the southern pied babbler ( turdoides bicolor ) is a species of bird in the leiothrichidae family , found in dry savannah of botswana , namibia , south africa , and zimbabwe .

southern pied babbler

southern pied babbler ( turdoides bicolor ) is a species of bird in the leiothrichidae family .
chorus - call classification in the southern pied babbler : multiple call types given in overlapping contexts .
southern pied babbler nest with eggs , nylsvley area , south africa . [ photo warwick tarboton © ]
museum specimens indicate historical distributions . the map below shows locations from which museum specimens of southern pied babbler were collected . you can see more information on the individual museum specimens of southern pied babbler here .
nelson - flower , m . j . 2010 . kinship and its consequences in the cooperatively breeding southern pied babbler (
the pied babbler research project was established by me in 2003 and is based in the southern kalahari desert , south africa .
southern pied babblers , marakele national park , south africa . [ photo trevor hardaker © ]
pied babbler sentinel . image by alex thompson , cc by - sa 3 . 0 .
[ a southern pied babbler ( turdoides bicolor ) subordinate female immediately before dispersal to become dominant in a new group . dispersal is an important mechanism whereby southern pied babblers avoid inbreeding ; though there is no sex - bias in dispersal distance , individuals move twice as far from birth groups as from subsequent groups . southern pied babblers are found throughout the kalahari . . . [ show full abstract ]
golabek ka , radford an ( 2013 ) chorus - call classification in the southern pied babbler : multiple call types given in overlapping contexts . behaviour . pp . 1–22 .
nelson - flower mj ( 2010 ) kinship and its consequences in the cooperatively breeding southern pied babbler , turdoides bicolor cape town : university of cape town . 139 p .
humphries dj . 2013 . the mechanisms and function of social recognition in the cooperatively breeding southern pied babbler , turdoides bicolor . phd thesis , macquarie university , sydney , australia .
55 . engesser , s . , ridley , a . r . & townsend , s . w . 2016 . meaningful call combinations and compositional processing in the southern pied babbler .
[ 2 ] golabek k . 2011 . vocal communication and the facilitation of social behaviour in the southern pied babbler ( turdoides bicolor ) . phd thesis , university of bristol , bristol .
51 . ridley , a . r . 2016 . southern pied babblers : the dynamics of conflict and cooperation in a group living society . in
3 . ridley , a . r . & thompson , a . m . 2010 . dominatricks : reproductive conflict between female southern pied babblers .
happily for us there will be several presentations of our babbler research at the isbe conference in lund this year ( both pied and arabian babbler research ) . we look forward to presenting our babbler research to the behavioural ecology community . for a link to the isbe website , click
we welcome rute and robbie to the babbler project . both will be collecting data on pied babbler behaviour for several months over the summer breeding season and have done very will to learn the ropes so quickly .
ridley a , raihani n ( 2007 ) facultative response to a kleptoparasite by the cooperatively breeding pied babbler . behavioral ecology 18 : 324–330 .
a r ridley , a m thompson ( 2010 ) dominatricks : reproductive conflict between female southern pied babblers . africa birds & birding 15 , 30 - 34 [ magazine articles ]
distribution of southern pied babbler in southern africa , based on statistical smoothing of the records from first sa bird atlas project ( © animal demography unit , university of cape town ; smoothing by birgit erni and francesca little ) . colours range from dark blue ( most common ) through to yellow ( least common ) . see here for the latest distribution from the sabap2 .
du plessis , k . l . 2011 . heat tolerance of southern pied babblers in the kalahari desert - how will they respond to climate change ? msc thesis , university of cape town .
2 . ridley , a . r . & raihani , n . j . 2007 . facultative response to a kleptoparasite by the cooperatively breeding pied babbler .
the southern african bird atlas project ( sabap1 ) in namibia gathered a huge amount of distribution data between 1970 and 1993 .
may 2012 a new baby has been born to members of the pied babbler research community . congratulations to nichola and dave on the birth of their son joseph .
endemic to southern africa , where it is locally common in arid and semi - arid savanna woodland across northern namibia , botswana , zimbabwe and northern south africa . it is absent from more open habitats , such as that of the southern kalahari desert .
research on southern pied babblers was approved by the northern cape conservation authority and by the ethics committee , department of zoology , university of cape town ( aec no . 2006 / v15 / ar ) .
lyons , c . 2006 . the effect of environmental versus social factors on changes in territory size in the pied babbler . hons thesis , university of cape town .
a r ridley , n j raihani ( 2007 ) facultative response to a kleptoparasite by the cooperatively breeding pied babbler behavioral ecology 18 : 2 . 324 - 330 mar
24 . ridley , a . r . & thompson , a . m . 2011 . heterospecific egg destruction by wattled starlings and the impact on pied babbler reproductive success .
october 2012 a new baby has been born to members of the pied babbler research community ! congratulations to krys and neil on the birth of their beautiful baby son arun .
congratulations to sabrina engesser , who will also be joining the pied babbler research team this breeding season . sabrina won a phd scholarship to zurich university . we are delighted to have two new researchers join the pied babbler team ( james & sabrina ) , especially since dave humphries and alex thompson finished the fieldwork component of their phds this april !
nelson - flower mj , hockey par , o’ryan c , ridley ar ( 2012 ) inbreeding avoidance mechanisms : dispersal dynamics in cooperatively breeding southern pied babblers . journal of animal ecology 81 : 876–883 . pmid : 22471769
13 . radford , a . n . & ridley , a . r . 2008 . close - calling regulates spacing between foraging competitors in the group - living pied babbler .
[ 7 ] raihani n . j . & ridley a . r . 2008 . experimental evidence for teaching in the wild pied babbler . animal behaviour 75 : 3 - 11
58 . engesser , s . , ridley , a . r . & townsend , s . w . 2017 . element repetition rates encode functionally distinct information in pied babbler ‘clucks’ and ‘purrs’ .
april 2012 congratulations to james westrip , who will be joining the pied babbler research team this breeding season . james won a phd scholarship to edinburgh university and will be supervised by dr matt bell
[ 1 ] radford a . n . & ridley a . r . 2008 . close calling regulates spacing between foraging competitors in the group - living pied babbler . animal behaviour 75 : 519 - 527 .
my research interests are centred on avian social and breeding behaviour , and during the course of my phd ( supervised by dr . matt bell & dr . per smiseth ) i hope to investigate intra - and interspecific signalling and communication in the southern pied babbler . utilising playback and feeding experiments i aim to ascertain the amount of information use by babblers in a social context .
[ 11 ] ridley a . r . & raihani n . j . 2007 . facultative response to a kleptoparasite by the cooperatively breeding pied babbler . behavioural ecology , doi : 10 / 1093 / bebeco / ar1092
1 . ridley , a . r . 2006 . going gangbusters : group dynamics in pied babblers .
hockey par , dean wrj and ryan pg 2005 . roberts - birds of southern africa , viith ed . the trustees of the john voelcker bird book fund , cape town .
nelson - flower mj , hockey par , o ' ryan c , raihani nj , du plessis ma , ridley ar ( 2011 ) monogamous dominant pairs monopolize reproduction in the cooperatively breeding pied babbler . behavioral ecology 22 : 559–565 .
recently , i have been collaborating with mandy ridley to investigate the interspecific interactions that pied babblers have with other kalahari birds . to date this work has focused on cuckoo - host interactions between pied babblers and jacobin cuckoos (
collar , n . & robson , c . ( 2018 ) . southern pied babbler ( turdoides bicolor ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
following this , i worked as a research assistant for dr mandy ridley at the pied babbler project ( 2011 - 2013 ) . i carried out playback experiments and collected and analysed sound data from individuals and groups , throughout the breeding seasons .
) are anything to go by , then pied babblers may live for more than 15 years in the wild .
raihani , n . j . 2008 . cooperation and conflict in pied babblers . phd thesis , cambridge university .
keynan , o . & yosef , r . 2010 . temporal changes and sexual differences of impaling behavior in southern grey shrike ( lanius meridionalis ) . behavioral processes 85 , 47 - 51 .
) over nest locations . more recently we have begun to investigate information transfer between pied babblers and scimitar - bills (
) , and the way in which pied babblers facultatively adjust their alarm calls to predators depending upon their reproductive stage .
graduated from the university of edinburgh in 2013 in zoology . she worked for eight months at the pied babbler research project , and is now studying biology , gender and philosophy independently while she figures out what to do next . blog coming soon at urltoken !
babbler with black bill , wings and tail . head and body are pure white , with brownish - black tail and wing . . .
36 . ridley , a . r . & van den heuvel , i . m . 2012 . is there a difference in reproductive performance between cooperative and non - cooperative species ? a southern african comparison .
25 . nelson - flower , m . j . , hockey , p . , o’ryan , c . raihani , n . , du plessis , m . & ridley , a . r . 2011 . monogamous dominant pairs monopolize reproduction in the cooperatively breeding pied babbler .
keynan , o . & yosef , r . 2010 . annual precipitation affects reproductive success of the southern grey shrike ( lanius meridionalis ) . the wilson journal of ornithology 122 ( 2 ) , 334 - 339 .
m j nelson - flower , p a r hockey , c o ' ryan , n j raihani , m a du plessis , a r ridley ( 2011 ) monogamous dominant pairs monopolize reproduction in the cooperatively breeding pied babbler behavioral ecology 22 : 3 . 559 - 565 may
ridley , a . r . 2003 . the causes and consequences of helping behaviour in the cooperatively breeding arabian babbler . phd thesis , cambridge university .
2016 . vocal cues to identity : pied babblers produce individually distinct but not stable loud calls . ethology 122 , 609 - 619 .
7 . ridley , a . r . & huyvaert , k . p . 2007 . sex - biased preferential care in the cooperatively breeding arabian babbler .
the reference for the information following is
roberts birds of southern africa
, 7th edition * edited by par hockey , wrj dean and pg ryan , published by
the trustees of the john voelcker bird book fund .
comprehensive observations of pied babbler group life histories and breeding attempts were collected from july 2003 to may 2008 at the kuruman river reserve , south africa ( lat 26°58′s , long 21°49′e ) ( for information on climate and vegetation , see raihani and ridley 2007 ) . twenty - three wild pied babbler groups were habituated to the close presence of a human observer at a distance of 2–3 m , allowing observational data to be collected without disturbing natural behavior ( for habituation techniques , see ridley and raihani 2007a ) . each individual in the population was ringed with a unique combination of colored leg rings .
11 . raihani , n . j . & ridley , a . r . 2008 . experimental evidence for teaching in wild pied babblers .
we would like to thank prof tim clutton - brock , prof marta manser and the kuruman reserve trust for access to their land . we would like to thank the percy fitzpatrick institute of african ornithology for supporting the pied babbler research project . we would also like to thank martha nelson - flower for her genetic research on parentage in the pied babbler population . this work was also funded by a macquarie university studentship . we thank the northern cape conservation authority for research permits . ethical clearance was provided by the university of cape town and approved under ethics number r2012 / 2006 / v15 / ar .
introduction : southern pied babblers ( turdoides bicolor ) are resident in namibia especially in semi - arid to arid savannah woodland with corkwood or acacia trees . although they are usually observed in tall woodland , lower black thorn , camelthorn and kalahari woodland also attracts this species . this is a sociable bird that roost and interact territorially year - round in groups of up to 15 .
babbler research on uk quiz show qi ! june 2014 the uk quiz show , qi ( hosted by stephen fry ) , recently aired a show featuring one of our research questions ! we are very excited by this type of media coverage in the public domain ! here is a link to the youtube clip of this show : the mention of babbler research kicks in at about 5 min 40 secs ( and yes , that is one of our babbler pics that is featured in the background ! ) . urltoken
53 . keynan , o & ridley , a . r . 2016 . component , group and demographic allee effects in a cooperatively breeding bird species , the arabian babbler (
. . . importantly , even in high - skew societies where dominants successfully monopolize reproduction , conflict between dominants and subordinates may impose costs on dominant reproductive success . southern pied babbler subordinate females engage in reproductive competition only when there are unrelated , potential breeding partners present in their group because they do not breed with relatives or with extra - group males [ 14 , 15 ] . based on the infrequency with which such competition is successful , however ( in terms of parentage of young ) , subordinate females enter into reproductive competition far more often than expected . . . .
a r ridley , k p huyvaert ( 2007 ) sex - biased preferential care in the cooperatively breeding arabian babbler journal of evolutionary biology 20 : 4 . 1271 - 1276 jul
martha j . nelson - flower , phil a . r . hockey , colleen o ' ryan , nichola j . raihani , morné a . du plessis , amanda r . ridley ; monogamous dominant pairs monopolize reproduction in the cooperatively breeding pied babbler , behavioral ecology , volume 22 , issue 3 , 1 may 2011 , pages 559–565 , urltoken
i possess a great passion for scientific research and conservation . having interned at the pied babbler research project in 2009 , i jumped at the opportunity to study the behavioural and physiological effects of temperature on pied babblers for my master’s degree . this research was especially fascinating as it combined components of multiple disciplines ( climate change , avian biology , behavioural ecology , physiology , and conservation biology ) to answer conservation questions . my supervisors on this project included : amanda ridley , rowan martin , susan cunningham , and phil hockey .
january 2013 a new baby has been born to members of the babbler research community . congratulations to martha and tom on the arrival of their beautiful baby girl tess , a sister for audrey .
for my phd i will investigate the occurrence of call combinations in pied babblers ' vocal repertoire , under the supervision of dr . simon townsend . specifically , i am interested whether pied babblers combine meaningful call types into meaningful compositions and if there exist any rules governing the formation of such syntactic compositions . to do this , i will combine behavioural observations and audio recordings with playback experiments . i will further conduct artificial grammar playback experiments to probe what cognitive mechanisms underlie the production and perception of vocal compositions in pied babblers .
this is but a taster of the work that has been going on at babbler project over the years . if this article has sparked your interest , check out the project website for news and publications .
3 . raihani , n . j . & ridley , a . r . 2007 . adult vocalisations during provisioning : offspring responses and post - fledging benefits in wild pied babblers .
i am 35 years old , married to adi and father to mayan & yaara . i received my bsc . ( honors ) from haifa university in 2005 and my msc from tel aviv university in 2009 . my masters thesis was on the impaling behavior and male - female interactions in the southern grey shrike (
conference representation for the research group august 2015 the behaviour 2015 conference in tropical cairns has been and gone , and we had several group members giving talks there . lizzie gave a talk about her phd research into the effects of extreme heat on parental care strategies in pied babblers , ben gave a talk about his phd research into the effect of ontogeny on individual performance at a cognitive task in cooperative magpies , and mandy gave a talk on the theoretical and empirical evidence for adaptive benefits of kidnapping in the pied babbler . congrats to all group members for giving great talks at the conference !
here , we provide evidence of reproductive competition between dominant and subordinate females and its effects on dominant reproductive success and aggression in southern pied babblers . female subordinates participate in pre - breeding behaviours only when potential breeding partners are available . these competitive subordinate females decrease the reproductive success of the dominant females of their groups , and in some groups infanticide is observed . subordinate female reproductive competitors are also the target of increased aggression by dominant females during the fertile period . these conflicts over reproduction are generally expressed and resolved very early in the breeding cycle—an aspect of reproductive competition in cooperative breeders that has often been overlooked . this early manifestation of competition highlights the importance of using behavioural observations , as well as genetic data , when investigating reproductive competition and success . using genetic data alone strongly underestimates the effects of female–female reproductive competition in southern pied babblers because competition is so rarely successful . importantly , even in high - skew societies where dominants successfully monopolize reproduction , conflict between dominants and subordinates may impose costs on dominant reproductive success .
in many cooperatively breeding societies , females compete strongly with one another for the scarce resources needed to breed ; although sexual selection has traditionally been perceived as having a greater effect on males , such selection may act equally strongly on females [ 60 , 61 ] . in southern pied babblers , subordinate females with potential breeding partners compete intensely with dominants for access to breeding opportunities . in addition , females ( but not males ) aggressively oust one another from breeding positions [ 16 ] and aggression in juvenile females ( but not males ) is an important factor in successful adult dispersal [ 62 ] . here , sexual selection for traits ( such as aggression ) that improve female competitive ability may play a role not only in dispersal and acquisition of breeding positions , but also in infanticide , suppression of potential reproductive competitors , and eviction of such competitors from the group . we suggest that the behaviour of southern pied babblers provides further evidence that intense competition among females may result in the evolution of sexually specific traits ( reviewed in [ 63 , 64 ] ) .
july 2013 we have recently had a paper accepted into functional ecology . in this paper we look at the interspecific interaction between pied babblers and the solitarily foraging scimitarbill . we find that scimitarbills , who not have a reliable vigilance system of their own , regularly follow babbler groups and eavesdrop on the predator information that babbler sentinels provide . by so doing , scimitarbills gain significant benefits - they spend less time vigilant , more time foraging , and can utilise a greater diversity of foraging habitats than when alone . title : the ecological benefits of interceptive eavesdropping . authors : ridley , a . r . , wiley , e . m . & thompson , a . m .
[ 5 ] raihani n . j . & ridley a . r . 2007 . adult vocalizations during provisioning : offspring response and postfledgling benefits in wild pied babblers . animal behaviour 74 : 1303 - 1309
huge congrats to oded , who got his examiner reviews back today and passed his phd with no corrections requested ! well done dr keynan , well deserved indeed . for further info on oded ' s success , please refer to the pied babbler facebook page , as that page is updated more regularly . oded currenty has a number of ms in review , so we will update any of his future success here or on the facebook page .
july 2012 a locally extinct bird that has not been seen in the arava for 20 years , the nubian nightjar , was sighted by arabian babbler researchers recently . for a news article related to this significant and unusual sighting , click here
may 2018 we welcome to the team a new phd student , camilla , who will be starting her research on the pied babblers at the end of 2018 . more details on her research to follow shortly .
july 2012 happily , the eminently skilled and experienced elizabeth wiley ( aka lizzy ) will be rejoining the pied babbler research project this season as a senior research assistant . she will take primary responsibility of the research activities onsite for several months . lizzy spent the entire summer onsite last season , and we are ecstatic that she is joining the research group again . to find out more about lizzy , visit her profile on the ' researchers ' page .
august 2012 isbe lund 2012 is now over , and it was a great meeting . well done to all babbler researchers , whose presentations and posters went really well and generated a good amount of interest among members of the behavioural ecology community .
september 2012 our first babbler researcher of the season , elizabeth wiley ( lizzy ) , has just turned up at the study site - and so marks the beginning of the new data season ! hope its not too hot this summer . . .
december 2015 it ' s finally here ! the bbc documentary series , the world ' s sneakiest animals , will air in the uk on bbc two on christmas day . no word yet on when the international release will happen , but when i find out dates i will post it here . here is the link to the documentary series website . if you click on galleries , and then behind the scenes gallery , pic 8 of 9 is the pied babbler study site .
20 . raihani , n . j . , nelson - flower , m . j . , browning , l . e . & ridley , a . r . 2010 . routes to breeding in cooperatively breeding pied babblers .
n j raihani , m j nelson - flower , k a golabek , a r ridley ( 2010 ) routes to breeding in cooperatively breeding pied babblers turdoides bicolor journal of avian biology 41 : 6 . 681 - 686 nov
citation : humphries dj , finch fm , bell mbv , ridley ar ( 2015 ) calling where it counts : subordinate pied babblers target the audience of their vocal advertisements . plos one 10 ( 7 ) : e0130795 . urltoken
m j nelson - flower , p a r hockey , c o ' ryan , a r ridley ( 2012 ) inbreeding avoidance mechanisms : dispersal dynamics in cooperatively breeding pied babblers . journal of animal ecology 81 : 876 - 883
the ability to discriminate kinship has previously been demonstrated in avian species , which utilise vocal [ 40 – 43 ] , visual [ 44 – 46 ] , and olfactory signals [ 47 , 48 ] to recognise kin . by avoiding kin as mating partners , an individual can limit the potentially damaging effects of inbreeding depression among resultant offspring , and therefore improve reproductive success [ 30 , 49 ] . genetic analysis of parentage in the pied babbler has previously found that breeding between familiar relatives is rare and that they are therefore likely to have a mechanism of recognising familiar kin which they utilise to avoid inbreeding [ 13 ] . our observations further support the idea that pied babblers can recognise kin and behaviourally discriminate relatives in their environment .
12 . ridley , a . r . , raihani , n . j & nelson - flower , m . j . 2008 . the cost of being alone : the fate of floaters in a population of cooperatively breeding pied babblers .
winter is always a tough time for the pied babblers - a time when group composition changes dramatically due not only to mortality , but also to reproductive conflict and dispersal attempts prior to the breeding season . recently cgmx , the dominant female
n j raihani , a r ridley , l e browning , m j nelson - flower , s knowles ( 2008 ) juvenile female aggression in cooperatively breeding pied babblers : causes and contexts ethology 114 : 5 . 452 - 458 may
the first babbler babies of the season have arrived ! this is super - early in the breeding season for the babblers , but lizzy has brought news from the field that rnb have already fledged two young . this is possibly the youngest ever fledglings for a breeding season .
n j raihani , m j nelson - flower , k moyes , l e browning , a r ridley ( 2010 ) synchronous provisioning increases brood survival in cooperatively breeding pied babblers journal of animal ecology 79 : 1 . 44 - 52 jan
the arabian babbler project was established by prof amotz zahavi in 1974 and is based in the negev desert , israel . both projects have been running continuously since establishment and use detailed observations of habituated populations to gain an insight into the dynamics and evolution of group - living behaviour .
14 . raihani , n . j . , ridley , a . r . , browning , l . e . & nelson - flower , m . j . 2008 . juvenile female aggression in cooperatively breeding pied babblers : causes and contexts .
i have been collecting data on the causes and consequences of cooperative behaviour in pied babblers since 2003 . my current primary interests are : the causes of variation in contributions to cooperative care , the short - and long - term consequences of helping behaviour
humphries , d . j . , finch , f . m . , bell , m . b . v . & ridley , a . r . 2015 . calling where it counts : subordinate pied babblers target the audience of their vocal advertisements .
a r ridley , n j raihani , m j nelson - flower ( 2008 ) the cost of being alone : the fate of floaters in a population of cooperatively breeding pied babblers turdoides bicolor journal of avian biology 39 : 4 . 389 - 392 jul
abstract : eavesdropping behaviour can increase the total amount of information available to an individual and therefore has the potential to provide substantial benefits . recent research has suggested that some species are â€˜information giversâ€™ , particularly social species with cooperative vigilance systems , and that these species may consequently affect community structure by influencing the behaviour and niche utilization of other species . here , using behavioural observations and playback experiments , we compared the behavioural change in a solitary species ( the scimitarbill ) and a social species ( the pied babbler ) , to the presence and alarm calls of one another . our results revealed that scimitarbills underwent significant behavioural changes in the presence of social pied babblers : they reduced their vigilance rate by over 60 % , increased their foraging efficiency and expanded their niche by moving into open habitat and excavating subterranean food items . in contrast , pied babblers â€“ who have an effective intraspecific sentinel system â€“ did not show significant behavioural changes to the presence or alarm calls of scimitarbills . these results suggest that interspecific interceptive eavesdropping can provide significant benefits , influencing the behaviour and habitat utilization of eavesdropping species .
18 . raihani , n . j . , nelson - flower , m . j . , browning , l . e . , moyes , k . & ridley , a . r . 2010 . synchronous provisioning increases brood survival in cooperatively breeding pied babblers .
the pied babbler research project sits nestled in the heart of the kuruman river reserve in the northern cape , south africa . today , ten years since its conception , it remains under the principle leadership of associate professor amanda ridley of the university of western australia , who founded the project with the help of her field assistant ( and now research colleague ) , dr nichola raihani in 2003 . the project is a prolific international operation , with researchers coming from institutions in australia , switzerland , the united kingdom and south africa to study the babblers and their associated species .
january 2013 with the third flood of the season , it is safe to say that the drought has truly broken at the arabian babbler project . this is fantastic news , after many years of poor rain and low breeding success , this bodes well for a bumper breeding season in 2013 . fingers crossed !
an additional aspect of my research involves understanding interspecific interactions and communication . originally i started investigating these interactions between pied babblers and fork - tailed drongos . more recently , i have begun investigating interspecific interactions in scimitar - bills , yellow - billed hornbills and wattled starlings .
grateful thanks to tim clutton - brock , marta manser , staff at krr and all colleagues , students and assistants on the babbler project . thanks also to the kotzes and the de bruins , who allowed land access . t . p . flower and s . a . kingma as well as two anonymous reviewers provided valuable comments .
abstract : elaborate solicitation displays are a common feature of interactions between care - givers and offspring . these displays are interpreted as the phenotypic expression of the conflict of interests between parents and offspring over parental investment . offspring typically have siblings and thus do not exist in isolation . therefore , they may adjust their begging in response to their siblings ' begging , either competitively or cooperatively . alternatively , begging may be independent of the begging efforts of siblings . studies of avian begging have primarily focused on nestlings , where offspring are immobile and compete directly over the allocation of parental resources . we investigated the influence sibling begging had on individual fledgling begging in the cooperatively breeding pied babbler , turdoides bicolor . using experimental manipulations , we found that fledgling begging behaviour was negatively correlated with satiation and unrelated to the begging effort of siblings . pied babbler care - givers were able to target increased provisioning to individuals with artificially increased demand while maintaining provisioning rates to the rest of the brood . thus , fledglings were found to incur no provisioning costs or benefits from either increased or decreased begging by their siblings . we propose that the combination of targeted provisioning , flexible levels of provisioning and the dispersed nature of fledglings reduces the benefits of competitive or cooperative begging in this species .
may 2018 we have a number of pied babbler papers coming out in 2018 , all of which we think present really important findings . for full details of authors and titles , please see the publications tab . first up is the paper by nelson - flower et al in journal of animal ecology which tests prevailing hypotheses for the occurrence of cooperative breeding behaviour , and investigates the ecological and social contexts that influence dispersal decisions in pied babblers . second is the paper by nelson - flower et al in molecular ecology that looks at factors influencing reproductive skew , and finds different drivers of skew in males versus females . finally is the paper by wiley & ridley in ecology & evolution that looks at the pair bond as a predictor of reproductive success and group stability - a factor often overlooked in social species . all three of these papers used the long - term database to elucidate these behavioural trends - emphasising the value of long - term research !
this website provides information on the research my colleagues and i are currently conducting on pied and arabian babblers ( as well as other species these two ' focus ' species interact with ) . in these pages you will find details about our research , our study species , and any research opportunities currently available .
. . . pied babblers are a medium sized ( 75–95g ) passerine endemic to the kalahari , living in social groups of 2–15 individuals [ 31 ] . breeding within the social group is monopolised by a dominant pair [ 6 ] , and subordinate individuals will only achieve dominance within their natal territory if they can inherit vacant breeding positions without inbreeding [ 7 , 13 ] . prospecting in pied babblers is costly [ 22 ] , and long - term floating is rarely observed ( 80 . 0 % of prospectors return to their natal group within 30 days ; a . ridley , unpublished data ) . . . .
babbler society is highly dynamic - within our population we have evidence of eviction , divorce , infanticide and kidnapping . our long - term research suggests that these dramatic events are related to the continual struggle between group members for dominance and access to breeding opportunities . these struggles can sometimes result in a dominance overthrow or successful cuckoldry , but these events are relatively rare .
whilst others are foraging on the ground , often one babbler will take a higher position – up an acacia tree , say – and act as sentinel , watching for approaching for predators . while all is clear the watching babbler gives regular sentinel calls , which reassure the feeding birds that they can continue at ease , spreading out widely from each other without needing to look up as often to check for danger [ 3 ] . on sight of a predator , such as a mongoose or a pale chanting goshawk , the sentinel gives an alarm call that informs the rest of the group of the threat so that they can seek cover . the higher the predation risk in their environment , the more sentinel activity the babblers will undertake [ 4 ] .
. . . in red - winged fairywrens malurus elegans , females that have inherited a territory are more likely to seek egp , or seek egp from further away than females that have dispersed before breeding ( brouwer et al . , 2011 ) . similarly , superb fairy - wren malurus cyaneus , and pied babbler tur - doides bicolor females disperse further from their natal groups than non - natal groups ( cockburn et al . , 2003 ; nelson - flower et al . , 2012 ) . other potential rules may include discriminating against particular age groups likely to contain relatives , or based on previous mating experience , for example to avoid daughters of females that males previously mated with ( archie et al . , 2007 ) . . . .
in cooperatively breeding and other family living species , there are often more individuals of reproductive age than available breeding positions . asking how individuals attain reproductive status is therefore crucial if we are to understand the selection pressures that operate in these groups . here , we present data on routes to breeding in pied babblers turdoides bicolor , cooperatively . . . [ show full abstract ]
at the moment i am a second - year phd candidate in a joint supervision program ( cotutelle ) between tel aviv university , israel and macquarie university , sydney , australia , and i also work as the director of the arava birding center in the dead sea & arava science centre . my thesis title is
the effect of group size and composition on individual behaviour , group dynamics and population regulation in the arabian babbler (
one of the contexts in which loud - calling behaviour is observed is when the caller is in search of a mating partner , however , the calls are multi - functional and can be given in a wide range of contexts [ 34 ] . it is possible that the calling patterns we have observed are serving another function for the caller . for instance if the calls function for territorial defence , they may still occur at a higher frequency on boundaries with unrelated neighbouring groups . reduced aggression and a greater tolerance to related neighbours has been observed in a range of taxa including fish [ 50 ] , birds [ 51 ] , and mammals [ 52 – 55 ] . however , in the pied babbler territorial defence is usually undertaken as a group with all adult group members chorusing together [ 56 ] .
we have a fully - funded phd position based at the percy fitzpatrick institute , university of cape town , available . the position will be supervised by me ( amanda ridley ) , claire spottiswoode and susie cunningham . it would involve working with the babblers several months per year at our field site in the remote southern kalahari , and looks at the effects of group size on thermal tolerance limits , working on the hypothesis that in large groups , where each individual has to do less work , individuals will be better able to tolerate high temperatures . this phd combine behavioural ecology and physiological research . for more details , see : urltoken
) . to explore these relationships i conduct field experiments and observations on individual foraging success , foraging strategies and self versus social learning . together with this fieldwork i use the uniquely detailed 40 - year arabian babbler database to analyze long - term demographic effects . this database work involves finding what social or environmental factors promote group growth or extinction , and identifying critical group size effects in relation to eviction , dispersal and reproductive conflict behaviour .
with the help of a new research grant , i am beginning research on understanding long - term population dynamics in cooperative species , including factors that promote the expansion or extinction of groups . i will be using the long - term datasets of arabian and pied babblers to determine the influence of climatic changes ( heatwaves and droughts ) on social dynamics at both the group and population level
april 2012 unfortunately this year both our research populations have been hit by drought . in south africa the summer has now ended and after low rainfall over the rainy season pied babbler breeding success was very low . several of our groups failed to raise any young . our outstanding performers for the year were group xhosa , who bucked the trend and managed to raise five young to independence . in israel the breeding season is a few months in , and it is extremely dry ( oded reports only 7 mm of rain so far ) . many groups are still not breeding and it does not look like a promising breeding season . oded ( currently in - field ) brings happy news that one group currently has nestlings , and two groups have managed to fledge young - we ' ll cross our fingers that their fledglings manage to keep healthy .
our findings indicate that subordinates are maximising the potential of their loud - calling behaviour by using information regarding the composition of neighbouring groups . this information is likely to be obtained through several mechanisms . firstly , information may be exchanged during inter - group interactions . baboons , papio cynocephalus , use inter - group encounters to assess the number of opposite sex individuals within neighbouring groups [ 57 ] . pied babblers frequently engage in ritualised inter - group interactions and have many opportunities for information exchange [ 56 ] . during inter - group interactions , pied babblers often utilise sex - specific loud - calling behaviour [ 34 ] , which may provide a mechanism for assessing the number of opposite - sex individuals in neighbouring groups . secondly , information regarding the composition of neighbouring groups may be obtained from prospecting bouts , with information - gathering considered one of the primary functions of prospecting behaviour [ 58 , 59 ] . or thirdly , information may be gained through eavesdropping on neighbours [ 60 ] . great tits , parus major , are able to assess the quality of neighbouring males by eavesdropping on their calling behaviour [ 61 ] . eavesdropping may similarly provide a way of obtaining information about the composition of neighbouring groups in pied babblers .
here we have described how subordinate pied babblers , in addition to prospecting for breeding opportunities in the wider area [ 7 ] , also adopt a strategy of vocalising to neighbouring groups from within their natal territory . this strategy is maximised by using information regarding the composition of neighbouring groups to target an audience of potential breeding partners . importantly , subordinate loud - calling is not just given to any neighbouring group , nor focused towards the largest groups , but subordinate pied babblers are specifically targeting unrelated groups that contain a number of opposite sex individuals . our findings provide fresh insight into how subordinates within cooperatively breeding - societies , that are constrained in their opportunities to breed on the natal territory , appear to use information about the composition of neighbouring groups to inform the location of their vocal displays to target an audience of potential breeding partners .
august 2012 unfortunately , despite our high hopes , the drought in the negev desert resulted in a very poor breeding season for the arabian babbler population . although oded recorded a surprising amount of breeding activity given the dry conditions , very few of these young survived long enough to recruit to the adult population . there are now only a handful of juveniles around from the season ' s breeding activity , who face the struggle of making it through a difficult winter with little food around .
our findings that subordinate loud - calling behaviour is concentrated on the edges of territories , and specifically near to groups containing a number of unrelated , opposite sex individuals suggests that unsolicited loud - calling by subordinates functions for mate advertisement . importantly , it also suggests that pied babblers are capable of discriminating kinship and the number of potential mates within neighbouring groups , and can utilise this information to maximise the audience of their calling efforts .
june 2012 on the back of a dry summer with limited insect emergence , has come a very cold winter in the kalahari . tom , a research collaborator currently onsite working on drongo - babbler interactions , has reported that the babblers are suffering badly from the harsh combination of cold weather and limited food . many are steadily losing weight , and at this rate we can expect that some of our juveniles will not make it through their first winter . fingers crossed the toll will not be too high .
november 2012 finally some welcome rains have fallen at the arabian babbler study site ! after a very poor and very dry breeding season , flash floods have hit the arava . while these can be very dangerous in the short - term while they flow through the bone - dry river channels , they bring much needed water to a parched ecosystem , and are followed soon after by abundant germination . the picture to the right is a flash flood flowing along a wadi ( river channel ) that was previously completely dry .
february 2013 another breeding season has ended , but the tragedy this season was that it never really started . it was a scorching summer in the kalahari , but sadly for the animals , the rains never came . day after day of searing heat , but no rain respite made it the worst ever breeding season for the pied babblers . with very little food around , most groups did not bother to make any breeding attempts after december ( which was when the rains should have arrived ) . currently , we have only eight fledglings in the entire population . more groups did fledge young , but these have since been predated . seven of our groups have gone extinct , and with a harsh winter coming up , we expect more extinctions before the next breeding season starts . while this is a very sad event for us all at babbler project , on the bright side it is very interesting demographically , which helps us with the aims of our recent successful research grant !
one key focus of babbler research is their intelligent vocal capabilities . they communicate constantly using a diverse repertoire of sounds . whilst foraging for food , each individual gives low - pitch close calls , known as “chucks” to indicate its position to other group members . chuck calls function as a spacing regulator whilst foraging , so that individuals don’t encroach on each others’ feeding patches [ 1 ] . raising the pitch of the chuck a little tells the group that a large , shareable food source has been found [ 2 ] .
february 2018 i am delighted to announce that our latest research , on the effect of sociality on the evolution of intelligence , has been published in nature ! this work is from our study population that is the ' sister ' population to pied babblers : western australian magpies in perth . well done to phd student ben ashton on a great achievement . here is a media link to our article , including a clip of our research on the evening primetime news , here
phd submitted - congratulations to oded november 2014 congratulations to oded for submitting his phd thesis ! oded completed his phd thesis on individual and group dynamics in the cooperative breeding arabian babbler . oded has worked incredibly hard , and has produced a thesis to be proud of . each thesis submitted represents a huge amount of work by the student , and a lot of love and support from friends and family . oded and his family are returning back home soon , and they will be sorely missed from the friends they leave behind here in perth .
. . . unlike most birds , there is no sex - biased dispersal in pied babblers . females disperse slightly more often than males , but after accounting for the slight female - bias in the sex ratio , this higher rate is not signifi cant ( nelson - flower et al . 2012 ) . both males and females remain with their natal group as helpers for several years on average , and contribute to raising subsequent broods produced by the dominant pair . . . .
relatedness of mated and unmated pairs of opposite - sex adult pied babblers per year over 5 years of study . means ± standard error of the mean were generated from relatedness values calculated using the konovalov and heg ( 2008 ) algorithm within the program kingroup v2 _ 090218 ( konovalov et al . 2004 ) ; sample sizes are shown . a 2 - sample randomization / permutation test with 100 000 permutations within the program rundom pro 3 . 14 ( jadwiszczak 2009 ) was used to calculate significance
researchers have also discovered that babbler fledglings communicate with their parents non - vocally : in what is thought to be a display of blackmail , fledglings spend more time on the ground , where there is a higher risk of predation , than in the safety of trees when hungry . whilst on the ground , they are fed more by the foraging parents and helpers than when they are in the tree . thompson et al cite this as support for zahavi’s idea , that the fledglings risk their own mortality in order to attain higher provisioning rates by the parents [ 9 ] [ 10 ] .
we have recently had a manuscript accepted to global change biology . this manuscript , based on the msc fieldwork of kate du plessis , looks at the behavioural and body mass changes in pied babblers according to changes in temperature - the main focus of the paper is to investigate the potential ( sub - lethal ) effects of increasing temperature ( under predicted climate change ) on bird populations in semi - arid zones . congrats to the whole team ( kate was supervised by myself , phil hockey rowan martin & susie cunningham ) !
september 2012 it is with sadness that i announce the loss of a matriarch to the population , bmbo . originally from rainbow ( one of our first ever habituated groups ) , bmbo dispersed and founded her own group . her dispersal record remains the furthest that we have ever recorded a babbler dispersing within our study population . she founded the group called ngai tahu , and remained dominant from the start of the group three years ago until her recent disappearance . she is succeeded by her three daughters , one of whom may take the dominant female position ( she is unrelated to the current dominant male ) .
why do dominant females tolerate competitive subordinate females in their groups ? first , dominants may be able to moderate subordinate infanticidal activity through aggressive suppression during the fertile period ; such aggression is common when individuals are in reproductive conflict [ 4 , 9 , 11 , 18 , 24 – 27 ] . while there is no sufficient data to formally examine the relationship , a casual examination of current data appears to indicate a loosely inverse relationship between the amount of aggression observed and dominant female success . however , whether aggression occurs pre - emptively , or as a reaction to previous infanticide , or functions as another type of signal [ 52 ] is not clear . second , dominants may tolerate competitive subordinates because an additional helper substantially increases productivity in small babbler groups , reducing the high costs of breeding as a pair [ 31 ] . immigrant ( and completely unrelated ) subordinate females are very rarely found in large babbler groups ( m . j . nelson - flower 2008 , unpublished data ) , suggesting that when groups become large , these subordinates are either evicted by dominants or repelled if they attempt to immigrate , or that groups only become large when the absence of a competitor does not place limits on reproductive success .


the wingspan is 16 – 18 mm .

phtheochroa simoniana

phtheochroa simoniana is a species of moth of the tortricidae family . it is found in italy , spain , portugal and morocco .
simoniana staudinger , 1859 ( cochylis ) , stettin . ent . ztg . 20 : 227 . tl : spain , andalusia . syntype ( s ) : mnhu . unknown .
drenowskii razowski , 1991 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 34 : 166 no type
flavana razowski , 1991 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 34 : 103 no type
gracilimana razowski , 1991 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 34 : 166 no type
hybriata razowski , in heppner , 1995 ( phtheochroa ) , atlas neotropical lepid . checklist 2 : 138 . no type
ochodes razowski , in heppner , 1995 ( phtheochroa ) , atlas neotropical lepid . checklist 2 : 138 . no type
ecballiella huemer , 1989 ( phtheochroa ) , nota lepid . 12 : 273 . tl : spain , cadiz . holotype : bmnh . male .
rafalskii razowski , 1997 ( phtheochroa ) , genus 8 : 176 . tl : mexico , durango , durango . holotype : amnh . male .
sinecarina huemer , 1989 ( phtheochroa ) , nota lepid . 12 : 275 . tl : morocco , fez . holotype : bmnh . male .
variolosana christoph , in romanoff , 1887 ( phtheochroa ) , mm lpid . 3 : 115 . tl : turkestan , holotype : bmnh . male .
annae huemer , 1989 ( phtheochroa ) , nota lepid . 12 : 276 . tl : austria , burgenland , neusiedl . holotype : tlmf . female .
larseni huemer , 1990 ( phtheochroa ) , nota lepid . 12 : 278 . tl : turkey , anatolia , kizilcahamam . holotype : nhmv . female .
osthelderi huemer , 1989 ( phtheochroa ) , nota lepid . 12 : 278 . tl : syria , taukrus , marasch . holotype : zsm . female .
aarviki razowski & brown , 2012 ( phtheochroa ) , zootaxa 3222 : 3 . tl : kenya , central province , kereita forest . holotype : nmk . male .
chriodes razowski , 1991 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 34 : 176 tl : mexico , sinaloa , el palmito . holotype : sdnh . male .
circina razowski , 1991 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 4 : 175 tl : mexico , sinaloa , el palmito . holotype : sdnh . male .
deima razowski , 1994 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 37 : 137 tl : mexico , 10 km se amecameca . holotype : eme . female .
natalica razowski , 2005 ( phtheochroa ) , polskie pismo entomol . 74 : 502 . tl : south africa , natal , karkloof . holotype : tmp . male .
pecosana kearfott , 1907 ( phtheochroa ) , can . ent . 39 : 124 . tl : usa , new mexico , beulah . lectotype : amnh . male .
albiscutellum walsingham , 1900 ( phtheochroa ) , ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 5 : 487 tl : japan . holotype : bmnh . female .
ingridae huemer , 1990 ( phtheochroa ) , nachrbl . bayer . ent 39 : 83 . tl : italy , sudtirol kalterer , leuchtenburger forst . holotype : tlmf . male .
veirsi razowski , 1986 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 376 tl : mexico , durango , 30 mi w durango . holotype : eme . female .
zerena razowski & becker , 1993 ( phtheochroa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 21 : 234 . tl : mexico , veracruz , zangolica . holotype : mnrj . male .
imitana derra , 1992 ( phtheochroa ) , atalanta 21 : 298 . tl : turkey . hakkari province , cilo dagi , 5 km n agacsiz . holotype : derrc . male .
ochodea razowski , 1991 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 34 : 177 tl : mexico , durango , el salto , rancho nuevo . holotype : sdnh . male .
piptmachaeria razowski , 1986 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 373 tl : mexico , durango , 10 mi w el salto . holotype : eme . male .
schreieri derra , 1992 ( phtheochroa ) , atalanta 21 : 296 . tl : turkey , hakkari province , cilo dagi , 5 km n agacsiz . holotype : derrc . female .
tubulata arenberger , 1997 ( phtheochroa ) , z . arbgem . st . ent 49 : 79 . tl : uzbekistan , north kugitangtau , leilakhansei . holotype : arenc . female .
berberidana danilevsky , 1955 ( phtheochroa ) , ent . obozr . 34 : 118 . tl : central asia . central asia ( alma ata . ) . lectotype : zmas . female .
kenyana aarvik , 2010 ( phtheochroa ) , norw . j . ent . 57 : 83 . tl : kenya , rift valley prov . , turi . holotype : bmnh . male .
amphibola razowski , 1994 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 37 : 133 tl : mexico , puebla , nicolas bravo , 11 km ne azumbilla . holotype : eme . female .
chlidantha razowski , 1994 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 37 : 131 tl : mexico , oaxaca , 17 km se oaxaca , ruinas dainzu . holotype : eme . male .
eulabea razowski , 1994 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 37 : 136 tl : mexico , puebla , nicolas bravo , 11 km ne azumbilla . holotype : eme . female .
syrtana ragonot , 1888 ( phtheochroa ) , annls soc . ent . fr . ( bulletin ) ( 6 ) 8 : lxxxviii . tl : tunisia , gabes . holotype : mnhn . female .
weiserti arenberger , 1997 ( phtheochroa ) , z . arbgem . st . ent 49 : 78 . tl : uzbekistan , uzbekistan ( north kugitangtau , lielakhansei ) . holotype : arenc . male .
ciona razowski , 1991 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 34 : 170 tl : mexico , nayarit , 49 . 4 mi ne venado , mesa nayar . holotype : sdnh . male .
faulkneri razowski , 1991 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 34 : 168 tl : mexico , jalisco , ro verde , 17 mi yahualica , hwy 116 . holotype : sdnh . male .
pulvillana herrich - schaffer , 1851 ( tortrix ( phtheochroa ) ) , syst . bearbeitung schmett . eur . 4 : 195 tl : germany , frankfurt . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
chriacta razowski , 1991 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 34 : 176 tl : mexico , jalisco , ro verde , 17 mi s yahualica , hwy 116 . holotype : sdnh . male .
hydnum razowski , 1991 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 34 : 174 tl : mexico , mexico ( chihuahua , sierra de catarina , 81 mi sw buenaventura . holotype : lacm . male .
dilectana kennel , 1901 ( phtheochroa ) , dt . ent . z . iris 13 ( 1900 ) : 243 . tl : russia . vol - gograd r , sarepta . holotype : mnhu . male .
hybrista razowski , 1991 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 34 : 171 tl : mexico . mexico ( jalisco , 14 . 7 mi sw yahualica , el aguacate . holotype : sdnh . male .
cistobursa razowski , 1991 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 34 : 172 tl : mexico , jalisco , parque nacional nevado colima , 10 . 7 mi n hwy 54 . holotype : sdnh . female .
chaunax razowski , 1991 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 34 : 168 tl : mexico , jalisco , parque nacional nevado de colima , 10 . 7 mi n hwy 54 . holotype : sdnh . male .
descensa razowski , 1991 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 34 : 173 tl : mexico , jalisco , parque nacional nevado de colima , 10 . 7 mi n hwy 54 . holotype : sdnh . female .
hyboscia razowski , 1991 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 34 : 172 tl : mexico , jalisco , parque nacional nevado de colima , 10 . 7 mi n hwy 54 . holotype : sdnh . male .
noema razowski , 1991 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 34 : 174 tl : mexico , jalisco , parque nacional nevado de colima , 10 . 7 mi n hwy 54 . holotype : sdnh . female .
amandana herrich - schaffer , 1851 ( tortrix ( phtheochroa ) ) , syst . bearbeitung schmett . eur . 4 : 195 . tl : germany . bayern ( regensburg ) . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
gloriosana herrich - schaffer , 1851 ( tortrix ( phtheochroa ) ) , syst . bearbeitung schmett . eur . 4 : 194 . tl : philippine islands . batan [ philippine islands ] . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
johnibrowni razowski , 1991 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 34 : 170 tl : mexico , mexico ( jalisco , parque nacional nevado de colima , 10 . 7 mi n hwy 45 . holotype : sdnh . male .
thiana staudinger , 1900 ( phtheochroa ? ( cochylis ? ) ) , dt . ent . z . iris 12 ( 1899 ) : 348 . tl : central asia , central asia ( thian shan ) . holotype : mnhu . female .
lonnvei aarvik , 2010 ( phtheochroa ) , norw . j . ent . 57 : 82 . tl : ethiopia , oromia reg . , bale zone , 43 km sw goba , bale mts . nat . park , darwin camp . holotype : nhmo . male .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
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the wingspan is 16–18 mm . adults have been recorded on wing from february to march .
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joaninha / / ten - spotted ladybird ( adalia decempunctata var . o . . .
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aegrana walsingham , 1879 ( idiographis ) , illust . typical specimens lepid . heterocera colln . br . mus 4 : 26 . tl : usa , oregon , jackson co . , rogue river . lectotype : bmnh . male .
agelasta razowski , 1967 ( aethes ) , acta zool . cracov . 12 : 192 tl : costa rica , san jos . holotype : bmnh . female .
albiceps walsingham , 1914 ( propira ) , biol . centr . - am . lepid . heterocera 4 : 297 . tl : mexico , guerrero , amula . lectotype : bmnh . male .
alphitopa clarke , 1968 ( hysterosia ) , proc . u . s . natn . mus . 125 : 7 . tl : venezuela , aragua , rancho grande . holotype : usnm . male .
aureoalbida walsingham , 1895 ( hysterosia ) , trans . ent . soc . lond . 1895 : 498 . tl : usa , colorado , loveland . lectotype : bmnh . male .
aureopunctana ragonot , 1894 ( conchylis ) , annls soc . ent . fr . 63 : 189 . tl : syria , etikettiert . holotype : mnhn . male .
baracana busck , 1907 ( hysterosia ) , j . new york ent . soc . 15 : 33 . tl : usa , missouri , st louis . holotype : usnm . male .
tiscana kearfott , 1907 ( hysterosia ) , can . ent . 39 : 123 . tl : usa . new jersey , caldwell . lectotype : amnh . male .
vigilans meyrick , 1912 ( hysterosia ) , ent . mon . mag . 48 : 35 no type
birdana busck , 1907 ( hysterosia ) , j . new york ent . soc . 15 : 32 . tl : usa , new york , rye . holotype : usnm . female .
canariana barnes & busck , 1920 ( hysterosia ) , contrib . nat . hist . lepid . n . am 4 : 218 . tl : usa , arizona , white mountains . holotype : usnm . male .
cartwrightana kearfott , 1907 ( hysterosia ) , can . ent . 39 : 123 . tl : canada , manitoba , cartwright . lectotype : amnh . male .
chalcantha meyrick , 1912 ( pharmacis ) , exotic microlepid . 1 : 20 . tl : turkey , alma dagh . holotype : bmnh . male .
cymatodana rebel , 1927 ( conchylis ( phalonia ) ) , z . st . ent . verz . 12 : 117 . tl : spain , sierra d ' espua , korb . lectotype : nhmv . male .
hermosa schmidt , 1933 ( phalonia ( conchylis ) ) , boln . soc . espa . hist . nat . 33 : 401 . tl : spain . sierra espua , murcia province . holotype : mncnm . male .
decipiens walsingham , 1900 ( hysterosia ) , ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 6 : 447 tl : syria , shar devesy , haleb . holotype : bmnh . female .
rocharva obraztsov , 1943 ( hysterosia ) , mitt . mnch . ent . ges . 33 : 91 . tl : russia . rocharv , vallis flum pjandzh . holotype : zmku . male .
dodrantaria razowski , 1970 ( hysterosia ) , microlepid . palaearctica 3 : 94 . tl : lebanon , beirut . holotype : mnhu . male .
drenowskyi rebel , 1916 ( euxanthis ) , verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 66 : 42 . tl : bulgaria , demir kapia . lectotype : nhmv . male .
duponchelana duponchel , in godart , 1843 ( sericoris ) , hist . nat . lpid . papillons fr . ( suppl . ) 4 : 143 . tl : italy , naples . holotype : mnhn . unknown .
duponcheliana costa , 1847 ( sericoris ) , annali accad . aspir . natur . napoli 4 : 77 . tl : italy . naples . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
gloriosana herrich - schaffer , 1847 ( uninomial ) , syst . bearbeitung schmett . eur . 4 : pl . 5 , fig . 31 . no type
syriaca walsingham , 1900 ( hysterosia ) , ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 6 : 446 tl : syria . shar devesy , haleb . holotype : bmnh . male .
durbonana lhomme , 1937 ( phalonia ) , amat . papillons 8 : 202 . tl : europe , westalpien ( alps ) [ europe ] . holotype : mnhn . male .
exasperantana christoph , 1872 ( conchylis ) , horae soc . ent . ross 9 : 9 . tl : russia , vol - gograd region , sarepta . holotype : bmnh . female .
cornigera razowski , 1970 ( hysterosia ) , microlepid . palaearctica 3 : 93 . tl : tajikistan . murgavskoje gosudarstwo . holotype : zmas . male .
exasperatana caradja , 1916 ( conchylis ) , dt . ent . z . iris 30 : 53 . no type
farinosana herrich - schaffer , 1856 ( conchylis ) , neue schmett . eur . 4 : pl . 30 , fig . 154 . tl : russia , sarepta . syntype ( s ) : mnhu . unknown .
frigidana guenee , 1845 ( eupoecilia ) , annls soc . ent . fr . ( 2 ) 3 : 298 . tl : sweden , dalarna [ dalecarlia , sweden ] . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
andorrana milliere , 1865 ( conchylis ) , iconogr . descr . chenilles lpid . indits 2 : 167 . tl : france . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
flavidana guenee , 1846 ( cochylis ) , eur . microlepid . index meth . : 66 . tl : france . south france . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
schawerdae rebel , in schawerda , 1908 ( conchylis ) , verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 58 : 255 . tl : kosovo . kosovo ( vucija bara ) . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
sulphurana guenee , 1845 ( aphelia ) , eur . microlepid . index meth . : 67 . tl : france . pyrnes . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
sulphurosana razowski , 1970 ( aphelia ) , microlepid . palaearctica 3 : 73 . no type
fulvicinctana constant , 1894 ( cochylis ) , annls soc . ent . fr . 62 ( 1893 ) : 403 . tl : france , alpes maritimes . holotype : mnhn . unknown .
fulviplicana walsingham , 1879 ( idiographis ) , illust . typical specimens lepid . heterocera colln . br . mus 4 : 26 . tl : usa , california , shasta co . , hatchet creek . lectotype : bmnh . male .
fermentata meyrick , 1912 ( hysterosia ) , ent . mon . mag . 48 : 35 . no type
homanana kearfott , 1907 ( hysterosia ) , can . ent . 39 : 84 . tl : usa . nevada , verdi . lectotype : amnh . male .
komonana kearfott , 1907 ( hysterosia ) , can . ent . 39 : 121 . tl : usa . california , santa clara co . , alma . lectotype : usnm . male .
refuga meyrick , 1912 ( hysterosia ) , ent . mon . mag . 48 : 35 no type
gigantica busck , 1920 ( hysterosia ) , insec . inscit . menstr . 8 : 87 . tl : mexico , distrito federal , mexico city . holotype : usnm . female .
gracillimana rebel , 1910 ( conchylis ) , dt . ent . z . iris 24 : 7 . tl : spain , castilia , cuenca . lectotype : mgab . male .
huachucana kearfott , 1907 ( commophila ) , trans . am . ent . soc . 33 : 79 . tl : usa , arizona , cochise co . . lectotype : amnh . male .
inopiana haworth , 1811 ( tortrix ) , lepid . br . ( 3 ) : 469 . tl : united kingdom , great britain . lectotype : oum . male .
centrana herrich - schaffer , 1850 ( uninomial ) , syst . bearbeitung schmett . eur . 4 : pl . 53 , fig . 373 . no type
centrana herrich - schaffer , 1851 ( tortrix ( euchromia ) ) , syst . bearbeitung schmett . eur . 4 : 205 . tl : switzerland . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
excentricana erschoff , 1877 ( tortrix ( idiographis ) ) , horae soc . ent . ross . 12 : 341 . tl : russia . siberia , irkutsk . syntypes : zmas . 2 females .
hinnuleana krulikowsky , 1908 ( hysterosia inopiana ab . ) , societas ent . 23 : 18 . tl : russia . wjatka and kasan [ russia ] . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
obscurana kennel , 1913 ( hysterosia inopiana var . ) , palaear . tortr . : 350 . tl : russia . amur . syntype ( s ) : mnhu . unknown .
pallidana caradja , 1916 ( hysterosia inopiana var . ) , dt . ent . z . iris 30 : 55 . tl : russia . khabarovsky krai , kazakevich . lectotype : mgab . male .
tripsiana eversmann , 1844 ( tortrix ) , fauna lepid . volgo - ural . : 491 . tl : russia . kasan , orenburg . syntype ( s ) : zmas . unknown .
iodes clarke , 1968 ( hysterosia ) , proc . u . s . natn . mus . 125 : 4 . tl : guatemala , volcan santa mara . holotype : usnm . male .
issikii razowski , 1977 ( hysterosia ) , ty to ga 28 : 35 . tl : japan , hokkaido , maruyama . holotype : usnm . female .
jerichoana amsel , 1935 ( phalonia ) , mitt . zool . mus . berl . 20 : 291 . tl : palestine , jericho . holotype : lnk . male .
kenneli obraztsov , 1944 ( propira ) , dt . ent . z . iris 57 : 70 . tl : russia , volgograd region , sarepta . syntypes : mnhu . 2 females .
krulikowskiji obraztsov , 1944 ( propira ) , dt . ent . z . iris 57 : 69 . tl : russia , viatka province , sarapul . holotype : zmku . male .
kazakhstanica danilevsky , in danilevsky , kuznetzov & falkovitsh , 1962 ( phalonia ) , trud . inst . zool . alma ata 18 : 109 . tl : khazakhstan . alma ata [ almaty ] . holotype : zmas . male .
kazakhstanika danilevsky , in danilevsky , kuznetzov & falkovitsh , 1962 ( phalonia ) , trud . inst . zool . alma ata 18 : 82 . no type
loricata razowski , 1984 ( trachysmia ) , polskie pismo ent . 53 : 568 . tl : mexico , puebla , 2 mi sw tehuacan . holotype : eme . female .
lucentana kennel , 1899 ( cochylis ) , dt . ent . z . iris 12 : 30 . tl : syria , holotype : mnhu . unknown .
melasma clarke , 1968 ( hysterosia ) , proc . u . s . natn . mus . 125 : 9 . tl : guatemala , chejel . holotype : usnm . male .
meraca razowski , 1984 ( trachysmia ) , polskie pismo ent . 54 : 570 . tl : mexico , puebla , 2 mi sw tehuacan . holotype : eme . female .
modestana busck , 1907 ( hysterosia ) , j . new york ent . soc . 15 : 32 . tl : usa , pennsylvania , allegheny co . , pittsburgh . holotype : usnm . male .
noctivaga razowski , 1984 ( trachysmia ) , polskie pismo ent . 53 : 569 . tl : mexico , nuevo leon , 4 mi w iturbide . holotype : eme . female .
obnubila razowski , 1984 ( trachysmia ) , polskie pismo ent . 53 : 571 . tl : mexico , hidalgo , jacala . holotype : eme . female .
ochralana chretien , 1915 ( euxanthis ) , annls soc . ent . fr . 84 : 300 . tl : tunisia , lectotype : mnhn . male .
bedeella lucas , 1946 ( phalonia ) , bull . soc . ent . fr . 51 : 98 . tl : tunisia . sfax . lectotype : mnhn . male .
ochrolana caradja , 1916 ( conchylis ) , dt . ent . z . iris 30 : 52 . no type
ochrobasana chretien , 1915 ( euxanthis ) , annls soc . ent . fr . 84 : 301 . tl : algeria , algeria ( biskra ) . syntype ( s ) : mnhn . unknown .
undulata lucas , 1946 ( argyrotoxa ) , bull . soc . ent . fr . 51 : 98 . tl : algeria . algeria ( el golea ) . lectotype : mnhn . male .
palpana ragonot , 1894 ( conchylis ) , annls soc . ent . fr . 63 : 195 . tl : turkey , hadjin . holotype : mnhn . male .
perspicuana barnes & busck , 1920 ( hysterosia ) , contrib . nat . hist . lepid . n . am 4 : 218 . tl : usa , arizona , cochise co . , paradise . holotype : usnm . female .
pistrinana erschoff , 1877 ( cochylis ) , horae soc . ent . ross . 12 : 341 . tl : russia , siberia , irkutsk . syntype : zmas . male .
coreana walsingham , 1900 ( hysterosia ) , ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 6 : 447 tl : korea . gensan . holotype : bmnh . male .
heptopotamica obraztsov , 1944 ( propira pistrinana ssp . ) , dt . ent . z . iris 57 : 68 . tl : kazakhstan . central asia ( dzharkent ) [ kazakhstan ] . holotype : unknown . male .
primula walsingham , 1914 ( hysterosia ) , biol . centr . - am . lepid . heterocera 4 : 299 . tl : mexico , popocatepetl . holotype : usnm . female .
procerana lederer , 1863 ( conchylis ) , wien . ent . monatschr . 7 : 45 . tl : bulgaria , holotype : mnhu . male .
dispuncta kuznetzov , 1976 ( hysterosia pulvillana ssp . ) , trud . zool . inst . leningrad 64 : 3 . tl : russia . primorsky krai , vinogradovka . holotype : zmas . female .
purana guenee , 1845 ( argyrolepia ) , eur . microlepid . index meth . : 64 . tl : france , syntype ( s ) : mnhn . unknown .
limbatana herrich - schaffer , 1847 ( uninomial ) , syst . bearbeitung schmett . eur . 4 : pl . 18 , fig . 125 . no type
limbatana herrich - schaffer , 1851 ( tortrix ( cochylis ) ) , syst . bearbeitung schmett . eur . 4 : 191 . tl : yugoslavia . syntype ( s ) : mnhu . unknown .
purissima osthelder , 1938 ( phalonia ) , mitt . mnch . ent . ges . 28 : 24 . tl : iran , holotype : zsm . male .
quaesita razowski , 1984 ( trachysmia ) , polskie pismo ent . 53 : 570 . tl : mexico , zacatecas , 9 mi s fresnillo . holotype : eme . female .
rectangulana chretien , 1915 ( conchylis ) , annls soc . ent . fr . 84 : 299 . tl : algeria , algeria . lectotype : mnhn . female .
reisseri razowski , 1970 ( hysterosia ) , microlepid . palaearctica 3 : 91 . tl : crete , west crete ( omalos ) . holotype : isez . male .
retextana erschoff , 1874 ( conchylis ) , lepid . turkestan : 93 . tl : turkestan , laxartem , sir - daria . holotype : zmas . female .
riscana kearfott , 1907 ( hysterosia ) , can . ent . 39 : 122 . tl : usa , pennsylvania , glenburn . lectotype : amnh . male .
vincta meyrick , 1912 ( hysterosia ) , ent . mon . mag . 48 : 35 no type
rugosana hubner , [ 1796 - 1799 ] ( tortrix ) , samml . eur . schmett . 7 : pl . 14fig . 82 . tl : germany , wrttenberg , marbach / neckar . neotype : tlmf . male .
albana kennel , 1913 ( phalonia ) , palaear . tortr . : 299 . no type
v - albana donovan , [ 1806 ] ( phalaena ) , nat . hist . br . insects 11 : 31 . tl : united kingdom . great britain . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
schreibersiana frolich , 1828 ( tortrix ) , enum . tortr . wrtemberg : 53 . tl : germany , wrtemberg . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
sociana esartiya , 1988 ( trachysmia ) , ent . obozr . 67 ( 4 ) : 137 . tl : georgia , georgia ( grunzia , lagodekhi reserve ) . holotype : zmas . male .
karadaghina budashkin , 1992 ( trachysmia ) , ent . obozr . 69 : 415 . tl : ukraine . ukraine ( crimea ) . holotype : zmas . male .
sodaliana haworth , 1811 ( tortrix ) , lepid . br . ( 3 ) : 436 . tl : united kingdom , great britain . syntype ( s ) : bmnh . unknown .
subfumida falkovitsh , 1963 ( hysterosia ( propira ) ) , zool . zhurn . moskva 42 : 697 tl : armenia , eriwan . holotype : zmas . male .
superbissima razowski , 1984 ( trachysmia ) , acta zool . cracov . 53 : 571 tl : mexico , veracruz , 2 mi w el joyita , hwy . 140 . holotype : eme . male .
terminana busck , 1907 ( hysterosia ) , j . new york ent . soc . 15 : 33 . tl : usa , pennsylvania , allegheny co . , pittsburgh . holotype : usnm . male .
merrickana kearfott , 1907 ( hysterosia ) , can . ent . 39 : 59 . tl : usa . pennsylvania , new brighton . lectotype : amnh . male .
undulata danilevsky , in danilevsky , kuznetzov & falkovitsh , 1962 ( hysterosia ) , trud . inst . zool . alma ata 18 : 113 . tl : central asia , central asia ( dshungarian ala - tau ) . holotype : zmas . female .
unionana kennel , 1900 ( hysterosia ) , dt . ent . z . iris 13 : 135 . tl : russia , caucasus . syntypes : mnhu . 2 males .
vicina walsingham , 1914 ( propira ) , biol . centr . - am . lepid . heterocera 4 : 297 . tl : guatemala , vera paz , pancina . holotype : bmnh . female .
villana busck , 1907 ( hysterosia ) , j . new york ent . soc . 15 : 34 . tl : usa , colorado , adams co . , denver . holotype : usnm . male .
vitellinana zeller , 1875 ( conchylis ) , verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 25 : 243 . tl : usa , maine or massachusetts . holotype : unknown . male .
vulneratana zetterstedt , 1839 ( tortrix ) , insecta lapponica descripta : 979 . tl : sweden , lappland ( laponia [ sweden ] . syntype ( s ) : uzil . unknown .
exsulana lederer , 1855 ( tortrix ) , verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 5 : 117 . syntype ( s ) : mnhu . unknown .
meincki amsel , 1932 ( euxanthis ) , dt . ent . z . berlin 1932 : 19 . tl : germany . holotype : meinc . unknown . [ lost ]
niponica kawabe , 1982 ( hysterosia ) , moths japan 2 : 182 . no type
nipponica matsumura , 1931 ( phalonia vulneratana form ) , 6000 illust . insects japan - empire : 1074 tl : japan . hokkaido & honshu . syntype ( s ) : eihu . unknown . [ lost ]
waracana kearfott , 1907 ( hysterosia ) , can . ent . 39 : 122 . tl : canada , alberta , regina . lectotype : usnm . female .
dicax meyrick , 1912 ( hysterosia ) , ent . mon . mag . 48 : 35 no type
zacualpana busck , 1913 ( commophila ) , insec . inscit . menstr . 1 : 141 . tl : mexico , distrito federal , zacualpan . holotype : usnm . female .
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it was described by meyrick in 1910 .

it is found in southern india .

the wingspan is 11-12 mm .

the forewings are deep ochreous-yellow , irregularly mixed with light brown suffusion .

the hindwings are ochreous-whitish .

brachmia sigillatrix

this is the place for sigillatrix definition . you find here sigillatrix meaning , synonyms of sigillatrix and images for sigillatrix copyright 2017 © urltoken
here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word sigillatrix . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word sigillatrix and , of course , sigillatrix synonyms and on the right images related to the word sigillatrix .
brachmia sigillatrix is a moth in the gelechiidae family . it was described by meyrick in 1910 . it is found in southern india .
brachmia sigillatrix meyrick , 1910 ; rec . ind . mus . 5 : 222 ; tl : ernaculam , cochin state , malabar coast ; karwar , kanara
brachmia dimidiella ( denis & schiffermuller , 1775 ) = brachmia costiguttella zeller 1846 = brachmia kneri nowicki 1865 .
brachmia infixa meyrick , 1938 ; inst . parcs nat . congo belge 14 : 17
brachmia leucopla meyrick , 1938 ; inst . parcs nat . congo belge 14 : 16
brachmia leucospora meyrick , 1938 ; inst . parcs nat . congo belge 14 : 17
brachmia neuroplecta meyrick , 1938 ; inst . parcs nat . congo belge 14 : 17
brachmia fuscogramma janse , 1960 ; moths s . afr . 6 ( 2 ) : 209
brachmia insuavis meyrick , 1914 ; suppl . ent . 3 : 51 ; tl : kankau
brachmia tholeromicta meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 84
brachmia circumfusa ; [ nhm , [ ref . on card incorrect ] card ] ; [ afromoths ]
brachmia antichroa meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 156 ; tl : ceylon , kandy
brachmia brunneolineata legrand , 1966 ; mém . mus . hist . nat . paris ( a ) 37 : 81
brachmia ioplaca meyrick , 1934 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 15 ) : 453 ; tl : taiwan , alikano
brachmia obfuscata meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 436 ; tl : queensland , brisbane
brachmia obtrectata meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 506 ; tl : china , shanghai
brachmia perumbrata meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 113 ; tl : bengal , pusa
brachmia resoluta meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 113 ; tl : bengla , pusa
brachmia tepidata meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 505 ; tl : china , shanghai
brachmia autonoma meyrick , 1910 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1910 : 369 ; tl : chagos islands
brachmia circumfusa meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 506 ; tl : french guinea , konakri
brachmia liberta meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 10 ) : 291 ; tl : madagascar , antananarivo
brachmia ( cladodes ) procursella rebel , 1903 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 53 : 97
brachmia velitaris meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 295 ; tl : barberton
brachmia deltopis meyrick , 1920 ; in alluaud & jeannel , voyage afr . orientale , ins . lép . 2 : 79
brachmia ditemenitis meyrick , 1934 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 10 ) 14 ( 82 ) : 408
brachmia infuscatella rebel , 1940 ; soc . sci . fenn . , comm . biol . 8 ( 1 ) : 38
brachmia melicephala meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 114 ; tl : burma , lashio , 3000ft
brachmia strigosa meyrick , 1910 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1910 : 450 ; tl : borneo , kuching
brachmia torva meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 9 ) : 278 ; tl : nyassland , mt mlanje
brachmia craterospila meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 46 ; tl : assam , shillong
brachmia syntonopis meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 48 ; tl : bombay , belgaum
brachmia apricata meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 295 ; tl : barberton , waterval onder
brachmia cenchritis meyrick , 1911 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 3 ) : 721 ; tl : khasis
brachmia hedemanni caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 112 ; tl : darjeeling
brachmia ptochodryas meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 46 ; tl : assam , shillong , 5000ft
brachmia custos meyrick , 1911 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 3 ) : 725 ; tl : nilgiris , 6000ft
brachmia robustella rebel , 1910 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 60 : 28 , f . 1 ; tl : herzegovina
brachmia amphisticta meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 9 ) : 279 ; tl : portuguese east africa , e of mt . chiperone
brachmia vecors meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 112 ; tl : s . india , palnis and gooty , madura , hampsagaram
brachmia insuavis ; [ nhm card ] ; park & hodges , 1995 , korean j . syst . zool . 11 ( 2 ) : 232 ( unrecognized )
brachmia ioplaca ; [ nhm card ] ; park & hodges , 1995 , korean j . syst . zool . 11 ( 2 ) : 233 ( unrecognized )
brachmia ( dichomeridinae ) ; [ nacl ] , 24 ; [ sangmi lee ] ; [ afromoths ] ; [ fe ] ; karsholt , mutanen , lee & kaila , 2013 , syst . ent . 38 : 343
anacampsis anisopa meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 140 ; tl : colombia , la crumbre , 6000ft
ballotellus ( amsel , 1935 ) ( hypsolophus ) ; mitt . zool . mus . berl . 20 ( 2 ) : 298
apethistis carphodes meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 459 ; tl : khasi hills
aulacomima ceramochroa turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 150 ; tl : queensland , brisbane
dilutiterminella ( gerasimov , 1930 ) ( cladodes ) ; ann . mus . zool . acad . sci . leningr . 31 ( 1 ) : 33 , pl . 7 , f . 3
dryotyphla meyrick , 1937 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 4 - 5 ) : 123
gelechia inornatella douglas , 1850 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . ( n . s . ) 1 : 65 ; tl : charlton
gelechia ( ceratophora ? ) japonicella zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 365 , pl . 5 , f . 124
dichomeris japonicella ; bae , lee & park , 2014 , ent . res . 44 : 19 ( list )
monotona caradja , 1927 ; mem . sect . stiint . acad . rom . ( 3 ) 4 ( 8 ) : 420
murinula turati , 1930 ; atti soc . ital . sci . nat . 69 : 80
opaca meyrick , 1927 ; bull . acad . ( 3 ) 4 : 421 [ ? ] 9
orthomastix meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 84
philochersa meyrick , 1938 ; trans . r . ent . soc . lond . 87 : 514
philodema meyrick , 1938 ; dt . ent . z . iris 52 : 7
ceratophora radiosella erschoff , 1874 ; in fedschenko , travels in turkestan . 2 ( 5 ) : 102 , pl . 6 , f . 115
stactopis meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 84
subsignata diakonoff , 1954 ; verh . k . akad . wet . amst . ( 2 ) 50 ( 1 ) : 61
lecithocera triophthalma meyrick , 1910 ; rec . ind . mus . 5 : 220 ; tl : tenmalai , w . ghats , travancore
aulacomima trinervis meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 395 ; tl : sydney , new south wales
xeronoma meyrick , 1935 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 591
[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013
sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
microlepidoptera of new guinea , results of the third archbold expedition ( american - netherlands indian expedition 1938 - 1939 ) . part iv
zur lepidopteren - fauna mittel - asiens . 1 . microheterocera aus dem distrikt kaschka - darja ( so - buchara )
die schmetterlinge deutschlands und der schweiz . 2 . abteilung , kleinschmetterlinge . 2 . die motten und federmotten
the moths of america north of mexico including greenland . fascicle 7 . 1 . gelechioidea , gelechiidae ( part ) , dichomeridinae
h . sauter ' s formosa ausbeute . pterophoridae , tortricidae , eucosmidae , gelechiadae , oecophoridae , cosmopterygidae , hypomeutidae , sesiadae , glyphipterygidae , plutellidae , teneidae , adelidae ( lep . )
voyage de ch . alluaud et r . jeannel en afrique orientale ( 1911 - 1812 ) . résultats scientifique . insectes lépidoptères . 2 . microlepidoptera in alluaud & jeannel ,
the percy sladen and godman trusts expedition to the islands in the gulf of guinea , october 1932 march 1933 . iii . micro - lepidoptera
zeller , 1877 exotische microlepidopteren horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 3 - 493 , pl . 1 - 6
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
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the wingspan is 11 - 12 mm . the forewings are deep ochreous - yellow , irregularly mixed with light brown suffusion . the stigmata is black , edged with white , the plical obliquely before the first discal . the hindwings are ochreous - whitish .
austria , belgium , bulgaria , hungary , germany , denmark , spain , italy , latvia , lithuania , the netherlands , norway , poland , romania , the soviet union - the european part , finland , france , czech republic , switzerland , sweden , estonia , yugoslavia .
regions of the russian federation : the volga - don , east caucasus , the european north - west , central european , european southern taiga , trans - baikal , karelia , krasnoyarsk , of baikal , seaside , mid - volzhsky , south ural .
albania , austria , belarus , belgium , bulgaria , bosnia and herzegovina , hungary , germany , denmark ( mainland ) , spain ( mainland ) , italy ( mainland ) , latvia , lithuania , macedonia , netherlands , norway ( mainland ) poland , romania , russia , slovakia , slovenia , ukraine , finland , france ( mainland ) , czech republic , switzerland , sweden , estonia , yugoslavia .
[ 10 ] de jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) ( 2011 ) fauna europaea version 2 . 4 ( faunaeur . org )
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curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .
species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .
the gelechiidae is similar to other gelechioid families in that its members have a scaled proboscis and strongly recurved labial palpus , but differs from other gelechioid families by having a combination of the following characters : 1 ) hindwing subrectangular to trapezoidal with sinuous or concave termen and prominent apex , 2 ) forewing lanceolate to elongate–ovate with cup absent , 3 ) the retinaculum of the wing–coupling mechanism on the radial vein of the female forewing , 4 ) labial palpus long , second segment often with ventral brush , third segment long , acute , rarely with short dorsal brush of rough scales , 5 ) male gnathos forming a pair of lateral , articulated , symmetrical sclerites with an articulated , mesial hook ( hodges , 1986 , 1999 ) .