several capsalid species , such a neobenedenia spp. are pathogenic , especially on maricultured fish .

capsalidae

the capsalidae is a family of monopisthocotylean monogeneans , which includes about 200 species .
family ties : molecular phylogenetics , evolution and radiation of flatworm parasites ( monogenea : capsalidae ) .
price , e . w . ( 1939 ) north american monogenetic trematodes iii . the family capsalidae ( capsaloidea ) .
the capsalidae ( monogenea : monopisthocotylea ) : a review of diversity , classification and phylogeny with a note about species complexes .
adelaide research & scholarship : family ties : molecular phylogenetics , evolution and radiation of flatworm parasites ( monogenea : capsalidae ) .
bychowsky , b . & nagibina , l . ( 1967 ) new capsalidae ( mono - genoidea ) from pacific fishes .
egorova , t . p . ( 1994b ) a taxonomic review of the subfamily trocho - podinae ( monogenoidea : capsalidae ) .
egorova , t . p . ( 1997 ) a taxonomic review of the subfamily bene - deniinae ( monogenoidea : capsalidae ) .
iwata , k . ( 1990 ) ectoparasitic trematodes from marine fishes of kyusyu , japan . i . the family capsalidae ( monogenea ) .
the capsalidae ( monogenea : monopisthocotylea ) : a review of diversity , classification and phylogeny with a note about species complexes . - pubmed - ncbi
a revision of neobenedenia yamaguti , 1963 ( monogenea : capsalidae ) including a redescription of n . melleni ( maccallum , 1927 ) yamaguti , 1963
velasquez c . c . 1982 : monogenea ( capsalidae ) from philippine marine fishes . proc . helminthol . soc . wash . 49 : 176 - 184
the monophyly of the capsalidae is supported by possession of accessory sclerites in the haptor ( the posterior attachment organ ) , and was confirmed by molecular phylogeny .
the subfamily encotyllabinae ( monogenea : capsalidae ) with the description of alloencotyllabe caranxi n . g . , n . sp . and encotyllabe kuwaitensis n . sp
egorova t . p . 1999 : systematics of the subfamily entobdellinae ( monogenoidea : capsalidae ) . parazitologiya 33 : 420 - 425 . ( in russian . )
the subfamily encotyllabinae ( monogenea : capsalidae ) with the description of alloencotyllabe caranxi n . g . , n . sp . and encotyllabe kuwaitensis n . sp .
egorova t . p . 1994b : about a new genus , megalobenedenia ( capsalidae : trochopodinae ) . parazitologiya 28 : 76 - 78 . ( in russian . )
egorova t . p . 2000c : new monogeneans of the genus dionchus ( capsalidae : dionchinae ) . parazitologiya 34 : 252 - 258 . ( in russian . )
egorova t . p . 2000d : recent composition of the subfamily encotyllabinae ( monogenea : capsalidae ) . parazitologiya 34 : 295 - 301 . ( in russian . )
egorova t . p . 1994a : a taxonomic review of the subfamily trochopodinae ( monogenoidea : capsalidae ) . parazitologiya 28 : 81 - 91 . ( in russian . )
egorova t . p . 1997 : a taxonomic review of the subfamily benedeniinae ( monogenoidea : capsalidae ) . parazitologiya 31 : 438 - 451 . ( in russian . )
the subfamily encotyllabinae ( monogenea : capsalidae ) with the description of alloencotyllabe caranxi n . g . , n . sp . and encotyllabe kuwaitensis n . sp . | springerlink
a revision of entobdella blainville ( monogenea : capsalidae ) with particular reference to e . hippoglossi and e . squamula : the use of ratios in taxonomy and key to species
whittington , i . d . ( 2004 ) the capsalidae ( monogenea : monopistho - cotylea ) : a review of diversity , classification and phylogeny with a note about species complexes .
egorova t . p . 2000b : occurrence of monogeneans of the subfamily capsalinae ( capsalidae ) - parasites of marine fishes . parazitologiya 34 : 111 - 117 . ( in russian . )
monogenea of arabian gulf fishes : 1 . descriptions of three capsala spp . ( capsalidae ) including capsala naffari n . sp . infecting mackerel tuna euthynnus affinis from coasts of emirates - sciencedirect
revision of allobenedenia yamaguti , 1963 ( monogenoidea : capsalidae ) with the description of a . zhangi n . sp . from epinephelus fasciatus ( teleostei : serranidae ) in the south china sea
a revision of benedenia diesing , 1858 including a redescription of b . sciaenae ( van beneden , 1856 ) odhner , 1905 and recognition of menziesia gibson , 1976 ( monogenea : capsalidae )
revision of allobenedenia yamaguti , 1963 ( monogenoidea : capsalidae ) with the description of a . zhangi n . sp . from epinephelus fasciatus ( teleostei : serranidae ) in the south china sea | springerlink
bravo - hollis , m . ( 1958 ) trematodos de peces marinos de aguas mexicanas . xiv . cuatro monogeneos de la familia capsalidae baird , 1853 , de las costas del pacifico , incluyendo una especie nueva .
colorni a . 1994 : hyperparasitism of amyloodinium ocellatum ( dinoflagellida : oodinidae ) on neobenedenia melleni ( monogenea : capsalidae ) . dis . aquat . org . 19 : 157 - 159 go to original source . . .
bravo - hollis , h . m . ( 1958 ) trematodes de peces marinos de aguas mexicanas . xiv . cuarto monogeneos de la familia capsalidae baird , 1853 , de las costas del pacifico , incluyendo una especie nueva .
ogawa , k . shirakashi , s . and ishitani , h . 2014 . insemination of the monogenean neobenedenia girellae ( capsalidae , benedeniinae ) . parasitology international , vol . 63 , issue . 2 , p . 473 .
egorova t . p . 2000a : entobdella hippoglossi ( monogenoidea , capsalidae ) from a perch - like fish from the pacific ocean and new data on sessilorbis limopharynx . parazitologiya 34 : 70 - 74 . ( in russian . )
whittington , ian d . 2004 . the capsalidae ( monogenea : monopisthocotylea ) : a review of diversity , classification and phylogeny with a note about species complexes . folia parasitologica , vol . 51 , issue . 2 , p . 109 .
buhrnheim , u . , gomes , d . c . & varela , m . c . ( 1973 ) alguns trematódeos monogenéticos da família capsalidae baird , 1853 , em peixes do oceano atlântico – costa continental portuguesa e costa do norte da áfrica .
timofeeva t . a . 1995 : new species of the genera pseudallobenedenia yamaguti , 1966 and lagenivaginopseudobenedenia yamaguti , 1966 ( monogenea : capsalidae ) in the indo - pacific . syst . parasitol . 32 : 71 - 77 go to original source . . .
justine j . - l . , mattei x . 1987 : phylogenetic relationships between the families capsalidae and dionchidae ( platyhelminthes , monogenea , monopisthocotylea ) indicated by the comparative ultrastructural study of spermiogenesis . zool . scr . 16 : 111 - 116 go to original source . . .
gusev a . v . , timofeeva t . a . 1986 : the ciliary cells and chaetotaxy of the larvae of nitzschia sturionis ( abildgaard , 1794 ) . ( monogenea , capsalidae ) . tr . zool . inst . 155 : 55 - 61 . ( in russian . )
justine j . - l . , mattei x . , euzet l . 1991 : ultrastructure of spermatozoa in two monopisthocotylean monogeneans : encotyllabe sp . ( capsalidae ) and tetraonchoides sp . ( tetraonchoididae ) . ann . parasitol . hum . comp . 66 : 173 - 178 go to original source . . .
sepúlveda , f . a . and gonzález , m . t . 2014 . molecular and morphological analyses reveal that the pathogen benedenia seriolae ( monogenea : capsalidae ) is a complex species : implications for yellowtail seriola spp . aquaculture . aquaculture , vol . 418 - 419 , issue . , p . 94 .
deveney m . r . , chisholm l . a . , whittington i . d . 2001 : first published record of the pathogenic monogenean parasite neobenedenia melleni ( capsalidae ) from australia . dis . aquat . org . 46 : 79 - 82 go to original source . . . go to pubmed . . .
wheeler t . a . , beverley - burton m . 1987 : nasicola hogansi n . sp . ( monogenea : capsalidae ) from bluefin tuna , thunnus thynnus ( osteichthyes : scombridae ) , in the northwest atlantic . can . j . zool . 65 : 1947 - 1950 go to original source . . .
whittington i . d . , horton m . a . 1996 : a revision of neobenedenia yamaguti , 1963 ( monogenea : capsalidae ) including a redescription of n . melleni ( maccallum , 1927 ) yamaguti , 1963 . j . nat . hist . 30 : 1113 - 1156 go to original source . . .
whittington , i . d . ( 2004 ) . the capsalidae ( monogenea : monopisthocotylea ) : a review of diversity , classification and phylogeny with a note about species complexes . folia parasitologica , 51 ( 2 - 3 ) , 109 - 122 . doi : 10 . 14411 / fp . 2004 . 016 .
ingram , abigail l . and parker , andrew r . 2005 . the anatomy and attachment mechanism of the haptor of acapsalasp . ( platyhelminthes : monogenea : capsalidae ) on the blue marlin , makaira nigricans ( istiophoridae ) . journal of natural history , vol . 39 , issue . 42 , p . 3633 .
whittington i . d . , ernst i . 2002 : migration , site - specificity and development of benedenia lutjani ( monogenea : capsalidae ) on the surface of its host , lutjanus carponotatus ( pisces : lutjanidae ) . parasitology 124 : 423 - 434 go to original source . . . go to pubmed . . .
egorova t . p . 1989 : a taxonomic analysis of the subfamily capsalinae ( monogenoidea ; capsalidae ) . in : b . i . lebedev ( ed . ) , parazitologicheskie issledovaniya : sbornik nauchnykh trudov . dal ' nevostochnoe otdelenie . akademiya nauk sssr , vladivostok , pp . 46 - 54 . ( in russian . )
whittington , i . d . , deveney , m . r . , morgan , j . a . t . , chisholm , l . a . & adlard , r . d . ( 2004 ) a preliminary phylogenetic analysis of the capsalidae ( platyhelminthes : monogenea : monopisthocoty - lea ) inferred from large subunit rdna sequences .
bullard s . a . , benz g . w . , overstreet r . m . , williams e . h . jr . , hemdal j . 2000b : six new host records and an updated list of wild hosts for neobenedenia melleni ( maccallum ) ( monogenea : capsalidae ) . comp . parasitol . 67 : 190 - 196
kardousha m . m . 2002 : monogenea of arabian gulf fishes . 1 . descriptions of three capsala spp . ( capsalidae ) including capsala naffari n . sp . infecting mackerel tuna euthynnus affinis from coasts of emirates . parasitol . int . 51 : 327 - 335 go to original source . . . go to pubmed . . .
ogawa k . , bondad - reantaso m . , fukudome m . , wakabayashi h . 1995a : neobenedenia girellae ( hargis , 1955 ) yamaguti , 1963 ( monogenea : capsalidae ) from cultured marine fishes of japan . j . parasitol . 81 : 223 - 227 go to original source . . . go to pubmed . . .
barse , ann m . and bullard , stephen a . 2012 . redescription and new host record of capsala laevis ( monogenoidea : capsalidae : capsalinae ) from gill of roundscale spearfish , tetrapturus georgii ( perciformes : istiophoridae ) in the northwestern atlantic ocean . journal of parasitology , vol . 98 , issue . 4 , p . 735 .
dyer w . g . , poly w . j . 2002 : trimusculotrema schwartzi n . sp . ( monogenea : capsalidae ) from the skin of the stingray dasyatis zugei ( elasmobranchii : dasyatidae ) off hong kong , china . syst . parasitol . 51 : 217 - 225 go to original source . . . go to pubmed . . .
garcia r . g . g . f . , pradi - garcia m . m . , del valle m . t . , rodriguez - diego j . g . 2000 : nuevas especies de hospederos y localizacion para pseudobenedenia nototheniae y pseudobenedenoides shorti ( monogenea : capsalidae ) en peces antarticos . rev . salud anim . 22 : 61 - 63
ogawa k . , bondad - reantaso m . g . , wakabayashi h . 1995b : redescription of benedenia epinepheli ( yamaguti , 1937 ) meserve , 1938 ( monogenea : capsalidae ) from cultured and aquarium marine fishes of japan . can . j . fish . aquat . sci . 52 : 62 - 70 go to original source . . .
tingbao , yang kritsky , delane c . and yuan , sun 2004 . revision of allobenedenia yamaguti , 1963 ( monogenoidea : capsalidae ) with the description of a . zhangi n . sp . from epinephelus fasciatus ( teleostei : serranidae ) in the south china sea . systematic parasitology , vol . 59 , issue . 3 , p . 223 .
perez ponce de leon g . p . , mendoza - garfias b . 2000 : a new species of sprostoniella bychowsky and nagibina , 1967 ( monogenea : capsalidae ) from chaetodipterus zonatus ( osteichthyes : ephippidae ) in chamela bay , mexico . j . parasitol . 86 : 811 - 814 go to original source . . . go to pubmed . . .
perkins , elizabeth m . donnellan , steve c . bertozzi , terry chisholm , leslie a . and whittington , ian d . 2009 . looks can deceive : molecular phylogeny of a family of flatworm ectoparasites ( monogenea : capsalidae ) does not reflect current morphological classification . molecular phylogenetics and evolution , vol . 52 , issue . 3 , p . 705 .
klassen g . j . , beverley - burton m . , locke a . 1989 : a revision of entobdella blainville ( monogenea : capsalidae ) with particular reference to e . hippoglossi and e . squamula : the use of ratios in taxonomy and key to species . can . j . zool . 67 : 1869 - 1876 go to original source . . .
whittington i . d . , barton d . p . 1990 : a new genus of monogenean parasites ( capsalidae : benedeniinae ) from stingrays ( rajiformes : dasyatidae ) with a description of a new species from the long - tailed stingray himantura uarnak forsskal from queensland , australia . j . nat . hist . 24 : 327 - 340 go to original source . . .
kritsky d . c . , fennessy c . j . 1999 : calicobenedenia polyprioni n . gen . , n . sp . ( monogenoidea : capsalidae ) from the external surfaces of wreckfish , polyprion americanus ( teleostei : polyprionidae ) , in the north atlantic . j . parasitol . 85 : 192 - 195 go to original source . . . go to pubmed . . .
whittington i . d . , deveney m . r . , morgan j . a . t . , chisholm l . a . , adlard r . d . 2004 : a preliminary phylogenetic analysis of the capsalidae ( platyhelminthes : monogenea : monopisthocotylea ) inferred from large subunit rdna sequences . parasitology 128 : 511 - 519 go to original source . . . go to pubmed . . .
whittington i . d . , deveney m . r . , wyborn s . j . 2001a : a revision of benedenia diesing , 1858 including a redescription of b . sciaenae ( van beneden , 1856 ) odhner , 1905 and recognition of menziesia gibson , 1976 ( monogenea : capsalidae ) . j . nat . hist . 35 : 663 - 777 go to original source . . .
whittington i . d . , kearn g . c . , beverley - burton m . 1994 : benedenia rohdei n . sp . ( monogenea : capsalidae ) from the gills of lutjanus carponotatus ( perciformes : lutjanidae ) from the great barrier reef , queensland , australia , with a description of the oncomiracidium . syst . parasitol . 28 : 5 - 13 go to original source . . .
, currently in the benedeniinae , should perhaps be placed in a separate subfamily . an additional analysis was made which omitted 3 capsalid taxa ( for which only short sequences were available ) and all outgroup taxa because of alignment difficulties . sequence length increased to 693 bases and good branch support was achieved . the benedeniinae was again paraphyletic . higher - level classification of the capsalidae , evolution of the entobdellinae and issues of species identity in
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washington , d . c . : american institute of biological sciences , c1961 .
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@ book { bhl31704 , title = { monogenetic trematodes : their systematics and phylogeny / } , copyright = { no known copyright restrictions as determined by scanning institution } , url = urltoken note = urltoken - - - translation of : monogeneficheskie sosalshchiki , ikh systema i filogeniia . - - - includes facsim . of original t . p . - - -
translation of a russian monograph , ninth in a series
- - cover . - - - series statement from p . v . - - - includes indexes . } , publisher = { washington , d . c . : american institute of biological sciences , } , author = { bykhovskii , b . e . ( boris evseevich ) , } , year = { 1961 } , pages = { 656 } , keywords = { classification | platyhelminthes | trematoda | } , }
ty - book ti - monogenetic trematodes : their systematics and phylogeny / ur - urltoken pb - american institute of biological sciences , cy - washington , d . c . : py - 1961 n1 - translation of : monogeneficheskie sosalshchiki , ikh systema i filogeniia . - - - includes facsim . of original t . p . - - -
translation of a russian monograph , ninth in a series
- - cover . - - - series statement from p . v . - - - includes indexes . au - bykhovskii , b . e . ( boris evseevich ) , kw - classification kw - platyhelminthes kw - trematoda er -
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folia parasitol ( praha ) . 2004 jun ; 51 ( 2 - 3 ) : 109 - 22 .
monogenean research laboratory , parasitology section , the south australian museum , north terrace , adelaide , south australia 5000 , australia . whittington . ian @ urltoken
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bray , r . a . ( 2001 ) . monogenea , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 142 - 146 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
international journal that covers all branches of parasitology , including morphology , taxonomy , molecular biology , host - parasite relationships , parasite evolution , biochemistry , physiology and immunology .
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maccallum g . a . 1927 : a new ectoparasitic trematode , epibdella melleni , sp . nov . zoopathology 1 : 291 - 300
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mueller o . f . 1776 : zoologiae danicae prodromus , seu animalium daniae et norvegiae indigernarum characteres , nomina , et synonyma imprimis popularium . havniae , 282 pp
nigrelli r . f . 1935 : studies on the acquired immunity of the pompano , trachinotus carolinus , to epibdella melleni . j . parasitol . 21 : 438 - 439
nigrelli r . f . 1937 : further studies on the susceptibility and acquired immunity of marine fishes to epibdella melleni , a monogenetic trematode . zoologica , n . y . 22 : 185 - 192
nigrelli r . f . 1940 : mortality statistics for specimens in the new york aquarium , 1939 . zoologica , n . y . 25 : 525 - 552
nigrelli r . f . 1943 : causes of diseases and death of fishes in captivity . zoologica , n . y . 28 : 203 - 216
nigrelli r . f . 1947 : susceptibility and immunity of marine fishes to benedenia ( = epibdella ) melleni ( maccallum ) , a monogenetic trematode . iii . natural hosts in the west indies . j . parasitol . 33 : 25
nigrelli r . f . , breder c . m . 1934 : the susceptibility and immunity of certain marine fishes to epibdella melleni , a monogenetic trematode . j . parasitol . 20 : 259 - 269 go to original source . . .
ogawa k . , yokoyama h . 1998 : parasitic diseases of cultured marine fish in japan . fish pathol . 33 : 303 - 309 . go to original source . . .
oliva m . e . , luque j . l . 1995 : monogeneans parasitic on marine fishes from peru and chile : three new species and two new combinations . mem . inst . oswaldo cruz 90 : 569 - 574 go to original source . . .
olson p . d . , littlewood d . t . j . 2002 : phylogenetics of the monogenea - evidence from a medley of molecules . int . j . parasitol . 32 : 233 - 244 go to original source . . . go to pubmed . . .
roberts l . s . , janovy j . jr . 2000 : gerald d . schmidt & larry s . roberts ' foundations of parasitology . sixth edition . mcgraw - hill international editions , boston , 670 pp
timofeeva t . a . 1988 : structure of the genital system of the monogenean genus dionchus ( monogenea , dionchidae ) . tr . zool . inst . 177 : 26 - 34 . ( in russian . )
timofeeva t . a . 1990 : phylogenetic relationships of capsalids and dionchids and the position of the latter in the system of monogeneans ( monogenea , monopisthocotylea ) . tr . zool . inst . 221 : 3 - 16 . ( in russian . )
timofeeva t . a . , gaevskaya a . v . , kovaleva a . a . 1987 : capsalids ( monogenea ) of the notothenioid fishes from the atlantic region of antarctica and subantarctica . tr . zool . inst . 161 : 78 - 93 . ( in russian . )
van beneden p . j . 1856 : note sur un trematode nouveau de maigre d ' europe . bull . acad . r . belg . , classes sci . 23 : 502 - 508
van beneden p . j . 1858 : memoire sur les vers intestinaux . j . - b . bailtiere et fils , paris , 376 pp
whittington i . d . 1994 : graham c . kearn . an appreciation . int . j . parasitol . 24 : 481 - 486 go to original source . . . go to pubmed . . .
whittington i . d . 1996 : benedeniine ( capsalid ) monogeneans from australian fishes : pathogenic species , sitespecificity and camouflage . j . helminthol . 70 : 177 - 184 go to original source . . . go to pubmed . . .
whittington i . d . , chisholm l . a . 2003 : diversity of monogenea from chondrichthyes : do monogeneans fear sharks ? in : c . combes and j . jourdane ( eds . ) , taxonomie , ecologie et evolution des metazoaires parasites . ( livre hommage a louis euzet ) . tome 2 . pup perpignan , france , pp . 339 - 363
whittington i . d . , corneillie s . , talbot c . , morgan j . a . t . , adlard r . d . 2001b : infections of seriola quinqueradiata temminck & schlegel and s . dumerili ( risso ) in japan by benedenia seriolae ( monogenea ) confirmed by morphology and 28s ribosomal dna analysis . j . fish dis . 24 : 421 - 425 go to original source . . .
whittington i . d . , cribb b . w . , hamwood t . e . , halliday j . a . 2000 : host - specificity of monogenean ( platyhelminth ) parasites : a role for anterior adhesive areas ? int . j . parasitol . 30 : 305 - 320 go to original source . . . go to pubmed . . .
whittington i . d . , kearn g . c . 1991 : the adhesive attitudes of some gill - parasitic capsalid monogeneans . j . helminthol . 65 : 280 - 285 go to original source . . . go to pubmed . . .
whittington i . d . , kearn g . c . 1992 : the eggs and oncomiracidia of encotyllabe spp . and the relationship between encotyllabines and other capsalid monogeneans . parasitology 104 : 253 - 261 go to original source . . .
whittington i . d . , kearn g . c . 1993 : a new species of skin - parasitic benedeniine monogenean with a preference for the pelvic fins of its host , lutjanus carponotatus ( perciformes : lutjanidae ) from the great barrier reef . j . nat . hist . 27 : 1 - 14 go to original source . . .
yamaguti s . 1963 : systema helminthum . volume iv . monogenea and aspidocotylea . interscience publishers , new york , 699 pp
yamaguti s . 1965 : new monogenetic trematodes from hawaiian fishes , i . pac . sci . 19 : 55 - 95
yamaguti s . 1966 : new monogenetic trematodes from hawaiian fishes , ii . pac . sci . 20 : 419 - 434
yamaguti s . 1968 : monogenetic trematodes of hawaiian fishes . university of hawaii press , honolulu , 287 pp
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three species of the genus capsala including capsala naffari n . sp . , c . neothunni ( yamaguti , 1968 ) and c . nozawae ( goto , 1894 ) are recorded and described from the buccal cavity of mackerel tuna euthynnus affinis caught from emirate coasts . capsala naffari can be differentiated by its lateral spiniform teeth , which extend posteriorly , small measurements compared with the closely resembled c . gotoi and relatively large testes . this is the first record of the genus capsala from arabian gulf fishes and e . affinis is a new host record .
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
copyright material removed from digital thesis . see print copy in university of adelaide library for full text .
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capsalids are parasite on various organs of marine fish ( teleosts and elasmobranchs ) , including skin , fins and gills . several capsalid species , such a neobenedenia spp . are pathogenic , especially on maricultured fish .
genera as recognized in worms are listed below . recent molecular analyses have shown that several genera , which were defined on morphological characters , are not monophyletic .
menziesia and nitzschia have their equivalent in the botanical nomenclature : menziesia ( a flowering plant ) and nitzschia ( a diatom ) .
al - mathal , e . m . ( 2002 ) identification of some monogenetic tream - atodes ( sic ) from some arabian gulf fish in saudi arabia .
evdokimova , e . b . ( 1969 ) new species of monogeneans from bony fishes of patagon shelf .
. world wide web electronic publication . www . fishbase . org , 18 march 2004 .
goto , s . ( 1894 ) studies on the ectoparasitic trematodes of japan .
( perciformes : haemulidae ) from the great barrier reef , australia with a revision of the genus .
hussey , c . g . ( 1986 ) some monogenean parasites of marine perci - form fishes of kuwait .
johnston , t . h . ( 1929 ) remarks on the synonymy of certain tristo - matid trematode genera .
johnston , t . h . ( 1931 ) new trematodes from the subantarctic and antarctic .
klassen , g . j . , beverley - burton , m . & locke , a . ( 1989 ) a revision of
lawler , a . r . & hargis , w . j . , jr ( 1968 ) monogenetic trematodes from the southern pacific ocean . part v . monopisthocotyleids from australian fishes , the subfamily trochopodinae .
lester , r . j . g . & sewell , k . b . ( 1989 ) checklist of parasites from heron island , great barrier reef .
paperna , i . & kohn , a . ( 1964 ) report on monogenetic tremat - odes collected from east mediterranean .
suriano , d . m . & beverley - burton , m . ( 1979 )
timofeeva , t . a . ( 1990 ) phylogenetic relationships between the capsalids and the dionchids and the position of the latter in the monogenea ( monogenea , monopisthocotylea ) .
n : mamkaev , yu . v . & joffe , b . i . ( eds )
wu j . , lu j . & woo n . y . s . ( 2002 ) a new species and a new chinese record of monogeneans from marine fishes in the south china sea ( trematoda : monogenea ) .
yamaguti , s . ( 1965 ) new monogenetic trematodes from hawaiian fishes , i .
alloencotyllabe caranxi n . g . , n . sp . is found in groups of 9–15 specimens attached close together to the lower pharyngeal plate of caranx sp . it is characterized by having an elongate body , a prohaptor with large spines , an armed penis which lies in a pouch and a vaginal pouch guarded by two sets of glands . encotyllabe kuwaitensis n . sp . is attached individually to the lower pharyngeal plate of caranx sp . it is characterized by having an elongate body and tandem testes . e . spari is reported from the lower pharyngeal tooth plate of plectorhynchus cinctus , p . pictus and p . schotaf . all fish hosts were caught in kuwaiti waters in the arabian gulf . the subfamily encotyllabinae is reviewed and the genus neoencotyllabe is regarded as a genus inquirendum . the new genus is attached to the subfamily encotyllabinae .
these keywords were added by machine and not by the authors . this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .
bikhovskii ( bychowsky ) b . e . ( 1957 ) [ monogenetic trematodes , their systematics and phylogeny . ] moscow : akademiya nauk ssr , 509 pp . [ english translation edited by hargis , w . j . jr . ( 1961 ) washington , dc : american institute of biological sciences , 627 pp .
g . n . , sp . n . ( monogenea ) from marine fishes .
lawler , a . r . ( 1971 ) zoogeography and host - specificity of the superfamily capsaloidea price , 1936 ( monogenea : monopisthocotylea ) .
meserve , f . g . ( 1938 ) some monogenetic trematodes from the galapagos islands and the neighboring pacific .
sproston , n . g . ( 1946 ) a synopsis of the monogenetic trematodes .
yamaguti , s . ( 1934 ) studies on the helminth fauna of japan . part 2 . trematodes of fishes . i .
yamaguti , s . ( 1963 ) systema helminthum , vol . iv . monogenea and aspidocotylea . new york : interscience publishers , 699 pp .
khalil , l . f . & abdul - salam , j . b . syst parasitol ( 1988 ) 11 : 139 . urltoken
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this article has been cited by the following publications . this list is generated based on data provided by crossref .
brazenor , alexander k . bertozzi , terry miller , terrence l . whittington , ian d . and hutson , kate s . 2018 . dna profiling reveals neobenedenia girellae as the primary culprit in global fisheries and aquaculture . molecular phylogenetics and evolution ,
ogawa , kazuo and shirakashi , sho 2017 . skin fluke infection of cultured marine fish . fish pathology , vol . 52 , issue . 4 , p . 186 .
jin , woo jun 2015 . phylogenetic study on microcotyle sp . ( monogenea ) from common dentex ( dentex dentex ) in the mediterranean sea , greece . african journal of biotechnology , vol . 14 , issue . 33 , p . 2532 .
zhang , juan wu , xiangyun li , yanwei zhao , mengwei xie , mingquan and li , anxing 2014 . the complete mitochondrial genome of neobenedenia melleni ( platyhelminthes : monogenea ) : mitochondrial gene content , arrangement and composition compared with two benedenia species . molecular biology reports , vol . 41 , issue . 10 , p . 6583 .
chaudhary , a . and singh , h . s . 2013 . description of two new species of the genus thaparocleidus jain , 1952 ( monogenea , dactylogyridae ) from freshwater fish in india : morphological and molecular phylogenetic evidence . journal of helminthology , vol . 87 , issue . 02 , p . 160 .
wu , x . y . zhu , x . q . xie , m . q . and li , a . x . 2006 . the radiation of haliotrema ( monogenea : dactylogyridae : ancyrocephalinae ) : molecular evidence and explanation inferred from lsu rdna sequences . parasitology , vol . 132 , issue . 05 ,
olson , peter d . and tkach , vasyl v . 2005 . vol . 60 , issue . , p . 165 .
pulido - flores , griselda and monks , scott 2005 . monogenean parasites of some elasmobranchs ( chondrichthyes ) from the yucatán peninsula , mexico . comparative parasitology , vol . 72 , issue . 1 , p . 69 .
present address : department of plant and microbial biology , university of california berkeley , ca 94720 - 3102 , usa .
( udonellidae ) . trees were constructed using maximum likelihood , minimum evolution and maximum parsimony algorithms . an initial tree , generated from sequences 315 bases long , suggests that capsalinae , encotyllabinae , entobdellinae and trochopodinae are monophyletic , but that benedeniinae is paraphyletic . analyses indicate that
monogenean research laboratory , parasitology section , the south australian museum , adelaide , south australia 5000 , australia . tel : + 61 8 8207 7463 . fax : + 61 8 8207 7222 . e - mail : whittington . ian @ urltoken
[ in russian : english translation edited by hargis , w . j . jr . , 1961 . ]
the complete nucleotide sequence of mouse 28s rrna gene . implications for the process of size increase of the large subunit rrna in higher eukaryotes
paup * phylogenetic analysis using parsimony ( * and other methods ) , version 4 . 0b8 ( ppc )
infections of seriola quinqueradiata temminck & schlegel and s . dumerili ( risso ) in japan by benedenia seriolae ( monogenea ) confirmed by morphology and 28s ribosomal dna analysis
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neduba extincta , commonly known as the antioch dunes shieldback katydid , is an extinct species of katydid ( family tettigoniidae ) that was endemic to california , united states .

it was not discovered until after its extinction .

neduba extincta

rentz , d . c . f . 1977 . entomol . news 88 : 242 > > neduba extincta urn : lsid : orthoptera . speciesfile . org : taxonname : 3889
original scientific description : rentz , dave c . f . ( 1977 ) . a new and apparently extinct katydid from antioch sand dunes . entomological news 88 : 241 - 245 . species bibliography : world conservation monitoring centre . ( 1996 ) . neduba extincta . in : iucn 2011 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2011 . 2 . ( urltoken ) . downloaded on 26 december 2011 .
telling which species is a bit more tricky , but location would narrow it down to probably two or three - n . carinata , n . diabolica , or perhaps n . extincta ; most likely the first . moved from id request .
as is the case with most invertebrate taxa , there is little information about individual species and population sizes of the orthoptera on which to precisely assess their conservation status . as of 2002 , the iucn red list included 74 species of the orthoptera . two of these species , the central valley grasshopper ( conozoa hyalina ) and antioch dunes shieldback ( neduba extincta ) , are listed as extinct , and the oahu deceptor bush cricket ( leptogryllus deceptor ) is listed as extinct in the wild . eight species are listed as critically endangered , eight as endangered , and 50 as vulnerable .
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type locality : northern america , southwestern u . s . a . , california
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only known from the holotype : cas 12 , 987 ( catalogue number as reported in the original description . may have changed accession number or institution since then ) . can be seen here : urltoken
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a database of
missing
and recently extinct species of plants and animals .
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holotypic male , from orthoptera species file online ( naskrecki & otte 1997 + ) , downloaded 17 sep 2003 ; photographed by piotr naskrecki , used by permission .
- - natureserve explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50 , 000 plants , animals and ecological communtities of the u . s and canada . natureserve explorer provides in - depth information on rare and endangered species , but includes common plants and animals too . natureserve explorer is a product of natureserve in collaboration with the natural heritage network .
itis reports - - itis ( the integrated taxonomic information system ) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants , animals , fungi , and microbes of north america and the world .
fws digital media library - - the u . s . fish and wildlife service ' s national digital library is a searchable collection of selected images , historical artifacts , audio clips , publications , and video .
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the xerces blue butterfly , antioch katydid , tobias’ caddis - fly , roberts’s alloperlan stonefly , colorado burrowing mayfly , and rocky mountain grasshopper all were driven extinct by humans , and all foreshadow the fate of the world’s endangered insects . with almost 1 million described species , insects eclipse all other forms of animal life on earth , not only in sheer numbers , diversity , and biomass , but also in their importance to functioning ecosystems . however , human - induced changes to the natural environment endanger vast numbers of these organisms , threatening them and the vital services they provide with extinction .
a report by the world commission on environment and development noted , “there is a growing consensus that species are disappearing at rates never before witnessed on the planet” but that “we have no accurate figures on current rates of extinctions , as most of the species vanishing are the least documented , such as insects in tropical forests . ” scientists and conservationists agree that insect species are going extinct . but how many have been lost and how many more are at risk remains unclear .
although overcollecting has not been shown to harm healthy populations of insects , it may be an important threat to insect species with very small populations and is included in the list of threats to many of the federally protected insect species in the united states . the endangered species act expressly forbids the collection of endangered or threatened species , and most insect conservationists feel that collecting from small populations should be done only for well - designed , hypothesis - driven , scientific studies .
pesticides and other pollutants are implicated in the decline of many native bees and some aquatic insects , although the degree of impact is not conclusive . lights along streets and highways also have been implicated in losses of nocturnal insects , particularly large moths .
conservationists have concluded that the current , widespread destruction of the earth’s biodiversity must be matched by a conservation response an order of magnitude greater than currently exists .
before we can work to protect insects and other invertebrates we need to know , at least , what species are present , if populations are stable or declining , and the habitat needs of these populations . in the long run , more emphasis needs to be placed on invertebrate survey , systematics , taxonomy , and population ecology so that these species can be identified and cataloged and their life histories understood . research needs to go hand in hand with conservation , for a catalog of extinct species is of little use .
to conserve insects successfully , the general public , scientists , land managers , and conservationists need to understand the extraordinary value that these organisms provide . it is unlikely that all people will develop an affinity for these animals , but it is plausible that a more compelling depiction of the contributions insects make to human welfare and survival will improve the public’s attitude toward these organisms . an ambitious public education program would enhance recognition of the positive values of invertebrates and , indeed , all biological diversity .
the number of endangered insects is large and growing . the rate of destruction and degradation of natural habitats currently is so great that there are not nearly enough biologists to even catalog , much less study , the species that are suddenly on the edge of extinction . each day approximately 80 , 000 acres ( 32 , 300ha ) of the world’s forest are cut . in california alone , over 200 million pounds of pesticides are used each year . in the united states , imported red fire ants have infested over 320 million acres in the southeast . these examples of threats to endangered insects continue to mount across the world . the time is now for agencies , scientists , conservationists , and land managers to promote the conservation of imperiled insects .
- home - - rules - - etymology - - puns - - wordplay - - gene names - - misc . - - references - - feedback -
astraptes audax , a . augeas , a . fruticibus , a . inflatio , a . procrastinator , a . synecdoche brower 2010 ( skipper butterflies ) dna barcoding is a controversial method for distinguishing otherwise similar species solely on the basis of their dna . these names reflect aspects of dna barcoding for species recognition : augeas for the resultant labor implied by the barcoding ; fruticibus (
from the bushes
) refers to the fact that resulting species do not form distinct tree - like groups ; inflatio for the large number of resulting species ; procrastinator for the time elapsed between discovery and description ; synecdoche for a part standing for the whole ; audax means ' bold ' ; its relevance is left to the reader . the author of these names ( and four others ) , though skeptical of their biological reality , notes that the distinctions exist in the literature , and the names are given for
taxonomic housekeeping .
[ syst . biodivers . 8 : 485 ]
catch22 ( chromosome 22q11 . 2 microdeletion ) this name , from
cardiac anomaly , t - cell deficit , clefting and hypocalcaemia ,
was abandoned due to its no - win connotations . [ j . med . genet . 36 : 737 - 738 ( 1999 ) ; cited in nature 439 : 266 ( 2006 ) . ]
centropyge narcosis pyle & randall ( narc angelfish ) dr . richard pyle was diving deep while breathing air . this causes nitrogen narcosis , a state similar to alcohol intoxication or nitrous oxide inhalation . back at the dive boat , he was asked if he collected anything , and he said
no , nothing .
but when he looked into his collecting bucket , he noticed that he had indeed collected several specimens of this new species . since his narcosis level was so high that he did not remember collecting them , the fish was named c . narcosis .
chionoecetes oiliqo ( saatuaq crab ) in 1993 , greenland issued a 7 . 25 - krone stamp showing a picture of a crab and this scientific name . however , the crab ' s correct species name is c . opilio ; the stamp was printed with a mirror reversal of the specific epithet . a corrected stamp was printed soon after .
coelopleurus exquisitus coppard & schultz , 2006 ( sea urchin ) this species first came to notice after being listed for auction on ebay . marine biologist simon coppard was directed to the site , did not recognize the species , and investigated further . immediately after publication of the description [ zootaxa 7 ] , the value of specimens on ebay jumped from $ 8 to $ 138 .
edithinella doliarius janssen 2006 ( fossil gastropod ) arie janssen wanted to dedicate a new mollusc species to pisidium ( freshwater clam ) expert hans kuiper . not having a classical education , he relied on a dutch - latin dictionary to find a latin equivalent of
kuiper
(
cooper
in english ) , and named the species edithinella calumniator . to improve his english writing , he then sent the manuscript to a colleague , who commented ,
but why do you call him an intriguer ?
kuiper
has two meanings in dutch , and janssen had unwittingly chosen the latin term for the wrong one . fortunately , he discovered it before publication , and revised to the name to e . doliarius , which is the correct latin for the cooper profession . [ basteria , suppl . 3 , 45 - 48 . ]
furia infernalis l . ( worm ) linnaeus once received a painful bite on the arm by an unidentified creature . his arm swelled up , and he became seriously ill for some time . a few years later , linnaeus decided that the cause was a tiny worm described by his student daniel solander , and he named the worm furia infernalis , the fury from hell . he wrote that it fell from the air , penetrated the bodies of animals , and caused excruciating pain . incidents involving this worm were reported for nearly 100 years after that . but no one ever found a specimen . now it is generally agreed that the worm never existed , and that linnaeus had been bitten by a horsefly .
hippotragus niger rooseveltien ( roosevelt ' s sable antelope ; extremely rare , last legally shot in 1912 ) on the 21 april 1909 , teddy roosevelt ' s safari set off from mombasa , kenya . by the time the entourage arrived in khartoum 8 months later , they had slaughtered 5 , 013 mammals , 4 , 453 birds , 2 , 322 reptiles and amphibians and similar numbers of fish , invertebrates , shells , and plants . the skins , etc . were sent to the smithsonian ; among these were roosevelt ' s gazelle and roosevelt ' s sable .
hectocotylus some male cephalopods have a long coiled arm which carries a spermatophore and breaks off inside the female during copulation . when first discovered , it was thought that this arm was a type of parasitic worm , and it was described as such ( delle chiaje , 1825 ) , complete with drawings of the imagined internal anatomy . the author later admitted his mistake . this name continues to be used today for the modified reproductive arm of male cephalopods .
heikea japonica von siebold , 1824 ( crab ) the carapace of these crabs looks like the scowling face of a samurai warrior , and it is locally believed that the crabs are reincarnations of the spirits of the heike warriors who , defeated in battle , threw themselves into the sea , as told in the tale of the heike . some scientific folklore gives these crabs as an example of natural selection , as japanese fishermen supposedly released the crabs with the most human - looking faces , allowing them to pass their genes to the next generation . this story , however , is almost certainly urban legend . the crabs are too small to interest fishermen , and other crabs far from fisheries also have human - looking faces . the pattern on the crab is instead an example of pareidolia , the tendency for the human brain to see faces in many abstract patterns .
hildoceras hyatt , 1876 ( jurassic ammonoid ) according to legend , saint hilda was told to found an abbey on the plains of whitby , england , but she found the place infested with snakes . after her prayers , the snakes coiled up and turned to stones , becoming the ammonoid fossils , sometimes called snakestones , that are common to the area . victorian fossil dealers would often carve a snake ' s heads on the fossils .
homo floresiensis brown et al . , 2004 (
hobbit
fossil hominin ) the name submitted in the original paper was sundanthropus floresianus ,
man from sunda region from flores
. the referees , though , said it should be genus homo , and one of them said floresianus actually means
flowery anus
, so that had to change , too .
jumala friele , 1882 ( whelk ) friele proposed this name thinking it was the name of an old lapp deity . he discovered about ten years later that it was instead the lapp name for the christian god and proposed that ukko ( the finnish god of winds ) be substituted . jumala , however , had priority . joshua baily and myra keen , in 1955 , appealed to the iczn to suppress jumala , as the name is
calculated to give offense on religious grounds .
the commission suppressed it by 13 to 11 vote . [ ng , 1994 , raffles bull . zool . 42 : 511 . ]
laniarius liberatus ( bulo burti boubou ) this is the first bird whose type specimen is a dna sample . the bird was released to the wild after capture , hence the name . it turns out to be a very rare color morph of l . erlangeri .
leptocephalus
leptocephalus
is a term originally applied to a group of small , flattened , semitransparent fishes , often with small heads . they were classified as a distinct group , usually in the genus leptocephalus , until the mid - 19th century . then the idea took hold that leptocephali were larvae of something else . in 1864 , theodore gill suggested that they were larval eels , and specifically that leptocephalus morrisii was the young of conger conger , the conger eel . other leptocephali raised in an aquarium metamorphosed into eels ; leptocehalus brevirostris became anguilla anguilla , the freshwater eel .
limodorum boehm . ( orchid ) thought to derive from a transcription error . originally named haimodorum ( from haemos , blood ) for its red color , somebody forgot the bar in the greek letter α , leaving λ , lambda .
lycosa tarentula ( european wolf spider ) tarantism was a form of hysteria that appeared in italy in the 15th - 17th centuries and took the form of frenzied dancing . in folk belief , the bite of a spider could only be cured by such dancing . the name derives from the italian province taranto , as does the tarantella , a folk dance , and the tarantula , the common name given to the european wolf spider and later to the distantly related large , hairy spiders of the family theraphosidae .
lymantria dispar leopold trouvelto , looking for a better silkworm ( bombyx mori ) , looked for a close relative and imported bombyx dispar into the united states . but it turned out that the moths were not very closely related ; b . dispar is classified as lymantria dispar today .
lymantria
means
destroyer .
trouvelto ' s moths , commonly known as gypsy moths , escaped and have been causing untold damage to eastern forests ever since .
papaipema pterisii bird , 1907 ( moth ) the moth lives on bracken fern , in the genus pteris at the time , so people assumed bird named the moth after the fern . a personal letter he wrote later , though , revealed that it was named after pterisius , his pet cat .
phoenicophorium borsigianum koch 1855 ( thief palm ) . the original plant was stolen from london ' s kew gardens ( hence the common name ) and turned up in the private palm - house of amateur horticulturist august borsig of berlin . ( he owned an ironworks factory and used the heat produced to keep his glasshouses warm . ) david l . jones , in palms throughout the world ( 1995 ) confuses the story by calling borsig by the name
lantanier feuille borsig
; lantanier feuille is actually one of the palm ' s common names !
phragmipedium kovachii atwood , dalstrom , & fernandez , 2002 ( orchid ) named after james michael kovach , who brought the orchid to scientists to identify . but kovach allegedly imported it from peru in violation of the endangered species act . in 2004 he was sentenced to two years probation and a $ 1000 fine . taxonomists hope to change the orchid ' s name .
pithecanthropus perhaps the only name given to an animal before it was discovered . in the nineteenth century , it was believed that an upright stance evolved in humans before a large brain . with no physical evidence , german evolutionist ernst haeckel reconstructed an upright , speechless , small - brained ' missing - link ' and dubbed it pithecanthropus alalus . when eugene du bois discovered java man in the 1890 ' s , he adopted haeckel ' s generic name but he gave it the new specific designation pithecanthropus erectus . p . erectus is now included under our own genus as homo erectus .
plethodon welleri walker , 1931 ( weller ' s salamander ) in 1930 worth hamilton weller discovered the salamander which would be named after him , on grandfather mountain , north carolina . on a collecting trip to collect more specimens , just one week after he graduated with honors from high school , he left the others to collect on his own , and he never returned . his body was found four days later at the base of a cliff ; with it was a collecting bag with specimens of the new species .
rosa ' whitfield ' ( rose cultivar ) comedy actress june whitfield commented ,
there is a rose named after me . the catalogue describes it as ' superb for bedding , best up against a wall .
sturnella neglecta ( western meadowlark ) the specific epithet reflects the fact that the lewis and clark expedition overlooked this bird , confusing it with the eastern meadowlark .
tillandsia l . ( bromeliad ) elias tilliander was a student of linnaeus who was once so
harassed by neptune
on a trip across the gulf of bothnia that he returned home by land ( a journey of 2000 miles instead of 200 ) and changed his name to tillandz ,
by land .
the plant cannot tolerate a damp climate .
venus flytrap sea anemone ( actinoscyphia aurelia ) a sea animal whose common name comes from two different terrertrial plants .
zyzyxia ( h . robinson ) strother , 1991 ( shrub ) in the later stages of revising north american ecliptinae ( a subtribe of the sunflowers , heliantheae ) , john strother realized that one species placed in the genus wedelia differed enough to merit considering it a separate genus . by that time , however , the monograph had already been written and was being proofed for publication . the editor agreed to accept the new genus only if came after all the other genera , so as to minimize the number of pages which would need to be altered . the genera were ordered alphabetically , so strother created a name which would come after the previously last genus , zexmenia . ( in the monograph itself , strother says only that the name was arbitrarily formed . )
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weevils also known as snout beetles for their long “noses . ” the antioch weevil ( dysticheus rotundicollis ) is endemic to the antioch dunes , although it is unknown whether this species is still present today .
anthicid beetles these ant - like flower beetles devour anything they find , scavenging at night for insects and spiders , flower pollen , and soil fungi . the antioch dunes anthicid beetle ( anthicus antiochensis ) is rusty - colored except for a dark smudge on its wing casings , and is covered with shaggy hairs . it has been extirpated from the antioch dunes , but has been found in other california sand dunes .
tiger beetles many tiger beetles were once seen prowling the antioch dunes , including the wetsalts tiger beetle ( cicindela haemorrhagica ) , the oregon tiger beetle ( cicindela oregona ) , and senile tiger beetle ( cicindela senilis ) . these tiger beetles are not restricted to the antioch dunes , and can be recognized by their bulging eyes and metallic colors . in their larval form , tiger beetles anchor themselves with specialized hooks to tunnels in the sandy soil . when vibrations in the ground announce a passing insect , the larvae lunge from the tunnel and snag their prey with fierce - looking jaws .
dune beetle the san joaquin dune ( darkling ) beetle ( coelus gracilis ) – the smallest of california’s dune beetles – looks much like a plump , black ladybug with a stubble of golden hairs . most darkling beetles have black elytra , the hardened wing casings that protect the fragile forewings necessary for flight . dune beetles inhabit the sandy soils and leaf litter of california’s coastal dunes . the san joaquin dune beetle has been extirpated from the antioch dunes , but has been found in other california sand dunes .
scarab beetle scarab beetles like the delta june beetle ( polyphylla stellata ) can be found in dune systems , oak woodlands , and grasslands near creeks and streams . the delta june beetle is found elsewhere in california , and appears to have grown increasingly abundant at the antioch dunes .
robberflies california’s robberflies are the peregrine falcons of the insect world , known for tackling their insect prey in midair . robberflies eat wasps , bees , beetles , flies , quickly stabbing them with their needle - like proboscis . of the robberflies known from the antioch dunes , the widespread antioch efferian robberfly ( efferia antiochi ) and hurd’s metapogon robberfly ( metapogon hurdi ) are still thought to hunt the dunes . the antioch robber fly ( cophura hurdi ) is endemic to the antioch dunes , but presumed extinct .
giant flower - loving fly it is a rare occasion when an animal’s name tells as much about a species as with the giant flower - loving fly ( rhaphiomidas trochilus ) . otherwise known as a valley mydas fly , this large rust - colored fly that visits flowers for their nectar , hovering like a hummingbird . some rhaphiomidas flies are suspected of seeking out ant nests to deposit their eggs and provide a food source for their developing larvae . the giant flower - loving fly has been extirpated from the antioch dunes , but has been found in other california sand dunes .
plasterer bee plasterer bees are named for their habit of lining the cell walls of their underground nests with saliva and other materials to create a polyester lining . some plasterer bees are solitary nesters , others nest in groups . plasterer bees feed on the nectar of flowers and collect pollen , which they store in their nests for developing larvae . one unnamed plasterer bee ( colletes turgiventris ) is endemic to the antioch dunes , although it is unknown whether this species is still present today .
despite its name , the velvet ant is a wasp with an ant - like body covered in dense hair like crushed velvet . females are wingless and can deliver a painful sting . velvet ants eat nectar , and the females invade the nests of ground nesting wasps and bees to lay their eggs . their hairy bodies can vary in color from white - to - faint - buttery - yellow (
) , searches the soil for scarab or tiger beetle larvae on which they lay their eggs . the larger of these velvet ants ( dasymutilla sackenii and dasymutilla flammifera ) and the antioch mutillid wasp have been extirpated from the antioch dunes , but have been found elsewhere in california ; the smaller velvet ants ( dasymutilla coccineohirta ) are still present at the antioch dunes today .
potter wasp potter wasps are named for their habit of constructing mud nests that resemble pots or jugs . before the nest is complete , the female collects and paralyzes insects and deposits them in the chamber as food for her larva when they hatch . because the female wasp seals the opening of each nest with a thick plug of mud , the emerging wasp instead makes a hole through the thin wall of the nest chamber to escape . adult potter wasps are black marked with butter - yellow stripes . potter wasps are solitary and feed on nectar . the antioch potter wasp ( microdynerus arenicolus ) is found elsewhere in california and is still present at the antioch dunes today .
andrenid bees the yellow - banded andrenid bee ( perdita hirticeps luteocincta ) and the antioch andrenid bee ( perdita scitula antiochensis ) are ground nesters that show a preference for pollen . at the antioch dunes , for example , the antioch andrenid bee collects pollen from the antioch dunes buckwheat ( eriogonum nudum psychicola ) , california matchweed ( gutierrezia californica ) , telegraphweed ( heterotheca grandiflora ) , and valley lessingia ( lessingia glandulifera ) . while both of these andrenid bees are endemic to the antioch dunes , only the antioch andrenid bee survives today ; the yellow - banded andrenid bee is presumed extinct .
halictid bees because these small bees are often attracted to perspiration , halictid bees are also known as sweat bees . the antioch dunes halictid bee ( lasioglossum antiochense ) constructs burrows in the sand where it lives by day ; the tunnel shaft is plugged by a mound of sand to protect against predators . eggs are laid in cells off the main tunnel shaft . this bee’s activity matches the early morning / late evening bloom period of its primary hostplant , the antioch dunes evening primrose ( oenothera deltoides howellii ) , and other flowers like the contra costa wallflower ( erysimum capitatum angustatum ) . the antioch dunes halictid bee is an antioch dunes endemic that still flies today .
sphinx moth clark’s sphinx moth ( proserpinus clarkiae ) is a small moth with a wingspan of under two inches . this moth is active during the daytime , nectaring at the flowers of clarkias ( clarkia spp . ) , bluedicks ( dichelostemma capitatum ) , vetches ( vicia spp . ) , and thistles ( cirsium spp . ) in oak and pine - oak woodlands . caterpillars feed on clarkias and primroses ( onagraceae spp . ) until winter , when they retreat to burrows under rocks or other objects . adult coloration consists of striped green - to - grey forewings , and orange - yellow hindwings bordered in black . the clark’s sphinx moth is a common moth along the pacific coast , and can still be found at the antioch dunes .
ant lion also known as “doodlebugs , ” ant lions are perhaps best known for their behavior in the larval stage , in which the immature insects burrow backwards into sandy soils to lay in wait for passing insect prey , waiting for them to tumble into their sand traps and the ant lion’s formidable jaws . in their adult form , the dragonfly - like ant lions are otherwise weak night - time fliers in the pursuit of insects , pollen , or nectar . the unnamed ant lion ( brachynemurus infuscatus ) is common in california and still inhabits the antioch dunes today .
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of these , three species are extinct , the status of two are unknown , and three are thought or known to still survive at the dunes today . but it was the dwindling numbers of the eighth—lange’s metalmark butterfly—that helped bring the refuge into existence .
the lange’s metalmark butterfly was first listed as a federally endangered species in 1976 . that same year , the antioch dunes were designated as “critical habitat” for the species . in 1986 , service personnel and volunteers counted a total of 187 lange’s at their population’s annual peak . by 1999 , the peak population count hit 2 , 342 butterflies , the highest count recorded to date . but in 1999 , a trespasser’s campfire along the riverfront burned 10 acres of prime lange’s habitat in the stamm . in the wildfire’s wake , peak lange’s counts have steadily declined from 1 , 185 in 2000 to 521 in 2003 , 452 butterflies in the fall of 2004 , 232 butterflies in 2005 , 45 butterflies in 2006 , and an alarming 28 in 2010 .
the dune’s curiosities include the oft overlooked california legless lizard and california horned lizard ( familiarly , the “horned toad” ) , both of which bury themselves in the sandy soils . other amphibians and reptiles seen over the years include western toads , fence and side - blotched lizards , western yellow - bellied racers , gopher snakes , and northern pacific rattlesnakes . common inhabitants among the other taxa include belted kingfishers , northern harriers , a suite of waterfowl , beavers and muskrats along the water’s edge , and resident skunks , raccoons , ground squirrels , and gray and red foxes .
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orthoptera species and assemblages vary enormously in biology , abundance , population variability and geographic range . this means that some are major pests but others are threatened with extinction or are extinct through human agency . most pest species are in the acrididae , yet proportionately more threatened species are in the less speciose families . pest orthoptera species are unusual on islands , which nevertheless support several threatened non - acridid species . in contrast , continental species of acrididae and tettigoniidae are the ones principally threatened . many of the threatened orthoptera species are confined to a small geographical area and are highly threatened by anthropogenic impacts that coincide with their small ranges . yet some formerly widespread pest taxa have become extinct . genetic polymorphism to a solitary phase appears to be an extinction - avoidance mechanism . while classically threatened point endemics can receive conservation action , not much can be done for the periodically at risk abundant species . preservation of orthopteran biodiversity is a complex and paradoxical task .
orthoptera species and assemblages vary enormously in biology , abundance , population variability and geographic range .
on islands , which nevertheless support several threatened non - acridid species . in contrast , continental species of
e the ones principally threatened . many of the threatened orthoptera species are conﬁned to a small geographical
taxa have become extinct . genetic polymorphism to a solitary phase appears to be an extinction - a
biased , but it is a good start . first of all , there is the
but for others ( e . g . some of the wetas ) the primary
lecoq , m . ( 1995 ) forecasting systems for migrant pests . iii .
. , connell , c . e . and davenport , l . b . ( 1962 ) popula -
, m . d . and samways , m . j . ( 1996 ) faunal diversity and
, g . b . , mccomie , l . d . and launois - luong , m . h . ( 1994 )
( r . g . h . bunce , l . ryszkowski and m . g . paoletti ,
gangwere , m . c . muralirangan and m . muralirangan , eds ) ,
samways , m . j . and harz , k . ( 1982 ) biogeograph
( s . k . gangwere , m . c . muralirangan and m .
. m . , andersen , h . and loope , l . l . ( 1995 ) intro -
. a . drake and a . g . gatehouse , eds ) , pp .
. . . they are potentially useful ecological indicators ( bazelet & samways , 2011 ; fartmann et al . , 2012 ) . nonetheless , grasshoppers and relatives also have a
love - hate relationship
with humans ( lockwood , 1998 ; samways & lockwood , 1998 ) . locusts , which are migratory grasshoppers , have historically plagued agricultural civilizations and a few species are still considered pests in some countries . . . .
. . . si on arrive difficilement à mettre en place des mesures pour la protection de grandes espèces charismatiques comme le caribou , la situation est encore pire pour de plus humbles animaux , tels les insectes . globalement méconnus et souvent mal aimés ( lawton , 2001 ) , les insectes sont fréquemment perçus soit comme des espèces nuisibles ( samways et lockwood , 1998 ) , soit comme des espèces strictement utilitaires en matière de contrôle biologique ( lawton , 2001 ) . une majorité d ' insectes , à l ' exception notable des lépidoptères , ne peuvent pas compter sur la « cote d ' amour » dont bénéficient d ' autres classes animales comme les mammifères ou les oiseaux ( leboeuf , 2002 ) . . . .
. . . m . k . t . found numerous incidences of different orthopteran species visiting flowers ( at least four species visiting whiteweed flowers ) . it is probable that flower - visiting orthopterans are more common than previously thought especially as orthopterans are among the most abundant terrestrial insects ( samways & lockwood , 1998 ; bazelet & samways , 2011 ) . the katydid , p . brevis , belongs to the subfamily of flower - visiting katydids , phaneropterinae . . . .
. . . swarm of locusta migratoria causes huge losses throughout the world ( vickery and kevan , 1983 ) . species of genus gastrimargus and oedaleus are considered as major pest of agriculture ( samways and lockwood , 1998 causing damage to green grass in range lands where the farmers use the grasses as hay during winter season for cattle feeding . similarly , in azad jammu and kashmir hieroglyphus species out breaks were frequently found in last ten years in the areas situated below 5000ft from sea level causing considerable damage to maize , millet and rice crops ( personal observation ) . the crop loss done for such out breaks have not been yet documented but significant material resources have been applied by farmers for control strategies . . . .
. . . compared with the quite detailed conservation data available for some central european countries like germany ( maas et al . 2002 ) , we have still rather restricted data from the mediterranean area . even if we become aware of mediterranean orthopteran species with high conservation needs ( e . g . kati et al . 2006kati et al . , 2012schultner et al . 2012 ) , orthoptera in general are more known for their potential as pests , threats to farmland , and for posing a conflict between pest management programs and conservation ( lockwood 1997 ; samways and lockwood 1998 ) . consequently , the majority of orthopteran data from greece , including descriptions of new species , are a result of private research initiatives from central european specialists ( see summary in willemse and willemse 2008 ) . . . .
. . . however , almost all species exhibit specific soil - based habitat associations , with the majority occurring in calcareous soils developed from karst limestone bedrock . as local - scale mosaics of soil types are a ubiquitous feature in karst regions of china , most species are ' point endemics ' ( samways & lockwood 1998 ) found only in single or microareal location . many species pairs can successfully interbreed through artificial experiments ( wen 2008 ) , suggesting that primulina is probably a genus under recent or ongoing speciation and differentiation . . . .
. . . even if we become aware of mediterranean orthopteran species with high conservation needs ( e . g . kati et al . 2006 kati et al . , 2012 schultner et al . 2012 ) , orthoptera in general are more known for their potential as pests , threats to farmland , and for posing a conflict between pest management programs and conservation ( lockwood 1997 ; samways and lockwood 1998 ) . consequently , the majority of orthopteran data from greece , including descriptions of new species , are a result of private research initiatives from central european specialists ( see summary in willemse and willemse 2008 ) . . . .
. . . the genus occurs in a wide latitudinal range ( 18°n - 31°n ) and is adapted to remarkably diverse habitats and niches from steep cliffs and cave entrances to lowland sandstone . however , most species are ' point endemics ' ( samways & lockwood , 1998 ) found only in a single or microareal location . nutrient constraints in calcareous soils , particularly for nitrogen ( n ) and phosphorus ( p ) , nutrients that are essential for the synthesis of nucleic acids , might have selectively favored smaller genome sizes ( hessen et al . , 2010 ) . . . .
. . . o conhecimento da ortopterofauna da américa do sul está muito aquém do que se tem relatado , especialmente em relação a alguns grupos como , por exemplo , aos grylloidea e tettigonioidea . ainda , da maioria das espécies descritas não se conhecem as necessidades ecológicas , as características comportamentais ou a dinâmica populacional ( samways & lockwood 1998 ) . relativamente poucas espécies vivem em regiões temperadas . . . .
. . . a ocorrência de apenas quatro gêneros interferiu no valor da diversidade no local . a ausência dos gêneros pteronemobius , odontogryllus e anurogryllus pode indicar que estes gêneros possuem mais sensibilidade a locais degradados , apesar da literatura afirmar que anurogryllus é uma espécie de locais mais abertos ( samways & lockwood 1998 ) . . . .
investigating biodiversity patterns of arthropods and fungi and their response to changing natural and agricultural environments . at present most of this research focuses on afromontane forest tree…
[ more ]
the mondi ecological network programme ( menp ) is a research group in the department of conservation ecology and entomology at stellenbosch university , south africa . its aim is to undertake sound sc…
[ more ]
there are at least 70 species of mole crickets ( orthoptera : gryllotalpidae ) . some are rare , others are innocuous , and a few are important pests . these soil - dwelling pests damage underground parts of a long list of cultivated plants . although tillage and flooding are used successfully in some situations to bring these pests to the soil surface and expose them to vertebrate and other predators , . . . [ show full abstract ]
habitats and habits of platycleis spp . ( orthoptera , tettigoniidae ) in southern france
five species of tettigoniid of the decticine genus , platycleis ( sensu stricto ) , are found in the environs of montpellier , hérault , s . france . p . intermedia , p . sabulosa and p . albopunctata are essentially early - evening singers . there is a nycthemeral cycle of vertical migration in these three species—they sing from a greater height than that at which they rest during the daytime . p . affinis . . . [ show full abstract ]
interspecific song interactions between heterospecific pairs of male bush crickets in southern france were tape - recorded , probably the first time that song modifications have been recorded under natural conditions . platycleis intermedia ( serv . ) , the principal insect under study , showed types of song modification that were the same in the field as in the laboratory . within each type , the . . . [ show full abstract ]
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it was described by meyrick in 1913 .

it is found in south africa .

the wingspan is about 16 mm .

the forewings are ochreous-whitish with the costal edge blackish at the base .

the hindwings are light grey .

compsoctena ostracitis

compsoctena ostracitis is a moth in the eriocottidae family . it was described by meyrick in 1913 . [ 1 ] it is found in south africa . [ 2 ]
compsoctena primella zeller , 1852 ; k . vetenskakad . handl . 1852 : 87
melasina ostracitis meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 334 ; tl : noordkaap
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[ south africa , cape province ] , noordkaap , i , leg . jeffrey .
meyrick e . 1913b . descriptions of south african micro - lepidoptera . iv - annals of the transvaal museum 3 ( 4 ) : 267—336 .
melasina cyclatma meyrick , 1908 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1908 : 746 ; tl : transvaal , ne . pretoria district
alavona indecorella walker , 1863 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 28 : 515
melasina aedifica meyrick , 1908 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1908 : 744 ; tl : transvaal , pretoria
melasina aethalea meyrick , 1907 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 1 ) : 159 ; tl : khasi hills
melasina brachyctenis meyrick , 1909 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 5 ( 7 ) : 364 ; tl : cape colony , vryburg
melasina fossoria meyrick , 1920 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 17 ( 4 ) : 310 ; tl : transvaal , junction of crocodile and marico rivers
melasina microctenis meyrick , 1914 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 10 ( 8 ) : 253 ; tl : matabeleland , bulawayo
melasina dermatodes meyrick , 1914 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 10 ( 8 ) : 253 ; tl : matabeleland , bulawayo
melasina autoderma meyrick , 1914 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 10 ( 8 ) : 253 ; tl : matabeleland , bulawayo
melasina byrseis meyrick , 1934 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 16 - 17 ) : 518 ; tl : belgian congo , elisabethville
melasina agria meyrick , 1909 ; ann . transv . mus . 2 ( 1 ) : 27 , pl . 8 , f . 8 ; tl : pretoria
niphocosma ( meyrick , 1934 ) ( melasina ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 16 - 17 ) : 483
melasina susurrans meyrick , 1911 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 1 ) : 82 ; tl : woodbush village
[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013
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zeller , 1852 lepidoptera microptera quae j . a . wahlberg in caffrorum terra collegit k . vetenskakad . handl . 1852 : 1 - 120
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the wingspan is about 16 mm . the forewings are ochreous - whitish with the costal edge blackish at the base . the hindwings are light grey . [ 3 ]
meyrick , e . 1913b . descriptions of south african micro - lepidoptera . iv - annals of the transvaal museum 3 ( 4 ) : 334 archived march 15 , 2016 , at the wayback machine .
this page was last edited on 20 may 2018 , at 05 : 27 .
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the granular ringlet ( ypthima granulosa ) is a butterfly of the nymphalidae family .
zenonia zeno , the orange - spotted skipper , orange - spotted bellboy or common bellboy , is a butterfly of the hesperiidae family .
cometaster pyrula , commonly known as the faint owl moth or ying - yang moth , is a species of moth of the erebidae family .
pontia helice , the meadow white , is a butterfly in the family pieridae .
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