nessia is a genus of skinks , lizards in the family scincidae .

the genus is endemic to sri lanka .

species in the genus nessia are commonly known as snake skinks .

nessia

nessia is an unusual given name for females . nessia is an equivalently unusual surname too for all people .
the name nessia is a greek baby name . in greek the meaning of the name nessia is : pure .
as a girls ' name is of greek origin , and nessia means
lamb
. nessia is a version of
the name nessia is a scottish baby name . in scottish the meaning of the name nessia is : from the headland .
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evesia monodactylus gray 1839 : 336 evesia bellii duméril & bibron 1839 : 782 ( fide brygoo 1985 ) nessia monodactyla — günther 1864 acontias monodactylus — boulenger 1887 : 425 acontias monodactylus — camp 1923 : 355 evesia monodactyla — camp 1923 : 410 acontias ( nessia ) monodactylus — deraniyagala 1931 nessia monodactyla — smith 1935 : 358 nessia monodactyla — taylor 1950 : 511 evesia monodactyla — manthey 1981 evesia bellii — frank & ramus 1995 nessia monodactylus — das 1996 : 47 nessia monodactylus — ziesmann et al . 2007 nessia monodactylus — somaweera & somaweera 2009
no one has contributed data records for nessia yet . learn how to contribute .
information on nessia layardi is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
a beautiful , girl . anyone would be lucky to have her . a nessia is someone that is sexy , and popular . a nessia is a girl who will wait for you all the time . a nessia is a girl whop loves you until the end .
type : not in bmnh fide p . campbell ( pers . comm . , 25 july 2014 ) type species : nessia burtonii gray 1839 : 336 is the type species of the genus nessia gray 1839 .
john is so lucky to have nessia as his girl . i & apos ; m jelous . : )
the team observed heavy infestation of coccidian oocysts in some nessia bipes ) and some mites ( on three occasions ) . crusz and daundasekera ( 1988 ) have observed nematodes melelrakis sinharajensis and parapharyngodon adamsoni in the large intestine and rectum of nessia bipes .
. other variants , like nesha , are seldom used . adoption of this form of nessia was more pronounced among parents in the 1890s
except for few brief accounts by deraniyagala ( 1931 , 1953a , 1953b , 1953c ) , smith ( 1935 ) and taylor ( 1950 ) nothing has been published on the ecology of nessia species to date . gans ( 1995 ) recorded distribution localities of six species of nessia .
nearly 50 specimens of nessia bipes were observed from various localities in the knuckles massif . however , details such as measurements , gender , status etc . were recorded only of 41 specimens of nessia bipes , of which 14 were male adults , nine were female adults , 16 unsexed adults and two juveniles . furthermore five specimens of nessia sarasinorum were observed at yahangala ( 300m ) of which one was a male adult , one was a female adult and three were unsexed adults
based on morphological data , nessia is presumed to be monophyletic . its affinities with other scincid genera have been the subject of much speculation in the past ( e . g . , boulenger 1887 ; hewitt 1929 ; deraniyagala 1931 ; smith 1935 ) but most recently greer and shea ( 2001 ) have considered nessia to exhibit the
chalcidine
head scale pattern , implying a possible relationship with a group of scincines that includes the majority of reduced limbed forms . relationships of nessia within the scincinae or
chalcidinae
, however , remain uncertain .
batuwita , sudesh ; udeni edirisinghe 2017 . nessia gansi : a second three - toed snake - skink ( reptilia : squamata : scincidae ) from sri lanka with the designation of a neotype for nessia burtonii gray travaux du muséum national d’histoire naturelle «grigore antipa» 60 ( 1 ) : 377–388 ; doi : 10 . 1515 / travmu - 2017 - 0001 - get paper here
recent studies by anslem de silva and his team provides additional brief notes on the ecology and natural history of nessia bipes smith , 1935 and nessia sarasinorum m ` 9fller , 1889 as observed during the knuckles expedition , 2004 and 2005 . anslemís preliminary data highlight the need for future studies to understand the ecology , natural history , and conservation status of these poorly known lizards .
named in honour of major edward burton of the museum of chatham ( 1790 - 1867 ) ( beolens et al . , 2011 ) . etymology of nessia burtonii as mentioned by batuwita & edirisinghe ( 2015 ) is incorrect .
nessia has amazing area of 14 , 000m² , including two hosting complexes , each with a luxury hall , designed with classic , elegant lines , with an adjacent event garden rich in vegetation and waterfalls – a magical background for a reception or a chuppah .
oh my , i’m glad to hear he’s doing okay . he was my favorite from the beginning – as were alan in season 1 and you dave in season 2 🙂 i really hoped dave nessia would win , but he was probably to skinny to begin with . thank you for posting this !
the genus nessia was placed in the scincid sub - family acontinae by deraniyagala ( 1931 ) , but subsequently moved to the scincinae by greer ( 1970 ) , who recognized eight species , all endemic to sri lanka ( das & de silva , 2005 ; deraniyagala 1931 , 1953a , 1953b , 1953c ; de silva 2001 ) .
according to iucn red list criteria , nessia bipes is ranked as being endangered and nessia sarasinorum is ranked as a lower risk near threatened ( de silva , molur & walker 2000 ) . iucn ( 2000 ) ranks bipes and sarasinorum as threatened species . although a major part of the knuckles ( that is above 1 , 067 m ) is declared as a conservation forest , even in the conservation area the flora and fauna face many threats due to human activities . climatic changes over the past 100 years may also have had an impact . the annual rainfall at kobonila has decreased from 3800 mm in 1982 to 3400 mm in 1990 ( madduma bandara 1991 ) .
wow ! for those of you that have seen the latest episode of alone , you saw the struggle was real for dave nessia . the happy go - lucky guy shrank over 40lbs during the 73 days that he was on the show into a surprisingly still optimistic , but incredibly physically depleted man that had to be medically evacuated from the show .
nessia sevin sloane , the daughter of jaar - mel sloane and howard g . sloane of new york , was married saturday evening to taylor andrew kushner , a son of karen m . kushner and robert j . kushner of san juan capistrano , calif . rabbi peter j . rubinstein performed the ceremony at central synagogue in new york , where he is the senior rabbi .
gravid nessia bipes with two eggs were observed in august and september . two hatchlings ( measuring 62mm , weighting 0 . 5g ) were observed in june to september . deraniyagala ( 1953c ) reported that two to four soft shelled eggs are laid in march , april and may . a female ( 130 mm long ) had laid two eggs measuring 16 x 8 mm and had been deposited in loose dark loamy soil in a cardamom plantation .
nessia , h . r . , dale , a . r . , perrott , j . k . , waipara , n . w . , aguilar , g . d . , and blanchon , d . j . ( 2014 ) . comparison of species richness and frequency cover of forest floor plants and lichens in sites invaded and uninvaded by the invasive club moss selaginella kraussiana ( kunze ) a . braun . plant protection quarterly , 29 ( 2 ) , pp . 66 - 70 .
therefore , the coolness and / or moisture content of the microhabitat appear to be a critical requirement for prevention of desiccation and the survival of these reptiles . specimens were observed together as well as close to one another suggesting possible communities . chalcidoseps thwaitesii , lankascincus species and geckoella triedra were often observed as sympatric reptiles in the same microhabitat of nessia bipes . otocryptis wiegmanni and hypnale hypnale too were sometimes observed on the forest floor in the same habitat . sympatric invertebrates were termites ( three occasions ) , spiders , snails , ants , and beetle larva .
the number of species increased from 10 , 711 to 10 , 793 , i . e . an increase of 82 species . 66 new species have been described , 9 species have been revalidated from synonymy and 16 subspecies were elevated to full species . . .
over the past 4 months , the number of species increased from 10 , 639 to 10 , 711 .
the number of species has grown from 10 , 544 in the may release to now 10 , 639 ( + 95 species ) .
overall , 212 new taxa have been added or changed their status or name .
the reptile database is a taxonomic database that provides basic information about all living reptile species , such as turtles , snakes , lizards , and crocodiles , as well as tuataras and amphisbaenians , but does not include dinosaurs .
currently there are more than 10 , 000 species and an additional 2 , 700 subspecies . this is making reptiles the largest vertebrate group after fish ( ~ 25 , 000 species ) and birds ( ~ 10 , 000 species ) , and significantly larger than mammals ( ~ 5 , 000 species ) or amphibians ( ~ 6 , 000 species ) .
the reptile database provides taxonomic information for the catalogue of life and the encyclopedia of life . our taxonomic information has also been used by genbank and many other resources and is the only comprehensive reptile database on the web .
the reptile database can be used to find all species within a certain geographic area ( e . g . all snakes of egypt ) . its collection of more than 2 , 500 images allow users to identify a species or at least get an idea how the species or genus may look like . more than 30 , 000 references provide a guide to further information .
this database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .
people with this name have a deep inner desire for a stable , loving family or community , and a need to work with others and to be appreciated .
people with this name tend to be a powerful force to all whose lives they touch . they are capable , charismatic leaders who often undertake large endeavors with great success . they value truth , justice , and discipline , and may be quick - tempered with those who do not . if they fail to develop their potential , they may become impractical and rigid .
note : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .
beolens , bo ; michael watkins , and michael grayson 2011 . the eponym dictionary of reptiles . johns hopkins university press , baltimore , usa - get paper here
karunarathna , suranjan ; d . m . s . and a . a . thasun amarasinghe 2011 . a preliminary survey of the reptile fauna in nilgala forest and its vicinity , monaragala district , sri lanka . taprobanica 3 ( 02 ) : 69 - 76
kramer , eugen 1979 . typenkatalog der echsen im naturhistorischen museum basel ( bm ) , stand 1978 . revue suisse de zoologie 86 ( 1 ) : 159 - 166 - get paper here
müller , f . 1890 . sechster nachtrag zum katalog der herpetologischen sammlung des basler museums . verh . nat . ges . basel 8 : 685 - 705 - get paper here
somaweera , r . & somaweera , n . 2009 . lizards of sri lanka : a colour guide with field keys . chimaira , frankfurt , 304 pp .
taylor , e . h . 1953 . a review of the lizards of ceylon . univ . kansas sci . bull . 35 ( 12 ) : 1525 - 1585 - get paper here
taylor , edward h . 1950 . ceylones lizards of the family scincidae . univ . kansas sci . bull . 33 ( 2 ) : 481 - 518 - get paper here
boulenger , g . a . 1887 . catalogue of the lizards in the british museum ( nat . hist . ) iii . lacertidae , gerrhosauridae , scincidae , anelytropsidae , dibamidae , chamaeleontidae . london : 575pp . - get paper here
boulenger , george a . 1890 . the fauna of british india , including ceylon and burma . reptilia and batrachia . taylor & francis , london , xviii , 541 pp . - get paper here
duméril , a . m . c . and g . bibron . 1839 . erpétologie générale on histoire naturelle complète des reptiles . vol . 5 . roret / fain et thunot , paris , 871 pp . - get paper here
gray , j . e . 1839 . catalogue of the slender - tongued saurians , with descriptions of many new genera and species . ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 1 ) 2 : 331 - 337 ( 287 - 293 ) [ 1838 ] - get paper here
günther , a . 1864 . the reptiles of british india . london ( taylor & francis ) , xxvii + 452 pp . - get paper here
jayaneththi , hareschandra bandula 2015 . vertebrate fauna of morankanda - mukalana secondary forest patch in sri lanka : a checklist reported from 2004 - 2008 survey . ruhuna journal of science 6 : 21 - 41
manthey , u . 1981 . die echsen des ceylonischen regenwaldes und seiner randgebiete . sauria 3 ( 2 ) : 25 - 35 - get paper here
smith , m . a . 1935 . the fauna of british india , including ceylon and burma . reptiles and amphibia , vol . ii . sauria . taylor and francis , london , 440 pp .
the king salomon complex accommodates seating of up to 850 people or 1 , 200 guests in cocktail events .
the david ' s violin complex accommodates seating of up to 450 guests or 600 guests in cocktail events .
season 2 winner of history channels alone show , wilderness survival instructor , public speaker , author & proud father .
the episode did a really neat job of telling some of dave’s story and reasoning for being on the show . for dave , this experience was incredibly meaningful and much like the ultimate “vision quest” . he had a bucket of fish stashed away , and as you hear him describe his strategy , he had a plan to eat a half of a fish every day , estimating out loud that he had a couple more months left before he’d need to tap out .
unfortunately for dave , he had much less time left on the show than expected . it was a very emotional moment to watch when he hears the news that he’s being forced to medically evacuate . in the tips at the bottom of the screen , you see where the alone show editors point out that sometimes if they’re starving people will hoard food when they should be eating it . this is what happened to dave .
after the show aired , a lot of folks were curious about how dave is doing now . luckily he posted a public post on his personal facebook page that does a great job of explaining how he’s doing . i’ve embedded the post and copied the text below so you can read it here .
“hello wonderful people ! ! ! ! for those that were following “alone” and watching this crazy and amazing path , thank you ! ! ! ! your support and presence has been so inspiring . so nice to touch base with people that i haven’t heard from in decades ! our paths might not be the same as it was but we have each other in our hearts and always will .
the producers had hundreds of hours of footage to work with to make a story that fit into this show .
i do not envy them the task and i respect what they did . it all happened and i can honestly say the experience in patagonia , in many ways , was so much easier then watching the show for me . that boiled down to my own ego , i wanted to be the hero : ) ) ) ) . i went out there for many reasons , to test myself , to learn , to grow closer to myself and the earth , to feel life , to live , to show people this could be done and that you could be comfortable with the land ( the money was a secondary bonus ) . what i saw in the beginning episodes didn’t show that for me and i kept going deeper into a place of dread at how they would show me physically deteriorate in front of my friends and families . and yes , you saw me deteriorate
) ) ) . above all i wanted to be there ! of course there were moments of loneliness , sadness , hunger , but i placed all of them into individual moments and i knew that society and friends were not going anywhere . watching the last episode was so freeing in so many ways . of course it was closure but more then that i finally felt heard . “i felt alive” .
i appreciate your further support and comments but know i am a bit overwhelmed by facebook : ) . at this point i am hoping to center a bit so please don’t be upset if i step away from facebook for a time . it has helped me touch all of your lives again and i cherish that . i just get overloaded quick and need the simplicity of the outdoors for a while . hope to see many of you at winter count . we’ll talk again : ) love you all , dave”
so it seems like dave is doing pretty well , thank goodness ! i think myself and many of the fans of the alone show would have liked to have seen more footage of the neat things dave was up to – and maybe we’ll get to hear from him in the future . did you see that elaborate chess set he had carved ? it was beautiful !
if you want to follow dave online , it looks like he does have a youtube channel , although it’s not very active . maybe we’ll see more from him in the future !
i was sitting outside in the sun and suddenly thought : “i wonder how dave from season 3 alone , is doing ? ” anyhow , got a great answer . thank you .
thank you for stopping by kevin ! glad this post was helpful . 🙂 i totally understand the allergy thing , darn ! it’s still fun to talk about what you would plan to do though , isn’t it ?
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hello , my name is captain airyca ( erica ) and welcome to the alone show blog ! here you can find the latest news about alone show contestants and what they ' re up to now . urltoken
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next month , mrs . kushner , 25 , is to become an associate in the tax department of davis polk & wardwell , the new york law firm . she graduated summa cum laude from cornell and received a law degree from columbia .
her father , who is known as peter , is a partner in the new york law firm cahill gordon & reindel . he is also the chairman of the heckscher foundation for children in new york , which provides grants to organizations that help young people ; the bride is a trustee . her mother is the founder and chief executive of sloane square , a new york residential real estate firm .
mr . kushner , 29 , is a vice president at goldman sachs in new york , working with the bank’s special - situations group , where he focuses on investing in and lending to companies in the americas . he graduated cum laude from georgetown . he is a co - chairman of the urban arts partnership , a nonprofit organization in new york that provides arts programs for public school children .
his father is a founding partner in kushner , smith , joanou & gregson , an accounting firm in irvine , calif .
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brygoo , e . r . 1985 . les types des scincidés ( reptiles , sauriens ) du muséum national d’histoire naturelle , catalogue critique . bull . mus . natl . hist . nat . ( 4e sér . ) 7 ( sect . a 3 ) , suppl . : 1 - 126
camp , charles lewis 1923 . classification of the lizards . bull . amer . mus . nat . hist . 48 ( 11 ) : 289 - 481 .
ziesmann , s . ; klaas , p . & janzen , p . 2007 . von skinken und anderen echsen [ sri lankas ] . draco 7 ( 30 ) : 18 - 23 - get paper here
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
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comparison of species richness and frequency cover of forest floor plants and lichens in sites invaded and uninvaded by the invasive club moss selaginella kraussiana ( kunze ) a . braun .
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selaginella species richness and abundance paper for ppq submission copy 21 august 2013 . pdf ( 171 . 1kb )
selaginella kraussiana , or the african club moss , is a fern ally in the family selaginellaceae invasive to several countries including new zealand . this study was carried out to compare species richness and frequency cover in adjacent forest floor botanical communities with and without s . kraussiana using a paired experimental design . sites with s . kraussianahad reduced species richness , particularly the number of conifer and flowering plant species . frequency cover ( excluding s . kraussiana ) was not significantly affected .
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only a few studies are done on the skinks of sri lanka and the other reptile species . however , most of the studies indicate that these reptiles are endemic to sri lanka , and that most of them are highly threatened .
most skinks have smooth scales , possibly adapted for burrowing in soils and all have detachable tails that regenerate eventually .
this article will focus on a recent study done by sri lankaís top herpetologist anslem de silva and his team at the knuckles mountain region .
the data are from a study conducted in the mid 1980ís , when the team measured the mulch level in many types of forests and plantations during the survey in 2004 and 2005 , it was less than 10 centimetres .
in addition , soil erosion was high . thus , the team could foresee long - term , irreversible habitat degradation that could negatively impact on these and other fossorial animals that live in the humus of the forest floor .
therefore , the team believes it is important that the authorities take immediate steps to educate the cardamom cultivators in order to prevent further soil erosion and habitat degradation .
two field techniques were used to investigate this subfossorial reptile : sampling of large leaf litter quadrats measuring 20m x 20m and patch sampling . patch sampling was found to be a more effective field method for discovering this animal because of its tendency to occur in certain types of habitat . when caught , individual animals were examined for abnormalities , damage , and external parasites . for females , reproductive status was noted . for a subset of animals , morphometric measurements were taken to examine morphological variation . after photographing , the animals were released back at the same locality where they were found .
species in having rudimentary bud - like pair of posterior limbs surrounded by small scales situated on either side the cloacae . the scale rows at mid body are 26 to 28 and the interparietal broader than frontal . also an overlying mark on the interparietal was observed in
the scale rows at mid body are 22 and the interparietal is narrower than frontal . in both species well - developed forelimbs are not present , slight bulges in the pectoral region surrounded by small scales signal their position .
deraniyagala ( 1932 ) reported the following measurements for an unsexed specimen : total length 107 mm , of which the tail was 44 mm , and a juvenile caught in july was also measured : snout to vent 35 mm and tail 32 mm .
are diurnal reptiles . when exposed , either by the lifting of logs , stones or leaf litter , they were quick to wriggle and hide within the loose humus , soil , leaf litter , under stones , crevices and holes in the earth . when handled some showed a tendency to bite and wriggle in order to escape . it was observed that ( similar to
dries and shrivels within 10 - 15 minutes when removed from its moist habitat .
is restricted to a small range in the north east knuckles with no overlap . however , previous reports on the knuckles did not list this species ( bambaradeniya and ekanayake 2003 ; cooray 1998 ; ginige 1994 ; rathnayake et al . , 1999 ) .
in addition , the negative impacts of cardamom cultivation at the knuckles have been extensively reported ( abeygunawardena & vincent 1993 ; gunawardane 2003 ) . studies have shown that in natural forested areas without cardamom cultivation the
a
horizon is well preserved and covered with mulch to a depth of 30 - 35 cm , whilst in cardamom fields the mulch level has been reduced to 15 - 25 cm ( madduma bandara , 1991 ) .
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the malabar trevally , carangoides malabaricus , ( also known as the malabar jack , malabar kingfish and nakedshield kingfish ) is a species of large inshore marine fish of the jack family , carangidae .

it is distributed throughout the indian and west pacific oceans from south africa in the west to japan and australia in the east , inhabiting reefs and sandy bays on the continental shelf .

the malabar trevally is similar to many of the other species in the genus carangoides , with the number of gill rakers and the grey-brown colour of the tongue being the diagnostic features .

the malabar trevally is a predator , taking a variety of small fish , cephalopods and crustaceans .

the species is of minor economic importance throughout its range , caught by a variety of net and handline methods .

malabar trevally

we are acknowledged as prominent manufacturer and exporter of a fine grade of malabar trevally , which has managed to make its name in the international market . the clean and fresh quality malabar trevally is processed and packed as per the standards set by the seafood industry . moreover , customized packaging facilities are provided to the customers for malabar trevally . scientific name
we are acknowledged for offering malabar trevally fish . the clean and fresh quality malabar trevally is processed and packed as per the standards set by the seafood industry . moreover , customized packaging facilities are provided to the customers as per their requirement .
the species is commonly referred to as the brassy trevally , tea - leaf trevally , or greenback trevally in reference to its colouration , while papuan trevally is used in reference to the specific epithet . [ 4 ]
the brassy trevally , caranx papuensis ( also known as the brassy kingfish , papuan trevally , tea - leaf trevally , and green back trevally ) is a species of large marine fish classified in the jack family , carangidae .
day , f . ( 1865 ) .
on the fishes of cochin , the malabar coast of india part i
.
the malabar trevally is also known as the malabar jack , malabar kingfish and nakedshield kingfish . the malabar trevally has the typical body profile of a jack , with a strongly compressed body almost ovate in shape . the colour of the malabar trevally is usually a silver overlain by a bluish - grey hue on the upper side of the fish fading to a silvery white on the underside and lower flanks . it is marketed fresh , may be dried or salted . this video is taken in kasimedu , north chennai . kasimedu is one of the important fishing port in chennai . a usual day starts here busily at 4 a . m . they supply fish to some of the top hotels in the city . nearly 30 , 000 people visit the auction hall situated near the harbour everyday . 30 percent is sent to other states such as karnataka and kerala too .
the bluefin trevally is one of the premier gamefish of the indo - pacific region , although is often overshadowed by its larger cousin , the giant trevally .
most bluefin trevally sold in hawaii are now imported from other indo - pacific nations .
carangoides praeustus ( anonymous [ e . t . bennett ] , 1830 ) ( brownback trevally )
much in the way the related species , giant trevally have been observed to do in captivity .
hawaii also keeps catch records , with these showing the species is taken in far less numbers than the giant trevally , with only 704 pounds taken compared to 10 149 lbs of giant trevally in 1998 .
and a row of widely spaced conical teeth on the lower jaw . the blacktip trevally has 24 to 27
carangoides orthogrammus ( d . s . jordan & c . h . gilbert , 1882 ) ( island trevally )
the bluefin trevally has been successfully kept in large saltwater aquaria , but require large water volumes to adapt well .
the blacktip trevally is a large fish , growing to a maximum recorded size of 1 m in length and 12 . 5
in hawaii found the bluefin trevally is the most common trevally species taken , accounting for over 80 % of the carangid catch . the authors note that this may not only reflect its abundance , but also it vulnerability to specific fishing methods used in the tournament .
the golden trevally is not currently considered threatened ; however , it is exploited for small scale commercial or subsistence fisheries in coastal waters , usually using artisanal fishing methods such as gillnets and spears . juvenile golden trevally may be taken for the aquarium trade ( 2 ) .
the bluefin trevally hunts both as a solitary individual and in groups of up to 20 , with most fish preferring an individual approach .
the bluefin trevally is a large fish , growing to a maximum known length of 117 cm and a weight of 43 . 5 kg ,
an onion trevally , carangoides coeruleopinnatus , in lembeh strait , sulawesi , indonesia . source : jim greenfield / fishbase . license : all rights reserved
bray , r . a . & justine , j . - l . 2006 : prosorhynchus maternus sp . n . ( digenea : bucephalidae ) from the malabar grouper epinephelus malabaricus ( perciformes : serranidae ) off new caledonia . folia parasitologica , 53 , 181 - 188 . doi : 10 . 14411 / fp . 2006 . 024
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arkive species - golden trevally ( gnathanodon speciosus )
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arkive species - golden trevally ( gnathanodon speciosus )
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calculations suggest each individual bluefin trevally consumes around 45 kg of fish per year on average , making it one of the most effective predators in this habitat .
referred to as the ' bluefin trevally ' , with the species ' s distinctive blue fins contributing to most of its other common names . these include bluefin jack , bluefin kingfish , blue ulua , omilu , bluefinned crevalle and spotted trevally . the species has many other non - english names due to its wide distribution .
being the most common . despite the preference of several families , bluefin trevally do take a very wide variety of fish in small amounts , including various species of
the rapid decline in the population has seen a focus on breeding the bluefin trevally in captivity . the species ' aquaculture potential was first investigated in a 1975 experiment in
spawning occurs during april and may , with studies on the biology of the golden trevally showing that growth of the population occurs fastest during the summer months ( 2 ) .
; in this mode the trevally change their colour to a dark pigmentation state and hide behind large coral lumps close to where the aggregations ( often spawning reef fish ) occur .
long term studies have found the fish may range up to 10 . 2 km over several months , however is much less restricted in its movements than its relative , the giant trevally .
individuals of between 40 and 170 mm have been recorded in south african estuaries , where they are the least tolerant carangid to the brackish and freshwater conditions of these systems . bluefin trevally can tolerate
knaggs , b . ( 2008 ) . knaggs , b . , ed .
12 rounds with trevally
. saltwater fishing . silverwater , nsw : express publications ( 58 ) : 72–80 .
the bluefin trevally displays a remarkable array of hunting techniques , ranging from midwater attacks to ambush and taking advantage of larger forage fish . the species is reported to hunt during the day , particularly at
, once the prey school has been attacked , the trevally chases down the prey as they scatter back to cover in the corals , often colliding with coral as they attempt to snatch a fish .
the golden trevally is found throughout the indo - pacific region , east to the pacific coast of the americas ( baja california , mexico and ecuador ) ( 2 ) ( 4 ) ( 6 ) .
— melsvapelekė karangė statusas t sritis zoologija | vardynas taksono rangas rūšis atitikmenys : lot . caranx melampygus angl . bluefin jack ; bluefin trevally rus . звездчатый каранкс ; крапчатый каранкс ; синепёрый каранкс ryšiai : platesnis terminas –… …
the imposter trevally inhabits the tropical waters of the indian and west pacific oceans . its range extends from the gulf of oman through to india and sri lanka in the west , with a break in records from sri lanka to the gulf of thailand . in the west pacific the imposter trevally inhabits south east asian waters from the gulf of thailand to sumatra and borneo . it is distributed east towards the philippines and guam , and south to australia .
confined to inshore coastal habitats , the golden trevally is usually encountered over sandy bottoms , lagoons and coral and rocky reefs , to depths of around 50 metres ( 2 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) .
knaggs , b . ( 2008 ) . knaggs , b . . ed . 12 rounds with trevally . saltwater fishing ( no . 58 ) . silverwater , nsw : express publications . pp . 72–80 . isbn 8233000551 .
as other fish , the brassy trevally is the host of various parasites . internal parasites include the bucephalid digenean prosorhynchoides lamprelli in the intestine [ 17 ] and external parasites include the protomicrocotylid monogenean lethacotyle vera on the gills . [ 18 ]
trials . the catch statistics for the bluefin trevally are poorly reported in most of its range , with only parts of the western indian ocean supplying information to the fao . in this region , catch levels have fluctuated between 2 and 50
the brassy trevally is not of high importance to commercial fisheries , often finding its way to market as bycatch in various netting and hook - and - line fisheries . [ 8 ] catch statistics are not kept for the species . the species is of some importance to recreational fishermen , and is considered a good gamefish and is often taken by various fish baits , as well as lures and flies . [ 19 ] despite this , it is rarely targeted by anglers , who overlook it for larger relatives such as giant trevally and bluefin trevally , [ 20 ] with the species often being an incidental catch , and rarely kept . [ 21 ] the species is also commonly taken by spearfishermen . brassy trevally is considered to be an excellent table fish . [ 11 ] the species has been held in large saltwater aquaria , with studies at the reunion island aquarium reporting the species adjusts to aquarium life , but needs a large tank . [ 22 ]
the imposter trevally inhabits coastal waters throughout its range , often found over the sandy continental shelf in the waters off north west australia . here it is known to form cohabit with carangoides coeruleopinnatus and carangoides malabaricus in waters 30 to 140 m deep .
the imposter trevally is of little importance to fisheries throughout its range , occasionally caught using hook and line , bottom trawls and various types of artisanal nets . it is often found in the bycatch of northern australian prawn trawlers , and usually discarded .
once the prey is close enough to the hiding spot , the fish ram the base of the school , before chasing down individual fish . these dark fish in ambush mode vigorously drive away any other bluefin trevally that stray too close to the aggregation .
in many cases , the species uses changes in the depth of the reef such as ledges to conceal its ambush attacks . bluefin trevally also enter lagoons as the tide rises to hunt small baitfish in the shallow confines , leaving as the tide falls .
distinguished from other trevally species by its striking colouration , the golden trevally ( gnathanodon speciosus ) is beautiful bright yellow or golden as a juvenile and young adult , with a narrow black bar through the eye and between 7 and 12 vertical black bars , of alternating widths , along the body . the fins of this small fish are yellow , while the tail ( caudal fin ) is black - tipped and deeply forked . the second dorsal fin is larger than the first , and the pectoral fins are long and sickle - shaped ( 3 ) . as the golden trevally grows , the yellow becomes more silvery and iridescent , the black bars fade , and scattered , blackish blotches develop on the sides of the body ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) ( 7 ) . the golden trevally has thick , fleshy lips and a protractile ( extendable ) mouth . adults lack teeth , and only a few small teeth are present in the lower jaw of juveniles ( 4 ) ( 7 ) ( 8 ) ( 9 ) .
the brassy trevally is classified within the genus caranx , one of a number of groups known as the jacks or trevallies . caranx itself is part of the larger jack and horse mackerel family carangidae , a group of percoid fishes in the order perciformes . [ 1 ]
zhao , z . ; lu , y . ( 2006 ) .
establishment and characterization of two cell lines from bluefin trevally caranx melampygus
. diseases of aquatic organisms 68 ( 2 ) : 91–100 . doi : 10 . 3354 / dao068091 . pmid 16532601 .
the imposter trevally is classified within the genus carangoides , one of a number of groups of fish referred to as jacks and trevallies . carangoides is further classified in the family carangidae , itself part of the suborder percoidei and the order perciformes ; the perch - like fishes .
a silvery grey trevally often with five indistinct darker bars and scattered yellow spots on sides , a small black blotch on the upper part of the gill cover , and no scales on the breast to beyond the origin of the pelvic fins . juveniles have a filamentous lobe on the second dorsal fin .
the upper body of the bluefin trevally is a silver - brassy colour , fading to silvery white on the underside of the fish , often with blue hues . after they reach lengths greater than 16 cm , blue - black spots appear on the upper flanks of the fish , with these becoming more prolific with age .
meyer , c . g . ; honebrink , r . r . ( 2005 ) .
transintestinal expulsion of surgically implanted dummy transmitters by bluefin trevally—implications for long - term movement studies
. transactions of the american fisheries society 134 ( 3 ) : 602–60 . doi : 10 . 1577 / t04 - 082 . 1 .
the golden trevally is a fast - swimming , predatory fish . it typically hunts in small groups , foraging in the sand for invertebrates ( usually molluscs and crustaceans ) and small fish , which are sucked up into the mouth by extending the protractile jaws into a tube ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) . juvenile golden trevally often mimic the behaviour of pilot fish ( naucrates ductor ) , associating closely with sharks and other large fish ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ( 7 ) , and are also known to live among the tentacles of jellyfish ( possibly for protection against predators ) ( 2 ) ( 6 ) .
chambers , m . d . ( ostrowski , a . c . ) .
development of bluefin trevally ( caranx melampygus ) and greater amberjack ( seriola dumerili ) for offshore aquaculture
. joining forces with industry : proceedings third international conference on open ocean aquaculture , corpus christi , texas , may 10–15 , 1998 : 132–141 .
masuda , r . ; ziemann , d . a . ( 2003 ) .
vulnerability of pacific threadfin juveniles to predation by bluefin trevally and hammerhead shark : size dependent mortality and handling stress
. aquaculture 217 ( 1 - 4 ) : 249–257 . doi : 10 . 1016 / s0044 - 8486 ( 02 ) 00254 - 5 .
the brassy trevally is a large species of fish , growing to a known maximum of 88 cm in length and 6 . 4 kg in weight . [ 4 ] as its name suggests , the brassy trevally is a brassy to yellow greenish colour dorsally , becoming silvery white on the underside . juveniles generally lack the brassy tinge , being silver all over . [ 7 ] the species ' head and body above the lateral line is scattered with small black spots , with few spots occasionally much lower near the pectoral fins . these spots become more numerous with age . the species also has a conspicuous pale silvery - white spot with black margins shoulder near the upper opercle . the fins are yellow to dusky with the exception of the caudal fin , which has a dusky upper lobe and a dusky to yellow lower lobe and distinctive narrow white band on the trailing edge . [ 8 ] [ 9 ] it is often confused with the giant trevally , caranx ignobilis , but is best distinguished by its lighter dorsal colouring and abundant black spots .
holland , k . n . ; lowe , c . g . & wetherbee , b . m . ( 1996 ) .
movements and dispersal patterns of blue trevally ( caranx melampygus ) in a fisheries conservation zone
. fisheries research 25 ( 3 - 4 ) : 279–292 . doi : 10 . 1016 / 0165 - 7836 ( 95 ) 00442 - 4 .
morikake , a . m . ; moriwake , v . n . , ostrowski , a . c . & lee , c . - s . ( 2001 ) .
natural spawning of the bluefin trevally caranx melampygus in captivity
. aquaculture 203 ( 1 - 2 ) : 159–164 . doi : 10 . 1016 / s0044 - 8486 ( 01 ) 00621 - 4 .
kim , b . g . ; divikaran , s . , brown , c . l . & ostrowski , a . c . ( 2001 ) .
comparative digestive enzyme ontogeny in two marine larval fishes : pacific threadfin ( polydactylus sexfilis ) and bluefin trevally ( caranx melampygus )
. fish physiology and biochemistry 24 ( 3 ) : 225–241 . doi : 10 . 1023 / a : 1014054431627 .
the blacktip trevally ' s colouration is distinctive , with the upper body being dark bronze to yellow green while the lower body fades to silvery white below . the caudal fin is bright to olive yellow , with the top half normally black to dark , giving the species its common name . other fins range from bright yellow to dusky with little yellow at all . the species also lacks the dark spot on the
time movements are less extensive than daytime movements , with the trevally moving rapidly between several small reef sections , before slowing down and milling in one patch for around an hour . the fish living in a particular region congregate in one area at night , before returning to their individual daytime range during the day . the reason for this congregation is unclear , but may be important to the social structure of the species .
only one study has thoroughly recorded the diet of the imposter trevally , which was carried out in albatross bay , australia . it was found teleost fish made up 73 % of its diet , cephalopods 16 % and a variety of crustaceans including brachyurans and stomatopods the remainder . it is thought that the coexisting c . coeruleopinnatus and c . malabaricus use diet partitioning to allow this cohabitation . nothing is known of the species reproduction and growth patterns .
the imposter trevally is a silver to bluish grey dorsally , becoming silvery white below . a major distinguishing feature is the white to pale grey tongue , with this also seen in the carangid genus uraspis although their different body shapes prevent confusion with c . talamparoides . the operculum has a small black spot on its upper margin . the soft dorsal and anal fins are dusky in colour , while the caudal fin is dusky yellow with black distal margins .
the brassy trevally inhabits both inshore and offshore environments , predominantly inhabiting the seaward side of reef complexes or deepwater pinnacles as an adult . [ 11 ] other habitats the species is known from include rock outcrops in sandy bays and lagoons , [ 12 ] while juveniles are often found in tidal mangrove - lined creeks in turbid waters . [ 13 ] juveniles are also found in estuaries throughout their range , occasionally extending to the upper reaches of rivers . [ 14 ] [ 15 ] [ 16 ]
the brassy trevally is a predatory fish , traveling either individually or in small schools , where it hunts down a variety of prey including small fish , squid , prawns , and crabs . [ 11 ] studies on the species in natal estuaries found juveniles take predominantly crustaceans as prey , switching to teleosts as they mature . [ 14 ] other aspects of the species biology are poorly understood , including reproduction and movements , although catch data indicate higher numbers occur in south africa in summer . [ 11 ]
the brassy trevally is widespread throughout the tropical and subtropical waters of the indian and west pacific oceans . its range extends from south africa and madagascar north along the east african coast , but no records of the species are known from the red sea or persian gulf . records resume from india eastward throughout southeast asia , the indonesian archipelago and numerous indian ocean and east pacific island groups . the species is known from as far south as sydney , australia [ 10 ] and as far north as the ryukyu islands of japan . its range extends eastward to the marquesas islands in the central pacific . [ 4 ] [ 8 ]
it is similar in general appearance to most jacks in the genus , having a compressed , oblong body , with the dorsal profile more convex than the ventral profile , particularly anteriorly . [ 8 ] the dorsal fin is in two distinct parts ; the first consisting of eight spines and the second of one spine and 21 to 23 soft rays . the anal fin consists of two anteriorly detached spines followed by one spine and 16 to 19 soft rays , [ 9 ] while the pelvic fins have one spine followed by 19 to 20 soft rays . the lateral line is moderately arched anteriorly , with 53 to 61 scales in this section , while the straight section contains none to three scales and 31 to 39 strong scutes . the breast is naked ventrally with the exception of a small patch of scales before the pelvic fin . [ 7 ] the species has weakly developed adipose eyelids , while its dentition consists of an outer row of widely spaced canines and an inner band of villiform teeth in the upper jaw with a row of widely spaced conical teeth on the lower jaw . the brassy trevally has 26 to 30 gill rakers and 24 vertebrae . [ 8 ]
the imposter trevally is a relatively small species , growing to a maximum known length of 30 cm , still making it small compared to many of its relatives . the overall shape of the fish is similar to most of the other species in carangoides , having a strongly compressed almost ovate body , with the dorsal profile somewhat more convex than the ventral . this asymmetry is due to the dorsal profile of the head being strongly elevated to the nape . the dorsal fin is in two distinct sections ; the first consisting of 8 spines and the second of 1 spine and 20 to 23 soft rays . the long section of the anal fin is preceded by two detached spines , while the main fin has 1 spine and 17 to 19 soft rays . the lobes of both the soft dorsal and anal fins are low , being shorter than the head length . the lateral line has a moderate anterior arch , with the curved section of the line much longer than the straight section . there are 32 to 52 scales on the lateral line , with 20 to 32 of these being weak scutes at the base of the caudal fin . the breast is devoid of scales , with this area extending to behind the pelvic fins , and often as far as the anal fin , and reaching as far up as the pectoral fin base . the jaws both have bands of small villiform teeth , with some outer teeth becoming conical at the front of the mouth . there are 27 to 31 gill rakers and 24 vertebrae in total .
an annotated list of the 63 species in 23 genera of carangid fishes known from australian waters is presented . included in these 63 are eight endemic species , eight new australian records ( alepes vari , carangoides equula , c . plagiotaenia , c . talamparoides , caranx lugubris , decapterus kurroides , d . tabl and seriola rivoliana ) and a new species in the genus alepes . a generic key and specific keys to alectis , alepes , carangoides , scomberoides , selar , ulua and uraspis are given . the systematics of the 32 australian species of alectis , alepes , atule , carangoides ,
caranx
, elagatis , gnathanodon , megalaspis , pantolabus , scomberoides , selar , selaroides , seriolina , ulua and uraspis are covered in detail . for each species a recommended common name , other common names , australian secondary synonymy , diagnosis , colour notes , description , comparison with other species , maximum recorded size , ecological notes and distribution are given . specific primary synonymies are listed when the type locality is australia or papua new guinea
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turkish journal of fisheries and aquatic sciences ( journal , magazine , 2001 ) [ worldcat . org ]
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i thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : turkish journal of fisheries and aquatic sciences publisher : [ erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar ] : central fisheries resarch institute . isbn / issn : 1303 - 2712 oclc : 890294421
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turkish journal of fisheries and aquatic sciences / ; [ erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar ] : central fisheries resarch institute .
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
french , carangue , the name of a caribbean fish ; 1836 ( ref . 45335 )
marine ; reef - associated ; amphidromous ( ref . 51243 ) ; depth range 20 - 140 m ( ref . 11441 ) . tropical ; 40°n - 40°s , 26°e - 170°w
indo - west pacific : east coast of africa ( without verified records from the red sea ) to sri lanka and farther eastward to the gulf of thailand , north to japan and south to australia .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 60 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 2334 ) ; common length : 30 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 2334 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 9 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 20 - 23 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 17 - 19 .
adults occur in the continental shelf , near rocks and coral reefs ( ref . 7300 ) . they feed on crustaceans , small squids , and fishes ( ref . 5213 ) . juveniles are found in sandy bays ( ref . 2334 ) . marketed fresh , may be dried or salted ( ref . 5284 ) .
randall , j . e . , g . r . allen and r . c . steene , 1990 . fishes of the great barrier reef and coral sea . university of hawaii press , honolulu , hawaii . 506 p . ( ref . 2334 )
) : 22 . 6 - 28 . 4 , mean 27 . 2 ( based on 887 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 02239 ( 0 . 01635 - 0 . 03066 ) , b = 2 . 91 ( 2 . 85 - 2 . 97 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 9 ±0 . 52 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( k = 0 . 68 ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 25 of 100 ) .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
this species can be easily confused with carangoides talamparoides ( w . smith - vaniz pers . comm . 2015 ) .
justification : this species occurs western indian ocean , from south africa to the persian gulf , east to the indo - malayan region , south to queensland and north to japan . this species inhabits coral and rocky reefs . this species is utilised for human consumption and is marketed fresh and dried salted , although this has not yielded any observed or suspected population declines . there are no known major threats to this species , and there are there are numerous marine protected areas that intersect with its range . therefore , it is listed as least concern .
this species is broadly distributed in the western indian ocean , from south africa and madagascar , including the seychelles , to the persian gulf , east to the indo - malayan region , south to queensland and new south whales , australia , and north to japan ( where rare ) ( smith - vaniz 1984 , randall 1995 ) . this species is also known from mauritius and the seychelles ( accessed through the fishnet2 portal , www . fishnet2 . org , 2015 - 03 - 09 ) . the depth range 20 to 140 m ( randall 1995 ) .
australia ; bahrain ; brunei darussalam ; cambodia ; china ; disputed territory ( paracel is . , spratly is . ) ; djibouti ; french southern territories ( mozambique channel is . ) ; india ( andaman is . , nicobar is . ) ; indonesia ; iran , islamic republic of ; iraq ; japan ; kenya ; korea , republic of ; kuwait ; madagascar ; malaysia ; mauritius ; mozambique ; myanmar ; oman ; pakistan ; papua new guinea ; philippines ; qatar ; réunion ; saudi arabia ; seychelles ; singapore ; somalia ; south africa ; sri lanka ; taiwan , province of china ; tanzania , united republic of ; thailand ; timor - leste ; united arab emirates ; viet nam ; yemen
this species occurs over coral and rocky reefs over the continental shelf while juveniles are mainly found in shallow sandy bays . it is moderately tolerant of turbid waters . this species diet consists of crustaceans , small squids and fishes ( smith - vaniz 1984 ) . the maximum recorded total length ( tl ) is 60 cm ( randall et al . 1990 ) .
this species is collected mainly by hook - and - line , but also gillnets , and traps and is marketed fresh and dried salted ( smith - vaniz 1984 ) . this species is also taken as part of trawl fishery by - catch in some portions of its range ( hosseini et al . 2012 ) .
although this species is taken by hook - and - line , small traps and gill nets , there have been no observed or suspected population declines as a result . there are no other known major threats to this species .
there are no known species - specific conservation measures for this species ; however , its range overlaps with a number of marine protected areas ( iucn and unep 2014 ) .
this errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .
smith - vaniz , w . f . & williams , i . 2016 .
( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t20429800a115374938 .
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yearsley , g . k . , last , p . r . & morris , g . b . 1997 ,
codes for australian aquatic biota ( caab ) : an upgraded and expanded species coding system for australian fisheries databases
, pp . 15 pp . + appendices
mcculloch , a . r . 1929 ,
a check - list of the fishes recorded from australia . part ii
, memoirs of the australian museum , vol . 5 , pp . 145–329
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since its inception in the year 1997 , poonam ice & cold storage is witnessing growth and progress at an accelerated pace . the unit is situated on a coastal area surrounded by the arabian sea . under the efficient supervision of the management team , comprising of mrs . jaya . p . lodhari ( proprietor ) , mr . premji . k . lodhari ( p . a . holder / md ) , mr . nayan . p . lodhari ( marketing manager ) , the company has reached new horizons of success . moreover , the management and staff of poonam ice & cold storage stick to their commitment to the customers of providing the safest quality good seafood available in indian waters .
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which at that time was a common genus for placing carangid fishes . the origin of the
, the species was transferred there , where it has remained . there is some confusion over a species described by
despite this , the name remains valid amongst some authorities . a second , later independent description of the fish by
consists of 2 anteriorly detached spines followed by 1 spine and 15 to 17 soft rays .
the pattern of breast scales is variable , ranging from fully scaled to naked ventrally . the species has moderately well developed
and individually throughout its habitat , with juveniles more commonly found in shoals . they appear to be
and higher in the water column . prey items include a variety of fish ,
and can be taken by fish or squid baits as well as various patterns of lure and fly .
when taken from the water , the fish often ' grunt ' in similar manner to a young pig .
smith , j . l . b . ( 1968 ) .
studies in carangid fishes no . 4 . the identity of
smith - vaniz , w . ( 1986 ) .
family no . 210 : carangidae
. in smith & heemstra .
new , rare or little known scombrids . no . ii . carangidae
smith - vaniz , w . ( 1999 ) .
carangidae
. in carpenter , k . e . ; niem , v . h .
the living marine resources of the western central pacific vol 4 . bony fishes part 2 ( mugilidae to carangidae )
. fao species identification guide for fishery purposes . rome : fao . pp .
khalaf , m . a . ; krupp , f . ( 2003 ) .
two new records of fishes from the red sea
.
, from kagoshima : the first records from japan and northernmost records for the species
.
this article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 6 / 13 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .
the species was first scientifically described by the dutch ichthyologist pieter bleeker in 1852 based on the holotype specimen taken from western sumatra in indonesia . bleeker named this new species carangoides talamparoides , with the specific epithet having a slightly ambiguous meaning . talam is a length measurement spanning the length of the thumb to little finger , par is greek for ' equal ' and oides translates to ' like ' - possibly indicating the small size of the holotype . bleeker ' s classification is still considered to be correct to this day , with some authors incorrectly reassigning the species to caranx , and only one junior synonym has been applied ; carangoides gibber by henry weed fowler .
the species was first scientifically described by the australian zoologists haynes gibbs alleyne and william john macleay in 1877 based on a specimen collected from hall sound off papua new guinea , which was designated to be the holotype . [ 2 ] they named the species caranx papuensis , with the specific epithet taking its name from papua new guinea where the holotype was taken . [ 3 ] they referred the species to the genus caranx , where it has remained . the species was independently redescribed twice ; the first by samuel garman , who applied the name caranx regularis and then by j . l . b . smith with the name caranx celetus . [ 4 ] the species was apparently widely confused with the now dubious caranx sansun , [ 5 ] a move which resulted in smith trying to resolve the taxon by renaming the species that had been identified as c . sansun , [ 6 ] which led to several now defunct junior synonyms .
hosese , d . f . ; bray , d . j . ; paxton , j . r . ; alen , g . r . ( 2007 ) . zoological catalogue of australia vol . 35 ( 2 ) fishes . sydney : csiro . p . 1150 . isbn 978 - 0 - 643 - 09334 - 8 .
alleyne , haynes g . ; william j . macleay ( 1877 ) .
the ichthyology of the chevert expedition
. proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales . 1 ( 3–4 ) : 261–281 . issn 0370 - 047x .
froese , rainer and pauly , daniel , eds . ( 2009 ) .
caranx papuensis
in fishbase . april 2009 version .
fricke , r . ( 1999 ) . fishes of the mascarene islands ( réunion , mauritius , rodriguez ) : an annotated checklist , with descriptions of new species . koeltz scientific books . p . 759 . isbn 978 - 3 - 87429 - 411 - 9 .
smith , j . l . b . ( 1968 ) .
studies in carangid fishes no . 4 . the identity of scomber sansun forsskal , 1775
. occasional papers of the department of ichthyology , rhodes university . 15 : 173–184 . issn 0075 - 207x .
lin , pai - lei ; shao , kwang - tsao ( 1999 ) .
a review of the carangid fishes ( family carangidae ) from taiwan with descriptions of four new records
. zoological studies . 38 ( 1 ) : 33–68 .
. fao species identification guide for fishery purposes . rome : fao . pp . 2659–2757 .
randall , john ernest ; roger c . steene ; gerald r . allen ( 1997 ) . fishes of the great barrier reef and coral sea . university of hawaii press . p . 161 . isbn 0 - 8248 - 1895 - 4 .
hutchins , b . ; swainston , r . ( 1986 ) . sea fishes of southern australia : complete field guide for anglers and divers . melbourne : swainston publishing . p . 187 . isbn 1 - 86252 - 661 - 3 .
van der elst , rudy ; peter borchert ( 1994 ) . a guide to the common sea fishes of southern africa . new holland publishers . p . 142 . isbn 1 - 86825 - 394 - 5 .
laroche , j . ; e . baran ; rsoandrasana , n . b . ( 1997 ) .
temporal patterns in a fish assemblage of a semiarid mangrove zone in madagascar
. journal of fish biology . 51 ( 1 ) : 3–20 . doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1095 - 8649 . 1997 . tb02509 . x . pmid 9236084 .
blaber , s . j . m . ; cyrus , d . p . ( 1983 ) .
the biology of carangidae ( teleostei ) in natal estuaries
. journal of fish biology . 22 ( 2 ) : 173–188 . doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1095 - 8649 . 1983 . tb04738 . x .
kuo , s . r . ; h . j . lin ; k . t . shao ( 1999 ) .
fish assemblages in the mangrove creeks of northern and southern taiwan
. estuaries . coastal and estuarine research federation . 22 ( 4 ) : 1004–1015 . doi : 10 . 2307 / 1353079 . issn 0160 - 8347 . jstor 1353079 .
justine j - l , rahmouni c , gey d , schoelinck c , hoberg ep ( 2013 ) .
hansford - steele , b . ( 2004 ) . african fly - fishing handbook . struik . p . 472 . isbn 978 - 1 - 86872 - 882 - 4 .
. department of fisheries , perth , western australia . no . 153 : 1–64 . archived from
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gold - barred jack , golden horsmackerel , golden jack , golden king , golden kingfish .
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grandcourt , e . m . , al abdessalaam , t . z . , francis , f . and al shamsi , a . ( 2004 ) population biology and assessment of representatives of the family carangidae carangoides bajad and gnathanodon speciosus ( forssk°al , 1775 ) , in the southern arabian gulf . fisheries research , 69 : 331–341
van der elst , r . ( 1993 ) a guide to the common sea fishes of southern africa . struik publishers , cape town , south africa .
randall , j . e . ( 1995 ) coastal fishes of oman . crawford house publishing pty ltd , bathurst , australia .
king , d . and fraser , v . ( 2001 ) more reef fishes and nudibranchs : east and south coast of southern africa . struik publishers , cape town , south africa .
grove , j . s . and lavenberg , r . j . ( 1997 ) the fishes of the galápagos islands . stanford university press , stanford , california .
randall , j . e . , allen , g . r . and steene , r . c . ( 1997 ) fishes of the great barrier reef and coral sea ( revised edition ) . crawford house publishing pty ltd , bathurst , australia .
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carangidae is a family of fish which includes the jacks , pompanos , jack mackerels , runners , and scads . they are marine fishes found in the atlantic , indian and pacific oceans . most species are fast - swimming predatory fishes that hunt in the waters above reefs and in the open sea ; some dig in the sea floor for invertebrates .
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