reports of this species are mostly from broward , palm beach and dade counties . however its future distribution has been predicted to include almost half of peninsular florida . following a line that runs from tampa to west palm beach and south , the potential range extends tothe entire southern tip of the florida peninsula .
green orchid bees are a quite conspicuous and charismatic species . this is mostly due to their large size and bright metallic - green coloration ( fig . 1 ) . they are roughly the same size to slightly smaller than a honey bee , usually about 1 . 3 cm in length . the wing membranes are darkened , but transparent . green orchid bees are very fast and agile flyers , and can be seen quickly darting from flower to flower separated by long periods of hovering . as with most bees in florida , females possess a stinger and males do not . although females can sting , they are quite timid in doing so . the sting itself is less painful than that of a honey bee , though unlike honey bees they can sting repeatedly .
green orchid bees are most likely to be confused with metallic members of the bee family halictidae ( sweat bees ) . however , orchid bees can easily be identified by their long tongues , which are roughly two thirds as long as their bodies . in contrast , sweat bees have quite short tongues in comparison to their bodies . female orchid bees have corbiculae ( pollen baskets ) on their hind legs , in which they store collected pollen in order to provision their young ( figs . 2 , 3bc ) . though males lack corbiculae , they have characteristic enlarged hind tibiae ( fig . 3a ) . these unusual structures have a hole on the outer side , which provides access to the spongy compartment within . these unusual structures play an important role in the storage of fragrant , aromatic compounds which male orchid bees collect from their environment .
figure 3 . hind legs of male ( a ) and female ( b , c ) green orchid bees . male bees have an enlarged hind tibia with a hole providing access to the spongy compartment which acts as storage for fragrant compounds collected from its environment . females have corbiculae ( pollen baskets ) for collecting pollen and propolis ( plant resins ) . photographs by aaron mullins , university of florida , ft . lauderdale research and education center .
though closely related to highly social bees in the same family , orchid bees are primarily solitary , showing only primitively social characteristics such as occasionally sharing communal nesting locations . females construct nest cells out of propolis ( resins collected from plant sources ) ( fig . 4b ) . nests are located in any sort of enclosed cavity ; entrances are often sealed off with resin and plant debris ( fig . 4a , c ) . mature nests can contain up to 20 cells . the young are provisioned with nectar and pollen provided by the mother as they develop .
figure 4 . a young orchid bee nest constructed inside an empty nucleus colony box ( a beekeeping hive box half as wide as a typical hive box used for housing small honey bee colonies ) ( a ) . the top has been removed revealing three cells under construction by a female green orchid bee ( b ) . the entrance has been sealed off with propolis ( plant resins ) except for a small hole allowing entry for the female bee ( c ) . photographs by aaron mullins , university of florida , ft . lauderdale research and education center .
male orchid bees exhibit a peculiar behavior of collecting fragrant volatile compounds from their environment . these compounds are meticulously collected , stored , and ( presumably ) presented to females by fanning their wings and “spray ventilating” their bouquet for the inspection of prospective mates . fragrant compounds are collected by males with mop - like protrusions on their front tarsi ( fig . 3a , video 1 ) . they are then transferred into the enlarged hind tibiae through the hole . collecting a complex bouquet of fragrances and storing them within the hind tibia represents a considerable investment on the part of male orchid bees . fighting and robbing fragrance stores from competing males has been observed in nature . different species of orchid bee tend to be quite particular in the fragrances sought .
this behavior is presumably what has led to the complex interaction with species - specific orchids in their native ranges . a particular orchid will provide fragrant compounds attractive to a specific species of orchid bee . in turn , the bees provide pollination of the orchid species . the arrival and success of the green orchid bee into florida without its natural mutualistic orchid has provided evidence that the mutualism is perhaps obligatory on the part of the orchid , but merely facultative for the bees . in florida , male green orchid bees are attracted to chemicals produced by certain wood - rot fungi ( video 1 ) , decomposing vegetation , perfume flowers , and certain essential oils such as clove and cinnamon oil . male green orchid bees can be quickly and easily attracted and observed by soaking a small piece of paper with clove oil and placing it outside .
bembé b . 2004 . functional morphology in male euglossine bees and their ability to spray fragrances ( hymenoptera , apidae , euglossini ) . apidologie 35 : 283 - 291 .
carvalho filho fs . 2010 . scent - robbing and fighting among male orchid bees , eulalema ( apeulalema ) nigrata lepeletier , 1841 ( hymenoptera : apidae : euglossini ) . biota neotropica 10 : 405 - 408 .
dressler rl . 1967 . pollination by euglossine bees . evolution 22 : 202 - 210 .
liu h , pemberton rw . 2009 . solitary invasive orchid bee outperforms co - occurring native bees to promote fruit set of an invasive solanum . oecologia 159 : 515 - 525 .
pemberton rw , wheeler gs . 2006 . orchid bees don’t need orchids : evidence from the naturalization of an orchid bee in florida . ecology 87 : 1995 - 2001 .
, senior biological scientist , university of florida , ft . lauderdale research and education center
photographs : aaron mullins and thomas chauvenc , university of florida , ft . lauderdale research and education center
is a species of green orchid bee from central america in which the males have two teeth on their mandibles .
the very similar bee that was first observed in florida in 2003 was found to have three such teeth . sequencing data from a
varied between the two groups . males of these bees store aromatic compounds extracted from various environmental sources in pouches on their hind legs . certain characteristic compounds present as main ingredients in these perfumes in
of hndb ( 2 - hydroxy - 6 - nona - 1 , 3 - dienyl - benzaldehyde ) . it was therefore concluded that
green orchid bees are varying shades of glossy metallic green and can grow to a length of about 1 . 3 cm ( 0 . 5 in ) . the membranous wings are dark - coloured and translucent and the female has
on her hind legs . the male has an enlarged joint on his hind leg in which there is a pit for storing substances he gathers from plants . the female but not the male possesses a sting which can be used on more than one occasion but which is not as painful to humans as a honeybee ' s sting . this bee is very agile in the air , hovering for lengthy periods and darting between flowers . it might be confused with sweat bees in the
and is expected to extend its range to most of the southern half of florida .
in its native mexico it is found in hot dry habitats including degraded forests , pastures , parks and gardens . it is less dependent on primary forests than most euglossine bees .
male orchid bees are specialised to visit particular species of neotropical orchid . this is a
arrangement in which the male bee benefits from gathering the fragrance ingredients supplied by the flower which he stores in his hollow hind legs , and the orchid benefits by being pollinated .
is associated in its central american home range is unknown , but in its new florida habitat , it breeds successfully without the presence of any orchid , the male visiting other species of plants to gather the ingredients for his perfume . one of these plants is basil (
there may be unexpected consequences of the naturalization of these bees in the united states . for example , in a similar situation in florida , two fig species
have been introduced but did not spread because there was no suitable pollinator . with the arrival of the non - native wasps (
the male bee attracts a female by releasing his fragrance and fanning his wings to disperse it . the female builds a solitary nest out of
, an exudate from plants . the nest may contain up to twenty cells , in each of which she lays an egg . the female brings pollen and nectar to the nest to feed the developing larvae . several bees may build their nests side by side but do not share the task of feeding the young .
pemberton , robert w . ; wheeler , gregory s . ( 2006 ) .
orchid bees don ' t need orchids : evidence from the naturalization of an orchid bee in florida
. ecology 87 : 1995–2001 . doi : 10 . 1890 / 0012 - 9658 ( 2006 ) 87 [ 1995 : obdnoe ] 2 . 0 . co ; 2 .
interesting information & pictures from uf / ifas on the green orchid bee , . . .
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i just saw one of these bees in my yard in tarpon springs , fl ( gulf coast ) . it hovered about 12 inches in front of my face for about 30 seconds , and it seemed to be staring at me . it went away , then came back again and did the same thing . it was very beautiful .
i have had two of them in my house in the last two days . i live in a suburb of cleveland ohio . i would post a picture , however , i don ' t see an option to do that . it is the bee pictured in this site though . . .
i have many beautiful butterflies in my yard along with several types of bees but sitting on my front porch and watching this bee was a real treat . i live on the western edge of wellington , fl in palm beach county .
just found one of these beauties in our garden . took a couple of pictures . very beautoful bee ! never seen one before .
i caught this exact bee on my porch in vero beach , fl yesterday and have a photo - a little blury but you can get the just of it . put some flowers in the jar with it and the long tongue immediately found its way into the flower - looked similar to a butterfly ' s tongue .
i just got stung by one this morning & caught it in a bottle , so i could look it up . fascinating !
i saw one at cibolo creek nature center in boerne texas on saturday june 14th . first time i have ever seen one . did not get a chance to photo it .
i noted one on some pumpkin plants a couple of months ago . i do not know exactly the species , but it certainly looked like this . i thought maybe i ' d see more , but no luck so far . . .
we ' ve had these glorious green bees for at least 10 years in volusia county . i ' ve had boxes up and active for at least that long . when my lotus and angel trumpets are in bloom there are always at least 5 at a time working each flower . looking forward to their return in a few weeks .
we saw one today just after a light rain , in the last few blooms on our bolted basil . we ' ve also had tiny black bees in large quantities pollinating the basil , but this is the first time for the green bee .
ok i ' m just posting as a warning . they at a pretty insect with a powerful sting . guys , guys , guys . . . . i found one . ouch !
i found one of these awsome little bees on my back porch in upper sandusky ohio ! but i only see people commenting in other states like florida , texas , mexico and new york . just thought id let you all know they are in ohio too ! but please feel free to e - mail me at jaybird462011 @ urltoken if they are not supost to be here : )
saw in garden . thought it was a fly at first but then it was going into the tomato flowers and got a closer look and was acting just like bee and looks like a bee so i looked up online and found this . interesting . can ' t say i ' ve ever seen one before but it ' s welcome to stay as long as it wants .
i ' ve never seen this bee before ! thought it was a fly until i put my glasses on . beautiful color and rather small . seen in palmdale , ca , north of los angeles .
i live in oakland park / ft lauderdale area and was just trimming my basil plant and got startled by two of these hovering around the plant and landing several times . i stood still watching them for a good 5 mins . so beautiful and didn ' t even know these existed !
was just out front , there was one in the sunflowers . there was also a black & greyish white . not sure if that would be relevant .
couldn ' t say it didn ' t stick out like a sore thumb . . . was going to keep it , but it got away . my brother took a picture .
i saw one today gathering pollen from a wandering jew . his pollen sacks were full and yellow . he was small but caught my attention with his bright coloring . march 29 , 2013 . bradenton , florida .
went back out and saw 2 of em ! took a great inflight pic . wish i could post it !
my fiance and i just arrived in sarasota and saw one of these in my grandnmothers flower bed . got a real good look too . wish i gad my camera on me . was cool looking . almost glows . bright shiny greenish blue . interesting creatures .
wow . it ' s beautiful . just found one on my front yard wildflower display . colored as if a green fly . . . . but with a honeybee ' s flight patterns . gorgeous green mood ring colors . . . flashing to and fro with the sun ' s light . . . . . emerald green helmet . amazing . i had to pause and study for a few seconds just to confirm what exactly it was . i ' m glad i did , because at first thought . . . i really thought it was some sort of fly . very fast , darting style of flight . . . . with the normal bee - like graceful hover we are accustomed to when alight on a pollen frond . wild .
its a double rainbow
kind of day . thanks google for directing me here during my query .
me and my boyfriend found a dead green bee on the ground in arcata , california . i think it ' s a male , and the stinger is still in it . we ' ve got it in a little box , show it to people . i had never seen one before . it ' s quite fascinating .
just an fyi : male bees don ' t have a stinger . the stinger in bees are a modified ovipositor ( an organ used to lay eggs ) which males don ' t possess . just thought you ' d like to know to help you in your identification of bees . if it stung you it ' s a female . incidentally the same goes for ants , wasps and mosquitoes .
i saw one of these sunday in my flower garden . i was startled at first then hypnotized by the beauty and strangeness . i live in lake city , florida . it is in north central florida where i - 10 and i - 75 intersect . glad he didn ' t sting me . i followed him for a while , of course my camera and phone were on the back porch !
we live about 5 miles from butterfly world and my daughter was just stung by one of these . she kept insisting that it was green and then i saw him lying on the ground . we trapped and bagged him . he is very pretty but his sting sure hurts .
spotted 3 or 4 green bees in bradenton , fl ( south of tampa bay ) . at first , i thought they were mutant horseflies . they are much faster than the common honeybee , so i couldn ' t snap a photo . we ' ve recently had a few cool nights here due to a late spring snow fall up north which could be driving them further south . the pretty visitors are welcome to our garden anytime .
i just saw a beautiful specimen of this in englewood , florida in my dad ' s front yard on jan . 6 , 2012 . it was a perfect replica of a honey bee albeit slightly smaller . the black stripes were quite prominent as on a honey bee but the base color was an amazing neon green ! it also had the accumulation of pollen on its legs as did the other honey bees it was flying around with . i would say that it flew faster and collected the pollen a little faster than the other bees but i am not exactly sure of that .
i just found a green bee on my flowers in the back patio . i live in north texas
i just found one in my apartment - in new york . hes sitting on the wall . he let me snap several pictures of him before smacking into me ( and scaring me ) while flying away to another part of the wall . we have had an annoying sound coming from the bookshelf or wall over the past few days - a slight knocking sound , but repetitive like a woodpecker . i was wondering if it could of been him ? i certainly hope its not another bug . its getting to be fall - i feel kind bad that he ' s gonna have such a sad life away from his tribe , cold .
i found one in our apartment in stuart florida . my kids and i let it go .
i was stung by a green bee while i was dressing for work , it seems like he was in the shirt sleeve and stung me on my upper arm . it ' s two days later and it still stings , i just put some meat tenderizer on it and that stopped the stinging . i have never seen a green bee before .
thanks so much ! i ' m glad i found this site ! i posted the pic to be identified before i looked around and i found the bee on here ! seems to be a green orchid bee .
thanks . . i also like post . so this is my favorite to see same post . new construction homes parkland florida florida new home construction rebate . get 66 % of my commission back at closing .
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we wish to thank rosamond coates and the staff of the los tuxtlas biological station for their hospitality and support during field sampling . ricardo ayala kindly provided a collecting permit for euglossine bees in southern mexico , klaus lunau and the sensory ecology lab at the university of düsseldorf hosted part of the molecular analyses , and martin beye and martin hasselmann provided expertise and technical advice . supported by the german science foundation ( el 249 / 3 ) , sep - conacyt 103341 , and a mutual - foncicyt grant .
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it was first named by erik r. seiffert in 2010 and the type species is qatranilestes oligocaenus .

qatranilestes

as of 2010 ,
qatranilestes
was the youngest known afrosoricid fossil from egypt .
how can i put and write and define qatranilestes in a sentence and how is the word qatranilestes used in a sentence and examples ? 用qatranilestes造句 , 用qatranilestes造句 , 用qatranilestes造句 , qatranilestes meaning , definition , pronunciation , synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha . net .
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qatranilestes is an extinct genus of afrosoricid which existed in fayum , egypt during the earliest oligocene period ( rupelian age ) .
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key words : mammalia , adapisoriculidae , tenrecidae , garatherium , widanelfarasia , eocene , oligocene , egypt .
erik r . seiffert [ erik . seiffert @ urltoken ] , department of anatomical sciences , stony brook university , stony brook , new york , 11794 - 8081 , usa .
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