potamonautes lirrangensis , the malawi blue crab , is a species of freshwater crab in the family potamonautidae .

this common and widespread species is found in lake malawi , lake kivu , the upper congo river basin and malagarasi river in the democratic republic of the congo , malawi , rwanda , and tanzania .

in the freshwater aquarium trade it is sometimes sold under the synonym potamonautes orbitospinus .

potamonautes lirrangensis

potamonautes lirrangensis by lambert m . surhone , mariam t . tennoe , susan f . henssonow
cumberlidge , n . 2004 . potamonautes lirrangensis . 2006 iucn red list of threatened species . downloaded on 10 august 2007 .
bott ( 1955 ) treated this species as potamonautes ( lirrangopotamonautes ) lirrangensis lirrangensis . cumberlidge ( 1998 ) referred to this species as potamonautes lirrangensis . the name malawi blue crab is used only for the subpopulations of this species found in lake malawi , and not for subpopulations from other parts of the range of this species .
potamonautes lirrangensis preys on : aufwuchs based on studies in : malawi , lake nyasa ( lake or pond ) this list may not be complete but is based on published studies .
potamonautes lirrangensis is prey of : mastacembelus shiranus bathyclarias worthingtoni based on studies in : malawi , lake nyasa ( lake or pond ) this list may not be complete but is based on published studies .
potamonautes lirrangensis is widespread with an extent of occurrence ( eoo ) of over 1 . 5 million km² . it is found in central africa in the upper congo river basin , further downstream in the congo river in the cuvette centrale , and in a significant part of the african rift valley from lake kivu south to lake malawi , including rivers in tanzania that flow into lake tanganyika , although this species is not found in lake tanganyika itself .
justification : potamonautes lirrangensis has been assessed as least concern . it has an estimated extent of occurrence ( eoo ) of over 1 . 5 million km² and is known from 65 localities primarily across central africa . although it is not found in any protected areas , it does not face any known threats . the fact that a lot of material has been collected in the past 10 years from different localities throughout its range suggests that the population size is large .
potamonautes lirrangensis has a wide distribution over several countries and is well represented in museum collections . a lot of recent material has been collected in the past 10 years , suggesting that this is a widespread and abundant species . this species is the subject of a commercial fishery in malawi and has been collected in the region recently . despite this its population is estimated to be stable and there are no known long - term major threats to this species . not considered threatened at present and currently assessed as least concern .
its population is estimated to be stable based on indirect measures such the fact that it is a common and widespread species that has been collected recently from rocky areas in lake kivu and from small fast flowing rivers , as well as from large slow flowing rivers flowing into lake tanganyika . in addition , p . lirrangensis supports a local fishery in lake malawi , and this species is well represented in museum collections .
it is likely that the subpopulations of p . lirrangensis are large and stable , although the current subpopulation sizes of this species across its range have not yet been assessed . this statement is based on the fact that it has been collected from several new localities in the past ten years that have resulted in a significant range expansion , and it is now reasonably well represented in museum collections . the species supports a local fishery in lake malawi where large numbers of crabs are caught regularly . in addition this species is a favourite with the aquarium trade and many specimens from lake malawi are caught for export .
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gland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .
the value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .
a recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .
reed , s . k . & cumberlidge , n . 2006 . taxonomy and biogeography of the freshwater crabs of tanzania , east africa ( brachyura : potamoidea : potamonautidae , platythelphusidae , deckeniidae ) . zootaxa 1262 : 1 - 139 .
this species lives in large rivers and has been collected from several different localities in the upper congo river basin in the democratic republic of the congo and rwanda . in tanzania , it is found in rivers that flow into lake tanganyika , while in malawi this species lives in lake malawi itself but not in the tributaries of the lake in malawi or in any other rivers in that country .
this species supports small commercial fisheries in lake malawi for human consumption and for the aquarium trade . the crabs are exported to the aquarium trade internationally to sites in europe ( germany and the uk ) , the usa ( texas and california ) , and australia .
there are no conservation measures in place for this species . it has not been collected from any protected areas .
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lirranga , middle congo , d . r . congo , central africa ; tanzania , west coast of lake malawi ( nyasa ) , malawi . the type locality is lirranga , at the confluence of the congo and the oubangi rivers , democratic republic of congo . this species is found in the upper reaches of the congo river , democratic republic of congo ; lake kivu , rwanda ; malagarasi river near lake tanganyika , tanzania ; lake malawi , malawi .
in the dr congo , this species is found in large rivers in the central african rainforest , under rocks . in malawi this species is found in lake malawi .
g . fryer , the trophic interrelationships and ecology of some littoral communities of lake nyasa , proc . london zool . soc . 132 : 153 - 281 , from p . 217 ( 1959 ) .
the following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . there is 1 barcode sequence available from bold and genbank .
below is the sequence of the barcode region cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 ( coi or cox1 ) from a member of the species .
dobson , m . ( 2004 ) . freshwater crabs of africa . freshwater forum 21 : 3 - 26 .
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lava man ( foaled on march 20 , 2001 in california ) is an american thoroughbred racehorse who was once claimed for $ 50,000 but wound up being inducted into the national museum of racing and hall of fame in 2015 .

in a forty-seven race career , he won seventeen times with his major victories including three hollywood gold cups , two santa anita handicaps and the pacific classic stakes .

lava man

lava man’s connections considered sending him to an equine retirement home . but they believed that lava man would be happier at the track .
watching lava man win race after race hasn ' t been easy for him .
for the third straight year , lava man had won the hollywood gold cup .
lava man may be going home to california for the last time . order this photo
there are no days off for lava man , the 2015 hall of fame inductee .
hey , lava man could not win at stockton , or santa rosa , either . that was three summers ago . this summer , it is all about lava man .
lava man was inducted into the national museum of racing’s hall of fame in 2015 .
four races later , lava man won a maiden special weight on the grass at golden gate . four races after that , lava man was 57 - 1 in the snow chief at hollywood park , a race restricted to california - breds . lava man finished last .
lava man retired as the richest horse ever to have been actually claimed during its career .
with his performances on the track , lava man answered that question with a definite no .
o’neill praised steve kenly , one of the partners in std racing , for noticing lava man .
really , what would you expect of lava man ? yes , that lava man - fourth in a maiden race at stockton , beaten by 3 3 / 4 lengths with a 27 beyer .
since his retirement from the track , however , lava man has transitioned into a new career .
it was a lackluster field ,
said doug o ' neill , who trains lava man .
what horse overcomes what lava man overcame last saturday ? it was one of those races you see , but don ' t quite comprehend . lava man really should not have won , but he did .
lava man and corey nakatani winning the 2007 sunshine millions turf . ( blood - horse / benoit )
lava man ' s total of seven grade 1 victories is the highest ever for a california - bred .
back in california , however , blacksmith jimmy jimenez made a special plate for lava man ' s foot .
a month later , he was retired for good . this time , lava man stayed at the track .
during the course of his career , lava man won seven grade 1 races and placed in four more .
lava man’s highest beyer speed figure was a massive 120 , earned for the 2005 hollywood gold cup win .
a lava man first appears in
incendium ,
walking through the fire kingdom . notably , finn and jake mention another lava man that is sleeping in their front yard in
prisoners of love
; however , early storyboards for the episode reveal that it was a different lava man that looked very different . jake also mentions a lava man in
morituri te salutamus
while singing
on a tropical island .
the goodwood victory was lava man ' s fourth consecutive grade i triumph and seventh straight overall this year .
kenly and wood envision a mixture of stakes on the turf and main track for lava man in 2007 .
though horses often peak at 5 , o ' neill is awed by lava man ' s consistency this year .
hall of fame inductee lava man , right , ponying dual classic winner i ' ll have another in 2012 .
lava man’s three straight wins in the hollywood gold cup equaled the record set by native diver in the 1960s .
after the race , veterinarians worked for an hour to stop the bleeding in lava man ' s right front foot .
still , lava man gave an outstanding performance , finishing 1 1 / 4 miles in 1 : 59 . 63 .
o ' neill says he hopes lava man will become a
poster boy
for stem cell research in thoroughbreds .
but one last time , lava man reminded the world that champion horses can come from anywhere . even with an unfamiliar surface under his feet and dozens of miles of racing behind him , lava man’s courage and determination never wavered . in the final strides , with jockey corey nakatani urging him on , lava man seemed to dig deep and find something extra .
a hawaiian man was filmed swimming in waters near a lava zone , where lava is flowing into the open ocean . aside from the obvious danger , the lava hitting the water is also releasing dangerous amounts of steam and shards of volcanic glass .
lava man is scheduled to move to old friends , near georgetown , ky , on sept . 16 . order this photo
while lava man has been retired from racing for nearly five years , the barn is still grateful to have him around . it is easy to see just how many lives lava man has impacted and how loved he is in his second career .
no matter what happens regarding lava man’s hall of fame hopes , team lava man will always have the gelding’s best interests at heart , and the racing public can be content with the knowledge that “the coach” is undoubtedly enjoying his days at the track .
lava man was named for a triathlon held on the big island of hawaii by co - breeder eve kuhlmann , a triathlete .
lava man plays such a special role in our barn now that he is retired from racing . here ' s his story :
lava man returned to form following two lopsided losses , finishing powerfully to win saturday ' s sunshine millions classic at santa anita .
i ' m getting hate mail all the time ,
says doug o ' neill , lava man ' s trainer .
with his induction into the hall of fame today here is a reprint of lava man ' s story from may 23 , 2012 .
a young man at vureas bay , southern cross in background , vanua lava , banks islands , 1906 / j . w . beattie
o ' neill says the earliest lava man would race , assuming no training complications , would be mid - november at hollywood park .
lava man is also attached to some two - legged friends . during his racing career , lava man bonded closely to his groom noe garcia . when garcia suffered the loss of an arm in a car accident several years ago , his time away from the barn caused lava man’s mood to shift to one of depression until garcia’s return . sabas rivera , the stable’s foreman , was the man tasked with teaching lava man to transition into his new career , and he is apparently the only one that can or is willing to ride him . among both horses and humans , “the coach” evokes healthy respect from all .
lava man takes care of business in his new job as a stable pony . ©2012 jessica morgan . used by permission of jessica morgan .
reaction to news that the venerable lava man is back in training and may race again speaks volumes about the current state of the sport .
a popular horse because of his humble beginnings , lava man often is credited for bringing doug o’neill into the national spotlight as a trainer .
lava man still gets frequent visitors and gifts , and has a special connection with a make - a - wish child named hope hudson .
by all logic , lava man shouldn’t have won … but then again , logic never seemed to apply to lava man . as the crowd cheered and racing fans watched in amazement , lava man and a . p . xcellent crossed the finish line together with almost nothing between them . the finish was too close to call for many , but not for nakatani ; moments after the wire , he raised his whip in triumph .
strapped for money , arterburn ran lava man in a $ 50 , 000 claiming race at del mar ( calif . ) racetrack in august 2004 . steve kenly liked what he saw in lava man ' s second - place showing and persuaded the ownership group to pay the claiming price .
lava man won the gold cup by a record 8 3 / 4 lengths , the widest winning margin in the 66 - year history of the race . lava man was always close to the front , stalking the pacesetter , congrats , to the top of the stretch before drawing off .
last summer at del mar , wood and the father - son team of david and steve kenley claimed lava man for $ 50 , 000 .
who knew ? certainly , lava man ' s trainer doug o ' neill could not have known . nor could owners std racing and jason wood . they went in for $ 50 , 000 to claim lava man out of a del mar grass race on aug . 13 , 2004 .
beattie , j . w . a young man at vureas bay , southern cross in background , vanua lava , banks islands , 1906 . urltoken
lava man had a blend of talent and versatility that comes along very rarely ; some might argue there has never been a horse with a greater combination of both than lava man . in the united states , horse racing is conducted over dirt , grass , and synthetic tracks , and lava man is the only horse in history to win grade 1 races on all three surfaces . he was so naturally fast that he frequently set the pace in his races , but if another horse wanted the early lead , lava man was perfectly content to take back and rally in the stretch .
in 2006 , lava man became the first horse since vanlandingham in 1985 to win grade i stakes on both dirt and turf in the same year .
lava man ' s 2007 hollywood gold cup win made him the first horse ever to win grade i races on dirt , turf and synthetic surfaces .
lava man was guided to most of his major wins by jockey corey nakatani , but was ridden by a total of 13 jockeys during his career .
while i’ll have another was the one racing for history during that time period , lava man was a worthy challenger to the kentucky derby and preakness winner in terms of popularity . lava man was one of the first thoroughbreds to be seen on twitter and sanders credits that as part of his appeal .
lava man won three hollywood gold cups - - only native diver had done that - - as well as two santa anita handicaps and a pacific classic . when lava man won the big ' cap and the hollywood gold cup in 2006 , it was the first time that double had been achieved since affirmed did it in 1979 . then , when he completed the triple by winning the pacific classic at del mar , lava man had established a first .
bernardini is the even - money , early - line favorite , but lava man , the 6 - 1 third choice , will have plenty of backers .
lava man had three wins , four seconds and a third in 13 starts under arterburn ' s training , and he ran his best races on grass .
lava man was claimed by o’neill after finishing second in a race at del mar in august 2004 . he returned to the track for his new owners a month later with a victory in the fairplex park derby trial . lava man ran four more times that year , finishing second three times and third once .
the attention lava man gets during his public appearances lets him keep the ego he developed when racing , and that is still evident to those around him .
when the lava stops , quickly draw around the flow edge with a pencil .
you only feel the heat when you’re very close or if the wind is blowing over the lava towards you . in some places collecting lava is easy . …
lava man was winless in his five starts outside of california , which made his induction to the hall of fame even more of a surprise for steve kenly .
for the 2006 edition , lava man came in as the defending champion , and the heavy favorite , but this one turned out to be anything but easy .
back in california , arterburn will be among lava man ' s rooters saturday . after all , he and his partners have collected almost $ 350 , 000 , based on lava man ' s earnings , from the california thoroughbred breeders association , which has an incentive program that rewards breeders of california - bred horses for top - three finishes throughout a horse ' s career . lava man also made them close to $ 100 , 000 before he was claimed for $ 50 , 000 .
but even with his social media presence and i’ll have another’s retirement , lava man still has to work . from the time the first set of racehorses from o’neill’s barn hits the track until 10 a . m . , lava man
coaches
the racehorses on the track before a bath and being walked to cool down .
o ' neill heard about it and thought it was nice , because if this worked it would improve lava man ' s comfort around the retirement farm . then he got the word about three months ago that lava man was doing some light galloping . the reports were amazing . herthel told o ' neill that , were lava man to return to racing he ' d have the strongest bones of any of the horses . finally , about a month ago , o ' neill went north .
that ' s all changed . in september , they spent $ 480 , 000 on eight yearlings at keeneland , money from lava man ' s unlikely success story .
in 46 starts , lava man ' s in - the - money record was 17 - 8 - 5 . his winnings were $ 5 , 268 , 706 .
lava man showed the way on the racetrack , too . from september 2004 , when he won the derby trial stakes at fairplex park in his first start after being claimed for $ 50 , 000 , to the end of his career in december 2009 , lava man made 34 starts , and won 14 races , including 13 stakes .
this year , lava man ' s form took a turn for the worse in his first few starts . he lost three stakes before o ' neill added blinkers and dropped him into an optional claimer in may , risking him for $ 100 , 000 . lava man won and was not claimed , but the experience rattled steve kenley .
a few more highlights awaited in 2007 . after winning the sunshine millions turf and a second straight edition of the santa anita handicap , lava man shipped to dubai and finished last in the dubai duty free . another defeat followed in the whittingham memorial , and lava man seemed to be slowing down . as the hollywood gold cup approached , there were surely questions as lava man prepared for a historic third straight victory in the prestigious race . the 2007 hollywood gold cup would be run on a synthetic track and , as versatile as lava man had been , the question was could he handle the new surface at a point in his career when he seemed to be declining ?
sanders relayed a particularly interesting situation that has become a part of lava man’s repertoire : “one of his favorite tricks is deciding when he will come back in for his bath after ponying horses . sometimes we feel sorry for whichever hotwalker has him ; there have been many standoffs , with lava man winning eight times out of ten . ”
lava man is back training at hollywood park . just 11 days ago , he turned three furlongs in 36 seconds flat , faster than any other horse on the track that day . friday morning , according to steve kenly , lava man
worked slower , worked longer , galloped like he did when he was at his best .
the answer , sadly for him , was yes . on august 13 , lava man was back at del mar , this time for a $ 50 , 000 tag .
lava man earned nine triple - digit beyer speed figures during his career , including a career high of 120 for the 2005 hollywood gold cup ( usa - i ) .
he also says that any setback , even a small one , will end this grand experiment and send lava man back to the farm . he is so concerned about public perception that he says any of his training winnings from lava man will be donated to carma , a charity that helps pay for horses ' care once they are retired .
lava man’s warranted confidence has certainly come in handy in his new career as a pony for younger horses . among those youngsters , kentucky derby and preakness stakes winner i’ll have another was one lava man immediately connected with it , but he apparently didn’t mesh well with goldencents . “you never really know why they do or don’t get along well with one horse over another , ” sanders mused . “for the most part lava man has the respect of his pupils , but right now he doesn’t really have a favorite . ”
lava man never showed his greatness outside of california . for one reason or another he ran poorly in all his forays outside the golden state . but he still was the king of california . he still was a racing treasure . he still was a legend . in short , he still was lava man . and that’s enough in anyone’s lifetime .
that summer , lava man won the grade 1 pacific classic at del mar , one of the finest performances of his career . “that was goose bumps , ” o’neill said .
the victory has given lava man a temporary position at the top of the california handicap division , at least until santa anita handicap winner rock hard ten returns in the fall .
lava man , a two - time winner of the hollywood gold cup and a horse closing in on $ 3 million in earnings , got off to a famously slow beginning .
a young man at vureas bay , southern cross in background , vanua lava , banks islands , 1906 / j . w . beat . . . | national library of australia
had lava man won the bc classic in november , he probably would have been horse of the year . but he launched another campaign with an emphatic stakes win on saturday .
that all changed in early 2005 , however . lava man hit the skids in his first three races , finishing seventh , fifth and sixth . at o ' neill ' s urging but against steve kenly ' s wishes , the partnership put lava man in a $ 100 , 000 claiming race at hollywood park in may . he won but went unclaimed .
lava man’s halters and shoes have been sold at auction to benefit multiple aftercare programs , and the barn helps with events that promote the retirement of ex - racehorses . lava man also has taken his turn as a racehorse - turned - showhorse , competing in a 2013 show for off - track thoroughbreds , and winning all the classes in which he competed .
according to o’neill , no decision on where lava man turns up next will be made for several weeks , but he’s sure it will be in the california - bred’s home state .
lava man is the subject of a dvd biography that was given away to fans at hollywood park in december 2007 . narrated by jim forbes ( whose other credits include vh1 ' s
steve kenly , however , persisted and finally persuaded the group to claim lava man a month later , after his runner - up showing in the $ 50 , 000 claiming race .
lava man will have a chance for a third consecutive major stakes win in the $ 1 million pacific classic at 1 1 / 4 miles at del mar on aug . 21 .
few such stories can compare with that of the remarkable gelding lava man , who went from claimer to hall of famer to dominate california horse racing for much of three unforgettable years .
after escorting horses to the track , retired racing great lava man is turned loose for a few minutes to grab a bite to eat in doug o ' neill ' s barn .
beattie , j . w . a young man at vureas bay , southern cross in background , vanua lava , banks islands , 1906 / j . w . beattie < urltoken >
lava man still looks fit with a well - dappled gleaming bay coat . after retiring in january 2010 , he began the career transition with the help of stable foreman sabas rivera .
every so often , the old competitive juices flow . lava man started to act up during the post parade for the santa anita derby , having a flashback to when he raced .
whenever you have a star in the barn , owners are more likely to bring you their horses to train . so lava man has been significant in the career development of doug .
of course , hudson isn’t lava man’s only admirer . the barn has been told about fans who’ve gone to extreme lengths to make sure they wouldn’t miss a race during his career .
both cited the desire to make lava man a rare repeat winner of the big cap as a reason to point for the richest race of the santa anita winter - spring meeting .
but the lure of the $ 5 million dubai duty free on turf on march 31 remains very much on their minds , and lava man could run there after the big cap .
suddenly , it seemed like the light had gone on . with 23 starts under his belt , lava man was at the point where the talent level of most racehorses is readily apparent , but lava man wasn’t like most horses . perhaps some considered his win in the californian a fluke , but that was far from the case . instead , lava man came back even better in the 1 ¼ - mile , grade 1 hollywood gold cup , which he won by a stunning 8 ¾ lengths in the brilliant time of 1 : 59 . 63 .
death is forced to retire in reaper man , but this also doesn ' t stick .
lava man’s incredible talent , however , wasn’t obvious from the start . as a son of slew city slew out of a mare by nostalgia’s star , the california - bred lava man didn’t have the most fashionable pedigree , which may have been one reason why he started his career in a 4 ½ - furlong , $ 12 , 500 maiden claiming race at stockton , a county fair track in california . sent off at odds of 35 . 50 - 1 , lava man trailed the field early on before rallying to finish fourth , beaten by 3 ¾ lengths . it was an inauspicious beginning , and his next two starts—a third and a fifth in similar maiden claiming races—did little to dispel the notion that lava man was nothing special .
long before lava man became one of the best horses in america , he was trained in northern california by lonnie arterburn , who bred and owned him in partnership with veterinarian kim kuhlmann .
lava man is closing in on $ 3 million in earnings . the only thing left for him to prove is whether he can win somewhere other than in california . the horse was beaten by 45 1 / 2 lengths in the 2005 jockey club gold cup at belmont park . in his next race , the japan cup , lava man lost by 17 1 / 2 lengths .
coast near vureas bay at vanua lava , banks islands , 1906 / j . w . beattie
sunset over vureas bay , vanua lava , banks islands , 1906 / j . w . beattie
even though lava man remains quite aloof and difficult to handle , his affection can be bought with treats ! the fan favorite is regularly visited and showered with gifts by his loyal following . in addition to his typical gifts of cards and cookies , lava man once received an entire box of stories , poems , and drawings of which he was the focus from a class of fifth grade students . the gelding even has a large following on social media . “oftentimes a photo or status update about lava man or from lava himself will generate tens of thousands of views , ” sanders described . “we are very happy that the racing public has not forgotten the champ ! ”
lava man returned to the track january 28 , won the sunshine millions classic at santa anita —
i could hardly talk ,
dave kenly said — and hasn ' t lost since .
at the age of 14 , lava man thrives on activity . he is a pony for longtime trainer doug o’neill at los alamitos , guiding the stable’s young horses to and from the track .
lava man won his first major stakes in the grade 2 californian stakes at 1 1 / 8 miles on june 18 , but the win in the gold cup left o ' neill stunned .
lava man led all the way under corey nakatani , accelerating at the top of the stretch to pull away and win by 2¼ lengths over brother derek , who was undefeated at santa anita .
kenly realizes that an unsuccessful trip to the other side of the world could foil the rest of the 2007 campaign for lava man , forcing him and his owners to regroup in the summer .
as lava man developed into a grade i winner and then a legend , becoming the first horse to sweep the grade i santa anita handicap , hollywood gold cup , and pacific classic in the same year , arterburn became more distressed over his misfortune . now he’s had to watch lava man make more history by emulating native diver’s feat of winning three consecutive runnings of the hollywood gold cup .
lava man , a son of slew city slew – li’l ms . leonard , by nostalgia’s star , had previously been trained by lonnie arterburn , who also was the horse’s co - owner and co - breeder . it was steve kenly who had o’neill claim lava man . kenly raced the horse under the name std stable , along with his parents dave and tracey , and partner jason wood .
steve kenly broke out the new lava man caps at the goodwood . they didn ' t go unnoticed at the track . fans cheered him everywhere he went , then rooted the horse to victory .
that ' s lava man ' s next order of business — proving to skeptics in the east that he can win outside his home state . he ' s winless in three starts outside california .
breeders ' cup hopeful lava man , shown with groom albert zumaya during bathtime oct . 30 in louisville , is one of the favorites in the $ 5 million classic at churchill downs on saturday .
lava man was retired after a series of losses in the summer of 2008 , and was sent to magali farms in santa ynez , calif . within a year , he was back at the track and in training . despite criticism that lava man had done enough , he made one additional start , finishing last of seven in the grade 2 san gabriel handicap at santa anita in december 2009 .
lava man was named the 2005 california - bred horse of the year in voting by the california thoroughbred breeders association , it was announced at the ctba ' s annual awards dinner feb . 7 .
southern cross ( ship ) - - photographs . | ni - vanuatu - - vanuatu - - vanua lava - - photographs . | young men - - vanuatu - - vanua lava - - photographs . | boats and boating in missionary work - - vanuatu - - vanua lava - - photographs . | veutümboso bay ( vanuatu ) - - photographs . | vanua lava ( vanuatu ) - - photographs .
the racing world has certainly not forgotten lava man , and if all goes well on april 20 , 2015 , the gelding could officially be installed into the annals of horse racing’s hall of fame . announced in march , lava man is one of the four finalists for induction into the national museum of racing and hall of fame . while black tie affair , xtra heat , and kona gold are also excellent contenders for induction , lava man still holds a solid grip on the hearts of racing fans , and his initiation into racing’s highest honor would simply be the cherry on top of a fantastic career .
last fall , kenly was looking for an appropriate slogan for lava man . he inadvertently came up with a perfect one when he said about owning a horse like this : “we’re having a blast . ”
std racing and jason wood’s grade i - winning multi - millionaire lava man is scheduled to return to his hollywood park base from his unsuccessful trip to dubai late wednesday night , trainer doug o’neill said .
lava man ( usa ) march 20 , 2001 – living slew city slew ( usa ) x li ' l ms . leonard ( usa ) , by nostalgias star ( usa ) family 8 - k
in 2013 , lava man made his debut as a show horse at the thoroughbred classic horse show held at the rancho mission viejo riding park . he won all three classes in which he was entered .
for her permission to use her pictures of lava man . please do not copy or distribute these photos without her permission . if you would like to contact her , send me at e - mail at
he is already two - thirds of the way there . lava man won the santa anita handicap by three - quarters of a length on march 4 . he was fortunate to prevail by a nose in the hollywood gold cup on july 8 . lava man is unbeaten in five starts this year , including three grade 1 stakes , while racking up more than $ 1 . 8 million in purse money .
lava man , who was vanned off the track following a third - place finish in sunday ' s pacific classic ( gr . i ) at del mar , was reported in good shape monday morning .
hudson’s wish was to meet lava man , something she was able to do during kentucky derby week in 2012 . that encounter has turned into a lasting relationship between the girl’s family and the o’neill barn .
kenly , who had been looking specifically for 3 - year - old cal - breds , because of the state’s lucrative program , had his eye on several horses and lava man was one of them .
but the racing life is in lava man’s blood , and he can still be seen at racetracks in california , where he serves as a stable pony for o’neill . in 2012 , he was back in the headlines again as he accompanied i’ll have another through a campaign that included victories in the kentucky derby and preakness stakes . for a horse like lava man , it’s hard to picture a more fitting ending .
with one good local prep under his girth , lava man was ready for another defense in the gold cup . the fans and bettors who bet him down to 7 - 5 in the field of nine had no way of knowing that this would turn out to be his last career victory , but they were treated to something special on this afternoon . it was lava man at his gritty , determined best .
lava man came back into the limelight in 2012 as the regular lead pony for that year ' s kentucky derby / preakness stakes winner i ' ll have another , also trained by doug o ' neill .
in his first start for his new connections , lava man returned to dirt and won the derby trial stakes at fairplex park , taking command in the homestretch and pulling away to win decisively . three more solid performances in stakes races followed before lava man took a big step up in class and tackled the seven - eighths of a mile , grade 1 malibu stakes at santa anita park . lava man had never run in a graded stakes race , let alone a grade 1 , but outperformed the expectations of most racing fans when he rallied to finish second , beaten by just a half - length by rock hard ten .
beattie , j . w . n . d . , a young man at vureas bay , southern cross in background , vanua lava , banks islands , 1906 / j . w . beattie < urltoken >
lava man easily put away his california competition in the $ 500 , 000 goodwood breeders ' cup handicap yesterday at santa anita . now he ' s ready for a showdown with his vaunted east coast rivals .
lava man ( $ 3 . 20 ) covered 1 1 / 8 miles in 1 : 48 . 15 . giacomo , the 50 - 1 winner of last year ' s kentucky derby , finished third .
vureas bay at st . peters , vanua lava , banks islands , 1906 / j . w . beattie
as a 2 - year - old , lava man made his career debut in june 2003 in a $ 12 , 500 maiden claiming race at the san joaquin county fair in stockton , calif . , by finishing fourth at odds of 36 - 1 . lava man finally broke his maiden in his fifth career start , winning a maiden special weight at bay meadows in his final race as a 2 - year - old .
the racing world has certainly not forgotten lava man , and if all goes well on april 20 , 2015 , the gelding could officially be installed into the annals of horse racing’s hall of fame . photo : benoit
in the bc classic , lava man will face bernardini , a 3 - year - old who won his sixth in a row yesterday , in the $ 750 , 000 jockey club gold cup at belmont park .
lava man won his next two races , including $ 450 , 000 with his eye - popping 8 3 / 4 - length victory in the hollywood gold cup . his win was so impressive that a representative for sheik mohammed bin rashid al maktoum , the owner of bernardini , the ruler of dubai and a horseman who spent $ 60 million at the keeneland sales in september , offered $ 1 . 5 million for lava man .
he was scheduled to be sent to old friends in kentucky to enjoy a peaceful life in a pasture , but lava man didn’t seem to care for this lifestyle , and after receiving stem cell therapy that healed his ankles , lava man was put back into training . he thrived with his return to a daily schedule of exercise and made a brief comeback , finishing last in the 2009 san gabriel handicap before being retired for good .
the events of captain america civil war brings iron man and hawkeye out of retirement to help the avengers .
for the kenly family , the trip to lava man’s induction will be their first to the historic racing town of saratoga springs , n . y . “we have no idea what to expect , ” steve kenly said .
the summertime retirement of lava man left a void in this division . then again , replacing a horse that rose from claiming ranks to win seven grade 1 races in his career is difficult for any regional breeding industry .
ok , obviously i did not make that earth background , i got it from google urltoken this is the cover art for my lava man series on da . it will also be the index to all parts of the series and will put facts about lava man in the description every now and then , so check it out for some ! index : page 1 : [ link ] page 2 : [ link ] page 3 : [ link ] page 4 : [ link ] page 5 : [ link ] page 6 : [ link ] page 7 : [ link ] page 8 : [ link ] page 9 : [ link ] page 10 : [ link ] page 11 : [ link ] page 12 : [ link ] page 13 : [ link ] page 14 : [ link ] page 15 : [ link ] page 16 : [ link ] fun fact ! : lava man was originally an idea for a video game called
lava man vs . the grim reaper
i thought of lava man ( inspired by the lava suit on the video game
vexx
) and my little bro ( jackeduppanda [ link ] ) thought of the grim reaper .
how original .
lol
as best you can , use a thin layer of play dough to cover the entire area where lava flowed .
a jubilant michael blowen announced thursday that lava man , one of the great geldings of all time , is scheduled to arrive at old friends on sept . 16 , where he will live out the rest of his days .
lava man , ridden by corey nakatani , puts the field away en route to winning the grade ii $ 500 , 000 goodwood breeders ' cup handicap horse race oct . 7 at santa anita park in arcadia , calif .
lava man certainly seems to be happiest at the track with a routine and being surrounded by “his” people . in fact , attempts to retire the gelding to pasture life have been less than appealing to lava man . “once at a layup farm , while he was still in racing , he ran up and down the fence line checking out the horses on the training track , ” sanders supplied . “he wanted to be part of the action . ”
after undergoing stem - cell therapy during what had been billed as a retirement , lava man attempted a comeback in december 2009 . however , after finishing seventh in that comeback race , he was retired from racing for good .
in 2006 , lava man became the first horse to sweep the three major dirt stakes for older horses in southern california in the same year - the big cap , hollywood gold cup , and pacific classic at del mar .
breeders cup classic hopeful lava man tries to bite his groom noe garcia after an early morning workout at churchill downs in louisville , kentucky , october 31 2006 . trainer doug o ' neill is preparing his horse . . . more
“all credit goes to steve kenly . he picked him out and really liked him , ” o’neill said . “he was looking for a nice cal - bred at the time and lava man was that and so much more . ”
lava man did not start his career on the other side of the tracks . he started his career in a place where there are no tracks . apparently , the horse needed a change of venue and a bit more distance .
last saturday , nearly 27 months after his first visit to hollywood park , lava man was 3 - 5 in the grade 1 hollywood gold cup . this is about as close to seabiscuit as this sport has seen since seabiscuit .
claimed for $ 50 , 000 in the summer of 2004 , lava man earned $ 550 , 000 for owners jason wood and steve and david kenly and now has earned more than $ 1 . 5 million in his career .
on aug . 13 , 2004 , doug o’neill put in a $ 50 , 000 claim on a gelding named lava man for std racing and jason wood . what happened over the next five years became a real life fairytale .
when transitioning from racehorse to pony , lava man learned where the barn stored the grain and would help himself to it every morning . but as the barn quickly found out , the routine made him return to his racehorse roots .
kenly said , “michael called us about retiring lava man , and he was just so energetic and excited . i didn’t think there was that much interest in the horse outside of the west coast , and michael just said , ‘are you kidding me ? ’ we’re not blue - blood , we’re not the uber - wealthy . lava man is a small guy’s horse and michael is a small - guy’s farm , so we thought it was a perfect fit . ”
lava man retired with a record of 17 wins , 8 seconds , and 5 thirds from 47 starts , with earnings of $ 5 , 268 , 706 , the fourth - highest total ever accumulated by a california - bred horse .
lava man first caught steve kenly ' s eye when he ran for a $ 62 , 500 tag in july 2004 at del mar . kenly wanted to claim lava man at the time but got what he called a
chilly
reception from his father , stepmother tracy , wood and trainer doug o ' neill . none was sold on the horse ' s sixth - place finish and modest record of three wins and $ 98 , 000 in earnings in 12 races .
because i’ll be away in kentucky until late next week , and with the announcement that lava man will be going to old friends , i’m putting this look back at the lava man story ( from last year ) on here , in good part just to get this latest curlin vs . big brown feud off . just the mere mention of either of them in any context turns the blog into the blob – a creature that keeps growing and consumes everything in its path .
lava man finished sixth in the race , but had a ton of trouble , getting squeezed and trapped between horses . kenly remembered that and stored it in the back of his head in case the horse showed up again for a price .
what if , when the opportunity arose to re - claim lava man , arterburn hadn ' t been in the midst of a career move that saw him buy a farm in ocala , fla . , and move there with his family ?
inglewood , calif . - when lava man walked into the starting gate at 6 - 1 for saturday ' s $ 750 , 000 , co - owner jason wood shrugged and thought to himself that the gelding just cannot earn any respect .
in addition to his typical gifts of cards and cookies , lava man once received an entire box of stories , poems , and drawings of which he was the focus from a class of fifth grade students . photo : doug o’neill racing stable
before his third attempt in the gold cup , lava man would have another unsuccessful sojourn , this time for the rich dubai world cup . the story of this wonderful horse is not complete without the telling of his fondness for california racing .
unlike his first two hollywood gold cup wins , this one came on their new synthetic racing surface . the legend of lava man deservedly grows , when you consider that he was a grade 1 winner on dirt , turf , and synthetic .
the message to the fans is two things ,
o ' neill says .
first , nobody is doing this for the money . and second , lava man is being monitored daily by the top people in the business .
arterburn arranged for the breeding that produced lava man by sending a mare that he had claimed , li ' l miss leonard , to kentucky in 1998 . the sire was slew city slew , a son of 1977 triple crown winner seattle slew .
lava man won seven grade 1 races , ending his career with earnings of $ 5 , 268 , 706 . he earned $ 5 , 170 , 103 for owners steve , tracy , and david kenly and jason wood after they claimed him .
lava man’s apparent intelligence and confidence have also provided for some interesting situations around the barn . as an “old soul , ” he watches everything around him , and the now fourteen - year - old gelding has developed a mind of his own .
is out of the nostalgia ' s star mare li ' l ms . leonard and was bred by lonnie arterburn , eve kuhlmann and kim kuhlmann . steve , tracy and david kenly ' s std racing stable and jason wood own lava man .
lava man followed up his maiden win with a starter allowance victory , but lost his next four starts before winning an allowance race on the grass at bay meadows by a nose . arterburn had removed his blinkers for the race , and lava man showed tremendous courage to win after a stretch - long duel . it was that same tenacity and courage under fire that would enable to him to win back - to - back gut - wrenchers in the hollywood gold cup ( gr . i ) .
lava man was foaled in california in 2001 and began his racing career with a fourth - place finish in a $ 12 , 500 maiden - claiming event for 2 - year - olds at the san joaquin county fair on june 19 , 2003 .
every single one of his career victories came in his home state . for whatever reason , lava man never ran his best outside california , going a non - threatening 0 - for - 4 in new york , tokyo , louisville , and dubai .
it turns out that he - man didn ' t really hurt anybody , and the whole incident was a batman gambit ( and evil plan of the week ) that skeletor devised to demoralize he - man and trick him into giving up his powers .
with lava man all the rage again , we thought this would be a good time to reprint a column we wrote back on sept . 6 , 2008 , telling the story of one of the greatest claims in racing history , if not the greatest .
“what an amazing honor , ” trainer doug o’neill said of lava man being elected to the hall of fame . “he’s family to me and to everyone connected with him . you are lucky if you get a horse like this once in a lifetime . ”
since being claimed , lava man has won four races , including the derby trial stakes at fairplex park last september . he was second in the california cup classic , on trust stakes , and grade 1 malibu stakes in his final three starts of 2004 .
lava man is an 8 - year - old gelding . in his prime , he acquired cult status reserved for the likes of john henry and cigar , older horses who stuck around long enough to win lots of races and build a large fan base .
steve kenly says ,
every workout , we got closer . we put it out there for lava man to tell us , and he kept passing tests . everybody was reluctant at first . now , after seeing him , everybody is on board .
lava man was key in bringing the o’neill barn to the minds of racing fans , and certainly accomplished a great deal in his time as a racehorse ,
said sharla sanders , operations manager for doug o’neill racing stable .
people connected with his ‘blue collar’ beginnings and followed his career with enthusiasm . lava man gave 100 percent all the time , even when he shipped out of state or the country . he never duplicated the same success outside of [ california ] , which is too bad because we feel that he should be considered for the racing hall of fame . whenever you have a star in the barn , owners are more likely to bring you their horses to train . so lava man has been significant in the career development of doug .
the original lava man was supposed to appear in
prisoners of love ,
but was cut from the final version . nonetheless , he is mentioned to be sleeping outside the tree fort , forcing finn and jake to seek relief in the ice kingdom .
trained by doug o ' neill , lava man has never won a stakes outside of california , losing such races as the jockey club gold cup and japan cup dirt in 2005 and finishing seventh in the breeders ' cup classic last november at churchill downs .
since being claimed for $ 50 , 000 in august 2004 , lava man has won 10 stakes in california for wood and the kenly family ' s std racing . that record makes staying home for the big cap an easy decision , steve kenly said .


the streak-breasted woodpecker ( picus viridanus ) is a species of bird in the family picidae .

it is found from far southeastern bangladesh to central may peninsula .

streak - breasted woodpecker

nobody uploaded sound recordings for streak - breasted woodpecker ( picus viridanus ) yet .
the streak - breasted woodpecker ( picus viridanus ) is a species of bird in the picidae family .
winkler , h . & christie , d . a . ( 2018 ) . streak - breasted woodpecker ( picus viridanus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
justification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population size has not been quantified , but the species is reported to be uncommon and locally fairly common ( del hoyo et al . 2002 ) . trend justification : the species is suspected to be in decline within its restricted range owing to ongoing habitat destruction ( del hoyo et al . 2002 ) .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
closest relatives appear to be p . rabieri , p . xanthopygaeus and p . vittatus # r . often considered conspecific with last of those , but appears to be separated by habitat , although some possible overlap in this respect ; further study needed . birds from malay peninsula described as race weberi , being slightly smaller and darker , but differences insignificant and probably due to clinal variation . monotypic .
sw bangladesh , sw & se myanmar and sw thailand s to extreme nw peninsular malaysia # r # r .
30–33 cm ; c . 90–120 g . male has red forehead to nape and slight crest , black base of forehead , upper lores and narrow line bordering crown ; thin white supercilium . . .
ants . commonly forages on the ground ; also on moss - covered trees and boulders .
feb–apr . nest - hole excavated in tree . clutch 4 eggs . no other information .
not globally threatened . uncommon , locally fairly common ; possibly overlooked . occurs in kaeng krachan national park and khao nor chuchi reserve ( thailand ) . has a very small . . .
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previously included chrysophlegma , which was found in recent molecular analyses to represent a clearly divergent , separate clade # r ( see above ) .
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a female drinking on a watering point and flying off ( lesser necklaced laughingthrush and racquet - tailed treepies bathing . . .
a male on a big trunk adopting different postures , including upside down , for feeding .
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myavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .
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picus viridanus : lowlands of myanmar and sw thailand to extreme nw malay pen .
howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :
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this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : picus viridanus . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
it is found in malaysia , myanmar , thailand and perhaps bangladesh . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical mangrove forests .
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important note ; our range maps are generated automatically based on very limited data we have about the protected sites , the data is not necessarily accurate . please help us to improve our range maps by sharing your findings / knowledge .
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english - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers


adelaide 's warbler ( setophaga adelaidae ) is a bird endemic to the archipelago of puerto rico belonging to the setophaga genus of the parulidae family .

the species is named after adelaide swift , daughter of robert swift , the person who captured the first specimen .

adelaide ' s warbler

adelaide’s warbler is currently classified as “least concern” in the iucn red data list .
adelaide ' s warbler ( dendroica adelaidae ) was named after adelaide swift , daughter of robert swift - the person who captured the first specimen .
this theory is consistent with research regarding adelaide’s warbler . once considered a single species , the american ornithologists’ union split then - existing subspecies into three full species in 2000 : barbuda warbler ( setophaga subita ) , st . lucia warbler ( setophaga delicata ) , and adelaide’s warbler . genetic analysis suggests that adelaide’s warbler expanded from west to east and two isolated populations ultimately developed into the recently recognized species .
real - time colonization : puerto rican warbler expands to u . s . virgin islands
adelaide’s warbler ( eng . ) , reinita mariposera ( sp . ) , dendroica adelaidae ( sci . ) , endemic species – puerto rico and vieques islands .
unlike the other endemic warbler — the threatened elfin - woods warbler — the population of adelaide’s warbler on puerto rico appears to be stable . the bird is common in its preferred habitat , including guánica commonwealth forest and cabo rojo national wildlife refuge . — jason a . crotty
real - time colonization : puerto rican warbler expands to u . s . virgin islands - birdwatching
individual adelaide’s warblers have also been occasionally sighted by scientists in the luquillo experimental forest , a section of the el yunque national forest .
adelaide’s warbler is found only on the main island of puerto rico and on the offshore island of vieques . it occurs primarily in the dry forests of the southern region , although it has been seen to occur in moist forests that include tangled vines and thickets along the cordillera central ( central mountain range ) and in the north and northeast sectors of the island . adelaide’s warbler was formerly “lumped” with related species on the caribbean islands of barbuda and st . lucia – taxonomists have recently split them into three separate species based on variations in plumage and song . the puerto rico species retained the adelaide’s warbler name , while the other species were renamed barbuda warbler ( d . subita ) and st . lucia warbler ( d . delicate ) .
adelaide’s warbler has long been considered non - migratory and endemic to puerto rico . in his guide to the birds of puerto rico and the virgin islands in 1989 , herbert raffaele stated that it is “unknown from the virgin islands . ” now , however , it appears that several groups have flown more than 30 miles to st . thomas and st . john , two of the u . s . virgin islands . both have suitable habitat for adelaide’s warbler .
episode 1 : adelaide ' s warbler ( reinta mariposera ) this is just a hobby and is what i got until now . hope you like it . music by toe - path graphic artist : nidza burgos castellanos produced by living wolf studios and edit with cyberlink powerdirector 9
range : adelaïde warbler lives in porto rico , but also in st lucia , and barbuda .
reproduction : adelaïde warbler’s nest is located at up to 3 to 20 feet above the ground , in a tree . female lays 2 to 4 white eggs , spotted with brown .
) helps to place information for grace ' s warbler into a larger and historical context . some gaps are filled by unpublished information , but there is still much to learn about the species , especially those populations breeding south of the u . s . border .
adelaide’s warbler ( setophaga adelaidae ) is a small predominantly gray and yellow insectivore most frequently found in the dry lowlands and scrub of southern puerto rico . however , it is a habitat generalist and can be found in other areas . it is less common on the eastern side of puerto rico , which is closest to the virgin islands .
rosenstock , s . s . 1996 . habitat relationships of breeding birds in northern arizona ponderosa pine and pine - oak forests . phoenix : arizona game fish dep . close
staicer , c . a . 1989 . characteristics , use , and significance of two singing behaviors in grace ' s warbler ( dendroica graciae ) . auk no . 106 : 49 - 63 . close
adelaide’s warblers have been spotted ( flocking with other avian species ) in guama trees on the el portal nature trail and near the palo colorado interpretive site . the flowering guama seems to be a very popular assembly point for flocking and gleaning birds .
voice : sounds by xeno - canto adelaïde warbler’s call is a sharp “chick” . song is variable with ascending and descending trill . it sings at any time of year , but it sings strongly into late morning .
formerly considered conspecific with s . subita and s . delicata , but the three have recently been shown to have a level of genetic differentiation similar to that of some continental american species . monotypic .
curson , j . ( 2018 ) . adelaide ' s warbler ( setophaga adelaidae ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
not aware of these sightings , a team of researchers led by richard r . veit of the college of staten island had been surveying birds near lameshur bay since 2011 , and they discovered two adelaide’s warblers in january 2015 . further surveys that year found three singing males that appeared to be defending territories . they enthusiastically responded to recordings of male birds from puerto rico . researchers also observed two probable females . photos , vocalizations , and subsequent comparisons with specimens confirmed them as adelaide’s warblers . in 2016 , they found eight birds with six males defending territories .
) . these studies have documented the range of habitats occupied , microhabitats used for foraging , and densities of some populations . the only studies to date solely on grace ' s warbler focused on the singing behavior of individuals in northern arizona (
distribution and habits make grace ' s warbler one of the least known north american passerines . its territories tend to be large , its nests well hidden , and individuals a challenge to follow . no comprehensive studies exist , and much basic information is lacking . few nests have been found , few individuals have been collected or measured , and no studies have thoroughly documented basic information such as molt , migration , or population dynamics . only 59 individual grace ' s warblers have ever been banded , far fewer than any other north american wood - warbler .
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behaviour : adelaïde warbler feeds on insects , and gleans them at middle and higher elevations in trees . it travels with other species such as puerto rican todies , vireos and other warblers .
diet : adelaïde warbler feeds mainly on insects , such as lantern flies , grasshoppers , caterpillars , bugs , flies , weevils , beetles , and spiders . it may eat small frogs , but rarely .
) , version 1 . 0 . in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa .
) , geographic variation in songs of the northern subspecies ( cas ) , and nesting behavior of a few pairs in southwestern colorado ( s . hutchings unpubl . ) .
previously restricted to a single species ( s . ruticilla ) ; but comprehensive molecular phylogeny reveals that this species is deeply embedded within large clade that includes two species formerly in parula ( s . americana and s . pitiayumi ) and another ( s . citrina ) traditionally in wilsonia , as well as all species previously treated in dendroica # r ; catharopeza might also be subsumed into this genus # r , but better maintained as a separate monospecific genus , in view of unusual morphology and behaviour , as well as its basal position in the clade . as type species of parula , wilsonia and dendroica are all included in present grouping , these names become synonyms of oldest available name for this clade , setophaga .
in march 2012 , sean m . rune and leann m . conlon of the university of maine observed four adelaide’s warblers near santa maria bay on st . thomas , the first known observations outside puerto rico . the birds were identified by field marks and song and were later photographed . additional surveys found at least six birds that appeared to be permanently occupying the location , with at least one probable breeding pair . this location is secluded and infrequently visited by birders , so this group may have been there for some time .
habitat : adelaïde warbler lives in dry forests , lowlands , and moist forest areas . they like tangles of vines and thickets . it is common in dry scrublands on south coast , and in thickets on north coast . we can found a small number of birds in mountains .
block , w . m . and d . m . finch . 1997 . songbird ecology in southwestern ponderosa pine forests : a literature review . fort collins , co : u . s . dep . agric . close
bird ranges are dynamic , and we may be seeing the early stages of expansion by a species in the caribbean . two groups of researchers have found evidence of possible colonization of the virgin islands by an endemic puerto rican warbler . they report their findings in two forthcoming papers in the journal of caribbean ornithology .
block , w . m . , j . l . ganey , k . e . severson and m . l . morrison . 1992 . use of oaks by neotropical migratory birds in the southwest . in general technical report rm : u . s . forest service . close
nocedal , j . 1995 .
seasonal dynamics of foliage - gleaning insectivorous birds in southern durango , mexico .
in conservation of neotropical migratory birds in mexico . , edited by m . h . wilson and s . a . sader , 81 - 97 . misc . publ . 727 : maine agric . for . exp . stn . close
editor ' s note : phylogenetic analyses of sequences of mitochondrial and nuclear dna indicate that all species formerly placed in dendroica , one species formerly placed in wilsonia ( citrina ) , and two species formerly placed in parula ( americana and pitiayumi ) form a clade with the single species traditionally placed in setophaga ( ruticilla ) . the generic name setophaga has priority for this clade . see the 52nd supplement to the aou checklist of north american birds for details . future revisions of this account will reflect these changes .
the introduction article is just the first of 11 articles in each species account that provide life history information for the species . the remaining articles provide detailed information regarding distribution , migration , habitat , diet , sounds , behavior , breeding , current population status and conservation . each species account also includes a multimedia section that displays the latest photos , audio selections and videos from macaulay library’s extensive galleries . written and continually updated by acknowledged experts on each species , birds of north america accounts include a comprehensive bibliography of published research on the species .
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, or “little queen” , is the general term for warblers ) . at times , they appear to be perpetually in motion , actively searching twigs and leaves for arthropods , or squabbling with their neighbors . they are not shy of humans , and their striking colors and frequently repeated sweet song make them relatively easy to locate .
are particularly common in the dry forests of southern puerto rico and vieques , but are also found in wet limestone forests and secondary forests on the northern coast of puerto rico . however , they are absent from higher elevations and the eastern end of the island . otherwise , they seem to be generalists both in terms of habitats used , and in the types of vegetation used within a habitat type . their populations appear to be stable over the long term , although strong fluctuations can be seen over shorter periods of time . although some aspects of their biology ( e . g . vocalizations ) have been well studied , many aspects of their behavior and ecology are not yet well known .
only one individual , jumping in the middle - upper strata of a bamboo patch , close to the wetland . id confirmed by david hollie .
primary song given low in tree near roadside . signal amplified several db . habitat is dry tropical forest .
bird located up a hillside from trail , through dense under - and midstory . 5 strophes . habitat is tropical moist forest .
two birds on either side of the trail , seemingly countersinging . signal amplified several db . habitat is tropical moist forest .
unseen bird singing up hillsides above trail in thick understory . silence gap spans about 40 seconds . signal amplified several db . habitat is tropical moist forest .
natural song of a bird in canopy of semi - humid forest , with a second in background . this species has rather variable songs , but unfortunately , i only managed to record one individual .
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
hbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .
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an adult singing on the tree branch . adulto vocalizando desde la rama de un árbol .
kristof zyskowski , frédéric pelsy , luis r figueroa , mikko pyhälä , bob thompson , dubi shapiro , paul a guris , guy poisson .
12–13·5 cm ; 5·3–10 g . crown grey , forecrown laterally edged black , short yellow supercilium becoming white behind eye , black lores , broken . . .
two song types . type 1 song a variable trill , often ascending or descending in pitch , and type 2 . . .
lowland dry scrub forest and forest edge ; replaced , with some overlap , in humid montane forest by . . .
feeds mainly on insects and other arthropods . forages by gleaning , mainly high in canopy . pairs apparently remain together on territory . . .
eggs laid in mar–jul and nestlings observed in mid - may . nest a cup placed 1–2·5 m up in shrub or tree ; clutch 2–3 . . .
not globally threatened ( least concern ) . restricted - range species : present in puerto rico and the virgin islands eba . not uncommon . population thought to number more than 10 , . . .
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it has grey upperparts . underparts are bright yellow on throat and breast . belly is white . wings show two white wing bars . it has a yellow and white eyebrow , and a white or yellow crescent below eye . the bill is blackish - brown . eyes are dark brown . legs and feet are brown .
in addition of nominate race dendroica adelaidae living on puerto rico and vieques islands , there are two subspecies . race subita which lives in barbados resembles nominate , but its upperparts are more brownish - grey . it lacks the black stripe on the hood side , and its double wing bar is duller . it has less white on the tail . wings and tail have the same size that nominate race . race delicata which lives in st lucia is larger . its upperparts are darker and brighter bluish - grey . the head pattern is more conspicuous : broader and more conspicuous lateral black stripe on the hood , entirely yellow eyebrow , and yellow patch below the eye . we can see sometimes some fine black streaks on back and hood .
combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : setophaga adelaidae . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
myavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .
there are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .
there are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .
howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :
you must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .
avibase has been visited 263 , 293 , 131 times since 24 june 2003 . © denis lepage | privacy policy
photo © 2008 , william hull . information compiled by alan mowbray , interpretive media writer , eynf / lef
d . adelaidae has a gray upper body and yellow breast . it has a yellow and white line above each eye with a white or yellow “half - moon” crescent below the eye . average bill to tail length is 4 . 7 inches ( 12 centimeters ) – typical weight is 0 . 25 ounces ( 7 grams ) .
in december 2012 during a christmas bird count , rune found two birds near lameshur bay , on the southern coast of st . john .
it is unlikely that these birds were involuntarily “wind drifted” or caught up in storms , as the prevailing easterly trade winds would have pushed them away from the virgin islands . it is more likely that they were pioneering vagrants that arrived via active dispersal , with at least two colonizing groups , one into st . thomas and one into st . john .
the group on st . john appears to have taken up permanent residence within virgin islands national park . according to laurel brannick , a ranger with the national park service , they continue to be regularly seen near the lameshur bay trail on the southern part of the island . the current status of the st . thomas population is unknown .
fewer migrants are overwintering on puerto rico , puzzling researchers ( june 2016 ) .
read about birding at el yunque national forest , hotspot near you no . 247 .
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learn how the birds of cozumel were affected by hurricanes emily and wilma in 2005 .
© luis villanueva ( licence : creativecommons attribution - noncommercial 3 . 0 ) bosque estatal de guánica
it is endemic to the archipelago of puerto rico , where it is found on the main island of puerto rico and in the island municipality of vieques .
they inhabit dry forests in the southern region of puerto rico such as the guánica state forest . although some have been sighted in the northern moist forests and the central mountain range , cordillera central .
they usually travel in mixed flocks , which may include puerto rican todies , vireos and other new world warblers .
there is a yellow line above the eye , with a white half - moon below it .
they mainly feed on insects , as well as spiders and small amphibians such as coquís .
the average clutch consists of 2 to 4 eggs , which are white but typically with small brown spots . the nest is usually located at heights of 1 to 7 m in .
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throughout history , crows , ravens and other black birds were feared as symbols of evil or death . …
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sounds provided by macaulay library . listen to more sounds of this species from the ml archive .
males sing a sweet series of 6–10 whistled notes that accelerate over the course of the roughly 1 - second song and often end on a rising note . the tone is so sweet that people often remember it with the mnemonic sweet sweet sweet i’m so sweet . the songs are a common sound of spring and early summer mornings and may be repeated as often as 10 times per minute .
yellow warblers use a variety of short chip notes , some with a metallic sound and some with a lisping or buzzing quality . males sometimes alternate chip notes with their songs , and females may answer a song with a high - pitched chip . both sexes use a high , hissing note in territorial defense , and may confront cowbirds with a seet call .
great diversity of habitats : lagoons , coastal forests , karst forests , rain forests , cliffs , ponds , coast , marsh and grassland . between 9 - 13 endemics . depending of the time we can try the yellow - breasted crake . pr screech owl on tj ranch . on the 2nd day will end on southwest and try the pr screech - owl and pr nightjar .
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this pine specialist breeds from mountains of the southwestern united states to the caribbean coast of northern nicaragua . one of the smallest warblers , it is an active forager , hopping and flitting rapidly among the outer foliage of high branches , perching on twigs and needles in search of insects and spiders , and occasionally fly - catching or hovering to obtain its prey . northernmost populations , from northern mexico and the united states , are migratory , whereas populations from central mexico south to nicaragua are only partially migratory or resident . the species prefers parklike stands of mature pines , a habitat that has declined over time through forestry practices of logging and fire suppression , at least in the northern parts of its range . little is known about mexican and central american breeding populations .
marshall , jr . , j . t . ( 1957 ) . birds of pine - oak woodland in southern arizona and adjacent mexico . pac . coast avifauna no . 32 . close
balda , r . p . 1969 . foliage use by birds of the oak - juniper woodland and ponderosa pine forest in southeastern arizona . condor no . 71 : 399 - 412 . close
szaro , r . c . and r . p . balda . 1979a . bird community dynamics in a ponderosa pine forest . stud . avian biol . no . 3 . close
brawn , j . d . , w . j . boecklen and r . p . balda . 1987 . investigations of density interactions among breeding birds in ponderosa pine forests : correlative and experimental evidence . oecologia no . 72 : 348 - 357 . close
nocedal , j . 1994b . local migrations of insectivorous birds in western mexico : implications for the protection and conservation of their habitats . bird conserv . int . no . 4 : 129 - 142 . close
nocedal , j . 1994a . foraging ecology of foliage - gleaning insectivorous birds of an oak - pine woodland of southern durango , mexico . phd thesis , new mexico state univ . , las cruces . close
howell , t . r . 1971b . an ecological study of birds of the lowland pine savanna and adjacent rain forest in northeastern nicaragua . living bird no . 10 : 185 - 242 . close
howell , t . r . 1972 . birds of the lowland pine savanna of northeastern nicaragua . condor no . 74 : 316 - 340 . close
this account compiles information from the studies mentioned above , from various regional compendiums and atlases , and the breeding bird surveys and christmas bird counts . a synthesis of the ecology and dynamics of southwestern pine forests (
) , version 2 . 0 . in the birds of north america ( a . f . poole and f . b . gill , editors ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa .