hagnagora mirandahenrichae is a species of moth of the family geometridae .

it is only known from the sectors santa maria and pitilla from área de conservación guanacaste , province guanacaste in north-western costa rica .

adults are easily distinguished from hagnagora croceitincta by its wing patterns .

the yellow ground colour of mirandahenrichae is slightly more intensive than in hagnagora clustimena .

hagnagora mirandahenrichae

three new geometer moths : hagnagora richardi , h . hedwigae , h . mirandahenrichae
on average smaller than hagnagora croceitincta and slightly larger than hagnagora mirandahenrichae ( see hagnagora croceitincta ) . the white transversal blotch on the forewing stretches to the costal margin and the apical dark - brown area reaches vein cua 2 , as also observed in mirandahenrichae . hagnagora clustimena is slightly paler than hagnagora mirandahenrichae . the male genitalia of both species are similar , but the valves are broader and differently shaped to mirandahenrichae . coi barcode : the minimum observed distance to the presumably most closely related species ( hagnagora mirandahenrichae ) is 4 . 6 % .
one species a day : three new geometer moths : hagnagora richardi , h . hedwigae , h . mirandahenrichae
hagnagora clustimena was originally assigned by druce to heterusia and then transferred to hagnagora by parsons et al . ( 1999 ) . hagnagora clustimena and hagnagora croceitincta appear to occur allopatrically .
hagnagora elianne was described and illustrated by sullivan ( 2011 ) . the species closely resembles the other species in the hagnagora anicata clade , particularly hagnagora unnia .
resembles most closely hagnagora anicata and hagnagora richardi , but is larger than hagnagora anicata , and the signum of the bursa copulatrix is more complex than in hagnagora richardi . coi barcode : the minimum observed distance to the presumably most closely related species ( hagnagora anicata ) is 3 . 1 % .
three new hagnagora druce species ( geometridae , larentiinae ) are described : hagnagora richardi brehm , sp . n . from ecuador , hagnagora hedwigae brehm , sp . n . from ecuador , and hagnagora mirandahenrichae brehm , sp . n . from costa rica . a checklist of taxa assigned to hagnagora is provided . hagnagora is provisionally divided into six clades : the anicata clade ( 6 species ) , the buckleyi clade ( 3 species ) , the croceitincta clade ( 3 species ) , the ephestris clade ( 3 species ) , the mortipax clade ( 4 species ) and hagnagora subrosea ( 1 species ) . two taxa are revived from synonymy : hagnagora catagrammina druce , stat . rev . and hagnagora luteoradiata thierry - mieg , stat . rev . two taxa are reinstated from subspecies to species level : hagnagora acothysta schaus , stat . rev . and hagnagora jamaicensis schaus , stat . rev . four taxa are provisionally removed from hagnagora :
hagnagora
ignipennis ,
hagnagora
mesenata ,
hagnagora
vittata , and
hagnagora
ceraria . after these changes , the genus hagnagora now comprises 20 valid species .
three new hagnagora druce species ( geometridae , larentiinae ) are described : hagnagora richardi brehm , sp . n . from ecuador , hagnagora hedwigae brehm , sp . n . from ecuador , and hagnagora mirandahenrichae brehm , sp . n . from costa rica . a checklist of taxa assigned to hagnagora is provided . hagnagora is provisionally divided into six clades : the anicata clade ( 6 species ) , the buckleyi clade ( 3 species ) , the croceitincta clade ( 3 species ) , the ephestris clade ( 3 species ) , the mortipax clade ( 4 species ) and hagnagora subrosea ( 1 species ) . two taxa are revived from synonymy : hagnagora catagrammina druce , stat . rev . and hagnagora luteoradiata thierry - mieg , stat . rev . two taxa are reinstated from subspecies to species level : hagnagora acothysta schaus , stat . rev . and hagnagora jamaicensis schaus , stat . rev . four taxa are provisionally removed from hagnagora : “ hagnagora ” ignipennis , “ hagnagora ” mesenata , “ hagnagora ” vittata , and “ hagnagora ” ceraria . after these changes , the genus hagnagora now comprises 20 valid species .
hagnagora lex was described by druce ( 1885a ) together with hagnagora buckleyi . while buckleyi was collected on the western slopes of the andes , hagnagora lex originates from the amazon slopes of the eastern andes .
closely resembles other species of the hagnagora anicata clade . on average significantly larger than hagnagora anicata , but the female has about the same size as hagnagora hedwigae . the uncus of the male is larger and broader than in hagnagora anicata . the signum of the bursa copulatrix is less complex than in hagnagora anicata and hagnagora hedwigae . easily distinguishable from hagnagora marionae by the cream - white colour of the blotches on the forewing . coi barcode : the minimum observed distance to the presumably most closely related species ( hagnagora marionae ) is 6 . 6 % .
15 hagnagora croceitincta ( dognin ) female , holotype a dorsal view b ventral view 16 hagnagora epimena ( bastelberger ) male , lectotype a dorsal view b ventral view 17 hagnagora croceitincta male from ecuador as reference specimen with barcode index number ( bin ) a dorsal view b ventral view 18 hagnagora clustimena ( druce ) female , lectotype a dorsal view b ventral view 19 hagnagora clustimena female from costa rica as reference specimen with barcode index number ( bin ) 20 hagnagora clustimena male from costa rica as reference specimen with barcode index number ( bin ) a dorsal view b ventral view c valvae d aedeagus 21 hagnagora mirandahenrichae brehm sp . n . male , holotype a dorsal view b ventral view c valvae d aedeagus 22 hagnagora mirandahenrichae female , paratype a dorsal view b ventral view c genitalia .
15 hagnagora croceitincta ( dognin ) female , holotype a dorsal view b ventral view 16 hagnagora epimena ( bastelberger ) male , lectotype a dorsal view b ventral view 17 hagnagora croceitincta male from ecuador as reference specimen with barcode index number ( bin ) a dorsal view b ventral view 18 hagnagora clustimena ( druce ) female , lectotype a dorsal view b ventral view 19 hagnagora clustimena female from costa rica as reference specimen with barcode index number ( bin ) 20 hagnagora clustimena male from costa rica as reference specimen with barcode index number ( bin ) a dorsal view b ventral view c valvae d aedeagus 21 hagnagora mirandahenrichae brehm sp . n . male , holotype a dorsal view b ventral view c valvae d aedeagus 22 hagnagora mirandahenrichae female , paratype a dorsal view b ventral view c genitalia .
most species of the hagnagora anicata clade are very similar , and the most reliable current method for diagnosis is the coi barcode . hagnagora anicata tends to be smaller than the other species occurring sympatrically , namely hagnagora richardi and hagnagora hedwigae : the wing length of the male ( holotype ) is only 17 . 5 mm in comparison to 19 mm in the male holotype of hagnagora richardi . the structures of the female signum are also more complex than in hagnagora richardi , but similar to those in hagnagora hedwigae . the uncus of the male is smaller and shorter than in hagnagora richardi . aedeagi of the known males are ( hagnagora anicata and hagnagora richardi ) similar . coi barcode : the minimum observed distance to the presumbably most closely related species ( hagnagora hedwigae ) is 3 . 1 % .
2 hagnagora buckleyi druce male , lectotype a dorsal view b ventral view 3 hagnagora buckleyi female , paralectotype a dorsal view b ventral view 4 hagnagora lex druce male , lectotype a dorsal view b ventral view 5 hagnagora catagrammina druce male , lectotype a dorsal view b ventral view 6 hagnagora catagrammina druce female , paralectotype ( paralt ) a dorsal view b ventral view .
hagnagora subrosea has a unique combination of a pale brown wing colour with two white transversal bands on the forewings not found in any other species of hagnagora .
the species closely resembles other species of the hagnagora anicata clade , particularly hagnagora elianne ; see there for a diagnosis . coi barcode : the minimum observed distance to the presumably most closely related species ( hagnagora elianne ) is 5 . 0 % .
smaller than hagnagora buckleyi and of similar size to hagnagora catagrammina . the extension of the blue blotches is significantly smaller than in hagnagora buckleyi . the form of the transversal band on the forewing is similar to that in hagnagora buckleyi , but the band does not stretch as far towards the wing margins . hagnagora lex is the species with the smallest extensions of metallic blue blotches on the underside , with the upperside completely devoit of these blotches .
the oldest described hagnagora species , assigned by guenée to scordylia gn ( = heterusia ) .
two new species of the hagnagora anicata clade ( geometridae , larentiinae ) from costa rica .
23 hagnagora moripax ( druce ) male , lectotype a dorsal view b ventral view 24 hagnagora mortipax male from costa rica as reference specimen with barcode index number ( bin ) a dorsal view b ventral view 25 hagnagora mortipax male from ecuador as reference specimen with barcode index number ( bin ) a dorsal view b ventral view 26 hagnagora flavipectus ( warren ) male , holotype a dorsal view b ventral view 27 hagnagora mortipax jamaicensis ( schaus ) male , lectotype a dorsal view b ventral view ( photo usnm ) 28 hagnagora mortipax acothysta ( schaus ) female , lectotype a dorsal view b ventral view ( photo usnm ) 29 hagnagora guatica ( schaus ) female , lectotype a dorsal view b ventral view ( photo usnm ) .
23 hagnagora moripax ( druce ) male , lectotype a dorsal view b ventral view 24 hagnagora mortipax male from costa rica as reference specimen with barcode index number ( bin ) a dorsal view b ventral view 25 hagnagora mortipax male from ecuador as reference specimen with barcode index number ( bin ) a dorsal view b ventral view 26 hagnagora flavipectus ( warren ) male , holotype a dorsal view b ventral view 27 hagnagora mortipax jamaicensis ( schaus ) male , lectotype a dorsal view b ventral view ( photo usnm ) 28 hagnagora mortipax acothysta ( schaus ) female , lectotype a dorsal view b ventral view ( photo usnm ) 29 hagnagora guatica ( schaus ) female , lectotype a dorsal view b ventral view ( photo usnm ) .
males are on average slightly larger than males in hagnagora unnia and can be distinguished from hagnagora anicata by a swollen as opposed to a gently tapered distal half of the uncus and by the absence of a moderately large , upcurved spine at the end of the costa in hagnagora elianne ( sullivan 2011 ) . females may be distinguished from females of hagnagora unnia by their longer , more complex signum . coi barcode : the minimum observed distance to the presumably most closely related species ( hagnagora unnia ) is 5 . 0 % .
7 hagnagora anicata ( f & r ) , male lectotype a dorsal view b ventral view c valvae d aedeagus 8 hagnagora anicata ( f & r ) , male from ecuador as reference specimen with barcode index number ( bin ) a dorsal view b ventral view c valvae d aedeagus 9 hagnagora richardi sp . n . , male holotype a dorsal view b ventral view c valvae d aedeagus 10 hagnagora unnia sullivan , male a dorsal view b ventral view 11 hagnagora marionae brehm & sullivan , male a dorsal view b ventral view .
7 hagnagora anicata ( f & r ) , male lectotype a dorsal view b ventral view c valvae d aedeagus 8 hagnagora anicata ( f & r ) , male from ecuador as reference specimen with barcode index number ( bin ) a dorsal view b ventral view c valvae d aedeagus 9 hagnagora richardi sp . n . , male holotype a dorsal view b ventral view c valvae d aedeagus 10 hagnagora unnia sullivan , male a dorsal view b ventral view 11 hagnagora marionae brehm & sullivan , male a dorsal view b ventral view .
unusual flight activity of a new species of hagnagora druce , 1885 ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) from costa rica .
30 hagnagora ephestris ( f & r ) male , lectotype a dorsal view b ventral view 31 hagnagora discordata male , lectotype a dorsal view b ventral view 32 hagnagora discordata male ( zsm lep 44128 ) from brazil as reference specimen with barcode index number ( bin ) ( photo zsm ) 33 hagnagora luteoradiata ( t - m ) male , lectotype a dorsal view b ventral view 34 hagnagora luteoradiata ( t - m ) male from costa rica ( cr ) as reference specimen with barcode index number ( bin ) a dorsal view b ventral view 35 hagnagora luteoradiata ( t - m ) male from ecuador as reference specimen with barcode index number ( bin ) a dorsal view b ventral view .
30 hagnagora ephestris ( f & r ) male , lectotype a dorsal view b ventral view 31 hagnagora discordata male , lectotype a dorsal view b ventral view 32 hagnagora discordata male ( zsm lep 44128 ) from brazil as reference specimen with barcode index number ( bin ) ( photo zsm ) 33 hagnagora luteoradiata ( t - m ) male , lectotype a dorsal view b ventral view 34 hagnagora luteoradiata ( t - m ) male from costa rica ( cr ) as reference specimen with barcode index number ( bin ) a dorsal view b ventral view 35 hagnagora luteoradiata ( t - m ) male from ecuador as reference specimen with barcode index number ( bin ) a dorsal view b ventral view .
on average larger than the closely related species hagnagora clustimena and hagnagora mirandahenrichae : forewing length of the female holotype reaches 23 mm in comparison to about 20 mm in the other species . on the forewing , the white transversal blotch does not stretch to the costal margin as seen in the other two species , and the apical , dark - brown area reaches beyond veins 1a + 2a . the species is also generally more vividly coloured than the other species in this clade , with white spots on the forewing between veins cua 2 and 1a + 2a and around m 3 on the upperside of the hindwing . coi barcode : the minimum observed distance to the presumably most closely related species ( hagnagora mirandahenrichae ) is 7 . 1 % .
12 hagnagora anicata ( f & r ) , female from ecuador as reference specimen with barcode index number ( bin ) a dorsal view b ventral view c genitalia 13 hagnagora richardi sp . n . , female , paratype a dorsal view b ventral view c genitalia 14 hagnagora hedwigae sp . n . , female , paratype a dorsal view b ventral view c genitalia .
12 hagnagora anicata ( f & r ) , female from ecuador as reference specimen with barcode index number ( bin ) a dorsal view b ventral view c genitalia 13 hagnagora richardi sp . n . , female , paratype a dorsal view b ventral view c genitalia 14 hagnagora hedwigae sp . n . , female , paratype a dorsal view b ventral view c genitalia .
36 hagnagora subrosea ( warren ) female , lectotype a dorsal view b ventral view 37 “hagnagora” ignipennis ( dognin ) male , lectotype dorsal view 38 “hagnagora” mesenata ( f & r ) male , lectotype ( lt ) a dorsal view b ventral view 39 “hagnagora” mesenata male ( ayk - 04 - 0533 - 2 ) from chile as reference specimen with barcode index number ( bin ) a dorsal view b ventral view ( photo k mitter ) 40 “hagnagora” vittata ( philippi ) male ( m ) ( bc lp 0092 ) from chile as reference specimen with 380 bp coi fragment , dorsal view ( photo le parra ) .
hagnagora mirandahenrichae is named in honour of ms . miranda henrich of california in recognition of her and her mother’s critical support for understanding the taxonomy and biodiversity development of the área de conservación guanacaste ( acg ) in northwestern costa rica , where this species has been found by the acg caterpillar inventory ( janzen et al . 2014 ) .
36 hagnagora subrosea ( warren ) female , lectotype a dorsal view b ventral view 37 “ hagnagora ” ignipennis ( dognin ) male , lectotype dorsal view 38 “ hagnagora ” mesenata ( f & r ) male , lectotype ( lt ) a dorsal view b ventral view 39 “ hagnagora ” mesenata male ( ayk - 04 - 0533 - 2 ) from chile as reference specimen with barcode index number ( bin ) a dorsal view b ventral view ( photo k mitter ) 40 “ hagnagora ” vittata ( philippi ) male ( m ) ( bc lp 0092 ) from chile as reference specimen with 380 bp coi fragment , dorsal view ( photo le parra ) .
both discordata and ephestris show a pronounced yellow blotch on the hindwings that is absent in luteoradiata . the yellow transversal band on the forewing is narrower than in ephestris , and it does not reach the outer margin of the wing . the yellow blotch on the hindwing is much broader than in hagnagora discordata . coi barcode : the minimum observed distance of brazilian hagnagora discordata is 2 . 3 % to hagnagora luteoradiata from costa rica and 2 . 6 % to hagnagora luteoradiata from ecuador . these short distances suggest a relatively young split within this species clade .
summary tree of the available molecular genetic data based on genetic coi ‘barcodes’ using the kimura 2 parameter implemented in bold systems . four out of six clades are represented by the barcode data ; no data were available for the buckleyi clade and for hagnagora subrosea . “hagnagora” mesenata groups outside hagnagora sensu stricto . the species name is followed by the individual identification number and the barcode index number ( bin ) . ht : holotype , pt : paratype .
three new species of hagnagora druce , 1885 ( lepidoptera , geometridae , larentiinae ) from ecuador and costa rica and a concise revision of the genus .
hagnagora living specimens 41 hagnagora anicata ( ? ) , ecuador , zamora chinchipe , estación biológica san francisco , 22 november 2008 in typical resting habitus , but alert because of disturbance by the photographer . the tympanal organ at the base of the abdomen is well visible 42 hagnagora luteoradiata from costa rica a young caterpillar ( 09 - srnp - 31840 - dhj458869 ) b caterpillar in last instar ( 09 - srnp - 31840 - dhj458860 ) 43 hagnagora mortipax caterpillar from costa rica a dorsal view ( 14 - srnp - 3240 - dhj487561 ) b lateral view ( 14 - srnp - 3240 - dhj487557 ) .
summary tree of the available molecular genetic data based on genetic coi ‘barcodes’ using the kimura 2 parameter implemented in bold systems . four out of six clades are represented by the barcode data ; no data were available for the buckleyi clade and for hagnagora subrosea . “ hagnagora ” mesenata groups outside hagnagora sensu stricto . the species name is followed by the individual identification number and the barcode index number ( bin ) . ht : holotype , pt : paratype .
the species resembles the other species of the hagnagora anicata clade , but is easily distinguished by large orange - yellow blotches on the forewing . males have a spatula - shaped uncus . coi barcode : the minimum observed distance to the presumably most closely related species ( hagnagora richardi ) is 6 . 6 % .
by far the smallest hagnagora species . the species lacks the typical striation on the underside of the hindwing found in all other members of the mortipax clade .
hagnagora richardi is named in honour of richard philipp from jena , germany , in recognition of his and his parents’ support for the taxonomy of neotropical geometrid moths .
overview of taxa assigned to hagnagora and excluded from the genus , sorted according to six provisional clades , ordered alphabetically . lt lectotype , ht holotype , st syntypes .
three new species of hagnagora druce , 1885 ( lepidoptera , geometridae , larentiinae ) from ecuador and costa rica and a concise revision of the genus . - pubmed - ncbi
contribution to an understanding of the biology and the morphology of the early stages of a neotropical larentiine : hagnagora vittata philippi , 1859 in chile ( insecta : lepidoptera : geometridae ) .
druce ( 1885b ) described catagrammina in the same year , but separately from hagnagora buckleyi and hagnagora lex . the taxon was put in synonymy with buckleyi by parsons et al . ( 1999 ) . as noted by druce , catagrammina is closely related to the other two species of the clade and particularly similar to hagnagora buckleyi . in agreement with druces’ original description of the three taxa , i revive the species from synonymy with hagnagora buckleyi due to small but overall significant differences of the wing patterns . the morphological differences hint to different species , particularly given the experience from many other species complexes of neotropical geometridae in which often more subtle differences – ideally combined with results from genitalia morphology and barcoding – can be observed in different species .
given as valparaíso , [ chile ] , requires confirmation . the cool - dry climate of this chilean lowland region differs strongly from the wet montane habitats where other hagnagora species are typically found .
apart from its colombian type locality , hagnagora anicata has recently been collected and barcoded from sites in southern ecuador to central bolivia at elevations ranging from 2000 to 2920 m a . s . l .
only a single female is known from hagnagora hedwigae collected in southern ecuador ( 2677 m ) . the wing length of the holotype ( female ) is 21 mm ( same size as richardi ) .
hagnagora mortipax is one of the earliest described species in the genus and among the smallest hagnagora species . together with hagnagora luteoradiata it also has the largest known geographical range . the taxon flavipectus remains in synonymy because it falls within the confirmed geographical range of mortipax and shows no significant deviations from the type specimen of mortipax . in comparison to the type specimen , the extension of the large white blotch on the forewing is smaller in ecuadorian specimens , where it does not reach the costal margin . since the barcode sequences of costa rican and ecuadorian populations are nearly identical , all respective specimens are treated as members of the same species , and slight differences in wing patterns are regarded as geographical variability .
druce ( 1885a ) described hagnagora buckleyi and hagnagora lex . the upper - and undersides of the wings in hagnagora buckleyi are very similar , with the colour of the hindwings generally being paler . the forewings feature a deep orange transversal band on a dark brown background , and the hindwings show metallic blue fields between the veins , with three located on the upperside between m 3 and cua 2 and one in the cell , and eight between all veins on the underside . the pattern of the female is similar , with the blue fields extending further on the forewing , including the blotch between veins cua 2 and a . in the female , metallic blue scales are also present at the base of the forewing at both the wing upper - and underside .
brehm g ( 2015 ) three new species of hagnagora druce , 1885 ( lepidoptera , geometridae , larentiinae ) from ecuador and costa rica and a concise revision of the genus . zookeys 537 : 131–156 . doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 537 . 6090
felder & rogenhofer described this species from colombia . it closely resembles hagnagora discordata and hagnagora luteoradiata . parsons et al . ( 1999 ) put luteoradiata in synonymy with ephestris , but freshly collected material from costa rica and ecuador shows that luteoradiata consistently lacks yellow blotches on the hindwing . it appears therefore to be more likely that ephestris is a junior synonym of discordata , and an increased knowledge of coi sequences could help to solve this question . given the current state of knowledge , it appears to be the most appropriate solution to revive luteoradiata from synonymy and to treat the other two taxa as full species .
only known from sectors santa maria and pitilla from área de conservación guanacaste , province guanacaste , nw costa rica , at elevations ranging from 675–920 m a . s . l . , and therefore with a lower elevational range than hagnagora clustimena ( observed : 850–1550 m a . s . l . ) .
both ephestris and discordata show a pronounced yellow blotch on the hindwings that is absent in luteoradiata . different from discordata , the yellow transversal band on the forewing of hagnagora ephestris reaches the outer margin of the wing . moreover , the band is broader than in discordata , whereas the yellow field of the hindwing is narrower , particularly in the proximate half of the wing .
hagnagora hedwigae is named in memory of hedwig seppelt ( * 1919 in baumgarten , silesia ; † 2013 in korschenbroich , germany ) . mrs seppelt loved nature , and she took care that birds , small animals and insects found a habitat in her garden . the name is given in recognition of support for the taxonomy of neotropical geometrid moths provided by her daughter - in - law irmgard and her son winfried seppelt .
warren originally assigned subrosea to cophocerotis warren , but the genus - defining type species , cophocerotis jaspeata ( dognin ) , does not show the two prominent white transversal bands of the forewing present in subrosea . parsons et al . ( 1999 ) transferred the species to hagnagora . barcoding and genitalia dissections of fresh specimens from this species are required , but judging from the two transversal bands , subrosea might indeed be associated with the croceitincta clade .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
warning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .
institut für spezielle zoologie und evolutionsbiologie mit phyletischem museum , vor dem neutor 1 , 07743 jena , germany .
pmid : 26798242 pmcid : pmc4714052 doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 537 . 6090
corresponding author : gunnar brehm ( ed . anej - inu @ mherb . rannug )
this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license ( cc by 4 . 0 ) , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
to accelarate the taxonomic progress and following a recently reached consensus amongst geometrid taxonomists ( forum herbulot 2014 ) , this study focuses not on extensive species descriptions , but on diagnostic characters and the synthesis of illustrated external characters , genitalia structures and coi barcodes .
moths were pinned and dissected following established techniques ( lafontaine 2004 , hünefeld et al . 2011 ) . genitalia slides were embedded in euparal , stained with chlorazol black , and digitised using an olympus dotslide system with 10x magnification . adult moths were photographed in raw format using a 60 mm nikkor macro lens mounted on a nikon d700 camera . photos were adjusted and colour plates were mounted using photoshop and indesign software ( adobe systems , san josé , usa ) .
sequencing of the barcode fragment of the coi gene was carried out at the canadian center for dna barcoding in guelph , ontario . barcode sequences were compared by nearest neighbour analyses ( kimura 2 parameter ) , as implemented on the barcode of life data systems website (
) . the resulting trees represent preliminary hypotheses of taxa groupings and can form the basis of future phylogenetic work . fig .
shows a summary tree of all available taxa with barcode data . it visualizes similarities and differences in the coi gene between the different taxa and it was instrumental in differentiating four of the six provisional larger clades indentified within
usnm national museum of natural history [ formerly united states national museum ] , washington d . c . , usa
were described from a wide range of central and south american countries ranging from mexico and jamaica ( 17–18° n ) to chile ( valdivia province , ca . 39° s ) . table
, but this record needs confirmation . judging from their type localities , most species have a predominantly montane distribution . this includes the three recently described costa rican species (
) , as well as species described from the colombian , ecuadorian , peruvian and chilean andes and mountains in se brazil .
imagines mandatorily fold their wings vertically while resting in the same way as most butterflies ( fig .
( druce , 1885 ) due to differences in the wing shape . the colourful
) : the forewings have an orange transversal band , and the hindwings display fields of metallic blue between the veins . notably ,
) . parsons et al . ( 1999 ) , following the card index of the natural history museum , transferred several species previously assigned to
in this revision share distinct wing patterns including a conspicuous white or yellow transversal band or blotch on the forewing . in addition , members of the clades
clade display distinctly different hindwing patterns . molecular genetic data are available for all groups , but unfortunately with the exception of the
) . this strongly suggests that at least these four clades form a monophyletic group ( see also fig .
clade to test whether the entire group represents a monophyletic taxon or possibly consists of two distinct lineages .
voucher specimens ( types and reference specimens for barcode index numbers ( bins ) with identification numbers , genbank accession numbers and bins .
{
type
:
entrez - nucleotide
,
attrs
: {
text
:
am051082 . 1
,
term _ id
:
110648728
} }
the largest species of the clade . the extension of the blue fields is significantly larger than in
nicaragua : chontales ; panama : volcán de chiriqui ; bugaba , 800–1500 ft .
was re - described with a description also of the male genitalia , by sullivan ( 2013 ) . the lectotype is illustrated in fig .
. a series of specimens collected in southern ecuador ( 1999–2013 ) ( fig .
) is larger than the male . a living specimen is shown in fig .
the species has recently been collected and barcoded in honduras ( cortes province ) and in several provinces of costa rica at elevations ranging from 1480 to 2840 m a . s . l .
( holotype ) : costa rica , cartago province , tapantí national park , 1275 m .
the species is known from several provinces in costa rica at elevations ranging from 587 to 2840 m a . s . l .
costa rica , heredia province , braulio carrillo national park , volcán barva , 2730 m a . s . l .
the species has been collected only at two high mountain areas in costa rica at elevations > 2500 m a . s . l .
, 2916 m , 20 november 2008 , g . brehm leg . ( id 18080 , genitalia preparation , barcode sequence 658 bp ) ( pmj ) .
: ( deposited in cisec , pmj , rcgb , zsm ) 4 males , 2 females . 1 female : same as holotype but
, 2897 m , f . bodner leg . ( id 15855 , barcode sequence 658 bp ) ; 1 female ( fig .
, 2180 m , 16 november 2008 , f . bodner leg . ( id 16285 , barcode sequence 658 bp ) ; 1 male same as previous but 28 october 1999 , d . süßenbach leg . ( bc zsm lep 04774 , barcode sequence 529 bp ) ; 1 male : same as previous but
, 2677 m , 18 november 2008 ( id 16119 , barcode sequence 658 bp ) ; 1 male as previous but 25 november 2008 ( id 17863 , barcode sequence 621 bp ) .
. the wing length of the holotype ( male ) is 19 mm . the wing length of a female paratype ( fig .
only known from a small region around podocarpus national park , provinces zamora - chinchipe and loja , ecuador , with an observed elevational range of 2180–3021 m a . s . l . apart from the
and nearby sites , specimens were collected at elevations at ca . 3000 m at cerro toledo in the same national park ( 04°23 ' s , 79°07 ' w ) . however , this record is not fully reliable because genitalia preparation or barcoding was not conducted for these specimens .
, 2677 m , 25 november 2008 , g . brehm leg . ( id 17397 , genitalia preparation , barcode sequence 595 bp ) ( pmj ) .
epimena ( bastelberger , 1908 ) : type locality . peru ( east ) , cuschi [ cushi ]
species , it is conspicuously coloured , with orange , dark brown and white patterns . the taxon
recently collected and barcoded specimens were sampled from central colombia to southeastern peru at elevations between 1750 and 2540 m a . s . l .
besides the type specimens described by druce from mexico and panama , recently collected and barcoded specimens were sampled in honduras and costa rica between 850 and 1550 m a . s . l .
, 920 m a . s . l . , 20 june 2012 , s . rios & r . franco leg . ( voucher 12 - srnp - 103819 , genitalia preparation , barcode sequence 658 bp ) ( pmj ) .
: ( deposited in pmj , usnm ) 5 males , 1 female . costa rica , guanacaste province , área de conservación guanacaste , sector pitilla , estacion pitilla ,
) 16 may 2007 , f . quesada & r . franco leg . ( voucher 07 - srnp - 103401 , genitalia preparation , barcode sequence 658 bp ) , 1 male same as previous but 17 may 2007 ( voucher 07 - srnp - 103498 ) , 2 males , 02 apr 2011 , h . cambronero & s . rios leg . ( vouchers 11 - srnp - 102035 and 11 - srnp - 102036 , barcode sequences 658 bp ) , 1 male 12 november 2012 , r . franco & h . cambronero leg . ( voucher 12 - srnp - 105462 ) .
flavipectus ( warren , 1897 ) : type locality . [ colombia ] , bogotá .
) , from elevations ranging from 540–2180 m a . s . l . , and additional material from ecuador falls within the same elevational range (
has a dark brown base colour with a large cream - white blotch on the forewing . this blotch almost reaches the outer margin , also either reaching the costal margin ( costa rican specimens ) , or scantily not ( ecuadorian specimens ) . the white blotch is narrower in
originally described as a heterusia species by schaus ( 1901 ) , this taxon was down - ranked as a subspecies of mortipax by parsons et al . ( 1999 ) . in my view , the significantly different wing pattern in jamaicensis justifies schaus’ original species rank , but further evidence from barcoding is desirable in order to consolidate its species status .
in contrast to the other taxa in the mortipax clade , this species displays a very narrow , cream - white transversal band on the forewings . the striation on the underside of the hindwing is reduced in comparison to mortipax and acothysta .
together with jamaicensis , schaus ( 1901 ) originally placed this species in the genus heterusia . it was then ranked down as a subspecies of mortipax by parsons et al . ( 1999 ) . the major characteristic of acothysta is the reduction of the white transversal band ( found both in mortipax and jamaicensis ) to a smaller blotch that reaches about half the area found in mortipax . as in jamaicensis , further evidence from barcoding is desirable for the consolidation of the species status .
unlike mortipax and jamaicensis , this species shows no white transversal band on the forewing , but rather a reduced blotch that reaches only about 50 % of the size observed in mortipax .
schaus described guatica as belonging to scordylia gn ( a junior synonym of heterusia ) . the wing pattern of guatica strongly resembles that of other members in the mortipax clade , but the species lacks the typical striation on the underside of the hindwing . further evidence from barcoding and the study of the genitalia will help to better understand the relationships of this species with other species of the mortipax clade .
apart from the doubtful type locality in chile , recently collected specimens were sampled in santa catarina , brazil ( 27°s ) , at elevations of 1300 m a . s . l .
) are genetically very similar ( distance only ca . 1 . 1 % ) and , together with the highly similar appearance , are therefore regarded as conspecific . the
specimens , but shows a different wing pattern , i . e . a prominent yellow blotch on the hindwing and a different shape of the blotch of the forewing . the taxon
costa rica to ecuador . observed elevational range in ecuador 1800–2890 m and 560–1480 m in costa rica .
the most prominent difference is the absence of any yellow blotches on the hindwing that are present both in ephestris and discordata . the transversal yellow band on the forewing is broader than in discordata , and has a different shape than in ephestris .
and set in quotation marks , following the convention applied by parsons et al . ( 1999 ) .
brehm g , bodner f , strutzenberger p , hünefeld f , fiedler k . ( 2011 )
neotropical eois ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) : checklist , biogeography , diversity , and description patterns .
a simple “hands - off” apparatus to inflate eversible soft parts of the genitalia of small insect specimens .
a dna - based registry for all animal species : the barcode index number ( bin ) system .
sihvonen p , mutanen m , kaila l , brehm g , hausmann a , staude hs . ( 2011 )
comprehensive molecular sampling yields a robust phylogeny for geometrid moths ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) .
dna barcode sequencing from old type specimens as a tool in taxonomy : a case study in the diverse genus eois ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) .
every day scientists discover and describe new species . this blog introduces at least one each day .
many of the caterpillars of the geometridae pull their bodies into loops as they move . these caterpillars lack the first two or three pairs of prolegs , so that looping is their best means of progression . it is this movement that gave them their name which is latin and means
earth measurer
. they are also very often called inch worms because they measure off one inch at a time as they progress . this method of progression has been suggested as being specially suitable for moving over rough terrain .
the three new species were found in ecuador and costa rica and named after several sponsors ( mr richard philipp , mrs hedwig seppelt , ms . miranda henrich ) , of the taxonomic research on geometrids .
meet the domesticated silkmoth ( bombyx mori ) better known in its caterpillar state in which it is called silkworm though it’s not a wor . . .
isopods are an order of crustaceans that includes woodlice and their relatives . isopods can be found in the sea , in fresh water , or on la . . .
blister beetles are phytophagous ( plant - eating ) , feeding on a variety of plants including cultivated crops like potatoes and tomatoes . th . . .
lichens are fascinating organisms . in fact they are composite organisms build by algae or cyanobacteria living among filaments of multipl . . .
psoralea is a genus with its own family . most species are actually poisonous , but the starchy roots of two species , p . esculenta ( pr . . .
sign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .
have a fact about hagnos ? write it here to share it with the entire community .
have a definition for hagnos ? write it here to share it with the entire community .
have a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .
simply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .
; > 90 percent ) are found in the tidal salt marshes of the northern san francisco bay region , primarily in san pablo and suisun bays ( manolis 1978 , evens et al . 1991 ) . smaller populations occur in san francisco bay , the outer coast of marin county , freshwater marshes in the foothills of . . .
corturniculus ) : science foundation chapter 5 , appendix 5 . 1 in the baylands and climate change : what can we do ?
the black rail is the smallest member of the avian family rallidae and has a wide - ranging but highly scattered distribution throughout the new world . of five subspecies , two occur in north americaâthe eastern black rail ( l . j .
) . throughout its range , the black rail is a secretive inhabitant of tidal and freshwater wetlands and rarely ventures out from the cover of dense marsh vegetation . it is more likely to be heard than seen ; spontaneous vocalizations tend to be concentrated in the nesting season and are much less common during the rest of the year .
) offers an example of the way that the social ecological systems ( ses ) framework can be used to analyze a natural resource problem . at the outset , it was . . .
hull , joshua m . ; mindell , david p . ; mccormick , c . r . ; kay , emily h . ; hoekstra , hopi e . ; ernest , holly b .
these data suggest recent interbreeding and gene flow betweenâ b . j . harlaniâ and the otherâ b .
â subspecies examined , providing no support for the historical designation ofâ b . j . harlaniâ as a distinct species .
) soaring low ( ca 15 m ) over the grass - covered slopes of the galiuro mountains in southern arizona . the bird had , probably just moments before , captured a ca i m snake ( probably a glossy snake , arizona elegans , judging by size , shape and color ) . when the hawk passed near us , it was holding the snake by both feet near the snake ' s midpoint . with head elevated and mouth open , the snake appeared intent upon biting the hawk . when the hawk was ca 100 m distant from us , it made several shallow stoops over a scattered group of large boulders . on some ( and perhaps all ) passes , the bird swept sharply upward as it passed over and nearly collided with a boulder . the centrifugal force associated with this change in direction caused the snake to pendulate below the hawk ' s talons and strike the boulder . during one pass , we observed the snake ' s head and tail flipping up behind the hawk after slapping the boulder . not all swoops were over the same boulder , but one particularly obtrusive ( ca 1 m tall ) boulder was used at least
) . although first collected in 1859 or before and reported in 1874 ( ridgway 1874 ) , its life history , distribution , and status have remained so obscure that even a sight record of the bird is deemed worthy of a report in some ornithological publications . because degradation and loss of freshwater and saltwater marshlands in california may be detrimentally affecting the black rail , both the u . s . bureau of sport fisheries and wildlife ( 1973 ) and the california department of fish and game ( 1972 ) have classified it as rare and worthy of further study . â the 84 papers and notes both summarized in this report and included in its bibliography include essentially all that is currently known about the california black rail . only 11 of these papers consider the life history of this rail in any detail . the rest are distribution notes and some of the more important papers on the closely related eastern black rail ( l . j .
) . the latter are included for comparative purposes , or because they may lend clues to currently unknown facets of the life history of the western race .
tributyltin oxide ( tbto ) is the main constituent of tin - based antifouling marine paint used on the hulls of ships to prevent the growth of fouling organisms . tbto was shown to be hazardous to nontarget organisms . the stingray , urolophus
, may represent the ideal study organism for the adverse effects of tbto to elasmobranches . this study investigated the toxicity and accumulation of tin in the gill tissue of the stingray u .
after acute exposure to tbto . this work demonstrates the alterations in the morphological architecture of the gill using electron and light microscopy , the induction of stress proteins , and peroxidative damage in response to tributyltin ( tbt ) exposure . a captured population of u . jamaicencis was housed in isolated , static tank systems . after a minimum 30 - d acclimation period , the animals were exposed to one of 5 experimental doses of tbto ( 4 microg / l , 2 microg / l , 1 microg / l , 0 . 5 microg / l , or 0 . 05 microg / l ) . a sixth group served as a control population . at 3h following treatment , animals were sacrificed and gill tissue was extracted , processed , and stored for analysis . results indicate that u .
is hypersensitive to tbt exposure . the elasmobranch gill showed a distorted , swollen epithelium with exfoliation following acute exposure to as little as 0 . 05 microg / l tbto for 3 h . graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy ( gfaas ) results indicate that tissues of treated animals contained a significantly increased tin concentration as compared to controls . western blot analysis demonstrated the induction of the stress proteins hsp 70 and ho1 . 4 - hydroxynonenol ( 4hne ) adduct formation determined by western blot analysis provides further evidence that observed membrane degradation is a result of lipid peroxidation .
bats constitute one of the most numerous mammalian species . bats have a wide range of dietary habits and include carnivorous , haematophagous , insectivorous , frugivorous and nectivorous species . the salivary glands of these species have been of particular research interest due to their structural variability among chiropterans with different types of diets . myoepithelial cells ( mecs ) , which support and facilitate the expulsion of saliva from the secretory portions of salivary glands , are very important for their function ; however , this cell type has not been extensively studied in the salivary glands of bats . in this study , we characterized the mecs in the major salivary glands of the fruit bat artibeus
. herein , we describe the morphology of the parotid , submandibular and sublingual glands of a . â
at the light - and electro - microscopic level and the distribution of mecs in these glands , as defined by their expression of smooth - muscle markers such as î± - smooth muscle actin ( smaî± ) and desmin , and of epithelial cell markers , such as krt14 . we found that the anatomical locations of the major salivary glands in this bat species are similar to those of humans , except that the bat sublingual gland appears to be unique , extending to join the contralateral homologous gland . morphologically , the parotid gland has the characteristics of a mixed - secretory gland , whereas the submandibular and sublingual glands were identified as mucous - secretory glands . mecs positive for smaî± , krt14 and desmin were found in all of the structural components of the three glands , except in their excretory ducts . desmin is expressed at a lower level in the parotid gland than in the other glands . our results suggest that the major salivary glands of a . â
, although anatomically and structurally similar to those of humans , play different physiological roles that can be attributed to the dietary habits of this species . â© 2016 anatomical society .
) definitive host and ifn - î³ gene knockout mice as experimental intermediate host .
sperm capacitation occurs during the passage of sperm through the female reproductive tract . once the sperm binds to the pellucid zone , the acrosome reaction to enable penetration of the oocyte is completed . in this study , sperm of artibeus
bat sperm cells are able to be capacitated in a period from 6 to 8â h and to carry out the acrosome reaction .
netted , because it is abundant ( 2 / 3 of the total catch of bats on bci ) , easily captured by conventional means ( mist nets set at ground level ) , and responds well to handling and marking . an average artibeus
is a 45 g frugivore that eats roughly its weight in fruit every night . these bats prefer figs and often seek them out even when other types of fruit they might eat are far more abundant . they commute several hundred meters to feeding trees on the average , feeding on fruit from one to four trees each night , and returning to a single fruiting tree an average of four nights in succession . the bats tend to fly farther when fewer fig trees are bearing ripe fruit , and they feed from fewer trees , on the average , when the moon is nearly full . these bats , like their congeners , do not feed in the fruiting tree itself . instead , they select a fruit and
once thought to be uniquely human , prosocial behavior has been observed in a number of species , including vampire bats that engage in costly food - sharing . another social chiropteran , jamaican fruit bats ( artibeus
it is well established that elasmobranchs can detect dipole electric fields . however , it is unclear whether they can discriminate between the anode and cathode . to investigate this subject , we employed a behavioral assay to determine the discriminatory ability of the yellow stingray , urobatis
. we conditioned stingrays with food rewards to bite either the anode ( n = 5 ) or the cathode ( n = 6 ) of a direct - current dipole located on the floor of an experimental tank . all individuals successfully performed the task after 18 to 22 days . stingrays were then tested in experimental sessions when they were rewarded only after they identified the correct pole . stingrays successfully discriminated between the poles at a rate greater than chance , ranging among individuals from a mean of 66 % to 93 % correct . during experimental sessions , stingrays conditioned to distinguish the anode performed similarly to those conditioned to distinguish the cathode . we hypothesize that the ability to discriminate anode from cathode is physiologically encoded , but its utility in providing spatial information under natural conditions remains to be demonstrated . the ability to discriminate polarity may eliminate ambiguity in induction - based magnetoreception and facilitate navigation with respect to the geomagnetic field .


the tufted capuchin ( sapajus apella ) , also known as brown capuchin , black-capped capuchin , or pin monkey is a new world primate from south america .

as traditionally defined , it is one of the most widespread primates in the neotropics , but it has recently been recommended considering the black-striped , black and golden-bellied capuchins as separate species in a new genus , thereby effectively limiting the tufted capuchin to the amazon basin and nearby regions .

the tufted capuchin is an omnivorous animal , mostly feeding on fruits and invertebrates , although it sometimes feeds on small vertebrates ( e.g. lizards and bird chicks ) and other plant parts .

it can be found in many different kinds of environment , including moist tropical and subtropical forest , dry forest , and disturbed or secondary forest .

like other capuchins , it is a social animal , forming groups of 8 to 15 individuals that are led by an alpha or dominant male .

tufted capuchin

the oldest tufted capuchin was held in captivity and survived for a whopping 45 years .
this entry was posted in primate biography and tagged ant312 , biography , capuchin , cebus apella , pixie , primate , tufted capuchin . bookmark the permalink .
spinozzi g , castorina m , truppa v . hand preferences in unimanual and coordinated bimanual tasks by tufted capuchin monkeys (
cebus apella of the cebidae family is better known as the tufted capuchin . the tufted capuchin is a new world primate located in south america . tufted capuchins spend most of their time within the mid - canopy of rain - forests ; however they do sometimes move to the ground to play and forage .
the black capuchin monkey ( cebus nigritus ) , is a capuchin monkey from south america . it is found in brazil and argentina . the robust tufted capuchin ( cebus nigritus robustus ) , is a subspecies of the black capuchin endemic to brazil . conservation status – vulnerable .
cooperative problem solving by tufted capuchin monkeys ( cebus apella ) : spontaneous division of labor , communication , and reciprocal altruism .
other names : black - capped capuchin , brown capuchin , guianan brown capuchin , tufted capuchin ; gekuifde kapucijnaap ( dutch ) ; sajon apelle ( french ) ; macaco prego ( spanish ) ; tjockhuvudtamarin , brun kapucin , gulbröstad kapucin , mösskapucin ( swedish ) ; c . a . apella : mono capuchin pardo ( spanish ) .
tufted capuchin monkeys ( cebus apella ) wash their feet and hands in urine to get comfort or sex , research now suggests .
analysis of tufted capuchin ( cebus apella ) courtship and sexual behavior repertoire : changes throughout the female cycle and female interindividual differences .
rylands ab , kierulff mcm , mittermeier ra ( 2005 ) . notes on the taxonomy and distributions of the tufted capuchin monkeys (
linomgelli l , sonetti mg , visalberghi e . hand preference of tufted capuchins (
cooperative problem solving by tufted capuchin monkeys ( cebus apella ) : spontaneous division of labor , communication , and reciprocal altruism . - pubmed - ncbi
spinozzi , g . , and cacchiarelli , b . ( 2000 ) . manual laterality in haptic and visual reaching tasks by tufted capuchin monkeys (
if a baby capuchin monkey is separated from its mother , other capuchin monkeys will respond and care for the infant monkey .
westergaard gc , byrne g , suomi sj . early lateral bias in tufted capuchins (
westergaard gc , suomi s . hand preference for a bimanual task in tufted capuchins (
the large - headed capuchin monkey ( cebus apella macrocephalus ) , is a subspecies of the tufted capuchin from south america . it is found in brazil , colombia , ecuador and peru . conservation status – least concern .
analysis of tufted capuchin ( cebus apella ) courtship and sexual behavior repertoire : changes throughout the female cycle and female interindividual . . . - pubmed - ncbi
the tufted capuchin has been observed using containers to hold water , using sponges to absorb juice , and using stones as hammers and chisels to penetrate barriers .
the tufted capuchin gets its name from the tufts of dark hair that form above its ears , that makes it appear as if it is wearing a cap ( or mickey mouse ears ) . tufted capuchins are sexually dimorphic , with the average weight of the male being 34 % larger than that of the female . wild male tufted capuchins have an average weight of 8 lbs , and the average female weighs 5 . 5 lbs ; though captive capuchins can grow larger . tufted capuchins move quadrupedally , and have strong prehensile tails . however , tufted capuchins are the only species of capuchin that carries its tail in a tight coil . a tufted capuchin rarely uses its tail while traveling , but uses it for balance while it is feeding .
fragaszy , d . m . , and visalberghi , e . ( 1989 ) . social influences on the acquisition of tool - using behaviors in tufted capuchin monkeys
the tufted capuchin monkey ( cebus apella ) , also known as brown capuchin or black - capped capuchin is a new world primate from south america . it is one of the more widespread species of primates in the neotropics . tufted capuchins are omnivorous animals , mostly feeding on fruits and invertebrates , although they sometimes feed on small vertebrates ( lizards and bird chicks ) and other plant parts .
explorers named the capuchin monkey after a group of friars known as the order of friars minor capuchin . these monks wear large brown robes and brown hoods that resemble the color scheme of the capuchin monkey . some female capuchins have been observed throwing rocks at males in order to garner their attention for intimacy . tufted capuchin monkeys skillfully use tools to crack open hard nuts .
the tufted capuchin can be found in a number of locations including : amazon rainforest , south america . find out more about these places and what else lives there .
the following habitats are found across the tufted capuchin distribution range . find out more about these environments , what it takes to live there and what else inhabits them .
cite this page as : gron kj . 2009 april 17 . primate factsheets : tufted capuchin ( cebus apella ) conservation . < urltoken > . accessed 2018 july 9 .
cite this page as : gron kj . 2009 april 17 . primate factsheets : tufted capuchin ( cebus apella ) behavior . < urltoken > . accessed 2018 july 9 .
the tufted capuchin is arboreal , but it often forages on the ground to search for food or to walk longer distances between trees that are too far apart to jump .
tufted capuchins look for food in groups ; a trait that is unique compared to most other species .
hunting for food and as a crop pest of the tufted capuchin is also a significant threat to its numbers . fragmentation of tufted capuchin habitat also serves to bring the species into further contact with people causing crop - raiding conflict as well as facilitating hunting access ( fragaszy et al . 2004 ) . in one instance , a village of indigenous brazilians killed and consumed over two hundred tufted capuchins in under a year ( nascimento & peres cited in chapman & peres 2001 ) .
the capuchin ' s range includes central america ( honduras ) and middle south america ( brazil , eastern peru and paraguay ) . the white faced capuchin is native to central america and the other capuchin species are native to south america .
spinozzi , g . , castorina , m . g . , and truppa , v . ( 1998 ) . hand preferences in unimanual and coordinated - bimanual tasks by tufted capuchin monkeys (
cooperative problem solving by tufted capuchin monkeys ( cebus apella ) : spontaneous division of labor , communication , and reciprocal altruism . | center for academic research and training in anthropogeny ( carta )
tufted capuchin by frans de waal . powell k : economy of the mind . plos biol 1 / 3 / 2003 : e77 . url : urltoken ( accessed on 1 april 2010 )
phylogenetic relationships : a preliminary reassessment of the diversity of the untufted capuchin monkeys .
phylogenetic relationships : a preliminary reassessment of the diversity of the untufted capuchin monkeys .
capuchin monkey ,
mindy ' s memory primate sanctuary website , 2007 .
the capuchin monkeys are the group of new world monkeys classified as genus cebus .
fragaszy , d . m . , visalberghi , e . , and galloway , a . ( 1997a ) . infant tufted capuchin monkeys ' behaviour with novel foods : opportunism , not selectivity .
structural analysis of tool - use by tufted capuchins ( cebus apella ) and chimpanzees ( pan troglodyt . . .
the black - striped capuchin monkey ( cebus libidinosus ) , is a new world capuchin monkey from south america . it is found in brazil , argentina and paraguay .
cite this page as : gron kj . 2009 april 17 . primate factsheets : tufted capuchin ( cebus apella ) taxonomy , morphology , & ecology . < urltoken > . accessed 2018 july 9 .
the tufted capuchin ( sapajus apella ) , also known as the brown capuchin , black - capped capuchin , or pin monkey , is a new world monkey in the cebidae family of monkeys and is found in the northern rainforests of guyana , venezuela , and brazil . the tufted capuchin is stronger and more durably built than other capuchins ; with brownish gray fur and black hands and feet . they are notable for the tuft of hair on their heads that can be raised like a wig , with the movie “the hangover 2” making the tufted capuchin’s “hairstyle” iconic . many people believe that their hair resembles that of elvis presley , but it is actually an adaptation that allows them to remain camouflaged as they hunt for insects that make up a significant portion of their diet .
primatologist kimran miller at the university of northern iowa in cedar falls and her colleagues focused on tufted capuchin monkeys ( cebus apella ) for 10 months at the national institutes of health animal center in maryland .
sampaio dt , ferrari sf . ( 2005 ) . predation of an infant titi monkey ( callicebus moloch ) by a tufted capuchin ( cebus apella ) . folia primatol , 76 , 113 - 115 .
blond capuchin , cebus queirozi ( new species , mendes pontes et al . 2006 )
bearded capuchin monkeys , sapajus libidinosus , belong to the tufted group of capuchin monkey species ( rylands et al . 2000 ; silva júnior 2001 ) . it occurs in the central portion of the tufted species geographic distribution , in areas of the atlantic , caatinga , and cerrado domains ( silva júnior 2001 ) . the colour varies from light brown to yellow ; the cap is brown , short with two tufts .
spinozzi , g . , and truppa , v . ( 1999 ) . hand preferences in different tasks by tufted capuchins (
galloway , a . t . , fragaszy , d . m . , mccabe , a . m . , and visalberghi , e . ( submitted ) . differences in food neophobia between groups of tufted capuchin monkeys
is the only species of capuchin monkey known to carry its tail in a tight coil .
capuchin monkeys belong to the cebidae family with the marmosets , tamarins , and squirrel monkeys .
photograph showing a capuchin monkey using her left hand while engaged in the tool use task .
the mtcoii sequence alignments were carried out manually and with the dna alignment program ( fluxus technology ltd . ) , and to reconstruct the possible phylogeography and the phylogeny of the tufted capuchins , several analyses were undertaken . the findmodel program was applied to determine which among 28 different evolutionary nucleotide models was the most probable for the tufted capuchin sequence set .
the tufted capuchin ( cebus apella ) is a new world primate commonly found in south and latin america . they have the largest brain relatively to their size among all the other species of monkey . this gives them the intelligences , unheard of in the wild . the tufted capuchin is an omnivorous animal feeding mainly on fruits , nuts , insects and small vertebrates . they are well known for astonishing problem solving abilities to help them forage for food .
a capuchin troop catch punarã© rats that have been flushed from the rocks by a rat snake .
the age of weaning for the capuchin monkey is estimated for the first 13 - 14 months .
the range of the capuchin monkeys includes central america ( honduras ) and middle south america ( middle brazil , eastern peru , paraguay ) . capuchin monkeys generally resemble the friars of their namesake .
adams - curtis , l . e . ( 1990 ) . conceptual learning in capuchin monkeys .
phillips ka , sherwood cc . primary motor cortex asymmetry is correlated with handedness in capuchin monkeys (
the kaapori capuchin monkey ( cebus kaapori ) is a capuchin monkey endemic to brazil . this species is found in the brazilian states of para and maranhao . formerly considered a subspecies of the weeper capuchin ( cebus olivaceus ) , it was recently elevated to species status . conservation status – vulnerable .
listed as least concern on the iucn’s red list of threatened species and appendix ii of convention of international trade in endangered species ( cites ) , the tufted capuchin currently has no major threats that could result in a drastic population loss .
tufted capuchin social organization is characterized by discrete hierarchies of rank between both sexes and different age classes ( izawa 1980 ) . both male and female rank hierarchies are correlated with age , with the older individuals typically being higher ranked than younger individuals ( izawa 1980 ) . tufted capuchin groups are often small , numbering in the teens or lower twenties with only one to several adult males and around the same number of adult females ( izawa 1980 ; defler 1982 ) . it is suggested that when troop size approaches around twenty individuals , the chances of group fission increase and such fission limits group size ( izawa 1994 ) . there is some evidence that tufted capuchin society might be matrilineal , as matrilines remain together when group fission occurs ( izawa 1994 ) . tufted capuchin group home ranges can overlap , often with the ranges of more than two groups overlapping the same area ( spironello 2001 ) . this common territory is the result of the lack of territorial defense by a single tufted capuchin group ( defler 1982 ) . when different groups encounter one another , interactions range from peaceful curiosity and tolerance of the other group to active chasing away by adult males ( defler 1982 ; spironello 2001 ) .
westergaard , g . c . , and suomi , s . j . ( 1994b ) . the use of probing tools by tufted capuchins
mitra , d . , fragaszy , d . m . , feuerstein , j . , and toll , l . ( 1993 ) . sometimes you feel like a nut : the social context of resource exploitation by juvenile tufted capuchin monkeys (
di bitetti , m . s . ( 2001 ) . home - range use by the tufted capuchin monkey ( cebus apella nigritus ) in a subtropical rainforest of argentina . j . zool . lond . , 253 , 33 - 45 .
di bitteti , m . s . 2001 . home - range use by the tufted capuchin monkeys ( cebus apella nigritus ) in a subtropical rainforest of argentina . journal of zoology ( london ) 253 : 33 - 45 . [ links ]
capuchin monkeys wash their feet and hands in urine to get comfort or sex , research now suggests .
capuchin monkeys are able to be transferred from group to group between ages 2 - 5 years old .
baby capuchin monkeys learn many of their behaviors from observing their mother and other members of their community .
fragaszy dm , mitchell sr . hand preference and performance on unimanual and bimanual tasks in capuchin monkeys (
because of their intelligence , tufted capuchins are popular pets to have across the world . they are also heavily hunted by humans . despite this , tufted capuchins are not endangered , and their status is classified as “of least concern . ” tufted capuchins can be found at the san diego zoo where there is a group of 6 males and 9 females . these capuchins were previously used in behavioral studies at the yerkes national primate research center .
oliveira mm , langguth a ( 2006 ) . rediscovery of marcgrave’s capuchin monkey and designation of a neotype for
a major component of the capuchin monkey is their communication . they use vocalization to hold together group dynamics .
also the female capuchin monkey may follow a male monkey yelling or hollering to communicate their readiness to mate .
the weeper capuchin monkey ( cebus olivaceus ) , is a new world capuchin monkey from south america . it is found in brazil , guyana , french guiana , suriname and venezuela . conservation status – least concern .
handedness distribution and central sulcus asymmetry quotient ( aq ) for capuchin monkeys on a dipping tool use task .
geographic distribution and habitat also known as the brown capuchin and black - capped capuchin , the tufted capuchin is a new world primate that is only found in south america , in countries such as ecuador , colombia , brazil , bolivia , french guiana , guiana , suriname , peru , and venezuela . they inhabit almost every kind of forest in the neotropics—including tropical lowlands , submontane , montane , savanna forests , and mangroves—and are found predominantly in the lower and middle canopies .
molecular relationships and classification of several tufted capuchin lineages ( cebus apella , cebus xanthosternos and cebus nigritus , cebidae ) , by means of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase ii gene sequences - fulltext - folia primatologica 2012 , vol . 83 , no . 2 - karger publishers
rylands , a . b . , kierulff , m . c . m . , & mittermeier , r . a . ( 2005 ) . some notes on the taxonomy and distributions of the tufted capuchin monkeys ( cebus , cebidae ) of south america .
tufted capuchins exhibit some odd behaviors that make them fascinating to learn about . they often cover their hands and feet in their own urine to attract mates ( and possibly to reduce stress ) . tufted capuchins also exhibit extensive tool use . they will use rocks to dig holes to reach tubers . in captivity , they will eat fruit over sponges so they can later drink from the sponges . they use containers to hold water . some captive tufted capuchins have even been observed manufacturing tools out of stone , producing simple flakes and cores . not all tufted capuchins use tools however . some primatologists suggest tool use manifests only when these capuchin groups lack food sources and thus spend lots of time on the ground .
the main activity of tufted capuchins over the course of the daily activity period is feeding ( izawa 1980 ) . on a daily basis , the diurnal tufted capuchin will divide its time into 12 % rest , 21 % travel and 66 % feeding ( terborgh 1983 ) . time spent in different daily activities varies with the seasons and locality and foraging time can range between january and may from 2 % of daily activity to 37 . 1 % . movement can range from 35 . 2 % to 23 . 6 % of time spent daily ( zhang 1995a ) . tufted capuchins rest more and travel less with a greater availability of fruits and other food resources in the wet season . tufted capuchin foraging for insects increases in the dry season , presumably due to the lack of available fruit resources ( terborgh 1983 ) .
the margarita island tufted capuchin , in addition to facing the same threats as the mainland populations , has far fewer numbers and is critically endangered . recently , an additional threat to its numbers has been identified in escaped or released pet wedge - capped capuchins ( cebus olivaceus ) which have the potential to establish feral populations which compete for the same resources as the tufted capuchins ( martinez et al . 2000 ) .
mendes pontes ar , malta a , asfora ph ( 2006 ) . a new species of capuchin monkey , genus
the diet of the capuchin monkey is more varied than other monkeys in the family cebidae . capuchin monkeys are omnivores , eating not only fruits , nuts , seeds and buds , but also insects , spiders , bird eggs and small vertebrates . capuchin monkeys living near water will also eat crabs and shellfish by cracking their shells with stones .
carosi , m . , & visalberghi , e . ( 2002 ) . analysis of tufted capuchin ( cebus apella ) courtship and sexual behavior repertoire : changes throughout the female cycle and female interindividual differences . american journal of physical anthropology , 118 , 11 - 24 .
carosi , m . , heistermann , m . & visalberghi , e . ( 1999 ) . the display of proceptive behaviors in relation to urinary and fecal progestin levels over the ovarian cycle in female tufted capuchin monkeys . horm behav , 36 , 252 - 265 .
besides tufted capuchin , there are other groups of animals that have displaced sense of fairness . some examples include wolves , coyotes , elephants , rodents , bats and whales . if you are interested in the detailed write up for the examples , you can visit urltoken .
for the overall set of tufted capuchins studied , 19 haplotypes were found with s = 78 , π = 0 . 0123 and k = 7 . 224 .
luckily , due to widespread occurrence , the tufted capuchin still maintains an extensive distribution and habitat . as with other primates , the biggest threat to the tufted capuchin is habitat loss and fragmentation . it is estimated that more than a fifth of the entire amazonian forest , the habitat of the tufted capuchin , has been destroyed ( fragaszy et al . 2004 ) . reasons for destruction of the forest are varied , but include logging , agriculture and flooding for hydroelectric power generation ( fragaszy et al . 2004 ) . it is estimated that the minimum contiguous forest area required to sustain a group of tufted capuchins is around 100 ha but ideally the minimum is 1000 ha ( gilbert & setz 2001 ) . this area is likely larger in poorer soil areas of the central amazon and the minimum required habitat size in the central amazonian terra firma forests is likely around 23000 ha ( spironello 2001 ) . recently , infrastructure development and road building plans in the amazon have further expanded the potential for deforestation in some areas of the tufted capuchin range as access will increase and economic development will expand ( da silva et al . 2005 ) . a regional system of protected areas is needed in amazonia if unfettered development is to be checked ( da silva et al . 2005 ) .
5 . y . hattori , h . kuroshima and k . fujita , cooperative problem solving by tufted capuchin monkeys ( cebus apella ) : spontaneous division of labor , communication , and reciprocal altruism , j . comp . psychol . 119 ( 2005 ) , pp . 335–342 .
moura a , lee pc ( 2004 ) capuchin stone tool use in caatinga dry forest . science 306 : 1909 .
unlike other primates , wild capuchin monkeys use stones , not just sticks , to dig for edible roots and tubers .
visalberghi , e . , and fragaszy , d . m . ( 1995 ) . the behaviour of capuchin monkeys ,
anderson , j . r . ( 1990 ) . use of objects as hammers to open nuts by capuchin monkeys .
phillips ka , sherwood cs , lilak al . corpus callosum morphology in capuchin monkeys is influenced by sex and handedness .
rylands , a . b , kierulff , m . c . m . and mittermeier , r . a . 2005 . some notes on the taxonomy and distributions of the tufted capuchin monkeys ( cebus , cebidae ) of south america . lundiana 6 ( supl . ) : 97–110 .
a characteristic display of the tufted capuchin is the male reunion display . when separated for a time , males will approach one another quickly , embrace , and loudly vocalize ( matheson et al . 1996 ; phillips et al . 2005 ) . this behavior is not observed in females nor is it aggressive in nature ( matheson et al . 1996 ) . such reunion displays have been observed between adult males and between adult males and infant males and serve to reinforce affinitive relations and bonds between tufted capuchin males ( matheson et al . 1996 ; phillips et al . 2005 ) . other displays include the oblique head tilt in which a capuchin will move its head side - to - side to gain the attention of another capuchin and the penile display where a male will stand bipedally in front of a female and display his genitals ( weigel 1979 ) . both sexes of brown capuchin will wag their tails when extremely excited ( dobroruka 1972 ) .
tufted capuchin monkeys are robust , medium - size neotropical primates , with a relatively short and semi - prehensile tail . they are found east of the andes from colombia and venezuela to paraguay and northern argentina . the fur colour and tuft shape vary locally ( torres de assumpção 1983 ) .
another interesting fact about tufted capuchins is that that search for food in groups ; something very unique compared to other capuchin species . when one individual has located food , they will signal the other members using a whistling sound that varies depending on the quantity of food that has been discovered .
di bitteti , m . s . ; e . m . l . vidal ; m . c . baldovino & v . benesovsky . 2000 . sleeping site preferences in tufted capuchin monkeys ( cebus apella nigritus ) . american journal of primatology 50 : 257 - 274 . [ links ]
kuroshima , h . , k . fujita , a . fuyuki , and t . masuda . 2002 . understanding of the relationship between seeing and knowing by tufted capuchin monkeys ( cebus apella ) . animal cognition 5 ( 1 ) : 41 - 48 . retrieved december 11 , 2007 .
tufted capuchins make up a significant portion of their diet with nuts ; utilizing the use of stones to act as hammers to smash the hard shells . they then leave the nuts to dry for approximately a week before they are ready to eat . besides nuts , the tufted capuchin also eats fruit , insects , eggs , young birds , frogs , lizards , and bats . their healthy balance between fruit , nuts , and small animal prey makes them omnivores .
ottoni eb , izar p ( 2008 ) capuchin monkey tool use : overview and implications . evolutionary anthropology 17 : 171–178 .
silva , j . s . , jr . ( 2002 ) . taxonomy of capuchin monkeys , cebus erxleben , 1777 .
as a single group for analysis . similarly , capuchin monkeys have recently been suggested to be taxonomically divided into two genera ,
the mothers are close with baby capuchin monkeys as they care for the infants and nurture them for the first few months .
lilak al , phillips ka . consistency of hand preference across low - level and high - level tasks in capuchin monkeys (
like other capuchins , these are social animals , forming groups of 8 to 15 individuals , and are led by an alpha or dominant male . the tufted capuchin is more powerfully built than the other capuchins , with rougher fur and a short , thick tail . conservation status – least concern .
the tufted capuchin is only found in south america , in the countries of colombia , ecuador , peru , bolivia , brazil , french guiana , suriname , guiana , and venezuela ( fragaszy et al . 2004 ) . the margarita island tufted capuchin ( c . a . margaritae ) is isolated from the rest of the population off of the north coast of venezuela and is separated from the nearest mainland population by around 800 km ( groves 2001 ; reviewed in fragaszy et al . 2004 ) . this population presumably has been on the island since the pre - columbian era but , ultimately , its origin is unknown ( groves 2001 ) . the heart of the range of the tufted capuchin is the northwestern half of brazil and the amazon basin . it is found in western amazonia , and in the middle and lower rio amazonas and the guianas . its northern limit extends up to venezuela as far as the federal territory of amazonas and is limited by savannahs . the west of the tufted capuchin range extends into the columbian amazon and as far as the eastern foothills of the andes mountain chain south into peru . the southern limit in brazil appears to be limited by the bush savannah of central brazil . eastern extremes of the range may extend past the rio xingu but there is some dispute as to the limits of the range ( rylands et al . 2005 ) . the tufted capuchin has the largest range of all of the new world primates ( freese & oppenheimer 1981 ) .
resende , b . d . greco , v . l . g . , ottoni , e . b . , izar , p . ( 2002 ) . some observations on the predation of small mammals by tufted capuchin monkeys ( cebus apella ) . neotropical primates , 11 , 103 - 104 .
rylands , a . b . ; m . c . m . kierulff & r . a . mittermeier . 2005 . notes on the taxonomy and distributions of the tufted capuchin monkeys ( cebus , cebidae ) of south america . lundiana 6 ( suppl . ) : 97 - 110 . [ links ]
brown capuchin monkeys are important predators on small animals and may disperse the seeds of some forest plants when they eat the fruit .
garber pa ( 2012 ) . introduction to special issue on capuchin evolution : comparing behavior , morphology , and genetics across species .
izawa , k . , and mizuno , a . ( 1977 ) . palm - fruit cracking of wild black - capped capuchin
anderson jr , degiorgio c , lamarque c , fagot j . a multi - task assessment of hand lateralization in capuchin monkeys (
westergaard & fragaszy 1987 , the manufacture and use of tools by capuchin monkeys , jcp , 101 , 159 - 168 . pdf
the white - headed capuchin monkey ( cebus capucinus ) , also known as the white - faced capuchin or white - throated capuchin , is a small new world monkey of the family cebidae . native to the forests of south and central america , white - throated capuchins are important to rainforest ecology by their role in dispersing seeds and pollen . like other monkeys in the genus cebus , white - headed capuchins are named after the order of capuchin friars : the cowls worn by these friars closely resemble the monkeys head colouration .
fragaszy , d . m . , mitra , d . , and feuerstein , j . m . ( 1997b ) . transfers of food from adults to infants in tufted capuchins (
sp . ) . usually the squirrel monkeys initiate the mixed group interaction , probably in order to find food more efficiently . squirrel monkeys follow brown capuchin monkeys to new food sources , which saves them foraging time . the association does not seem to benefit capuchin monkeys .
tufted capuchins were studied for over ten years at la macarena , colombia by kosei izawa starting in 1986 ( izawa 1988 ) . other prominent studies include those in peru by charles janson .
westergaard , g . c . , and suomi , s . j . ( 1996 ) . hand preference for a bimanual task in tufted capuchins ( cebus apella ) and rhesus macaques (
tufted capuchins are notably heavier in captivity versus in the wild , with males averaging 13 lbs ( 6 . 1 kg ) and females averaging 7 lbs ( 3 . 19 kg ) .
during the mosquito season , capuchin monkeys crush up millipedes and rub the remains on their backs . this acts as a natural insect repellent .
visalberghi , e . , and trinca , l . ( 1989 ) . tool use in capuchin monkeys : distinguishing between performing and understanding .
brown capuchin monkeys vary in color from light brown to mustard yellow to black . the shoulders and underbelly are lighter than the rest of the body . there is a patch of coarse black fur on the crown of the head , sometimes referred to as a cap . above the ears the black hairs form tufts of fur giving the species one of its common names , tufted capuchin monkey . facial patterns are variable among individuals , but black sideburns extending from the cap are characteristic of
average home range size of the tufted capuchin can reach as high as 8 - 9 km² ( 3 . 1 - 3 . 5 mi² ) ( spironello 2001 ) . like other aspects of capuchin ecology however , this value can vary significantly with habitat , with some groups elsewhere having a home range of significantly smaller at around 2 . 6 km² ( 1 mi² ) to1 . 25 km² ( . 48 mi² ) , and can be as low as to . 5 km² to . 7 km² ( . 19 to . 27 mi² ) ( izawa 1980 ; terborgh & janson 1983 ; janson in prep . cited in robinson & janson 1986 ) . average daily path for a tufted capuchin is around 2 . 1 km ( 1 . 3 mi ) ( janson in prep . cited in robinson & janson 1986 ) .
taylor , a . b . , & vinyard , c . j . ( 2009 ) . jaw - muscle fiber architecture in tufted capuchins favors generating relatively large muscle forces without compromising jaw gape .
perry , s . , and rose , l . ( 1994 ) . begging and transfer of coati meat by white - faced capuchin monkeys ,
westergaard , g . c . , and fragaszy , d . m . ( 1987 ) . the manufacture and use of tools by capuchin monkeys
wild tufted capuchins are capable of using tools to open up otherwise inaccessible fruits , the husks of which it cannot open in its teeth or jaws . it opens fruits by smashing them on tree surfaces or by using baton - like branch pieces to open the fruit . immature tufted capuchins have been observed attempting to mimic the behavior of adults but they often fail ( boinski et al . 2000 ) .
the tufted capuchin can be primarily found in northern amazon rainforest of the guyana , venezuela and brazil , but can also be found as far north as the orinoco in venezuela . however , it has also been found in eastern colombia , ecuador , and peru , which gives this species a rather large range compared to many other primates in the region . the tufted capuchin can be found in many different kinds of environments including moist tropical and subtropical forest regions , dry forest regions , and even disturbed or secondary forest ; though it typically prefers the most tropical regions of the forest . furthermore , their range and habitat overlaps with several other species of capuchins such as the white - fronted capuchins .
locomotion is principally quadrupedal and while traveling , the prehensile tail is not typically used and is curved down behind the body . the tail is mainly used during feeding and foraging and serves as a brake while descending ( youlatos 1999 ) . the tail helps to control risky movements , assist in changes in direction and to stabilize the capuchin while feeding in its characteristic seated posture . the tufted capuchin normally moves on branches and twigs and suspensory postures are rare ( fleagle & mittermeier 1980 ; youlatos 1999 ) .
bonnie ke , de waal fbm ( 2007 ) copying without rewards : socially influenced foraging decisions among brown capuchin monkeys . animal cognition 10 : 283–292 .
garber , p . a . , and paciulli , l . ( 1997 ) . experimental field study of spatial memory and learning in wild capuchin monkeys
visalberghi , e . , and limongelli , l . ( 1994 ) . lack of comprehension of cause - effect relationships in tool - using capuchin monkeys
westergaard , g . c . , kuhn , h . e . , lundquist , a . l . , and suomi , s . j . ( 1997b ) . posture and reaching in tufted capuchins (
westergaard , g . c . ( 1995 ) . the stone tool technology of capuchin monkeys : possible implications for the evolution of symbolic communication in hominids .
westergaard , g . c . , and fragaszy , d . m . ( 1985 ) . effects of manipulatable objects on the activity of captive capuchin monkeys
tufted capuchin monkeys are extremely intelligent and have been recorded using tools , as seen in the video above . they use rocks to crack nuts open , carefully selecting rocks that are appropriate for the task . they consider size , weight , and shape . the rock often weighs nearly as much as the monkey . this indicates basic understanding of the physics of the two objects .
the altitude at which tufted capuchins are found also can vary considerably with the species having been seen as high as 2350 m ( 7709 . 97 ft ) in the peruvian highlands ( butchart et al . 1995 ) .
however , given that sapajus has yet to gain widespread acceptance and further evidence is required before we feel confident adopting this taxonomic scheme , in this paper , we continue to assign the tufted capuchins to the genus cebus .
westergaard , g . c . , lundquist , a . l . , kuhn , h . e . , and suomi , s . j . ( 1997 ) . ant - gathering with tools by captive tufted capuchins
the main predator of the tufted capuchin is the harpy eagle ( harpia harpyja ) , which has been seen attacking capuchins in several locales ( rettig 1978 ; terborgh 1983 ; van schaik & van noordwijk 1989 ) . other potential predators include jaguars , pumas , jaguarundis , coyotes , tayras , snakes and crocodiles , although these are not confirmed ( fragaszy et al . 2004 ) .
near the eastern end of the tufted capuchin range in french guiana , the climate has an annual dry season from august to november and a long rainy season punctuated in february and march by a short dry spell . annual precipitation averages 3000 mm ( 118 . 11 in ) and temperatures range from 22 . 0°c ( 71 . 6°f ) to 31 . 2°c ( 88 . 16°f ) ( zhang 1995a ) . in the middle of the tufted capuchin range , near manaus , brazil in dense terra firma forest , mean average rainfall is 2 , 673 mm ( 105 . 24 in ) . this area exhibits a wet season from december to may and a dry season during the rest of the year . temperatures can range from 21°c ( 69 . 8°f ) to 33 . 5°c ( 92 . 3°f ) at this locale ( spironello 2001 ) . near the western extreme of the tufted capuchin range in moist tropical forest in southeastern peru , the dry season ranges from june to october and rainfall averages around 2000 mm ( 78 . 74 in ) with an average temperature of 24 . 1°c ( 75 . 38°f ) ( janson 1985 ) .
tufted capuchin females mostly mate with the dominant male . the dominant male rarely strays away from the group during the last few days of the females estrus cycle ; the entire cycle lasts for 21 days . the pregnancy lasts for five months and the birth of twins is extremely rare . females raise the young and the infants cling to the mother’s back . if an infant does become separated from its mother , other tufted capuchins will respond the the infants distress calls . males will leave their group at maturity ( 7 years ) ; whereas females stay within the group and are considered mature at 4 years of age .
visalberghi , e . , and addessi , e . ( 2000 ) . seeing group members eating a familiar food enhances the acceptance of novel foods in capuchin monkeys .
galleti , m . ( 1990 ) . predation on the squirrel , sciurus aestuanus by capuchin monkeys , and cebus apella . mammalia , 54 , 152 - 154 .
when presented with a reflection , capuchin monkeys react in a way that indicates an intermediate state between seeing the mirror as another individual and recognizing the image as self .
in this paper we have the following specific aims : ( 1 ) to determine how many tufted capuchin molecular lineages are found in the northern amazon ; ( 2 ) to determine how many molecular lineages are currently present in the peruvian amazon , and to assess the correspondence between the subspecies indicated by morphological studies ( c . a . maranonis , c . a . macrocephalus , c . a . peruanus , c . a . pallidus , and possibly a fifth unnamed subspecies ) and the molecular lineages ; ( 3 ) to determine if the 4 morphological species described by groves [ 2001 ] or the 7 morphological species described by silva jr . [ 2001 ] correspond to the tufted capuchin molecular lineages ; ( 4 ) to determine the temporal splits among these cebus taxa for the mtcoii gene .
di bitteti , m . s . & c . h . janson . 2001 . reproductive socioecology of tufted capuchins ( cebus apella nigritus ) in northeastern argentina . international journal of primatology 22 : 127 - 142 . [ links ]
tufted capuchins hunt for food in groups . if one of the capuchins finds a food source ( and there is enough for more than just one individual ) the capuchin will give a whistling call to alert the others so the food can be shared . the omnivorous capuchins diet can consist of nuts , insects , fruits , flowers , seeds , leaves , and sometimes even frogs . tufted capuchins famously use stones to crack open nuts . capuchins strip the outer fiber of the nut with their teeth , and will place the nut out in the sun to dry . capuchins will then use a stone to repeatedly hammer the nut until it cracks .
visalberghi , e . , valente , m . , and fragaszy , d . m . ( 1998 ) . social context and consumption of unfamiliar food by capuchin monkeys (
adams - curtis , l . e . , and fragaszy , d . m . ( 1994 ) . development of manipulation in capuchin monkeys during the first 6 months .
the dominant male protects his troop from predators by sounding alarm calls . this draws attention to himself so that his troop can escape . capuchin monkeys are very wary of predators .
flannery , s . march 26 , 2000 .
black - capped capuchin , primate info net
( on - line ) . accessed may 2 , 2001 at urltoken .
lynch , j . w . ( 2001 ) . male behavior and endocrinology in wild capuchin monkeys , cebus apella nigritus . unpublished doctoral thesis . university of wisconsin , madison .
capuchins ( cebus ) consist of four species : c . apella ( brown or tufted ) , c . albifrons ( brown pale fronted ) , c . olivaceus ( weeping or wedge capped ) and c . capuchinus ( white faced capuchins ) .
lynch - alfaro jw , de souza e , silva j jr , rylands ab ( 2012 ) . how different are robust and gracile capuchin monkeys ? an argument for the use of
“new world monkeys 1 : squirrel monkeys and capuchin . ” grzimek’s animal life encyclopedia . ed . melissa c . mcdade . 2nd ed . 2004 . 101 - 12 . print .
peres , c . a . 1991 . seed predation of cariniana micrantha ( lecythidaceae ) by brown capuchin monkeys in central amazônia . biotropica 23 : 262 - 270 . [ links ]
the blond capuchin monkey ( cebus queirozi ) is a claimed new capuchin monkey species that was discovered in early 2006 by zoology researchers from the federal university in pernambuco , near recife , northeastern brazil . pontes said that ‘as soon as i saw the monkey with its golden - yellow hair and the white tiara on its head , i knew it was a new species’ .
the aim of this study was to evaluate simple behavioral enrichment procedures for a captive group of tufted capuchin monkeys ( cebus apella ) . we examined the effects of providing a manipulatable substrate ( straw ) and a variety of portable objects in the monkeys ' home cage . the animals were observed across three conditions in two replications : 1 ) no portable objects were present ; 2 ) a set of six . . . [ show full abstract ]
urine washing and chest rubbing are several types of olfactory communication exhibited by the tufted capuchin . both of these behaviors could be scent - marking behaviors . urine - washing consists of an individual urinating upon its extremities and rubbing them against one another . there is no evidence of urine - washing serving any purpose in reproductive communication ( carosi et al . 2005 ) . however , tufted capuchins can discriminate between groups and recognize their species versus another based on the differential odor created by urine - washing ( ueno 1991 ; 1994 ) . this , coupled with evidence of differential responses to scent by sex , indicates that there is some sort of socially communicative role played by urine - washing ( ueno 1994 ) .
fruits are a large part of brown capuchin monkey ' s diet . this species can eat larger fruits than other species of capuchin monkey because of their robust jaws . vegetation , seeds , pith , eggs , insects , reptiles , birds , and small mammals ( such as mouse opossums ) are also included in their diet . during the dry season , when food is scarce ,
kierulff mcm , dos santos gr , canale g , guidorizzi ce , cassano c ( 2004 ) . the use of camera - traps in a survey of the buff - headed capuchin monkey ,
the capuchins are a group of new world monkeys . they are classified as the genus
cebus
. their name
capuchin
comes form their coloration , which resembles the cowls worn by the capuchin order of roman catholic monks . cebus is the only genus in the subfamily ,
cebinae
. cebinae includes squirrel monkeys , spider monkeys , wooley monkeys and wooley spider monkeys .
there is a gland on the chest of the male tufted capuchin which plays a role in scent - marking ( epple & lorenz 1967 ) . the dominant captive male is observed to use this gland , rubbing it on a substrate to scent - mark it while other age and sex classes rarely , if ever , show this behavior . urine marking is also seen in captivity in which males and females mark specific surfaces in their cages ( dobroruka 1972 ) .
the brown or tufted capuchin is recognized by its characteristic head coloration , a black or dark brown cap with dark sideburns . on either side of the dark cap on the head there are tufts of dark fur above the ears . the shoulders are paler than the back which ranges from shades of yellow to red - brown , darkest in the middle of the back . its legs , hands , and tail are darker than the rest of its pelage . the face can range from brown to pink ( groves 2001 ) . there is significant variation in face color among even members of the same group but adult males tend to be darker in color than females ( emmons & freer 1997 ) . sexual dimorphism is seen in the wild tufted capuchin with males averaging 3 . 650 kg ( 8 . 05 lb ) and females averaging 2 . 520 kg ( 5 . 56 lb ) ( fleagle 1999 ) . sexual dimorphism is also exhibited in canine size with males possessing larger canines than females ( kay et al 1988 ; masterson 2003 ) . in captivity , tufted capuchins are significantly heavier , with males averaging 6 . 089 kg ( 13 . 42 lb ) and females averaging 3 . 19 kg ( 7 . 03 lb ) in an extreme example ( leigh 1994 ) . head and body length is 444 mm ( 17 . 48 in ) for males and 390 mm ( 15 . 35 in ) for females . the tail is about as long as the rest of the body ( napier 1976 ) . in a captive case of extreme longevity , a tufted capuchin male lived until he was at least 45 years old ( hakeem et al . 1996 ) .
ruiz - garcía m , castillo mi , vásquez c , rodríguez k , pinedo m , shostell j , leguizamon n ( 2010a ) . molecular phylogenetics and phylogeography of the white - fronted capuchin (
oliveira m . m . de and langguth , a . 2006 . the rediscovery of marcgrave’s capuchin monkey and a neotype for simia flavia schreber , 1774 ( primates , cebidae ) . in press .
agile and lean , capuchin monkeys weigh only 3 - 9 pounds ( 1 . 36 - 4 . 9 kilograms ) . the fur of the capuchin monkey varies , but is most commonly seen with cream or light tan coloring around the face , neck and shoulders . the rest of its coat is dark brown . the hair is shorter and darker on the capuchin ' s back than on other parts of its body . the face of this cute monkey will range from white to pink in color . the tail is long , covered in hair and is partially able to wrap around branches .
janson , c . h . ( 1990 a ) . social correlates of individual spatial choice in foraging groups of brown capuchin monkeys , cebus apella . animal behaviour , 40 , 910 - 921 .
janson , c . h . ( 1990 b ) . ecological consequences of individual spatial choice in foraging groups of brown capuchin monkeys , cebus apella . animal behaviour , 40 , 922 - 934 .
like most new world monkeys , capuchin monkeys are diurnal and arboreal . with the exception of a midday nap , they spend their entire day searching for food . at night they sleep in the trees , wedged between branches . capuchin monkeys are undemanding regarding their habitat and can therefore be found in many differing areas . among the natural enemies of the capuchins are large falcons , cats and snakes .
golden - bellied capuchin monkeys are restricted to the atlantic forest of southern bahia , brazil , due to high degrees of interference from man . only 300 individuals survive . conservation status – critically endangered .
daily movements and activities of tufted capuchin groups are dictated by the alpha male . they are diurnal , and their days are spent feeding ( 66 % of the time ) , traveling ( 21 % ) and resting ( 12 % ) . during the wet season , they tend to rest more and travel around less when there is a greater abundance of fruit and other resources . since dry season produces far less fruit , time spent foraging the forest for insects increases drastically .
janson , c . h . ( 1984 ) . female choice and mating system of the brown capuchin monkey cebus apella ( primates : cebidae ) . z . tierpsycol , 65 , 177 - 200 .
anderson , j . r . , degiorgio , c . , lamarque , c . , and fagot , j . ( 1996 ) . a multi - task assessment of hand lateralization in capuchin monkeys (
the tufted capuchin monkey , scientific name cebus apella [ 1 ] , is a mammal and a primate that can be found in the atlantic forest biome , which is also known as a lowland equatorial evergreen rainforest [ 8 ] . this biome characterizes itself with its moist climate and warm weather . it can only be found in the tropical forests of south america , such as the amazon rainforest and the antlantic rainforest [ 9 ] . the tufted capuchin monkey needs sunlight in order to hunt , so it lives during day ( diurnal ) . it lives in the tops of the trees and in groups that range from two to twenty members . a group usually has a male , and the other group members that are closed to him have privilege when there is only a bit of food . moreover , the male has preference when he wants a female of the group . they do not have a specific area to live , so they usually encounter other groups . [ 1 ]