the common river galaxias or canterbury galaxias ( galaxias vulgaris ) is a galaxiid fish of the genus galaxias , found only in canterbury , new zealand .

common river galaxias

common galaxias , galaxias maculatus . avon river , stratford , gippsland , victoria .
keywords : common bullies , ecology , longfin eels , selwyn river , styx river .
common galaxias , galaxias maculatus . source : rudie h . kuiter / aquatic photographics . license : all rights reserved
the swan galaxias cannot coexist with introduced fish , particularly brown trout and redfin perch , and the native common jollytail galaxias maculatus .
spotted galaxias ( galaxias truttaceus ) , common galaxias ( galaxias maculatus ) , freshwater flathead , tupong ( pseudaphritis urvillii ) and southern shortfin eel ( anguilla australis ) in fotheringate creek , flinders island , tasmania .
bray , d . and gomon , m . ( 2015 ) galaxias maculatus common galaxias in museums victoria collections urltoken accessed 10 july 2018
common galaxias and pygmy perch ( nannoperca ) in darlot creek , western victoria , april 2017 .
glenelg shire - crawford river , ellengowan wetland - tyrendarra , fitzroy river , glenelg river , kangaroo creek , long swamp , shaw river , wannon river , bridgewater lakes , eumeralla river .
video of common galaxias stranded in pools left by high spring tides in the lower reaches of the thurra river in croajingolong national park , victoria .
keywords : aesthetic quality , aesthetic values , aesthetics , canterbury rivers , halswell river , river flow preferences , selwyn river , waimakariri river .
keywords : ephemeral river , ephemeral river reach , flow levels , invertebrates , microbes , river flows , selwyn river , solutes , subsurface flowpaths .
the common galaxias is very widespread . it is found in australia , new zealand , patagonian south america and the falkland islands .
keywords : ecological , hydrologically complex , modelling , relationship , river characteristics , river flow , river recharge , runoff , selwyn river , water resource consent .
note : both the dwarf galaxias and little galaxias should be considered nationally endangered ( coleman et al 2015 ) .
keywords : avon river , banks peninsula streams , canterbury rivers , catchment map , cultural sites , ecological times , ellesmere area streams , ellesmere system , habitats , halswell river , hawkins , heathcote river , hororata river , irwell , kaituna river , long bay stream , maps , okuti river , rakaia river , selwyn river , significant sites , species , styx river , waianiwaniwa river , waterway threats .
the species grows to 19 cm but is more common to about 10 cm in length .
the common galaxias is usually found in still or slow - flowing waters like streams rivers and lakes . they feed on aquatic and terrestial insects and crustaceans .
keywords : control works , erosion , flood mitigation , flooding , modification , river characteristics , rivers , selwyn river , waimakariri river .
keywords : alluvial plain system , groundwater , modelling , selwyn river , selwyn river basin .
river flow controls ecological processes and invertebrate assemblages in subsurface flowpaths of an ephemeral river reach .
wellington shire - bruthen creek deep creek north of yarram , dingo creek , flooding creek , latrobe river , merriman creek , monkey creek , perry river , sale common , long waterhole - longford .
keywords : alpine rivers , ashley , avon river , biomass , chlorophyll a concentration , dissolved reactive phosphorus , drp , flows , foothill river , nitrogen , nutrient , periphyton , periphyton biomass , periphyton chlorophyll river flow , rakaia , regulation , selwyn river , spring fed river , waimakariri river .
keywords : dolomedes aquaticus , fishing spider , future , impacts , low flows , low river flow , predictions , riparian fishing spider , river drying , river flow , selwyn river , spatial distribution .
keywords : ephemeral river , ephemeral waterways , inundation , invertebrate , microbes , responses , selwyn river .
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heavily - infected fish are weak and slow - moving , making them an easy target for predators . galaxiids ( minnows ) , particularly the common galaxias , are often infected by ligula .
short resource summary : [ hide ] this article looks at longfin eels and common bullies collected from the selwyn river and styx river in canterbury and a study was carried out determining the different interactions between the two species .
clearing and plantation practices also posses a threat to the habitat of dwarf galaxias and little galaxias through reduced water yields ( saddlier et al . 2006 ) .
keywords : abstraction , alluvial river , benchmark , flow rates , increasing demand , river system , selwyn river , system , undammed , variable flow , water demand .
greek , galaxias , ou = a kind of fish ( ref . 45335 )
impacts of longfin eels ( anguilla dieffenbachii ) on the behaviour of common bullies ( gobiomorphus cotidianus ) held in captivity .
please contribute information regarding the dwarf galaxias - observations , images or projects . contact swifft
the known range of the swan galaxias includes headwater streams in eastern tasmania in the swan river and macquarie river catchments , and between upper st pauls river in the north and rocka rivulet in the south ( see distribution map , above ) . the potential range for the swan galaxias may include other as yet un - surveyed streams in the tamar catchment .
hill and waikakahi streams , awakino river , otekaieke river , maerewhenua river , and welcome creek / whakapapa ariki ) flow into the main stream . collectively these tributaries , which have peak flows in winter , provide two percent of the river flow…
keywords : catchment characteristics , geology , glaciation , homogenous , landscape change , landscape evolution , moraine , physiographic history , propositions , river course , river path , selwyn catchment , selwyn river , selwyn river catchment , shingle fans , stream erosion .
short resource summary : [ hide ] this paper uses the selwyn river as a case study of an ephemeral river reach and considers the way different river flows influence ecological processes occurring in the waterway .
keywords : benthic invertebrates , flowing permanence , flowing water , river characteristics , selwyn river , suface - subsurface exchange , water present .
little galaxias - galaxiella toourtkoourt . male ( top ) and female . image : michael hammer .
keywords : brown trout , canterbury galaxias , fish , persistence , refugia , selwyn river , spatial distribution , spatial patterns , surveys , upland bullies , upland bully .
dwarf galaxias galaxiella pusilla female ( upper ) and male . image : rudie kuiter , aquatic photographics .
toxoplasma gondii is a common zoonotic parasite of mammals , including people , and birds . studies have found that toxoplasma is common and widely distributed among native animals in western australia . 1 the parasite is genetically highly variable with many different strains that vary in how much damage they cause to the host .
little galaxias - galaxiella toourtkoourt is now known to occur from the upper barwon river system near barwon downs , victoria , west to the cortina lakes , near the coorong , south australia . the common name little galaxias is based on it being the smallest species in the galaxiidae . the scientific name toourtkoourt is from the australian indigenous language groups tjapwurrung , korn kopan noot , and peekwurrung , meaning ‘little fish in freshwater’ ( coleman et al . 2015 ) .
numbers of selected fish species collected in the four river stretches and their percent occurrence ( in parentheses ) . dominant species for each river stretch are boldfaced .
new distribution of little galaxias includes areas west of dotted line . ( based on colman et al . 2015 )
both dwarf galaxias and little galaxias occur through a variety of different land tenures e . g . national parks , urban reserves , state forest , heritage rivers and private land / other tenures . these different land / water tenures divide the responsibility of the dwarf galaxias and little galaxias habitat to the corresponding agencies or individual stakeholders which could interfere with the implementation of future management actions . in victoria , 42 locations have been identified as important areas for management actions .
characteristics and substrate type . we surveyed shes in four 1 - km long river
in a large southeastern brazil river . hydrobiologia , 556 : 69 - 83 .
aquatic invertebrate community structure along an intermittence gradient : selwyn river , new zealand .
low river flow alters the biomass and population structure of a riparian predatory invertebrate .
the selwyn river of new zealand : a benchmark system for alluvial plain rivers .
' like a fish out of water ' : life in a disappearing river .
the common galaxias can be recognised by a combination of characters that include an elongate body , dorsal and anal fins located opposite each other at the posterior of the body and a forked tail . its colouration ranges from green to amber , with a variable covering of spots and blotches .
primarily fed by the the upper waitaki , an additional 2 % of water flow comes from the hakataramea river , elephant hill and waikakahi streams , awakino river , otekaieke river , maerewhenua river , welcome creek / whakapapa ariki , and wainono lagoon and its tributaries including the waihao and hook rivers and the makikihi and otaio rivers .
keywords : annual , banks peninsula , biotic health , coes ford , foothill river , habitat health , habitat trend analysis , health , inter - montane basin , lowland river , macroinvertebrate , mountain fed rivers , river classification , trends , wadeable streams .
in australian waters , common galaxias inhabit temperate coastal flowing streams and rivers east and south of the great dividing range , from brisbane , queensland , to albany , western australia . the species also occurs on flinders island and king island , bass strait , and is widespread at low elevations in tasmania .
martin f . gomon & dianne j . bray , galaxias maculatus in fishes of australia , accessed 10 jul 2018 , urltoken
keywords : brown trout , hydrology , management , recreation , selwyn river , trout .
mclean , f . , s . e . swearer & n . c . barbee . 2007 . the role of olfaction in the avoidance of native versus non - native predators by recruits of the common galaxiid , galaxias maculatus . new zealand journal of marine and freshwater research 41 : 175 - 184 .
dwarf galaxias galaxiella pusilla is now only known from the mitchell river basin near bairnsdale , west to dandenong creek near melbourne in victoria , flinders island in bass strait and north - eastern and north - western tasmania .
control of predator / competitor species ; stocking of species such as trout and redfin should be avoided where dwarf galaxias are known to occur and where feasible species such as gambusia and redfin should be reduced from habitats where populations of dwarf galaxias are under threat .
dwarf galaxias galaxiella pusilla - is now only known from the mitchell river basin near bairnsdale , west to dandenong creek near melbourne in victoria , flinders island in bass strait and north - eastern and north - western tasmania .
fishes in the slovak section of the river danube . j appl ichthyol 21 : 345–349 .
keywords : air exposure , leaf litter , selwyn river , submerged , terrestrial leaf litter .
keywords : contact recreation , contact recreation guideline , contamination , management , microbial water quality , recreation , recreational use , selwyn river , waimakariri river , water quality , water quality .
hydrological aspects of brown trout management in the selwyn river system , canterbury , new zealand .
keywords : 7dmalf , abstractions , allocation , isohydal map , low flows , naturalising river flows , regression equations , selwyn river , seven - day mean annual low flow , water availability .
the dwarf galaxias is considered vulnerable in victoria due to threats which have significantly impacted upon its distribution and abundance and the continuation of threats such as habitat destruction and potential predation from introduced species which are likely to lead to extinction . it was recommended for listing under the flora & fauna guarantee act 1988 in 1991 . coleman et al . 2015 recommend both the dwarf galaxias and little galaxias should be considered nationally ‘endangered’
study area , guandu river , indicating the four sampled stretches . wtp , water treatment plant .
the aesthetic value of river flows : an assessment of flow preferences for large and small rivers .
short resource summary : [ hide ] this journal article looks at the selwyn river and uses it as a ‘benchmark system’ to exemplify an undammed alluvial river which is under increasing pressure to increase abstraction quantities . the selwyn river system is overviewed , along with the ongoing monitoring programme being implemented .
keywords : causes , coes ford , low flows , low flows , selwyn river , trends .
beyond the dwarf galaxias’s immediate habitat , damage to streamside vegetation within the catchment can lead to increased run off , sedimentation , flow of chemicals and nutrients from the land into the water which can impact on the dwarf galaxias habitat even though these impacts may be some distance away .
other critical habitat which is often utilised by the dwarf galaxias , particularly in extended dry conditions are areas which naturally connect wetlands to a river or creek ( saddlier et al . 2006 ) . the dwarf galaxias has a remarkable capacity to travel great distances overland between different pools , provided there is flowing water of no less than 2cm deep connecting these pools ( beck 1985 ) .
keywords : benthic , benthic invertebrates , ephemeral waterways , flow duration , flow duration , intermittent flow , invertebrate , location , perennial - losing , perrennial - gaining , river habitat , selwyn river .
short resource summary : [ hide ] this article uses the selwyn river as an example of a hydrologically complex river to determine the relationships between runoff , recharge and river flow . understanding the relationships between the different river characteristics is useful for water resource developments and for determining the impact that different hydrological characteristics have on ecological processes . linear and logistic models were used for the purpose of this study .
) in the rhine river . tagungsband der deutschen gesellschaft für protozoologie und parasitologie 2010 : 244 p .
natural variation in immersion and emersion affects breakdown and invertebrate colonization of leaf litter in a temporary river .
mean annual low flow ( seven day ) and mean flow mapping for the upper selwyn river catchment .
keywords : dams , demand , groundwater , irrigation , resource management , selwyn river , surface water .
jung , c . a . , n . c . barbee & s . e . swearer 2009 . post - settlement migratory behaviour and growth - related costs in two diadromous fish species , galaxias maculatus and galaxias brevipinnis . journal of fish biology 75 ( 3 ) : 503 - 515 .
to avoid increasing the risk of population extinction – do not carry out any activities which could enable these fish to enter streams supporting the swan galaxias .
this species complex has always been assessed as a single species , and therefore no conservation actions specifically target this species . some of the taxa within this complex will benefit from river health monitoring and the planned river rehabilitation programs on the krom and rondegat rivers ( cederberg ) and the krom river ( eastern cape ) .
short resource summary : [ hide ] this article looks at the selwyn river and the different benthic invertebrates that were witnessed at four different locations along the river . this allowed for the relationship between the various river habitat conditions ( i . e . flow duration ) and the different species present to be commented on .
to what extent are the fish compositions of a regulated river related to physico - chemical variables . . .
( p = 93 . 0 % ) in the danube river . nachev et al . ( 2010 )
river research and applications . vol . 24 . # 1 . page ( s ) 1 - 21 .
where the lowland section of the river starts to braid . the video above shows how badly the river is affected by introduced weed species including willow and gorse . some islands have been cleared of weeds as part of an
in order to recognise the species if it occurs on your property , learn to identify the swan galaxias . if in doubt , seek expert assistance with identification .
keywords : agriculture , broom , gorse , nitrate , nitrogen , nitrogen fixing , riparian zones , selwyn river .
short resource summary : [ hide ] this article uses five new zealand rivers , including the selwyn river to investigate the influence of low river flows on the riparian fishing spider , dolomedes aqauticus . this was undertaken as part of a consideration of the impacts of river drying which is expected to increase in extent and severity in the future .
invertebrate and microbial responses to inundation in an ephemeral river reach in new zealand : effects of preceding dry periods .
to avoid loss of remaining populations – do not construct dams or other water storages in locations where these may lead to loss of trout barriers to swan galaxias populations .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 19 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 44894 ) ; common length : 10 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5259 )
identifying cultural service values of a small river in the agricultural landscape of canterbury , new zealand , using combined methods .
keywords : ecosystems , fish , fish species , freshwater , habitat , intermittent flow , selwyn river , wetted area .
lake ellesmere water management plan : age and size of the selwyn river brown trout spawning runs , 1912 - 1987 .
short resource summary : [ hide ] this thesis was submitted as part of a master of science at the university of canterbury and looks at brown trout management in the selwyn river as related to hydrological characteristics . it includes a description of the selwyn river characteristics and an overview of recommendations for how to improve the quality of the trout fishery in the river .
short resource summary : [ hide ] this niwa powerpoint presentation looks at the selwyn river , new zealand and presents an overview of the selwyn river and catchment . a study was undertaken to gather baseline data on the river and to conduct sampling and experiments to do so . this presentation includes some of the data gathered and depicts the process of doing so .
jowett , i . g . & j . richardson . 1995 . habitat preferences of common , riverine new zealand native fishes and implications for flow management . new zealand journal of marine and freshwater research , 29 : 13 - 23 . [ links ]
galaxias maculatu s has one of the world ' s largest natural distributions for a freshwater fish . it is known australia , new zealand and the southern tip of south america .
mountain , coastal and lowland streams of the cape floristic region from tributaries of the gamtoos and krom river systems in the east to the cederberg mountains ( olifants river system ) in the west ( western and eastern cape provinces of south africa ) .
( andrusov , 1897 ) in the main river ( germany ) . aquatic invasions 2 , 3 : 261–264 . available :
keywords : biofilm quality , biofilms , groundwater , groundwater biofilms , nutrient concentration , nutrient gradient , nutrients , selwyn river .
keywords : aquifer structure , artificial aquifer recharge , artificial discharge , geology , groundwater , groundwater abstraction , groundwater recharge , hydrogeological investigations , inter - aquifer recharge , land use change , land use intensification , modelling , piezometric data , rainfall recharge , rakaia catchment , rakaia river , raw data , recharge , river characteristics , river - aquifer interaction , selwyn catchment , selwyn river , selwyn - rakaia groundwater , surface - groundwater interface , transmissivity , water abstraction , water availability , water balance .
keywords : baseline , baseline data , cross - section , ephemeral channel , ephemeral river , flow monitoring , flow path , groundwater level , intermittent flow , monitoring , perennial - losing , piezometers , sampling , selwyn river , trends , well monitoring .
flora & fauna guarantee act 1988 ; action statement no . 258 dwarf galaxias galaxiella pusilla , 2015 , department of environment , land , water & planning , victoria . view as pdf
to avoid inundation of habitat , alteration of water flow regimes and breaching of barriers to introduced fish – avoid construction of water storages in or near known populations of the swan galaxias .
( pallas , 1814 ) ( gobiidae ) in the longitudinal profile of the danube river . j appl ichthyol 27 : 879–886 .
keywords : empirical longitudinal flow model , flow estimation , flow frequencies , flow magnitude , longitudinal study , selwyn river , trends .
short resource summary : [ hide ] this paper outlines a study undertaken to assess flow regime requirements for the lower selwyn river . minimum residual flows , seasonal flow requirements and a flow regime required to maintain and sustain instream values on the river is included .
because riparian vegetation is utilised by the dwarf galaxias as both habitat and a food source it is important to maintain the integrity of wetland and streamside vegetation . damage to this vital resource by clearing or uncontrolled stock access damages habitat and increases the risk of sedimentation and deterioration of water quality . drainage of wetlands that are capable of supporting populations of dwarf galaxias reduces the population viability .
keywords : aquifer characteristics , aquifers , aquifers , dairy expansion , farming , farming practices , future management , geology , geomorphology , geomorphology , groundwater , groundwater , groundwater age , groundwater ages , groundwater chemistry , groundwater demand , groundwater flow , groundwater recharge , groundwater recharge , groundwater - surface water interface , hororata river , hororata river , hydrology , hydrology , intensive farming , intensive land use , irrigation , irrigation , land surface activities , land use change , management , nitrate - nitrogen , oxygen - 18 , piezometric contours , recharge , recharge sources , river gaugings , selwyn catchment , selwyn plains , selwyn river , selwyn river , spring - fed , springs , surface water , upper selwyn catchment , upper selwyn plains , waianiwaniwa river , water chemistry , water levels , water quality , water quantity .
saddlier s , jackson j , hammer m , 2006 , draft recovery plan for dwarf galaxias , galaxiella pusilla ( mack ) 2005 – 2009 , department of sustainability and environment , heidelberg , victoria .
) ( cottidae ) from the st . clair river and lake st . clair , michigan , usa . folia parasit 44 : 1–6 .
ecosystem health monitoring programme november - december 2006 and site specific habitat trend analysis 2000 – 2006 . study of selwyn river at coes ford .
hale , r . & s . e . swearer . 2008 . otolith microstructural and microchemical changes associated with settlement in the diadromous fish galaxias maculatus . marine ecology progress series 354 : 229 - 234 .
education and awareness ; raising community awareness and working with landholders to protect dwarf galaxias habitat through retention of wetlands , protection of riparian zones and control of fertilizer run off assists with conservation of this species .
latrobe city - loy yang creek , moe contour drain , morwell river wetlands , wades creek , waterhole creek swamp , triutary of boyds creek .
santos , a . b . i . , b . f . terra & f . g . araújo . 2010 . fish assemblage in a dammed tropical river an analysis along the longitudinal and temporal gradients from river to reservoir . zoologia , 27 : 732 - 740 . [ links ]
( guenther , 1861 ) ( osteichthyes , gobiidae ) from the danube river in austria . diploma thesis , university of wien : 47 p .
streams supporting the swan galaxias are all protected from trout invasion by some form of barrier ( waterfall , marsh , small channel ) , and maintaining these barriers to trout movements is vital in protecting the populations .
short resource summary : [ hide ] this report looks at the selwyn river and investigates the brown trout spawning runs present in the river . data from 1912 to 1987 was analysed and used to determine any changes or trends that have occurred in regards to the age and size ( growth ) of the brown trout in the river . the raw data utilised for the purposes of this report is included in tables at the back of this resource
keywords : algal bloom , benthic algae , benthic cyanobacteria , benthic cyanobacteria , benthic taxa , cyanobacteria , health risk , lake ellesmere , lake forsyth , nodularia , phormidium autumnale , sampling , scytonema , selwyn river , surface water quality , taxonomy , the groynes , waimakariri river , water quality .
short resource summary : [ hide ] focusing on aesthetic value , this paper looks at the various preferences for river flow levels for eight different sized rivers . a survey was carried out to determine what the desired flow level was for each river and the results are presented in this journal article .
short resource summary : [ hide ] this journal article looks at the selwyn river as an example of an ephemeral river in new zealand and investigated the invertebrate and microbial responses to changes in the level of inundation ( where there is a shift from a terrestrial ecosystem to an aquatic ecosystem ) .
keywords : base flow , calcium , chemical analysis , dissolved reactive phosphorous , flow rate , median conditions , median flow , new zealand rivers , potassium , raw data , rivers , selwyn river , sodium , surface water , temperature , turbidity , waimakariri river , water chemistry , water quality .
jowett , i . g . 2002 . in - stream habitat suitability criteria for feeding inanga ( galaxias maculatus ) . new zealand journal of marine and freshwater research , 36 : 399 - 407 . [ links ]
terra , b . f . , a . b . i . santos & f . g . araújo . 2010 . fish assemblage in a dammed tropical river : an analysis along the longitudinal and temporal gradients from river to reservoir . neotropical ichthyology , 8 : 599 - 606 . [ links ]
short resource summary : [ hide ] this report presents the mapping of 7 - day mean annual flows for the upper tributaries of the selwyn river .
to avoid introduction of exotic fish to waters currently free from these species – do not carry out any activities , including active stocking , which could lead to the establishment of introduced fish in streams supporting the swan galaxias .
berra , t . m . , l . crowley , w . ivantsoff & p . a . fuerst . 1996 . galaxias maculatus : an explanation of its biogeography . mar . freshw . res . 47 : 845–849 .
pollard , d . a . 1972 . the biology of a landlocked form of the normally catadromous salmoniform fish galaxias maculatus ( jenyns ) . iv . nutritional cycle . australian journal of marine and freshwater research 23 : 39–48 .
in the murray - darling basin the species is known from lake alexandrina and lake albert near the murray river mouth to about mannum on the lower murray and streams of the mt lofty ranges in south australia . the species is thought to have been introduced into the wimmera , loddon and campaspe river catchments in victoria .
short resource summary : [ hide ] this article looks at the selwyn river with its intermittent flow which is a difficult habitat for aquatic creatures to reside in . it offers some answers on how fish and other species survive in a river which may only be wetted for as little as 30 % of the year .
keywords : agricultural development , border dyke irrigaiton , canterbury groundwater , central plains , geological data , groundwater , groundwater quantity , groundwater recharge , irrigation , irrigation efficiency , irrigation recharge , land use intensification , rainfall recharge , rakaia river , recharge depths , selwyn river , spray irrigation , water infiltration , water table .
barbee , n . c . & s . e . swearer . 2007 . characterizing natal source population signatures in the diadromous fish , galaxias maculatus , using embryonic otolith chemistry . marine ecology progress series 343 : 273 - 282 .
mcdowall , r . m . 1972 . the species problem in freshwater fishes and the taxonomy of diadromous and lacustrine populations of galaxias maculatus ( jenyns ) . j . r . soc . n . z . 2 : 325–367 .
the loss of geocherax sp . through predation , change in hydrological flows and habitat loss is a key threatening process to the dwarf galaxias . the reliance of the geocherax sp . burrows for refuge in dry times and for protection from other species consequently means that this species of yabbie and its subsequent requirements such as diet must also be maintained to prevent the extinction of the dwarf galaxias ( beck 1985 , saddlier et al . 2006 , threatened species section 2006 ) .
keywords : aesthetic , aesthetic values , agricultural development , agriculture , choice experiment , cultural service , ecosystem service , habitat , intensive agriculture , irrigation , land use change , land use intensification , lower selwyn river , management , q method , recreation , selwyn river , spirit recreational values , spiritual values , value , values .
chessman , b . c . & williams , w . d . 1975 . salinity tolerance and osmoregulatory ability of galaxias maculatus ( jenyns ) ( pisces , salmoniformes , galaxiidae ) . freshw . biol . 5 : 135 - 140 .
pollard , d . a . 1971 . the biology of a landlocked form of the normally catadromous salmoniform fish galaxias maculatus ( jenyns ) . i . life cycle and origin . australian journal of marine and freshwater research 22 : 91–123 .
pollard , d . a . 1971 . the biology of a landlocked form of the normally catadromous salmoniform fish galaxias maculatus ( jenyns ) . ii . morphology and systematic relationships . australian journal of marine and freshwater research 22 : 125–137 .
pollard , d . a . 1972 . the biology of a landlocked form of the normally catadromous salmoniform fish galaxias maculatus ( jenyns ) . iii . structure of the gonads . australian journal of marine and freshwater research 23 : 17–38 .
pollard , d . a . 1973 . the biology of a landlocked form of the normally catadromous salmoniform fish galaxias maculatus ( jenyns ) . v . composition of the diet . australian journal of marine and freshwater research 24 : 281–295 .
. . . lts of river sounding on mahakam river , especially in the location of fish and shrimp sampling as well as water sampling showed that the water depth ranges between 6 . 0 - 11 . 0 m . the detailed profile of measured river is presented infigure 3and 4 . generally , species of fish can live in various places , but they , specifically , occupy a particular place . costa et al . ( 2013 ) caught 1223 fishes of seven species in four rivers with different depths ( > 8 m ) and wide range of conditions . 70 % of the fishes were caught from river with depth of < 4 m and had a weight of 64 % of overall weight . lakra et al . ( 2010 ) added that the species richness of river fish with hydrology attributes positively correlated to the depth . . .
short resource summary : [ hide ] this article presents the chemical analysis results of a survey of 96 rivers across new zealand sampled in 1987 to determine their base flow ( median conditions ) . sampled three times , the rivers included the selwyn river and waimakariri river . appendix one of includes the raw data gathered from this sampling project .
short resource summary : [ hide ] this 1950’s thesis looks at the selwyn river catchment , describing both its nature and origin . the geology of the area is detailed in this thesis and three theories or propositions are justified and explained by the author . these propositions include but are not limited to the proposition that until ice modified the selwyn river valley the whole catchment could have had a homogenous physiographic history and that the selwyn river course has been determined by shingle fans originating from other larger , nearby rivers .
typical dwarf galaxias habitat ; shallow wetland connected to a creek . wetland containing species such juncus , persecaria , phragmites , triglochin and typha . melaleuca trees are also a dominant feature of the vegetation community at some sites . image : daniel stoessel .
the dwarf galaxias is a generalist carnivore that feeds mainly on zooplankton , where planktonic crustaceans and chironomids can be the main sources of their diets but they have also been observed feeding on filamentous algae ( cadwallader & backhouse 1983 , humphries 1986 ) .
keywords : brown trout , fish , fish characteristics , fish stock , patterns , selwyn river , spawning runs , surface water , trends , trout age , trout size .
we conducted fish sampling and environmental measurements in four 1 - km long river stretches in two ( winter / dry and summer / wet ) seasons during two years ( 2010 and 2011 ) . seven evenly spaced longitudinal sections were established as the sampling sites along each 1 - km river stretch . each river stretch encompassed different mesohabitats , such as runs , riffles , and pools ( table 1 ) . the sampling design comprised a total of 112 samples ( 2 seasons × 2 years × 4 stretches × 7 sections ) .
pollard , d . a . 1974 . the biology of a landlocked form of the normally catadromous salmoniform fish galaxias maculatus ( jenyns ) vi . effects of cestode and nematode parasites . australian journal of marine and freshwater research 25 : 105 - 120 .
waters , j . m . & c . p . burridge . 1999 . extreme intraspecific mitochondrial dna divergence in galaxias maculatus ( osteichthyes : galaxiidae ) , one of the world’s most widespread freshwater fish . mol . phylogenet . evol . 11 : 1–12 .
jowett , i . g . 1989 . river hydraulic and habitat simulation , rhyhabsim computer manual . ministry of agriculture and fisheries , new zealand fisheries miscellaneous report 49 . [ links ]
maitland , p . s . 1965 . the distribution , life cycle , and predators of ephemerella ignita ( poda ) in the river endrick , scotland . oikos 16 : 48–57 .
, which apparently serve as second intermediate hosts in the river rhine , get infected by oral intake of the first intermediate hosts . specified final hosts are bird species of the family laridae
chapman , a . , morgan , d . l . & gill , h . s . 2009 . description of the larval development of galaxias maculatus in landlocked lentic and lotic systems in western australia . new zealand journal of marine and freshwater research 43 : 563–569 .
cochran , p . a . and d . r . mcconville . 1983 . feeding by trionyx spiniferus in backwaters of the upper mississippi river . j . herpetol . 17 : 82–86 .
sac ( scientific advisory committee ) , 1991 , final recommendation on a nomination for listing : galaxiella pusilla ( mack , 1936 ) – dwarf galaxias ( nomination no . 141 ) , scientific advisory committee , flora and fauna guarantee , department of conservation and environment , melbourne .
bernauer d , jansen w ( 2006 ) recent invasions of alien macroinvertebrates and loss of native species in the upper rhine river , germany . aquatic invasions 1 , 2 : 55–71 . available :
parasites of the recently established round goby ( neogobius melanostomus ) and tubenose goby ( proterorhinus marmoratus ) ( cottidae ) from the st . clair river and lake st . clair , michigan , usa
glova , g . j . , p . m . sagar and i . näslund . 1992 . interaction for food and space between populations of galaxias vulgaris stokell and juvenile salmo trutta l . in a new zealand stream . j . fish . biol . 41 : 909–925 .
a review of the dwarf galaxias galaxiella pusilla in 2015 has resulted in the description of two distinct species across what was previously considered one species . the revised distribution of galaxiella pusilla s . s . has reduced its range by approximately 60 % ( coleman et al . 2015 ) .
monitoring ; all critical populations of dwarf galaxias should be monitored and their habitats also monitored for quality ( both water and vegetation ) and habitat quantities ( beck 1985 , koster 2003 , saddlier et al . 2006 ) . this is being carried out through an on - going monitoring program .
cadwallader , p . l . 1975b . feeding relationships of galaxiids , bullies , eels and trout in a new zealand river . aust . j . mar . freshw . res . 26 : 299–316 .
some remarks on parasitic infections of the invasive neogobius spp . ( pisces ) in the hungarian reaches of the danube river , with a description of goussia szekelyi sp . n . ( apicomplexa : eimeriidae )
hicks , a . , n . c . barbee , s . e . swearer & b . j . downes . 2010 . estuarine geomorphology and low salinity requirement for fertilisation influence spawning site location in the diadromous fish , galaxias maculatus . marine and freshwater research 61 : 1252 - 1258 .
the dwarf galaxias is thought to be an annual species , where adults die after spawning . therefore it is vital to have successful recruitment each year , or severe declines in populations will occur , potentially leading to the extinction in certain areas ( humphries 1986 , saddlier et al . 2006 ) .
fuller , r . l . and k . w . stewart . 1977 . the food habits of stoneflies ( plecoptera ) in the upper gunnison river , colorado . environ . ent . 6 : 293–302 .
short resource summary : [ hide ] this article uses the lower selwyn river basin as a case study to assess whether a 1 - d model would be suitable to an alluvial plain system in new zealand .
becker , a . , laurenson , l . j . b . , jones , p . l . & newman , d . m . 2005 . competitive interactions between the australian native fish galaxias maculatus and the exotic mosquitofish gambusia holbrooki , in a series of laboratory experiments . hydrobiologia 549 : 187–196 .
hickford , m . j . h . , cagnon , m . & schiel , d . r . 2010 . predation , vegetation and habitat - specific survival of terrestrial eggs of a diadromous fish , galaxias maculatus ( jenyns , 1842 ) . journal of experimental marine biology and ecology 385 : 66–72 .
the recent and remarkable hydrologic changes in the guandu system , with the introduction of an additional water discharge of 160 m 3 s - 1 , the withdrawal of 47 m 3 s - 1 , may have influenced habitat availability , among other physical constraints , most likely affecting fish distributions throughout the river . according to poff ( 1997 ) , each aquatic system has peculiar characteristics that act as filters to determine which species are apt to occupy the habitats , and the patterns of abundance and distribution are a result of the ways in which the species adjust to local environmental conditions . the strong fish - habitat relationship observed in this study suggests that hydraulic and substrate variables are important environmental filters affecting the guandu river . although our findings are specific to the guandu river basin , the patterns of preferences observed may be consistent and transferable to other neotropical river basins .
short resource summary : [ hide ] this journal article uses the selwyn river as a case study for looking at terrestrial leaf litter and how this relates to the proportion of time spent submerged or exposed to air .
short resource summary : [ hide ] this report contains information on a number of different rivers in canterbury . for each river a description and overview is given , the important species and habitats are identified , along with important sites . threats to the waterway are also listed , as well as the significant ecological times throughout the year . a map of each river and its catchment , with the identified significant sites is also included .
chapman , a . , morgan , d . l . , beatty , s . j . & gill , h . s . 2006 . variation in life history of land - locked lacustrine and riverine populations of galaxias maculatus ( jenyns 1842 ) in western australia . environmental biology of fishes 77 : 21–37 .
mayflies are ubiquitous in freshwater environments . as a result , they are a common and important component in the flow of energy through ecosystems , both aquatic and terrestrial . many predators include mayflies on their menu of organisms consumed including invertebrates , vertebrates and at least one plant . this paper examines the diversity of organisms that consume mayflies . some of the more interesting aspects of this predation are discussed . a list of 224 predators is included as a table .
substrate preferences of seven dominant native fish species in the guandu river . type of substrate : 1 , clay ; 2 , mud ; 3 , sand ; 4 , boulder / cobble / gravel ; 5 , bedrock .
copp , g . h . 1990 . effect of regulation on 0 + fish recruitment in the great ouse , a lowland river . regulated rivers : research & management , 5 : 251 - 263 . [ links ]
fuller , r . l . and k . w . stewart . 1979 . stonefly ( plecoptera ) food habits and prey preference in the dolores river , colorado . amer . midl . natural . 101 : 170–181 .
short resource summary : [ hide ] this report summarises data from the annual health monitoring programme of canterbury’s wadeable streams and rivers gathered between 2000 and 2006 . it includes a study of the selwyn river at coes ford .
fuller , r . l . and h . b . n . hynes . 1987 . feeding ecology of three predacious aquatic insects and two fish in a riffle of the speed river , ontario . hydrobiologia 150 : 243–255 .
lavandier , p . 1982 . larval development , feeding and production of isoperla viridinervis pictet ( plecoptera , perlodidae ) in a cold river in the high mountains . ann . limnol . 18 : 301–318 . ( in french )
short resource summary : [ hide ] the selwyn river is used as the basis of the research presented in this journal article which looks at the onsite response of groundwater biofilms positioned in monitoring wells to changes in nutrients levels .
7 - page pdf file that includes maps , habitat types , and threats relevant to this river . this document was extracted from forest & bird’s 177 - page 20mb file on all rivers , lakes , and coastal areas .
habitat for the swan galaxias includes the following elements : streams generally in forested country , with low gradient and range in size from extremely small , spring - fed streams to large rivers . streams occupied by healthy populations are protected from trout invasion and establishment by some form of barrier ( waterfall , marsh , variable flow ) .
bernauer d , jansen w ( 2006 ) recent invasions of alien macroinvertebrates and loss of native species in the upper rhine river , germany . aquatic invasions 1 , 2 : 55–71 . available : urltoken . accessed 05 june 2012 .
short resource summary : [ hide ] this article looks at the proportion of time that flowing water is present in water bodies and how this influences benthic invertebrates . the selwyn river was used as a case study for this research .
a small slender , elongate olive - grey to amber galaxias with irregular darker spots or blotches on the back and sides , a slightly forked tail , and the anal - fin origin directly below the dorsal - fin origin . the eyes , gill covers and belly are silvery - olive to white , and the fins are translucent .
denoncourt , c . e . and j . r . stauffer , jr . 1993 . feeding selectivity of the american eel anguilla rostrata ( lesueur ) in the upper delaware river . amer . midl . natural . 129 : 301–308 .
short resource summary : [ hide ] this article looks at the nitrogen fixing capabilities of different vegetation along riparian areas . the selwyn river is used as a case study with the source of nitrogen into the waterway and surrounding soils examined .
sarcoptic mange , or scabies , is a well - known threat to the health of endangered or isolated wildlife populations . 51 in southeast australia , common wombats ( vombatus ursinus ) are under threat from sarcoptes scabei var . wombati , a variant of scabies which occurs throughout their home range . 52 this has the potential to severely reduce local wombat numbers , and threaten the survival of small isolated populations . scientists have strong evidence that this variant of scabies came from humans and domestic dogs . 53
mcdowall , r . m . , m . r . main , d . w . west and g . l . lyon . 1996 . terrestrial and benthic foods in the diet of the shorjawed kokopu , galaxias postvectis clarke ( teleostei : galaxiidae ) . n . z . j . mar . freshw . res . 30 : 257–269 .
the principal method for surveying for freshwater fish including the swan galaxias involves electro - fishing . this technique requires specialist equipment and expertise , where an electric current is passed through the stream water to stun any fish present . when performed correctly , the sampled fish are unharmed . this technique should only performed by trained specialists with the appropriate permits .
brookes , a . , k . l . gregory & f . h . dawson . 1983 . an assessment of river channelization in england and wales . the science of the total environment , 27 : 97 - 111 . [ links ]
leuven rsew , van der velde g , baijens i , snijders j , van der zwart c , et al . ( 2009 ) the river rhine : a global highway for dispersal of aquatic invasive species . biol invasions 11 : 1989–2008 .
van der velde g , platvoet d ( 2007 ) quagga mussels dreissena rostriformis bugensis ( andrusov , 1897 ) in the main river ( germany ) . aquatic invasions 2 , 3 : 261–264 . available : urltoken . accessed 05 june 2012 .
galaxias maculatus inhabits a wide range of environments , usually in still or slow - flowing waters such as streams , rivers and lakes within a short distance of the sea . the species is sometimes found in brackish streams and can tolerate salinities up to 50 ppt . some populations are landlocked and others are diadromous , migrating downstream to the estuaries to spawn .
rhame , r . e . and k . w . stewart . 1976 . life cycles and food habits of three hydropsychidae ( trichoptera ) species in the brazos river , texas . trans . amer . ent . soc . 102 : 65–99 .
scrimgeour , g . j . and m . j . winterbourn . 1987 . diet , food resource partitioning and feeding periodicity of two riffle - dwelling fish species in a new zealand river . j . fish . biol . 31 : 309–324 .
citation : emde s , rueckert s , palm hw , klimpel s ( 2012 ) invasive ponto - caspian amphipods and fish increase the distribution range of the acanthocephalan pomphorhynchus tereticollis in the river rhine . plos one 7 ( 12 ) : e53218 . urltoken
short resource summary : [ hide ] this article looks at the position of refugia ( those fish which have survived in a certain area but have been made extinct in other surrounding areas ) and how this relates to the landscape of the selwyn river .
short resource summary : [ hide ] this article uses a regression equation to model and predict the seasonal low flows at coes ford , on the selwyn river between 1984 and 2005 . the trends are commented on , namely the decrease in low flow occurrences .
although there is a clear consensus that modified flow regimes in regulated rivers are affecting fishes and fish habitat , the severity and direction of the response varies widely ( murchie et al . , 2008 ) . the guandu river represents a good opportunity for the study of fish habitat preferences . accordingly , the aim of this study was to describe habitat suitability for the dominant fish species in the guandu river . we assessed fish occurrence and measured three physical variables : depth , water velocity , and type of substrate . we sampled four 1 - km long river stretches encompassing different mesohabitats , surveying two stretches upstream from the impoundment and two downstream . we tested the hypothesis that fish preferences for a given habitat stretch differ depending on local differences in water velocity , depth , and type of substrate .
ormerod , s . j . and s . j . tyler . 1991 . exploitation of prey by a river bird , the dipper cinclus cinclus ( l . ) , along acidic and circumneutral streams in upland wales . freshw . biol . 25 : 105–116 .
suzuki , h . i . , a . a . agostinho & k . o . winemiller . 2000 . relationship between oocyte morphology and reproductive strategy in loricariid catfishes of the parana river , brazilian journal fish biology , 57 : 791 - 807 . [ links ]
collier , k . j . and g . l . lyon . 1991 . trophic pathways and diet of blue duck ( hymenolaimus malacorhynchos ) on manganuiateao river : a stable carbon isotope study . n . z . j . mar . freshw . res . 25 : 181–186 .
the dwarf galaxias galaxiella pusilla is a very small , scaleless and elongated native freshwater fish . and one of four members of the genus galaxiella in australia , other members being ; galaxiella toourtkoourt south - west victoria to south eastern south australia , galaxiella munda and galaxiella nigrostriata , which are both located in southern western australia ( coleman et al . 2015 , fishbase 2007 , waters et al . 2000 ) .
pinto , b . c . t . , f . g . araújo & r . m . hughes . 2006 . effects of landscape and riparian condition on a fish index of biotic integrity in a large southeastern brazil river . hydrobiologia , 556 : 69 - 83 . [ links ]
bianca jagger : cop18 failed to turn down the heat huffington post restored land can be put to a mosaic of uses such as agriculture , protected wildlife reserves , ecological corridors , regenerated forests , managed plantations , agroforestry systems and river or lakeside plantings to protect waterways . we launched plant …
stewart , k . w , g . p . friday and r . e . rhame . 1973 . food habits of hellgrammite larvae , corydalus cornutus ( megaloptera : corydalidae ) , in the brazos river , texas . ann . ent . soc . amer . 66 : 959– 963 .
dedual , m . and k . j . collier . 1995 . aspects of juvenile rainbow trout ( oncorhynchus mykiss ) diet in relation to food supply during summer in the lower tongariro river , new zealand . n . z . j . mar . freshw . res . 29 : 381–391 .
keywords : algae , avon - heathcote estuary , central plains , central plains water , central plains water enhancement scheme , construction effects , discharges , dissolved oxygen , dissolved reactive phosphorus , drp , estuares , hydrodynamics , hydrology , lake ellesmere , lowland streams , microbiology , nitrogen , nutrient concentration , nutrients , pesticides , phosphorus , rakaia , selwyn river , surface runoff , surface water , surface water quality , suspended solids , te waihora , temperature , turbidity , turbidity , waianiwaniwa river valley , waianiwaniwa valley , waimakariri , water clarity , water quality , water quality , water races , wetlands .
ogle , d . h . , j . h . selgeby , r . m . newman and m . g . henry . 1995 . diet and feeding periodicity of ruffe in the st . louis river estuary , lake superior . trans . amer . fish . soc . 124 : 356–369 .


it was described by miller in 1994 .

the length of the forewings is 9 – 10 mm .

oroya aurora

type - species : oroya aurora miller , 1994 . descr . phys . répub . argent . 5 : 427 . [ bhl ]
the genus name refers to la oroya , peru , the type locality of the type species . the species name refers to the orange colour of a sunrise and is derived from latin aurora . [ 2 ]
oroya fever and verruga peruana : bartonelloses unique to south america . - pubmed - ncbi
oroya aurora is a moth in the dalceridae family , and the only species in the genus oroya . it was described by miller in 1994 . [ 1 ] it is found in southern peru and adjacent bolivia . the habitat consists of tropical premontane wet , tropical premontane moist and subtropical ( lower ) montane wet forests .
well , apparently you’ve attracted a blood disease rarely seen in the united states , oroya fever .
genus : oroya miller , 1994 . bull . mus . comp . zool . harv . 153 ( 4 ) : 382 . [ bhl ]
oroya fever is another name for what is known as carrion ' s disease , which belongs to a set of bacteria - related diseases known as bartonellosis .
oroya fever is a deadly blood disease that is rare in the united states , but more common in continents such as south ameria and africa . it is transmitted through the bite of a sand fly .
biostor is built by @ rdmpage , code on github . page images from the biodiversity heritage library .
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the length of the forewings is 9–10 mm . adults are orange , with uniform deep orange forewings . adults are on wing in january , march , may and from october to december .
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piper halliwell contracted the disease in 2000 . she was bitten in the shoulder by a sand fly that had survived the transport of a batch of kiwano fruit from south america . she eventually fainted and was taken to the hospital , where she was questioned by dr . curtis williamson . he prescribed her antibiotics and wanted to run more tests and blood work .
piper later slipped into a coma and her sisters asked leo to heal her . when he informed them that he couldn ' t help , the sisters cast a spell that transported the disease into a doll . this caused the doll to come alive and spread the disease across the hospital . the sisters eventually reversed the spell to save the lives of others , causing piper to slip back into her coma . when piper was about to die and move on into the afterlife , leo healed her after all . [ 1 ]
the dvd subtitles and various websites incorrectly spell the disease name as either oroyo or arroyo fever .
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plos negl trop dis . 2014 jul 17 ; 8 ( 7 ) : e2919 . doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pntd . 0002919 . ecollection 2014 jul .
minnick mf 1 , anderson be 2 , lima a 2 , battisti jm 1 , lawyer pg 3 , birtles rj 4 .
division of biological sciences , university of montana , missoula , montana , united states of america .
department of molecular medicine , morsani college of medicine , university of south florida , tampa , florida , united states of america .
laboratory of parasitic diseases , national institute of allergy and infectious diseases , national institutes of health , bethesda , maryland , united states of america .
school of environment and life sciences , university of salford , salford , united kingdom .
pmid : 25032975 pmcid : pmc4102455 doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pntd . 0002919
( a ) erythrocyte infection during of , as observed in a blood smear stained with wright ' s stain ( reprinted by permission from ) . ( b ) vp lesions on a child in peru ( reproduced from future microbiology 4 ( 6 ) : 743–758 ( 2009 ) with permission of future medicine , ltd ) .
plos negl trop dis . 2014 jul ; 8 ( 7 ) : e2919 .
( a ) female l . verrucarum at 16 h post - feeding with an artificial blood feeder containing human blood and gfp - expressing b . bacilliformis ( low - passage strains 14866 and 14868 ) . ( b ) light micrograph of l . verrucarum midgut at five days post - feeding on human blood containing gfp + b . bacilliformis . central brown area is residual blood meal . ( c ) corresponding uv light micrograph of ( b ) . note the gfp + b . bacilliformis in residual blood meal and elsewhere in the midgut .
monthly sand fly collection results from three villages in the cusco region , peru .
results show a unimodal annual population distribution pattern with : ( a ) corresponding mean morning ( blue line ) and evening ( pink line ) temperatures and ( b ) corresponding mean morning ( green line ) and evening ( red line ) relative humidity . collections were made during two nights per month at case homesteads from march 2001 to august 2004 . the data gap between october 2001 and january 2002 is due to a cessation of activity mandated by the peruvian ministry of health .
results of collection - bottle - rotator ( cbr ) trap collections of sand flies in peru .
results show that : ( a ) nightly sand fly activity is limited to early evening ( 1800–2000 hrs ) from march through july , the coldest part of the year , which represents the peruvian winter , and ( b ) as nighttime temperatures increase in late august through november ( late winter and spring ) , sand fly activity extends throughout the night . “inside” and “outside” refer to trap locations within and outside a domicile , respectively .
bacteria were grown three days on heart infusion agar containing 4 % sheep erythrocytes and 2 % sheep serum at 30°c and 100 % relative humidity . cells were subsequently fixed in 2 % glutaraldehyde in cacodylate ( ph 7 . 2 ) , epoxy embedded by standard methods , then sectioned and stained with uranyl acetate ( ua ) and lead citrate stains . micrographs show b . bacilliformis ( strain kc583 ) : ( a ) from a thin section ; ( b ) applied directly to a grid stained with ua to show flagella . scale bars represent 100 nm in ( a ) and 500 nm in ( b ) .
has the lowest gc % ( 35 . 7 % ) . several virulence - related orfs have been used to infer phylogeny (
) and black circles indicate their presence in a particular species . ( b ) multiple alignment of seven complete genomes using pm . location , orientation and position of
locks ( lcbs ) shared amongst all chromosomes are color - coded and connected by lines . user can analyze location , orientation , and size of lcbs in multiple chromosomes simultaneously ( red arrowheads ) . local rearrangements , duplications , and inversions are easily identified . abbreviations correspond to the
b . bacilliformis colonization of cell membrane deformations is readily apparent . reprinted by permission from .
type specimens : type ( s ) peru : ? locality , ( ? depository ) . .
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this is a directory page . britannica does not currently have an article on this topic .
aids , transmissible disease of the immune system caused by the human immunodeficiency virus ( hiv ) . hiv…
a generalized , acute , febrile , endemic , and systemic form of bartonellosis ; marked by high fever , rheumatic pains , progressive , severe anemia , and albuminuria .
a generalized , acute , febrile , endemic , and systemic form of bartonellosis ; marked by high fever , rheumatic pains , progressive , severe anemia , and albuminuria . synonym ( s ) : carrión disease .
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