it was described by meyrick in 1911 .

it is found in south africa .

the wingspan is about 32 mm .

there is a fine median streak of white suffusion from the base to two-thirds .

the hindwings are grey-whitish .

procometis limitata

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procometis limitata meyrick , 1911 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 1 ) : 75 ; tl : waterberg
procometis limitata is a moth in the family autostichidae . it was described by meyrick in 1911 . it is found in south africa . [ 1 ] [ 2 ]
procometis melanthes turner , 1898 ; ann . qd . mus . 4 : 29
procometis phloeodes turner , 1898 ; ann . qd . mus . 4 : 29
procometis periscia lower , 1903 ; trans . r . soc . s . austr . 27 ( 2 ) : 200
procometis milvina meyrick , 1914 ; ann . transv . mus . 4 ( 4 ) : 199 ; tl : white river
procometis ( hyostoma ) acharma meyrick , 1908 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1908 : 731 ; tl : natal
procometis ( hyostola ) oxypora meyrick , 1908 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1908 : 730 ; tl : natal
procometis ochricilia meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 106 ; tl : transvaal , pretoria
procometis coniochersa meyrick , 1922 ; ark . zool . 14 ( 15 ) : 10 ; tl : nw . australia , derby
procometis genialis meyrick , 1890 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 13 : 73 ; tl : duaringa , queensland
procometis trochala meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 3 ) : 635 ; tl : pusa , bengal
procometis bisulcata meyrick , 1890 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 13 : 71 ; tl : sydney , new south wales
procometis monocalama meyrick , 1890 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 13 : 72 ; tl : sydney , new south wales
procometis stenarga turner , 1902 ; trans . proc . r . soc . s . aust . 26 : 199 ; tl : gisborne , victoria
procometis oxypora ; meyrick , 1909 , ann . transv . mus . 2 ( 1 ) : 23 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]
procometis aplegiopa turner , 1904 ; trans . r . soc . s . austr . 28 : 245 ; tl : q . , stradbroke is .
procometis ( hyostola ) terrena meyrick , 1908 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1908 : 731 ; tl : nyassaland , mpeta , on loangwa river
procometis lipara meyrick , 1890 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 13 : 72 ; tl : sydney , blackheath , 3500ft ; bathurst , 2500ft
apiletria acutipennis walsingham , 1891 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1891 ( 1 ) : 106 ; tl : bathurst ( gambia )
corcyra brunnea west , 1931 ; novit . zool . 36 : 206 ; tl : formosa , kanshirei
odites mistharma meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 3 ) : 634 ; tl : puttalam ; trincomali , ceylon
odites sphendonistis meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 3 ) : 634 ; tl : puttalam , ceylon
odites spoliatrix meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 509 ; tl : s . india , coimbatore
[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013
sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;
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results of dr . e . mjöberg ' s swedish scientific expedition to australia 1910 - 1913 . microlepidoptera
west , 1931 descriptions of new species of japanese , formosan , and philippine pyralidae novit . zool . 36 : 206 - 219
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butler a . g . 1880b . on a collection of lepidoptera from madagascar with descriptions of new genera and species . - annals and magazine of natural history ( 5 ) 5 ( 28 ) : 333–344 ; ( 29 ) : 384–395 .
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the wingspan is about 32 mm . the forewings are pale fuscous irrorated with whitish , with scattered dark fuscous scales . the costal edge is white from near the base to beyond the middle . there is a fine median streak of white suffusion from the base to two - thirds . the hindwings are grey - whitish . [ 3 ]
ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 1 ) : 75 archived 2015 - 05 - 18 at the wayback machine .
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spinitibia hodgesi ( s . m . lee & r . l . brown , 2010 )
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the larvae feed on genista florida .

they create an upper-surface tentiform mine .

phyllonorycter genistella

phyllonorycter genistella is a moth of the gracillariidae family . it is known from the iberian peninsula .
lastuvka , a . & z . lastuvka - the european phyllonorycter species feeding on the plants of the tribe genisteae ( fabaceae ) , with descriptions of twelve new species ( lepidoptera : gracillariidae ) . in acta universitatis agriculturae et silviculturae mendelianae brunensis 54 ( 5 ) : 65 - 84 . 2006
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the larvae feed on genista florida . they mine the leaves of their host plant . they create an upper - surface tentiform mine . [ 2 ]
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citation title :
fossil - calibrated molecular phylogenies reveal that leaf - mining moths radiated several million years after their host plants
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this study was previously identified under the legacy study id s1423 ( status : published ) .
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a local species that is restricted to the south - east of england where it has a predominantly coastal distribution .
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the scorpion mud turtle ( kinosternon scorpioides ) is a species of mud turtle in the kinosternidae family .

it is found in mexico , central america and south america .

scorpion mud turtle

rodrigues , joäo fabrìcio mota . 2016 . kinosternon scorpioides ( scorpion mud turtle ) sexual behavior . herpetological review 47 ( 1 ) : 72 - 73
magnusson , e . e . 1998 . kinosternon scorpioides ( scorpion mud turtle ) . brazil : roraima . herpetological review 29 ( 3 ) : 173 - get paper here
the scorpion mud turtles in dade county , florida , were intentionally released by an animal importer ( king and krakauer , 1966 ) .
berry , james f . and john b . iverson 2001 . kinosternon scorpioides ( linnaeus ) scorpion mud turtle . catalogue of american amphibians and reptiles ( 725 ) : 1 - 11 - get paper here
hernàndez - ruz , emil josè , roberto portella de andrade , elciomar araujo do oliveira and jamille karina coleho correa . 2016 . kinosternon scorpioides ( scorpion mud turtle ) diet . herpetological review 47 ( 2 ) : 286
the scorpion mud turtle is a highly aquatic , adaptable kinosternid that inhabits almost any body of water ( pritchard and trebbau , 1984 ; ernst and barbour , 1989 ; alvarez del toro , 1982 ; berry and iverson , 2001 ) .
the reference to
scorpion
in this turtle ' s name is apparently based upon the spine on the tip of the tail ( berry and iverson , 2001 ) .
iverson , j . b . 1998 . molecules , morphology , and mud turtle phylogenetics ( family kinosternidae ) . chelonian conservation and biology 3 ( 1 ) : 113 - 117 .
the scorpion mud turtle is illustrated by a variety of authors ( pritchard , 1979 ; smith and smith , 1979 ; freiberg , 1981 ; pritchard and trebbau , 1984 ; ernst and barbour , 1989 ; alvarez del toro , 1982 ; murphy , 1997 ; campbell , 1998 ; berry and iverson , 2001 ) .
iverson , john b . ; minh le , colleen ingram 2013 . molecular phylogenetics of the mud and musk turtle family kinosternidae . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 69 ( 3 ) : 929–939 - get paper here
the scorpion mud turtle can be immediately identified by its unusual shell , furrowed along the centre . they are aquatic , but during the dry season when ponds dry up they undertake migrations and may be found in dry areas . when threatened they withdraw into the shell , the uniquely - hinged plastron closing behind them like a trapdoor .
iverson , j . b . , & berry , j . f . 1979 . the mud turtle genus kinosternon in northeastern mexico . herpetologica 35 ( 4 ) : 318 - 324 . - get paper here
acuña , r . a . & merchán , m . 2003 . biology and taxonomic revision of the red - cheeked mud turtle in costa rica . reptilia ( gb ) ( 26 ) : 30 - 34 - get paper here
my female kinosternon scorpioides . she gives me already 5 hatchlings . an aesy turtle to keep . because of the small size .
is a medium to large kinosternid ( mud turtle ) with a variably domed , oval carapace ( upper shell ) having a length of 92 - 270 mm ( 3 . 6 - 10 . 6 in ) ( pritchard and trebbau , 1984 ; ernst and barbour , 1989 ; berry and iverson , 2001 ) .
schmidt , k . p . 1947 . a new kinosternid turtle from colombia . fieldiana : zoology 31 : 109 - 112 . - get paper here
turtle taxonomy working group [ van dijk , p . p . , j . iverson , a . rhodin , h . shaffer , and r . bour ]
vinke , t . & vinke , s . 2001 . the turtle and tortoise fauna of the central chaco of paraguay . radiata 10 ( 3 ) : 3 - 19
additionally , a wide array of regional vernacular names have been applied to this turtle and compiled by several authors ( mittermeier et al . , 1980 ; liner , 1994 ) .
since this highly adaptable turtle has ecological similarities to indigenous kinosternids and is a successful generalist , k . scorpioides has a great potential to impact indigenous ecosystems if it ever becomes established .
this turtle is primarily omnicarnivorous , voraciously feeding on a wide variety of aquatic invertebrates and vertebrates , including carrion ( pritchard and trebbau , 1984 ; ernst and barbour , 1989 ) .
legler , j . m . 1965 . a new species of turtle , genus kinosternon , from central america . univ . kansas publ . mus . nat . hist . 15 : 615 - 625 - get paper here
cabrera , m . r . & colantonia , s . e . 1997 . taxonomic revision of the south american subspecies of the turtle kinosternon scorpioides . journal of herpetology 31 ( 4 ) : 507 - 513 - get paper here
berry , j . f . , and j . m . legler . 1980 . a new turtle ( genus kinosternon ) from sonora , mexico . contributions in science . natural history museum of los angeles county 325 : 1 - 12 . - get paper here
the name kinosternon was derived from the greek words kinetos , meaning
movable
and sternon , meaning
chest ,
in reference to the plastral hinges . the specific name scorpioides is derived from the latin word
scorpio ,
probably in reference to the horny spine on the tip of the tail . together with the latin ending
oides ,
the full meaning translates to
similar to a scorpion
( lemos - espinal & dixon 2013 ) .
iverson , j . [ b . ] 1989 . kinosternon scorpioides ( linnaeus 1766 ) . p . 65 . in : f . w . king and r . l . burke ( editors ) . crocodilian , tuatara , and turtle species of the world . a taxonomic and geographic reference . the association of systematics collections , washington , dc . 216 pp .
ttwg ; rhodin , a . g . j . ; van dijk , p . p . ; iverson , j . b . & shaffer , h . b . [ turtle taxonomy working group ] 2010 . turtles of the world , 2010 update : annotated checklist of taxonomy , synonymy , distribution , and conservation status . chelonian research monographs ( issn 1088 - 7105 ) no . 5 , doi : 10 . 3854 / crm . 5 . 000 . checklist . v3 . 2010 - get paper here
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the nonindigenous occurrences section of the nas species profiles has a new structure . the section is now dynamically updated from the nas database to ensure that it contains the most current and accurate information . occurrences are summarized in table 1 , alphabetically by state , with years of earliest and most recent observations , and the tally and names of drainages where the species was observed . the table contains hyperlinks to collections tables of specimens based on the states , years , and drainages selected . references to specimens that were not obtained through sighting reports and personal communications are found through the hyperlink in the table 1 caption or through the individual specimens linked in the collections tables .
the carapace can have three keels ( ridges ) in many individuals ( savage and villa , 1986 ; ernst and barbour , 1989 ) .
the plastron ( lower shell ) has two hinges and little or no anal notch on the posterior lobe ( ernst and barbour , 1989 ; berry and iverson , 2001 ) .
the first vertebral scute ( shield or lamina ) of the carapace is wider than it is long , and vertebral scutes 1 - 4 have distinct posterior notches ( berry and iverson , 2001 ) .
the color of the carapace varies from light brown , to olive , or black ; the head can be brown , gray , or black with a reticulated or spotted pattern of cream , orange , red , pink , or yellow ( pritchard and trebbau , 1984 ; berry and iverson , 2001 ) .
in most individuals the tip of the tail has a horny spine ( berry and iverson , 2001 ) .
should be compared with the anatomical features of other similar - looking north american kinosterids described in other works ( ernst and barbour , 1989 ; ernst et al . , 1994 ; conant and collins , 1998 ) . the individual subspecies ( geographic races ) are defined and described by berry and iverson ( 2001 ) ; they are :
is indigenous to south - southeastern mexico including isla cozumel ) , southward to belize , and caribbean drainages in honduras , nicaragua , and on isla de san andres , colombia .
table 1 . states with nonindigenous occurrences , the earliest and latest observations in each state , and the tally and names of hucs with observations† . names and dates are hyperlinked to their relevant specimen records . the list of references for all nonindigenous occurrences of kinosternon scorpioides are found here .
these turtles are not established in florida because they have not been seen since their release ( king and krakauer , 1966 ) .
has been reviewed or summarized by smith and smith ( 1979 ) , iverson ( 1989 , 1991 , 1998 ) , and berry and iverson ( 2001 ) .
has been summarized a variety of authors ( smith and smith , 1973 , 1976 , 1979 , 1993 ; pritchard and trebbau , 1984 ; ernst and barbour , 1989 ; iverson , 1992 ; berry and iverson , 2001 ) .
can be cannibalistic , biting off the toes and limbs of conspecifics ( pritchard and trebbau , 1984 ) .
females probably lay 1 - 6 hard - shelled eggs ( pritchard and trebbau , 1984 ; ernst and barbour , 1989 ) .
like many kinosternids they probably construct a shallow terrestrial nest with little cover ( pritchard and trebbau , 1984 ) .
alvarez del toro , m . 1982 . los reptiles de chiapas . tercera edición , corregida y aumentada . instituto de historia natural , tuxtla gutierrez , chiapas , mexico . 248 pp .
berry , j . f . , and j . b . iverson . 2001 . kinosternon scorpioides . catologue of american amphibians and reptiles ( 725 ) : 1 - 11 .
campbell , j . a . 1998 . amphibians and reptiles of northern guatemala , the yucatán , and belize . university of oklahoma press , norman , oklahoma . 380 pp .
conant , r . , and j . t . collins . 1998 . a field guide to reptiles & amphibians . eastern and central north america . third edition , expanded . houghton mifflin company , boston . 616 pp .
crother , b . i . 1999 . evolutionary relationships . pp . 269 - 334 . in : b . i . crother ( editor ) . caribbean amphibians and reptiles . academic press , san diego . 495 pp .
ernst , c . h . , and r . w . barbour . 1989 . turtles of the world . smithsonian institution press , washington , d . c . and london . 313 pp .
ernst , c . h . , j . e . lovich , and r . w . barbour . 1994 . turtles of the united states and canada . smithsonian institution press , washington and london . 578 pp .
flores - villela , o . 1993 . herpetofauna mexicana . carnegie museum of natural history special publication ( 17 ) : i - iv , 1 - 73 .
freiberg , m . 1981 . turtles of south america . t . f . h . publications , inc . , neptune , new jersey . 125 pp .
iverson , j . b . 1991 . phylogenetic hypotheses for the evolution of modern kinosternine turtles . herpetological monographs 5 : 1 - 27 .
iverson , j . b . 1992 . a revised checklist with distribution maps of the turtles of the world . john b . iverson , richmond , indiana . 363 pp .
king , [ f . ] w . , and t . krakauer . 1966 . the exotic herpetofauna of southeast florida . quarterly journal of the florida academy of sciences 29 ( 2 ) : 144 - 154 .
liner , e . a . 1994 . scientific and common names for the amphibians and reptiles of mexico in english and spanish . nombres científicos y comunes en ingles y españole de los anfibios y los reptiles de méxico . society for the study of amphibians and reptiles herpetological circular ( 23 ) : i - vi , 1 - 113 .
mittermeier , r . a . , f . medem , and a . g . j . rhodin . 1980 . vernacular names of south american turtles . society for the study of amphibians and reptiles herpetological circular ( 9 ) : 1 - 44 .
murphy , j . c . 1997 . amphibians and reptiles of trinidad and tobago . krieger publishing company , malabar , florida . 245 pp . + 172 plates .
pritchard , p . c . h . 1979 . encyclopedia of turtles . t . f . h . publications , inc . , neptune , new jersey . 895 pp .
pritchard , p . c . h . , and p . trebbau . 1984 . the turtles of venezuela . contributions to herpetology 2 . society for the study of amphibians and reptiles , ithaca . 403 pp . , 47 plates , 16 maps .
savage , j . m . , and j . villa r . 1986 . introduction to the herpetofauna of costa rica . introducción a la herptofauna de costa rica . society for the study of amphibians and reptiles contributions to herpetology ( 3 ) : i - viii , 1 - 207 .
schwartz , a . , and r . w . henderson . 1991 . amphibians and reptiles of the west indies : descriptions , distributions , and natural history . university of florida press , gainesville . 720 pp .
smith , h . m . , and a . j . kohler . 1978 . a survey of herpetological introductions in the united states and canada . transactions of the kansas academy of science 1977 80 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 24 .
smith , h . m . , and r . b . smith . 1973 . synopsis of the herpetofauna of mexico . volume ii . analysis of the literature exclusive of the mexican axolotl . john johnson natural history books , north bennington , vermont . 367 pp .
smith , h . m . , and r . b . smith . 1976 . synopsis of the herpetofauna of mexico . volume iii . source analysis and index for mexican reptiles . john johnson , north bennington , vermont . 23 pp . , am - t , app - 102 , cor - 4 .
smith , h . m . , and r . b . smith . 1979 . synopsis of the herpetofauna of mexico . volume vi . guide to mexican turtles . bibliographic addendum iii . 1044 pp .
smith , h . m . , and r . b . smith . 1993 . synopsis of the herpetofauna of mexico . volume vii . bibliographic addendum iv and index , bibliographic addenda ii - iv , 1979 - 1991 . university press of colorado , niwot , colorado . 1082 pp .
somma , l . a . , 2018 , kinosternon scorpioides ( linnaeus , 1766 ) : u . s . geological survey , nonindigenous aquatic species database , gainesville , fl , urltoken revision date : 8 / 2 / 2002 , access date : 7 / 9 / 2018
this information is preliminary or provisional and is subject to revision . it is being provided to meet the need for timely best science . the information has not received final approval by the u . s . geological survey ( usgs ) and is provided on the condition that neither the usgs nor the u . s . government shall be held liable for any damages resulting from the authorized or unauthorized use of the information .
the data represented on this site vary in accuracy , scale , completeness , extent of coverage and origin . it is the user ' s responsibility to use these data consistent with their intended purpose and within stated limitations . we highly recommend reviewing metadata files prior to interpreting these data .
citation information : u . s . geological survey . [ 2018 ] . nonindigenous aquatic species database . gainesville , florida . accessed [ 7 / 9 / 2018 ] .
contact us if you are using data from this site for a publication to make sure the data are being used appropriately and for potential co - authorship if warranted . for queries involving fish , please contact pam fuller . for queries involving invertebrates , contact amy benson .
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figure 1 - ( fprep29ph ) lateral view of adult , plot 21 , rio pilcomayo area , note puncture marks in the shell probably from the teeth of a big cat ( paul smith march 2005 ) . figure 2 - ( fprep30ph ) defensive posture of same specimen ( paul smith march 2005 ) . figure 3 - ( fprep31ph ) adult submerging , location unknown ( alberto esquivel undated ) . figure 4 - ( fprep32ph ) adult head detail , ruta trans - chaco km500 , departamento boquerón ( paul smith october 2008 ) . figure 5 - ( fprep33ph ) same individual shell dorsal ( paul smith october 2008 ) . figure 6 - ( fprep34ph ) same individual shell ventral , showing hinge ( paul smith october 2008 ) . figure 7 - ( fprep35ph ) same individual posterior shell view showing keel ( paul smith october 2008 ) . figure 8 - ( fprep36ph ) same individual hind foot ( paul smith october 2008 ) . video a - ( fprep657vi ) adult , laguna capitán , deparamento boquerón ( paul smith february 2012 ) . video b - ( fprep475vi ) submerged adult , fortín boquerón , deparamento boquerón ( paul smith november 2010 ) .
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the distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available . when several references are cited , they may give conflicting information on the status . further details may be available for individual references in the distribution table details section which can be selected by going to generate report .
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albogulare : nicaragua , el salvador , honduras , costa rica , panama , isla cañas , colombia ( isla san andrés ) .
note : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .
holotype : apparently lost ( smith and smith “1979” 1980 ) , berry & iverson 2001 ) . holotype : usnm 7518 , adult male [ abaxillare ] syntypes : mnhn 1760 , mnhn 4349 ; the holotype is lost , but berry & iverson 2001 have examined usnm 7519 - 29 , the paratypes [ albogulare ] holotype : mnhn 1759 , a subadult female [ cruentatum ] holotype : ansp 90 [ mexicanum ]
acosta , josé luis ; calamante , cinthia ; palomas , yanina soledad 2013 . kinosternon scorpioides scorpioides ( linnaeus , 1766 ) . primer registro para la provincia del chaco ( república argentina ) . cuadernos de herpetología 27 ( 2 ) : - get paper here
aréchaga - ocampo , samuel ; carlos a . montalbán huidobro & rubén castro - franco 2008 . nuevos registros y ampliacion de la distribucion de anfibios y reptiles en el estado de morelos , méxico . acta zoológica mexicana ( n . s . ) 24 ( 2 ) : 231 - 233 - get paper here
blanco - torres , argelina ; lina báez s . , edgar patiño - flores , juan m . renjifo - r . 2013 . herpetofauna from the middle valley of the ranchería river , la guajira , colombia rev . biodivers . neotrop . 3 ( 2 ) : 113 - 22
bocourt , f . 1876 . note sur quelques reptiles de l ' isthme de tehuantepec ( mexique ) donnés par m . sumichrast au museum . journal de zoologie . paris . 5 ( 5 - 6 ) : 386 - 411 - get paper here
bonin , f . , devaux , b . & dupré , a . 2006 . turtles of the world . english translation by p . c . h . pritchard . johns hopkins university press , 416 pp .
bour , r . 2008 . global diversity of turtles ( chelonii ; reptilia ) in freshwater . hydrobiologia 595 : 593–598
cacciali , pier ; norman j . scott , aida luz aquino ortíz , lee a . fitzgerald , and paul smith 2016 . the reptiles of paraguay : literature , distribution , and an annotated taxonomic checklist special publication of the museum of southwestern biology , number 11 : 1–373 - get paper here
campbell , j . a . 1998 . amphibians and reptiles of northern guatemala , the yucatán , and belize . norman : university of oklahoma press , xiii + 380 pp . - get paper here
casas - andreu , g . , f . r . méndez - de la cruz and x . aguilar - miguel . 2004 . anfibios y reptiles ; pp . 375–390 , in a . j . m . garcía - mendoza , j . ordoñez and m . briones - salas ( ed . ) . biodiversidad de oaxaca . instituto de biología , unam - fondo oaxaqueño para la conservación de la naturaleza - world wildlife fund , méxico , d . f .
catenazzi , a . , lehr , e . & von may , r . 2013 . the amphibians and reptiles of manu national park and its buffer zone , amazon basin and eastern slopes of the andes , peru . biota neotrop . 13 ( 4 ) : 269 - 283
cisneros - heredia , d . f . 2006 . turtles of the tiputini biodiversity station with remarks on the diversity and distribution of the testudines from ecuador . biota neotrop . 6 ( 1 ) : 1 - 16 - get paper here
cunha , o . r . da 1970 . uma nova subespécies de quelonio , kinosternon scorpioides carajasensis da serra dos carajás , pará ( testudinata - kinosternidae ) . bol . mus . paraense emílio goeldi , zool . 73 : 1 - 12
dixon , james r . and julio a . lemos - espinal 2010 . amphibians and reptiles of the state of queretaro , mexico . tlalnepantla unam , 428 pp .
duellman , w . e . 1978 . the biology of an equatorial herpetofauna in amazonian ecuador . misc . publ . univ . kans . mus . nat . hist . 65 : 1 - 352 - get paper here
duellman , w . e . 2005 . cusco amazónico : the lives of amphibians and reptiles in an amazonian rainforest . comstock pub assoc .
duellman , w . e . , & salas , a . w . 1991 . annotated checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of cuzco amazonico , peru . occas . papers mus . of natur . hist . , univ . of kansas , lawrence ( 143 ) : 13 pp . - get paper here
duméril , a . m . c . & a . h . a . duméril 1851 . catalogue méthodique de la collection des reptiles du muséum d ' histoire naturelle de paris . gide et baudry / roret , paris , 224 pp .
duméril , a . m . c . , and g . bibron . 1835 . erpétologie générale ou histoire naturelle complète des reptiles , vol . 2 . librairie encyclopédique de roret , paris , iv + 680 p . - get paper here
duméril , m . a . ; m . f . bocourt , and f . mocquard 1870 . etudes sur les reptiles , p . i - xiv , 1 - 1012 . in : recherches zoologiques pour servir a l ' histoire de ia faune de l ' amérique centrale et du mexique . mission scientifique au mexique et dans l ' amérique centrale , recherches zoologiques . imprimerie imper . , paris ( published in parts1870 - 1909 ) - get paper here
dunn , e . r . , and l . h . saxe . 1950 . results of the catherwood - chaplin west indies expedition , 1948 . part . 5 . amphibians and reptiles of san andrés and providencia . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia , 102 : 141 - 165 - get paper here
ernst , c . h . and barbour , r . w . 1989 . turtles of the world . smithsonian institution press , washington d . c . - london
gorzula , stefan & senaris , j . celsa 1999 . in : contribution to the herpetofauna of the venezuelan guayana . i : a data base . scientia guaianae , caracas , no . 8 [ 1998 ] , 269 + pp . ; isbn 980 - 6020 - 48 - 0
gray , j . e . 1873 . notes on the tortoises of the ‘zoology of mexico’ of mm . a . duméril and bocourt . ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 4 ) 12 : 109 - 114 - get paper here
günther , a . c . l . g . 1885 . reptilia and batrachia . biologia centrali - américana . taylor , & francis , london , 326 pp . [ published in parts from 1885 - 1902 ; reprint by the ssar 1987 ] - get paper here
höbel , g . 2008 . the amphibians and reptiles of the golfo dulce region - los anfibios y reptiles de la región del golfo dulce . stapfia 88 , neue serie 80 ( 2008 ) : 305 - 328
iverson , j . b . 1976 . the genus kinosternon in belize ( testudines : kinosternidae ) . herpetologica 32 : 258 - 262 - get paper here
johnson , jerry d . ; vicente mata - silva , elí garcía padilla , and larry david wilson 2015 . the herpetofauna of chiapas , mexico : composition , distribution , and conservation . mesoamerican herpetology 2 ( 3 ) : 272–329 . - get paper here
kacoliris f . p . ; berkunsky i . & williams j . 2006 . herpetofauna of impenetrable , argentinean great chaco . phyllomedusa 5 ( 2 ) : 149 - 158 - get paper here
köhler , g . 2000 . reptilien und amphibien mittelamerikas , bd 1 : krokodile , schildkröten , echsen . herpeton verlag , offenbach , 158 pp .
köhler , g . 2008 . reptiles of central america . 2nd ed . herpeton - verlag , 400 pp .
lee , j . c . 2000 . a field guide to the amphibians and reptiles of the maya world . cornell university press , ithaca ,
legler , j . m . & vogt , r . c . 2013 . the turtles of mexico : land and freshwater forms . university of california press , 416 pp .
lemos - espinal , julio a . and james r . dixon 2013 . amphibians and reptiles of san luis potosí . eagle mountain publishing , xii + 300 pp .
lemos - espinal , julio a . , geoffrey r . smith 2015 . amphibians and reptiles of the state of hidalgo , mexico . check list 11 ( 3 ) : 1642 - get paper here
linné , c . von [ = linnaeus , c . ] 1766 . systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . tomus i . editio duodecima , reformata . laurentii salvii , stockholm , holmiae . 1 - 532 pp . - get paper here
magnusson , william e . ; lima , albertina p . ; ara•jo , maria carmozina de 1998 . geographic distribution . kinosternon scorpioides . herpetological review 29 ( 4 ) : 247 - get paper here
mata - silva , vicente , jerry d . johnson , larry david wilson and elí garcía - padilla . 2015 . the herpetofauna of oaxaca , mexico : composition , physiographic distribution , and conservation status . mesoamerican herpetology 2 ( 1 ) : 6–62 - get paper here
mccranie , james r . 2015 . a checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of honduras , with additions , comments on taxonomy , some recent taxonomic decisions , and areas of further studies needed . zootaxa 3931 ( 3 ) : 352–386 - get paper here
mcnish , t . 2011 . la fauna del archipiélago de san andrés , providencia y santa catalina , colombia , sudamérica . colomba andina de impresos , isbn 978 - 958 - 99518 - 1 - 1
medina - rangel , guido fabián 2013 . cambio estacional en el uso de los recursos de la comunidad de reptiles en el complejo cenagoso de zapatosa , departamento del cesar ( colombia ) . caldasia 35 ( 1 ) : 103 - 122
melo , íris virgínea ; geraldo jorge barbosa de moura , marco antonio de freitas , edson victor euclides de andrade , cláudio casal , arthur diesel abegg , marcelo nogueira de carvalho kakubum 2018 . new additions to herpetofauna of the parque estadual dois irmãos , an urban atlantic rainforest fragment , recife municipality , pernambuco state , northeastern brazil . herpetology notes 11 : 245 - 254 - get paper here
mendoza - paz , c . a . and l . fernández - badillo . 2017 . kinosternon scorpioides ( linnaeus , 1766 ) . mexico , hidalgo . mesoamerican herpetology 4 ( 4 ) : 971–972 - get paper here
mertens , r . 1952 . die amphibien und reptilien von el salvador . abh . senckenb . naturf . ges . ( frankfurt ) ( no . 487 ) : 120 pp .
mesen , r . a . a . ; cruz , b . m . 1993 . sexual dimorphism of kinosternon scorpioides ( testudines , kinostermidae ) in palo - verde , costa - rica . revista de biologia tropical 41 ( 2 ) : 261 - 265 - get paper here
methner , k . 1989 . die schildkröten des unteren rio magdalena ( kolumbien ) . sauria 11 ( 4 ) : 9 - 11 - get paper here
montalvo , victor hugo , luis diego alfaro , carolina saenz and eduardo carrillo . 2015 . the jaguar as a potential predator of kinosternon scorpioides ( linnaeus , 1766 ) . herpetozoa 27 ( 3 / 4 ) : 205 - 207 [ 2014 ]
nemuras , k . 1967 . notes on the herpetology of panama : part 3 . bull . maryland herp . soc . 3 ( 2 ) : 31 - 40 - get paper here
ribeiro , s . c . , i . j . roberto , d . l . sales , r . w . ávila & w . o . almeida 2012 . amphibians and reptiles from the araripe bioregion , northeastern brazil . salamandra 48 ( 3 ) : 133 - 146 - get paper here
rivas , gilson a . ; césar r . molina , gabriel n . ugueto , tito r . barros , césar l . bar - rio - amorós & philippe j . r . kok 2012 . reptiles of venezuela : an updated and commented checklist . zootaxa 3211 : 1–64 - get paper here
rodrigues , joão fabrício mota and diva maria borges - nojosa . 2013 . does kinosternon scorpioides ( linnaeus , 1766 ) ( testudines : kinosternidae ) prefer to reproduce in clean water ? herpetology notes 6 : 519 - 521 . - get paper here
rodrigues , m . t . 2003 . herpetofauna da caatinga . in : i . r . leal , m . tabarelli & j . m . c . silva ( eds . ) . ecologia e conservação da caatinga , pp . 181 - 236 . editora universitária , universidade federal de pernambuco , recife , brasil .
schilde , m . 2001 . schlammschildkröten : kinosternon , sternotherus , claudius , staurotypus . natur und tier verlag ( münster ) , 136 pp . - get paper here
schwartz , a . & henderson , r . w . 1991 . amphibians and reptiles of the west indies . university of florida press , gainesville , 720 pp .
smith , hobart m . & taylor , edward h . 1950 . type localities of mexican reptiles and amphibians . univ . kansas sci . bull . 33 ( 8 ) : 313 - 380 - get paper here
solís , j . m . , l . d . wilson , and j . h . townsend . 2014 . an updated list of the amphibians and reptiles of honduras , with comments on their nomenclature . mesoamerican herpetology 1 : 123–144 - get paper here
stejneger , l . h . 1925 . new species and subspecies of american turtles . j . washington acad . sci . 15 ( 20 ) : 462 - 463 - get paper here
stejneger , l 1941 . notes on mexican turltes of the genus kinosternon . proc . us natl . mus . 90 : 457 - 459 - get paper here
stejneger , l . 1902 . some generic names of turtles . proc . biol . soc , washington 15 : 235 - 238 - get paper here
stuart , l . c . 1935 . a contribution to a knowledge of the herpetology of a portion of the savanna region of central peten , guatemala . university of michigan museum of zoology miscellaneous publications 29 : 1 - 56 - get paper here
sunyer , javier 2014 . an updated checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of nicaragua . mesoamerican herpetology 1 ( 2 ) : 186–202 . - get paper here
taylor , edward h . 1952 . third contribution of the herpetology of the mexican state of san luis potosí . univ . kansas sci . bull . 34 ( 13 ) : 793 - 815 - get paper here
terán - juárez , sergio a . , elí garcía padilla , vicente mata - silva , jerry d . johnson and larry david wilson . 2016 . the herpetofauna of tamaulipas , mexico : composition , distribution , and conservation status . mesoamerican herpetology 3 ( 1 ) : 43–113 - get paper here
tomas , walfrido moraes , rafael morais chiaravalotti , andré restel camilo , gabriel oliveira de freitas 2015 . kinosternon scorpioides scorpioides linnaeus , 1766 : range extension and first records in the upper paraguay river basin and mato grosso do sul , brazil . check list 11 ( 3 ) : 1631 - get paper here
ttwg [ peter paul van dijk , john b . iverson , anders g . j . rhodin , h . bradley shaffer , and roger bour ] 2014 . turtles of the world , 7th edition : annotated checklist of taxonomy , synonymy , distribution with maps , and conservation status . 000 . v7 . chelonian research monographs ( issn 1088 - 7105 ) no . 5 , doi : 10 . 3854 / crm . 5 . 000 . checklist . v7 . 2014 - get paper here
valdivieso , d . & j . r . tamsitt 1963 . a check list and key to the amphibian and reptiles of providencia and san andres . carib . j . sci . 3 ( 2 / 3 ) : 77 - 79
this database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .
this is a directory page . britannica does not currently have an article on this topic .
argentina , belize , bolivia , brazil , colombia , costa rica , ecuador , el salvador , french guiana , guatemala , guyana , honduras , mexico , nicaragua , panama , paraguay , peru , suriname , trinidad , venezuela . northeast and eastern mexico through central america and across northern and central south america to northern argentina .
continent : middle - america south - america caribbean distribution : mexico ( yucatan , chiapas ) , guatemala , belize , el salvador , honduras , nicaragua , costa rica , panama , colombia , ecuador , venezuela , brazil ( roraima ) , argentina , paraguay , bolivia , n peru , trinidad type locality : surinam . abaxillare : mexico ( chiapas ) albogulare : honduras , costa rica , panama , isla cañas , isla san andrés . cruentatum : honduras , ne nicaragua north to mexico ( veracruz , tamaulipas ) , guatemala ; type locality : san mateo del mar , oaxaca ( designated by smith & taylor 1950 )
iucn 2011 red list : not listed ( least concern , lr / lc ) ( assessed 1996 , needs updating ) ; cites : not listed ; colombia red book of endangered reptiles : vulnerable ( d2 ) .
linnaeus , 1766 : systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . tomus i . editio duodecima , reformata . laurentii salvii , stockholm , holmiae , p . 1 - 532 .
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .


the wingspan is about 20 mm .

the hindwings are brown .

chrysonoma fascialis

chrysonoma fascialis is a moth of the oecophoridae family . it is known from australia and papua new guinea .
the banded concealer moth ( chrysonoma fascialis ) is a common and attractive member of the family oecophoridae . this photograph was taken on willans hill , in wagga wagga , nsw .
these caterpillars live in flat cases , made from two bits of leaf joined with silk , which they carry around with them . the caterpillars feed on :
band 2 , abtheilung 2 ( 5 ) ( 1875 ) , plate cxxxviii fig . 48 ,
the adult moths have yellow forewings , each with three dark purplish - brown stripes . the hindwings are rusty - brown . the wingspan is about 2 cms .
this species was the first of the oecophorinae from australia to be named ( in 1775 ) .
melbourne university press , 1990 , pl . 4 . 19 , p . 223 .
csiro publishing , melbourne 1994 , pp . xi , 16 , 24 , 31 , 36 , 281 , 286 - 290 .
issue 78 ( september 2015 ) , pp . 11 - 15 , fig . 3 ,
characters of a few australian lepidoptera , collected by mr . thomas r . oxley
new series , volume iii , number 8 ( 1856 ) , p . 295 ,
this page contains information and pictures about purple - banded concealer moths that we found in the brisbane area , queensland , australia .
i . f . b . common , melbourne university press , 1990 , p 223 , plate 4 . 19 .
if you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 613f2a51 - 6513 - 4ee9 - 9437 - 2dbf7857763c
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 7cb44343 - 2b7f - 44b4 - a791 - 3b890434cd66
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 6b6c9a14 - 8eb5 - 4a1a - 8a24 - 31dd13eff412
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 258992
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the wingspan is about 20 mm . adults have yellow forewings , each with three dark brown stripes . the hindwings are brown .
the larvae feed on the green leaves of
eucalyptus
and
lophostemon
species . they live in flattened portable cases , made from silk and bits of leaf .
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urltoken
if you have any queries or any sightings to report , email me at davidorchard0 @ urltoken .
this earlier post listed a few of the insect species found in the area . the present post is a continuation of that one .
a common and widespread mantid , orthodera ministralis is often found ( as its common name suggests ) in suburban gardens . this individual was photographed on the south american potato vine solanum jasminoides .
breeding pairs of the tricolor soldier beetle were commonly seen in late summer and early autumn . other species of soldier beetle , c . lugubris and c . pulchellus , routinely form enormous breeding colonies , and so are often called plague soldier beetles . see the brisbane insects website for more information .
the circulionidae ( true weevils ) is among the largest and most diverse of the insect families . it is often very difficult to identify particular species . this particular individual bears a very strong resemblance to the elephant weevil orthorhinus cylindrirostris and may belong to the same subfamily ( the molytinae ) .
this individual was photographed on a kurrajong ( brachychiton populneus ) , which seems to be a favourite foodsource of a couple of weevil species .
this is another weevil species , this time photographed in a suburban garden . the relatively short , broad rostrum ( snout ) suggests that this individual belongs to the subfamily entiminae ( broad - nosed weevils ) .
this species of leaf beetle ( chrysomelidae ) is common in vegetable gardens , particularly as a pest of cucurbits ( in this case zucchini ) . they can be extremely destructive . this article from the department of primary industries ( now industry & investment and formerly nsw agriculture ) has some information on pests of cucurbits , including this species .
chrysodeixis spp . are quite conspicuous – at least as caterpillars . the adults are not nearly as noticeable . as a leaf - eater with a taste for cultivated vegetables ( this one was photographed on a bean plant ) they can be quite destructive .
the banded ( or purple - banded ) concealer moth belongs to the family oecophoridae ( concealer moths ) , which is particularly well - represented around wagga . several other species are known from the area – some entirely white , some entirely yellow , some yellow with brownish or purplish markings . they are often found clinging to the underside of plant stems and leaves .
these are the nymphs of the two - lined gum treehopper . the adults can be seen at the brisbane insects website . the young are attended by ants ( in this case probably a species of golden - tailed sugar ant camponotus sp . ) who collect from them a sugar secretion called honeydew . the ants essentially ‘farm’ the nymphs .
another species of hopper , also in the family cicadellidae , though belonging to a different subfamily ( tartessinae , not eurymelinae ) . leafhoppers are plant - feeders , using their piercing mouthparts to extract sap from trees . these individuals were seen on a young eucalypt ( possibly the river red gum eucalyptus camaldulensis ) near lake albert .
that’s all for now . in bird - related news , the black - chinned honeyeater ( a vulnerable species ) was recorded at mates gully rd . tsr and has been added to the lists for mates gully and for wagga wagga . also added to the wagga list was the swift parrot , an endangered species , which was recorded ( by call only ) at red hill reserve , near pomingalarna . it is also known to overwinter in mates gully rd . and kyeamba tsrs .
in less encouraging news , the scarlet robin has recently been declared a vulnerable species ( see here ) . its numbers are apparently in decline . in the wagga area it is known from livingstone national park and mates gully rd . tsr .
nest hill nature reserve , formerly pulletop state forest , was gazetted in january 2001 . it is located roughly 35km south of wagga wagga and 25km north of holbrook . it is accessible only via management trails . the management plan can be found here , but is sadly rather light on details .
surveys carried out by the national parks and wildlife service recorded only 20 bird species in the park . the following is a list of more than thirty recorded by me in the space of a single visit ( the discrepancy is hard to explain ) : 1 . australian magpie 2 . australian raven 3 . + australian wood - duck 4 . + black swan 5 . black - faced cuckoo - shrike 6 . brown falcon 7 . brown treecreeper 8 . common bronzewing 9 . crested pigeon 10 . eastern rosella 11 . eastern yellow robin 12 . flame robin 13 . galah 14 . grey fantail 15 . grey shrike - thrush 16 . laughing kookaburra 17 . magpie - lark 18 . + masked lapwing 19 . pied currawong 20 . red wattlebird 21 . red - rumped parrot 22 . restless flycatcher 23 . rufous whistler 24 . striated pardalote 25 . sulphur - crested cockatoo 26 . superb fairy - wren 27 . weebill 28 . welcome swallow 29 . white - plumed honeyeater 30 . white - throated treecreeper 31 . white - winged chough 32 . willie wagtail 33 . yellow thornbill
( those species marked with a + were recorded on a farm dam immediately adjacent to the reserve ) . of particular note is the brown treecreeper , the eastern subspecies of which ( climacteris picumnus victoriae ) is classed as vulnerable . ( though there is some debate as to whether the local subspecies is c . p . victoriae or c . p . picumnus ) . the fantail cuckoo and cockatiel were recorded in the surrounding area in spring .
the reserve is dominated by three vegetation communities : 1 . rough - barked red box ( eucalyptus polyanthemos ) / white box ( e . albens ) 2 . inland scribbly gum ( e . rossii ) / norton’s box ( e . nortonii ) 3 . red stringybark ( e . macrorhyncha ; pictured above ) / inland scribbly gum / rough - barked red box
nest hill nr contains what is probably the largest stand of red box in the wagga area ( it is found in smaller quantities in livingstone np and mates gully rd tsr ) . the presence of red stringybark is also noteworthy for similar reasons .
the understorey is sparse and generally lacking in diversity , owing to extensive grazing prior to the reserve’s gazettal . weeds ( including * sonchus asper , * galium aparine and * trifolium spp . ) are encroaching on the reserve’s boundaries .
among the species recorded were the heaths melichrus urceolatus ( urn heath ; pictured above ) and lissanthe strigosa ( peach heath ) ; the orchids pterostylis sp . aff . parviflora ( tiny greenhood ; see here and here ) and pterostylis falcata ( autumn or sickle greenhood ) ; and the small herbs goodenia hederacea ( ivy goodenia ; pictured below ) , cymbonotus preissianus ( austral bear’s - ear ; pictured below ) , geranium solanderi ( native geranium ) , hydrocotyle laxiflora ( stinking pennywort ) and dauchus glochidiatus ( austral carrot ) .
also recorded were the grasses austrostipa scabra ( rough speargrass ) , microlaena stipoides ( weeping or meadow rice - grass ; uncommon ) and a species of poa ( tussock grass ) . grass trees ( xanthorrhoea sp . ) were also present .
there was also a substantial fungus population , including several large colonies of phylloporus clelandii ( pictured above ) , limacella spp . , pisolithus tinctorius ( horse dropping fungus ) and a small , woolly bracket fungus ( possibly a species of stereum ; pictured below ) .
this information comes from a single visit to the reserve . future visits are likely to yield much more .
livingstone national park has been logged , mined for gold , tin and wolframite , and used as a bombing range . and yet it is almost certainly the best - preserved area of remnant vegetation in the vicinity of wagga . it was finally gazetted ( as livingstone national park and nature reserve ) in 2001 . in 2006 , the southern end ( adjacent to the locality of burrandana ) was declared a state conservation area .
the park is apparently home to 20 or more species of orchid . nine spring - flowering species were documented in this earlier post . plantnet lists four further spring - flowering species ( caladenia dimorpha , c . phaeoclavia , pterostylis mutica and thelymitra ixioides ) in the park . the management plan lists another four species : the greenhoods pterostylis curta and pterostylis longifolia , the ruddyhood pterostylis pusilla and the tiny finger orchid caladenia mentiens . additionally , four species of autumn - flowering orchid are known from the park . these are profiled here .
eriochilus cucullatus is a tiny , delicate and inconspicuous species . each plant may carry up to five flowers , though most have only one or two . it has been recorded from the both the northern and southern sections of the park , and also from murraguldrie flora reserve .
this identification is tentative . genoplesium is a large genus , but g . rufum is the only species listed by plantnet for the nsw south - west slopes bioregion . this species is extremely variable . its colouration runs the gamut from deep purple - black to mostly green with reddish or brownish tips to the lateral sepals ( as in this case ) . some debate exists as to whether genoplesium rufum constitutes a single species or a complex of related varieties . the flowers on this particular specimen have closed for the year .
the pterostylis sp . aff . parviflora complex accounts for almost a dozen species , subspecies or varieties of orchid . the variety found at livingstone ( assuming there is only one ) may be the one referred to in bishop’s 1996 field guide ( currently out of print ) as pterostylis sp . aff . parviflora ( large red - brown ) . complicating this identification is the fact that many plants were found to have seven or eight flowers , whereas bishop claims that pterostylis sp . aff . parviflora ( large red - brown ) only rarely has more than six . another variety it resembles commonly has up to eight flowers , but is known only from the melbourne , victoria area ( designated by bishop as pterostylis sp . aff . parviflora ( eastern melbourne ) ) .
tthe genus speculantha has been proposed to distinguish the tiny greenhoods from the larger species , like the one below .
is not recognised by bishop and does not have an entry in plantnet’s flora of new south wales . nevertheless it is the only autumn - flowering greenhood that comes up in a
this species is extremely common in livingstone national park , often occuring in colonies of up to thirty plants . these colonies are composed of plants at varying stages of maturity . younger and older flowers often take on unusual shapes :
coming soon : posts on nest hill nature reserve and plum pudding hill tsr and a series of posts on common urban and suburban birds of wagga .
i’ve produced three wallpaper versions ( 1024×768 , 1280×1024 and 1600×1200 ) of the resupinatus cinerascens shot from the previous post , if anybody is interested .
i may do this with other photographs ( flowers , birds , and so on ) if there is any interest .
the rains in december , february and march brought out a large crop of fungi of various kinds , and now , with the temperature dropping and dew beginning to form , there seems to be a constant supply of unusual and interesting fungus species . a few of the more interesting are shown below .
is a tiny fungus – the largest fruiting body being around 1cm in diameter – found on the underside of rotting logs . this particular specimen was found in wallacetown .
is a common but inconspicuous fungus of lawns and gardens . the fruit has an extremely short life , sometimes lasting only a few hours before
contains a number of very similar ‘jelly’ fungi . this specimen was photographed on the side of a rotting log in ganmain state forest .
is larger and more attractive than most of the earth stars found in the area . it seems to occur in colonies in very wet leaf litter .
this particular colony was found in a wet gully on the northern end of livingstone national park .
, one of a group of large , fleshy fungi sometimes referred to as gilled boletes ( true boletes have pores rather than gills on the undersurface of the cap ) . this fungus is , according to bruce fuhrer’s field guide , generally uncommon . this particular specimen was again photographed on the northern end of livingstone national park .
species are very large ( around 20cm , in this case ) and are found in a variety of locations . the specimens seen here were part of a very large colony found in the grounds of the wagga wagga botanic gardens . despite their size the young fruiting bodies grew very close together :
. this particular species – found as it was in a lawn composed of exotic grasses – may not be native to australia .
. this extraordinary species is usually found on herbivore dung – in this case cow . the small ‘seeds’ or ‘eggs’ are called peridioles . these contain the spores and are dispersed by raindrops . this cluster of fruiting bodies was spotted at the kyeamba tsr ( which may recieve a full profile at a later date ) .
i hope soon to add a post on the autumn - flowering orchids recorded in the area . the bird count remains unchanged .
an earlier post ( willans hill in summer , january 5 ) listed a number of insect species found in the wagga area . the present post can be considered a continuation of that one . where possible the insects illustrated have been identified to the level of species , but identification is not always straightforward . of the many resources i have used , the brisbane insects website is probably the most useful ( i take the blame for any incorrect identifications , of course ) .
this is likely to be the first of many posts on the insect fauna of the area .
the tailed emperor is a large and beautiful butterfly in the family nymphalidae . it is probably not a permanent resident here , but vagrants have been known to reach southern victoria and south - eastern south australia . the larva is pictured here on a kurrajong ( brachychiton populneus ) , one of the species’ many larval foodsources , on willans hill . the “horns” are purely for intimidation : the caterpillar is completely harmless .
the larva of the privet hawk moth is a large , robust and strikingly patterned caterpillar that – despite its name – is equally at home on a variety of introduced garden plants . the individual photographed was seen in a suburban garden , apparently feeding on the leaves of the purple trumpet vine ( podranea ricasoliana ) , a south african import . privet ( ligustrum spp . ) is a significant garden escapee . two species , l . sinense and l . vulgare , are declared noxious weeds in nsw .
wasp moths belong to the ctenuchinae , a subfamily of the arctiidae ( tiger moths ) . there are a number of similar amata species , which cannot be easily distinguished . a number of individuals were seen recently in livingstone national park .
the tiger lichen moth is also a member of the arctiidae , this time of the subfamily lithosiinae ( lichen moths ) . once again , several individuals were seen in livingstone .
this stocky , distinctive moth was seen on willans hill and at mundwaddery cemetery . it belongs to the family notodontidae . its face is obscured by a dense mane of fibrous hairs :
the diamond beetle , also known as the botany bay diamond weevil , was the first australian insect to be formally described . it is apparently very common around sydney but is less so here .
most ladybird species are considered to be important control agents of crop and garden pests . the twentyeightspotted ladybird ( also referred to as epilachna 28 - punctata and epilachna cucurbitae ) , on the other hand , is a leaf - eater , and is also highly prolific . the larva is bizarre :
paropsis variolosa resembles a large ladybird . it feeds exclusively on the leaves of eucalyptus species . this individual was photographed on willans hill .
this longicorn ( “long - horned” ) beetle was photographed on a kangaroo thorn ( acacia paradoxa ) shrub in livingstone national park . the precise identity of the beetle is uncertain , but it may be a species of platyomopsis .
the green potato bug is – like the twentyeightspotted ladybird – a common resident of suburban gardens . it feeds on tomatoes , potatoes and other cultivated plants .
i have added the black - faced woodswallow ( artamus cinereus ) to the birdlist for wagga wagga . this brings the total number of species recorded over the past twelve months to 157 , exactly 150 of which are native .
“torrential” screamed the front page of the daily advertiser , following wagga’s wettest march day on record . the lake has filled for the first time in a very long time . this is the lake as of march 11 . by way of contrast , the photograph below shows the lake as it looked on january 21 .
very few shorebirds remain at the lake , of course , as there is no longer a very distinct shoreline . the water will most likely recede before long . — apologies for the lack of posts lately . i have two in the works : one on fungi and one on insects .
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hyles hippophaes ( seathorn hawk-moth ) is a species of moth in the family sphingidae .

the wingspan is 65 – 80 mm .

hyles hippophaes

hyles hippophaes hippophaes , male , upperside . france , basses alpes , st . andrer
hyles hippophaes hippophaes , male , underside . france , basses alpes , st . andrer
ovum : as subsp . hyles hippophaes hippophaes , with up to 500 being laid by each female .
synonym . hyles hippophaes miatleuskii eitschberger & saldaitis , 2000 , atalanta 31 : 213 .
habitat : in europe , hyles hippophaes settles hot , dry , stony habitats up to about 1300m above sea level , and preferably at the edge of wild floodplains close to or in the alps , where hippophaes grows in an early succession stage . hyles hippophaes inhabits also rocky slopes in these regions .
hyles hippophaes ( esper , 1789 ) = sphinx hippophaes esper , 1789 = crocea ( rebel , 1910 ) = flava ( denso , 1913 ) = obscurata ( dannehl , 1929 ) = teriolensis ( dannehl , 1929 ) = expallidata ( dannehl , 1933 ) = celerio hippophaes kiortsii koutsaftikis , 1974 .
as subsp . hyles hippophaes hippophaes ( esper , 1789 ) , northern spain , southern france , southern switzerland and northern italy to slovenia . then , as a separate population , romania , bulgaria , moldova , northern greece , the aegean islands and western turkey .
the early stages are very similar to subsp . hyles hippophaes hippophaes . fully grown , usually also very similar to those of subsp . hippophaes ; however , some are dark green with a dorsal lilac tint on the anterior segments and a broken , white ventro - lateral streak . in others , the basic body colour may even be dark grey / black .
pupa : similar to subsp . hyles hippophaes hippophaes ; during the summer months it remains in this stage for no more than 20 days . formed in a chamber in the soil , often up to 10cm deep ( chu & wang , 1980b ) . overwinters as a pupa .
celerio hippophaes kiortsii koutsaftikis , 1974 , annls mus . goulandris 2 : 99 - - 103 .
remarks : hyles hippophaes does not occur north of the alps . in europe , the moth is very rare in the alpine region , more frequently , for example , in the southwestern french alps , particularly in the valley of the durance . there i found , for example , caterpillars in mid - july 2005 and 2012 at xerothermic places . hyles hippophaes is distributed from the pyrenees locally across southern france , the southern alps , parts of italy ( apennines ) and obviously also of the balkans to the black sea . additionally , hyles hippophaes occurs from asia minor to central asia .
( ii ) there is some contact between subsp . hyles hippophaes hippophaes ( esper , 1789 ) and subsp . bienerti in the crimea and in western and southern turkey . this produces intermediate hybrids , such as f . malatiatus gehlen , 1934a , and f . kiortsii koutsaftikis , 1974 . the aegean population is most certainly subsp . hippophaes , but with a trace of subsp . bienerti visible in many examples . some adults of the crimean population are intermediate in coloration and pattern between subsp . hippophaes and subsp . bienerti . )
endangerment factors : hyles hippophaes is strongly threatened by river regulation , gravel and electricity industry , construction of roads , housing developments , agricultural intensivication ( creation of vineyarrds on rocky slopes in floodplains ) and by succession . most once mile - wide floodplains have been destroyed , the river forced into a straitjacket . this proved fatal for many specialist insects ( and other living beings ) such as many grasshoppers like bryodemella tuberculata . hyles hippophaes can be preserved only if the habitats are protected extensively . in southern central europe , hyles hippophaes is largely eradicated . last outpost is a residual presence in the rhone valley , valais , where it could also possibly be gone already .
from central turkey and the southern ukraine eastwards to liaoning ( china ) and mongolia , extending south to kashmir and north - west india and north to lake baikal and the tuva a . s . s . r . in russia as subsp . hyles hippophaes biernerti .
( taxonomic note . there is some contact between subsp . hippophaes and subsp . bienerti ( staudinger , 1874 ) in the crimea and in western and southern turkey . this produces intermediate hybrids , such as f . malatiatus gehlen , 1934a , and f . kiortsii koutsaftikis , 1974 . the aegean population is most certainly subsp . hippophaes , but with a trace of subsp . bienerti visible in many examples . some adults of the crimean population are intermediate in coloration and pattern between subsp . hippophaes and subsp . bienerti , but can be assigned to the latter . )
hyles hippophaes ( seathorn hawk - moth ) is a species of moth in the family sphingidae . it is found in afghanistan , armenia , azerbaijan , china , france , georgia , germany , greece , iran , iraq , kazakhstan , kyrgyzstan , mongolia , pakistan , romania , serbia and montenegro , spain , switzerland , syria , tajikistan , turkey , turkmenistan , and uzbekistan .
life cycle : hyles hippophaes forms one or two generations , but the second one is only partial . the moths fly from may to july and separated again in august / september . the larval time is from june to october , but by far the most caterpillars are observed in late june and july . the pupa hibernates as with all european sphingids ( except the migrant butterfly taubenschwänzchen ) .
transferred to hyles by hübner , [ 1819 ] , verz . bekannter schmett . : 137 . transferred to celerio by rothschild & jordan , 1903 , novit . zool . 9 ( suppl . ) : 714 ( key ) , 729 ; then back to hyles by pittaway , 1983 , entomologist ' s gaz . 34 : 80 . implicitly transferred to celerio by zhu & wang , 1997 , fauna sinica insecta 11 : 342 ( key ) , 344 . implicitly transferred back to hyles by danner , eitschberger & surholt , 1998 , herbipoliana 4 ( 1 ) : 202 .
it should be noted that in the french alps larvae of natural hybrids between this species and hyles vespertilio ( esper , 1780 ) are regularly found on epilobium dodonaei , with many being of the pink form ( j . - m . bompar , pers . comm . ) .
within its range , populations can be somewhat isolated . however , as this species is prone to wander , individuals may turn up at great distances from known breeding grounds , leading to confusing records . frequents river valleys in mountainous areas ( up to 500m in spain and switzerland ) , mountainous steppe and sand - dunes . river islands overgrown with hippophae rhamnoides are a favoured haunt in central europe . in some western european localities , as a result of river flood - control measures , hyles hippophaes is becoming increasingly rare as its hostplant cannot compete with riverine shrubs and trees which take over stabilized riverbanks .
after a very long period of inactivity on this blog , i’m finally posting some new shots . not “astro” ones , but nature - related ones . the following shots are of a hawk moth ( fam . sphingidae ) , hyles hippophaes ( esper , 1789 ) . this species is threatened by human activity , as many other insect species . in romania it occurs mainly in dobrogea , but can occasionally be found further to the west . the larva was found in august 2016 , and the adult emerged in may 2017 . the moth is active at night , and is attracted to artificial light .
synonymized with celerio euphorbiae as a subspecies by rothschild & jordan , 1903 , novit . zool . 9 ( suppl . ) : 720 ; then with hyles centralasiae as a subspecies by pittaway , 1983 , entomologist ' s gaz . 34 : 78 . reinstated as a species by danner , eitschberger & surholt , 1998 , herbipoliana 4 ( 1 ) : 205 , 280 .
wingspan : 60 - - 80mm . very unlikely to be confused with other hyles species . most individuals from the aegean population have more extensive black markings than those from central europe ; however , there is sufficient overlap in colour variation not to split the two groups into separate taxa . the original description and illustrations by esper ( [ 1789 ] ) clearly indicate that the romanian population is indistinguishable from that in the aegean . where multiple climatic conditions are present , such as along mountain chains , adults of this species are very variable in wingspan , markings and colour intensity . in fact , adult coloration is very much dependent on the temperature developing pupae are exposed to . heat produces more reddish and paler individuals , while low temperatures give rise to darker and greyer adults .
deilephila bienerti staudinger , 1874 , stettin . ent . ztg 35 : 91 . type locality : northeast persia [ iran ] , schahrud [ emamrud ] .
note . this subspecies can be very variable in both coloration and size where numerous climatic conditions occur in close proximity to each other , such as in mountainous areas . many of these forms were described as distinct subspecies but this is not warranted . subspecies ornatus , transcaucasica , anatolica , bucharana , shugnana , malatiatus , caucasica and baltistana were therefore synonymized with subsp . bienerti by pittaway ( 1993 ) and should be regarded as forms .
wingspan : 65 - - 80mm . considerably paler and browner than related subspecies . a pale , oblique median line is noticeable on the underside of the forewing ; hindwing patches more orange than red . some large specimens found above 2000m in north - west iran and kashmir tend to f . caucasica in coloration .
often common in mountainous , arid steppe , especially along rivers overgrown with hippophae or elaeagnus . although found at any altitude from 400 - - 3000m , most populations occur from 1000 - - 2000m where hippophae rhamnoides often forms discrete thickets away from rivers .
china : 29 . iv - 5 . v ( shihezi ) ; urltoken ( shihezi ) ; urltoken ( shaanxi ) ; 1 . vii ( zada ) ; vii ( yining / gulja , 1000m ) ; 5 - 31 . vii ( shihezi ) ; 28 . ix ( dingbian ) . mongolia : urltoken ( hovd prov . ) ; 19 . vii ( hovd prov . ) . russia : 19 - urltoken ( karasuk , novosibirsk area ) ; 14 . vii ( tuva ) ; 18 - 21 . vii ( altai ) ; 30 . viii ( karasuk , novosibirsk area ) .
there are two generations a year in northeastern and central china , with adults flying in may and july / august ( yang , 1978 ; chu & wang , 1982 ) . in xinjiang , the first brood emerges between late april and mid june , depending upon the weather .
ovum : pale greenish - grey , almost spherical ( 1 . 0 x 1 . 1mm ) . deposited on both the upper and under surface of leaves , usually near the edge , on the lower branches of the hostplant . thicket - edge or isolated shrubs are preferred , with up to 500 being laid by each female .
larva : full - fed 75 - - 80mm . dichromatic : unstriped or striped .
on hatching , the eggshell is ignored , the 3 - - 4mm - long larva proceeding to find a resting place below a leaf , a site to which it returns after each spell of feeding . at this stage it is dark green , thickly speckled with white and dark grey . the final instar has two colour forms . one is dark green ( in some cases suffused with pink ) , thickly speckled with white and grey ; superimposed on this are an off - white dorso - lateral line , often with orange eye - spots , and a broader , white , ventro - lateral stripe running just above the legs . horn long , thin , orange below , black above , with two elongated orange spots at its base ; head green , with two brown lines . the other colour form is silvery grey , with a black , broken dorso - lateral line from which emanate black , equally broken oblique lateral stripes with white , red , or yellow patches often present in between . head brown and grey ; horn as above . in a very rare colour form , all green coloration is replaced by pinkish brown .
larvae frequently sun themselves openly on the upper branches , amongst those they have already stripped of leaves . there is a very heavy mortality due to parasitoids . those that survive eventually become light brown before descending to find a pupation site , often after hours of perambulation on the ground .
this stage lasts as little as 28 days , during which the larva basks quite openly on the topmost branches of its hostplant .
pupa : 40 - - 50mm . pale yellowish brown , or light grey - brown , with dark brown striations . more elongated than others of the genus . enclosed in a flimsy cocoon amongst roots or under stones . the overwintering stage .
in the summer months it remains in this stage for no more than 20 days . formed in a chamber in the soil , often up to 10cm deep ( chu & wang , 1980b ) .
larval hostplants . recorded in china on elaeagnus angustifolia ( sensu lato ) and hippophae rhamnoides ( wang , 1978 ; pittaway & kitching , 2000 ) , which are also the hostplants in tajikistan ( shchetkin , 1956 ) .
china : xinjiang ( shihezi ; ürümqi ; yining / gulja ) ; nei mongol ( alxa zuoqi ; alxa youqi ) ; liaoning ; shaanxi ( dingbian ) ; ningxia ( yinchuan ; lingwu ; pingluo ) ; gansu ; xizang / tibet ( zada , 2950m ) .
mongolia hovd prov . ( bodonchijn river valley , elkhony - ekhen - tal , 30km s altai village , 1200m ( 45°43 ' n 92°05 ' e ) ; dzun - dzhargalant - khairkhan , ar - shatyn - gol ( river ) valley , 2100m ( 47°44 ' n 92°27 ' e ) ; bulgan river basin , bayan river valley , ulyastayn - sala river , 1900m ( 46°21 ' n 91°08 ' e ) ; bulgan river valley , 45km n bulgan , 1500m ; dzhungarian gobi , 45km sw bulgan , uvhod - ula mts . , 1350m ) .
russia : western siberia ( karasuk , novosibirsk area ) ; altai ( cherga ; 5km sww mikhailovskoe ) ; tuva ( khovu - aksy ) ; transbaikalia .
central ( rebel , 1933 ) , south - eastern and eastern turkey ( daniel , 1932 ; daniel , 1939 ; de freina , 2012 ) , southern ukraine ( efetov & budashkin , 1990 ; zolotuhin , pers . comm . ; vasilyuk & inozemtseva , 2003 ) , the caucasus and southern russia ( zolotuhin , pers . comm ; poltavsky , pers . comm 2003 ; anikin , 2004 ) , northern and central iran ( bienert , 1870 ; barou , 1967 ; kalali , 1976 ; ghassemi , alemansoor & alehossein , 2009 ) , turkmenistan ( danov & pereladov , 1985 ) and uzbekistan ( derzhavets , 1984 ) , the southern urals ( nupponen & fibiger , 2002 ; dubatolov , 2012 ) , eastern kazakhstan ( kondratiev coll . , nhmuk ) , western xinjiang province , china ( pittaway & kitching , 2000 ) , tajikistan ( shchetkin , 1956 ) , afghanistan ( ebert , 1969 ; daniel , 1971 ) , northern pakistan / azad kashmir ( karakoram mountains , juglot valley , 2550m , 26 . vii . 2011 ( leg . balázs benedek ) ) ( rafi et al . , 2014 ) , and north - west india / kashmir ( o . bang - haas , 1939 ) to the western tian shan .
also , china , from xinjiang province ( china ) north to the altai mountains ( izerskiy , 1999 ) and eastwards across the provinces of ningxia , gansu , shaanxi and nei mongol ( inner mongolia ) to liaoning ( chu & wang , 1980b ; pittaway & kitching , 2000 ) , and also mongolia ( derzhavets , 1977 ; yakovlev , gus ' kova , doroshkin & titov , 2015 ; yakovlev & doroshkin , 2017 ) . from these areas north to karasuk ( dubatolov , 2012 ) , the tuva a . s . s . r . ( viidalepp , 1979 ; izerskiy , 1999 ) , the altai kray ( yakovlev , dubatolov & titov , 2013 ) and lake baikal ( kondratiev coll . , nhmuk ) in russia .
holarctic ; palaearctic ( both eastern and western subregions ) . pleistocene refuge : polycentric - - caspian , iranian , turanoeremic , turkestan and mongoloeremic refugia .
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host plants : the caterpillar lives on sea buckthorn ( hippophae rhamnoides ) , in the southeast ( turkey ) also on other eleagnaceae ( eleagnus ) .
gb : seabuckthorn hawkmoth ; seathorn hawkmoth , f : sphinx de l ' argousier , d : sanddornschwärmer , ru : oblepikhovyi brazhnik ; yuzhnyi brazhnik , h : déli szender , e : esfinge del espino amarillo , fi : tyrnikiitäjä , it : sfinge dell ' olivella spinosa .
type locality : wallachei , milkowfluss bei foran [ wallachia region , southern romania ] .
holarctic ; western palaearctic region . pleistocene refuge : poly / monocentric - - adriatomediterranean and pontomediterranean subsections of the mediterranean refuge .
as with nearly all members of this genus , pairing is a short affair lasting not more than three hours , generally before midnight . afterwards , most females spend a few hours every night feeding , mainly before 23 . 00 hours and before dawn . oddly , this species does not fly very much and spends much of the night resting .
late april to early july , with a peak in mid - june . a partial second brood in august often occurs . it is not unusual for only three weeks to elapse between the two broods .
ovum : almost spherical ( 1 . 1 x 1 . 0mm ) , pale greenish grey . deposited on both the upper and under surface of leaves , usually near the edge , on the lower branches of the hostplant . thicket - edge or isolated shrubs are preferred , most eggs being laid in late june .
larva : full - fed , 75 - - 80mm . polymorphic : unstriped or striped .
on hatching , the eggshell is ignored , the 3 - - 4mm - long larva proceeding to find a resting place below a leaf , a site to which it returns after each spell of feeding . at first only the cells on the leaf upperside are eaten , leaving clear ' windows ' in the leaf ; in the second instar leaves are consumed in the normal fashion . initially pale grey with a white dorso - lateral line and grey horn , it gradually becomes dark green , thickly speckled with white and dark grey .
the final instar has several colour forms . the main one is dark green ( in some cases suffused with pink ) , thickly speckled with white and grey ; superimposed on this are an off - white dorso - lateral line , often with orange eye - spots , and a broader , white , ventro - lateral stripe running just above the legs . horn long , thin , orange below , black above , with two elongated orange spots at its base ; head green , with two brown lines .
a less common form is silvery grey , with a black , broken dorso - lateral line from which emanate black , equally broken oblique lateral stripes with white , red , or yellow patches often present in between . head brown and grey ; horn as above .
there are also two very rare colour forms in which all green coloration is replaced by either pinkish brown or dark grey / black . the latter appears more readily under cold conditions .
larvae frequently sun themselves openly on the upper branches , amongst those they have already stripped of leaves . there is a very heavy mortality due to parasitoids . those that survive eventually become light purple - brown before descending to find a pupation site , often after hours of perambulation on the ground .
most common during late june and july ; in some areas also during early september .
minor hostplants . elaeagnus angustifolia , an introduced oleaster from central and eastern turkey now established over much of southern europe . this is the main hostplant of the aegean population ( pittaway , 1982a ) . [ in captivity , the larvae will thrive on many species of ornamental elaeagnus , and will also accept epilobium angustifolium when larger . ]
pupa : 40 - - 50mm . pale yellowish brown , or light grey - brown , with dark brown striations . more elongated than others of the genus . enclosed in a flimsy yellowish cocoon amongst roots or under stones . the overwintering stage .
tachinidae : exorista fasciata ( fallén ) , exorista larvarum ( linnaeus ) , exorista grandis ( zetterstedt ) , masicera sphingivora ( robineau - desvoidy ) .
separated into two main areas which seem to be the remnants of a much larger , post - glacial range . from northeastern spain ( portbou , catalonia ( pittaway , 1983b ) ) across southern france ( frionnet , 1910 ; chanselme , 1997 ) , southern switzerland ( schweizerischer bund für naturschutz , 1997 ) and northern italy to slovenia . then , as a separate population , romania ( esper , [ 1793 ] ; székely & szabó , 1995 ; vlad dinca , pers . comm . 2007 ) , bulgaria ( beshkov , 1998 ; danner , eitschberger & surholt , 1998 ) , moldova ( derzhavets , 1984 ) , northern greece ( koutsaftikis , 1970 ; 1973 ; 1974 ) , the aegean islands ( de freina & piatkowski , 1999 ) and western turkey ( pittaway , 1982a ) .
this species will very probably also be found in more areas of northern spain , hungary and romania , countries with large areas of hostplant . it has been recorded as a vagrant in england ( gilchrist , 1979 ) , northwestern spain ( basque country ( gómez bustillo & fernández - rubio , 1976 ) ) , southern spain ( malaga ( ribbe , 1909 - 1912 ) ) , southern portugal ( near faro ) and slovakia ( danner , eitschberger & surholt , 1998 ) . recently recorded from the apennine mountains east of florenz , italy ( dapporto , fiorini , fiumi & flamigni , 2005 ) .
recorded in the past from germany ( bavaria ) ( heinemann , 1859 ; forster & wohlfahrt , 1960 ) , but no longer resident in that country ( danner , eitschberger & surholt , 1998 ) .
this species appears on the british list as a result of a supposed vagrant record from devon in approximately 1857 .
, and fly between april and june , sometimes with a second generation in august .
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die schmetterlinge in abbildungen nach der natur mit beschreibungen . fortsetzung der europäischer schmetterlinge 6
lectotype ♀ [ romania : ] wallechei [ wallachia region ] , near foxan , milkowfluss [ milkov river ] [ wmhg ] ; designated by hacker , 1999 , esperiana 7 : 453 . the lectotype is the largest female (
das größere weibchen
) in
kasten 20
.
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( taxonomic notes . ( i ) this subspecies can be very variable in both coloration and size where numerous climatic conditions occur in close proximity to each other , such as in mountainous areas . many of these forms were described as distinct subspecies but this is not warranted . subspecies ornatus , transcaucasica , anatolica , bucharana , shugnana , malatiatus , caucasica and baltistana have been synonymized with subsp . bienerti and should be regarded as forms .
wingspan : 65 - - 80mm . can be considerably paler and browner than related subspecies . a pale , oblique median line is noticeable on the underside of the forewing ; hindwing patches more orange than red . some large specimens found above 2000m in north - west iran and kashmir tend to f . caucasica in coloration .
often common in mountainous , arid steppe , especially along rivers overgrown with hippophae or elaeagnus . although found at any altitude from 400 - - 3000m , most populations occur from 1000 - - 2000m where hippophae rhamnoides often forms discrete thickets away from rivers . attracted to the flowers of cistanche at dusk ( shchetkin , 1956 ) .
larva : full - fed , 75 - - 85mm . dimorphic : unstriped or striped .
major hostplants . hippophae rhamnoides and elaeagnus spp . , especially elaeagnus angustifolia and elaeagnus hortensis in tajikistan ( shchetkin , 1956 ) . in the crimea it is found on elaeagnus argentea ( efetov & budashkin , 1990 ) .
central ( rebel , 1933 ) , south - eastern and eastern turkey ( daniel , 1932 ; daniel , 1939 ; de freina , 2012 ) , southern ukraine ( efetov & budashkin , 1990 ; zolotuhin , pers . comm . ; vasilyuk & inozemtseva , 2003 ) , the caucasus and southern european russia ( zolotuhin , pers . comm ; poltavsky , pers . comm . 2003 ; anikin , 2004 ) , the republic of georgia ( didmanidze , petrov & zolotuhin , 2013 ) , armenia ( wąsala & zamorski , 2015 ) and azerbaijan ( didmanidze , petrov & zolotuhin , 2013 ) , northern and central iran ( bienert , 1870 ; barou , 1967 ; kalali , 1976 ; ghassemi , alemansoor & alehossein , 2009 ; lehmann & zahiri , 2011 ) , turkmenistan ( danov & pereladov , 1985 ) and uzbekistan ( derzhavets , 1984 ) , the southern urals ( nupponen & fibiger , 2002 ; dubatolov , 2012 ) , eastern kazakhstan ( kondratiev coll . , nhmuk ; shovkoon , 2015 ) , western xinjiang province , china ( pittaway & kitching , 2000 ) , tajikistan ( shchetkin , 1956 ) , afghanistan ( ebert , 1969 ; daniel , 1971 ) , northern pakistan / azad kashmir ( karakoram mountains , juglot valley , 2550m , 26 . vii . 2011 ( leg . balázs benedek ) ( rafi et al . , 2014 ) ) , and north - west india / kashmir ( o . bang - haas , 1939 ) to the western tian shan .
as elaeagnus angustifolia is widely planted as a hedge and windbreak throughout eastern europe and central asia , this moth has not only expanded its range northwards ( dubatolov , 2012 ) but may turn up as a vagrant far from its resident range , e . g . the northern ukraine ( plyushch & sheshurak , 1997 ) .
the anatolian plateau forms the western resident limit of this subspecies , although individuals can penetrate as far west as istanbul .
extra - limital range . in china , from xinjiang province ( china ) north to the altai mountains ( izerskiy , 1999 ) and eastwards across the provinces of ningxia , gansu , shaanxi and nei mongol ( inner mongolia ) to liaoning ( chu & wang , 1980b ; pittaway & kitching , 2000 ) , and also mongolia ( derzhavets , 1977 ; yakovlev & doroshkin , 2017 ) . from these areas north into russia to karasuk ( dubatolov , 2012 ) , the tuva a . s . s . r . ( viidalepp , 1979 ; izerskiy , 1999 ) , the altai kray ( yakovlev , dubatolov & titov , 2013 ) and lake baikal ( kondratiev coll . , nhmuk ) .
lectotype ♂ [ turkey : toros mountains , ] bulghar dagh [ bolkar dağlari ] , lydia , [ bred ex larvae ( w . siehe ) ] [ mnhu ] ; implicitly designated by danner , eitschberger & surholt , 1998 , herbipoliana 4 ( 2 ) : 74 .
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2011 - 01 - 26 by & van nieukerken , dr erik j . karsholt , dr ole & by dr ian kitching
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austria , bulgaria , germany , greece , spain , italy , corsica , romania , the soviet union - the european part of turkey - european part of france , switzerland , yugoslavia .
regions of the russian federation : the volga - don , east caucasus , western caucasus , lower volga , tuva , southern urals .
bulgaria , the british isles , hungary ? , germany , greece ( mainland ) , spain ( mainland ) ? , italy ( mainland ) , corsica , moldova , russia , romania , north aegean , slovenia , ukraine , france ( mainland ) croatia , switzerland .
[ 10 ] de jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) ( 2011 ) fauna europaea version 2 . 4 ( faunaeur . org )
[ 28 ] moths and butterflies of europe and north africa ( leps . it ) , 2012
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curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .
species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .
the wingspan is 65–80 mm . subspecies bienerti is paler and browner than related subspecies . a pale , oblique median line is noticeable on the underside of the forewing . the hindwing patches are more orange than red .
larvae of subspecies bienerti have been recorded on elaeagnus angustifolia and hippophae rhamnoides in china and tajikistan .