it is found in restricted , mostly arid habitats over a broad portion of the south-western united states and northern mexico from southern utah to durango and west to northern california .

the length of the forewings is 2.9-3.8 mm .

phyllonorycter deserticola

home » guide » arthropods ( arthropoda ) » hexapods ( hexapoda ) » insects ( insecta ) » butterflies and moths ( lepidoptera ) » ribbed cocoon - maker and leaf blotch miner moths ( gracillarioidea ) » leaf blotch miner moths ( gracillariidae ) » lithocolletinae » phyllonorycter » salicaceae - feeding species ( phyllonorycter salicaceae - feeding species ) » phyllonorycter deserticola - hodges # 0748 . 1 ( phyllonorycter deserticola )
phyllonorycter deserticola davis & deschka , 2001 , n . sp . , smithsonian contributions to zoology , v . 614 , p . 1 - 89 .
phyllonorycter deserticola is a moth of the gracillariidae family . it is found in restricted , mostly arid habitats over a broad portion of the south - western united states and northern mexico from southern utah to durango and west to northern california .
davis & deschka , 2001 . biology and systematics of the north american phyllonorycter leafminers on salicaceae , with a synoptic catalog of the palearctic .
biology and systematics of the north american phyllonorycter leafminers on salicaceae , with a synoptic catalog of the palearctic donald r . davis & gerfried deschka . 2001 . smithsonian contributions to zoology 14 .
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( dwelling in ) , in reference to the general habitat of this species .
davis & deschka ( 2001 ) reported the forewing length as 2 . 8 - 3 . 5 mm .
davis & deschka ( 2001 ) description of the adults , including the genitalia , and the immature stages is available in pdf .
davis & deschka ( 2001 ) reported the flight period as late july to early october .
davis & deschka ( 2001 ) reported the larvae are leaf miners of the following .
davis & deschka ( 2001 ) provides a detailed description of the life cycle .
. university of california press , pl . 3 , fig . 31 ; p . 56 .
contributed by maury j . heiman on 25 august , 2013 - 3 : 58pm last updated 23 october , 2013 - 12 : 00pm
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the length of the forewings is 2 . 9 - 3 . 8 mm . adults are on wing from late july to early october in two generations , with the second generation overwintering .
the larvae feed on populus species , including populus fremontii , populus deltoides wislizeni , populus x parryi ( populus freemontii x populus trichocarpa ) . they mine the leaves of their host plant .
the specific name is derived from the latin desertum ( a waste place ) and cola ( dwelling in ) , in reference to the general habitat of this species .
1 ♂ , genitalia slide gd ( no number ) ( jäckh 1972 : 552 ) .
holotype ♂ , coll . deschka ( steyr ) ; paratypes 31♂ and 86♀ , plus 199 specimens ( ♂ and ♀ ) , coll . deschka ( steyr ) , coll . dimić ; genitalia slides gd1978 , gd1989a ( ♂ ) and gd1964 , gd1982 , gd1987 ( ♀ ) ; 6 paratypes in eihu ; 40 paratypes in zsm .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide nr . usnm30779 , gd1704 , usnm ; paratypes 4♂ and 10♀ in coll . deschka ( steyr ) , usnm .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide gd478 , coll . deschka ( steyr ) ; paratypes 2♀ , genitalia slide gd489 , coll . deschka ( steyr ) .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide gd1881♂ , coll . deschka ( steyr ) ; paratypes 115 specimens ♂ , ♀ , coll . deschka ( steyr ) , coll . burmann , 4♀ in tmlf ( see huemer & erlebach 2003 : 101 ) . 2 paratypes in bmnh .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide gd1081 , coll . deschka ( steyr ) ; paratypes 20 specimens ( ♂ and ♀ ) , genitalia slides gd1089 , gd1090 , gd1082 , gd1003 , coll . deschka ( steyr ) , coll . klimesch ( in zsm ) . 7 paratypes in zsm .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide gd1872 , z547 , tlmf ; paratypes 29♂ and 35♀ , genitalia slides bmnh30491 , gd1852 , 1856 , 1863 , trb249 , 1897 , 1898 , 1911 , 1912 , 1916 , 1985 , 2001 , 2002 , 2165 , 2661 , 2684 , 2714 , 2719 , etc . , bmnh , eihu , sehu , tlmf , zmhb , zmuc , zin , zsm .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide usnm30777 , gd1410 , usnm ; paratypes 86♂ and 76♀ in coll . d . l . wagner , coll . deschka ( steyr ) , ucb , usnm , bmnh .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide gd331 , coll . deschka ( steyr ) ; paratypes 4♂ and 2♀ , coll . deschka ( steyr ) , coll . glaser .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide gd1376 , lnk ; paratypes 2♂ and 2♀ , genitalia slides gd1378 , gd1383 , lnk .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide gd468 , coll . deschka ( steyr ) ; paratypes 36 specimens ( gender not stated ) , coll . deschka ( steyr ) , coll . klimesch ( in zsm ) , coll . glaser .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide usnm - 30776 , gd1549 , usnm ; paratypes 25♂ and 23♀ in coll . d . l . wagner , coll . deschka ( steyr ) and usnm .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide gd736 , nhmw ; paratypes 1♂ and 1♀ , plus 2 specimens ( gender not stated ) , nhmw .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide gd864♂ , coll . deschka ( steyr ) , in nhmw ; paratypes 1♂ and 1♀ , genitalia slide gd865 , coll . deschka ( steyr ) , coll . kasy ( vienna ) .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide nr . usnm30778 , gd1312 , usnm ; paratypes 8♂ and 9♀ in coll . deschka ( steyr ) , ansp , usnm .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide gd1055♂ , coll . deschka ( steyr ) ; paratypes 555 specimens ( ♂ and ♀ ) , coll . deschka ( steyr ) , coll . klimesch ( in zsm ) ; 8 paratypes in eihu ; 12 paratypes in zsm .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide gd1894 , coll . deschka ( steyr ) ; paratypes 14 specimens ( ♂ and ♀ ) , genitalia slide ♀ gd1916 , coll . deschka ( steyr ) .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide gd924 , coll . deschka ( steyr ) ; paratypes 140 specimens ( ♂ and ♀ ) , coll . deschka ( steyr ) , coll . klimesch ( in zsm ) . in total 8 paratypes in zsm .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide gd1715 , coll . deschka ( steyr ) ; paratypes 2♂ and 3♀ , genitalia slide gd1757 , coll . deschka ( steyr ) .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide gd1893♂ , coll . deschka ( steyr ) ; paratypes 53 ( ♂ and ♀ ) , genitalia slide gd1917♀ , coll . deschka ( steyr ) , bmnh .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide gd1483♂ , coll . deschka ( steyr ) ; paratypes 35 specimens ( ♂ and ♀ ) , coll . deschka ( steyr ) ; 2 paratypes , eihu .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide gd930 , coll . deschka ( steyr ) ; paratypes 4♀ , genitalia slide gd936 , coll . deschka ( steyr ) .
in this paper we work with the assumption that items giving synonyms in dictionaries are primarily of assistance in the case of text production problems . we assume furthermore that
does not prevail between lexemes but rather between textual items in concrete texts . accordingly a rich . . . . . . selection of synonyms in text production dictionaries will offer the possibility to select the appropriate item â but only for mother - tongue speakers . we are not discussing items giving synonyms in learners ' dictionaries and school dictionaries . from a selection of existing dictionaries it shows , as could . . . . . . be expected , that there is no uniform lexicographic practice but also numerous ways of dealing with synonyms that offers very little assistance to the intended target users of a specific dictionary . this could be due to the fact that too often the inclusion and presentation of synonyms are done without taking . . .
the researcher also interviewed native speakers of the dialect . the study . . . the word '
' means sameness of meaning , i . e . , a relationship in which more . . . whether absolute
exists in owereâigbo or not . . . . . . ' close this book ' .
exists in owereâigbo , a dialect of the igbo language predominantly spoken by the people of owerri , imo state , nigeria , has become a thorny issue . while some linguistic scholars strive to establish that absolute
and some coserian disciplesâ contributions ( be they direct or indirect concerning this issue . the largest part of this article , however , presents our own contribution to the study of
, whose starting point was coseriuâs integral linguistics , considered as an epistemological frame of reference . we have tried to apply , within the general study of
( lexical , phraseological and lexico - phraseological , distinctions such as : language as activity [ enã©rgeia ] , competence [ dã½namis ] and product [ ã©rgon ] to its three levels ( universal , historical and individual ; norm and system ; historical language and functional language , etc . as far as we are concerned , we were interested in pointing out , for each of coseriuâs levels in turn , the difference between
in potentia ( the virtual or potential one . we also aimed at drawing attention to the importance of competence ( mainly the idiomatic and expressive ones in the analysis of different types of
the norm in current canonical translation dictionaries with afrikaans and english as the treated language pair is an undiscriminated grouping of partially synonymous translation equivalents . these are separated by commas as sole markers of
full text available the norm in current canonical translation dictionaries with afrikaans and english as the treated language pair is an undiscriminated grouping of partially synonymous translation equivalents . these are separated by commas as sole markers of
. lexicographers should reject this practice and embrace the view that absolute synonyms are just as rare as absolute equivalents . in most cases members of a target language synonym paradigm will be partial synonyms demanding some form of contextual guidance in order to distinguish them from other equivalents in the paradigm .
. two particular motivations will be discussed , as well as ways in which equivalent discrimination can be implemented .
the first motivation arises from a group of problematic phenomena that effect contextual divergence between the source and target language . stylistic and register divergence should necessitate contextual guidance . lexicographical labels are the most frequently used discriminators , but in south african dictionaries they are applied too sparingly and inconsistently . other possible discriminators will also be discussed .
is however different equivalents for various usages of a lemma . ways in which equivalent discrimination can be implemented in these cases , will be discussed in detail .
lastly , it will be shown that without a new , more effective method of indicating and ordering target language synonyms , none of the major changes that are pleaded for , will bear fruit .
the type material of six species of anthribidae from chile and one from peru , originally described as stenocerus schoenherr and stenorrhynchus philippi & philippi and later transferred to hylotribus jekel , was reexamined . these species are stenocerus asperatus blanchard , 1851 , stenocerus aspis erichson , 1847 , stenocerus posticalis philippi & philippi , 1864 , stenocerus quadratipennis germain , 1854 , stenorrhynchus quadrinotatus philippi & philippi , 1864 , and stenocerus tuberculosus blanchard , 1851 . lectotype designations were made for hylotribus asperatus , hylotribus quadratipennis , and hylotribus tuberculosus . new synonyms were established as follows : hylotribus signatipes ( blanchard , 1851 ) = h . quadratipennis ( germain , 1854 ) syn . n . , = h . quadrinotatus ( philippi & philippi , 1864 ) syn . n . , hylotribus asperatus ( blanchard , 1851 ) = h . posticalis ( philippi & philippi , 1864 ) syn . n . . while , hylotribus aspis ( erichson , 1847 ) from peru was transferred to piesocorynus dejean , 1834 and a new combination and
proposed , piesocorynus aspis ( erichson , 1847 ) n . comb . = piesocorynus gracilicornis ( jekel , 1855 ) syn . n . the genus hylotribus is defined with five species from chile and six from brazil , and the chilean species are redescribed with illustrations . a new key to all species is included .
full text available the author intends to present a possibility of parametrising legal terminology in order to reveal semantic and systemic relations at the intralingual and interlingual levels . the scope of the research comprises selected legal terminology from the following legal systems : polish , british , american and european union . the research methods used include : ( i the analysis of comparable texts , ( ii the method of parametrisation of the legal linguistic reality , ( iii the concept of adjusting translation to the communicative needs and requirements of the recipient community . the research hypothesis is that parametrisation of legal terminology in respect of semantic and systemic relations may be a useful tool in organising and comparing terminology for the purpose of legal translation . first the relation of
binding terms at the intralingual and interlingual levels in the light of systemic and genre - related relations is discussed . the proposal is illustrated with examples of legal terms and the networks of relations binding them in english and polish . the conclusions are that such an approach is systematic and provides a translator with information necessary to render communicatively efficient translations .
two common and problematic leucochrysine species - leucochrysa ( leucochrysa ) varia ( schneider ) and l . ( l . ) pretiosa ( banks ) ( neuroptera , chrysopidae ) : redescriptions and
we dedicate this article to the memory of sergio de freitas , fcav - unesp , jaboticabal , sã£o paulo , brazil ( deceased , 2012 ) . he was an active and enthusiastic neuropterist and the cherished mentor and friend of francisco sosa . leucochrysa mclachlan is the largest genus in the chrysopidae , yet it has received relatively little taxonomic attention . we treat two problematic and common leucochrysa species - leucochrysa ( leucochrysa ) varia ( schneider , 1851 ) and leucochrysa ( leucochrysa ) pretiosa ( banks , 1910 ) . both are highly variable in coloration and were described before the systematic importance of chrysopid genitalia was recognized . recent studies show that these species occur within a large complex of cryptic species and that they have accumulated a number of taxonomic problems . we identify new
for each of the species - for leucochrysa ( leucochrysa ) varia : leucochrysa ( leucochrysa ) ampla ( walker , 1853 ) , leucochrysa internata ( walker , 1853 ) , and leucochrysa ( leucochrysa ) walkerina navã¡s , 1913 ; for leucochrysa ( leucochrysa ) pretiosa : leucochrysa ( leucochrysa ) erminea banks , 1946 . the
of leucochrysa delicata navã¡s , 1925 with leucochrysa ( leucochrysa ) pretiosa is stabilized by the designation of a neotype . the following species , which were previously synonymized with leucochrysa ( leucochrysa ) varia or leucochrysa ( leucochrysa ) pretiosa , are reinstated as valid : leucochrysa ( leucochrysa ) phaeocephala navã¡s , 1929 , leucochrysa ( leucochrysa ) angrandi ( navã¡s , 1911 ) , and leucochrysa ( leucochrysa ) variata ( navã¡s , 1913 ) . to help stabilize leucochrysa taxonomy , lectotypes are designated for allochrysa pretiosa and allochrysa variata . finally , leucochrysa vegana navã¡s , 1917 is considered a nomen dubium .
the eye - catching cicada hamza ciliaris ( linnaeus , 1758 ) comb . n . in indonesia and the pacific : taxonomie status ,
the new combination hamza ciliaris ( linnaeus ) is proposed for a cicada species widely distributed in maluku ( = moluccas ) , timor , banda , kei and banggai islands , the philippines , and the palau group of the caroline islands . the
is a subject of research in various subfields of linguistics and related disciplines , each of these focussing on particular aspects of this phenomenon . through the use of coseriu ' s theory , it is possible to refine our understanding of ' expressions with the same or similar meaning ' and to provide a coherent description of the causes and the effects arising from the choice between them in texts that may otherwise remain non - transparent and inexplicable . this paper presents a method for analyzing the actual relationships between such expressions in a corpus , a way of exploring their functions in texts , and some possible benefits for understanding the notion of
full text available weâ review the three species currently placed in the genus xylopertha guã©rin - mã©neville , 1845 , and describe a new species , xylopertha elegans sp . â nov . , from turkey . weâ propose the following new
: xylopertha guã©rin - mã©neville , 1845 ( = paraxylogenes damoiseau , 1968 ; xylopertha reflexicauda ( lesne , 1937 ( = paraxylogenes pistaciae damoiseau , 1968 . weâ give details of the sexual dimorphism , and summarise information on the distribution and biology of all species . a key to the species of xylopertha is provided .
full text available nucleotide sequences of the internal transcribed spacer 2 ( its2 rdna and partial sequences of the cytochrome coxidase subunit i ( coi mtdna and white gene ndna were obtained from specimens of anopheles nuneztovari a collected in macapã¡ ( state of amapã¡ , ãbidos , prainha and almeirim ( state of parã¡ , itacoatiara and parintins ( state of amazonas , brazil , and compared with previously published sequences of a . nuneztovari s . l . results of the bayesian phylogenetic analyses performed using either coi or combined its2 , coi and white gene sequences suggest that an . nuneztovari b / c is distinct from specimens obtained in the amazonas / solimãµes river basin . anopheles goeldii , currently in
with an . nuneztovari , was described from individuals collected in belterra ( = fordlã¢ndia in the tapajã³s river , state of parã¡ , southern amazonas river . morphological comparisons of the characteristics of the male genitalia indicated that an . nuneztovari a and an . goeldii are similar but distinct from an . nuneztovarib / c by the apex of the aedeagus . in considering the results of the phylogenetic analyses and morphological comparisons , an . goeldii is resurrected from
with an . nuneztovari . additionally , anopheles dunhamiis reported for the first time in parintins . this species can be distinguished from an . goeldiiby characters of the male genitalia and molecular data .
two common and problematic leucochrysine species â leucochrysa ( leucochrysa varia ( schneider and l . ( l . pretiosa ( banks ( neuroptera , chrysopidae : redescriptions and
full text available leucochrysa mclachlan is the largest genus in the chrysopidae , yet it has received relatively little taxonomic attention . we treat two problematic and common leucochrysa species â leucochrysa ( leucochrysa varia ( schneider , 1851 and leucochrysa ( leucochrysa pretiosa ( banks , 1910 . both are highly variable in coloration and were described before the systematic importance of chrysopid genitalia was recognized . recent studies show that these species occur within a large complex of cryptic species and that they have accumulated a number of taxonomic problems . we identify new
for each of the species â for l . ( l . varia : leucochrysa ( leucochrysa ampla ( walker , 1853 , leucochrysa internata ( walker , 1853 , and leucochrysa ( leucochrysa walkerina navã¡s , 1913 ; for l . ( l . pretiosa : leucochrysa erminea banks 1946 . the
of leucochrysa delicata navã¡s 1925 with l . ( l . pretiosa is stabilized by the designation of a neotype . the following species , which were previously synonymized with l . ( l . varia or l . ( l . pretiosa , are reinstated as valid : leucochrysa phaeocephala navã¡s 1929 , leucochrysa ( leucochrysa angrandi ( navã¡s , 1911 , and leucochrysa ( leucochrysa variata ( navã¡s , 1913 . finally , leucochrysa vegana navã¡s 1917 is considered a nomen dubium .
relying on her own previous research on runosongs and proverbs demonstrating the mutual dependency of alliteration and parallelism typical to runosong ( sarv 1999 , 2000 , 2003 , the results of syntactic analysis of runosong texts in h . metslangâs dissertation ( 1978 , juhan peegelâs definition of poetical synonyms in runosong ( peegel 2004 , and ewald langâs concept of quasisynonymy ( lang 1987 , the author proposes the definition of the canonical parallelism of runosong as follows : it is a grammatical verse parallelism where all or some of the syntactic elements of the main verse have corresponding parallels in the successive lines representing the same general notion , and interpreted in the context of the parallelism as semantically equivalent , irrespective of their semantic relations in the colloquial language ( equivalence ,
, metonymy , metaphor , analogy , antonymy , hyponymy etc . . because of this semantical equivalence , the parallel words can be selected and combined into the parallel verses according to their formal features enabling the metrical alignment and alliteration . the article also points to the problems with the classification of runosong parallelism to the analogous and synonymous by wolfgang steinitz ( 1934 , widely used in the runosong discourse : although analogy and
probably represent the most remarkable semantic relations between the parallel lines , it is not easy to make clear distinction between synonymous and analogous lines ( or conceptsâeven in the colloquial non - poetic language the synonyms are usually not equivalent in all aspects of meaning ; the regular use of poetical synonyms in runosongs makes it impossible at allâthe geese , ducks , and grouses as different birds are analogous in the colloquial language , but synonymous in the runosong all denoting the group of maidens .
the typification of cordia flavescens aubl . , the transfer of firensia scop . from cordia l . ( cordiaceae ; boraginales ) to the
abstract firensia scop . was based on cordia flavescens aubl . , a species described and illustrated from a mixed collection that scopoli never transferred to firensia . the genus included three additional species formally named by rafinesque . currently the four species are placed in three different families and none retained the epithet accepted by scopoli or given by rafinesque for reason of priority . a lectotype is designated for cordia flavescens that places firensia in the
the typification of cordia flavescens aubl . , the transfer of firensia scop . from cordia l . ( cordiaceae ; boraginales to the
full text available firensia scop . was based on cordia flavescens aubl . , a species described and illustrated from a mixed collection that scopoli never transferred to firensia . the genus included three additional species formally named by rafinesque . currently the four species are placed in three different families and none retained the epithet accepted by scopoli or given by rafinesque for reason of priority . a lectotype is designated for cordia flavescens that places firensia in the
the typification of cordia flavescens aubl . , the transfer of firensia scop . from cordia l . ( cordiaceae , boraginales ) to the
of ocotea aubl . ( lauraceae ) , and the identity of the species of firensia .
firensia scop . was based on cordia flavescens aubl . , a species described and illustrated from a mixed collection that scopoli never transferred to firensia . the genus included three additional species formally named by rafinesque . currently the four species are placed in three different families and none retained the epithet accepted by scopoli or given by rafinesque for reason of priority . a lectotype is designated for cordia flavescens that places firensia in the
tripaphylus musteli ( van beneden , 1851 ) ( copepoda , siphonostomatoida , sphyriidae ) is redescribed from an adult female collected from the branchial chamber of a starry smooth - hound , mustelus asterias cloquet ( carcharhiniformes , triakidae ) , captured in the english channel off portland , uk . the new account of t . musteli is the first based on a complete adult female and highlighted the lack of a robust distinction separating tripaphylus richiardi , in anonymous , 1878 and paeon wilson , 1919 prompting us to relegate paeon to a junior subjective synonym of tripaphylus . in the light of this
the eight former species of paeon are transferred to tripaphylus as follows : t . ferox ( wilson , 1919 ) new combination , t . elongatus ( wilson , 1932 ) new combination , t . vassierei ( delamare deboutteville & nuã±es - ruivo , 1954 ) new combination , t . lobatus ( kirtisinghe , 1964 ) new combination , t . asymboli ( turner , kyne & bennett , 2003 ) new combination , t . versicolor ( wilson , 1919 ) new combination , t . australis ( kabata , 1993 ) new combination , and t . triakis ( castro romero , 2001 ) new combination . comparisons between terminology used in this report and that in the literature indicate that all transformed adult females of tripaphylus probably possess a full complement of cephalic appendages and maxillipeds . all limbs , with the exception of the maxillae share a general morphological similarity to the corresponding appendages of conspecific males . the maxilla of the transformed adult female of tripaphylus is a small digitiform protuberance associated with a swelling in some species .
full text available synonyms entitle the same thing , but they connect this with different names and in this way through the name they uncover different features of the same thing . synonyms consider words which identify one unique concept , word which are the same or similar in their meaning , which are , in the some way , interlocked in the language and serve for enhance of details and making difference in fine nuances of concept meaning . different terms for the same concepts in terminology usually come from diffe - rent sources of terms derivation . especially , there is a lot of terms in terminology which developed spontaneously , thereafter in more unorganized terminologies because in the process of organizing of terminology is intend to push out the synonyms . in the time of constitution of each science , actually constituting of concepts related to it , there is no systematical approach in selecting of their denotation , but they are accepting as they come in to the language .
with scolopendra alternans leach ( chilopoda , scolopendromorpha , scolopendridae ) : an enigmatic species - group needing phylogeographic analysis , with an overview on the origin and distribution of centipedes in the caribbean region .
with scolopendra alternans leach , 1815 , is proposed . a neotype specimen of scolopendra longipes is designated . scolopendra longipes has a restricted range from the dry tortugas up through the florida keys of monroe county into the mainland florida counties of collier and dade southeast to the bahamas , while scolopendra cubensis is endemic to cuba . characters distinguishing s . longipes , and s . cubensis from s . alternans are illustrated and compared using digital photography , micrography and morphometric data . it is suggested that what has been considered scolopendra alternans from southern florida through the caribbean and into northern south america is probably an evolving species - group that has undergone major diversification sometime during the paleocene and early eocene ~ 65 . 5 - 50 million years ago ( ma ) , mainly due to geographic isolation caused by a combination of plate tectonics and 100 , 000 year cycles of glaciation / deglaciation .
with aedes ( ochlerotatus scapularis ( rondani . lectotype and paralectotypes are designated larval , pupal and both sexes of adult stages are redescribed and illustrated . bionomics include a picture of a brreding place . diagnostic characters for distinguishing rhyacophilus from other species of the scapularis group are provided . some data about known distribution are presented . aedes ( ochlerotatus rhyacophilus costa lima ã© retida da sinonãmia con aedes ( ochlerotatus scapularis ( rondani . sã£o designados lectã³tipo e paralectã³tipos . as formas larval , pupal e adulta de ambos os sexos sã£o redescritas e acompanhadas de ilustraã§ãµes representativas desses estã¡dios , alã©m do aspecto de um criadouro natural . apresentam - se caracteres diagnã³sticos que permitem separar rhyacophilus das outras espã©cies do grupo scapularis , e alguns dados sobre a distribuiã§ã£o geogrã¡fica atã© agora conhecida .
for a . heteroclyta el gã©nero argentino de escarabajos estercoleros anomiopsoides ( scarabaeidae : scarabaeinae : eucraniini : descripcciã³n de una especie nueva y nuevas sinonimias para a . heteroclyta
full text available the taxonomy of the genus anomiopsoides blackwelder is revised . the species a . catamarcae martãnez and a . aurita ( burmeister are placed in
with a . heteroclyta ( blanchard . anomiopsoides fedemariai sp . nov . is described from argentina . the genus anomiopsoides now consists of four species : a . biloba ( burmeister , a . cavifrons ( burmeister , a . fedemariai sp . nov . and a . heteroclyta ( blanchard . a key is presented for the identification of the species of anomiopsoides . se hace una revisiã³n de la taxonomãa del gã©nero anomiopsoides blackwelder . las especies a . catamarcae martãnez y a . aurita ( burmeister son consideradas como sinã³nimos de a . heteroclyta ( blanchard . se describe una especie nueva , a . fedemariai sp . nov . , especie nueva de argentina . el gã©nero anomioposoides consiste ahora en cuatro especies , a . biloba ( burmeister , a . cavifrons ( burmeister , a . fedemariai sp . nov . y a . heteroclyta ( blanchard . se presenta una clave para la identificaciã³n de las especies de anomiopsoides .
examination of holotypes of tilloclytus ( coleoptera : cerambycidae : anaglyptini ) in the fernando de zayas collection ( havana , cuba ) and the museum of comparative zoology , harvard university reveals that t . elongatus zayas ( 1975 ) is a new synonym of t . rufipes fisher ( 1942 ) . . . .
the romanian medical terminology has been enriched quite a lot lately . this phenomena was not only due to the significant influence of the english language , but also because of the relationships developed between the already existing terms and the new ones . thus , the present study comprises the analysis on romanian medical terms of englsih origin and their native synonymous correspondents in the romanian medical terminology . the dictionnaries used to select the synonymous pairs of medical ter . . .
sagitta planctonis steinhaus , 1896 and sagitta zetesios fowler , 1905 are compared . the characters in which they differ have no specific value so that the two are considered to belong to one species : sagitta planctonis steinhaus , 1896 .
experiments were performed to verify the fact that an excess of either manganese , zinc , copper , cobalt or nickel will induce iron - deficiency chlorosis in plants . other toxic effects such as stunting and lower leaf necrosis may also occur . these effects were reproduced with flax grown in water - cultures without molybdenum . in these experiments , it has been further shown that it is possible to reduce the severity of iron deficiency symptoms , caused by an excess of any one of the above elements , by increasing the supply of molybdenum to the solution . various concentrations of added molybdenum up to 20 ppm have been used .
two studies examined college students ' ability , when presented with two sequential adjectives , to make relatedness judgments and antonym and synonym judgments . the studies found that judgments were fastest for direct antonyms , even when compared to synonyms of similar relatedness . ( contains 17 references . ) ( mdm )
full text available the romanian medical terminology has been enriched quite a lot lately . this phenomena was not only due to the significant influence of the english language , but also because of the relationships developed between the already existing terms and the new ones . thus , the present study comprises the analysis on romanian medical terms of englsih origin and their native synonymous correspondents in the romanian medical terminology . the dictionnaries used to select the synonymous pairs of medical terms were the medical dictionary ( 2010 and the great dictionary of neologisms ( 2008
abstract considerable confusion exists within capsicum ( solanaceae ) regarding the status and typification of several names , in part due to misidentifications . some types were destroyed in berlin during the second world war , some have not been found by modern systematics , while others exhibit uncertain locality data or contain material from more than one species . fourteen lectotypes , synonyms , and a new name , capsicum eshbaughii barboza nom . nov . , are proposed here . pmid : 22171173
directional dictionaries
. . . . examples from groot woordeboek / major dictionary , . . . examples of such divergence which may require labelling ( or even more . . . . . selection and presentation of ready equivalents in a translation dictionary .
full text available abstract background ideally each life science article should get a âstructured digital abstractâ . this is a structured summary of the paperâs findings that is both human - verified and machine - readable . but articles can contain a large variety of information types and contextual details that all need to be reconciled with appropriate names , terms and identifiers , which poses a challenge to any curator . current approaches mostly use tagging or limited entry - forms for semantic encoding . findings we implemented a âcontrolled languageâ as a more expressive representation method . we studied how usable this format was for wet - lab - biologists that volunteered as curators . we assessed some issues that arise with the usability of ontologies and other controlled vocabularies , for the encoding of structured information by âuntrainedâ curators . we take a user - oriented viewpoint , and make recommendations that may prove useful for creating a better curation environment : one that can engage a large community of volunteer curators . conclusions entering information in a biocuration environment could improve in expressiveness and user - friendliness , if curators would be enabled to use synonymous and polysemous terms literally , whereby each term stays linked to an identifier .
full text available the genus histioneis ( = parahistioneis contains an excessive number of poorly described species , often based on the observation of a single specimen and ignoring the intraspecific variability . in order to investigate the validity of the species and to suggest synonyms , the original illustrations of all known species of histioneis are reproduced and grouped based on the morphological similarity . the scarce records and the uncertainties on the identification at the species level are responsible of the lack of biogeographical information . large and highly ornamented species tended to appear in tropical waters , whereas smaller and less ornamented species showed a wider distribution and they can also found in temperate waters such as the mediterranean sea . rev . biol . trop . 55 ( 2 : 459 - 477 . epub 2007 june , 29 . el gã©nero histioneis ( = parahistioneis tiene una cantidad excesiva de especies , descritas insuficientemente y a menudo a partir de un solo espã©cimen , ignorando la variabilidad intra - especãfica . con el objetivo de investigar la validez de las especies y sugerir sinã³nimos , aquã se presentan las ilustraciones originales de histioneis agrupadas segãºn su parecido morfolã³gico . las escasas observaciones de histioneis y las dudas en la identificaciã³n a nivel de especie son responsables de la falta de informaciã³n sobre su distribuciã³n geogrã¡fica . las especies de mayor tamaã±o y mã¡s ornamentadas son tãpicas de aguas tropicales . las especies mã¡s pequeã±as y menos ornamentadas presentan una distribuciã³n mã¡s amplia y pueden encontrarse tambiã©n en aguas templadas , como el mar mediterrã¡neo .
- , ä . 3267 ( 2012 ) , s . 65 - 68 issn 1175 - 5326 r & d ; projects : ga mk dc08p02ouk004 institutional research plan : cez : av0z50070508 institutional support : rvo : 60077344 keywords : platyonitis oberthueri subject riv : eg - zoology impact factor : 0 . 974 , year : 2012 urltoken
in this study , based on a morphological analysis , the resurrection of the name anolis ustus cope 1864 , is proposed for populations from the yucatã¡n peninsula ( campeche , yucatã¡n , and quintana roo , mexico , and belize ) , formerly referred as anolis sericeus hallowell , 1856 . anolis ustus differs from anolis sericeus by its mean snout - vent length and number of gorgetal scales in males , in tibia length and head width in females , and dorsal and ventral scales for both sexes . in addition , anolis ustus has a small dewlap of similar size between males and females , whereas in anolis sericeus males have a dewlap much larger than that of the females . these characteristics allow anolis ustus to be identified within the anolis sericeus complex . in this study , a description of the characteristics of the hemipenis is also provided , and its importance in the taxonomy of anolis is discussed .
of katianna coeruleocephala handschin , 1920 ( collembola : katiannidae ) with bourletiella viridescens ( bourletiellidae ) .
katianna coeruleocephala was described by handschin in 1920 from poespo , java . it was collected in december , 1896 by dr . zehntner with the collecting details given as rotten
louv
( leaves ? ) from live orchard . handschin ( 1920 ) labelled his figures of the species ( p . 146 ) as katianna coerulescephala but the first spelling of the species name ( p . 145 ) has priority . katianna coeruleocephala has never been recollected . the only mention of the species in the literature since 1920 has been by suhardjono ( 1989 ) in a check list for indonesia and suhardjono ( 2012 ) who listed it as present on java and provided the main characteristics of the genus katianna bã¶rner , 1923 . she stated it was a
new
( translate as endemic ? ) species in java with a preferred habitat in cold and damp litter but no comment was made on the taxonomic status of the indonesian species .
five new species , and one new genus of cerambycidae are described : drycothaea vulcanica sp . nov . ( calliini ) , from ecuador ( holotype male deposited in amnh : napo , 29 . x . 1988 , j . s . miller leg . ) ; perissomerus machadoi sp . nov . ( neoibidionini ) , from paraguay ( holotype male deposited in mzsp : alto paraguay , 30 . xi . 2002 , di iorio leg . ) ; cacostola carinata sp . nov . ( onciderini ) , from brazil ( holotype female deposited in mzsp : rio grande do norte , ix . 2008 , d . r . r . fernandes et al . leg . ) ; ypomacena gen . nov . ( apomecynini ) from brazil to include y . monnei sp . nov . ( holotype male deposited in mnrj : bahia , xi . 1970 , roppa leg . ) , and y . gibbosa sp . nov . ( holotype female deposited in mnrj : rio de janeiro , 31 . x . 1969 , alvarenga & seabra leg . ) . dorcasta prolongata fisher , 1947 is proposed as a new synonym of bebelis lignea ( bates , 1866 ) . bisaltes ( bisaltes ) fuchsi breuning , 1971 is proposed as a new synonym of bisaltes ( bisaltes ) buquetii thomson , 1868 . additionally , sixteen new states records for brazil , and three country records for bolivia are provided .
bathygobius fuscus ( rã¼pp . ) gobius fuscus rã¼ppell , atl . reise n . afr . fische 1828 , p . 137 . gobius punctillatus rã¼ppell , l . c . , p . 138 . gobius soporator cuvier & valenciennes , hist . nat . poissons xii . 1837 , p . 56 . gobius albopunctatus cuvier & valenciennes , l . c . , p . 57 . gobius nebulopunctatus cuvier &
molecular and biometric assessment and redescription of myzodium mimulicola ( drew & sampson ) are provided . new host and distributional data for north america are presented , including the first record from alaska . myzodium knowltoni ( smith & robinson ) is found to be a junior subjective synonym of m . . . .
molecular and biometric assessment and subsequent redescription of myzodium mimulicola ( drew & sampson ) is provided . new host and distributional data for north america are presented , including the first record from alaska . the current study determined that myzodium knowltoni ( smith & robinson ) is a . . .
the author takes in the comprehension of neoplatonism and christianism in dionisio the areopagita in order to demonstrate what this philosopher owes to platonic and christian theology . she considers the work of proclus ( especially his commentary to parmenides and platonic theology ) and its relation with dionisioâs de divinis
eight known species of demidospermus ( dactylogyridae , monogenea ) were collected from siluriform fishes from reservoir of the itaipu hydroelectric power station , paranã¡ , brazil . four of them are recorded for the first time in brazil , enlarging their geographical distribution : demidospermus armostus , demidospermus anus , demidospermus bidiverticulatum and demidospermus valenciennesi . demidospermus labrosi is synonymized with demidospermus cornicinus and demidospermus mandi with demidospermus leptosynophallus and reported from two new hosts . demidospermus paravalenciennesi and demidospermus uncusvalidus were also collected .
full text available in this work , several taxonomic problems affecting the recently erected genus acronymolpus samuelson , 2015 , endemic to new caledonia , are addressed . two of the three new caledonian species described in stethotes baly are transferred to acronymolpus and their priority is recognized over the names proposed in the revision of this genus . moreover , different forms of acronymolpus always found in sympatry , one reddish and larger , and the other black and smaller , were each given species status in that revision , but they are recognized here as the females and males , respectively , of the same species . the taxonomic summary of these discoveries is : ( i a . bertiae ( jolivet , verma & mille , 2007 , comb . n . = a . meteorus samuelson , 2015 , syn . n . , and a . turbo samuelson , 2015 , syn . n . ; and ( ii a . jourdani ( jolivet , verma & mille , 2013 , comb . n . = a . gressitti samuelson , 2015 , syn . n . , and a . joliveti samuelson , 2015 , syn . n . new distribution data and the male genitalia and the spermatheca of the two valid species of acronymolpus are described for the first time with reference to taxonomically important characters . finally , the last new caledonian species described in stethotes is recognized here as a member of the endemic genus taophila heller : t . mandjeliae ( jolivet , verma & mille , 2010 , comb . n .
and exclusion of stethotes baly from the fauna of new caledonia ( coleoptera , chrysomelidae , eumolpinae ) .
in this work , several taxonomic problems affecting the recently erected genus acronymolpus samuelson , 2015 , endemic to new caledonia , are addressed . two of the three new caledonian species described in stethotes baly are transferred to acronymolpus and their priority is recognized over the names proposed in the revision of this genus . moreover , different forms of acronymolpus always found in sympatry , one reddish and larger , and the other black and smaller , were each given species status in that revision , but they are recognized here as the females and males , respectively , of the same species . the taxonomic summary of these discoveries is : ( i ) a . bertiae ( jolivet , verma & mille , 2007 ) , comb . n . = a . meteorus samuelson , 2015 , syn . n . , and a . turbo samuelson , 2015 , syn . n . ; and ( ii ) a . jourdani ( jolivet , verma & mille , 2013 ) , comb . n . = a . gressitti samuelson , 2015 , syn . n . , and a . joliveti samuelson , 2015 , syn . n . new distribution data and the male genitalia and the spermatheca of the two valid species of acronymolpus are described for the first time with reference to taxonomically important characters . finally , the last new caledonian species described in stethotes is recognized here as a member of the endemic genus taophila heller : t . mandjeliae ( jolivet , verma & mille , 2010 ) , comb . n .
taxonomic revision of the neotropical pirate spiders of the genus gelanor thorell , 1869 ( araneae , mimetidae ) with the description of five new species .
we revise the neotropical spider genus gelanor thorell , 1869 ( mimetidae ) . gelanor is distributed from northeast mexico to southern uruguay , from sea level to 1 , 600 m . we describe five new species of gelanor and report eleven new
) , gelanor consequus o . p . - cambridge , 1902 ( = gelanor depressus chickering , 1956 new
) , gelanor innominatus chamberlin , 1916 , gelanor latus ( keyserling , 1881 ) ( = gelanor mixtus o . p . - cambridge , 1899 new
) and gelanor zonatus ( c . l . koch , 1845 ) ( = gelanor distinctus o - p . cambridge , 1899 new
) . in addition , we describe for the first time the males of g . altithorax and g . consequus . species descriptions are provided for all ten species in the genus , together with a compilation of available data , including type specimens , type localities and morphological diagnoses . light and electron microscope images and updated data on known geographical distributions , are also provided . we also discuss the phylogenetic placement of gelanor in mimetidae .
juncus planifolius is reported for the first time from north america . bibliographic notes on this species and its
are given . its distribution , dispersal and relationships within the genus are discussed . . . . . . . juncus planifolius is reported for the first time from north america . bibliographic notes on this species and its
are given . its distribution , dispersal and relationships within the genus are discussed . . . .
is undesirable . in this article an attempt is made to show that functional differences in meaning can distinguish two apparently synonymous verbs in modern italian .
iodophanus carneus and i . testaceus ( ascomycota - pezizales : independent taxonomic identity or
? a study of their morphology and isozymes iodophanus carneus e i . testaceus ( ascomycota - pezizales : â¿identidades taxonã³micas independientes o sinonimia ? estudio morfolã³gico e isoenzimã¡tico
full text available the aim of this study was to delimit two iodophanus species : i . carneus and i . testaceus , based on morphological characteristics and electrophoretic patterns of their intracellular isozymes . twenty monosporic strains were used , including five belonging to i . granulipolaris as a control . fourteen isozyme systems were tested , and the five having the best resolution selected : aspartate aminotransferase , esterases , alkaline phosphatase , glutamate dehydrogenase , and superoxide dismutase . these analyses confirmed the similarity between i . carneus and i . testaceus , since they both produced the same band patterns , which were in turn different from the band pattern of i . granulipolaris . so , as we couldnâ´t find any character wich permit us to classify the isolated studied during this work in defferent species , we believe that i . testaceus shoul be consider as a synonym of i . carneus . el objetivo del presente trabajo fue la delimitaciã³n taxonã³mica de dos especies del gã©nero iodophanus : i . carneus e i . testaceus a partir de caracteres morfolã³gicos y de los patrones electroforã©ticos de isoenzimas intracelulares . para ello se utilizaron veinte cepas monospã³ricas , cinco de las cuales pertenecientes a i . granulipolaris que fueron utilizadas como control . se probaron catorce sistemas isoenzimã¡ticos y se eligieron los cinco con mejor resoluciã³n : aspartato amino transferasa , esterasa , fosfatasa alcalina , glutamato dehidrogenasa y superã³xido dismutasa . el anã¡lisis de los patrones isoenzimã¡ticos corroborã³ la silimitud existente entre i . carneus e i . testaceus , ya que los patrones de bandas obtenidas para estas dos especies fueron iguales y diferentes de i . granulipolaris . entonces , al no encontrar ningãºn caracter que nos permita separar a los aislamientos estudiados en este trabajo en dos especies distintas , proponemos a i . testaceus como un sinã³nimo de i . carneus .
full text available ã apresentado um estudo morfolã³gico detalhado da cabeã§a , do tã³rax e do abdome de trãªs espã©cies prã³ximas de castnãideos neotropicais . o posicionamento taxonã´mico dessas espã©cies ã© ainda bastante controverso . antes do desenvolvimento do presente estudo , duas dessas espã©cies pertenciam ao gãªnero telchin hã¼bner , 1825 e uma ao gãªnero monotãpico castniomera houlbert , 1918 ( espã©cie - tipo : castnia atymnius dalman , 1824 . a hipã³tese de alguns autores de incluir as trãªs espã©cies do complexo t . licus em um ãºnico gãªnero ã© aqui sustentada com base em evidãªncias morfolã³gicas de cabeã§a , tã³rax e abdome . castniomera houlbert torna - se sinã´nimo de telchin hã¼bner compreendendo as seguintes espã©cies : telchin licus ( drury , 1773 , telchin syphax ( fabricius , 1775 e telchin atymnius ( dalman combinaã§ã£o nova . as trãªs espã©cies do complexo t . licus sã£o ilustradas com desenhos e fotografias coloridas . a detailed morphological study of head , thorax , and abdomen is provided for three closely related species of neotropical sun - moths . the taxonomic position of these species is controversial . prior to the present study two of these species belonged to the genus telchin hã¼bner , 1825 , and one to the monotypic genus castniomera houlbert , 1918 ( type species : castnia atymnius dalman , 1824 . the hypothesis of some authors of placing the three species in a single genus is here supported on morphological evidences from head , thorax , and abdomen . castniomera houlbert is treated as synonym of telchin hã¼bner comprising the following species : telchin licus ( drury , 1773 , telchin syphax ( fabricius , 1775 , and telchin atymnius ( dalman new combination . the three species of the t . licus complex are illustrated with line drawings and color photographs .
, and antonymy as cognitive - linguistic factors in children from 3 to 6 years of age ) .
tests and confirms hypothesis that a four - stage process exists in the understanding and use of synonyms , antonyms , and tautologies in children ages three to six . the results of this study challenge widely held theories on cognitive development . ( 45 references ) ( let )


guyanemorpha is a genus of beetles , the guyane false-form beetles , in the family carabidae .

it contains one known species , the spectacular guyane false-form beetle , ( guyanemorpha spectabilis ) , which was found in french guiana and first described in 2013 by terry l. erwin in the open access journal zookeys .

it was discovered during a survey of the country 's insects by the entomological society antilles-guyane ( seag ) .

related species cohabit with ants , and it is thought likely that g. spectabilis will do so also .

guyanemorpha

the spectacular guyane false - form beetle , guyanemorpha spectabilis . image credit : karolyn darrow , smithsonian institution .
this myrmecophilous genus of carabidae has a single species , guyanemorpha spectabilis . it is an inquiline in the nests of arboreal ants .
guyanemorpha is a genus of beetle , the guyane false - form beetles , in the family carabidae . it contains one known species , the spectacular guyane false - form beetle , ( guyanemorpha spectabilis ) , which was found in french guiana and first described in 2013 by terry l .
the beetle , scientifically named guyanemorpha spectabilis , belongs to the pseudomorphini tribe , famous for the co - existence of its representatives with various ant species .
guyanemorpha spectabilis , commonly named the spectacular guyane false - form beetle , stands out among its dull relatives in the western hemisphere , with its great size and beautiful coloration .
beetles that live with ants ( coleoptera , carabidae , pseudomorphini ) : a remarkable new genus and species from guyane ( french guiana ) , guyanemorpha spectabilis gen . n . , sp . n .
ebscohost | 93527059 | beetles that live with ants ( coleoptera , carabidae , pseudomorphini ) : a remarkable new genus and species from guyane ( french guiana ) , guyanemorpha spectabilis gen . n . , sp . n .
guyanemorpha is a genus of beetle , the guyane false - form beetles , in the family carabidae . it contains one known species , the spectacular guyane false - form beetle , ( guyanemorpha spectabilis ) , which was found in french guiana and first described in 2013 by terry l . erwin in the open access journal zookeys . it was discovered during a survey of the country ' s insects by the entomological society antilles - guyane ( seag ) .
erwin tl . 2013 . beetles that live with ants ( coleoptera , carabidae , pseudomorphini ) : a remarkable new genus and species from guyane ( french guiana ) , guyanemorpha spectabilis gen . n . , sp . n . zookeys 358 : 11–23 ; doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 358 . 6298
erwin tl ( 2013 ) beetles that live with ants ( coleoptera , carabidae , pseudomorphini ) : a remarkable new genus and species from guyane ( french guiana ) , guyanemorpha spectabilis gen . n . , sp . n . zookeys 358 : 11–23 . doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 358 . 6298 pdf
more information : erwin tl ( 2013 ) beetles that live with ants ( coleoptera , carabidae , pseudomorphini ) : a remarkable new genus and species from guyane ( french guiana ) , guyanemorpha spectabilis gen . n , sp . n . . zookeys 358 : 11 . doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 358 . 6298
scientists from the smithsonian institution describe the spectacular guyane false - form beetle , or guyanemorpha spectabilis , from guyane ( french guiana ) . as its name suggests , the newly discovered species stands out among its dull relatives in the western hemisphere , with its great size and beautiful coloration . the study was published in the open access journal zookeys .
abstract : among the extensive collections currently being made in guyane ( french guiana ) , adults of a large and colorful species of pseudomorphine were encountered . the adults present , for the first time in the western hemisphere , elytra with a marked color pattern , and in addition a size considerably beyond that of the rest of the members of all other known genera in the western hemisphere . both of these attributes , however , are well known in the australian pseudomorphine fauna . this new species is described and illustrated and a revised key to the western hemisphere genera is included . the type locality of guyanemorpha spectabilis gen . n . , sp . n . is guyane , risquetout , pk20 , 4 . 916°n , 52 . 516°w , 12m altitude .
this surprising large and colorful pseudomorphine came as a shock to me , as all other species of the tribe in the western hemisphere are quite dull brown , dark reddish , or blackish with no , or little , color contrast on the upper surface ,
explains the author dr . terry l . erwin .
in the world of entomology this new species can be only compared in its rare characteristics to the olinguito , a new carnivore species which charmed the world and just recently described by kris helgen in zookeys ,
he added .
the new species belongs to the pseudomorphini tribe , famous for the co - existence of its representatives with various ant species . members of g . spectabilis occur at lowland rainforest sites in french guiana and are accordingly most likely to live with ants , although at present nothing is known about their way of life .
the pseudomorphines are a very interesting evolutionary off - shoot of the normal carabid morphotype in both form and function and are only just now beginning to be understood in north america . the fact that species of related genera in south america are living with arboreal ants will make learning about them far more difficult . insecticidal fogging gets adults of these species , but only tearing apart arboreal azteca ant nests while suspended in a tree will produce their larvae , and that is not for carabidologists faint of heart ,
explains the author dr . erwin , and his intern , lauren amundson .
famous as the sacred beetles of ancient egypt the scarab beetle group in fact represents much greater diversity around the globe . some of the most vulnerable representatives are contained in the flightless genus gyronotus , . . .
costa rica reveals astonishing biodiversity of braconid wasps , with 277 new species of the tribe heterospilini described in the latest special issue of the open access journal zookeys .
two new beautiful wasp species are added to the rare pompilid genus abernessia , which now contains a total of only four known species . the two new species a . prima and a . capixaba are believed to be endemic for brazil alongside . . .
in guiana , symbiosis between azteca ants and the cecropia tree ( or trumpet tree ) is frequent . however , a surprising discovery has been made : one species of ant ( azteca andreae ) uses the
velcro
principle to cling on firmly . . .
arboreal tarantulas are known from a few tropical places in asia , africa , south and central america and the caribbean . these tarantulas generally have a lighter build , thinner bodies and longer legs , better suited for their . . .
scientists discovered a new enigmatic species of ant coming from the philippines . cardiocondyla pirata or the pirate ant engages the imagination with a bizarre pigmentation pattern that has no equivalent worldwide . the female . . .
the co - evolution of plant—pathogen interactions has been revealed in unprecedented detail in a study of one of the world ' s deadliest crop killers . this is the rice blast pathogen , which destroys enough food to feed more . . .
using genome editing to inactivate a protein called pcsk9 effectively reduces cholesterol levels in rhesus macaques , a species of monkey , according to researchers from the perelman school of medicine at the university of . . .
fish that ' farm ' their own patches of seaweed alter their ' cropping ' practices under high co2 conditions , researchers at the university of adelaide in australia have found .
mucus is able to protect us from infection thanks to ancient genes that have been conserved throughout 350 million years of evolution—dating back to our days as a jellyfish .
by proving a theory that was first proposed almost 40 years ago , researchers have confirmed a new way that cells conserve energy .
our bodies consist of many different kinds of cells , each with their own role . the japanese scientist shinya yamanaka had made earlier the discovery , earning the nobel prize in 2012 , that cells from adult skin can be converted . . .
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little is known about the species ' behaviour , other than that it lives in lowland rainforest . related species cohabit with ants , and it is thought likely that g . spectabilis will do so also .
the holotype is currently held in trust at the national museum of natural history , part of the smithsonian institution , washington , dc , until the planned natural history museum of guyane is established , and at that time , the specimen will be transferred there .
well as 2015 becomes an ever distant memory and we scuttle , creep , scurry , amble and roll ( for this is how beetles move right ? ) into 2016 , let us look back on a very successful year of collection enhancement .
the collection here is a big one , and serves to represent the world’s known coleoptera biodiversity as comprehensively as possible but it is an uphill task to curate , much in the same way as a dung beetle may struggle against the desert sands with its dung ball prize .
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dr terry erwin of the smithsonian institution has described a new genus and species of beetle from french guiana .
the beetle lives in lowland rainforests of french guiana and is most likely to live with ants , although at present nothing is known about their way of life .
“this surprising large and colorful pseudomorphine came as a shock to me , as all other species of the tribe in the western hemisphere are quite dull brown , dark reddish , or blackish with no , or little , color contrast on the upper surface , ” said dr erwin , who is the author of the paper published in the open - access journal zookeys .
“in the world of entomology this new species can be only compared in its rare characteristics to the olinguito , a new carnivore species which charmed the world and just recently described by dr kris helgen in zookeys . ”
“the pseudomorphines are a very interesting evolutionary off - shoot of the normal carabid morphotype in both form and function and are only just now beginning to be understood in north america . ”
“the fact that species of related genera in south america are living with arboreal ants will make learning about them far more difficult . insecticidal fogging gets adults of these species , but only tearing apart arboreal azteca ant nests while suspended in a tree will produce their larvae , and that is not for carabidologists faint of heart , ” dr erwin said .
juvenile australopithecus climbed trees , 3 . 32 - million - year - old foot fossil shows
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in october , the world wildlife fund ( wwf ) published a list of 441 new species that have been discovered in the amazon in the last four years : 258 plants , 84 fish , 58 amphibians , 22 reptiles , 18 birds , and one mammal . that’s “an average of two new species identified every week for the past four years , ” read a wwf press release , and “ [ t ] his doesn’t even include the countless discoveries of insects and other invertebrates . ”
the findings are a welcome break from news of impending extinctions , and the new species are a reminder of the importance of continued vigilance and conservation . of course , the amazon is not the only place where new life is popping up . thousands of new species are described each year , hailing from nearly every continent and diverse branches of life . in may , the scientist covered the international institute for species exploration at arizona state university’s annual top 10 , with favorites chosen for their unexpected features or their unique habitats . here are a few of candidates for the 2013 lineup :
) , which roams the open grasslands and forests of brazil and colombia . though it’s the smallest of the tapirs , it’s one of the largest animals in south america . published in the
the new tapir species isn’t so new to local tribes , however , who regularly hunt the “little black tapir , ” as they call it . “ [ indigenous people ] traditionally reported seeing what they called ‘a different kind of anta [ tapir in portuguese ] . ’ however , the scientific community has never paid much attention to the fact , stating that it was always the same tapirus terrestris , ” lead author and paleontologist mario cozzuol of brazil’s universidade federal de minas gerais belo horizonte told mongabay . com . “they did not give value to local knowledge and thought the locals were wrong . knowledge of the local community needs to be taken into account and that ' s what we did in our study , which culminated in the discovery of a new species to science . ”
was this year declared to be a distinct species from its close relative , the onlingo , a member of the raccoon family . the new species was first discovered in a drawer , at chicago’s field museum . kristofer helgen , curator of mammals at the smithsonian institution national museum of natural history , found a collection of skin , skulls , and bones that “stopped me in my tracks , ” he told
. “the skins were a rich red color and when i looked at the skulls i didn’t recognize the anatomy . . . right away i thought it could be a species new to science . ”
on the basis of a grainy video of an olinguito - like animal in the andes , helgen and his colleagues headed to colombia and ecuador to find the mammal in the trees of cloud forests . furry , orange , and weighing less than a kilogram , the olinguito is solitary and nocturnal . it is smaller than the olingo , and the two species have differences in their teeth and tails . helgen’s team published its findings august 15 in zookeys , noting that the olinguito is threatened ; construction and farming and destroyed nearly half of its forest habitat . “this reminds us that the world is not yet explored and the age of discovery is far from over , ” helgen told bbc news .
journal . belonging to the warbler family , the cambodian tailorbird can be found living in and around the country’s capital city of phnom penh . it resembles other tailorbirds , the researchers report , but its plumage , song , and genes support its reclassification as its own species—something that is rare in urban ecosystems .
“the modern discovery of an undescribed bird species within the limits of a large populous city—not to mention 30 minutes from my home—is extraordinary , ” study coauthor simon mahood of the wildlife conservation society told bbc news . “the discovery indicates that new species of birds may still be found in familiar and unexpected locations . ”
once again , however , as the bird’s small habitat continues to shrink , prompting the researchers to recommend that it be listed as “near threatened” on the international union for conservation of nature’s red list .
sleek , eel - like fish known as arapaima have , for some time , been considered to comprise a single species , but new evidence suggests that a classic division of the group into four species is actually more accurate . moreover , researchers claim to have found a distinct fifth species of arapaima , according to a study published by suny college of environmental science and forestry’s donald stewart in the march issue of
“everybody for 160 years had been saying there’s only one kind of arapaima , ” stewart said in a press release . “but we know now there are various species , including some not previously recognized . ”
a common target of amazonian fisherman , arapaima are commercially important fish . curious about the recognition of four species of arapaima in the mid - 1800s , stewart closely examined original specimens and found that they were indeed four species after all . one specimen , held at the instituto nacional de pesquisas da amazônia in manaus , brazil , even represents a fifth species ( a . leptosoma ) , stewart concluded . the sensory cavities on its head have a unique shape , and the fish has a sheath over part of its dorsal fin that other arapaima don’t have . it also has a distinctive color pattern .
unfortunately , arapaima have been overfished in the amazon basin for more than a century , bringing their current populations to near zero .
) , close cousin of the scalloped hammerhead . according to study published in august in the journal
, the new shark species is genetically distinct , and has about 10 fewer vertebrae that the scalloped hammerhead .
the carolina variety was discovered by university of south carolina fish expert joe quattro , who gathered what appeared to be 80 young scalloped hammerheads . genetic and anatomical analyses proved otherwise , however . in the end , 54 of the 80 sharks belonged to the new species .
quattro expects that , like the dwindling populations of the scalloped shark , the carolina shark is rare . “outside of south carolina , we’ve only seen five tissue samples of the cryptic species , ” quattro said in a release . “and that’s out of three or four hundred specimens . ”
you might think that finding a new species of the largest fish in the ocean is uncommon , and it is , but this year boasts another new shark species : hemiscyllium halmahera , a shark that “walks” along the sandy bottoms surrounding a remote indonesian island ( see video ) . publishing in july in the journal of ichthyology , marine biologist mark erdmann of conservation international and his colleagues describe the species . the animals can grow up to 70 centimeters ( 27 inches ) in length , and as with other walking—or epaulette—sharks , females lay their eggs under reef ledges .
with so many new species populating this year’s scientific literature , there simply isn’t room to cover them all . but suffice it to say that diversity is not what this list is lacking : a new orchid from volcanic islands west of spain , a tiny crustacean found in an offshore reef cave near california’s catalina island , the spectacular guyane false - form beetle of the french guiana rainforests , five species of “slavemaker” ants that steal the young of other ants , a humpback dolphin , two gecko species , and a turkish scorpion . plus many more just waiting to be found .


the chinese flying frog or chinese gliding frog ( rhacophorus dennysi ) is a species of tree frog in the rhacophoridae family found in china , laos , burma , and vietnam .

also known as the blanford 's whipping frog , large treefrog , and denny 's whipping frog .

this frog is up to 10 cm ( 3.9 in ) long .

it is considered least concern by the iucn .

chinese flying frog

the chinese flying frog or chinese gliding frog ( rhacophorus dennysi ) is a species of tree frog in the rhacophoridaefamily found in china , laos , burma , and vietnam . also known as the blanford ' s whipping frog , large treefrog , and denny ' s whipping frog . [ 2 ]
the chinese flying frog is a large species reaching a size of 10cm . they inhabit tropical lowland forests of china , laos , burma and vietnam .
beautiful painting of wallace ' s flying frog ( rhacophorus nigropalmatus ) by the unique carel brest van kampen .
1854 illustration of reinwardt ' s flying frog rhacophorus reinwardtii by jean gabriel prêtre . image in public domain .
mating in the bushes - false malabar gliding frog ( rhacophorus pseudomalabaricus ) : building nest .
a moss - textured rhacophorid frog . specimens of vietnamese mossy frog or tonkin bug - eyed frog ( theloderma corticale ) . top photo by steven g . johnson , cc by - sa 3 . 0 . lower image by václav gvoždík , cc by - sa 2 . 5 .
episode 2 of david attenborough’s conquest of the skies was on tv the other day , and i watched it ( i livetweeted throughout , mostly because i wanted to talk about their portrayal of pterosaurs and mesozoic theropods ) . and hence i have rhacophorid frogs on my mind – the mostly tropical afro - asian group that includes the famous rhacophorus flying frogs , the best known member of which is wallace’s flying frog r . nigropalmatus from indonesia , thailand and adjacent countries . as usual , flying frog were used by sir david to help illustrate the diversity of animals that have evolved a gliding ability .
the overachieving wallace ' s flying frog wasn ' t content to just hop and swim . thousands of years of watching birds navigate the rain forest and avoid predators by taking to the sky appears to have convinced this unique amphibian that air travel is the way to go .
the wallace ' s flying frog population is considered stable , and they have special status only in certain localities . however , they are partial to breeding and laying eggs in the fetid wallowing holes of the nearly extinct asian rhinoceros , and further decreases in rhino populations may negatively affect the species .
also known as parachute frogs , wallace ' s flying frogs inhabit the dense tropical jungles of malaysia and borneo . they live almost exclusively in the trees , descending only to mate and lay eggs .
wallace ' s flying frogs are not the only frogs who have developed this ability , but they are among the largest . the black color of their foot webbing helps distinguish them from their similarly aerial cousins .
holotype specimen of philautus maia , showing eggs preserved in contact with ventral surface . did this frog really carry its eggs around like this ? illustration from günther ( 1876 ) .
tapley , b . 2009 . aspects of captive husbandry of taylor’s bug - eyed frog , theloderma stellatum ( taylor , 1962 ) . herpetological bulletin 108 , 31 - 33 .
byrne , p . g . & whiting , m . j . 2011 . effects of simultaneous polyandry on offspring fitness in an african tree frog . behavioral ecology 22 , 385 - 391 .
this frog is up to 10 cm ( 3 . 9 in ) long . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests , subtropical or tropical moist montane forests , rivers , swamps , freshwater marshes , intermittent freshwater marshes , ponds , irrigated land , and canals , and ditches .
hertwig , s . t . , lilje , k . e . , min , p . y . , haas , a . & das , i . 2012 . molecular evidence for direct development in the rhacophorid frog , philautus acutus ( rhacophoridae , anura ) from borneo . the raffles bulletin of zoology 60 , 559 - 567 .
wallace’s flying frog and the other gliding rhacophorus species are pretty remarkable . they’re very big compared to most other members of the group , svls being 90 - 100 mm in females and 80 - 90 mm in males . their fully webbed hands and feet are enormous , but they also have flaps of skin – winglets , if you like – on the arms and legs , and sometimes on the body . glides of more than 15 m have been recorded . exactly how many rhacophorus species are true gliders is uncertain : the ability is confirmed for just a handful of species but more may have it ( inger & stuebing 2005 ) . several smaller ones ( including r . angulirostris , r . cyanopunctatus and r . gauni ) have only partial digital webbing and either lack those skin flaps or only have small versions .
rhacophorids are sometimes called flying frogs , shrub frogs , bush frogs , moss frogs , old world treefrogs , or afro - asian treefrogs , and occur across sub - saharan africa , china , much of tropical asia , japan , the philippines and sulawesi . about 380 species are recognised as of early 2015 . the last time i wrote about this group – december 2008 – this number was more like 290 , so the rate at which new species are discovered and named is pretty impressive .
the outsides of these foam nests dry to form a hard crust , thereby protecting the eggs within . however , monkeys , snakes and other predators will break into the nests and eat the eggs if they can . most surprisingly , fornasini’s spiny reed frog afrixalus fornasini ( a member of hyperoliidae ) is a documented foam nest predator , though it can only eat from the nest before the foam has dried ( channing 2001 ) .
external appearance is variable in rhacophorids . for all their fame as ‘flying frogs’ , it has to be said that the vast majority look – to those unenlightened in anuran diversity – like standard ‘treefrogs’ . they’re generally small ( svls of 40 mm or less ) , wide - headed , big - eyed frogs with expanded digit - tips and a ( normally ) prominent tympanum . many are smooth - skinned but spiny tubercles cover the skin in some taxa , and others are notably warty , with a rough , bumpy skin that aids camouflage .
the latter is most developed in the grotesque rough treefrog theloderma horridum of thailand , peninsula malaysia and borneo . indeed , this is one of several species ( most of which belong to theloderma ) that resemble moss or bark in external texture and colour [ adjacent photos of t . corticale by steven g . johnson and václav gvoždík ] . t . asperum – patterned in brownish and pale blotches – superficially resembles a bird dropping and is sometimes called the bird poop frog . vocal sacs are absent in some taxa ( like nyctixalus ) but big and obvious in others .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
gland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .
the value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .
a recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .
frost , d . r . 2014 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 6 . 0 ( 7 july 2014 ) . electronic database . american museum of natural history , new york , usa . available at : urltoken .
this species was included in rhacophorus by inger ( 1966 ) , then placed in polypedates by liem ( 1970 ) , and then returned to rhacophorus by dubois ( 1987 ) .
justification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , tolerance of a degree of habitat modification , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .
this species is known historically from northern myanmar and china ( zhao and adler , 1993 ) . it is also known from northern viet nam and central lao people ' s democratic republic . the type locality ' singapore ' is clearly based on a traded specimen ( bourret , 1941 ) . it is known from altitudes up to 900m asl .
it inhabits forests and riparian forests in hilly areas . it breeds in still waters such as paddy fields , pools , ditches , marshes and ponds . it is mostly restricted to primary forest . the call of this species is exceptionally loud .
its known areas of occurrence in viet nam continue to suffer from persistent processes degrading the forest , such as non - timber forest products collection , plantations , wildfires and changes to hydrology ( birdlife international 2001 ) . small numbers are also exported for the international pet trade .
its range includes many protected areas . the rating of ‘threatened’ for r . nigropalmatus in the 1992 viet nam red data book ( tran et al . , 1992 ) might refer in part to r . dennysii .
peter paul van dijk , nguyen quang truong , bryan stuart , michael wai neng lau , geng baorong , gu huiqing , yang datong . 2004 .
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the following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . no available public dna sequences . download fasta file
listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , tolerance of a degree of habitat modification , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .
its range includes many protected areas . the rating of threatened for r . nigropalmatus in the 1992 viet nam red data book ( tran et al . , 1992 ) might refer in part to r . dennysii .
females lay eggs in foam nests attached to branches and grasses hanging over water . they create nests by beating a frothy secretion into foam with their hind legs .
van dijk , p . p . , truong , n . q . , stuart , b . , lau , m . w . n . , baorong , g . , huiqing , g . & datong , y . ( 2004 ) . rhacophorus dennysi . 2006 iucn red list of threatened species . downloaded on 23 july 2007 .
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due to full webbing between fingers and toes , these tree - dwelling frogs are able to achieve gliding flight for short distances between trees . they are one of the largest species of tree frogs . the females grow to twelve centimetres , while the males remain somewhat smaller . their diet comprises mainly of insects and worms .
when threatened or in search of prey , they will leap from a branch and splay their four webbed feet . the membranes between their toes and loose skin flaps on their sides catch the air as they fall , helping them to glide , sometimes 50 feet or more , to a neighboring tree branch or even all the way to the ground . they also have oversized toe pads to help them land softly and stick to tree trunks .
they are generally bright green with yellow sides and grow to about 4 inches . they survive mainly on insects .
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episode 2 of david attenborough ' s conquest of the skies appeared on tv the other day , and i watched it ( in fact , i livetweeted throughout , mostly because i wanted to talk about their portrayal of pterosaurs and mesozoic theropods ) .
cladogram from meegaskumbura et al . ( 2002 ) , the sri lankan taxa being shown in blue . note the huge number of species that had not been named when this study was published .
a nice illustration of this is provided by meegaskumbura et al . ’s ( 2002 ) documentation of more than 100 new rhacophorid species on sri lanka alone ( just 18 sri lankan rhacophorid species were known prior to their work ) , a discovery that makes sri lanka on par with madagascar , new guinea and borneo in terms of anuran diversity .
and , yes , more than 100 new species announced in a single paper . if we look at the discovery record of various of the rhacophorid lineages , we see that – for example – 43 new species of raorchestes , 30 new species of rhacophorus , and 51 new species of pseudophilautus have been named since 2000 . . . 9 new raorchestes species were named in 2014 alone ( frost 2014 ) . as should be well known , the number of recognised amphibian species has sky - rocketed in recent years , and this really is because of newly discovered species , not just the result of splitting , taxonomic elevation of subspecies , or the recognition of cryptic species that can only be distinguished genetically .
the most famous illustration of a rhacophorid ever published : a gliding rhacophorus nigropalmatus from alfred russell wallace ' s 1869 the malay archipelago . wallace wrote about this species and illustrated it in his notes ( he didn ' t discover it though - that honour goes to charles hose ) .
the great paradox is that amphibians are in chronic global decline at the same time , and many species can no longer be located at all . despite meegaskumbura et al . ’s ( 2002 ) 100 + new rhacophorid species , they were unable to find many that had been described in the 19th century , a discovery which implies that the species concerned have gone extinct . as you should also know , amphibian species are currently being ‘lost’ on a regular and worrying basis – we don’t talk of a ‘global amphibian crisis’ for nothing .
most rhacophorids are arboreal or semi - arboreal , living in shrubs , trees and bushes from close to ground level to way up in the forest canopy . there’s some uncertainty over how high up in the canopy these frogs actually occur . nature documentaries ( like the aforementioned attenbourough - led projects ) create the impression that they really live tens of metres up in the high canopy but this is hard to confirm and has been doubted on occasion . recently , however , individuals of some species ( like rhacophorus belalongensis on borneo , named in 2008 ) have been recorded from tree - tops 10 m high . members of some groups are associated with primary forests , but others inhabit agricultural fields , roadsides , cleared forest and villages . [ images below by σ64 and alpsdake . ]
it has to be said that some rhacophorids are not really all that remarkable when compared to , say , familiar ranid frogs . this montage shows tadpoles and an adult of rhacophorus arboreus . however , this species is a foam nester , on which see below . tadpole photo at lower left by σ64 , other photos by alpsdake . all cc by - sa 3 . 0 .
specialised reproductive strategies are widespread across these frogs , and some of the techniques they use mean that they don’t have to come down to the ground to breed . some ( like some philautus species ) stick their eggs to the undersides of leaves above the ground and some philautus species ( like p . mjobergi ) have been reported to be nepenthiphilous – that is , to lay their eggs inside pitcher plants . while some frogs definitely are nepenthiphilous , the only alleged rhacophorid eggs discovered inside a pitcher plant and subjected to molecular testing turned out to be from the microhylid species microhyla borneensis ( hertwig et al . 2012 ) . [ photo below by katja rembold . ]
frogs belonging to several lineages are documented as users of pitcher plants ( this photo shows a heterixalus inside a dead nepenthes madagascariensis . heterixalus is a hyperoliid , not a rhacophorid ) . it has been claimed that rhacophorids of several species use pitchers in this way , but the cases are either controversial or turned out to be erroneous . photo by katja rembold , cc by - sa 3 . 0 .
those philautus eggs , by the way , don’t produce free - swimming tadpoles : philautus species are direct developers , which means that the embryos change to froglets within the eggs , a free - living tadpole phase being absent ( the developing embryos are lecithotrophic or endotrophic , meaning that they depend on a yolk store ) . direct development is also the case in pseudophilautus and raorchestes .
while ( as just mentioned ) some of these direct developers stick their eggs to leaves that are alive and well above ground - level , others come down to the ground and lay their eggs beneath dead leaves . meegaskumbara et al . ( 2007 ) said that these ground - breeding species “deposit their eggs in nests excavated on the forest floor” ( p . 9 ) . waitaminute – frogs excavating nests ? really ? i have to look into this . . .
rhacophorid foam nests in asia and africa . at left : nests of rhacophorus arboreus in japan , photo by alpsdake , cc by 3 . 0 . at right : chiromantis rufescens foam nest in gabon , photo by brian gratwicke , cc by 2 . 0
then there are those rhacophorids that manufacture arboreal foam nests [ adjacent nest photos by alpsdake and brian gratwicke ] . the females exude a secretion that they ( and their male partners ) whip up with their legs to form a foam clump that’s attached to leaves , branches or aerial roots . it seems that the production of this secretion is quite costly and that a female needs to take a break and re - hydrate herself by soaking up standing water before she can complete a single nest .
this strategy is present in the afro - asian foam - nest frogs chiromantis , most rhacophorus species , and members of polypedates . in some species – most famously the grey foam nest treefrog c . xerampelina of south - eastern africa – large numbers of these frogs sometimes choose to nest in the same place , meaning that branches or aerial roots can be festooned with whole lines of dripping foam nests . actually , it isn’t just that the frogs ‘choose’ to nest in the same place – males will deliberately get in on the action if they see a pair working to make a nest , and the result is that single egg clutches are invariably fertilised by more than one male . byrne & whiting ( 2011 ) showed that this multiple paternity – technically , it’s simultaneous polyandry – assists in the survival of the resulting offspring , so it’s certainly in the interests of females to solicit as much male attention as possible during these breeding events . [ photos below by brian gratwicke , kapenta and chintan sheth . ]
montage of chiromantis and kin . at left : c rufescens ( photo by brian gratwicke , cc by 2 . 0 ) . top right : c . xerampelina ( image by kapenta , cc by - sa 4 . 0 ) . lower right : feihyla vittata ( photo by chintan sheth , in public domain ) . the feihyla species were once included within chiromantis but have since been recovered in several alternative placements in molecular phylogenies .
polypedates leucomystax pair in amplexus . i think i spot some subtle sexual dimorphism . image taken in java , indonesia , by w . a . djatmiko , cc by - sa 3 . 0
the eggs hatch inside the clump , the tadpoles dropping into the stream or pool ( sometimes originally formed by rhinos or pigs ) below after several days . polypedates leucomystax bucks the trend by sometimes making foam nests on the ground ( inger & stuebing 2005 ) . [ adjacent photo by w . a . djatmiko ] . it seems that foam - nesting evolved just once within rhacophorids , since all foam - nesters belong to a single clade ( frost et al . 2006 , grosjean et al . 2008 , pyron & wiens 2011 ) .
foam - nester tadpoles are ectotrophic : free - swimming and completing development outside the egg , and often with a schooling habit . some live in muddy pools and are of typical , non - specialised morphology . others ( like those of rhacophorus penanorum ) are specialised stream - dwellers with streamlined bodies , sucker - like mouths and elongate , muscular tails . these tadpoles are rheophilous ( associated with fast - flowing streams ) and inhabit rocky pools that are sometimes also home to megophrys / xenophrys spadefoot tadpoles and ansonia toad tadpoles ( haas et al . 2012 ) .
a really interesting thing that’s been noted for rheophilous tadpoles is that their limb development seems to be offset , time - wise , relative to the condition in related , non - rheophilous species . this is presumably an evolutionary response to the fact that developing hindlimbs might affect their streamlining and ability to cling to rocks in fast - flowing water . they also keep sucker - like mouths and other features for longer than do other tadpoles ( nodzenski & inger 1990 ) . accordingly , it can be difficult to say reliable things about their age and estimated metamorphic stage .
amazing ' vampire tadpoles ' of rhacophorus vampyrus . ( a ) schematic view of tadpole as seen from the front , ( b ) photo of the real thing . image from vassilieva et al . ( 2013 ) .
finally , there are yet other rhacophorids where egg clumps are laid in arboreal settings , but not in foam nests . in some theloderma species , egg clumps are laid in water - filled tree hollows , and the tadpoles complete their development here . in captivity , these frogs will lay their egg clumps attached to the bark , just above the hollow , the hatching tadpoles then dropping into the water ( tapley 2009 ) . oh , there are also a few foam - nesting rhacophorus species that lay their eggs in tree hollows , the most famous of which is r . vampyrus from vietnam ( after hatching inside a foam nest , the tadpoles drop into a water - filled tree hollow ) . this species saw international stardom a couple of years ago when it was revealed that the tadpoles have black , hooked fangs on the lower jaw that –it ' s presumed – are used when feeding on unfertilised eggs provided by their mother : these tadpoles , it seems , practise obligate oophagy , eating r . vampyrus eggs and nothing else ( vassilieva et al . 2013 ) .
finally finally , the possibility exists that a completely unique reproductive strategy was present in a species that now seems to be extinct . the holotype female specimen of
, collected on sri lanka prior to 1876 , had a disc - shaped mass of eggs attached to its belly , raising the possibility that members of this species carried their eggs around with them ( günther 1876 ) . alas , meegaskumbura
. ( 2007 ) discussed how unlikely this proposal was , concluding that a more plausible possibility is that the individual concerned was collected while in the process of laying and positioning her egg clutch on a leaf . alas , only further observations can establish the ‘truth’ and . . . sadly ,
century discovery and the present . don’t forget : global . amphibian . crisis .
finally , where do rhacophorids fit within the anuran radiation ? molecular studies find them to be close to ranidae , the familiar neobatrachian clade that includes european water frogs , brown frogs , the american bullfrog , leopard frogs and so many others ( frost et al . 2006 , pyron & wiens 2011 ) . they’re clearly not at all close to hylid treefrogs ( hylids are part of the same clade as glassfrogs , toads and kin ) . i also need to say that a huge amount of work – scarcely any of which is cited in the article you’re reading now – has recently been devoted to the in - group relationships of rhacophoridae , several conventional ‘genera’ being the subject of substantial disagreement due to proposals that they might be paraphyletic or polyphyletic . at the risk of elaborating further , i must stop here . oh , i seem to have blogged about anurans again .
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inger , r . f . & stuebing , r . b . 2005 . a field guide of the frogs of borneo . natural history publications ( borneo ) , kota kinabalu .
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vassilieva , a . , galoyan , e . & poyarkov , n . 2013 . rhacophorus vampyrus ( anura : rhacophoridae ) reproductive biology : a new type of oophagous tadpole in asian treefrogs . journal of herpetology 47 , 607 - 614 .
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darren naish is a science writer , technical editor and palaeozoologist ( affiliated with the university of southampton , uk ) . he mostly works on cretaceous dinosaurs and pterosaurs but has an avid interest in all things tetrapod . his publications can be downloaded at darrennaish . wordpress . com . he has been blogging at tetrapod zoology since 2006 . check out the tet zoo podcast at tetzoo . com !
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