the eastern black rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis michaeli ) is also known as the east african black rhinoceros .

it is a subspecies of the black rhinoceros .

its numbers are very low due to poaching for its horn and it is listed as critically endangered .

eastern black rhinoceros

home » diceros bicornis ssp . michaeli ( eastern black rhino , eastern black rhinoceros )
there are now three remaining recognized subspecies of black rhinoceros occupying different areas of africa . these subspecies are found in the eastern and southern african countries .
subspecies : southwestern black rhinoceros ( d . b . bicornis ) classified as vulnerable ( vu ) ; eastern black rhinoceros ( d . b . michaeli ) and south - central black rhinoceros ( d . b . minor ) are both classified as critically endangered ( cr ) ; western black rhinoceros ( d . b . longipes ) classified as extinct ( ex ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
eastern black rhinoceroses have returned to rwanda . it ' s been 10 years since they were last seen in the country .
black rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis ) . an orphan whose mother was killed by poachers in zimbabwe
some black rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis ) are under 24 hour armed guard due to risk of poaching africa .
ndeereh d , okita - ouma b , gaymer j , mutinda m , gakuya f ( 2012 ) unusual mortalities of eastern black rhinoceros ( dicerosbicornismichaeli ) due to clostridial enterotoxaemia in oljogi pyramid sanctuary , kenya . pachyderm 51 : 45 - 51 .
the black rhinoceros has brachydont and lophodont teeth , with a thin layer of cement . the white rhinoceros is more specialized , for the cheek teeth are hypselodont and have a thick cement layer . …
garnier , j . , m . bruford , b . goossens . 2001 . mating system and reproductive skew in the black rhinoceros .
source / reference article learn how you can use or cite the black rhinoceros article in your website content , school work and other projects .
morgan - davies m ( 1996 ) status of the black rhinoceros in masai mara national reserve , kenya . pachyderm21 : 38 - 45 .
the black rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis ) , is sometimes called the ‘hooked - lip rhino’ . the rhinoceros is a mammal in the order perissodactyla and is native to the eastern and central areas of africa including kenya , tanzania , cameroon , south africa , namibia and zimbabwe . although the rhino is referred to as black , it is actually more of a grey - white colour in appearance . it will sometimes take on the colour of the soil that it lives around .
of rhinoceros . the black rhinoceros typically weighs between 700 and 1 , 300 kg ( 1 , 500 and 2 , 900 pounds ) ; males are the same size as females . it stands 1 . 5 metres ( 5 feet ) high at the shoulder and is 3 . 5 metres ( 11 . 5 feet ) long . the black rhinoceros occupies a variety of habitats , including open
…species of rhinoceroses are the black or prehensile - lipped rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis ) and the white or square - lipped rhinoceros ( ceratotherium simum ) . the terms black and white are misleading , since both species are grayish to brownish , but the names are well established in common usage .
massicot , p . 2006 .
black rhinoceros
( on - line ) . animal info . accessed april 09 , 2009 at urltoken .
the park has hired anti - poaching units and rhino - tracking teams to keep its new residents safe . and every little bit helps : experts estimate there are only about 1 , 000 eastern black rhinos left in the wild .
…species of rhinoceroses are the black or prehensile - lipped rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis ) and the white or square - lipped rhinoceros ( ceratotherium simum ) . the terms black and white are misleading , since both species are grayish to brownish , but the names are well established in common usage . …
embed this arkive thumbnail link (
portlet
) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =
urltoken
title =
arkive species - black rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis )
> < img src =
urltoken
alt =
arkive species - black rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis )
title =
arkive species - black rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis )
border =
0
/ > < / a >
there are 3 subspecies of black rhino , the south - central rhino ( diceros bicornis minor ) , which is the most numerous and once ranged from central tanzania south through zambia , zimbabwe and mozambique to northern and eastern south africa .
the black rhinoceros inhabits a variety of habitats , ranging from the deserts of namibia through wooded grasslands to broadleaved woodlands and acacia savannahs ( 4 ) .
grzimek , b . 2005 .
black rhinoceros
( on - line ) . answers . com . accessed april 09 , 2009 at urltoken .
landman m , kerley gi ( 2014 ) elephant both increase and decrease availability of browse resources for black rhinoceros . biotropica 46 : 42 - 49 .
major habitat type tropical and subtropical grasslands , savannas , and shrublands ; deserts and xeric shrublands biogeographic realm afrotropical range states kenya , namibia , south africa , swaziland , tanzania , zimbabwe , zambia ( re - introduced ) , botswana ( re - introduced ) . geographical location eastern and southern africa ecological region east african acacia savannas , central and eastern miombo woodlands , namib - karoo - kaokoveld deserts , sudanian savannas
brooks , m . 2002 .
black rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis )
( on - line ) . arkive . accessed april 09 , 2009 at urltoken .
the black rhinoceros is classified as critically endangered ( cr ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) and is listed on appendix i of cites ( 3 ) .
world wildlife fund , 2004 .
wwf factsheet : black rhinoceros - diceros bicornis
( on - line pdf ) . accessed april 09 , 2009 at urltoken .
morgan , s . , r . mackey , r . slotow . 2009 . a priori valuation of land use for the conservation of black rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis ) .
the population of the black rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis ) fell to about 2 , 400 individuals in 1995 , down from a likely number of several hundred thousand at the start of the 20th century , when it ranged over most of southern africa . the white rhinoceros ( ceratotherium simum ) historically had a smaller geographic…
the white and the black ( diceros bicornis ) rhinoceros live in africa , while the indian , the javan ( r . sondaicus ) , and the sumatran ( dicerorhinus sumatrensis ) rhinoceros live in asia . the precarious state of the surviving species ( all but one are endangered ) is in direct contrast to the…
the west african rhino ( diceros bicornis longipes ) , the world conservation union ( iucn ) announced on 7 july 2006 that the west african black rhinoceros has been tentatively declared as extinct .
figure 1 : the performance of black rhinoceros population without environmental variation ( scenario 1 ) and with environmental variation of 2 % ( scenario 2 ) and 1 % ( scenario 3 ) .
the black rhinoceros is a herbivore that eats leafy plants , branches , shoots , thorny wood bushes and fruit . the black rhinos diet helps to reduce the amount of woody plants which results in more grasses growing for the benefit of other animals .
hutchins m , kreger md ( 2006 ) rhinoceros behaviour : implications for captive management and conservation . international zoo yearbook40 : 150 - 173 .
law pr , fike b , lent pc ( 2013 ) mortality and female fecundity in an expanding black rhinoceros ( dicerosbicornis minor ) population . european journal of wildlife research 59 : 477 - 485 .
dollinger , p . , s . geser . 2008 .
black rhinoceros
( on - line ) . world association of zoos and aquariums - virtual zoo . accessed april 09 , 2009 at urltoken .
garnier , j . , w . holt , p . watson . 2002 . non - invasive assessment of oestrous cycles and evaluation of reproductive seasonality in the female wild black rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis minor ) .
black rhinoceros have been poached to the brink of extinction due to the demand for their horn , both for use in chinese traditional medicine and for traditional dagger handles in yemen , the demand for which exploded in the 1970s due to the increased income of oil - rich gulf states ( 7 ) . it is estimated that between 1970 and 1992 , around 96 percent of the black rhinoceros population was lost ( 8 ) .
mills ja ( 1997 ) rhinoceros horn and tiger bone in china : and investigation of trade since the 1993 ban . traffic international , cambridge , usa .
table 3 : environmental variation ( % ev ) in adult females breeding and mortality rates across various age classes used in the simulation models for the black rhinoceros population , harvest was allowed yearly starting at the age of eight .
with less than 5 , 000 black rhino left globally , it is claimed that there are only about 1 , 000 eastern black rhino left apparently . the return of rhinos in rwanda’s akagera national park comes after the re - introduction of lions in 2015 . the rwanda lion conservation efforts has also shown great success over the few years with the population of big cats already doubled and besides , the park has 15 lions at the moment .
black rhinos have been on appendix i of cites since 1977 . additionally , black rhinos have been listed since 1980 under the united states endangered species act . black rhinos are listed as critically endangered by the iucn red list . currently , there are four subspecies of black rhinos :
walpole mj , morgan - davies m , milledge m , bett p , leader - williams n ( 2001 ) population dynamics and future conservation of a free - ranging black rhinoceros ( dicerosbicornis ) population in kenya . biological conservation 99 : 237 - 243 .
black rhinos are browsers that feed on items such as twigs , woody shrubs , small trees , legumes , and grass . black rhinos show a preference for
there are three subspecies of black rhino , although they all look very similar .
the black rhinos habitats are mostly bushy plains , rugged hills and scrub lands .
figure 4 : the expected heterozygosity of black rhinoceros population without environmental variation ( scenario 1 ) and 1 % environmental variation with harvest of 2 males and 2 females on yearly basis ( scenario 4 ) , and 2 males and 2 females after every five years ( scenario 5 ) .
freeman ew , meyer jm , bird j , adendorff j , schulte ba , etal . ( 2014 ) impacts of environmental pressures on the reproductive physiology of subpopulations of black rhinoceros ( dicerosbicornisbicornis ) in addo elephant national park , south africa . conservation physiology 2 : 1 - 13 .
citation : soka ge , rija aa and owino a ( 2014 ) modeling black rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis ) population performance in east africa : the case of lake nakuru national park , kenya . j biodivers endanger species 2 : 126 . doi : 10 . 4172 / 2332 - 2543 . 1000126
figure 3 : the probabilities of survival of black rhinoceros population without environmental variation ( scenario 1 ) and 1 % environmental variation with the harvest of 2 males and 2 females on yearly basis ( scenario 4 ) , and 2 males and 2 females after every five years ( scenario 5 ) .
are used in ancient medicine and many black rhinos have been illegally poached for them .
female black rhinos will use their horns to protect their young from predators such as lions and hyenas . although they are fierce , black rhinos do have a softer side .
the black rhino is smaller than the white rhino and is more agile in movement . black rhinos can still show considerable bouts of aggression , even though they are mainly shy and solitary animals . black rhinos tend to live alone , except when breeding and raising offspring .
figure 2 : the performance of black rhinoceros population with environmental variation of 1 % and harvesting of 2 males and 2 females on yearly basis ( scenario 4 ) , 2 males and 2 females after every five years ( scenario 5 ) , and 1 male and 1 female every four years ( scenario 6 ) .
black rhinoceros are mainly solitary creatures , occupying overlapping home ranges ( 5 ) . in this long - lived species females reach sexual maturity at around five to seven years old and give birth to a single calf every two to four years ( 6 ) . births can occur throughout the year and each calf tends to remain with its mother until the birth of her next offspring . rhinoceros have poor eyesight but a keen sense of smell and hearing ( 5 ) . they are inquisitive and often aggressive towards humans and other animals ( 4 ) .
we computed the reproductive , survival , and mortality rates by age classes ( table 2 ) which were used in the simulation models . we performed six simulations under different scenarios to assess the performance of black rhinoceros population , and with respect to the best case scenario of no environmental variation and harvesting / translocation ( table 3 ) .
rhino horn can sell for up to $ 65 , 000 per kilogram on the black market .
in 1993 , only 2 , 475 black rhinos were recorded . but thanks to successful conservation and anti - poaching efforts , the total number of black rhinos has grown to around 5 , 000 .
. the first subspecies is listed as vulnerable on the iucn 2008 red list , and the latter three are all listed as critically endangered . conservation efforts to preserve black rhinos include establishing a ban against the horn trade , creating fenced sanctuaries for black rhinos to better protect them from poachers , and dehorning black rhinos to decrease incentive for poaching . with these efforts , the total population of 2 , 400 black rhinos towards the end of the twentieth century increased to 3 , 100 black rhinos by 2001 .
black rhinos can go for up to five days without drinking water by obtaining moisture from succulent plants .
said to be on the brink of extinction in the wild . there are only a handful of black
table 1 : parameters used in the simulation models for the black rhino population in the study area .
table 2 : reproductive , survival and mortality rates for the black rhino population in the study area .
black rhinos have a ‘prehensile’ lip – ‘prehensile’ meaning – adapted for grasping and holding . the black rhinos prehensile lip is used much like a finger to select and pick the twigs and leaves that they prefer .
breeding season black rhinos mate throughout the year , with peak breeding seasons depending on the location of the population .
in the 1970s , more than 50 black rhinos lived in the park , but their population shrank due to poaching .
to protect black rhinos from poaching and habitat loss , wwf is taking action in three african rhino range countries : namibia , kenya , and south africa . together , these nations hold about 87 % of the total black rhino population .
mills ja , morkel p , runyoro v , amiyo a , muruthi p , binamungu t , borner m , thirgood s ( 2003 ) management of black rhino in the ngorongoro crater . a report on the ngorongoro black rhino workshop .
using their prehensile lip , black rhinoceros feed on the leaves and twigs of a variety of woody plants and herbs ( 4 ) . foraging often occurs in the cool of dawn and dusk ; they spend much of the rest of the day resting in the shade or wallowing in shallow water holes , coating their skin in mud to protect it from the harsh sun and to deter biting flies ( 2 ) .
effective conservation efforts have seen black rhino numbers inch upwards in recent years after a long and devastating period of hunting and poaching . even so , black rhinos remain critically endangered , with poaching for their horns posing a constant threat to their survival .
black rhinos use communal dung heaps , sometimes scraping their feet in the heaps and so leaving a scent as they travel .
east african black rhino ( d . b . michaeli ) : current stronghold is kenya , with smaller numbers in northern tanzania .
black rhinoceroses live in various habitats that range from deserts to grasslands , both tropical and subtropical . they are also present in african forests , especially in areas where grasslands and forests phase into one another . black rhinos generally stay within 25 kilometers of water .
wambwa e ( 2003 ) disease and health concerns of black rhino in east africa . kenya wildlife service , nairobi , kenya .
has relatively poor eyesight , relying more on hearing and smell to detect what is going on around them . the ears of the black
…white rhinoceroses , as well as black rhinoceroses , assorted species of antelope , wildebeests , zebras , giraffes , and numerous birds . …
wwf launched an international effort to save wildlife in 1961 , rescuing black rhinos—among many other species—from the brink of extinction . thanks to persistent conservation efforts across africa , the total number of black rhinos grew from 2 , 410 in 1995 to more than 5 , 000 today .
black rhinos are the smaller of the two african rhino species . the most notable difference between white and black rhinos are their hooked upper lip . this distinguishes them from the white rhino , which has a square lip . black rhinos are browsers rather than grazers , and their pointed lip helps them feed on leaves from bushes and trees . they have two horns , and occasionally a third , small posterior horn .
fyumagwa rd , nyahongo jw ( 2010 ) black rhino conservation in tanzania : translocation efforts and further challenges . pachyderm47 : 59 - 65 .
is the pointed , prehensile upper lip found in black rhinos , as opposed to the square lips found in white rhinos . this lip is used to pick up food such as twigs . additionally , black rhinos have smaller heads , shorter ears , and shorter horns than white rhinos .
the african rhino is divided into two species , the black rhino and the white rhino . white rhinos mainly live in south africa , but they have also been reintroduced to botswana , namibia , swaziland , and zimbabwe . southern white rhinos have been introduced to kenya , zambia , and cote d’ivoire . the majority of the black rhino population—98 % —is concentrated in four countries : south africa , namibia , zimbabwe , and kenya . south africa houses 40 % of the total black rhino population . there are some black rhinos in the region spread between cameroon and kenya .
black rhino mothers are very affectionate towards their young and will look after them for years , protecting them and teaching them how to survive independently . unlike a white rhino calf , a black rhino calf will run behind its mother . young black rhinos will live with their mother until another sibling is born , they are about 2 years old when this happens and are almost adult size and ready to go off and live independently .
the black rhinos skin harbours many external parasites , which are eaten by birds such as the ox peckers and egrets that live with the rhino .
and then they were hit by a poaching epidemic , which started in the early 1970s - effectively eliminating most black rhinos outside conservation areas as well as severely reducing their numbers within national parks and reserves . about 96 % of black rhinos were lost to large - scale poaching between 1970 and 1992 .
breeding interval black rhinos breed every 2 to 2 . 5 years under the most favorable conditions , but interbreeding periods can last up to 4 years .
. they eat an average of 23 . 6 kg during the course of each day . black rhinos use their characteristic prehensile upper lip to grab plants and guide them into their mouths , where their cheek teeth can do the rest of the work . in addition , black rhinos use their horns to gain access to higher branches by breaking or knocking down plants . scraping bark off of trees is also part of the repertoire of black rhino feeding .
black rhinos have a tendency to attack just about anything , this is because of their poor eyesight . black rhinos have been known to attack trees and rocks by mistake . they rely heavily on their strong sense of smell and well developed hearing . if it catches a smell of an unfamiliar presence , then it will instinctively charge mistaking it as a threat . most of their ‘charges’ are bluffs but because they act in this way , they have been given a bad reputation as being aggressive and dangerous . black rhinos do however , live in harmony with other animals generally . black rhinos will attack other animals though if their territory is threatened , they also fight amongst themselves . black rhinos will fight each other over territory and females – even courting males and females sometimes fight one another . black rhinos use the larger of their two horns as a weapon when fighting . sometimes it can break off , however , this regenerates and grows back eventually .
the black rhino is smaller than the white rhino , although adults can still reach 1 . 5 metres in height and weigh in at 1 . 4 tonnes .
south - western black rhino ( d . b . bicornis ) : more adapted to arid and semi - arid savannahs . now live in namibia and south africa .
the black rhino once roamed most of sub - saharan africa , but today is on the verge of extinction due to poaching fueled by commercial demand for its horn .
. black rhinos browse the densely vegetated savanna for leaves , flowers , buds , fruits , berries and roots which they dig up from the ground using their horns .
the gestation period of a female black rhino is 16 months . she will give birth to one single calf . the calf will weigh about 100 pounds at birth .
cromsigt j , hearne j , heitkonig i , prins h ( 2002 ) using models in the management of black rhino populations . ecological modelling149 : 203 - 211 .
adult black rhinos are mostly solitary . mother and daughters may stay together for long periods of time , while a female without offspring may join up with a neighbouring female .
community engagement will also play a role in south africa , where we are looking to conserve black rhino through community governance , training , and identification of alternative livelihood opportunities .
the black rhino population in kenya’s tsavo ecosystem was estimated at 6 , 000 to 8 , 000 in the 1970s . by 1989 , there were no more . . .
uncontrolled hunting in the colonial era was historically the major factor in the decline of black rhinos . today , poaching for the illegal trade in their horns is the major threat .
both black and white rhinoceroses are actually gray . they are different not in color but in lip shape . the black rhino has a pointed upper lip , while its white relative has a squared lip . the difference in lip shape is related to the animals ' diets . black rhinos are browsers that get most of their sustenance from eating trees and bushes . they use their lips to pluck leaves and fruit from the branches . white rhinos graze on grasses , walking with their enormous heads and squared lips lowered to the ground .
the population performance of black rhinoceros in showed varying fluctuating patterns under different scenarios . for the best - case scenario ( scenario 1 ) , the pattern showed a considerable increase in population ( figure 1 ) . the population achieved stable growth ( λ ) of 1 . 04 after 40 years in 100 years of simulation . the generation times for males and females were equal ( 26 . 7 years ) . the mean final population size for successful cases was 70 . 85 ± 2 . 0 , which was close to the carrying capacity used in the simulation . the expected heterozygosity was 0 . 91 ± 0 . 02 .
black rhinos have been killed in increasing numbers in recent years as transnational , organised criminal networks have become more involved in the poaching of rhinos and the illegal trade in rhino horn .
the overall life span of the black rhino is between 25 – 40 years , in captivity they live a little longer because they are more protected – usually to about 45 years old .
typically , black rhinos are relatively solitary . males remain solitary until it is time to mate ; females reside with their young offspring in a solitary family unit . there are exceptions , as females without young sometimes associate with other females . the largest black rhino group that has been observed so far has been made up of 13 rhinos , but this was a temporary association .
black rhinos have the potential to help create awareness for conservation efforts . additionally , they provide educational value both through biology and through art . black rhino horns are also very valuable for their use in various products , such as traditional chinese medicine and traditional yemen dagger handles . the popularity of their horns is a major reason why the species as a whole is in trouble .
although many charges by black rhinos towards humans and their vehicles turn into innocent advances , some may cause injury or death to humans , or damage to vehicles that results in monetary loss .
hrabar h , du toit jt ( 2005 ) dynamics of a protected black rhino ( dicerosbicornis ) population : pilanesberg national park , south africa . animal conservation 8 : 259 - 267 .
black : 1 to 1 . 5 tn . ( 2 , 000 to 3 , 000 lb . ) white : more than 2 tn . ( 4 , 000 + lb . )
black rhinos have two horns , one posterior and one anterior , which are made from keratin instead of bone . the anterior horn is normally longer , measuring 42 to 128 cm , while the posterior horn is 20 to 50 cm . in some cases , black rhinos have a third , posterior horn , which is small . females tend to have longer and thinner horns than males .
southern - central black rhino ( d . b . minor ) : most numerous subspecies . found in south africa , zimbabwe , southern tanzania and reintroduced to botswana , malawi , swaziland and zambia .
black rhinos are heavy browsers that restrict woody plants from over - growing in their habitat . this is important because it allows grasses to grow which provides food for many other animals on the grassy plains .
the black rhino has a wide vocal range and can possibly communicate the same way as an elephant can by frequencies well below the range of human hearing . breathing is also an important part of rhino communication .
adult black rhinoceroses are solitary in nature , coming together only for mating . mating does not have a seasonal pattern , however , births tend to be towards the end of the rainy season in drier environments .
a rhino ' s horn is made of keratin fibers , the same material found in hair and fingernails . rhino ' s are often killed because of the belief that their horns have medicinal uses . in september , 2009 brec ' s baton rouge zoo announced the birth of zuri , a female black rhino . she is the only black rhino born in north america that year and one of only three born in zoos worldwide .
an adult black rhinoceros stands 140 – 170 centimetres ( 57 . 9 – 63 inches ) high at the shoulder and is 3 . 3 – 3 . 6 metres ( 10 . 8 – 11 . 8 feet ) in length . an adult weighs from 800 to 1400 kilograms ( 1 , 760 to 3 , 080 pounds ) , some may weigh 1820 kilograms ( 4 , 000 pounds ) , with the females being smaller than the males . the rhinos two horns on their skull are made of keratin with the larger front horn typically 50 centimetres long , some can measure up to 140 centimetres . sometimes , a third smaller horn may develop . these horns are used for defence , intimidation and digging up roots and breaking branches during feeding .
except for females and their offspring , black rhinos are solitary . females reproduce only every two and a half to five years . their single calf does not live on its own until it is about three years old .
) sometimes prey on young rhinos . lions also sometimes attack adults . black rhinos use their size and strength as a defense mechanism by charging at their predators both to threaten predators and actively defend themselves and their offspring .
black rhinos were once found throughout sub - saharan africa with the exception of the congo basin . even though they are largely solitary animals , they were once so plentiful that it was not unusual to encounter dozens in a single day .
successes in black rhino conservation over recent years are heartening , but a lot of work remains to be done to counter the current poaching crisis and eventually bring the population up to more than just a fraction of what it once was .
has been distributed throughout africa , south of the sahara , with the exception of the congo basin . the current range of black rhinoceroses is bounded by cameroon , kenya , and south africa but their distribution within those limits is fragmented .
in order to remain cool during especially hot times of the day or season , black rhinos roll in mud to get it all over their bodies . they also make trips to local salt licks to get needed nutrients necessary for survival .
okita - ouma b , amin r , van langevelde f , leader - williams n ( 2009 ) density dependence and population dynamics of black rhinos ( dicerosbicornismichaeli ) in kenya’s rhino sanctuaries . african journal of ecology48 : 791 - 799 .
rhinos live in home ranges that can sometimes overlap with each other , and their feeding grounds , wallows , and water holes may be shared . the black rhino is usually solitary , while the white rhino tends to be more social .
over time , habitat loss has led to isolated , high - density rhino populations . these populations have slow growth rates , which can cause numbers to stagnate and eventually decline . they also raise the risk of disease transmission . to ensure a healthy and growing black rhino population , rhinos from high - density areas must be moved to low density areas with suitable habitat . wwf is supporting these efforts and partnering with government agencies and other ngos to establish new black rhino populations .
breeding occurs throughout the year . the gestation period is between 419 and 478 days , with an average interval of 2 . 5 - 3 . 5 years between calves . black rhino calves begin to wean at about 2 months of age .
notably , rhinos were last spotted in rwanda about 10 years ago but we on the verge of phasing out . in the 1970s , reports claimed akagera national park had approximately 50 black rhinos but suddenly declined at a very high pace due to regular poaching .
critically endangered black rhino lost an estimated 97 . 6 % of its population since 1960 with numbers bottoming out at 2 , 410 in 1995 . when you support african wildlife foundation , you aid in the conservation and growth of endangered species like the rhino .
species ) are involved in a mutualistic relationship where the oxpeckers eat parasites taken from the rhino’s skin . additionally , oxpeckers are able to warn rhinos of approaching predators because their vision is much better than the rhino’s vision . black rhinos are significant herbivores and influence plant communities .
poaching is the deadliest and most urgent threat to black rhinos . wwf is working with government agencies and partners in namibia , kenya , and south africa to support law enforcement agencies , develop and build on innovative tech solutions , and equip and train rangers to stop poachers .
there is large variation in home range size of black rhinos . depending on region and habitat , home range can range from 2 . 6 km ^ 2 to 133 km ^ 2 . habitats with better conditions generally result in smaller home ranges , while poorer conditions result in larger home ranges , presumably because rhinos have to travel further to acquire food and water . black rhinos are not excessively territorial within their home ranges , but dominant males are more likely to express territorial behavior against other dominant males than females and males lower down in the hierarchical system .
typical lifespan in the wild is between 30 and 35 years , with little expectation of exceeding 35 years . in captivity , black rhinos can live over 45 years , with the record being 49 years . factors that limit lifespan in the wild include poaching for horns and habitat fragmentation .
black rhinos boast two horns , the foremost more prominent than the other . rhino horns grow as much as three inches a year , and have been known to grow up to five feet long . females use their horns to protect their young , while males use them to battle attackers .
black rhinos have a sedentary lifestyle and remain in one general area . they are less active during the middle of the day , using mornings and evenings to eat , drink , and move around . when they are startled , they tend to run away from the source . while fleeing , rhinos issue a series of snorts and curl their tails until they calm down . once the initial scare has passed , the rhino’s curiosity kicks in , and it will examine the source with inquisitive charges . even though there is severe danger associated with black rhino charges , the charge normally does not end with serious consequences .
do not be fooled by a rhinos lumbering size a black rhino can thunder along at 40 miles per hour ( 64 kilometres per hour ) ! a group of rhinos is sometimes called a ' crash ' an appropriate term for a large and ponderous animal that can crash through just about anything in its way .
black rhinos are brownish gray , have two horns , a broad chest , thick skin , poor eyesight , excellent hearing , and a fondness for rolling in the mud . their thick skin acts like protective plating but is sensitive , as the blood vessels are close to the skin’s surface and can easily be scarred .
black rhinos feed at night and during the gloaming hours of dawn and dusk . under the hot african sun , they take cover by lying in the shade . rhinos are also wallowers . they often find a suitable water hole and roll in its mud , coating their skin with a natural bug repellent and sun block .
although females reach sexual maturity at 4 - 5 years , they do not have their first calf until they are 6 . 5 - 7 years old . males need to wait until they are 10 - 12 years old before they can claim a territory and mate . black rhinos may reach 40 - 50 years of age .
conservation status : critically endangered . people of some cultures believe that rhino horn contains medicinal properties . this is most likely not true , however , this is one of the main reasons rhinos are poached . there are fewer than 2 , 550 black rhinos alive today . all five species of rhino are in danger of extinction .
rhinos are one of the oldest groups of mammals , virtually living fossils . they play an important role in their habitats and in countries like namibia , rhinos are an important source of income from ecotourism . the protection of black rhinos creates large blocks of land for conservation purposes . this benefits many other species , including elephants .
although the color of black rhinoceroses can vary from yellow - brown to dark - brown , the general color is grey . specific skin color depends on the soil conditions within the habitat of each individual . the skin is naked or hairless , with the exception of short , fringe - like hair on the short and rounded ears . on average , black rhinos have a shoulder height between 1 . 4 and 1 . 8 m , a head and body length between 3 and 3 . 75 m , and a weight between 800 and 1400 kg . tail length is generally around 0 . 7 m . although similar in size , males are normally a little larger than females .
although black rhinos use vision , acoustic , and smell senses , their sense of smell is what they rely on most . they have poor vision , with the ability to see only 25 to 30 m away . their sense of hearing is good , but not up to the level of their sense of smell . black rhinos use the pheromones and scents from their feces and urine to mark territories . additionally , they engage in calls to one another that can take the form of the pant - squeal interaction seen in mothers and their infants to loud roars that signify aggression . when a subordinate male enters the territory of a more dominant male , the combination of calls and territorial scents causes the subordinate male to retreat .
community support and engagement is a cornerstone of wwf’s work , particularly in namibia . hand - in - hand with our namibia partners , we assist communities to set up conservancies and help to foster the knowledge , skills , and capacity required to successfully govern their conservancies and manage their wildlife resources . these communal lands are now home to africa’s largest remaining free roaming black rhino population .
for the first week after birth the offspring is hidden by the mother . after that , the mother and calf use specific vocalizations to find one another : the mother pants and the calf squeals . black rhino mothers are very protective of their calves , which is why calves walk behind their mothers . this differs from white rhino females , who have their young walk in front of them . calves are able to browse on their own after one month and able to drink water after 4 to 5 months . black rhino offspring aren’t weaned until 18 months ; after that , the calf remains dependent on its mother for up to 4 years . the basic social unit for females is typically a female and her young offspring , until the offspring is forced into independence by a sibling .
today , black rhinos remain critically endangered because of rising demand for rhino horn , from some asian consumers , particularly in vietnam and china , who use them in folk remedies . a recent increase in poaching in south africa threatens to erase our conservation success , reaching an apex in 2014 when 1 , 215 rhinos were poached . poaching numbers are slowly decreasing—1 , 054 were poached in 2016—but poaching continues unabated with numbers remaining unsustainably high .
the black rhino is a browser . its triangular - shaped upper lip , which ends in a grasping point , is used to eat a large variety of vegetation—including leaves ; buds ; and shoots of plants , bushes , and trees . it can be found in various habitats that have dense , woody vegetation . the white rhino lives in savannas , which have water holes , mud wallows , shade trees , and the grasses they graze on .
, thickets , and dry forests , as well as mountain forests and moorlands at high altitudes . it is a selective browser , and grass plays a minor role in its diet . where succulent plants , such as euphorbias , are abundant in dry habitats , it can survive without flowing water . where water is available , drinking is regular and frequent ; black rhinoceroses also dig for water in dry riverbeds . they are normally ill - tempered and unpredictable and may charge any unfamiliar sound or smell . four subspecies are recognized , including one from
in the wild , the adult black or white rhino has no predators except for humans . rhinos are hunted and killed for their horns . the major demand for rhino horn is in asia , where it is used in ornamental carvings and traditional medicine . rhino horn is touted as a cure for hangovers , cancer , and impotence . their horns are not true horns ; they are actually made of keratin—the same material that makes up our hair and nails . truly , rhino horn is as effective at curing cancer as chewing on your fingernails .
oops ! it appears that you have disabled your javascript . in order for you to see this page as it is meant to appear , we ask that you please re - enable your javascript !
rwanda officially joins the list of african countries with the big five game animals following the recent addition of 10 rhinos to akagera national park with 10 more expected in the country in the next one or two weeks . the rhinos arrived at kigali international airport on tuesday morning from south africa on tuesday morning at around 3 : 30am ( eat ) aboard an etihad airways cargo plane .
the rhinos were offloaded under the prompt supervision of a team of veterinary doctors and loaded onto respective trucks as they made their journey to akagera national park .
the chief tourism officer ( cto ) of rwanda development board ( rdb ) , belise kariza , south africa’s ambassador to rwanda , george twala and akagera national park manager , jes gruner we among the people who were at hand to receive the rhinos .
this major development in rwanda’s tourism industry was partially pushed by african parks , an african non - profit organization that manages national parks on the government’s behalf , the rwanda development board and the howard g . buffett foundation ( main source of the fund ) .
before receiving the 10 beasts , akagera national park – a savannah protected habitat had since undergone major transformation since african parks took over its management in 2010 .
among the efforts for the transformation was the establishment of rhino tracking protection team , an anti - poaching unit and the deployment of a helicopter for regular air surveillance . all these efforts are aimed at conserving the rhinos and keeping them away from poaching .
rwanda development board’s chief executive officer , clare akamanzi says the animals will definitely go a very long way in boosting the rwanda tourism industry .
several wildlife experts have come out to say that the return of rhinos is a true testimony to the country’s endless progress in conservation effort s . peter fearnhead , the chief executive officer of african parks claims the existence of rhinos has greatly been threatened by the illegal rhino horn trade in asia despite the species being a huge symbol of the continent .
chairman and ceo of the howard g . buffett foundation , howard g . buffett referred to the development a huge another milestone in rwanda’s conservation , and eco - tourism efforts .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
the wwf is run at a local level by the following offices . . .
by a prehensile upper lip ( hence the alternative name of hook - lipped rhino ) , which it uses to feed on twigs of woody plants and a variety of herbaceous plants . they have a particular liking for acacias .
the front horn is the longer of the two horns , averaging 50cm in length .
during courtship , conflicts over a female may result in the death of one of the competing males .
however , relentless hunting by european settlers saw their numbers quickly decline . by the end of the 1960s , they had disappeared or mostly disappeared from a number of countries , with an estimated 70 , 000 surviving on the continent .
the species is currently found in patchy distribution from kenya down to south africa . however , almost 98 % of the total population is found in just 4 countries : south africa , namibia , zimbabwe and kenya .
powdered horn is used in traditional asian medicine as a supposed cure for a range of illnesses – from hangovers to fevers and even cancer .
the recent surge has been primarily driven by the demand for horn by upper - middle class citizens in vietnam . as well as its use in medicine , rhino horn is bought and consumed purely as a symbol of wealth .
make a donation towards much - needed anti - poaching equipment and support for rangers across africa .
promoting well managed wildlife - based tourism experiences that will also provide additional funding for conservation efforts .
the wwf wildlife crime scorecard report selects 23 range , transit and consumer countries from asia and africa facing the highest levels of illegal trade in elephant ivory , rhino horn and tiger parts .
traffic is a joint programme of wwf and the world conservation union ( iucn ) that monitors the global wildlife trade . traffic also works in close co - operation with cites .
fight the destructive harvesting and unregulated trade of one of the most attractive inhabitants of our tropical oceans .
this is a place where gorillas , hippos and elephants can be found walking , playing and resting along pristine sandy beaches . . .
when you work with wwf to build a future in which humans live in harmony with nature , you give your child , and all children around the world , a chance to get to discover our earth as we know it today .
your support will help us build a future where humans live in harmony with nature . $ 5 $ 15 $ 25 $ 50
rhinos have sharp hearing and a keen sense of smell . they may find one another by following the trail of scent each enormous animal leaves behind it on the landscape .
the prominent horn for which rhinos are so well known has also been their downfall . many animals have been killed for the hard , hairlike growth , which is revered for medicinal uses in china , taiwan , hong kong , and singapore . the horn is also valued in north africa and the middle east as an ornamental dagger handle .
4 . 5 – 6 . 0 ft tall at shoulder ; 10 - 12 . 5 ft long from head to tail
come visit kianga and timu mbano in the charles and jennifer johnson land of the giants .
rhinos soak in mud or roll in dust as protection against sunburn and insect bites .
all rhinos spend the majority of the morning late afternoon and nighttime eating . during the hottest part of the day , they rest .
horns are used to dig up roots and break branches for better access to food .
the effort to relocate the animals was sponsored by african parks , a conservation nonprofit that manages national parks on behalf of the government .
eighteen of the endangered species were moved about 2 , 500 miles by cargo plane from south africa to their new home at akagera national park .
but akagera seems to be a promising place for savanna dwellers . seven lions were introduced there in 2015 , and their population doubled by 2016 .
pompeo says north korea should follow vietnam ' s example and trust u . s .
to help conserve this species by working in the field with earthwatch , click here .
authenticated ( 27 / 8 / 02 ) by martin brooks . chair , african rhino specialist group . urltoken
prehensile capable of grasping . subspecies a different race of a species , which is geographically separated from other populations of that species .
macdonald , d . ( 2001 ) the new encyclopedia of mammals . oxford university press , uk .
nature picture library 5a great george street bristol bs1 5rr united kingdom tel : + 44 ( 0 ) 117 911 4675 fax : + 44 ( 0 ) 117 911 4699 info @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken
terms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .
myarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .
team wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .


it was described by butler in 1892 .

the wingspan is about 35 mm .

adults are sericeous pale brownish flesh-colour , sparsely irrorated with blackish atoms .

the larvae feed on uncaria species .

oreta carnea

oreta carnea ( butler , 1892 ) = agnidra carnea butler , 1892 = drepana berenica swinhoe , 1893 = cobanilla hepaticata warren , 1897 = cobanilla cardinalis warren , 1897 = drepana berenica swinhoe , 1893 = oreta hepatica warren 1897 = oreta cardinalis warren 1897 .
oreta carnea is a moth in the drepanidae family . it was described by butler in 1892 . it is found in malaysia , singapore and on sumatra , java and borneo .
this is by far the commonest bornean oreta , occurring from the lowlands to about 1600m , mostly in forest but including secondary forest .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
urltoken
nb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .
we use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .
warren , cobanilla cardinalis warren , 1897 , novit . zool . , 4 : 13 .
this is one of the smallest bornean species , variable , with fasciation diffusely darker on dull medium to dark red forewings . there are usually two blackish submarginal spots at the forewing tornus . the antennae are narrowly bipectinate .
the species has been reared from uncaria ( rubiaceae ) in malaysia ( yunus & ho , 1980 ; zhang , 1994 ) .
note : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments
* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .
curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .
species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c1faa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c25e1 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c277b - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322dd07d - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 3250132a - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 32502161 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 33433df2 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
beccaloni g . , scoble m . , kitching i . , simonsen t . , robinson g . , pitkin b . , hine a . & lyal c . ( 2018 ) . lepindex : the global lepidoptera names index ( version 12 . 3 , jan 2012 ) . in : roskov y . , abucay l . , orrell t . , nicolson d . , bailly n . , kirk p . m . , bourgoin t . , dewalt r . e . , decock w . , de wever a . , nieukerken e . van , zarucchi j . , penev l . , eds . ( 2018 ) . species 2000 & itis catalogue of life , 30th june 2018 . digital resource at urltoken species 2000 : naturalis , leiden , the netherlands . issn 2405 - 8858 .
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 49b85d6b - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
. if you continue to use the site we will assume that you agree with this .
popular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more
the wingspan is about 35 mm . adults are sericeous pale brownish flesh - colour , sparsely irrorated with blackish atoms . the forewings are crossed by two very indistinct oblique darker lines and there is a submarginal series of rosy spots on the veins . the hindwings have two whitish stigmata on the discocellulars .
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .