diff --git "a/cs_abs/test-animal_nv_0.jsonl" "b/cs_abs/test-animal_nv_0.jsonl"
--- "a/cs_abs/test-animal_nv_0.jsonl"
+++ "b/cs_abs/test-animal_nv_0.jsonl"
@@ -1,45 +1,45 @@
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+{"id": 0, "summary": [{"text": "gars ( or garpike ) are members of the lepisosteiformes ( or semionotiformes ) , an ancient holosteian order of ray-finned fish ; fossils from this order are known from the late cretaceous onwards .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the family lepisosteidae includes seven living species of fish in two genera that inhabit fresh , brackish , and occasionally marine , waters of eastern north america , central america and the caribbean islands .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "gars have elongated bodies that are heavily armored with ganoid scales , and fronted by similarly elongated jaws filled with long , sharp teeth .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "all of the gars are relatively large fish , but the alligator gar ( atractosteus spatula ) is the largest , as specimens have been reported to be 3 m ( 9.8 ft ) in length ; however , they typically grow to 2 m ( 6.6 ft ) and weigh over 45.3 kg ( 100 lb ) .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "unusually , their vascularised swim bladders can function as lungs , and most gars surface periodically to take a gulp of air .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "gar flesh is edible and the hard skin and scales of gars are used by humans . ", "topic": 4}], "title": "gar", "paragraphs": ["i am so gar for archer .\ngaogaigar is so incredibly gar .\nused gar skins as protective covers . furthermore , gar species such as this have maintained a spiral valve intestine throughout their evolutionary\nepisode 14 left me totally gar for archer .\nyou are gar for badasses , but gay for traps .\ni & apos ; m gar for archer .\nof course . everyone & apos ; s gar for archer .\nhere are some useful ( and painstakingly completed ) links for you to access should you want to identify your gar or learn more about gar identification .\ngar\u2019s mission is to help akron become smarter , stronger , and more vibrant .\ngar wood ' s miss america viii race boat to be auctioned in florida .\ngar - ezer , spontaneous breakdown in two dimensional space - time , commun .\naran ' gar : etymology explained in the series as a type of blade .\nosan ' gar : etymology explained in the series as a type of blade .\ndistribution and ecology of alligator gar in oklahoma : : documents . ok . gov\northologs of human mhc class ii and class iii region genes in spotted gar .\ntabasco\u2019s freshwater gar , an ancient , primitive fish with a face like an alligator\u2019s .\nfor de\ufb01nitions and results concerning these see the book by garnett , [ gar ] .\nthere are seven known species of gar , and all are quite abundant in their ranges . in the southeastern united states , where the alligator gar lives , they are prized by sport fishermen for the fierce fight they give when hooked . gar meat is edible , but is extremely bony and rarely consumed . gar eggs are highly toxic to humans .\nthe spotted gar genome assembly is available from genbank under accession gca _ 000242695 . 1 . rna - seq data are available from the sequence read archive ( sra ) under accessions srp042013 ( broad institute gar transcriptome ) , srp044781 \u2013 srp044784 ( phylofish transcriptomes of zebrafish , gar , bowfin and medaka ) and srp063942 ( gar small rna - seq for mirna annotation ) . gar scpp gene sequences are available from genbank under accessions ku189274 \u2013 ku189300 .\nsister species to the spotted gar , this fish looks nearly identical but primarily resides in florida . it is frequently seen in roadside canals , and much of the everglades . it\u2019s the most common gar in the pet trade , and often mislabeled as \u201calligator gar . \u201d\nthe spotted gar is one of three gar species native to texas . they are primitive fish and date back to the cretaceous period , some 65 to 100 million years ago . the ancestors of spotted gar swam with the dinosaurs ! a large gar can eat a lot of fish , including catfish , causing them to compete with some anglers . because of the competition and because many people think gar are difficult to clean , gar are sometimes called a\ntrash\nfish . this term may not be warranted when you consider that spotted gar , like all native species , have an important role to play in their ecosystem .\n\u201c 1 gar \u201d in dictionary of the irish language , royal irish academy , 1913\u201376 .\nae man may tak a horse to the water , but twenty winna gar him drink .\nthe 7 gar ( lepisosteidae ) species of the world . find prints of this gartwork at\nfish species identification , roughfish , suckers carp buffalo bowfin gar whitefish eels burbot sculpin etc .\namerican alligators are a potential predator of alligator gar , image courtesy u . s . geological survey\nwhile there are no confirmed attacks on people , alligator gar continue to be feared by many .\nthe gar is a fish . . . is a bird . . . is a mammal ?\ngar\nin focl\u00f3ir gaeilge - b\u00e9arla , an g\u00fam , 1977 , by niall \u00f3 d\u00f3naill .\nfigure 5 : identification and functional analysis of the gar and teleost early - phase hoxd enhancer cns65 .\nrothwell , gar w . 1998 . life on earth , paleobotany . geotimes 43 : 44 - 45 .\njeff yoder is an associate professor of immunology at nc state\u2019s college of veterinary medicine and a contributor to the gar genome project . he agreed to a short q & a about the significance of the spotted gar\u2019s genome .\nthe longnose gar ' s tough scales keep it safe from most natural predators ; however , young gar commonly fall prey to larger predatory fish . in florida and the southern region , the billly gar can be preyed on by the american alligator . when it comes to their own hunt , their spiky teeth enable the gar to prey on smaller fish and crustaceans . when hunting , the gar remains stealthy and motionless , but have been known to stalk prey . they catch prey sideways , then manipulate it so that it will enter head - first .\nby gar , if my wife die ' count of this , i goin ' kill you , jarth rolan .\nthe longnose gar is most easily identified by its long , narrow snout and slender body . longnose gars have the longest and most narrow snout of all gar species . longnose gars are also the most slender among the 7 species of gar , especially when under 18\n. specimens over 2 ' have been noted to get quite thick .\nworld record in 2011 , a commercial fisherman accidentally caught the largest alligator gar on record in mississippi\u2019s lake chotard . the gar was 8 . 5 feet long , weighed 327 pounds and was believed to be 94 years old .\ngar immunoglobulin genes ( supplementary fig . 22 ) and transcripts generally resemble those of teleosts . unexpectedly , gar has a second , distinct igm locus but lacks igt ( igz ) 58 , 59 , thought to provide mucosal immunity 60 , suggesting that igt is teleost specific and that gar ganoid scales may suffice for exterior surface protection . gar t cell receptor genes ( supplementary fig . 23 ) are tightly linked as in mammals but , unlike in xenopus tropicalis 61 , are downstream of v h and j h segments . phylogenetic analyses of toll - like receptor ( tlr ) genes ( supplementary fig . 24 ) in tetrapods , teleosts and gar showed that the 16 identifiable gar tlrs encompass all six major tlr families 62 . gar tlrs appear to share evolutionary histories with the tlrs from teleosts and / or tetrapods . gar encodes nitr ( novel immune - type receptor ) genes ( supplementary fig . 25 ) , which function in allorecognition and were thought to be teleost specific 63 , 64 . the 17 gar nitr genes form 15 families , suggesting few recent tandem duplications or rapid divergence after gene duplication . in sum , the gar immunogenome bridges teleosts to tetrapods .\ngar rourke didn ' t ask to be the colusa treasurer , but ended up serving 17 years in the post .\nthe longnose gar along with a few other fish species have existed relatively unchanged since before the age of the dinosaurs .\nspotted gar genome at ensembl , urltoken ; synteny database , urltoken ; phylofish portal , urltoken ; repeatmasker , urltoken .\nthe longnose gar is an animal , but more defining , is part of the actinopterygii class of ray - finned fishes and the lepisosteidae family of gar pikes , garfishes , and other gar , of which there are seven recognized species today . also , even though they are similar in shape and appearance , l . osseus is not related to the needlefishes .\nthe shortnose gar is most easily identified by its lack of spots on head or body , but spotted individuals occasionally found from clear water habitats . the snout of larger specimens are shorter and broader than that of the longnose gar and spotted gar . however , smaller specimens have narrower snouts that get broader with time and growth . the caudal peduncle is shorter than that of the longnose gar . these fish have two rows of teeth , but only the outer row of teeth is prominent .\ngar awards grants to organizations and programs that foster the needs of the akron community and fall within our primary giving areas .\ni suah ' members de time she hooked dat ole gar , en hollered fo ' help tuh pull ' im out .\ngar was a challenge to me , for i saw in him something wild , untamed , and , perhaps , untamable .\nidentification : all gars have long and slender bodies , beak - like jaws , and large , diamond - shaped scales . alligator gar is the largest species , reaching 9 ft . ( 300 lbs ) . it is distinguished from other gars by its short , broad snout , and heavy body . spotted gar has a unique pattern of large spots on the top of head and body . shortnose gar is similar to spotted gar , but lacks spots on head and body . both species are\ndistribution and habitat : longnose gar is common statewide in streams , rivers , and reservoirs . spotted gar and shortnose gar occur in the ohio and mississippi rivers and in western kentucky , from the lower green river basin to the mississippi river . alligator gar once occurred in the ohio and mississippi rivers and in backwaters and embayments along the lower ohio and mississippi river floodplains in western kentucky . the kentucky department of fish and wildlife resources is working to re - establish native populations to these habitats .\nlateral close - up headshot of a . tropicus . notice that the snout is shorter than that of a florida gar .\nappearance alligator gar are long , slender fish with bony , diamond - shaped scales . they are distinguished from other gar by a heavier body and a relatively shorter , broader snout filled with two rows of canine - like teeth . alligator gar generally have a dark , olive green body that fades into a white belly , and their fins are often a reddish - pink .\nin new york state , we have only one species of gar : the longnose \u2014named for having the longest snout in relation to the rest of the body . although a large fish for our region , the longnose certainly isn\u2019t the largest gar in the world . that honor goes to the alligator gar , a native of the southeastern us that can weigh more than 300 pounds !\nthe alligator gar inhabits large , slow moving rivers , reservoirs , oxbow lakes , bayous and bays , in fresh and brackish water . the alligator gar is the most tolerant gar species of high salinity and occasionally strays into salt water . young may be seen at the surface in debris such as leaves and twigs . alligator gar prefer large rivers that have a large overflow floodplane , but these rivers have all but disappeared in north america due to the use of dredging , dams , dikes , and levees .\ngrow to 6 ft . ( 50 lbs ) . differences in head shape among the four species of gar are illustrated below .\nrecommended baiting : anglers rarely fish for gar due to their bony skin and toxic eggs . longnose gar are tough to catch because of their peculiar feeding behavior ( see below ) and long , slender snout . the best strategy is to use a hookless rope lure and spinners . a gar\u2019s teeth will get tangled in the hairs of the rope lure , so a hook is not needed . fish in warm shallow areas where the water is near stagnant . look for basking gar or signs of baitfish . cast and then retrieve in 1 - 2 ft bouts . it is best to allow the \u201croped\u201d gar to run a bit to ensure a good tangle .\n( a ) the gar bridge principle of vertebrate cne connectivity from human through gar to teleosts . hidden orthology is uncovered for elements that do not directly align between human and teleosts but become evident when first aligning tetrapod genomes to gar , and then aligning gar and teleost genomes . ( b ) connectivity analysis of 13 - way whole - genome alignments shows the evolutionary gain ( green ) and loss ( red ) of 153 human limb enhancers . direct human - teleost orthology could only be established for 81 elements as opposed to 95 when using gar as a bridge as in a . see supplementary figure 37 , supplementary table 22 and the supplementary note for details .\nthe gar founded soldiers\u2019 homes , was active in relief work and in pension legislation . five members were elected president of the united states and , for a time , it was impossible to be nominated on the republican ticket without the endorsement of the gar voting block .\nkeith camper hooked this 71 - pound alligator gar fish during the young men ' s business club ' s 23rd annual fishing rodeo .\nstudents at gar - field senior high school in woodbridge were evacuated thursday morning because of a bomb threat , according to school officials .\nwhole - body disposition and polyglutamate distribution of the gar formyltransferase inhibitors ly309887 and lometrexol in mice : effect of low - folate diet .\nthe longnose gar has fang - like teeth on both its upper and lower jaw that allow it to catch and hold onto fish .\nusing the gar bridge ( fig . 4a ) , we tested whether the 29 human enhancers not directly identified in teleosts might represent rapid divergence rather than definitive loss . inspection of human - centric and then gar - centric alignments showed 48 % ( 14 / 29 ) aligning to at least one teleost ( supplementary table 22 ) . gar thus substantially improves understanding of the evolutionary origin of vertebrate limb enhancers and their fate in teleosts ( fig . 4b , supplementary fig . 37 and supplementary table 22 ) . strikingly , despite using the gar bridge , we found that teleosts lost substantially more limb enhancers ( 15 ) than gar ( 2 ) ( fig . 4b and supplementary fig . 37 ) , suggesting that gar might be a better model than teleosts for investigating the fin - to - limb transition 85 .\nthe english common name for atractosteus spatula are alligator gar , gator , greater gar , garpike , garfish , and mississippi alligator gar . other common names are pejelagarto ( spanish ) , marjuari ( spanish ) , catan ( spanish , gaspar baba ( spanish ) , garpigue alligator ( french ) , alligatorpansergedde ( danish ) , alligatorbengadda ( swedish ) , keihasluuhauki ( finnish ) , and kostlin obrovsky ( czech ) .\nhabitat alligator gar once inhabited waters throughout the mississippi river valley , occurring as far north as iowa and west to kansas . they have a modified swim bladder that allows them to obtain oxygen from both water and air . this ability , along with the highest salt tolerance of any gar species , allows the alligator gar to survive in almost any water condition . however , habitat loss has limited its populations to the gulf coast states . in florida , alligator gar are only known to inhabit coastal rivers in the panhandle from gulf county to escambia county .\ngar move slowly unless trying to catch food , which it grabs in its jaws in a quick sideways lunge . they often bask near the water ' s surface on warm days . fry feed primarily on insect larvae and tiny crustaceans , but fish appear on the diet of young gar very early . prey is usually swallowed headfirst . spotted gar are eaten by larger fish , alligators , herons , and cottonmouth snakes .\nspotted gar prefer clear , quiet , vegetated waters of streams , swamps and lakes . they sometimes enter brackish waters along the gulf coast .\nrothwell , gar w . 1999 . fossils and ferns in the resolution of land plant phylogeny . botanical review 65 : 188 - 218 .\ndetermine the distribution , abundance , movements , habitats and population characteristics of the alligator gar in the red and arkansas river drainages in oklahoma .\nit has a brown midlateral stripe from nose to tail . the gar\u2019s coloring varies from grey / brown to olive , with black spots .\ngar informs the evolution of vertebrate genomes and gene functions after genome duplication and illuminates evolutionary mechanisms leading to teleost biodiversity . the gar genome evolved comparatively slowly and clarifies the evolution and orthology of problematic teleost protein - coding and microrna ( mirna ) gene families . surprisingly , many entire gar chromosomes have been conserved with some tetrapods for 450 million years . notably , gar facilitates the identification of cnes , which are often regulatory , that teleosts and humans share but that are not detected by direct sequence comparisons . global gene expression analyses show that expression domains and levels for tgd - generated duplicates usually sum to those for the corresponding gar gene , as expected if ancestral regulatory elements were partitioned after the tgd . by illuminating the legacy of genome duplication , the gar genome bridges teleost biology to human health , disease , development , physiology and evolution .\nthe longnose gar can be found in freshwater rivers , streams , lakes , and estuaries with little tidal influence . they prefer areas with minimum water movement , as the gar will suspend itself in the water column . in the united states , the long nose can be found mostly on the eastern half of the country , as far north as canada and south into florida . the gar is well known in virginia and the\nwhat made you want to look up gar ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .\ngar \u00e7on , m . , and van orden , j . w . , preprint nucl - th / 01020 49 , advances in nucl .\nthe alligator gar has a short , very broad snout . their pattern and appearence can vary greatly throughout their lives as they age and mature .\nin florida , the largest member of the gar family is only known to inhabit coastal rivers in the panhandle from gulf county to escambia county .\nthis large alligator gar was just under 8 feet in length and weighed 215 pounds ! image \u00a9 mike guerin / http : / / thejump . net\ni was baffled when i found that the\ngar\npage on urban dictionary didn & apos ; t have any definitions whatsoever relating to fish .\nif i was to tak ' her in , it ' s highly possible the hellicat would try and gar me marry her when he turned up .\ngar and teleost orthologs of the hoxd early enhancer cns65 were identified with vista ( lagan ) 121 . gar and zebrafish cns65 elements were cloned into pxig - cfos - egfp and gateway - hsp68 - lacz vectors for zebrafish 127 and mouse ( cyagen biosciences ) transgenesis , respectively ( supplementary note ) .\nestablished in 1967 , gar foundation was born of the philanthropic desire of the roush family to support the needs of those in the greater akron area community .\n* do not eat the eggs though ! gar eggs are toxic to mammals , birds , and most arthropods ; but not to fishes . weird right ?\nwe next calculated average expression levels for each gene over the 11 tissues and computed the ratio of each teleost gene to its gar ortholog . comparisons showed that individual ohnologs were each expressed at significantly lower levels than singletons as compared to gar orthologs ( fig . 6g , h ) . the ohnolog pair / gar expression ratios , however , showed no statistical difference from the singleton / gar expression ratios ( fig . 6g , h ) . this finding suggests that the aggregate expression level for ohnolog pairs tends to evolve to approximately the expression level of the preduplication gene , as expected by quantitative subfunctionalization 89 , 90 , 96 .\ngar represents the first chromonome 22 of a non - tetrapod , non - teleost jawed vertebrate , allowing for the first time long - range gene order analyses without the confounding effects of the tgd . the gar karyotype ( 2 n = 58 ) contains both macro - and microchromosomes ( fig . 2a , supplementary fig . 7 and supplementary note ) . aligning gar chromosomes to those of human , chicken and teleosts highlighted distinct conservation of orthologous segments in all species ( fig . 2b\u2013e , supplementary figs . 8 and 9 , and supplementary note ) . strikingly , gar - chicken comparisons showed conservation of many entire chromosomes ( fig . 2c ) . the chicken and gar karyotypes differed only by about 17 large fissions , fusions or translocations . almost half of the gar karyotype ( 14 / 29 chromosomes ) showed a nearly one - to - one relationship in gar - chicken comparisons , including macro - and microchromosomes with highly correlated chromosome assembly lengths ( fig . 2d and supplementary note ) . this similarity in chromosome size and gene content is strong evidence that the karyotype of the common bony vertebrate ancestor of gar and chicken possessed both macro - and microchromosomes as ohno 35 hypothesized , consistent with microchromosomes in coelacanth 36 and cartilaginous fishes 35 , for which no chromonomes are yet available .\nlooking at a gar is a bit like looking into the distant past . largely unchanged over the past 100 million years , they are often called living fossils .\nchicago bulls general manager gar forman said thursday that he ' s optimistic derrick rose will be able to play at some point during the 2012 - 13 season .\nmany of his results were proved in 1995 by berndt , bhargava , and garvan in a long paper [ bbg ] ( see also [ gar ] ) .\nwhole - body disposition and polyglutamate distribution of the gar formyltransferase inhibitors ly309887 and lometrexol in mice : effect of low - folate . . . - pubmed - ncbi\n- snout is thicker and shorter than any lepisosteus gar ( perhaps with the exception of large shortnose gars ) but longer and more narrow than any atractosteus gars .\n( a ) the spotted gar karyotype consists of macro - and microchromosomes ( see supplementary fig . 7 for chromosome annotations ) . ( b ) circos plot 99 showing conserved synteny of gar ( colored , left ) and human ( black , right ) chromosomes . ( c ) gar - chicken comparison shows strong conservation of the genomes over 450 million years and one - to - one synteny conservation for many entire chromosomes , particularly microchromosomes ( for example , loc13 and gga14 , loc23 and gga11 , etc . ) . ( d ) the assembled chromosome lengths for gar and chicken chromosomes with one - to - one conserved synteny are highly correlated ( r 2 = 0 . 97 ) . ( e ) gar - medaka comparison shows the overall one - to - two double - conserved synteny relationship of gar to a post - tgd teleost genome ( for example , gar loc11 corresponds to medaka ola16 and ola11 ) . the gar chromosomes are displayed in a different order in d than they are in b and c ; asterisks indicate chromosomes inverted with respect to the arbitrarily oriented reference genome . ( f ) gar - chicken - medaka comparisons illuminate the karyotype evolution leading to modern teleosts . the genome of the bony vertebrate ancestor contained both macro - and microchromosomes , some of which remain largely conserved in chicken and gar , for example , macrochromosome loc2 - ggaz and microchromosomes loc20 - gga15 and loc21 - gga17 . all three chromosomes possess double - conserved synteny with medaka chromosomes ola9 and ola12 , which is explained by chromosome fusion in the lineage leading to teleosts after divergence from gar , followed by tgd duplication of the fusion chromosome and subsequent intrachromosomal rearrangements and rediploidization . multiple examples of such pre - tgd chromosome fusions explain the absence of microchromosomes in teleosts . see the supplementary note for details .\ngar elucidates the origins of tetrapod limb enhancers , evidenced by whole - genome alignments for 13 vertebrates ( including gar , five teleosts , coelacanth , five tetrapods and elephant shark ; supplementary fig . 36 , supplementary tables 20 and 21 , and supplementary note ) . of 153 known human limb enhancers 33 , 82 , 83 , 84 , human - centric alignments identified 71 % ( 108 ) in gar , but only 53 % ( 81 ) were identified through direct human - teleost alignments . of the 72 human limb enhancers not detected by human - teleost alignment , 40 % ( 29 ) aligned to gar , confirming their presence in the bony vertebrate ancestor and loss or considerable divergence in teleosts . of these 29 enhancers , 15 also aligned to elephant shark , highlighting their existence in the gnathostome ancestor . fourteen occurred in gar but not in teleosts and would have been incorrectly characterized as lobe - finned vertebrate innovations without gar data ( supplementary table 22 and supplementary note ) .\nthe prehistoric - looking gar is a voracious predator with a mouthful of sharp teeth . they usually drift motionless near the surface waiting for smaller fish to swim by .\nto connect human biology to fish biomedical models , we sequenced the genome of spotted gar ( lepisosteus oculatus ) , whose lineage diverged from teleosts before teleost genome duplication ( tgd ) . the slowly evolving gar genome has conserved in content and size many entire chromosomes from bony vertebrate ancestors . gar bridges teleosts to tetrapods by illuminating the evolution of immunity , mineralization and development ( mediated , for example , by hox , parahox and microrna genes ) . numerous conserved noncoding elements ( cnes ; often cis regulatory ) undetectable in direct human - teleost comparisons become apparent using gar : functional studies uncovered conserved roles for such cryptic cnes , facilitating annotation of sequences identified in human genome - wide association studies . transcriptomic analyses showed that the sums of expression domains and expression levels for duplicated teleost genes often approximate the patterns and levels of expression for gar genes , consistent with subfunctionalization . the gar genome provides a resource for understanding evolution after genome duplication , the origin of vertebrate genomes and the function of human regulatory sequences .\nrothwell , gar w . and charles w . good . 2000 . reconstruction of the pennsylvanian age filicalean fern botryopteris tridentata . interenational journal of plant science , in press .\nusually less than 3 ft . ( 5 - 10 lbs ) . longnose gar is easily distinguished from other gars by having an extremely long and narrow snout . it can\npredators : pretty much all larger predatory fish and some birds of prey . gar are the fastest growing freshwater fish in the state giving them a large advantage against predation .\ncne analyses near developmental gene loci ( hox and parahox clusters , pax6 and irxb ) showed that gar contains more gnathostome cnes ( conserved between bony vertebrates and elephant shark ) than teleosts . analyses incorporating gar identified many bony vertebrate cnes ( absent from elephant shark ) that were not predicted by direct human - teleost comparisons ; furthermore , gar - based alignments identified cnes recruited in the common ancestor of ray - finned fishes ( supplementary figs . 14 , 15 and 29\u201335 , supplementary tables 12\u201319 and supplementary note ) .\ngar is the first ray - finned fish genome sequence not affected by the tgd . because of gar ' s phylogenetic position , slow rate of sequence evolution , dense genetic map and ease of laboratory culture , this resource provides a unique bridge between tetrapods and teleost biomedical models . our analyses show that gar bridges teleosts to tetrapods in genome arrangement , allowing the identification of orthologous genes by possessing ancient vgd ohnologs lost reciprocally in teleosts and tetrapods and elucidating the evolution of vertebrate - specific features , including adaptive immunity and mineralized tissues , and the evolution of gene expression . clarification of gene orthology and history is crucial for the design , analysis and interpretation of teleost models of human disease , including those generated with crispr / cas9 - induced genome editing 97 , 98 . gar genomic analyses show that sequences formerly considered unique to teleosts or tetrapods are often shared by ray - finned and lobe - finned vertebrates , including human . notably , the gar bridge helps identify potential gene regulatory elements that are shared by teleosts and humans but are elusive in direct teleost - tetrapod comparisons . the availability of gar embryos and the ease of raising eggs to adults in the laboratory 22 ( supplementary fig . 1 ) make gar a ray - finned species of choice when analyzing many vertebrate developmental and physiological features . in conclusion , the gar bridge facilitates the connectivity of teleost medical models to human biology .\nacross the gar genome , we identified approximately 28 % of human - centric cnes ( 39 , 964 / 143 , 525 ) , more than in any of five aligned teleost genomes . around 19 , 000 human - centric cnes aligned to gar but not to any teleost ( supplementary table 21 and supplementary note ) . without gar , one would have erroneously concluded that these elements originated in lobe - finned vertebrates or were lost in teleosts . the gar bridge ( fig . 4a ) establishes hidden orthology from human to gar to zebrafish for many of these human - centric cnes ( 30\u201336 % , depending on overlap ; supplementary table 21 and supplementary note ) . these approximately 6 , 500 newly connected human cnes contain around 1 , 000 snps linked to human conditions in genome - wide association studies ( gwas ) , thereby connecting otherwise undetected disease - associated haplotypes to genomic locations in zebrafish ( supplementary table 21 ) . the gar bridge thus helps identify biomedically relevant candidate regions in model teleosts for functional testing , potentially enhancing teleost models for biomedical research .\nother info . : although often blamed for game species decline , it has been found that longnose gar rarely feed on popular game species in large quantities . in some regions of the country they are stocked in order to help control overpopulation of sunfish and yellow perch . gar scales are as hard as stone and can be polished for use in jewelry .\nphylogenies of 243 one - to - one orthologs in 25 jawed vertebrates 17 , including the gar genome and our transcriptome of the bowfin amia calva ( supplementary note and supplementary data set ) , strongly supported the monophyly of holostei ( gar and bowfin ) as the sister group to teleosts ( fig . 1b , supplementary fig . 6 and supplementary note ) 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , suggesting that morphologies shared by bowfin and teleosts 29 , 30 may be convergent or may be ancestral traits that were altered in the gar lineage .\nwith membership limited strictly to \u201cveterans of the late unpleasantness , \u201d the gar encouraged the formation of allied orders to aid them in its various works . numerous male organizations jousted for the backing of the gar and the political battles became quite severe until the gar finally endorsed the sons of veterans of the united states of america ( later to become the sons of union veterans of the civil war ) as its heir . a similar , but less protracted , battle took place between the womens\u2019 relief corps ( wrc ) and the ladies of the grand army of the republic ( lgar ) for the title \u201cofficial auxiliary to the gar . \u201d that battle was won by the wrc , which is the only allied order open to women who do not have an hereditary ancestor who would have been eligible for the gar . but in this case the lgar retained its strength and was made one of the allied orders .\noutlook : clinton marina reports : crappie \u2013 fair to good around the docks and along the banks ; gar are being caught around the marina ; all other species \u2013 no reports .\ngainesville area rowing , or gar , has made north central florida one of the best crew spots in the state , and a hotsp0ot for local high schoolers to join the club .\nto test whether cryptic cne orthologs preserve enhancer function , we used cns65 - driven reporter constructs to generate transgenic zebrafish and mice ( supplementary note ) . cns65 from either gar or zebrafish drove early expression in the developing zebrafish pectoral fin ( fig . 5b ) . gar cns65 drove expression in the forelimbs and hindlimbs of embryonic day ( e ) 10 . 5 mice ( fig . 5c ) that was indistinguishable from the activity of mouse cns65 ( ref . 88 ) . zebrafish cns65 activated forelimb expression somewhat more weakly than gar cns65 ( fig . 5c ) . at e12 . 5 , gar cns65 activated proximal but not distal limb expression ( fig . 5c ) , mimicking the endogenous mouse enhancer 88 . these functional experiments suggest that regulation of hoxd early - phase expression in limbs and fins is an ancestral , conserved feature of bony vertebrates and that gar connects otherwise cryptic teleost regulatory mechanisms to mammalian developmental biology .\ni ' d love to do a jakob von uexk\u00fcll drawing of the world of the gar . i wonder what it would look like . chris schaberg describes fishing for them as a kid , \u201cjust one big muscle\u201d that used to pull his canoe around . this world diagram would have to include the above - surface world of the gar as it leaps out of the water to fill its swim bladder . gar have swim bladders that they fill manually by gulping in air . swim bladders eventually evolved into lungs . we share some ancestors with them .\nthea buxbaum , a gallery manager , and gar waterman , a sculptor , were married yesterday in new haven at west rock studio , the couple ' s gallery , workshop and home .\nm apes , gene , and gar w . rothwell . 1998 . pollen cone structure of the late pennsylvanian ( stephanian ) conifer emporia . journal of paleontology 72 : 571 - 576 .\nthe spotted gar karyotype was determined from caudal fin fibroblast cell cultures established as described for zebrafish 109 ( supplementary note ) . analyses of conserved synteny between gar , tetrapods ( human and chicken ) and teleosts ( supplementary note ) were performed with ( i ) circos plots 99 on the basis of orthology relationships from ensembl 75 and as described in the supplementary note ; ( ii ) the synteny database 94 after integration of the gar genome assembly ( ensembl version 74 ) ; and ( iii ) comparative synteny maps derived as described in refs . 17 , 110 .\nthe alligator gar is rare , endangered , and has even been extirpated from many of the outer areas of its range . studies in alabama , mississippi , and louisiana have shown that the alligator gar is very susceptible to overfishing . it has been classified as rare in missouri , threatened in illinois , and endangered in arkansas , kentucky , and is soon to be in tennessee .\nmirna genes could become teleost or tetrapod specific 18 , 72 by their loss in one lineage or gain in the other . we studied gar mirnas computationally ( supplementary fig . 27 , supplementary table 10 and supplementary note ) and annotated them using a sequence - based approach ( supplementary note ) . small rna - seq data for four tissues identified 302 mature mirnas derived from 233 genes , of which 229 belong to 107 families and 4 lack a known family ( supplementary fig . 28 and supplementary table 11 ) . gar - zebrafish 73 , 74 comparisons showed that four families and four individual mirna genes emerged in teleosts . of the 22 families thought to have been lost in teleosts 18 , 2 actually belong to the same family and orthologs of 4 gar mirna genes were previously overlooked in teleosts . fourteen families are absent from both gar and teleosts , and three are present in gar and many teleosts 74 but absent from zebrafish . a single family present in teleosts and lobe - finned fishes ( mir150 ) was not found in gar . notably , no mirna family loss was specific to teleosts , suggesting that the tgd did not accelerate family loss .\nevolution of vertebrate immunity becomes clearer using gar ( supplementary note ) . major histocompatibility complex ( mhc ) class i and class ii genes ( supplementary figs . 19\u201321 ) are tightly linked in tetrapods and cartilaginous fishes but are unlinked in teleosts 51 , 52 . in gar , at least one pair of class i and class ii genes is linked as in tetrapods 53 , 54 , suggesting that gar retains the ancestral configuration , although most gar mhc genes remain on unassembled scaffolds ( supplementary fig . 21 ) . gar has some class i genes thought to be teleost specific ( z / p - like , l - like and u / s - like , for example 54 , 55 , 56 ; supplementary fig . 19 ) and some class ii genes similar to and some distinct from teleost da / db and de lineages ( supplementary fig . 20 ) . several gar mhc region genes are on unassembled scaffolds linked to genes whose human orthologs are encoded in the mhc class ii or class iii region on hsa6 , and some are adjacent to orthologs of teleost mhc class i genes ( supplementary table 8 ) . the human mhc class iii region on hsa6 has syntenic segments on hsa1 , hsa9 and hsa19 ; these four ohnologs likely arose in vgd1 and vgd2 ( ref . 57 ) , as supported by the gar genome ( supplementary table 8 ) .\ngar are long and cylindrical with elongated mouths . spotted gar grow to a length of 3 feet ( 0 . 9 m ) , weighing 8 pounds ( 3 . 6 kg ) . their upper body is brown to olive , and they have silver - white sides . head , body , and fins have olive - brown to black spots that help camouflage the fish . a broad , dark stripe is on the sides of immature fish . their long , snout - like mouth is lined with strong , sharp teeth , and their body is covered with thick , ganoid ( diamond - shaped ) scales . spotted gar may be distinguished from other texas gar species by the dark roundish spots on the top of the head , the pectoral fins and on the pelvic fins .\n( a ) scpp gene arrangements in human , coelacanth , gar and zebrafish including p / q - rich ( red ) and acidic ( blue ) scpp genes and sparc - like genes ( yellow ) ( supplementary note ; ref . 68 ) . orthologies ( gray vertical bars ) among lobe - finned vertebrates ( for example , human and coelacanth ) and teleosts ( for example , zebrafish ) had previously been limited to odam and spp1 genes . gar connects lineages through orthologs of genes previously known only from either teleosts ( scpp1 , scpp3 , scpp5 , scpp7 and scpp9 ) or lobe - finned vertebrates ( enam , ambn , dmp1 , dsppl1 , ibsp and mepe ) . further putative orthologies supported by only short stretches of sequence similarity ( indicated by a question mark ) connect gar enam , ambn and lpq14 genes with zebrafish fa93e10 , scpp6 and scpp8 genes , respectively ; gar lpq1 and coelacanth scpppq4 ; and gar lpq5 with amtn genes in lobe - finned vertebrates . arrows in human and zebrafish indicate intrachromosomal rearrangements separating originally clustered genes into distant chromosomal locations ( distance in mb ) . analysis of conserved synteny for the gar scpp gene cluster on lg2 suggests that the scpp gene regions on zebrafish chromosomes 10 and 5 are derived from the tgd ( supplementary fig . 26 and supplementary note ) . ( b ) the gar ' conserved synteny bridge ' ( supplementary note ) infers that the mirna cluster of mir731 and mir462 on gar lg4 and zebrafish chromosome 8 and a mirna - free region on zebrafish chromosome 2 are tgd ohnologous to the mammalian mir425 - 191 cluster ( highlighted in bold ) . ( c ) gar newly connects through synteny zebrafish tgd - derived ohnologs mir135c - 1 and mir135c - 2 with mammalian mir135b genes ( highlighted in bold ) .\n( a , b ) the origin ( a ) and distribution ( b ) of gar and teleost singletons and tgd - derived ohnologs ( supplementary table 23 and supplementary note ) . ( c ) neofunctionalized ohnologs for slc1a3 showing new expression in liver . ( d ) subfunctionalized tgd orthologs of gpr22 with one expressed in brain as in gar and the other expressed in heart as in gar . in c and d , the r values denote the correlation of the expression profile of each ohnolog with the gar pattern . the supplementary note lists neofunctionalization and subfunctionalization criteria . ( e \u2013 h ) expression conservation for ohnologs and singletons in zebrafish ( zf ; e , g ) and medaka ( md ; f , h ) ( supplementary note ) . ( e , f ) mean correlation between the expression patterns of gar genes and teleost ortholog ( s ) . the correlation between average expression levels for ohnolog pairs and gar genes was greater than that for ohnologs alone and than that for singletons , indicating sharing of ancestral subfunctions by the ohnolog pair ( multiple wilcoxon mann - whitney tests with bonferroni correction , \u03b1 = 0 . 05 for significance ) . ( g , h ) mean log 10 - transformed ratios of expression levels for gar genes and teleost ortholog ( s ) . in comparison to gar genes , individual ohnologs were expressed at significantly lower levels than singletons ; ohnolog pair / gar ratios were not statistically different from singleton / gar ratios , suggesting that the aggregate expression level of ohnolog pairs approaches the expression level of the preduplication gene ( multiple two - sided student ' s t test with bonferroni correction , \u03b1 = 0 . 05 for significance ) . error bars in e \u2013 h , s . e . m . br , brain ; gil , gill ; hrt , heart ; mus , muscle ; liv , liver , kid , kidney ; bo , bone ; int , intestine ; ov , ovary ; te , testis ; emb , embryo .\nhartley , w . r . , thiyagarajah , a . and treinies , a . m . : 1996 , ' liver lesions in the gar fish ( lepisosteidae ) as biomarkers of exposure ' ,\ngars are an ancient group of fishes that belong to the family lepisostidae . there are four species of gar in kentucky : alligator gar , longnose gar , shortnose gar , and spotted gar . they occur in a variety of habitats , although they are usually associated with large bodies of water such as rivers and reservoirs . they have a long and slender body covered with diamond shaped ganoid scales . gars are ambush predators and their long body shape allows for quick movements to catch prey . they have a lung like swimbladder which allows them to rise to the surface of the water and gulp air . this type of swimbladder allows the group to survive in low dissolved oxygen conditions . they are often seen either alone or in loosely formed groups resting just beneath the surface . spawning occurs in spring and summer months . fertilization is external and eggs are adhesive . all gar eggs are reported to be toxic to humans . in some areas of the southeastern united states , gars are consumed in large numbers . they have a mild flavor and a firm white flesh . while gars are generally scorned by commercial and sport fishermen , they have an important ecological role as a top predator in reducing overpopulation of forage fishes .\nrothwell , gar w . , lea grauvogel - stamm and gene mapes . 2000 . an herbaceous fossil conifer : gymnospermous ruderals in the evolution of mesozoic vegetation . palaeogeography , palaeoclimatology , palaeoecology , in press .\nthe cuban gar is most easily identified by its lack of pattern ( upon shedding its yoy markings ) , unique striation patterned fins and colour . these fish vary from an olive green to yellow bronze colouration .\nto characterize the effects of the tgd on evolution of gene expression , we plotted tissue - specific expression levels in gar versus ( i ) expression of orthologous teleost singletons , ( ii ) expression of each tgd - derived ohnolog when both were retained and ( iii ) the averaged expression level of both retained ohnologs ( ' ohnolog pair ' ) , and we then calculated correlation coefficients . our results showed that the correlation between the expression patterns of gar genes and those of their teleost singleton orthologs was not significantly different from the correlation of expression patterns between gar genes and those of either copy of their teleost tgd - derived co - orthologs ( fig . 6e , f ) . thus , when compared to ancestral single - copy genes as estimated from gar , teleost ohnologs binned at random do not appear to have evolved expression pattern differences significantly more rapidly than singletons . in contrast , the average tissue - specific patterns of both tgd - derived duplicates correlated significantly more closely with gar than with either ohnolog taken alone and correlated more closely with gar than with singletons ( fig . 6e , f ) ; thus , ancestral gene subfunctions tended to be partitioned between tgd - derived ohnologs , which maintained ancestral functions as a gene pair , as predicted by the subfunctionalization model 89 .\nthe broad institute gar rna - seq transcriptome ( supplementary note ) was generated from ten tissues ( stage 28 embryo 100 , 8 - day larvae , eye , liver , heart , skin , muscle , kidney , brain and testis ) and assembled using trinity 101 . phylofish rna - seq transcriptomes of gar , bowfin , zebrafish and medaka ( supplementary note ) were generated from ten adult tissues ( ovary , testis , brain , gills , heart , muscle , liver , kidney , bone and intestine ) and one embryonic stage ( ' pigmented eye ' stage of gar , zebrafish and medaka ) and assembled using the velvet / oases package 102 .\nthe alligator gar has been commercially fished in southern states along with other gar species , and has also been fished and bow - fished . the meat of the alligator gar has been commercially sold for over a dollar a pound locally . it is not classified as a sport fish in some states such as texas even though there is a popular bow fishery along the rio grande river . it is classified as a sport fish alabama where the limit is 2 fish per day , which makes it off limits to commercial fishing in alabama . the alligator gars , along with other gars , are important to their ecosystem in order to maintain the ecological balance .\nwhat makes the gar a successful predator is its ability to exploit waters that many other large predators avoid . the gar\u2019s vascular air bladder , used to regulate buoyancy in most fish , is connected to the gar\u2019s throat , allowing them to take in gulps of air like primitive lungs . this allows them to survive in waters with little or no oxygen content . low metabolism helps them to conserve oxygen and energy , and make them near - motionless when they hunt . shallow water , with little flow and higher temperatures are just fine for the gar . here their colors and patterns help them blend into the environment . appearing to be a drifting log or stick , they can sneak up on prey without being detected . gars are generally freshwater fish , but their tolerance of various water conditions allow them to successfully populate brackish waters and they can sometimes migrate out to sea .\nspotted gar are very widespread , and can be found from central texas east into western florida . their territory extends north through the mississippi river drainage into illinois , the lower ohio river , and the lake erie drainage .\nschools of beautiful , graceful 2 - 5 foot gar are our favorite reason to snorkel in blue springs state park , florida . they swim leisurely . or sit like soldiers , noses to the current from the spring .\nphysiological mechanisms are shared among vertebrates , including light control of circadian rhythms , despite important gene repertoire differences between teleosts and tetrapods 46 , 47 . analyses of gar circadian clock ( supplementary fig . 17 , supplementary table 6 and supplementary note ) 48 and opsin ( supplementary fig . 18 , supplementary table 7 and supplementary note ) 49 genes link the gene repertoires of teleosts and tetrapods : for example , gar clarifies which circadian genes originated in vgd events and which originated in the tgd event . gar has pinopsin , present in tetrapods but absent from teleosts , along with exo - rhodopsin , previously thought to compensate for the lack of pinopsin in teleosts 50 .\ncoloration the alligator gar is dark olive - green dorsally , fading to yellowish white ventrally . young alligator gars possess a light mid - dorsal stripe bordered by thin dark lines from the tip of snout to the dorsal fin , and a dark lateral band extends along the sides with irregular borders . the dorsal , anal , and caudal fins of the alligator gar often have oval - shaped black spots . adult specimens lack spots on the body .\nrt - pcr and our gar skin transcriptome analysis identified expression of ambn and enam in enamel - containing gar teeth and in gar skin that includes scales with ganoin ( supplementary table 9 and supplementary note ) , suggesting that strong expression of ambn and enam is limited to enamel and ganoin . thus , enamel in teeth and ganoin in ganoid scales likely represent the same tissue , and common expression of ambn and enam in lobe - finned vertebrate enamel and in gar enamel and ganoin supports homology of these tissues . analysis of gnathostome fossils suggested that ganoin is plesiomorphic for crown osteichthyans and arose before enamel 71 , 133 ; thus , enamel - bearing teeth likely evolved by coopting enamel matrix genes originally used in ganoid scales . the amel gene may have evolved subsequently to encode the principal organic component of the ' true enamel ' that appears to have originated in lobe - finned vertebrates 68 , 133 ."]}
+{"id": 1, "summary": [{"text": "the azure-crowned hummingbird ( amazilia cyanocephala ) is a species of hummingbird in the family trochilidae .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "it is found in belize , el salvador , guatemala , honduras , mexico , and nicaragua .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "azure - crowned hummingbird", "paragraphs": ["perched individual giving alarm calls in presence of perched american kestrel nearby . toward the end of the recording , the american kestrel can briefly be heard calling when taking off , and the azure - crowned hummingbird follows him . recording unmodified . habitat open young pine forest , both birds perched 8 m above ground in 12 m tall pinus oocarpa , but in different trees . distance between hummingbird and kestrel 10 m .\nperched on the lowest branch of a pine tree ( pinus oocarpa ) , recorded at 4 m distance . recording unmodified . pine - oak forest with a rich understory of flowering calliandra houstoniana , which had attracted during this time of year good numbers of hummingbirds to the site . the azure - crowned hummingbird is there year - round , though .\nweller , a . a . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . azure - crowned hummingbird ( amazilia cyanocephala ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\njustification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend is not known , but the population is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is very large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\npartners in flight estimate the total population to number 50 , 000 - 499 , 999 individuals ( a . panjabi in litt . 2008 ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nauthors : mar\u00eea del coro arizmendi , claudia i . rodr\u00edguez - flores , carlos a . soberanes - gonz\u00e1lez , tom johnson , and thomas s . schulenberg\narizmendi , m . d . c . , c . i . rodr\u00edguez - flores , c . a . soberanes - gonz\u00e1lez , t . johnson , and t . s . schulenberg ( 2013 ) .\n) , version 1 . 0 . in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa .\nrecording unmodified . habitat was a cleared hiking trail in pine - oak zone .\nmale peched in the understory . second growth cloud forest . normalized at - 3db . recording made with a tascam dr 100 mk ii , unidirectional internal mic . code : 170322 3160 amazilia cyanocephala song\nunderstory of second growth cloud forest . normalized at - 3db . recording made with a tascam dr 100 mk ii , unidirectional internal mic . code : 170321 3152 amazilia cyanocephala calls\napparently a lek . two males perched exposed singing incessantly . habitat : understory of second growth cloud forest . code : invasi 2764 amazilia cyanocephala lek _ 0129\nid certainty 90 % . ( archiv . tape 166 side b track 27 seq . b )\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .\na bird feeding on flowers , then at slow motion ( 50 % ) .\nalberto lobato , ian hempstead , dusan m . brinkhuizen , ken havard , marc fasol , knut eisermann .\n\u2013 e & s mexico ( s from s tamaulipas ) to e honduras and nc nicaragua .\nsong apparently undescribed , but perhaps is the fairly mellow series of strong chipping notes , . . .\ninhabits pine and pine\u2013oak forest , cloudforest and rainforest , edges of humid forest ; also . . .\nvaries with region ; in mexico , feb\u2013aug ; in belize , jan\u2013jul ; in guatemala , data on gonadal activity indicate jul\u2013sept ; in . . .\nsome populations are sedentary , for instance in veracruz and san luis potos\u00ed ( mexico ) , . . .\nnot globally threatened ( least concern ) . cites ii . common in pine and pine - oak forests of the highlands of interior mexico , guatemala and honduras , rarer in cloudforest and . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nas currently constituted , this genus is not monophyletic # r ; more thorough sampling of taxa required before a clearer picture can be presented . in hbw , species currently placed herein were spread out over six genera , with additional recognition of agyrtria , polyerata and saucerottia , and relocation of some species in leucippus and hylocharis .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nthis species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend is not known , but the population is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is very large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : amazilia cyanocephala . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nreference : hist . nat . ois . - mouches [ lesson ] p . xlv\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 293 , 475 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 ."]}
+{"id": 2, "summary": [{"text": "the red-crested cardinal ( paroaria coronata ) is a songbird with a prominent red head and crest .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "this species belongs in the family of the tanagers ( thraupidae ) .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "notwithstanding its similar name , this bird is not closely related to the true cardinal family ( cardinalidae ) .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in northern argentina , bolivia , paraguay , uruguay , brazil 's rio grande do sul and the pantanal .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry shrubland and heavily degraded former forest .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "among other regions , it is found in southern part of the pantanal .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "it has also been introduced to hawaii and puerto rico .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "in brazil , it has been introduced to various places outside its historical range , as in the tiet\u00ea ecological park in s\u00e3o paulo , alongside its very similar-looking close relative , the red-cowled cardinal ( p. dominicana ) .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "the yellow-billed cardinal ( p. capitata ) could be easily confused with the red-crested cardinal ; both the red-cowled and yellow-billed have a very short crest that is not visible except in excited birds , and in the case of the latter , a black throat , darker upper parts and a bright yellow bill . ", "topic": 23}], "title": "red - crested cardinal", "paragraphs": ["red - crested cardinal : yellow - billed cardinal has no crest , upperparts are black , and has a black chin and throat .\nred - crested cardinal gets its common name from its red head and prominent crest . native to northern argentina , bolivia , southern brazil , paraguay and uruguay , red - crested cardinal has been introduced to various regions of the world including hawaii and puerto rico . mainly a seed eater , red - crested cardinal generally searches for seeds and small arthropods on or near the ground . red - crested cardinal ' s natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry shrubland and heavily degraded former forest .\nthe red - crested cardinal has been featured on postage stamps in its native countries of argentina , brazil and uruguay .\nred - crested cardinal : native to south america . in hawaii commonly found on lawns and in parks . a medium - sized passerine with bright red head ,\nmis fotos de aves : paroaria coronata cardenal com\u00fan red - crested cardi . . .\nthe red - crested cardinal is listed as a species of least concern by the iucn because of its large range and estimated population size .\nin the wild , red - crested cardinals eat fruit , seeds and insects . at the smithsonian ' s national zoo , red - crested cardinals are fed bird food , insects and fruit .\nthe red - crested cardinal is native to argentina , bolivia , southern brazil , paraguay and uruguay . it has also been introduced to hawaii and puerto rico .\nthe red - crested cardinal will lay two to five eggs . the eggs have a 12 to 13 day incubation period . they breed readily in human care .\nred - crested cardinals live 3 to 6 years in the wild and about 13 years in human care .\nred - crested cardinal : both sexes sing\nwheet - cheer - up\n, song is a series of whistles that alternate up and down , more melodious and quieter than a northern cardinal . call is a soft , squeaky note .\nthe red - crested cardinal ( p . coronata ) , also known as the brazilian cardinal , has a red head , a white belly , and gray wings . though native to brazil , argentina , paraguay , uruguay , and bolivia , it occasionally can be seen visiting the eastern coast of the united states . it was introduced\u2026\nunlike northern cardinals , males and females have similar plumage , with dark gray above on the back of their necks and their stomachs . the head , crest and upper breast are bright red . the red - crested cardinal has a silver - gray bill and dark legs .\na medium - sized bird , the red - crested cardinal resembles north america ' s northern cardinal in shape , but is mainly gray with only a brilliant red head , crest and breast . native to argentina , bolivia , brazil , paraguay and uruguay , it is also a common sight in hawaii and puerto rico , where it has been introduced .\ndespite its name it is not closely related to birds in the cardinal family .\nbeautiful and engaging , red pandas are classified as endangered on the iucn red list of threatened species . there may be fewer than 2 , 500 adult red pandas living in the wild today .\nred - crested cardinals live in semi - open areas with shrubs and trees , such as parks , lawns , tropical shrub land and degraded forests .\none of hawai ` i\u2019s most beautiful birds is another species of cardinal called the red - crested or brazilian cardinal . it was brought to hawai ` i from south america in the 1930s and it is a common sight on kaua ` i . adults have gray feathers above and white below with a striking red head crest and white bill . juveniles have a dark head and dark bill .\nthe red - crested cardinal has a fairly large range , estimated globally at 2 , 400 , 000 square kilometers . it is primarily found in argentina , brazil , uruguay , bolivia and paraguay , though it has also been introduced to the united states . this bird prefers a dry subtropical or tropical shrubland ecosystem , though it has been known to reside in heavily degraded former forests . the population of the bird has not been determined but is known to be frequent in many of its native areas . the red - crested cardinal does not currently meet the criteria for the iucn red list and has an evaluation level of least concern .\nred - crested cardinal : two to four green - white eggs , mottled and streaked with gray and brown - olive , are laid in a woven cup - shaped nest . incubation takes 10 to 13 days and is primarily carried out by the female . chicks fledge 14 to 18 days after hatching .\nred - crested cardinal : this species is native to south america , but was introduced to the hawaiian islands around 1930 . in hawaii , these birds prefer parks , lawns and dry thickets in hawaii ; however , within their south american range , they can be found in subtropical or tropical dry shrubland and degraded forests .\nthe scarlet tanager , like many members of this family , is known for its brightly colored plumage . vivid red and black , this bird shines like a red light against the green foliage .\nred - crested cardinal : these cardinals are often seen foraging on or near the ground and in shrubbery . they feed primarily on seeds , but they also eat small arthropods , plant matter and fruit . they have a strong beak to crack seeds . they prefer insects during the breeding season . these cardinals are often found in pairs or small family groups .\nthe northern cardinal , brought to hawai ` i in 1929 , is familiar to many visitors from north america . the bright red plumage of the male makes him easy to spot . the females are more subdued in their plumage . they are brown with hints of red on the head , wings and tail , and the bill is red . they are territorial and one vociferous male is frequently perched in a large ironwood tree across from the visitor center entrance during nesting season .\njaramillo , a . ( 2018 ) . red - crested cardinal ( paroaria coronata ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nalso known as the brazilian cardinal , it was introduced around 1930 from south america . it feeds on seeds , plant matter , insects and fruit .\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nmany say the tradition was started by a czech immigrant , william oktavec , who originated the red - roofed bungalow motif with a pond and two swans .\njuveniles are similar in size to adults but lack the red feathers ; instead , the head , crest and upper breast are brown and the bill is dark .\ndecades ago , folks might charge 50 cents or a dollar or two for a painted screen . today , depending on what buyers want , artists might charge $ 25 to $ 500 . in highlandtown , painted screens are part of a community revitalization effort . amanda smit - peters , the neighborhood ' s main street manager , is promoting painted screens in the commercial district . while screens don ' t advertise businesses outright , they often have a whimsical connection . cardinal chiropractic , 423 s . conkling st . , has screens depicting a pair of birds \u2014 red - crested cardinals . screens at really raw honey , 3725 gough st . , have bumblebees .\n19 cm ; 29\u00b75\u201344 g . a medium - sized passerine with striking red or reddish head and long erectile crest ( can be raised to look shaggy , or flattened to look more . . .\nto add privacy , window screens were sometimes painted over with pictures of idyllic rural scenes : red - roofed cottages with winding paths and ponds with swans . in their mid - 20th century heyday , painted screens might have covered 200 , 000 windows around baltimore , according to elaine eff , author of\nthe painted screens of baltimore .\nthe tanager family is among the most brightly colored family of birds in the world . just about every shade of color imaginable is shown by this family , especially in the glittering plumages of tangara genus species in south america . the plumages of north american species are mostly red , yellow , and black , the females with duller yellow - olive coloration .\nmy husband and i just got back from an incredible vacation to maui ! one of the very best days we had was our private road to hana trip with beth of explore maui nature . it was just the three of us and we had a perfect day ! beth knows all of the best places to stop to learn about the area and for fabulous photo opportunities . i think between my husband and i , we took about 200 pictures . gotta love digital photography ! we saw painted eucalyptus trees , black and red sand beaches , and a whole gathering of sea turtles who had come ashore for their daily rest . we had a nice picnic lunch that beth put together and snacks from her special snack drawer in the back of her very comfortable tour van ! we learned a lot about the history of the area and about the birds , trees and flowers . and did i mention this was a private tour ! i highly recommend for couples , families and other small groups that want more of a personal experience that doesn ' t always come with the bigger tour companies . if you are planning a trip to maui and want to do the road to hana , i highly recommend beth from explore maui nature . so glad we didn ' t try to do this drive ourselves . it ' s definitely much more enjoyable letting someone else navigate this very winding and narrow road while you just sit back and enjoy ! thanks again beth ! it was a day we will never forget .\nmy wife and i did the road to hana tour and the doors off helicopter tour with explore maui nature and it was the highlight of our maui vacation ! beth and wayne are so much fun and so cool to hang out with . they are so laid back and fun that you feel like you ' ve known them for years . beth knew everything there was to know about maui on the road to hana and she knew all the sweet spots to stop at and all the lame ones to skip . you would never know where to go if you were on your own and all the spots we hit were amazing ! ! red sand beach was my favorite by far but the bamboo forrest was a close second . great food stands , beautiful scenery and a great tour guide there whole way . . . it was amazing . the van was super comfy and nice too . it was a brand new mercedes sprinter van with crazy good air conditioning and an awesome snack drawer . you ' ll see what i mean . ; ) the doors off helicopter tour with wayne was unbelievable ! we got so see so many cool places and with the doors off it ' s like a whole different adventure . we ' ve done helicopter tours before in vegas and the grand canyon but the doors off tour is the way to go ! so fun and you get so close to the waterfalls that you actually get a little wet ! thanks to beth and wayne for making this the best vacation we ' ve ever had !\nauthors : amanda linn , kevin j . burns , and casey h . richart\nlinn , a . , k . j . burns , and c . h . richart ( 2015 ) .\n) , version 1 . 0 . in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nsacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .\njustification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but this species is described as ' fairly common ' ( stotz et al . ( 1996 ) , while the population in japan has been estimated at c . 100 - 10 , 000 introduced breeding pairs ( brazil 2009 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ntoday ' s hours : 8 a . m . to 7 p . m . last admittance 6 p . m .\nhead to freedom plaza for the fast & the fierce 5k and fun run . then , make your way to the zoo for an after - party on the great meadow !\nshow the animal lover in your life how big your heart is with the gift that supports animal care and conservation .\nsplash into fun with nature cubs summer preschool classes ! attend the beach buddies series starting july 10 , or pick a weekend class about elephants , monkeys , pandas and other zoo favorites .\nit is a common sight in hawaii and puerto rico , where it has been introduced .\nsmithsonian\u2019s national zoo & conservation biology institute 3001 connecticut ave . , nw washington , dc 20008\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\na light gray bill and gray legs and feet . it mainly feeds on plant seeds , fruits , berries and insects . it has an undulating flight . sexes are similar .\nthe tanagers are one of the one hundred eighteen families of birds in the order passeriformes ( pronounced pas - ser - i - for - meez ) ; a large taxonomic order that also includes the cardinals and grosbeaks , the old world orioles , and the new world blackbirds .\nthe tanager family , thraupidae ( pronounced thrau - pih - dee ) , is a large family composed of three hundred and ninety - six species in one hundred and two genera restricted to the americas .\nthere are seventy species of thraupidae in twenty - four genera that occur in north america . included among these species are the scarlet tanager , bush - tanagers , and the spindalis species of the caribbean .\nthe tanagers are small to medium - sized birds with medium length tails , fairly long wings , medium length legs with strong feet , and medium length fairly stout bills .\nin north america , members of the thraupidae occur in forested areas from southern canada south into mexico . in the united states and canada , the scarlet tanager occurs in eastern deciduous forests and is mostly replaced by the summer tanager in the southeast and the western tanager in western coniferous forests . the hepatic tanager also occurs in southwestern coniferous forests , other tanager species in the united states being vagrants or introduced .\na few tanager species in north america are long distance migrants to central and south america .\nthe north american tanager species are solitary birds on their breeding grounds , but often migrate in flocks and join mixed flocks on their tropical wintering grounds . most species are arboreal birds that often occur high up in the canopy where they slowly forage for invertebrates and also take fruit .\nthe north american members of this family are not threatened , although a few species in south america are threatened by habitat destruction .\nthe summer tanager eats a great deal of bees , often taking them right from their nests without too much apparent discomfort from their stings . although the stings may not bother it too much , the summer tanager does not enjoy eating the stingers because it is often seen rubbing the stinger off on a branch before swallowing the bee .\n\u00a9 2002 - 2013 urltoken all rights reserved . mitch waite group . no part of this web site may be reproduced without written permission from mitch waite group . privacy policy\nsimilar to the upper part of the human neck , located at the back of the crown .\nthe front part of the head consisting of the bill , eyes , cheeks and chin .\nare white . bill is light gray . sexes are similar . juvenile resembles adult ; has brown head and upperbreast .\ne bolivia ( santa cruz , locally also s beni ) , s & se brazil ( sw mato grosso , w mato grosso do sul and s rio grande do sul ) , w & c paraguay , n argentina ( s to c la pampa and c buenos aires ) and uruguay . introduced to hawaiian is and se brazil ( mainly s\u00e3o paulo ) .\nsong sweet , melodious and slowly delivered , often a repetitive series of alternating notes before . . .\ntakes variety of foods , from seeds and berries to insects , also young shoots , and fruit fallen on ground . forages usually on ground , also . . .\nseason sept\u2013mar . nest cup - shaped , made from fibres and fine stems , lined with rootlets and hair , placed 1\u00b79\u20135 m from . . .\nnot globally threatened ( least concern ) . common to abundant ; often the most common and conspicuous species in the local avifauna . has large range and is under no immediate . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nin past , included in a much broader emberizidae . probably sister to cardinalidae , with these two perhaps sister to mitrospingidae # r # r # r # r . family limits and internal structure extensively revised in recent years on basis of numerous genetic studies # r # r # r # r # r # r . these have led to subdivision into 15 subfamilies , as well as numerous other notable changes ( as compared to hbw ) including : relocation herein of parkerthraustes and saltator from cardinalidae , and of charitospiza , coryphaspiza , embernagra , emberizoides , incaspiza , porphyrospiza , tiaris , euneornis , loxipasser , loxigilla , melanospiza , certhidea , platyspiza , pinaroloxias , geospiza , volatinia , coryphospingus , rhodospingus , sporophila , piezorina , xenospingus , poospiza , donacospiza , sicalis , phrygilus , nesospiza , rowettia , melanodera , haplospiza , acanthidops , idiopsar , catamenia , lophospingus , diuca , gubernatrix and paroaria from emberizidae ( = passerellidae ) ; and also removal of chlorophonia and euphonia to fringillidae , of rhodinocichla to rhodinocichlidae , of chlorospingus to passerellidae , of phaenicophilus to phaenicophilidae , of spindalis to spindalidae , of nesospingus to nesospingidae , of calyptophilus to calyptophilidae , of lamprospiza , mitrospingus and orthogonys to mitrospingidae , and of habia , chlorothraupis and piranga to cardinalidae . generic limits within family also extensively revised , and associated sequence of species followed herein # r .\n\u201ccore tanagers\u201d , with over 100 species , including a clade most members of which ( lophospingus , diuca , gubernatrix , paroaria ) were previously treated in emberizidae and one species ( pseudosaltator rufiventris ) previously treated in cardinalidae # r .\npreviously classified in emberizidae , but forms a well - supported thraupine clade with lophospingus , neothraupis , diuca , gubernatrix , stephanophorus , cissopis and schistochlamys # r # r .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .\na foraging adult on the ground , while a foraging juvenile is walking past .\njosep del hoyo , anna motis , joe angseesing , luis lorente , martin manassero , pieter de groot boersma , keith blomerley , antonio silveira , greg baker , barry attridge , alvaro riccetto , carlos gussoni .\nantonio silveira , santiago meligeni lozano , carlos gussoni , marvinhyett , caduagne , batitu , richardgreenhalgh031 , horacio luna , jacob . wijpkema , annabelle watts , tom dudones , r\u00e9mi bigonneau , holger teichmann , eduardo de juana , jorgeschlemmer , bill benish , leandro herrainz , paul bartlett , samantha klein , daniel field , luiz cavalcanti damasceno , christophe gouraud , lindolfo souto , dannie polley , juanjaimemg , mascarallot , ken havard , cristiano crolle , socktopus , ossewa , jacqueserard , dani valverde , josef widmer , raniero massoli - novelli , netosevero , paul van giersbergen , alvaro riccetto , miguel andina , hickson fergusson , manakincarmelo , tomas grim , alessandro abreu , jomacomo , juan carlos melillo , silvia vitale , lena . avonavi , markus lilje , erkki lehtovirta , marco valentini .\nthis is a directory page . britannica does not currently have an article on this topic .\ndog , ( canis lupus familiaris ) , domestic mammal of the family canidae ( order carnivora ) . it is a subspecies\u2026\nlook for this bird traveling in family groups . if you see a bird with a brown crest and black bill , it ' s a juvenile . observe the unique interaction of the juvenile with the parents . often , the juveniles will wait for the adult to pick up the food and give it to them , even though they are the same size !\nwhere to find on campus : st . john courtyard has several nests and juveniles are usually seen in the median in front of the building .\npurple finch ( carpodacus purpureus ) , breeding in forests of northern u . those in the far north of canada migrate to southern u . they are in decline due to competition from the house finch and house sparrow .\nwe noticed that you ' re using an unsupported browser . the tripadvisor website may not display properly . we support the following browsers :\nexplore maui nature offers private interactive road to hana and haleakala tours , where you can experience your surroundings instead of just sightseeing . - swim in a waterfall , jump in the ocean , explore a secret lava tube , taste the best local banana bread on the planet , and so much more ! we also offer the only bird watching tour on island , an amazing doors - off helicopter experience and hiking options . with your own biologist as tour guide , take the best photos ( and let us photograph you ! ) and experience maui ' s flora / fauna , history , culture , legends and more !\ni got back from hawaii a few days ago , and one of the best days of my trip was doing the birding tour with explore maui nature . i would highly recommend it to any birder / bird - watcher / naturalist going to maui . we had a small group , as well as amazing accommodations . beth did a great job showing us the local hotspots , as well . . .\ndrew , thank you for this nice review ! your bird knowledge and enthusiasm . . . impressive beyond words ! thanks for sharing the day birding and good luck in your quest to bird the world ! it was such a great day !\n* tripadvisor llc is not a booking agent and does not charge any service fees to users of our site . . . (\ntripadvisor llc is not responsible for content on external web sites . taxes , fees not included for deals content .\nthis temple is located at the\nvalley of the temples\nmemorial park . it is one of the interesting buildings located here , so if you have the time , please check out the other areas . the byodo - in temple is as fascinating as it is peaceful to the eye and soul . off to the left ( as you are facing the building ) is a . . .\nwe are so happy you found your visit peaceful . thank you so much for visiting the temple .\nthis june 8 , 2014 photo shows amanda smit - peters showing an example of painted window screens in the highlandtown neighborhood of baltimore . smit - peters , main street manager for the neighborhood , is working with local artists to bring back the urban folk art of painted screens . they were popular in the 20th century as a way to keep people walking by on the street from seeing inside baltimore\u2019s row house windows . ( ap photo / beth j . harpaz )\nthis june 8 , 2014 photo shows amanda smit - peters showing an example of painted window screens in the highlandtown neighborhood of baltimore . smit - peters , main street manager for the neighborhood , is working with local artists to bring back the urban folk art of painted screens . they were popular in the 20th century as a way to keep people walking by on the street from seeing inside baltimore\u2019s row house windows . ( ap photo / beth j . harpaz ) ( the associated press )\nbaltimore ( ap ) \u2014 baltimore is known for its row houses \u2014 modest brick buildings lining sidewalks so narrow , you can see right through the front windows into people ' s homes .\nthey used to be everywhere ,\nshe said .\nit was the coolest thing . every house might have a dozen painted screens .\nnow eff and others in baltimore , from artists to community development groups , are reviving this simple urban folk art . in some neighborhoods , businesses hire artists to create customized screens for storefronts . you can also find the occasional vintage screen in a window on a quiet street , faded but attesting to the tradition ' s authenticity . if you ' re inside a house , you can see out through the screens ; you just can ' t see in from the street .\nbaltimore ' s american visionary art museum has a permanent exhibit about painted screens with a documentary and re - creation of a row house . the painted screen society of baltimore \u2014 urltoken \u2014 hosts events promoting the art , sells a $ 5 map of where to find screens and can arrange customized tours . or go hunting on your own along elliot street in the canton neighborhood between conkling and linwood , or on eastern avenue in the vicinity of gough street in highlandtown urltoken . you can buy ready - made hand - painted screens at razzo , a home decor store in hampden ( 911 w . 36th st . ) , or for do - it - yourselfers , the painted screen society sells a how - to dvd .\neff says there are about 1 , 000 painted screens in homes now , and credits the centennial of the tradition , marked last year , with revitalizing the custom .\nit ' s growing , and that ' s the beauty of it ,\neff said .\nit was where popular culture met the immigrant mind ,\neff said .\npeople said it was a longing for the homeland , but that ' s not true . it was just , ' isn ' t it nice to have that greenery , that country scene , ' or ' i ' d rather be in the country than in the middle of the city . ' people would ask oktavec , ' is this where you used to live ? ' and he ' d say , ' no , people just hand me greeting cards or calendars with pictures they want . '\nhighlandtown resident monica broere , a retired public school art teacher , paints screens that include bold , abstract graphic elements , but she also winks at the old motifs by including swans .\ni ' ve been painting screens but my own way \u2014 traditional and contemporary ,\nshe says .\nsome people collect vintage screens . highlandtown resident christopher fugate says he has close to 40 .\ni ' ve loved them since i was a kid ,\nhe said .\neff says the screens are as much a part of baltimore as the city ' s row houses .\nas long as there is a row house ,\nshe said ,\npeople will have a need for privacy and painted screens .\nthis list shows both native and introduced species that you may see at k\u012blauea point or the surrounding area . most introduced birds were intentionally brought in for various reasons such as food sources , their songs , and pest control . other non - natives are a result of escape from captivity . many of the song birds were brought to hawai ` i in the early 1900s to bring birdsong back into areas that had become silent due to the disappearance of native forest birds through deforestation and urbanization .\nhawaii\u2019s state bird , the n\u0113n\u0113 , is an endangered species and considered to be the rarest goose in the world . re - introduction efforts , coupled with good management practices on the refuge and throughout the islands , are helping to increase the population . k\u012blauea point nwr was the location of one of the first re - introduction efforts on kauai in the nineteen nineties , and since that time the population on the refuge has grown steadily . visitors out to the point are regularly treated to up - close views of nene and , during the breeding season , even their goslings too .\nthe pueo is an endemic species of owl that can sometimes be spotted by visitors hunting over the open areas at k\u012blauea point . unlike most owl species , the pueo hunts in the daytime , though it is known to hunt at night too . though it feeds primarily on small rodents and insects , it does not turn its beak up at seabirds and nene on the refuge . the other species of owl seen in hawaii is the introduced barn owl . it is larger than the pueo and primarily hunts at night . in hawaiian culture the is revered as an important guardian spirit or aumakua .\nthe pacific golden - plover , or k\u014dlea , in hawaiian , is a shorebird that migrates to and from hawaii each year . in august it makes a non - stop , 72 - hour flight from its breeding grounds in the arctic to hawaii where it spends the winter . this little flyer travels from 5000 - 13 , 000 km one - way , depending on where in the pacific it will overwinter .\nthis is the smaller of the dove species found in hawai ` i and is also called barred dove . it was introduced in 1922 from malaysia and is now probably one of the most common lowland birds in the islands . the stripes on the chest and belly are the giveaway for its name .\nthe java finch , also known as java rice bird , is native to indonesia . it was first introduced into hawai ` i in the mid - 1860\u2019s but the introduction failed . about a hundred years later , in 1960 , they were brought in again and this time it was successful . java rice birds became popular cage birds in the us in the 60\u2019s and 70\u2019s but not long after that they were banned because they were classified as an agricultural pest .\nin hawai ` i this little green bird is commonly called by its japanese name \u201cmejiro . \u201d it was brought to oahu in 1929 and is common throughout all of the islands now from sea level all the way up into the forest . it is a busy little bird that rarely sits still , feeding on insects , nectar and fruit . its presence in native forest bird habitat is problematic as it competes with native forest birds for food and can spread the seeds of invasive weeds into important native habitat .\nowner description : explore maui nature offers private interactive road to hana and haleakala tours , where you can experience your surroundings instead of just sightseeing . - swim in a waterfall , jump in the ocean , explore a secret lava tube , taste the best local banana bread on the planet , and so much more ! we also offer the only bird watching tour on island , an amazing doors - off helicopter experience and hiking options . with your own biologist as tour guide , take the best photos ( and let us photograph you ! ) and experience maui ' s flora / fauna , history , culture , legends and more !\ni really enjoyed the birding tour on maui with beth . an experienced biologist , beth is the perfect combination of scientist , teacher , and story - teller . she mixed her knowledge about the flora and fauna of maui with her understanding of hawaiian legends . the various landscapes one sees on this tour also make it worth the price . from the summit of haleakala to the birds of the wetlands below , you see the geographical changes and gain different perspectives of maui . i saw a nice variety of birds that i would not have seen on my own . not to mention , beth is - - in addition to smart and insightful - - so personable that you ' ll want to hang out with her for coffee or a drink . a couple days after my tour , beth saw me walking in kihei and she and her husband pulled over to say hello . i was as excited to see her as i would have been an old friend ; she has that kind of charisma ! if you ' re going to spend a day touring the island , i encourage you to do it with someone who is fun to be around and has the education and experience to give you the value you want on a tour . whether you are a birder or not , this is a great way to see maui !\nthis hike is definitely a\nbucket list\nhike , and beth and her team made the process seamless . she ' s very knowledgeable and took great care of us during this challenging hike . great service , and great experience !\nthank you so much leanne for taking the time to write us a review ! high five for checking that hike off the list . it ' s a great one . . . thanks for tackling it with us !\nown or manage this property ? claim your listing for free to respond to reviews , update your profile and much more ."]}
+{"id": 3, "summary": [{"text": "poritidae is a family of stony corals .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "members of the family are colonial hermatypic ( reef-building ) corals .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "they are variable in size and form but most are massive , laminar or ramose as well as branching and encrusting .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "the corallites are compact with very little coenosteum covering the skeleton .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "the walls of the corallites and the septa are porous .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "j.e.n. veron considers the family is not a natural grouping but is a miscellaneous collection of genera that do not fit well elsewhere . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "poritidae", "paragraphs": ["family poritidae ( enter poritidae or species in search bar ) on the iucn red list of threatened species website : technical fact sheet .\ndiagnostic morphological characters among genera in the family poritidae are summarized in table 2 .\nmolecular phylogenetic relationships of the family poritidae and related families based on mitochondrial coi sequences .\nmolecular phylogenetic relationships of genera of the poritidae except of alveopora based on its sequences .\nspecies delimitation in the coral genus goniopora ( scleractinia , poritidae ) from the saudi arabian red sea .\ncomparison of the diagnostic morphological characters between the previous classifications and the classification used in this study in the family poritidae .\nand related species ( scleractinia : poritidae ) in japan based on molecular and morphological data . zool stud 52 : 25\nspecies delimitation in the coral genus goniopora ( scleractinia , poritidae ) from the saudi arabian red sea . - pubmed - ncbi\nmolecular phylogenetic relationships of genera of the poritidae except of < i > alveopora < / i > based on its sequences .\n. thus , the presence of 24 septa would seem to be an ancestral feature in the poritidae . the fact that taxa in the family dendrophylliidae , the closest related outgroup of the poritidae , have more than 24 septa would appear to support this .\nfamily poritidae and alveropora species on reef corals of the indo - malayan seas , the marine species identification portal : technical fact sheet .\n, a new genus and new species of scleractinian coral ( scleractinia , poritidae ) from the gulf of oman . zootaxa 532 : 1\u20138 .\nfamily poritidae ( select species from list ) on corals of the world online on the australian institute of marine science website : technical fact sheet .\nbernard hn ( 1903 ) the family poritidae , i : the genus goniopora . cat madreporarian corals br mus ( nat hist ) 4 : 1\u2013206 , pl 1\u201314 .\nas the only representative here , is a taxonomic and ecological isolate that , superficially , has as much in common with the primarily mesozoic actinacididae as the extant poritidae . like\n, a new species of hard coral ( scleractinia , poritidae ) from the southern red sea , the gulf of tadjoura , and the gulf of aden . zootaxa 3447 : 56\u201368 .\nbernard hn ( 1906 ) the family poritidae , ii : the genus goniopora , a supplement to vol . iv . cat madreporarian corals br mus ( nat hist ) 6 : 145\u2013173 , pl 7\u20138 , 17 .\nbernard hn ( 1905 ) the family poritidae , ii : the genus porites part i : porites of the indo - pacific region . cat madreporarian corals br mus ( nat hist ) 5 : 1\u2013303 , pl 1\u201335 .\nhoeksema , b . w . ; cairns , s . ( 2018 ) . world list of scleractinia . poritidae gray , 1842 . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 196105 on 2018 - 07 - 09\nwe obtained a total of 84 sequences of its from all 5 genera in the poritidae ( table 1 ) . in this study , we excluded alveopora from its analysis because its regions were highly variable between alveopora and other genera and they were hardly aligned .\ncitation : kitano yf , benzoni f , arrigoni r , shirayama y , wallace cc , fukami h ( 2014 ) a phylogeny of the family poritidae ( cnidaria , scleractinia ) based on molecular and morphological analyses . plos one 9 ( 5 ) : e98406 . urltoken\nremarks : there are four extant genera in family poritidae , porites , goniopora , stylaraea and bernardpora gen . nov . all are zooxanthellate corals . porites is the only genus distributed throughout the tropics . others are indo - pacific . based on our results we confirm that the genus alveopora does not belong to the same lineage as the family poritidae . although a full evaluation of the position of alveopora is not completed yet , it is certain that alveopora is closely related to other genera in the family acroporidae ( [ 20 ] , this study ) .\nbernard hn ( 1906 ) the family poritidae , ii : the genus porites part ii : porites of the atlantic and west indies , with the european forms . the genus goniopora , a supplement to vol . iv . cat madreporarian corals br mus ( nat hist ) 6 : 1\u2013167 , pl 1\u201317 .\ndescription colonial , hermatypic , mostly extant . colonies usually massive , laminar or ramose . corallites have a wide size range but are usually compacted with little or no coenosteum . walls and septa are porous . poritidae is an isolated family . it is essentially a heterogeneous assembly of distantly related genera . ( veron , 1986 < 57 > ) . [ details ]\nkitano , y . f . ; benzoni , f . ; arrigoni , r . ; shirayama , y . ; wallace , c . c . ; fukami , h . ( 2014 ) . a phylogeny of the family poritidae ( cnidaria , scleractinia ) based on molecular and morphological analyses . plos one . 9 ( 5 ) : e98406 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nbernard [ 26 ] proposed that the septal formula of porites derives from that of goniopora by reduction of the third septal cycle , referring to the typical septal pattern of goniopora as the gonioporoid pattern . veron and pichon [ 15 ] showed that g . stutchburyi typically has this septal pattern ( fig . 2g ) . in this study , we proved that g . stutchburyi is a basal species of porites , and our results strongly support bernard ' s hypothesis that porites is derived from goniopora - like morphologies . this conclusion is also supported by the fossil record : goniopora extends back to the cretaceous , but porites only to the eocene [ 16 ] . thus , the presence of 24 septa would seem to be an ancestral feature in the poritidae . the fact that taxa in the family dendrophylliidae , the closest related outgroup of the poritidae , have more than 24 septa would appear to support this .\nwe obtained 69 coi sequences from all 5 genera in the poritidae with alveopora , 3 sequences from turbinaria peltata and astreopora spp . , and one from montipora venosa ( table 1 ) . a total of 473 positions were used ( 120 polymorphic sites with 109 informative sites ) and no indels were observed . a phylogenetic tree was reconstructed using these data , including sequences from genbank / ddbj ( see methods ) . siderastrea siderea was used as an outgroup , based on the phylogenetic position of the scleractinia shown by fukami et al . [ 19 ] .\nin this study , we assess the relationship of all 5 genera in the poritidae with alveopora to revise the taxonomy , and infer the morphological changes in the evolutional lineage in this family , using both molecular and morphological analysis . also to assess phylogenetic variation in the regional and species differences , the present study examines a large number of specimens collected with broad geographic ranges from mainly japan water to the indian ocean , covering most of common species and some uncommon and rare species , together with the genetic data of porites spp . from forsman et al . [ 9 ] .\nmolecular phylogenetic relationships of genera of the poritidae except of alveopora based on combined coi + its sequences . numbers on / below main branches show bootstrap values ( > 50 % ) in ml and nj analyses , and bayesian posterior probability ( > 0 . 8 ) . stars show specimens collected from western indian ocean , and triangles show ones collected from malacca strait . sample codes or accession numbers are shown after species names ( see table 1 , table s3 ) . grey in color for alveopora , green for porites , purple for stylaraea , blue for \u2018 poritipora \u2019 , and orange for \u2018 machadoporites \u2019 . goniopora is shown by bars in black . bernardpora is shown by bar in red .\ndescription colonial , hermatypic , mostly extant . colonies usually massive , laminar or ramose . corallites have a wide size range but are . . .\nveron , j . e . n . ( 1986 ) . corals of australia and the indo - pacific . angus & robertson publishers , london . [ details ]\nveron jen . ( 2000 ) . corals of the world . vol . 1\u20133 . australian institute of marine science and crr , queensland , australia . [ details ]\ndiscover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership \u2013 a perfect fit for your research every time .\ncopyright : \u00a9 2014 kitano et al . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\nfunding : financial support was provided by a grant to h . f . from grant - in - aid for scientific research ( b ) ( no . 223070033 ) and by sasagawa science research grant from the japan science society ( 23\u2013515 ) . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .\na : indian and pacific ocean , b : southern red sea , gulf of tadjoura and gulf of aden ; c\u2013e : main island of japan and ryukyu archipelago . ad : aden , yemen , ak : akajima island , japan , am : amakusa , japan , ao : amami - oshima , japan , ba : bir ali , yemen , bu : al mukallah , yemen , dj : djibouti , ik : iki island , japan , ir : iriomote island or hatoma island , japan , is : ishigaki island or taketomi island , japan , ka : kamaran islands , yemen , kk : kikai island , japan ks : kushimoto , japan , mi : miyako island , japan , my : mayotte island , france , ot : ootuki , japan , ou : oura bay , japan , pen : song song island , malaysia , so : suou - oshima , japan , sr : shirahama , japan , ss : sesoko island , japan , tn : tanegashima island , japan , tr : nakanoshima island , japan\nlist of samples examined in this study and the accession numbers of dna sequences .\na small sample ( less than 1 cm 3 ) of each specimen was put in chaos solution to dissolve the tissues or fixed in 99 % ethanol . total dna was extracted from chaos solution using the phenol / chloroform extraction method [ 61 ] , and from the coral tissues preserved in ethanol using the dneasy blood & tissue kit ( qiagen ) . the barcoding region of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit i ( coi ) was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction ( pcr ) using the primers zco1 and zco1r [ 9 ] . the nuclear ribosomal its region ( its ) including the 3\u2032 end of the 18s rrna , its - 1 , 5 . 8s , its - 2 , and the 5\u2032 end of the 28s rrna was also amplified by pcr using the primers 1s and 2ss [ 62 ] . the pcr condition for these two markers was 94\u00b0c for 30 seconds followed by 30 or 35 cycles at 94\u00b0c for 30 seconds , 55\u00b0c or 60\u00b0c for 45 seconds , and 72\u00b0c for 90 seconds , with a final phase of 72\u00b0c for 5 minutes . for the mitochondrial region , pcr products were treated with shrimp alkaline phosphatase ( sap ) and exonuclease i ( exoi ) at 37\u00b0c for 40 minutes followed by 80\u00b0c for 20 minutes . the dna sequences were then determined via a direct sequence method , using abi3730 or abi310 sequencer . pcr products of the nuclear marker were also directly sequenced , but when obtained sequences had more than double peaks in the chromatogram , they were sub - cloned into ta - vector ( promega ) or topo10 ( invitrogen ) and sequenced using abi3730 or abi310 . all dna sequences obtained in this study were submitted to ddbj ( accession no . ab906942\u2013ab907101 , listed in table 1 ) .\nin addition , we combined coi and its data and analyzed them with same methods as each marker using the gtr + i + g model for the nucleotide substitution ( the average standard deviation of split frequencies after 1 . 0\u00d710 6 generations was 0 . 009909 ) .\nthe electronic edition of this article conforms to the requirements of the amended international code of zoological nomenclature , and hence the new names contained herein are available under that code from the electronic edition of this article . this published work and the nomenclatural acts it contains have been registered in zoobank , the online registration system for the iczn . the zoobank lsids ( life science identifiers ) can be resolved and the associated information viewed through any standard web browser by appending the lsid to the prefix \u201c urltoken \u201d . the lsid for this publication is : urn : lsid : zoobank . org : pub : 6975d790 - 3a4f - 466a - abfa - d922e6675b4b . the electronic edition of this work was published in a journal with an issn , and has been archived and is available from the following digital repositories : pubmed central , lockss .\ntwenty samples of alveopora and 58 samples of goniopora were analyzed in this study ( table 1 ) . although a few species have species - specific polyps , such as goniopora albiconus , polyp characters vary greatly in the field . for example , terete tentacles , a typical polyp character of g . tenuidens , are also seen in g . burgosi .\nall 7 specimens of stylaraea punctata were found in very shallow water ( 1 m ) on a sandy beach in aakajima island , okinawa , japan ( fig . 1 ) . notably , all of them were attached to dead coral skeletons of the genus acropora . their size is very small ( less 1 cm ) and they have only 5 or 6 corallites . tentacle and septal numbers were both 12 in all of them ( fig . 2a\u2013d ) .\na\u2013b . stylaraea punctata ak93 , mufs yfk1244 , akajima island , japan . c\u2013d . s . punctata ak92 , mufs yfk1243 , akajima island , japan . e\u2013h . bernardpora stutchburyi ss21g mufs yfk220 , sesoko , japan . living specimen for whole colonies ( a , e ) and polyps ( b , f ) , corallite structures ( c , g ) , and star - shaped columella ( d , h ) . arrows show columella . bars show 1 mm for ( c ) and ( g ) , and 0 . 5 mm for ( d ) and ( h ) .\nporitipora paliformis veron , 2000 has 24 septa with typically 2 septal cycles ( long and short ) , 6 pali and no columella reported in the literature [ 24 ] . two samples we collected in taketomi island , japan ( first record in the pacific ocean ) had no elongating polyps in the field and had a cellular appearance ( fig . 3a ) , which is a feature of p . paliformis , as shown in veron [ 1 ] , [ 24 ] . the skeletal morphologies are also consistent in the literature , although the second cycle is not well developed in some corallites ; however , many had 24 septa with 2 cycles ( fig . 3b ) . therefore , we identified these 2 samples as p . paliformis . this species was described in veron [ 1 ] without designating type material , and then it was redescribed [ 24 ] designating the holotype . however , the hototype of this species is not valid following iczn [ 74 ] , and the specimens listed in veron [ 1 ] are regarded as part of the syntype series . therefore , the holotype of this species listed in veron [ 24 ] is to be considered a lectotype .\nliving specimens and corallite structures for p . paliformis is48 , mufs yfk959 , taketomi , japan ( a , b ) and m . tantillus ad068 , unimbi ad068 , aden , yemen ( e , f ) , respectively . corallite structures of holotypes of p . paliformis mtq g55857 ( c ) and goniopora minor nhmuk 1934 . 5 . 14 . 436 no . 56 ( d ) . corallites structures of g . burgosi ot6 , mufs yfk286 , otsuki , japan ( g ) and g . pendulus tn11 , mufs yfk243 , tanegashima , japan ( h ) from japan water , as examples of corallites with less 24 septa . bars show 1 mm .\nfour specimens collected in the gulf of aden ( fig . 3ef ) , which is near the type locality of machadoporites tantillus ( claereboudt & al - amri , 2004 ) , were identified as m . tantillus because they are consistent with the original description of this species [ 23 ] .\nnumbers on / below main branches show bootstrap values ( > 50 % ) in ml and nj analyses , and bayesian posterior probability ( > 0 . 8 ) . stars show specimens collected from western indian ocean , and triangles show ones collected from malacca strait . sample codes or accession numbers are shown after species names ( see table 1 , table s3 ) . grey in color for alveopora , green for porites , purple for stylaraea , blue for \u2018 poritipora \u2019 , and orange for \u2018 machadoporites \u2019 . goniopora is shown by bars in black . bernardpora is shown by bar in red .\nall samples of alveopora are genetically distant from all other poritids ( p - distance 0 . 08\u20130 . 10 ) , but closely related to the family acroporidae ( 0 . 06 ) . the phylogenetic position of alveopora is unclear due to low bootstrap values , but it forms a sister group with astreopora spp . in addition , sequences from t . peltata ( family dendrophylliidae ) form a sister clade of all poritids except alveopora and are positioned between alveopora and the other poritids .\nthe phylogenetic relationships among porites , goniopora , stylaraea , poritipora , and machadoporites were inferred using its ( fig . 5 ) . the 68 porites sequences from forsman et al . [ 9 ] and 26 goniopora sequences from kitano et al . [ 13 ] were also added for this analysis ( see table s3 ) . a total of 347 positions were used ( 108 polymorphic sites with 89 informative sites ) . this its tree also showed similar topology to the coi tree as described above . in particular , stylaraea punctata and g . stutchburyi are sister taxa . poritipora paliformis formed a clade with g . minor and g . columna . one specimen of g . minor in the poritipora clade is from the western indian ocean and others are from japan . machadoporites tantillus formed a clade with g . somaliensis and another 3 species ( g . cf . somaliensis , g . sp . 1 , and g . sp . 2 ) , all of which were collected from the western indian ocean . other western indian ocean specimens ( g . albiconus , g . ciliatus ) and malacca strait specimens ( g . albiconus , g . pendulus ) were included in a major clade of goniopora spp . meanwhile , species relationships of goniopora were less resolved because porites and goniopora have many indels in their rdna sequences and phylogenetic information sites were largely excluded .\nletter ( a , b , c , d ) after sample code indicates that different alleles were obtained from a single coral sample by cloning . numbers on / below main branches show bootstrap values ( > 50 % ) in ml and nj analyses , and bayesian posterior probability ( > 0 . 8 ) . stars show specimens collected from western indian ocean , and triangles show ones collected from malacca strait . sample codes or accession numbers are shown after species names ( see table 1 ) . green in color for porites , purple for stylaraea , blue for \u2018 poritipora \u2019 , orange for \u2018 machadoporites \u2019 , red for bernardpora , and black for goniopora .\nthe tree using combined data of coi and its showed a similar topology to the one for its ( fig . s1 ) .\nporitipora and machadoporites are found within the goniopora lineage in all molecular phylogenetic trees . this is supported by morphology . machadoporites differs from goniopora by having fewer septa ( fewer than 24 ) and smaller calices ( < 1 . 7 mm ) . however , some goniopora species can have superficially similar characters . for example , g . burgosi has typically 12\u201315 septa , as shown in the original description ( [ 51 ] , fig . 3g ) . a similar pattern is also observed in g . pendulus ( fig . 3h ) . moreover , the g . minor calices were described as 1 . 5\u20132 mm in size in the original description [ 50 ] . thus , characters such as \u201cfewer than 24 septa , \u201d and \u201csmall size calices\u201d are not enough to separate machadoporites from goniopora . in addition , m . tantillus forms a clade with g . somaliensis and other goniopora species from the western indian ocean .\nsimilar to goniopora , poritipora has 24 septa , but the 2 genera can be distinguished by the difference in the number of septal cycles : 2 in p . paliformis and 3 in goniopora . however , for several goniopora species , primary and secondary cycles of septa are equal or subequal , such as in the case of g . minor ( fig . 3d ) . therefore , the character \u201ctwo cycles of septa\u201d is not enough to separate poritipora from goniopora . in addition , p . paliformis forms a clade with g . minor and g . columna .\non the one hand , machadoporites and poritipora are considered junior synonyms of goniopora and their taxonomy is hence revised hereafter .\non the other hand , the type material of p . paliformis ( fig . 3c ) and our samples ( fig . 3b ) look similar to the type material of g . minor ( fig . 3d ) shown in crossland [ 50 ] . goniopora minor has a similar size of corallites , 12 equally sized septa for the primary and secondary cycles , small or absent septa in tertiaries , and 4\u20136 pali . the development of the columella was described as \u201clarge , \u201d but it is composed only of joined septa , which is the same pattern as that of poritipora . considering that most g . minor examined in this study ( one colony of g . minor was genetically separated ; figs . 4 and 5 ) formed a clade with p . paliformis with little genetic difference , p . paliformis may be a morphological variant of g . minor .\nbelow we propose the description of the new genus bernardpora gen . nov . and the revised diagnosis of goniopora , based on the original descriptions and subsequent information resulting from this study . see table 1 for the museum abbreviations .\ndiagnosis [ 1 ] , [ 16 ] , [ 60 ] : massive , laminar or ramose colonies ; corallites vary in size but usually small and mostly compacted closely without coenosteum , with one or two synapticular rings . walls and septa are porous . septa usually 12 to 24 . septa formed by 3 to 8 nearly vertical trabeculae , and innermost trabeculae of certain septa differentiated as pali .\ntype species : porites polymorphus link , 1807 : 163 ( = madrepora porites pallas , 1766 : 324\u2013326 , neotype : mhnnp lamarck collection no . 150 ( figured in jameson & cairns , 2012 , figs 4d , 5 ) . this specimen is also the holotype of porites clavaria lamarck , 1816 [ 78 ] , [ 80 ] )\n- neoporites duchassaing & michelotti , 1864 : 97 . type species is not fixed .\n- cosmoporites duchassaing & michelotti , 1864 : 99 . type species : cosmoporites laevigata duchassaing & michelotti , 1864 : 99 . holotype : unknown ( figured in duchassaing & michelotti , 1864 : 99 , pl . x , figs . 12 , 16 . bernard [ 79 ] described \u2018the type specimen was not found by count peracca in the turin museum\u2019 . )\n- synaraea verrill , 1864 : 42 . type species : porites erosa dana 1846 : 565\u2013566 , pl . 55 , fig . 8 . holotype : usnm 668\n- napopora quelch , 1884 : 296 . type species : napopora irregularis quelch , 1884 : 296\u2013297 . holotype : nhmuk 86 . 12 . 9 . 302 .\ndiagnosis [ 1 ] , [ 16 ] , [ 78 ] : colonies massive , ramose , laminar , or encrusting . corallites are small , immersed , circular or polygonal . calice diameter 0 . 5\u20132 . 2 mm . septa are 12 in number , composed of 1 to 4 trabeculae . the typical formula of septal arrangement in this genus , with some of its variations , is seen . pali are present , variable development in different species , usually 4\u20138 in number . mural trabeculae always present . columella trabeculae usually present with star - shaped granules . the wall is really simple , but the incipient synapticulae , seen starting from the sides of septal granules , may become complete and form an inner synapticular wall .\nremarks : distribution : indo - pacific and atlantic [ 1 ] . species number : 73 [ 1 ] , [ 15 ]\ntype species : goniopora pedunculata quoy & gaimard , 1833 : 218\u2013220 , pl . 16 , figs . 9\u201311 . the type specimen appears to be lost [ 15 ] .\n- rhodaraea mile edwards & haime , 1849 : 259 . type species : astraea calicularis , lamarck 1816 : 266 . holotype : unknown .\n- tichopora quelch , 1886 : 188 . type species : tichopora tenella quelch , 1886 : 189 , pl . 11 , figs . 1 , 1a . type specimens : nhmuk 86 . 12 . 9 . 342 .\n- poritipora veron , 2000 : 347 . type species : poritipora paliformis veron , 2000 : 347 . lectotype : mtq g55857\n- calathiscus claereboudt & al - amri , 2004 . type species : calathiscus tantillus claereboudt & al - amri , 2004 ( this species is also type species of the genus machadoporites ) . holotype : squ040001 .\n- machadoporites nem\u00e9sio , 2005 . type speices : calathiscus tantillus claereboudt & al - amri , 2004 .\nrevised diagnosis [ 1 , 16 , 26 , this study ] : massive , columnar or ramose , rarely encrusting colonies . corallites are circular or polygonal . calice diameter 1\u201310 mm . septa 24 in two or three cycles , or between 24 and 12 in two or three cycles , composed of 4 to 8 trabeculae . pali and columella may develop . columellae are composed of anastomosed septal dentations or arranged synapticula and fused inner ends of septa . wall structure is synapticulothecal . polyps usually elongate during the day ( note that g . paliformis does not elongate polyps during the day ) .\nremarks : poritipora and machadoporites are considered as junior synonyms of goniopora . distribution : indo - pacific [ 1 ] . species number : 33 [ 1 , 15 , this study ] .\ntype species : madrepora punctata linnaeus , 1758 : 795 . the specimen zmb # 956 may be syntype [ 78 ] ( examined ) .\ndiagnosis : stylaraea is a monospecific genus with only known species , s . punctata . therefore , the characters of this genus are those of s . punctata . colonies are tiny ( usually less 10 mm in size ) and from \u201ccushion - shaped crusts\u201d [ 46 ] . calices are concavate and around 1 mm diameters . septal number is 12 ( \u201c2 cycles of 6 each\u201d [ 15 ] ) without specific septal pattern . septa are composed of rows of star - shaped granules . primary septa may reach to collumellae . columella is composed of a star - shaped central rod such as porites or bernaldopora . wall structure is synapticulothecal .\nremarks : distribution : indo - pacific [ 1 ] . species number : 1\nurn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 9c2fe523 - a491 - 45ae - bc22 - b528ca68c040\ntype species : goniopora stutchburyi wells , 1955 : 11 , pl . 1 , figs 1\u20132 ; holotype : mtq g2931 ( examined )\netymology : the generic name is in honor of the coral scientist henry m . bernard .\nsummary of the diagnostic morphological characters for species identification of the genus goniopora . original descriptions are shown in bold .\nsummary of the diagnostic morphological characters for species identification of the genus alveopora . original descriptions are shown in bold .\nlist of poritid samples and accession numbers for coi and its , referred from previous study .\nconceived and designed the experiments : yk hf . performed the experiments : yk . analyzed the data : yk . contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools : yk hf fb ra cw ys . wrote the paper : yk hf fb .\nveron jen ( 2000 ) corals of the world . vol . 3 . townsville : australian institute of marine science . 489 p .\ncolony from moorea ( french polynesia ) : a response of ocean - atmosphere variability from south central pacific . palaeogeogr palaeocl 175 : 381\u2013392 .\nbarshis dj , stillman jh , gates rd , toonen rj , smith lw , et al . 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( 2008 ) mitochondrial and nuclear genus suggest that stony corals are monophyletic but most families of stony corals are not ( order scleractinia , class anthozoa , phylum cnidaria ) . plos one 3 : e3222 doi :\ndai c - f , horng s ( 2009 ) scleractinia fauna of taiwan i . the complex group . taipei : national taiwan university . 175 p .\nwallace cc ( 2012 ) acroporidae of the caribbean . geol belg 15 : 388\u2013393 .\n( scleractinia : acroporidae ) from west papua . j nat hist 45 : 1905\u20131924 .\nveron jen ( 2002 ) new species described in corals of the world . aust inst mar sci monogr ser 11 : 1\u2013205 .\n. cat madreporarian corals br mus ( nat hist ) 4 : 1\u2013206 , pl 1\u201314 .\nfukami h , budd af , paulay g , sole - cava a , chen ca , et al . ( 2004 ) conventional taxonomy obscures deep divergence between pacific and atlantic corals . nature 427 : 832\u2013835 .\nbenzoni f , stefani f , stolarski j , pichon m , mitta g , et al . ( 2007 ) debating phylogenetic relationships of the scleractinian\n( cnidaria , anthozoa , scleractinia ) and description of a new family through combined morphologic and molecular analyses . system biodivers 10 : 417\u2013433 doi :\nkitahara mv , cairns sd , stolarski j , blair d , miller dj ( 2010 ) a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the scleractinia ( cnidaria , anthozoa ) based on mitochondrial co1 sequence data . plos one 5 : e11490 doi :\nbudd af , fukami h , smith nd , knowlton n ( 2012 ) taxonomic classification of the reef coral family mussidae ( cnidaria : anthozoa : scleractinia ) . zool j linn soc 166 : 465\u2013529 .\nbudd af , stolarski j ( 2009 ) searching for new morphological characters in the systematics of scleractinian reef corals : comparison of septal teeth and granules between atlantic and pacific mussidae . acta zoologica 90 : 142\u2013165 .\nbudd af , stolarski j ( 2011 ) corallite wall and septal microstructure in scleractinian reef corals : comparison of molecular clades within the family faviidae . j morphol 272 : 66\u201388 .\nlamark jbpade ( 1816 ) histoire naturelle des animaux sans vert\u00e8bres . paris 2 : 1\u2013568 .\nmilne edwards h , haime j ( 1851 ) monographie des polypiers fossiles des terrains palaeozo\u00efque . arch mus hist natur , paris 5 : 1\u2013502 .\nmilne edwards h ( 1860 ) histoire naturelle des coralliaires ou polypes proprement dits . 3 : 1\u2013560 .\nverrill ae ( 1864 ) list of the polyps and corals sent by the museum of comparative zoology to other institutions in exchange , with annotations . bull mus comp zool harv college 1 : 29\u201360 .\nquelch jj ( 1886 ) report on the reef - corals collected by h . m . s . challenger during the years 1873 - 76 . rep sci results voyage hms challenger zool 16 : 1\u2013203 , pl 1\u201312 .\nortmann a ( 1888 ) studien \u00fcber systematik und geographische verbreitung der steinkorallen . zool jahrb abt syst geogr biol tiere 3 : 143\u2013188 , pl . 6 .\nbasett - smith pw ( 1890 ) report on the corals from the lizard and macclesfield banks , china sea . ann mag nat hist ser 6 : 353\u201374 .\nsaville - kent w ( 1891 ) notes on new and little known australian madreporaceae . rec aust mus 1 : 123\u2013124 .\nsaville - kent w ( 1893 ) the great barrier reef of australia . its products and potentialities . london : wh allen & co . 387 p .\na supplement to vol . iv . cat madreporarian corals br mus ( nat hist ) 6 : 145\u2013173 , pl 7\u20138 , 17 .\nbedot m ( 1907 ) madr\u00e9poraires d ' amboine . rev suisse zool 15 : 143\u2013292 , pl . 5\u201350 .\nvaughan tw ( 1907 ) some madreporarian corals from french smaliland , east africa , collected by dr . charles gravier . proc us nat mus 32 : 249\u2013266 , pl 17\u201328 .\nvaughan tw ( 1918 ) some shoal - water corals from murray islands ( australia ) , cocos - keeling islands and fanning island . pap dep mar biol carnegie inst wash 9 : 51\u2013234 , pl 20\u201393 .\nhoffmeister je ( 1925 ) some corals from american samoa and the fiji islands . pap dep mar biol carnegie inst wash 22 : 1\u201390 .\nfaustino la ( 1927 ) recent madreporaria of the philippine islands . ber sci manila monogr 22 : 1\u2013310 . pl . 1\u2013100 .\n. great barrier reef exped 1928\u201329 : sci rep br mus ( nat hist ) 6 : 85\u2013257 , pl 1\u201356 .\nnemenzo f ( 1955 ) systematic studies on philippine shallow water scleractinians : i . suborder fungiida . natur appl sci bull 15 : 3\u201384 , pl 1\u201314 .\nwells jw ( 1955 ) recent and subfossil corals of moreton bay queensland . univ queensl pap dep geol 4 : 1\u201318 , pl 1\u20133 .\neguchi m ( 1965 ) scleractinia . in : uchida k & uchida t , editors . new illustrated encyclopedia of the fauna of japan 1 . tokyo : hokuruyu - kan . pp . 270\u2013296 .\neguchi m ( 1968 ) the hydrocorals and scleractinian corals of sagami bay collected by his majesty the emperor of japan . tokyo : maruzen co ltd . 221 p .\nwells jw ( 1968 ) notes on indo - pacific scleractinian corals . v . a new species of\nrosen brr , taylor jd ( 1969 ) reef coral from aldabra : new mode of reproduction . science 166 : 119\u2013121 .\nveron jen ( 1985 ) new scleractinia from australian coral reefs . rec west aust mus 12 : 147\u2013183 .\nveron jen ( 1990 ) new scleractinia from japan and other indo - west pacific countries . galaxea 9 : 95\u2013173 .\nnishihira m , veron jen ( 1995 ) hermatypic corals of japan . tokyo : kaiyusha . 440 p . ( in japanese )\nwallace cc , fellegara i , muir pr , harrison pl ( 2009 ) recent and fossil corals of moreton bay , s . e . queensland . mem queensl mus 54 : 1\u2013118 .\nfukami h , budd af , levitan dr , jara j , kersanach r , et al . ( 2004 ) geographic defferences in species boundaries among members of the\nwei nwv , wallace cc , dai cf , pillay krm , chen ca ( 2006 ) analyses of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacers ( its ) and the 5 . 8s gene indicate that extremely high rdna heterogeneity is a unique feature in the scleractinian coral genus\nvan oppen mjh , catmull j , mcdonald bj , hislop nr , hagerman pj , et al . ( 2002 ) the mitochondrial genome of\n( cnidaria ; scleractinia ) contains a large group i intron and a candidate control region . j mol evol 55 : 1\u201313 .\nshearer tl , coffroth ma ( 2008 ) dna barcoding : barcoding corals : limited by interspecific divergence , not intraspecific variation . mol ecol resour 8 : 247\u2013255 .\ntseng c - c , wallace cc , chen ca ( 2005 ) mitogenomic analysis of montipora cactus and anacropora matthai ( cnidaria ; scleractinia ; acroporidae ) indicates an unequal rate of mitochondrial evolution among acroporidae corals . coral reefs 24 : 502\u2013508 .\ngouy m , guindon s , gascuel o ( 2010 ) seaview version 4 : a multiplatform graphical user interface for sequence alignment and phylogenetic tree building . mol biol evol 27 : 221\u2013224 .\nkatoh k , standley dm ( 2011 ) mafft multiple sequence alignment software version 7 : improvements in performance and usability . mol biol evol 30 : 772\u2013780 .\ntamura k , dudly j , nei m , kumar s ( 2007 ) mega4 : molecular evolutionary genetics analysis ( mega ) software version 4 . 0 . mol biol evol 24 : 1596\u20131599 .\nswofford dl ( 2002 ) paup * . phylogenetic analysis using parsimony ( * and other methods ) , version 4 . 0b10 . sinauer associates , sunderland , ma .\nkimura m ( 1980 ) a simple method for estimating evolutionary rates of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences . j mol evol 16 : 111\u2013120 .\nnylander jaa ( 2004 ) mr . modeltest v2 . program distributed by the author . evolutionary biology centre , uppsala university .\nzwickl dj ( 2006 ) genetic algorithm approaches for the phylogenetic analysis of large biological sequence datasets under the maximum likelihood criterion . ph . d . dissertation , the university of texas at austin .\nronquist f , teslenko m , van der mark p , ayres dl , darling a , et al . ( 2012 ) mrbayes 3 . 2 : efficient bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space . syst biol 61 : 539\u2013542 .\niczn ( 2011 ) coral taxon names published in \u2018corals of the world\u2019 by j . e . n . veron ( 2000 ) : potential availability confirmed under article 86 . 1 . 2 . bull zool nomencl 68 : 162\u2013166 .\narrigoni r , stefani f , pichon m , galli p , benzoni f ( 2012 ) molecular phylogeny of the robust clade ( faviidae , mussidae , merulinidae , and pectiniidae ) : an indian ocean perspective . mol phylogenet evol 65 : 183\u2013193 .\nkeshavmurthy s , yang s - y , alamaru a , chuang y - y , pichon m , et al . ( 2013 ) dna barcoding reveals the coral \u201claboratory - rat\u201d .\nreijnen bt , mcfadden cs , hermanlimianto yt , van ofwegen lp ( 2014 ) a molecular and morphological exploration of the generic boundaries in the family melithaeidae ( coelenterata : octocorallia ) and its taxonomic consequences . mol phylogenet evol 70 : 383\u2013401 .\nof the indo - pacific region . cat madreporarian corals br mus ( nat hist ) 5 : 1\u2013303 , pl 1\u201335 .\n, a supplement to vol . iv . cat madreporarian corals br mus ( nat hist ) 6 : 1\u2013167 , pl 1\u201317 .\ndo these subject areas make sense for this article ? click the target next to the incorrect subject area and let us know . thanks for your help !\nveron , j . e . n . , 1986 . corals of australia and the indo - pacific . angus & robertson .\nveron , j . e . n . , 2000 . corals of the world . volumes 1 - 3 . ? australian institute of marine science , townsville , qld .\nsorry , there are no images or audio / video clips available for this taxon .\nfrom danwei huang , karenne p . p . tun , l . m chou and peter a . todd . 30 dec 2009 .\ngoniopora sp . with list of species recorded for singapore porites sp . ( pore corals ) with list of species recorded for singapore alveopora sp . ( daisy corals ) alveopora allingi ( vulnerable ) alveopora catalai ( near threatened ) alveopora excelsa ( endangered ) alveopora fenestrata ( vulnerable ) alveopora marionensis ( vulnerable ) alveopora spongiosa * * ( near threatened ) alveropora tizardi * *\ndanwei huang , karenne p . p . tun , l . m chou and peter a . todd . 30 dec 2009 . an inventory of zooxanthellate sclerectinian corals in singapore including 33 new records ( pdf ) . raffles bulletin of zoology supplement no . 22 : 69 - 80 .\nveron , jen . 2000 . corals of the world australian institute of marine science , australia . 3 volumes .\nchou , l . m . , 1998 . a guide to the coral reef life of singapore . singapore science centre . 128 pages .\nerhardt , harry and daniel knop . 2005 . corals : indo - pacific field guide ikan - unterwasserachiv , frankfurt . 305 pp .\nborneman , eric h . 2001 . aquarium corals : selection , husbandry and natural history t . f . h publications . 464 pp\nwee y . c . and peter k . l . ng . 1994 . a first look at biodiversity in singapore . national council on the environment . 163pp .\nng , p . k . l . & y . c . wee , 1994 . the singapore red data book : threatened plants and animals of singapore . the nature society ( singapore ) , singapore . 343 pp .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nmassive or branching species easily recognized by their small hexagonal calices with a snowflake pattern . many are difficult to identify in the field since id ' s are based upon minute skeletal structures hidden by the live polyp . lobe and finger coral are dominant reef - forming species in hawaii while the others are occasional in clear waters .\nlarge fleshy polyp species of tropical seas include alveopora and goniopora with 12 and 24 tentacles . these do not occur in hawaii or the atlantic .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nterraneo ti 1 , benzoni f 2 , arrigoni r 3 , berumen ml 3 .\nred sea research center , division of biological and environmental sciences and engineering , king abdullah university of science and technology , thuwal 23955 - 6900 , saudi arabia . electronic address : tulliaisotta . terraneo @ kaust . edu . sa .\ndepartment of biotechnology and biosciences , university of milano - bicocca , piazza della scienza 2 , milano 20126 , italy ; institut de recherche pour le d\u00e9veloppement , umr227 coreus2 , 101 promenade roger laroque , bp a5 , 98848 noumea cedex , new caledonia .\nred sea research center , division of biological and environmental sciences and engineering , king abdullah university of science and technology , thuwal 23955 - 6900 , saudi arabia .\njavascript is disabled on your browser . please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\nwe sequenced igr , its region , atps\u03b2 , calm for the genus goniopora from the red sea .\nwe used haploweb , abgd , ptp and , gmyc to evaluate species delimitation in goniopora .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect \u00ae is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .\n, it is confined to shallow rocky - subtidal environments where other corals are seldomly found . this species resembles\nexcept that septa are short , are in two cycles and do not fuse . colonies are circular or encrusting , less than 15mm across with uniformly spaced corallites . septa are in 2 cycles of 6 each . columella is an irregular pinnule . color is pale brown , with white septa and columella .\nas the only member , forms dull brown , massive colonies , usually hemispherical , several meters across an occurs in shallow reef environments and lagoons . it resembles\n, which has lightly smaller corallites , but this species is easily recognised under water . the undulating surface houses deeply excavated corallites that are 2 - 3mm in diameter ( cellular appearance ) . the surface is smooth to undulating . corallites are deeply excavated . septa are arranged in 2 alternating cycles of 6 each , with the primary cycle forming decent paliform styli . columella is absent . corallite walls are very thin ( coral skeleton is very light ) .\nthis genus has been a major reef - builder throughout much of the duration of the cenozoic tethys . the derivation of the poritid pattern of septal fusion from\nis one of the few instances in scleractinian taxonomy where one taxon or taxonomic character can be said to be ' primitive ' compared with another .\nfrequently forms very extensive monospecific or multi - specific stands in inshore environments dominated by terrigenous sediments as well as offshore areas that are influenced by river runoff . thus\ncan be found in turbid water and in areas generally protected from wave action ; e . g .\ncan form extensive stands that are tens of meters long and wide . local dominance in certain habitats may be related to their sediments - rejecting ability , which may be facilitated by the fact t hat the large fleshy polyps of most\nis also one of the most aggressive coral species , excluding other corals within its periphery . it has been observed that\nuses specialized elongated\nsweeper polyps\nto attack neighboring coral colonies . the sweeper polyps of\nspecies are easily recognized in situ by characters of soft tissues , but these may become unreliable over wide geographic ranges . colonies are massive or rounded , few even encrusting to fine - branched colonies and far less massive than\n. the peristome , polyp , and the tentacles are of different color . calices are rounded or hexagonal that extend 1 - 5mm in diameter . septal margins are pitted or spiny and seem to come up from the floor of the corallite ( contrary to\n) . septa are usually 24 septa in 3 cycles . the larger first 2 cycles are very distinct ( dorsal and ventral septa are isolated , while lateral septa merge ) , while the 3rd merges with the former at close proximity of the corallite wall .\n, although these genera are probably not closely related . morphological differences between the two are demonstrated by all\nspecies together in the same biotope , as habitats of individual species are very different , more so than for any other genus . these habitats include protected turbid biotopes ( the majority of species ) , exposed upper reef slopes ( e . g .\n) and high - latitude , non - reef biotopes ( e . g .\n. corallum and tentacles are brownish or bluish . calices are rounded or polygonal and about 1 - 2mm in diameter . they are crowded or closely united by their very brittle walls ( entire\n) ; the shared wall is pierced by pores giving it a lace - like appearance .\nyuko f . kitano , 1 , 2 francesca benzoni , 3 roberto arrigoni , 3 yoshihisa shirayama , 1 , 4 carden c . wallace , 5 and hironobu fukami 2 , *\nthis is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are properly credited .\n) was performed in the frame of research projects by japanese society for coral taxonomy or by associate prof . h . fukami at university of miyazaki with sampling permission from each local government in japan . malaysia ( pen ; see\n) sampling has taken place by local staffs in non - marine protected area , songsong island , under the permission of the research project by prof . zulfigar yasin and prof . aileen tan at universiti sains malaysia . all western indian ocean sampling was also performed in the frame of research projects for which a sampling permission was delivered by local authorities and samples were shipped with cites permits . ad , ba , bu , dj , and mu are all sites in yemen (\n) . there , sampling has taken place in several missions and regular sampling permits were issued by yemen environmental protection agency ( epa ) in sana ' a . moreover , epa staff supervised the activities in the field at all times . my is mayotte island (\n) . sampling permits there were issued by the direction de l ' agriculture et de la foret de mayotte , service environnement et foret and by the maritime affairs office . dj are samples from djibouti (\n) taken during the tara oceans expedition and the sampling permits were delivered by the am\u00e9nagement du territoire et de l ' environnement de djibouti . photos of each specimen were taken in the field ( particularly for living polyps ) and the depth and habitat were recorded . after collection , a small piece of each specimen was removed for use in dna extraction ( see below ) , and the remaining sample was bleached to investigate the skeletal morphology for species identification .\nasterisk shows accession number referred from kitano et al . [ 13 ] . note that more than one its sequences were obtained by sub - cloning from a single specimen in several samples while its from other samples were determined by direct sequencing of pcr products . museum abbreviations are as follows : msl / usm : universiti sains malaysia , mufs : university of miyazaki , department of fisheries science ( = department of marine biology and environmental science ) , japan , smbl : seto marine biological laboratory , kyoto university , japan , and unimib : university of milano - bicocca , department of biotechnology and biosciences , italy .\n) of each specimen was put in chaos solution to dissolve the tissues or fixed in 99 % ethanol . total dna was extracted from chaos solution using the phenol / chloroform extraction method\n, and from the coral tissues preserved in ethanol using the dneasy blood & tissue kit ( qiagen ) . the barcoding region of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit i ( coi ) was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction ( pcr ) using the primers zco1 and zco1r\n. the nuclear ribosomal its region ( its ) including the 3\u2032 end of the 18s rrna , its - 1 , 5 . 8s , its - 2 , and the 5\u2032 end of the 28s rrna was also amplified by pcr using the primers 1s and 2ss\n. the pcr condition for these two markers was 94\u00b0c for 30 seconds followed by 30 or 35 cycles at 94\u00b0c for 30 seconds , 55\u00b0c or 60\u00b0c for 45 seconds , and 72\u00b0c for 90 seconds , with a final phase of 72\u00b0c for 5 minutes . for the mitochondrial region , pcr products were treated with shrimp alkaline phosphatase ( sap ) and exonuclease i ( exoi ) at 37\u00b0c for 40 minutes followed by 80\u00b0c for 20 minutes . the dna sequences were then determined via a direct sequence method , using abi3730 or abi310 sequencer . pcr products of the nuclear marker were also directly sequenced , but when obtained sequences had more than double peaks in the chromatogram , they were sub - cloned into ta - vector ( promega ) or topo10 ( invitrogen ) and sequenced using abi3730 or abi310 . all dna sequences obtained in this study were submitted to ddbj ( accession no ."]}
+{"id": 4, "summary": [{"text": "the conception bank silver boa ( chilabothrus argentum ) is a species of boa described in may 2016 .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "it is only known from the conception island bank in the bahamas .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it is the first known discovery of a west indian boa species in 73 years .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "it is named for its unique silver color . ", "topic": 23}], "title": "conception bank silver boa", "paragraphs": ["the silver boa was discovered on conception island bank , which comprises uninhabited conception island and its satellite islets .\nthe conception bank silver boa ( chilabothrus argentums ) . image credit : graham reynolds .\nthe conception bank silver boa . image credit : alberto r . puente - rolon .\na close up of the new conception bank silver boa . photo credit : graham reynolds\nthe bahamian silver boa or conception bank silver boa ( chilabothrus argentum ) . photo by graham reynolds / unc - ashville . | lizards and snakes | pinterest\nthe conception bank silver boa ( chilabothrus argentum ) is named for its color and the fact it was first found on a silver palm tree .\nthe conception bank silver boa ( chilabothrus argentum ) is named for its color and the fact it was first found on a silver palm tree .\ndr . reynolds and his colleagues named this new species chilabothrus argentums and gave it the common name conception bank silver boa .\nfortunately for the silver boa , all islands on the conception island bank are national parkland , and visitors to the area are relatively rare .\nit was discovered on conception island bank . photograph : graham reynolds / university of north carolina asheville\nthe scientists named the conception bank silver boa ( chilabothrus argentum ) , based on both its color and the fact it was first found on an aptly named silver palm tree . a study on the species appeared in the journal breviora .\nthe silver boa , chilabothrus argentum , is so named because of its distinctive metallic colour and the fact that the first specimen found was climbing a silver palm tree .\nthe conception bank silver boa averages about 37 to 43 inches ( 0 . 95 \u2013 1 . 1 m ) in length from the tip of its snout to the urogenital vent . the tail is about 8 inches ( 20 cm ) long .\nthe snake is threatened by natural disasters , the illegal pet trade and feral cats , of which many can be found on conception island bank . the good news for this species is all islands on the conception island bank are national parkland , and visitors to the islands is rare .\n\u201cthe beautiful bahamian silver boa , already possibly critically endangered , reminds us that important discoveries are still waiting to be made . \u201d\nits latin name is chilabothrus argentum , argentum being latin for ' silver . ' graham reynolds says it ' s a beautiful new species of silver boa and he told voa that\nfinding a new boa is extremely rare , especially in a well - studied region like the caribbean .\nr . graham reynolds et al . 2016 . discovery of a remarkable new boa from the conception island bank , bahamas . breviora 549 : 1 - 19 ; doi : 10 . 3099 / brvo - 549 - 00 - 1 - 19 . 1\na team of researchers led by dr . graham reynolds from the university of north carolina asheville has discovered a new species of non - venomous boid snake on the conception island bank , bahamas .\nthe three other bahamian boa species look different from the newfound species , with dark splotches and stripes . the silver boa is not only paler , it also\u2014unlike the others\u2014lives in trees , where it feeds mostly on birds .\nthus , the entire silver boa population , which the team estimates to be fewer than a thousand animals , is found only in one small patch of earth .\ncaptured silver boas were electronically tagged by the scientists before being freed back into their forest home .\nthis makes the species vulnerable to extinction , and reynolds and his colleagues believe the silver boa should be designated as critically endangered by the international union for conservation of nature .\n\u201cthis new species occurs on a group of islands that have never been connected to any of the other islands in the bahamas , \u201d says reynolds . \u201cas far as we know , they only occur on conception island bank and nowhere else . \u201d\n\u201cthis new species occurs on a group of islands that have never been connected to any of the other islands in the bahamas , \u201d says reynolds . \u201cas far as we know , they only occur on conception island bank and nowhere else . \u201d ( see\nwhy we were totally wrong about how boa constrictors kill .\n)\nthis snake is considered critically endangered and is one of the most endangered boa species globally .\na new species of boa constrictor has been discovered on a remote island in the bahamas .\nr . graham reynolds , alberto r . puente - rol\u00f3n , anthony j . geneva , kevin j . aviles - rodriguez and nicholas c . herrmann . 2016 . discovery of a remarkable new boa from the conception island bank , bahamas . breviora . 549 ; 1 - 19 . doi : 10 . 3099 / brvo - 549 - 00 - 1 - 19 . 1\nanother silver boa had come down from the forest and crawled right over him as he slept . they ' d located their sixth specimen , and dna analyses back at the lab confirmed the snake was a new species .\n\u201cgraham reynolds and his co - authors have not only discovered and described a new species of snake , but even more remarkable , a new species of boa . that\u2019s rare , exciting , and newsworthy , \u201d said robert henderson , a boa expert with the milwaukee museum of natural history . \u201cthe beautiful bahamian silver boa , already possibly critically endangered , reminds us that important discoveries are still waiting to be made . \u201d\n\u201cthe beautiful silver boa , already possibly critically endangered , reminds us that important discoveries are still waiting to be made , and it provides the people of the bahamas another reason to be proud of the natural wonders of their island nation . \u201d\nthe proof came when genetic tests came back from a harvard lab , confirming that the silver boa was in fact a different species that - just like darwin ' s finches on the gal\u00e1pagos islands - had been evolving in isolation for several million years .\nthis new boa is just one of the hundreds , perhaps thousands of new species that are discovered every year .\nray agrees that despite living in a refuge , the boa is still in danger\u2014in particular from feral cats and dogs .\naccording to the scientists , the description of this new snake brings the total number of west indian boa species to 12 .\nthe slithery addition to the boidae ( boa ) family is described in this week ' s edition of the journal breviora .\n) , based on both its color and the fact it was first found on an aptly named silver palm tree . a study on the species appeared in the journal breviora .\n\u201cthis study represents the first new in situ discovery of a west indian boa species in 73 years , \u201d the scientists said .\nexpedition member alberto puente - rol\u00f3n , an expert on caribbean boas , agreed that the animal appeared unlike any species of known boa .\nexpedition member alberto puente - rol\u00f3n , an expert on caribbean boas , agreed that the animal appeared unlike any species of known boa .\nit has unique color among bahamian boa species . the upper ( or dorsal ) surface of the body is silver gray to very light tan , occasionally with a very faint gray dorsal stripe extending the length of the spine with jagged edges and occasional interruption . the lower ( ventral ) surface is pure cream white with no markings or other coloration .\n\u201cas dr reynolds slept , a boa crawled down from the forest , across the beach , and directly onto his head , \u201d the report revealed .\nso the team went searching for more boas , finding four more snakes before settling down to sleep on the beach at conception island . but it turns out the boas weren ' t ready to call it a night .\nthe reptile faces threats such as natural disasters ( which could wipe out the entire population ) ; poaching for the pet trade ; and feral cats , which exist on conception island and are known to prey on boas elsewhere in the bahamas .\nlike other constricting snakes , the boa wraps its body around prey and causes death by suffocation . the staple diet of boas in the bahamas consists of frogs , birds and rats .\nso the team went searching for more boas , finding four more snakes before settling down to sleep on the beach at conception island . but it turns out the boas weren ' t ready to call it a night . ( see\nextremely rare fishing snakes discovered .\n)\n\u201cgraham reynolds and his co - authors have not only discovered and described a new species of snake , but even more remarkable , a new species of boa . that\u2019s rare , exciting , and newsworthy .\n\u201creynolds et al . have not only discovered and described a new species of snake , but even more remarkable , a new species of boa . that\u2019s rare , exciting , and newsworthy , \u201d he said .\nthe reptile faces threats such as natural disasters ( which could wipe out the entire population ) ; poaching for the pet trade ; and feral cats , which exist on conception island and are known to prey on boas elsewhere in the bahamas . ( also see\nisland ' s feral cats kill surprisingly few birds , video shows .\n)\ncommenting on the find , boa constrictor expert robert henderson , from the milwaukee museum of natural history , said : \u201cworldwide , new species of frogs and lizards are being discovered and described with some regularity . new species of snakes , however , are much rarer .\nresearch describing the new snake is published in the may 2016 issue of the journal breviora .\n\u201cit has been at least 58 years since the in situ discovery of new populations of taxonomically distinct boas in the region , the last being the report in 1957 of boas on margaret cay , ragged islands , bahamas . \u201d\n\u201cworldwide , new species of frogs and lizards are being discovered and described with some regularity . new species of snakes , however , are much rarer , \u201d said dr . robert henderson from the milwaukee museum of natural history , one of the world\u2019s experts on boas .\n\u201cwe found this species on its way to extinction , and now we have the opportunity to intervene on their behalf so that doesn\u2019t happen , \u201d dr . reynolds added .\njuvenile australopithecus climbed trees , 3 . 32 - million - year - old foot fossil shows\n\u00a9 2011 - 2018 . sci - news . com . all rights reserved . | back to top\nthe shiny reptile likely numbers only a thousand individuals in its remote bahamas habitat , experts say .\non an uninhabited island in the southern bahamas , a scientist noticed a snake that shined like metal as it climbed a tree .\n\u201cwe all came to take a look at it , and it was instantly clear that this was something different , \u201d says biologist r . graham reynolds , part of the scientific team exploring the remote islands .\n\u201csometime around 3 : 30 in the morning , i woke up to something crawling across my face , \u201d says reynolds , now a biologist at the university of north carolina , asheville .\n\u201cthis discovery is significant because of how well - studied many parts of the bahamas are , especially in terms of herpetology , \u201d says julie ray , director of the conservation group team snake panama .\nevery year , thousands of snakes gather at the narcisse snake dens in manitoba , canada .\nreynolds and his colleagues are working with the bahamas national trust , which administers the national parks , on strategies to protect the species .\n\u201call efforts should be made to restrict the number of dogs on the island and how freely they are allowed to roam , \u201d says ray .\n\u201cmore importantly , an attempt should be made to remove the feral cats from this protected natural area because they are not native predators . \u201d\nscientists identified 20 of the snakes during two expeditions to the caribbean . photograph : graham reynolds / pa\nscientists identified 20 of the metre - long snakes during two expeditions to the caribbean islands , the second made in october last year .\none of the creatures made a dramatic appearance by slithering on to the head of the expedition leader as he slept .\nthe us team led by dr graham reynolds , from harvard university , confirmed the snake was a previously unknown species after conducting a genetic analysis of tissue samples .\nthe snake is said to be critically endangered . photograph : graham reynolds / university of north carolina asheville\na report from harvard university described how , during the first expedition , one of the snakes introduced itself to dr reynolds while he and his colleagues were sleeping on a beach .\n\u201cthis caused him to awake with a start , and upon realising what had happened , he awoke the others . \u201d\nthe creature is said to be critically endangered according to the international union for conservation of nature\u2019s \u201cred list\u201d criteria , and threatened by feral cats that roam the island .\n\u00a9 2018 guardian news and media limited or its affiliated companies . all rights reserved .\na group of university biologists surveying a remote island in the bahamas have stumbled upon a new and possibly extremely rare new snake species .\nthe university of north carolina biologist also told voa the snake is likely to be highly endangered and efforts are already being made to ensure its survival in the wild .\nas soon as we saw the first specimen ,\nreynolds says ,\nwe knew it was something different - we just didn ' t know how different .\nhis team , which included biologists from harvard , massachusetts , and puerto rico , was instantly struck by\nthe coloration , body shape , head shape , and body size [ which ] were all different - looking than the hundreds of other boas of the other species we have seen .\nbut the snakes aren ' t alone on the island . it ' s also full of non - native feral cats , and reynolds told voa he ' s\nconfident\nthey ' re eating his new species .\nright now his team is doing more research ,\ntrying to document the presence of cats using camera traps and identify ways to remove them from the island .\nreynolds and his team are also providing data to the bahamas national trust in the hopes that they can quickly establish a conservation program .\nreynolds confirmed that the snake is indeed a new species based on a genetic analysis of tissue samples from the reptile .\nchilabothrus argentum lives in trees and feeds primarily on birds . reynolds believes the snake should be considered critically endangered and should appear on the international union for conservation of nature\u2019s \u201cred list . \u201d\nusfws will render a decision on the narrow headed garter snake and the northern mexican garter snake in fiscal year 2014 .\nopheodrys vernalis were hatched as part of breeding program in conjunction with lake county forest preserve district .\nthis page requires javascript . it seems that your browser does not have javascript enabled . please enable javascript and press the reload / refresh button on your browser .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nyou ' re currently viewing our forum as a guest . this means you are limited to certain areas of the board and there are some features you can ' t use . if you join our community , you ' ll be able to access member - only sections , and use many member - only features such as customizing your profile and voting in polls . registration is simple , fast , and completely free .\non an uninhabited island in the southern bahamas , a scientist noticed a snake that shined like metal as it climbed a tree .\n\u201cwe all came to take a look at it , and it was instantly clear that this was something different , \u201d says biologist r . graham reynolds , part of the scientific team exploring the remote islands .\n\u201cthis discovery is significant because of how well - studied many parts of the bahamas are , especially in terms of herpetology , \u201d says julie ray , director of the conservation group team snake panama .\nreynolds and his colleagues are working with the bahamas national trust , which administers the national parks , on strategies to protect the species .\nr . graham reynolds , alberto r . puente - rol\u00f3n , anthony j . geneva , kevin j . aviles - rodriguez and nicholas c . herrmann . 2016 .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nreynolds , r . graham , alberto r . puente - rol\u00f3n , anthony j . geneva , kevin j . aviles - rodriguez , et al .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nnew & recent described flora & fauna species from all over the world esp . asia , oriental , indomalayan & malesiana region\nreynolds , puente - rol\u00f3n , geneva , aviles - rodriguez & herrmann . 2016\nreynolds , r . g . , m . l . niemiller , s . b . hedges , a . dornburg , a . r . puente - rol\u00f3n , and l . j . revell . 2013 . molecular phylogeny and historical biogeography of west indian boid snakes ( chilabothrus ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 68 : 461\u2013470 .\nwuodendron b . xue , y . h . tan & chaowasku wuodendron praecox ( hook . f . & thomson ) b . xue , y . h . tan & x . l . hou in xue , tan . . .\n[ botany \u2022 2017 ] begonia fulgurata | \u0e14\u0e32\u0e14\u0e14\u0e32\u0e23\u0e32\u0e23\u0e31\u0e28\u0e21\u0e35 \u2022 a new species ( sect . diploclinium , begoniaceae ) from chiang mai , northern thailand\nbegonia fulgurata c . - i peng , c . w . lin & phutthai \u0e14\u0e32\u0e14\u0e14\u0e32\u0e23\u0e32\u0e23\u0e31\u0e28\u0e21\u0e35 | | doi : 10 . 3767 / blumea . 2017 . 62 . 03 . 01 urltoken be . . .\nchamaelirium viridiflorum l . wang , z . c . liu & w . b . liao in liu , feng , wang & liao , 2018 . doi : 10 . 11646 / phytotaxa . 357 . . . .\ngreat - billed seed - finch sporophila maximiliani ( cabanis , 1851 ) in ubaid , silveira , medolago , et . al . , 2018 . doi : 10 . 11646 / . . .\nendocerids with their filtering apparatus in mironenko , 2018 . doi : 10 . 1080 / 08912963 . 2018 . 1491565 reconstruction by andre . . .\naristolochia tongbiguanensis j . y . shen , q . b . gong & s . landrein in gong , landrein , xi , et al . , 2018 . doi : 10 . 6165 / tai . . . .\nbagualosaurus agudoensis pretto , langer & schultz , 2018 doi : 10 . 1093 / zoolinnean / zly028 illustration : jorge blanco c . . .\nthe hypothetical phylogenetic relationships of ceratosaurs based on current topologies . the main source is from wang et al . ( 2016 . . .\nnipponosaurus sachalinensis nagao , 1936 in takasaki , chiba , kobayashi , et al . , 2018 \u30cb\u30c3\u30dd\u30ce\u30b5\u30a6\u30eb\u30b9 | | doi : 10 . 1080 / 08912963 . 2017 . . . .\nbegonia medogensis jianw . li , y . h . tan & x . h . jin in li , tan , wang , et al . , 2018 . doi : 10 . 3897 / phytokeys . 103 . 25392 . . .\n[ botany \u2022 2013 ] vanda perplexa \u2022 a new species ( or . . .\n[ botany \u2022 2016 ] thismia tectipora \u2022 a new , unusual . . .\n[ botany \u2022 2014 ] four new species of nepenthes l . ( . . .\n[ crustacea \u2022 2016 ] thalassina pratas \u2022 a new mud l . . .\n[ botany \u2022 2014 ] aerides phongii \u2022 a new species of . . .\n[ botany \u2022 2016 ] nepenthes aenigma & n . justinae \u2022 . . .\n[ entomology \u2022 2016 ] six , not two , species of aciso . . .\non this day ( july 10th ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\nanomaloglossus meansi : a new species of cryptic forest frog from the wokomung and ayanganna sky islands of southern guyana .\nthe benefits and costs of academic travel . or\nthere and back again ; again and again\ncanon renueva su gama de 70 - 200 mm f : 2 . 8 y f : 4\nplants go extinct , but sometimes species are rediscovered . this one after 151 years .\ni ' m killing antediluvian salad but even in death there is rebirth . . .\nnecps carnivorous plant show : sept . 9 - 10 at tower hill botanical garden\nthis is a particularly beautiful species of centrolenid - the granular glass frog , cochranella granulosa ."]}
+{"id": 5, "summary": [{"text": "cue card ( foaled 30 april 2006 ) is a british thoroughbred racehorse .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "a specialist steeplechaser , he has won fifteen of his thirty-three races , including nine at grade i level .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he was a leading performer in national hunt flat races , winning the champion bumper at the cheltenham festival .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he was less successful over hurdles but emerged as a top-class performer when tried over larger obstacles .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he won the haldon gold cup , ascot chase and ryanair chase in the 2012/2013 national hunt season and the betfair chase in the 2013/2014 season .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he went through the 2014/2015 campaign winless but after a wind-operation over the 2015 summer , he returned in the following season to record his second win in the betfair chase and won the king george vi chase at the fourth attempt .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he fell when in contention in the 2016 cheltenham gold cup but returned to winning form with victory on his next start in the betfred bowl . ", "topic": 14}], "title": "cue card ( horse )", "paragraphs": ["horse racing betting tips : taquin looks value to upset cue card in ascot chase | city a . m .\njordan mccarthy ponders whether cue card is the most exciting chaser - in - training in the world of horse racing .\ncolin tizzard can barely wait for the timico cheltenham gold cup with cue card .\nlike a fine wine , cue card just keeps on getting better with age .\ncue card ' s win in the betfair chase was nothing short of spectacular .\ncue card will bid for a second victory in saturday ' s ascot chase .\ncolin tizzard labelled cue card the\nhorse of a lifetime\nas he gets ready to bid for a \u00a31million bonus in the timico cheltenham gold cup .\neverything about cue card is brilliant - i think he ' s still at his peak .\ntrainer shark hanlon is leaning towards the ryanair chase with hidden cyclone following cue card ' s defection .\ncue card was disputing the lead and missed out on a potential \u00a31m bonus for winning the race .\npaddy brennan will partner cue card in what promises to be a real cracker at kempton . photo : getty\ncue card , his new best friend paddy brennan and his lovable trainer colin tizzard jumped into our affections .\nnot that the money is really what matters to those closest to cue card or his many thousands of fans . it is the horse and his background . like coneygree , who graduated top of the class among the novices when he won the gold cup last year , cue card has the feel of a traditional , \u201cproper\u201d jumping horse about him .\ncue card , a 40 - 1 shot when landing his first grade one at the 2010 cheltenham festival , was a\nrunaway\nhorse in those days , the tizzards say .\ncue card is owned by jean bishop , who owned the horse with her late husband , bob , who died just four days after cue card won the king george vi chase at kempton on boxing day 2015 . jean also owns horses including theatre guide and royal vaction , trained by colin .\ncue card gained a measure of compensation for his cheltenham fall with victory in the betfred bowl chase at aintree .\na fantastic performance by cue card gave racing a much - needed lift in a brilliant betfair chase at haydock .\nwhen 2015 gold cup winner coneygree was pulled from the line - up , it seemed the king george would have a predictable outcome , with cue card far superior to any other horse .\ncue card has been ruled out of the ryanair chase at the cheltenham festival next thursday , said trainer colin tizzard .\ncue card will face a maximum of six rivals when bidding for a second victory in saturday ' s betfair ascot chase .\nun de sceaux ' s connections are looking forward to a clash with cue card in thursday ' s ryanair chase at cheltenham .\nrider lizzie kelly celebrated a huge success at aintree as tea for two saw off the gallant cue card in the betway bowl .\ncolin tizzard is open to the prospect of cue card and native river locking horns for a second time at aintree next month .\ncue card won the king george vi chase at kempton this afternoon ( 26 december ) in a thrilling renewal of the race .\ncue card continued his wonderful association with paddy brennan who rode a race full of confidence . he tracked coneygree and richard johnson , who ran a blinder on his first run for about a year , before cue card took the lead at the third last .\ncue card and native river are reported to be thriving at colin tizzard ' s base as the gold cup looms at cheltenham .\ntizzard told racing uk :\ncue card is going to go . he ' s been a good old boy for us .\nnad said , striding in boldly from his trailer , fuse and woneer clearing a path through the techs and cue card holders .\n\u201cit\u2019s fantastic . he\u2019s a brilliant horse , \u201d said proud trainer colin tizzard .\nhorse racing tips for every meeting , every day provided by our expert tipsters .\nhorse and man as one . they were heroes , as they should be .\ncue card will bid to make amends for a late fall last year when he lines up for the cheltenham gold cup on friday .\non 15 march , cue card was pulled up in the ryanair chase at the cheltenham festival . trainer colin tizzard said that there would be no immediate decision of whether the horse would now be retired . [ 16 ]\ncolin\u2019s son joe rode cue card in the horse\u2019s first 20 races , winning 10 of them . when joe retired in 2014 the ride was taken on by daryl jacob . cue card was ridden once by aidan coleman , but in the past couple of seasons has formed a successful partnership with paddy brennan , with the pair winning five from eight starts together .\ncue card and joe tizzard on their way to a decisive victory in the betfair chase at haydock park . photograph : john giles / pa\nbrennan was pleased to erase the memory of the defeat at wetherby last month where the cue card team admitted getting the riding tactics wrong .\nbut buddy didn ' t actually read the bible , not anymore , he consulted it the way that an actor consults a cue card .\nlast december he was nailed in the very last strides by cue card in a pulsating finish to the king george vi chase at kempton .\nthe other horse ( native river ) ran his race , i think . he got nutted for second and the winner ( sizing john ) is a very good horse .\nbrennan , who is a regular on the mighty cue card , rides the in - form henley for county durham - based trainer tracy waggott .\ndon cossack fell when bringing a challenge which left cue card to chase down vautour and nab the prize in the shadow of the posts . vautour ran a massive race but cue card ran a sensational race to claim a famous win and a better race we could not have asked for .\nadam morgan is passionate about horse racing and is currently a journalist for the press association .\ncrellin comments , \u201ccue card is undoubtedly the best i\u2019ve bred . he has opened a lot of doors , i no longer have to go looking around for buyers , he has been a tremendous help . looking forward , we will be sending a half - brother to cue card by beneficial to the sales this year and a half - brother by gold well next year . we also have a full sister to cue card at home . \u201d\ncue card and paddy brennan clear the final fence as they go on to win the charlie hall chase at wetherby . photograph : john giles / pa\ndavid ord has a horse - by - horse guide to saturday ' s darley july cup and he ' s siding with a potential improver to shake - up the established sprinting stars .\ncue card looked full of himself as he showed his well - being ahead of the timico cheltenham gold cup with a pleasing workout before racing at kempton .\nhowever , one partnership is seeking redemption . a year ago paddy brennan and cue card threw away victory in the gold cup when falling three fences out .\na return to wetherby , aiming for a repeat in the charlie hall chase , is the first plan for cue card , before another triple crown attempt .\n\u201ci know where bob and jean [ bishop , the owners of cue card ] would like to go , haydock [ and the betfair chase ] for the flat track , \u201d colin tizzard , cue card\u2019s trainer , said . \u201cbut if the handicapper doesn\u2019t put him up , maybe we\u2019ll look at the hennessy .\ncue card hasn ' t won a race beyond 3m 1f and that was a victory at haydock which a flat course . the stiff 3m 2f here is going to be a trip that catches him out unless his rivals run below their best . i know he won last time out against vautour over 3m but i think that was a case of cue card nailing a tired rival on the line rather than catching a horse who saw out the 3m right to the line . i don ' t doubt that cue card is a seriously good horse , i just think he has it all to do to beat don cossack if both horses stay on their feet .\n\u201chere he was the cue card i know , at wetherby i never had that . when he ' s in the form he was today you can ride him any way you want \u2013 he ' s different class . we ' ve had an unbelievable day , cue card ' s shown what he can do .\nhe has been a phenomenal horse for national hunt racing . yes , we have the horse of a lifetime perhaps in sprinter sacre . however , cue card is another very exciting equine star . the king\u2019s theatre gelding has missed the target a couple of times when he was well fancied by punters . that is perhaps why he has been overshadowed . one particular race springs to mind : the supreme novices hurdle of 2011 . cue card went into this race as a banker of the meeting for many punters and pundits alike .\ndisappointment of the season for decades to come the national hunt aficionados will debate long into the night the unanswerable question of whether cue card would ' ve got the better of don cossack in the 2016 timico cheltenham gold cup . a late tumble saw the strong - travelling cue card dislodge paddy brennan from the saddle , and the irish star ' s victory will always be somewhat tarnished by people debating whether he would ' ve been eclipsed by the departing cue card in the closing stages .\nviewers are in for a treat on the second to last day of the festival , as the scintillating cue card struts his stuff in the ryanair chase . below , cue card is shown here winning the sportingbet haldon gold cup chase in 2012 by an absolutely remarkable distance . he has been every bit as solid in 2013 :\n\u201che always finishes his food and he never misses a feed , \u201d says colin of the horse , who is affectionately known as crackle at home . \u201che\u2019s a beautiful horse , a real superstar . \u201d\ndon cossack , vautour and cue card all feature among 14 horses still in contention for the timico cheltenham gold cup on friday at the six - day entry stage .\nwhile the muddy gold cup picture has become a bit clearer thanks to cue card , the champion hurdle scene is even murkier than it already was after last weekend .\ntwo out and the famous maroon silks on bryan cooper and don cossack came asunder , crashing to the turf . the pink colours of ruby walsh began to move up and down more animated as the blue of paddy brennan and cue card started to gain ground . over the last cue card swallowed up the brave vautour to prevail .\nsince winning the ryanair chase at cheltenham back in 2003 , cue card has only run three times over less than three miles and he has been beaten on every occasion .\nlike don cossack and cue card previously , this idyllic win had vanished all the heartache , silenced the doubters and gave this brilliant mare her much deserved place in history .\nsuper saturday the racing horse enjoyed another fabulous saturday and not just because england beat [ . . . ]\nhe finished the 2014 / 2015 season as the highest rated national hunt horse in the uk and ireland .\nbut cue card is the story horse , the one that would send the sellout crowd home satisfied regardless of whether he carried their money . for tizzard , meanwhile , it would surpass even the victory of thistlecrack in thursday\u2019s world hurdle as an advertisement for his way of doing things .\ncue card , silviniaco conti , dynaste and long run all headed to kempton park for the king george vi chase on boxing day . once again , cue card attempted to lead his rivals a merry dance and looked to have the race won jumping the penultimate fence before a late rally by silviniaco conti handed paul nicholls a seventh victory in the contest .\ncue card had not run at the cheltenham festival since his victory there in 2013 , and had had a wind operation following his final start of the 2014 - 2015 campaign .\nfsf rating = form and speed combined rating . based on the horse\u2019s best performance over the last twelve months .\nhorse & hound \u2018s racing correspondent marcus armytage fancies the willie mullins - trained don poli ( pictured below ) .\nhe\u2019ll be trying to follow in the hoof - prints of the likes of first lieutenant and our vic , who both ran well in the ryanair chase at cheltenham before taking this , and is certainly a horse that cue card needs to fear . smad place and aso make up the field .\n\u201cwe\u2019ve got one or two other good ones and people think with cue card maybe time is catching up but it\u2019s not \u2013 he\u2019s every bit as good as he\u2019s ever been . \u201d\ntizzard ' s son and assistant , joe , said :\nboth native river and cue card schooled on tuesday . i don ' t think i ' ve ever seen cue card school so well it was like he was on springs . native river was really good , too . i rode native river myself this ( sunday ) morning and he felt superb .\ncue card , pictured winning the weatherbys champion bumper at the cheltenham festival , races over hurdles back at the track today . photograph : david davies / pa archive / press association images\nsilvianico conti was the well heralded favourite who we all expected to win . the only fear in a tepid field was cue card , and at that point it was hard to even fancy him . cue card had been in the doldrums for the previous 18 months and the phrase \u201cgone at the game\u201d had been used many a time to sum up colin tizzard\u2019s charge .\npaddy brennan has ridden cue card to success in the 2015 betfair chase for trainer colin tizzard . urltoken racing uk is the uk ' s leading horse racing tv channel , broadcasting over 4 , 000 live races every year . relive all the best action here : urltoken racing uk - pure racing entertainment\ncue card is set to come back in trip for this weekend ' s two - mile - five - furlong grade one feature before a potential second tilt at cheltenham gold cup glory .\ncue card , the winner of the ryanair chase at the cheltenham festival in march 2013 , recorded his first success for nearly two years in the charlie hall chase at wetherby on saturday .\nsprinter sacre takes on un de sceaux again in the celebration chase at sandown on saturday and on the following wednesday don cossack and cue card lock horns again in the punchestown gold cup .\non 29 october , cue card made his seasonal debut in the charlie hall chase at wetherby and was sent off the odds on favourite . disappointingly , he was only third to irish cavalier who won at 16 / 1 . cue card ' s second reappearance was in the betfair chase at haydock on 19 november when he beat coneygree by an impressive 15 lengths . [ 15 ]\npaddy brennan has ridden cue card to success in the 2015 betfair chase for trainer colin tizzard . to join racing uk ' s international service visit : urltoken racing uk is the uk ' s leading horse racing tv channel , broadcasting over 4 , 000 live races every year . racing uk - pure racing entertainment\ntizzard\u2019s meteoric climb now sees him sitting the top table of national hunt racing . the brilliant cue card has been his flag bearer since winning the 2010 champion bumper , the yards first cheltenham festival winner . that day , cue card was sent off as a 40 / 1 outsider and it was the beginning of a special relationship between trainer and horse . i personally remember doing a tipping competition at my work for the festival and a customer told me his horse for the day : \u201c5 . 15 cue card please\u201d . i thought , \u201ci\u2019ve not heard of this , it must be a right rag ! \u201d . i am pleased to admit that i was categorically wrong as he powered up the hill to record an eight length victory over none other than the subsequent 2011 supreme novices\u2019 hurdle winner , al ferof .\nhaving said that , we know cue card is effective over two and a half miles as well , so he has that option ( jlt melling chase ) at aintree , too .\ncolin tizzard\u2019s stable star battled it out to the line with irish raider vautour , culminating in a photo finish . but it was a home win , with cue card just taking the prize .\ntizzard waves away questions about feeling pressure , saying he got over any sense of anxiety quite early in his training career , but he is keenly aware of the need to protect cue card .\ncue card ( foaled 30 april 2006 ) is a british thoroughbred racehorse . a specialist steeplechaser , he has won fifteen of his thirty - three races , including nine at grade i level .\njust click on any of the list of races below to go to the race card . you can also click on a horse\u2019s name to go to an individual race record . ( courtesy of the uk\u2019s racing post )\ncue card and don cossack were fighting for position in second and third , with their two jockeys looking to be fretting as they pushed their mounts for a response to the foot perfect jumping ahead .\nridden by joe tizzard , and trained by the winning jockey ' s father colin , cue card pulled away after the final fence having been at the head of the field for most of the race .\nboth horses are reported to have taken those exertions well and could be in line for a rematch in the betway bowl on merseyside , although cue card also has the option of the shorter melling chase .\nhats off to the connections of cue card who this week scratched the lovable 11 - year - old from next month\u2019s ryanair chase , signifying their intentions to once again go for the cheltenham gold cup .\nlee mckenzie and luke elder reflect on the weekend\u2019s racing action , which included cue card\u2019s return to form at ascot , a victory for yanworth at wincanton and vieux lion rouge enhancing his grand national credentials .\ncue card ( 1 . 50 ) is arguably the most exciting prospect in british jumps racing and represents a decent bet if he can be backed at something near even - money at cheltenham this afternoon .\njockey paddy brennan said in an interview published earlier this week he\nwanted to die\nafter cue card fell three fences from the finish in last year ' s gold cup won by don cossack .\nsunbury , england \u2013 december 26 : paddy brennan riding cue card ( r ) clear the last to win the william hill king george vi steeple chase from vatour and ruby walsh ( l ) at kempton park racecourse on december 26 , 2015 in sunbury , england . ( photo by alan crowhurst / getty images ) * * * local caption * * * paddy brennan ; cue card ; vautour ; ruby walsh\njordan mccarthy is our horse racing expert and a university college cork graduate . he was a prominent member of the ucc horse racing society and will be focusing on the big talking points in racing . he also discusses some of the burning issues in football .\nhow to get into horse racing , whether you want to work with horses at the stables or become a fully fledged jockey .\ncue card ( usa ) dkb / br . h , 1965 { 7 } dp = 7 - 8 - 9 - 0 - 0 ( 24 ) di = 4 . 33 cd = 0 . 92\ndon\u2019t get me wrong , his form is well below that of cue card\u2019s , it\u2019s just he seems over - priced at 6 / 1 with 188bet back on his favoured soft ground over his best trip .\n\u201cit\u2019s the best feeling in my whole career , \u201d said rider paddy brennan . \u201ci feel very proud today . i\u2019d like to thank cue card and all the staff . he\u2019s run a true race . \u201d\nleading racing writer kevin blake looks at the influx of talent at colin tizzard\u2019s upwardly - mobile dorset yard and assesses what it could mean for tizzard , who also trains national hunt heavyweights cue card and thistlecrack .\ni ' ve never had a career all my life and now i ' m in the autumn of my days and i need something for myself , ' she gabbled , as if reading from a cue card .\nthey try again this year , with the horse bidding to become the oldest gold cup winner since what a myth in 1969 . the stats are against them but this man and horse , who unite in such perfect harmony , would be the week\u2019s most popular winner .\ninspired by the movie ' war horse ' ; the stories of david and adrian ' s grandparents , and paintings of septimus power .\nall i want them to do is run their races , come back fit and sound and may the best horse win .\nanchises 8 . 10 windsor at 6 / 5 . 1pt win advised horse guards gin lord uxbridge novice stake [ . . . ]\ncue card is a horse who has always had his doubters and it emerged after his upset victory in the betfair chase here on saturday that the faith had been ebbing even from those closest to him , only hours before his greatest triumph . at 5 . 30am , unable to sleep , his owners , bob and jean bishop , rang colin tizzard , his trainer , to ask if it was really wise for the horse to be running on soft ground over such a long distance .\nlast year\u2019s betfair chase saw jockey club racecourses re - introduce the \u00a31 - million bonus for any horse who could follow up success at haydock park with victories in the king george vi chase and cheltenham gold cup , under the \u201cchase triple crown\u201d banner . silviniaco conti , cue card and dynaste all headed back to haydock park with holywell , a grade one winner over fences , and cheltenham festival scorer ballynagour completing another high - class field . it was a resurgent 7 / 4 chance cue card , ridden by paddy brennan , who came out on top , scoring readily by seven lengths from the 5 / 4 favourite silviniaco conti , thus becoming the third horse to win the betfair chase at least twice .\nit was only the second time in his career that cue card had run over three miles , and after shaking off roi du mee , tizzard kept silviniaco conti at bay to win by four and a half lengths .\nwe all love a great racing story and thankfully , this year ' s renewal has one . it involves last year ' s winner and veteran cue card , now almost 11 , enjoying some of his best form .\nthe eye - catching gelding , who was last year\u2019s highest rated chaser , hit the headlines at the cheltenham festival in march when storming to victory in the gold cup \u2014 following cue card\u2019s unfortunate fall in the race .\ncue card has came back to somewhere near his best after a pretty poor season in 2014 / 2015 . he ' s won three out of three this season including collaring vautour on the line in the king george . he ' s appeared seven times at cheltenham and has won three of them . he clearly loves it around here but does he want the 3m 2f trip ? that ' s the doubt i have about cue card .\na recent article in the racing post weekender by the legendary tom segal really struck me . not only did he tip cue card for next season\u2019s king george , but he also claimed the colin tizzard trained horse to be the most exciting chaser in training . initially , it seemed a bit ludicrous but after some thought and subsequent performances it is hard to disagree .\njoe was real coy with him from three out , he was sat there , never moved . cue card jumped better than he ever has . he was on his game today , that ' s for sure .\ncue card won his first race , a bumper at fontwell on 25 january 2010 , \u201cso easily\u201d that colin decided they had to go to the champion bumper at cheltenham . so in march 2010 , that\u2019s what they did .\nhaydock was up next and our old friend cue card was back again . he bolts up in the betfair chase . maybe that wind operation has worked wonders after all as there was no excuses for his rivals that day .\nwe then arrived at kempton\u2019s festive offering and the big clash in the king george as cue card battles the top two in the gold cup market don cossack and vautour . cue card has had a king george in the bag before throwing it away up the straight and rumours echoed pre - race ; he doesn\u2019t get the trip , he\u2019s against the big boys today , he\u2019s old now so he\u2019ll get found out . vautour led them along , bryan cooper got into a world of trouble before hitting the deck at the first sight of daylight two out and there was cue card proving them all wrong . he staying on dourly , moving alongside vautour and walsh as the desperate reach for the line took place . a photo was called and cue card had just got there . all heart , all guts , it was a victory for the romantics on a bitter winters afternoon in the south london gloom .\nshould thistlecrack come through his next few assignments in novice company without undue drama , he would be highly likely to be sent off favourite for the gold cup and would represent the biggest danger to cue card landing the bonus . should these circumstances come about , speculation will inevitably run wild that thistlecrack could have his cheltenham festival target changed to one of the novice races or a championship race over a shorter trip to ease cue card\u2019s task in the gold cup .\na pelvic fracture ruled cue card out of the 2014 cheltenham festival but he returned to haydock park later the same year to defend his crown in the betfair chase , when his rivals included silviniaco conti and dynaste again and the philip hobbs - trained menorah , a grade one winner over hurdles and fences . adopting his customary front - running tactics , cue card led the field for much of the race but was headed by silviniaco conti four fences from home .\nhowever , the main danger to cue card looks like coming from empire of dirt . officially - rated just 4lbs off cue card then there might not be much between them . he was last seen running fourth in the ryanair , but before that was a close second to sizing john in the irish gold cup \u2013 form that has since been given a huge boost . he\u2019s won on a variety of different grounds , but is so far unproven at aintree .\ncue cards were originally used to aid aging actors . one early use was by john barrymore in the late 1930s .\nalways towards the head of affairs , cue card jumped with his customary exuberance under the trainer\u2019s son joe and rallied well when pressed by silviniaco conti three fences from home . following a fine leap at the final fence , cue card extended his advantage towards the line to beat dynaste by four and a half lengths , followed by silviniaco conti ( 3rd ) , long run ( 4th ) and tidal bay ( 5th ) as bobs worth faded to come home sixth .\nfollowing on from last year , we are delighted to announce that we are featuring horse racing tips from channel four racing presenter , tom lee .\na top week is in prospect for horse racing fans as the three day aintree grand national meeting kicks - off on thursday 6th april 2017 .\nfollow the sportsman for the latest horse racing news . register with the sportsman to personalise your news feed with your favourite sports and football team .\nthe king george vi chase at kempton was certainly a race for the ages with the outstandingly brave cue card denying vautour victory in the dying strides after don cossack came to grief at the second last obstacle . first and foremost , cue card deserves enormous credit for his performance in this season\u2019s christmas highlight . the tizzard team have showed that they are a stable of immense talent in bringing cue card to the grade 1 heights of this season , but deeper company await at cheltenham for the popular chaser in his bid for the million pound triple crown bonus . there has been much debate on whether or not don cossack would have been able to clinch king george glory if not for falling two out . in my eyes , he never looked to be in a rhythm for the majority of the race , but he surely would have gone mightily close if he had stayed on his feet . however , this is jumps racing and the fences as there to be jumped primarily , so i would not take anything away from the memorable battle between cue card and vautour . don cossack is still most definitely a worthy contender for the gold cup crown this march , but this was cue card\u2019s day .\nin a cruel twist of fate , it was cue card\u2019s turn to fall when still in contention . he more than made up for this when routing the field at aintree and heads next week to punchestown to take on don cossack again .\na winner on his return at ascot , he was outstayed at kempton in the king george vi chase by cue card prior to romping to his cheltenham success ; although he blotted his copybook with a fall at aintree in the melling chase .\nit ' s so nice that he ' s proved he can get in there , and it makes him a real gold cup horse .\nhowever , cue card ran a superb race to finish second , just coming under pressure when barry geraghty\u2019s mount came upsides him on the run for home at liverpool . that race was the highlight of the jump racing season . it saw sprinter sacre beat very good horses and prove , although it was never really in doubt , what a superstar he is . it was great to see cue card give him a race but in the end there was only going to be one winner .\nperhaps the biggest threat to cue card on saturday could be jonjo o ' neill ' s taquin du seuil . he won a big handicap at cheltenham in december before seemingly failing to get home over three miles in the lexus chase at leopardstown .\neven before the flat season ended last weekend , talk had already begun to circulate about a flashy young horse who might shake up the top - class hurdlers this winter . cue card is only four and has raced just once over obstacles but his name features in betting lists for the champion hurdle and defeat would be a major upset when he risks his reputation in the second race at cheltenham today .\ncue card began his next season in the grade ii haldon gold cup at exeter racecourse . competing against more experienced chasers he started the 5 / 6 favourite and won impressively by twenty - six lengths . [ 5 ] he was then moved up in class and distance for the king george vi chase at kempton park racecourse on boxing day , but after making mistakes at the first two fences he tired in the closing stages and finished fifth behind long run . in february , cue card won the grade i ascot chase , beating captain chris by six lengths : he led for most of the race and was never in danger of defeat after the runner - up made a\nterrible blunder\nat the final fence . [ 6 ] at the cheltenham festival , tizzard opted to run cue card in the two and a half mile ryanair chase , rather than taking on sprinter sacre in the two mile queen mother champion chase . starting at odds of 7 / 2 , cue card led from the start and won by nine lengths from the irish - trained favourite first lieutenant . [ 7 ] on his final appearance of the season , cue card finished four and a half lengths second to sprinter sacre in the melling chase at aintree .\n\u201chonestly , if i ' d dreamt a thousand times in my life i never thought i ' d be lucky enough to ride a horse like him .\nthe stable companions were towards the forefront of the betting for friday ' s cheltenham gold cup , with cue card falling at the third - last fence for the second year in succession and native river running a fine race in defeat to finish third .\nand , though it would not have counted towards the title , had cue card won at cheltenham there would have been another \u00a31m for completing the jockey club ' s ' steeplechasing triple crown ' - the betfair chase , king george and gold cup .\nvictory for the ' people ' s favourite ' cue card would bring the house down , but , even at an evergreen 11 , he ' s got to defy the age stats and there ' s a chance 2016 was ' his year ' .\ncue card is a bay gelding with a white star bred by roland crellin at brookfarm , penhow . he is one of many successful national hunt horses sired by the king george vi and queen elizabeth stakes winner king ' s theatre . [ 2 ]\nthe 2015 - 2016 national hunt season in britain provided clear - cut proof of the continued excellence of british - bred thoroughbreds , with rule the world , thistlecrack and cue card claiming the top 3 spots in the list of the season\u2019s highest earners .\nhe may be just short of becoming the absolute best horse out there . after all , the two - mile division is very weak , the 3 mile is lacking what it used to have and somewhere in between is a horse that carries the blue silks with the pink star of mrs . jean bishop . cue card has made that area in between almost his own this year , despite suffering defeat at the hands of sprinter sacre over the trip at aintree . still , he is an intriguing animal although he has had to play second fiddle to \u2018frankel sacre\u2019 .\nwe can ' t be cocky , either , he has got to get round and get over all those fences . we ' ve seen what can happen to the very best with cue card falling last year when having a very good chance .\nthe lineup of the three highest earners over the 2015 - 16 national hunt season is completed by the ever popular cue card . the king\u2019s theatre gelding out of wicked crack has proved to be the biggest and brightest feather in welsh breeder roland crellin\u2019s cap .\nwhether the king george tip will come to fruition is debatable . however this 7 - year - old second season chaser is one of , if not the , most exciting in training ( what about sprinter sacre they say ? ) . sprinter sacre is the greatest national hunt horse on the planet at the moment . however , cue card deserves another title ; themost exciting - , as mr . pricewise puts it .\ncue cards however did not become widespread until 1949 when barney mcnulty a cbs page and former military pilot , was asked to write ailing actor ed wynn ' s script lines on large sheets of paper to help him remember his script . mcnulty volunteered for this duty because his training as a pilot taught him to write very quickly and clearly . mcnulty soon saw the necessity of this concept and formed the company\nad libs .\nmcnulty continued to be bob hope ' s personal cue card man until he stopped performing . mcnulty who died in 2000 at the age of 77 was known in hollywood as the\ncue - card king\n.\ngarde champetre looks the horse to be on in today ' s cross - country event at cheltenham . photograph : david davies / pa archive / press association images\nshowing signs of a revival and well - handicapped on his best form . on the downside , no horse older than six - years has won since 2004 .\nseasonal return for this promising horse . 2013 adonis hurdle form with irish saint , suggests he has a good chance of reversing placings , if at his best .\nheffernan said :\ni was on a horse that handled the conditions well . he ' s straightforward , he ' s very sound and he stays hard .\nas always with the big meetings , matchbook\u2019s horse racing trends expert andy newton gives you the low - down on the trends worth noting for aintree day 1 .\nhe\u2019s clearly a hard horse to keep sound , but hugely talented he could make his mark if avoiding any niggling problems that have beset his career to date .\nthis season he has three wins out of four and the only race he lost when was when falling in the king george at kempton . i still maintain that he wins that race without the fall . in my opinion i think it ' s clear as day that he jumps the second last ahead of cue card and you just know that don cossack stays all day . people will disagree with me but don cossack would ' ve beat cue card in the king george had he jumped the second last more efficiently .\nfor much of the season the betting for the cheltenham gold cup has been dominated by horses from the yard of trainer colin tizzard , and despite the absence of thistlecrack the milborne port handler still has the services of native river and cue card to call upon .\ncue card is the most exciting chaser in training . the interesting thing is that he has achieved so much but could yet go on to achieve so much more . it will be interesting to see if he can feature over a longer trip and on better ground . one thing is for sure next year\u2019s king george could a champion chaser , a ryanair winner and grey that could follow up his amazing win in last year\u2019s feltham over course and distance . can cue card challenge over three miles ? that is another exciting prospect\ni couldn\u2019t help but be taken by imagine the chat\u2019s emphatic success in a 2m 6\u00bdf limited handicap chase at newbury recently and he looks to be a horse that is steadily improving . although the handicapper will more than likely have his say after an easy seven length success under sean bowen , jp mcmanus looks to have a horse capable of holding his own in deeper company later this season . imagine the chat is certainly a horse to keep an eye on over the coming months in staying handicaps .\nas it ' s # pollingday we thought we should run our very own poll . name the 2015 / 16 jumps horse of the season . . . . .\nn . ( context film television english ) a card with writing on it , shown to actors to remind them of their lines .\nas a yearling , cue card was sent to the sales in february 2007 and was bought for \u20ac75 , 000 by aiden murphy . he returned to the sales as a gelding in june 2009 , and was sold to aidan kennedy for \u20ac52 , 000 . [ 3 ]\nstill one of the best staying chasers around right now , he will take some beating - thistlecrack will be a great horse if he lowers his stablemate ' s colours .\nin truth the official ratings suggested cue card had to win as he did , by an eased - down 15 - lengths , but the 4 - 9 favourite still put in some spectacular leaps along the way , in what was an ordinary renewal outside of the market leader .\nwhether or not cue card is king george material remains unclear . the fact that sprinter sacre could go for that race increases this doubt . mr . pricewise feels cue card is a cracking bet for next season\u2019s kempton feature . we will have to wait and see . it could be a case of 2 and a half miles being his ideal trip , or better again 2miles and 5 furlongs . lucky for him he has the ryanair , unlike oscar whiskey who has no 2 and a half mile grade 1 hurdle event at the festival to aim for .\nduring the 2015 - 16 jump - racing season , no british trainer hit the big - race headlines more frequently than colin tizzard as he navigated generally triumphant paths for people ' s - favourite steeplechaser cue card , champion long - distance hurdler thistlecrack and emerging star native river .\nsuch an influx of firepower into a yard that already houses two of the most talented horses in the sport in the shape of cue card and thistlecrack has the potential to elevate tizzard to even greater heights than his excellent fourth - place finish in the british trainers\u2019 championship last season .\nnative river is great ; we ' ll have to consider the world hurdle at the festival with him because if cue card and thistlecrack get clear runs and go to the gold cup is native river going to beat them ? his rating puts him in the world hurdle .\nplease keep me up to date with special offers and news from horse & hound and other brands operated by ti media limited via email . you can unsubscribe at any time .\nhe then trounced the opposition in this year\u2019s ryanair despite not being too fluent over a couple of his fences . he beat a quality packed field in that race , with runner - up first lieutenant going on to take the bowl at aintree . that tells you what a serious horse cue card is . the 2m5f trip seems to be tailored for the horse . he has simply excelled at the trip this season . his victories this year have seen him ridden prominently by joe tizzard . his jumping has been great the majority of the time and he has defeated some very talented horses . unfortunately for him he also ran into sprinter sacre .\nnobody saw that coming a year ago . then again , not many people saw cue card coming either , as a serious gold cup contender at least . this year\u2019s race was expected to be all about the 2015 class of novices , ushering an earlier generation into retirement . cue card , a prominent member of that generation ever since his win in the bumper here in 2010 , has not been to the festival since 2013 , when he won the less prestigious ryanair chase . his chance to claim the most valuable and prestigious race at the meeting had apparently been and gone .\ncue card will be all the rage though as he bids to do what he did last season and mop - up this race after falling in the gold cup . he\u2019s another that is getting a bit long in the tooth at 11 , so we should enjoy him while we can .\ntizzard seems to have the midas touch with chasers . behind thistlecrack in the gold cup betting is one of the most improved chasers in national hunt racing , native river . unlike cue card who was a precocious four - year - old bumper horse , this smashing chestnut started his life in the point - to - point sphere and subsequently had six hurdle runs before heading over fences last season . again unlike the speedy cue card , he always had the \u2018dour stayer\u2019 look about him . after starting his chase career at a little over 2m3f ( finishing third ) , the step up to races around three miles has been the making of him . native river has only been out the first two twice when contesting races over three miles or beyond and that will certainly\nnicholls also ran tidal bay in the betfair but the old horse disappointed for the first time in more than 18 months . the welsh national and the lexus are now being considered .\n\u201cthe horse has won his last two \u2013 so any rain probably won\u2019t do him any harm - but it\u2019s five furlongs and we\u2019ll jump out and go as fast as we can .\ndespite suffering the ' fall of the year ' , at the third last fence in the cheltenham gold cup , cue card confirmed his place in the hearts of thousands with wins at wetherby , at haydock in the betfair chase , in the king george vi chase at kempton and at aintree .\nit all started back at wetherby with the enigma that is cue card . we all laughed when paddy brennan started waxing lyrical about his charlie hall win ; paddy\u2019s deluded \u2013 he\u2019s just happy to win on tv again , none of the others were fit , wait till they get to haydock .\nit\u2019s fair to say , his hurdles career wasn\u2019t as fruitful as it first looked . he was fourth in al ferof\u2019s supreme but as an embryonic chaser , his future was always going to lie over fences . tizzard\u2019s meticulous planning of cue card was a joy to behold . he never has once shied away from a challenge and his belief in the horse\u2019s raw ability was a refreshing site to see as often connections can be known to wrap their horses in the proverbial cotton wool .\ncue card has already won this race three times , including when arriving last season off the back of a defeat in the charlie hall . while bristol de mai is 2 / 2 here , they have been in lesser company and his task was massively eased last time at wetherby with neither coneygree nor cue card getting round . he is by no means written off as he is the young improver but at the prices he is too short . outlander has grade 1 winning form in the book , if the cheekpieces work as well second time , he deserves plenty of consideration at a bigger price ."]}
+{"id": 6, "summary": [{"text": "syncopacma taeniolella is a moth of the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in most of europe .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 10 \u2013 13 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults are on wing in july .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the larvae feed on lotus corniculatus , lotus uliginosus , medicago and trifolium species .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "they initially mine the leaves of their host plant .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "the mine consists of an irregular blotchy rather small mine .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "soon the larvae leave the mine , and start mining from between few spun leaves .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "larvae can be found in may and june . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "syncopacma taeniolella", "paragraphs": ["syncopacma taeniolella ( silver - barred sober ) - norfolk micro moths - the micro moths of norfolk .\nanimalia eumetozoa arthropoda hexapoda insecta lepidoptera gelechioidea gelechiidae anacampsinae syncopacma meyrick 1925 syncopacma taeniolella ( zeller , 1839 ) - telphusa acrophylla meyrick , 1911 - gelechia taeniolella ( zeller , 1839 ) - isis von oken by oken , lorenz , 1779 - 1851 volume 32 , 1839 : title page : p . 201 - n . 56 - germany\nthe pale fascia on s . taeniolella can be straight or , more often , slightly inwardly curved .\nconfused with syncopacma larseniella and s . cinctella . care required . very subtle differences .\nrarely the white fascia on the upperside of the forewing can be broken or reduced to a few dots in s . taeniolella . if checking of the underside of the forewing fails to show any obvious and strong white fascia then dissection is recommended to exclude other syncopacma species .\nlarva : spins leaves together and feeds within the spinning . syncopacma cinctella also utilises common bird ' s - foot - trefoil and s . larseniella has been known to use it on rare occasions .\nreadily separated from other syncopacma species with a white fascia by the presence of a similar , usually slightly thinner fascia on the underside of the forewing and a white spot or a broken line on the underside of the hindwing . see photograph of upperside and underside of the forewings in the images section and the comparable markings of s . larseniella under that species .\nthe moth can be separated from other\nsyncopacma\nspecies showing white fascia , by checking the underside of the forewing where a thinner white fascia is positioned and a further broken white line or spot on the underside of the hindwing . occasionally the white fascia on the on the upperside of the forewing can be broken or reduced to a few spots and can be straight or slightly curved inwards .\nreasonably common in the southern half on england , this species becomes scarcer further north into england and wales , and has occurred in small numbers in scotland and ireland .\n) , the larvae feeding between spun shoots or leaves during may and june .\n, but can be distinguished by the whitish fascia on the underside of the forewing , absent in those species .\nukmoths is built , run and maintained by ian kimber , with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .\nthe ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries . more often than not you ' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .\nlooking for a specific moth species ? enter just part of the name below .\nprocache : v317 render date : 2018 - 07 - 02 09 : 41 : 15 page render time : 0 . 5663s total w / procache : 0 . 6041s\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nrecorded in 13 ( 19 % ) of 69 10k squares . first recorded in 1874 . last recorded in 2018 .\nunderlying maps using digital map data \u00a9 norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola\u2122 2018 . \u00a9 james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data \u00a9 nola\u2122 2018\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 1 / / en\nurltoken\nnotes : local on rough ground in england , south of a line from shropshire to the wash , becoming less common northwards ; rarely in wales , scotland and ireland . in hampshire recorded in both vice - counties , sometimes commonly ; on the isle of wight , although it almost certainly still occurs there , no recent record has been received . wingspan 11 - 14 mm . the most likely confusion species are s . larseniella and s . cinctella , neither of which has a fascia on the underside of the forewing nor a costal spot on the underside of the hindwing ( mbgbi vol 4 part 2 ) . larva feeds on bird ' s - foot trefoil , clover , black medick and spotted medick , living between leaves spun together with silk .\nwidespread but rather local , occasionally locally common , across much of england , lowland wales and eire . very local in northern england , only a few scattered sites in scotland * and unrecorded from northern ireland and isle of man . it appears to be restricted to coastal localities in the more northerly parts of britain .\n* details of two scottish records ( in vc83 and vc101 ) shown on the national vc maps are unknown to this scheme , the only location with details being the outer hebrides . additionally the national vice county map has a dot for vc113 ( the channel islands ) , but no supporting data was received with the complete channel islands dataset when updated in 2012 .\nthe diagnostic white marks on the underside of the forewing and hindwing can be a little variable in extent but are clearly visible in the photograph above .\nlotus corniculatus ( common bird ' s - foot - trefoil ) , see plant distribution map . very occasionally on lotus pedunculatus ( greater bird ' s - foot - trefoil ) , trifolium spp . ( clover ) or medicago spp . ( medick ) . it was once reported from helianthemum nummularium ( common rock - rose ) by p sokoloff in the benhs journal of 1980 : 8 .\nin europe alsp found on chrysapsis micrantha , dorycnium , medicago minima ( bur medick ) , tetragonolobus maritimus , trifolium medium ( zigzag clover ) and trifolium pratense ( red clover ) .\nrough ground , quarries , vegetated coastal dunes , chalk grassland and limestone pavement .\nadult : easily disturbed on warm days and swept from amongst the larval foodplant . comes to light .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\n- azores , balearic is . , canary is . , channel is . , corsica , crete , croatia , cyprus , greece , latvia ,\nnote - plants hyperlinked in red below take the visitor to the relevant plant page on\nplants for a future\nwebsite where further information like photos , physical characteristics , habitats , edible uses , medicinal uses , cultivation , propagation , range , height etc . are clearly listed . plant families - in bold red below takes the visitor to the relevant\nlepi - plants\npage where other butterflies & moths using the plants below are listed .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\ncommon birds ' - foot trefoil , sometimes clover spp . or medick spp . .\nfor the county , we have a total of 10 records from 9 sites . first recorded in 1859 .\nvc64 . ellington banks mod , 13 . 7 . 2005 conf . heb ( chf , jcw , spw ) . new vice - county record .\nvc63 . brockadale nr , 6 . 7 . 2013 , gen . det . heb ( dwi ) . new vice - county record .\nresident . a local species in southern england , becoming very local north of the midlands .\ndiscovered at llanymynech rocks in the north - east of the county in 2012 .\nspinning . eggs laid on foodplant ? larva feeds between spun leaves . pupa is reddish brown in a slight cocoon in the detritus ."]}
+{"id": 7, "summary": [{"text": "argodrepana verticata is a moth in the drepanidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by warren in 1907 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in new guinea .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 30-35 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are white and semi-transparent , crossed by five grey bands , all nearly parallel to the outer margin , and marked on the veins with darker grey dashes .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there are two antemedian lines , of which the basal is very obscure , and one postmedian line , as well as two submarginal lines , the outer of which is a lunulate-dentate line , with the teeth touching the grey marginal line .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "all bands are present on the hindwings , the last three meeting at the anal angle . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "argodrepana verticata", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for argodrepana definition . you find here argodrepana meaning , synonyms of argodrepana and images for argodrepana copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word argodrepana . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word argodrepana and , of course , argodrepana synonyms and on the right images related to the word argodrepana .\nwilkinson , c . 1970 . a new species argodrepana and records of other white drepanidae ( lepidoptera ) from new guinea . pacif . ins . 12 ( 2 ) : 241 - 249 . argodrepana marilo new species from mt . kaindi , papua new guinea , and records of argodrepana verticata ( warren ) and 6 teldenia spp . from papua new guinea ( lepidoptera : drepanidae ) .\nhave a fact about argodrepana galbana ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for argodrepana galbana ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nwilkinson , c . 1971 . notes on a numerical analysis of argodrepana marilo wilkinson and related species ( drepanidae : lepidoptera ) . pacif . ins . 15 ( 2 ) : 329 - 332 . numerical taxonomic relationships of argodrepana marilo wilkinson and related species from new guinea ( lepidoptera : drepanidae ) .\nwilkinson , c . 1967 . a taxonomic study of a new genus of drepanidae ( lepidoptera ) from new guinea . proc . r . ent . soc . lond . 36 ( 1 - 2 ) : 17 - 29 , 1 pl . lepidoptera , drepanidae : argodrepana * galbana * se new guinea , denticulata * , tenebra * , umbrosa * nw new guinea .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nfor now some of the most importend publications for drepanidae are listed below . shortly i will upgrade this list with most of the literature availiable .\ngaede , m . 1932 . r\u00e9sultats scientifiques du voyage aux indes orientales n\u00e9erlandaises de ll . aa . rr . le prince et la princesse l\u00e9opold de belgique . lepidoptera i . uraniidae , drepanidae , notodontidae . m\u00e9m . mus . r . hist . nat . belg . hors ser 4 ( 6 ) : 57 - 61 . lepidoptera ; urani . , drepan . : alcidis agathyrsus , aruus , cyphura maxima , oreta subvinosa aru , w new guinea .\nholloway , j . d . 1998 . the moths of borneo : families castniidae , callidulidae , drepanidae and uraniidae . malayan nature journal 51 : 1 - 155 , plates 1 - 10 .\nrecords and new species of new guinea and solomon islands ( lepidoptera : callidulidae , drepanidae , and uraniidae including epipleminae ) . also gymnoscelis fragilis warren ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) from new guinea .\nturner , a . j . 1911 . studies in australian lepidoptera . ann . qld . mus . 10 : 59 - 135 . lepidoptera ; noctuidae , uraniidae , drepanidae , thyrididae , pyralidae , eupterotidae : several spp . kei , new guinea , louisiades , new britain , solomon is .\nturner , a . j . 1926 . revision of australian lepidoptera : drepanidae , limacodidae , zygaenidae . proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 51 : 411 - 45 . lepidoptera , drepan . : oreta jaspidea ; limacod . : scopelodes nitens , susica kenricki , birthama modesta new guinea .\nwarren , w . 1922 - 24 . family : drepanidae , pp . 443 - 90in a . seitz ( ed . ) macrolepidoptera of the world . vol . 10 . lepidoptera , drepan . : many n . spp . , sev . n . sspp . , procampsis * goodenough , louisiades , mysol , solomon is . , new guinea .\nwatson , a . 1957 . a revision of the genus tridrepana swinhoe ( lepidoptera : drepanidae ) . bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 4 : 407 - 500 . lepidoptera , drepanidae : t . lunulata prolata * , olivacea crocata * , sigma * rook ( umboi ) , buru , bismarcks , bougainville , solomon is .\nwatson , a . 1961 . a taxonomic study of some indo - australian drepanidae ( lepidoptera ) . bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 8 ) : 317 - 347 . lepidoptera , drepanidae : oreta singapura continua , campylopteryx fleximargo fergusson , new guinea .\nwatson , a . 1967 . a survey of the extra - ethiopian oretinae ( lepidoptera : drepanidae ) . bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 19 ( 3 ) : 149 - 221 , pl . 1 - 9 . lepidoptera , drepanidae : new guinea and solomon islands records : oreta perfida warren , 1923 ; oreta singapura continua ( warren ) , 1899 ; oreta sublustris warren , 1923 ; oreta subvinosa warren , 1903 ; oreta unilinea ( warren ) , 1899 ; oreta undescribed species ( extensa species - group ) ; oreta jaspidea ( warren ) , 1896 ; oreta rubrifumata warren , 1923 ; urogonodes patiens ( warren ) , 1906 ; u . macrura warren , 1923 ; u . scintillans ( warren ) , 1896 ; astatochroa suphurata ( warren ) , 1907 ; cyclura trogoptera ( rothschild ) , 1915 .\nwilkinson , c . 1967 . a taxonomic revision of the genus teldenia moore ( lepidoptera : drepanidae , drepaninae ) . trans . roy . ent . soc . london 119 : 303 - 362 , 4 pls . revision of teldenia spp . in new guinea , bismarck archipelago , and solomon islands ( lepidoptera : drepanidae ) .\nwilkinson , c . 1969 . some aspects of zoogeography and speciation in the genus teldenia moore ( drepanidae : lepidoptera ) . j . nat . hist . 3 : 367 - 380 . biogeography of teldenia spp . in new guinea and bismarck archipelago ( lepidoptera : drepanidae ) .\nwilkinson , c . 1970 . numerical taxonomic methods applied to some indo - australian drepanidae : lepidoptera . j . nat . hist . 4 : 269 - 288 . numerical taxonomy of teldenia spp . and relatives , including many species from new guinea ( lepidoptera : drepanidae ) .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\n1 . argo 2 . argo - class submarine 3 . argo - hytos 4 . argo - navis 5 . argo - saronic islands 6 . argo aadli 7 . argo airways 8 . argo atv 9 . argo avenger 10 . argo bromo anggrek 11 . argo city 12 . argo class submarine 13 . argo community high school 14 . argo design 15 . argo district 16 . argo electric 17 . argo film 18 . argo gold mine and mill 19 . argo group 20 . argo hytos 21 . argo investments 22 . argo jati 23 . argo merchant 24 . argo meresaar 25 . argo navis\n26 . argo online 27 . argo p 28 . argo point 29 . argo project 30 . argo racing cars 31 . argo records 32 . argo saronic islands 33 . argo spa 34 . argo tea 35 . argo the almighty 36 . argo tunnel 37 . argo uml 38 . argo utv 39 . argoan 40 . argob 41 . argobba 42 . argobba language 43 . argobba people 44 . argobba special woreda 45 . argobbas 46 . argobuccinum retiolum 47 . argobuccinum tumidum 48 . argocat 49 . argochampsa 50 . argocoffeopsis\n51 . argocoffeopsis lemblinii 52 . argoed 53 . argoed high school 54 . argoel 55 . argofilms 56 . argogorytes mystaceus 57 . argoile 58 . argol 59 . argol argal 60 . argolamprotes micella 61 . argolian 62 . argolic 63 . argolic gulf 64 . argolics 65 . argolid 66 . argolid peninsula 67 . argolida 68 . argolida football clubs association 69 . argolidocorinthia 70 . argolis 71 . argolis and corinthia prefecture 72 . argolis greece 73 . argolis gulf of 74 . argolis prefecture 75 . argols\n76 . argom 77 . argoman the fantastic superman 78 . argomenti 79 . argomento 80 . argomuellera 81 . argon 82 . argon - 36 83 . argon - 38 84 . argon - 40 85 . argon - argon dating 86 . argon - plasma coagulation 87 . argon2 88 . argon 36 89 . argon 38 90 . argon 40 91 . argon argon dating 92 . argon beam coagulator 93 . argon beam coagulator ablation 94 . argon cas # 7440 - 37 - 1 95 . argon cas # 7440 37 1 96 . argon compounds 97 . argon flash 98 . argon fluoride laser 99 . argon fluorohydride 100 . argon gas\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more"]}
+{"id": 8, "summary": [{"text": "the little wife underwing ( catocala muliercula ) is a moth of the erebidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found from massachusetts and connecticut south to florida and west to texas and new mexico .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 54-70 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults are on wing from may to july depending on the location .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "there is probably one generation per year .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "the larvae feed on myrica cerifera . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "catocala muliercula", "paragraphs": ["larva . the foodplant , location , date and general appearance all seem to indicate muliercula .\ngall , l . f . 1984 . the evolutionary ecology of a species - rich sympatic array of catocala moths . ph . d . dissertation , yale university .\nschweitzer , d . f . 1982 . field observations of foodplant overlap among sympatric catocala feeding on juglandaceae . journal of the lepidopterists ' society 36 ( 4 ) : 256 - 263 .\nschweitzer , dale f . 1991 . the hickory feeding catocala ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) fauna in the absence of carya ovata in southern new jersey . ent . news 102 ( 4 ) : 165 - 172 .\ngall , lawrence , f . database containing county level data for the north american species of catocala moths . entomology division , peabody museum , yale university , new haven , connecticut 06511 . accessed 1994 , july 1 .\ngall , l . f . 1991a . evolutionary ecology of sympatric catocala moths ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) . i . experiments on larval foodplant specificity . journal of research on the lepidoptera . 29 ( 3 ) : 173 - 194 .\ngall , l . f . 1991b . evolutionary ecology of sympatric catocala moths ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) . ii . sampling for wild larvae on their foodplants . journal of research on the lepidoptera . 29 ( 3 ) : 195 - 216 .\ngall , l . f . and d . c . hawks . 2002 . systematics of moths in the genus catocala ( noctuidae ) . iii . the types of william h . edwards , augustus r . grote , and achille guen\u00e9e . journal of the lepidopterists ' society 56 ( 4 ) : 234 - 264 .\ngall , l . f . and d . c . hawks . 2010 . systematics of moths in the genus catocala ( lepidoptera , erebidae ) iv . nomenclatorial stabilization of the nearctic fauna , with a revised synonymic check list . in : schmidt b . c , lafontaine j . d ( eds ) . contributions to the systematics of new world macro - moths ii . zookeys 39 : 37 - 83 .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nthe black bands of the hindwings tend to be very wide and there is considerable dark scaling along the inner margins . the hindwing fringe is very dark as is the general ground colour of the forewings .\ncourtesy of steve walter , floyd bennet field ( jamaica bay area of new york ) july 6 .\nsteve writes ,\nthe little wife is one of the signature species of jamaica bay - - but this one was 11 days ( seems to be a magic number , or times 2 ) earlier than the previous early date here . the little underwing was new for jamaica bay - - and i had 6 of them . funny how that happens .\nfemales emit an airbourne pheromone and males use their antennae to track the scent plume .\neggs are deposited on tree bark in the fall and hatch the following spring .\napril 18 , 2009 , courtesy of steve daniel , tentative id by steve and bill oehlke .\nlisted below are primary food plant ( s ) and alternate food plants . it is hoped that this alphabetical listing followed by the common name of the foodplant will prove useful . the list is not exhaustive , although some species seem very host specific . experimenting with closely related foodplants is worthwhile .\n. pages are on space rented from bizland . if you would like to become a\nplease send sightings / images to bill . i will do my best to respond to requests for identification help .\nto show appreciation for this site , click on the flashing butterfly to the left , a link to many worldwide insect sites .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\na forest or other appropriate habitat or cluster of such habitats where the species occurs , or recently has occurred , with sufficient foodplant and other resources for persistence or regular recurrence . minimally a habitat ( usually a forest ) where presence has been verified by specimens or adult photographs or by larval collections if these can be positively identified or were reared to adults . exceptionally for some taxa sight records can be accepted . note if foodplants are growing in residential neighborhoods proximate to primary habitat , these will usually be part of the occurrence .\nthere are almost certainly no really effective barriers . these moths will enter cities and even breed in them . they reach offshore islands where there is no habitat and at least two species have been taken on incoming ships several hundred kilometers at sea .\nfor forest species the suitable habitat distance generally applies in wooded or semiwooded ( includes wooded residential ) terrain if the larval foodplant is present at all . in large contiguous or nearly contiguous forests the unsuitable habitat distance would seldom apply since adults seem to be quite mobile and live several weeks at least and most larval foodplants are not highly localized ( although they are often sparse ) . however , use half the suitable habitat distance for separating occurrences if the larval foodplant is truly absent within continuous forest .\nwhere the habitat is truly extensive and contiguous use this figure , although these moths can persist in smaller areas . it is known that many individuals move much farther and given populations of mobile long - lived adults , unbroken or moderately fragmented habitat within and beyond this distance is almost certain to support at least continued recurrence . if habitat ( usually forest ) patches are smaller than 1000 hectares , infer presence throughout .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\nlafontaine , j . d . and b . c . schmidt . 2010 . annotated check list of the noctuoidea ( insecta , lepidoptera ) of north america north of mexico . zookeys 40 : 1 - 239 .\npeacock , j . w . , d . f . schweitzer , j . l . carter , and n . r . dubois . 1998 . laboratory assessment of the effects of bacillus thuringiensis on native lepidoptera . environmental entomology 27 ( 2 ) : 450 - 457 .\nsargent , t . d . 1976 . legion of night : the underwing moths . university of massachusetts press , amherst , ma . 222 pp . and 8 plates .\nschweitzer , dale f . 2004 . gypsy moth ( lymantria dispar ) : impacts and options for biodiversity - oriented land managers . natureserve , arlington , virginia . natureserve explorer . online . available : urltoken\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nlarvae feed exclusively on plants in the genus morella , such as wax myrtle and northern bayberry .\na little wife underwing moth in worcester co . , maryland ( 04 / 13 / 2014 ) . photo by scott housten . ( mbp list )\na little wife underwing moth in worcester co . , maryland ( 7 / 19 / 2014 ) . verified by roger downer / bamona . photo by scott housten . ( mbp list )\na little wife underwing moth in worcester co . , maryland ( 8 / 5 / 2014 ) . photo by scott housten . ( mbp list )\na little wife underwing moth in worcester co . , maryland ( 9 / 3 / 2013 ) . photo by scott housten . ( mbp list ) ( more of this species )\na little wife underwing moth in somerset co . , maryland ( 8 / 1 / 2004 ) . photo by lance biechele . ( mbp list )\na little wife underwing moth in worcester co . , maryland ( 7 / 24 / 2013 ) . photo by scott housten . ( mbp list )\na little wife underwing moth in worcester co . , maryland ( 7 / 23 / 2014 ) . photo by scott housten . ( mbp list )\na little wife underwing moth in worcester co . , maryland ( 9 / 5 / 2013 ) . photo by scott housten . ( mbp list )\nlittle wife underwing moth in dorchester co . , maryland ( 8 / 6 / 2014 ) . photo by jonathan willey . ( mbp list )\na little wife underwing moth collected on the eastern shore in maryland . photo by john glaser . ( mbp list )\na little wife underwing moth caterpillar in worcester co . , maryland ( 7 / 16 / 2014 ) . photo by scott housten . ( mbp list )\nuse of images featured on maryland biodiversity project is only permitted with express permission of the photographer .\ndata and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish , wildlife , and plants in idaho ."]}
+{"id": 9, "summary": [{"text": "mordellistena sexmaculata is a species of beetle in the mordellistena genus that is in the mordellidae family .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it was described by champion in 1891 . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "mordellistena sexmaculata", "paragraphs": ["\u00bfqu\u00e9 significa mordellistena ? existen 2 definiciones para la palabra mordellistena . tambi\u00e9n puedes a\u00f1adir tu mismo una definici\u00f3n para mordellistena\nmordellistena es un g\u00e9nero de cole\u00f3pteros de la familia mordellidae . incluye las siguientes especies : [ 1 ] \u200b\nlarva : mordellistena is the only genus in this family which larvae have characteristic tergal processes and paired urogomphi ( comment by artjom zaitsev ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nformerly treated in a much broader sense ; many spp . have been moved to other genera , incl .\nsmall , slender , linear or wedge - shaped . scutellum somewhat trianglular , rounded . antennae usually threadlike , sometimes slightly sawtoothed . eyes coarsely granulate . each hind tibia has 1 - 6 short , more or less oblique ridges on outer surface ; tarsal segments may also bear ridges . most are solid black , but some have red , orange or yellow markings\nplants in aster family , some trees , mostly oak . for many species , food in unknown .\nford e . j . , jackman j . a . ( 1996 ) new larval host plant associations of tumbling flower beetles ( coleoptera : mordellidae ) in north america . coleopterists bulletin 50 : 361 - 368 .\nnomenclatural changes for selected mordellidae ( coleoptera ) in north america j . a . jackman & w . lu . 2001 . insecta mundi 15 ( 1 ) : 31 - 34 .\ntaxonomic changes for fifteen species of north american mordellidae ( coleoptera ) a . e . lisberg . 2003 . insecta mundi 17 ( 3 - 4 ) : 191 - 194 .\namerican beetles , volume ii : polyphaga : scarabaeoidea through curculionoidea arnett , r . h . , jr . , m . c . thomas , p . e . skelley and j . h . frank . ( eds . ) . 2002 . crc press llc , boca raton , fl .\na manual of common beetles of eastern north america dillon , elizabeth s . , and dillon , lawrence . 1961 . row , peterson , and company .\npeterson field guides : beetles richard e . white . 1983 . houghton mifflin company .\nthe book of field and roadside : open - country weeds , trees , and wildflowers of eastern north america john eastman , amelia hansen . 2003 . stackpole books .\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\ni / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote : the coproporus sp . shown is one of the smallest insects photographed . it is very similar to a hydroscapha sp . skiff beetle . a better photo is needed for a positive i . d ."]}
+{"id": 10, "summary": [{"text": "idunella is a genus of crustacean in family liljeborgiidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it contains the following species : idunella aequicornis ( sars , 1876 ) idunella excavata ( schecke , 1973 ) idunella longirostris ( chevreux , 1920 ) idunella nana ( schecke , 1973 ) idunella pirata krapp-schickel , 1975 idunella sketi karaman , 1980", "topic": 26}], "title": "idunella", "paragraphs": ["worms - world register of marine species - idunella g . o . sars , 1894\nworms - world register of marine species - idunella aeqvicornis ( g . o . sars , 1877 )\nliljeborgia aeqvicornis g . o . sars , 1877 accepted as idunella aeqvicornis ( g . o . sars , 1877 ) ( type by monotypy )\nty - jour ti - idunella smithi , a new species of marine amphipod ( gammaridea , liljeborgiidae ) from the east coast of the united states t2 - proceedings of the biological society of washington . vl - 98 ur - urltoken pb - biological society of washington cy - washington , py - 1985 sp - 705 ep - 710 sn - 0006 - 324x au - lazowasem , e a er -\n@ article { bhlpart46607 , title = { idunella smithi , a new species of marine amphipod ( gammaridea , liljeborgiidae ) from the east coast of the united states } , journal = { proceedings of the biological society of washington . } , volume = { 98 } , copyright = { in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder . } , url = urltoken publisher = { washington , biological society of washington } , author = { lazowasem , e a } , year = { 1985 } , pages = { 705 - - 710 } , }\n< mods xmlns : xlink =\nurltoken\nversion =\n3 . 0\nxmlns : xsi =\nurltoken\nxmlns =\nurltoken\nxsi : schemalocation =\nurltoken urltoken\n> < titleinfo > < title > idunella smithi , a new species of marine amphipod ( gammaridea , liljeborgiidae ) from the east coast of the united states < / title > < / titleinfo > < name > < namepart > lazowasem , e a < / namepart > < / name > < typeofresource > text < / typeofresource > < genre authority =\nmarcgt\n> < / genre > < note type =\ncontent\n> 98 < / note > < relateditem type =\nhost\n> < titleinfo > < title > proceedings of the biological society of washington . < / title > < / titleinfo > < origininfo > < place > < placeterm type =\ntext\n> washington , < / placeterm > < / place > < publisher > biological society of washington < / publisher > < / origininfo > < part > < detail type =\nvolume\n> < number > 98 < / number > < / detail > < extent unit =\npages\n> < start > 705 < / start > < end > 710 < / end > < / extent > < date > 1985 < / date > < / part > < / relateditem > < identifier type =\nuri\n> urltoken < / identifier > < accesscondition type =\nuseandreproduction\n> in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder . < / accesscondition > < / mods >\netymology diminutive of i\u00f0unn ( sometimes spelled iduna ) , goddess of the norse mythology .\netymology diminutive of i\u00f0unn ( sometimes spelled iduna ) , goddess of the norse mythology . [ details ]\nhorton , t . ; lowry , j . ; de broyer , c . ; bellan - santini , d . ; coleman , c . o . ; corbari , l . ; daneliya , m . ; dauvin , j - c . ; fi\u0161er , c . ; gasca , r . ; grabowski , m . ; guerra - garc\u00eda , j . m . ; hendrycks , e . ; hughes , l . ; jaume , d . ; jazdzewski , k . ; kim , y . - h . ; king , r . ; krapp - schickel , t . ; lecroy , s . ; l\u00f6rz , a . - n . ; mamos , t . ; senna , a . r . ; serejo , c . ; sket , b . ; souza - filho , j . f . ; tandberg , a . h . ; thomas , j . ; thurston , m . ; vader , w . ; v\u00e4in\u00f6l\u00e4 , r . ; vonk , r . ; white , k . ; zeidler , w . ( 2018 ) . world amphipoda database .\n( of listriella j . l . barnard , 1959 ) barnard j . l . ( 1959a ) . liljeborgiid amphipods of southern california coastal bottoms , with a revision of the family . pacific naturalist , 1 , 4 , 12 - 28 ; figs . 1 - 12 ; . [ details ]\nbellan - santini , d . ; costello , m . j . ( 2001 ) . amphipoda . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels 50 : pp . 295 - 308 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of listriella j . l . barnard , 1959 ) bellan - santini , d . ; costello , m . j . ( 2001 ) . amphipoda . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels 50 : pp . 295 - 308 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of listriella j . l . barnard , 1959 ) nomenclator zoologicus online . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of listriella j . l . barnard , 1959 ) d ' udekem d ' acoz , c . ( 2010 ) . contribution to the knowledge of european liljeborgiidae ( crustacea , amphipoda ) , with considerations on the family and its affinities . bull . inst . r . sci . nat . belg . , entomol . biol . 80 : 127 - 259 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nto biological information system for marine life ( bismal ) ( from synonym listriella j . l . barnard , 1959 ) to itis\nchilton c . ( 1921a ) . fauna of the chilka lake . amphipoda . memoirs of the indian museum , 5 , 8 , 519 - 557 ; figs . 1 - 12 ; . [ details ]\n( of listriella chilkensis ( chilton , 1921 ) ) barnard , j . l . ; karaman , g . s . ( 1991 ) . the families and genera of marine gammaridean amphipoda ( except marine gammaroids ) . part 1 . records of the australian museum , supplement . 13 ( 1 ) : 1 - 417 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of listriella chilkensis ( chilton , 1921 ) ) d ' udekem d ' acoz , c . ( 2010 ) . contribution to the knowledge of european liljeborgiidae ( crustacea , amphipoda ) , with considerations on the family and its affinities . bulletin van het koninklijk belgisch instituut voor natuurwetenschappen , biologie . 80 : 127 - 259 ; plates : fig . 1 - 32 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\ndistribution saguenay fjord , southern gaspe waters ( baie des chaleurs , gaspe bay to american , orphan and bradelle banks ; eastern . . .\ndistribution saguenay fjord , southern gaspe waters ( baie des chaleurs , gaspe bay to american , orphan and bradelle banks ; eastern boundary : eastern bradelle valley ) ; lower st . lawrence estuary [ details ]\nbrunel , p . ; bosse , l . ; lamarche , g . ( 1998 ) . catalogue of the marine invertebrates of the estuary and gulf of st . lawrence . canadian special publication of fisheries and aquatic sciences , 126 . 405 p . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nintegrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nd ' udekem d ' acoz , c . ( 2010 ) . contribution to the knowledge of european liljeborgiidae ( crustacea , amphipoda ) , with considerations on the family and its affinities . bull . inst . r . sci . nat . belg . , entomol . biol . 80 : 127 - 259 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nd ' udekem d ' acoz , c . ( 2010 ) . contribution to the knowledge of european liljeborgiidae ( crustacea , amphipoda ) , with considerations on the family and its affinities . bulletin van het koninklijk belgisch instituut voor natuurwetenschappen , biologie . 80 : 127 - 259 ; plates : fig . 1 - 32 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nintergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of listriella longipalma othman & morino , 2006 ) othman & morino . 2006 . listriella longipalma sp . nov . , a new amphipod species ( crustacea : liljeborgiidae ) from the straits of melaka , malaysia . zootaxa volume : 1305 pages : 21 - 32 [ details ]\n( of listriella longipalma othman & morino , 2006 ) liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of listriella longipalma othman & morino , 2006 ) d ' udekem d ' acoz , c . ( 2010 ) . contribution to the knowledge of european liljeborgiidae ( crustacea , amphipoda ) , with considerations on the family and its affinities . bull . inst . r . sci . nat . belg . , entomol . biol . 80 : 127 - 259 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of listriella longipalma othman & morino , 2006 ) bouchet , p . ; fontaine , b . ( 2009 ) . list of new marine species described between 2002 - 2006 . census of marine life . [ details ]\n( of listriella bahia mckinney , 1979 ) lecroy , s . e . ; gasca , r . ; winfield , i . ; ortiz , m . ; escobar - briones , e . ( 2009 ) . amphipoda ( crustacea ) of the gulf of mexico . in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m ; press , college . pp . 941\u2013972 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of listriella bahia mckinney , 1979 ) d ' udekem d ' acoz , c . ( 2010 ) . contribution to the knowledge of european liljeborgiidae ( crustacea , amphipoda ) , with considerations on the family and its affinities . bull . inst . r . sci . nat . belg . , entomol . biol . 80 : 127 - 259 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of listriella picta norman , 1889 ) bellan - santini , d . ; costello , m . j . ( 2001 ) . amphipoda . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels 50 : pp . 295 - 308 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of listriella picta norman , 1889 ) bachelet , g . ; dauvin , j . - c . ; sorbe , j . c . ( 2003 ) . an updated checklist of marine and brackish water amphipoda ( crustacea : peracarida ) of the southern bay of biscay ( ne atlantic ) . cah . biol . mar . 44 ( 2 ) : 121 - 151 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of listriella picta norman , 1889 ) muller , y . ( 2004 ) . faune et flore du littoral du nord , du pas - de - calais et de la belgique : inventaire . [ coastal fauna and flora of the nord , pas - de - calais and belgium : inventory ] . commission r\u00e9gionale de biologie r\u00e9gion nord pas - de - calais : france . 307 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of listriella picta norman , 1889 ) d ' udekem d ' acoz , c . ( 2010 ) . contribution to the knowledge of european liljeborgiidae ( crustacea , amphipoda ) , with considerations on the family and its affinities . bull . inst . r . sci . nat . belg . , entomol . biol . 80 : 127 - 259 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of listriella similis rabindranath , 1971 ) d ' udekem d ' acoz , c . ( 2010 ) . contribution to the knowledge of european liljeborgiidae ( crustacea , amphipoda ) , with considerations on the family and its affinities . bull . inst . r . sci . nat . belg . , entomol . biol . 80 : 127 - 259 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nbiodivlibrary @ jzed _ trees @ kew _ laa awesome ! we ' re so honored to have this treasure in # bhlib . thanks @ kew _ laa ! now we can enjoy p\u2026 urltoken"]}
+{"id": 11, "summary": [{"text": "magilus antiquus , common name the magilus coral snail , is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family muricidae , the murex snails or rock snails . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "magilus antiquus", "paragraphs": ["magilus coral snail or magilus antiquus , vintage engraved illustration . dictionary of words and things - larive and fleury - 189\nmagilus coral snail or magilus antiquus , vintage engraved illustration . dictionary of words and things - larive and fleury - 1895\ncoralliophilidae \u00bb magilus antiquus , id : 345505 , shell detail \u00ab shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc .\nhome freshwater and marine image bank magilus antiquus l . : a , the adult , imbedded in coral , which has been broken away to show the tube ; . . .\nspecies magilus fimbriatus a . adams accepted as coralliophila fimbriata ( a . adams , 1854 )\n( of magilus antiquatus ) taylor , j . d . ( 1973 ) . provisional list of the mollusca of aldabra atoll . [ details ]\nspecies magilus cumingii ( h . adams & a . adams , 1864 ) accepted as coralliophila cumingii ( h . adams & a . adams , 1864 )\ntwo young shells were obtained alive in company with the galeropsis just mentioned . tryon ' s remark\nthat all the species that have been differentiated from m . antiquus must be regarded with suspicion ,\nhas guided my determination . nothing seems to be recorded of the distribution of this species in the central pacific . a specimen from the solomon islands is in this museum .\noliverio , m . ( 2008 ) . coralliophilinae ( neogastropoda : muricidae ) from the southwest pacific . in : h\u00e9ros , v . et al . ( ed . ) tropical deep - sea benthos 25 . m\u00e9moires du mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle ( 1993 ) . 196 : 481 - 585 . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 557 [ details ]\nspencer , h . g . , marshall , b . a . & willan , r . c . ( 2009 ) . checklist of new zealand living mollusca . pp 196 - 219 . in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) new zealand inventory of biodiversity . volume one . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . canterbury university press , christchurch . [ details ]\nkilburn , r . n . ( 1977 ) taxonomic studies on the marine mollusca of southern africa and mozambique . part 1 . annals of the natal museum , 23 , 173\u2013214 . [ details ]\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nkilburn r . n . , marais j . p . & marais a . p . ( 2010 ) coralliophilinae . pp . 272 - 292 , in : marais a . p . & seccombe a . d . ( eds ) , identification guide to the seashells of south africa . volume 1 . groenkloof : centre for molluscan studies . 376 pp . [ details ]\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 002 seconds . )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nin : okutani , t . ( ed . ) , marine mollusks in japan . tokai university press , tokyo , 365 - 421 ( in japanese ) .\noccurrence record in darwincore format ( elements of obis schema and some of dwc1 . 4 )\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nvery cool . . . oliva amethysthina carnicolor ~ 38 . 6mm ~ philippine seashell\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties , taxes , brokerage and other fees . this amount is subject to change until you make payment . for additional information , see the global shipping program terms and conditions - 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2018 ebay inc . all rights reserved . accessibility , user agreement , privacy , cookies and adchoice\nmost materials are located in the university of washington libraries . images were scanned by staff of the uw fisheries - oceanography library .\nmaterials in the freshwater and marine image bank are in the public domain . no copyright permissions are needed . acknowledgement of the freshwater and marine image bank as a source for borrowed images is requested .\nthe university of washington libraries does not provide reproductions of this image . this record contains a citation for this image . if you want to use the scanned image , acknowledgement of the freshwater and marine image bank as a source for borrowed images is requested .\nbarnes ( albert h . ) photographs of western washington , ca . 1895 - 1920\nboyd and braas photographs of seattle and washington state , ca . 1888 - 1893\ncobb ( john n . ) photographs of the fishing industry , ca . 1897 - 1917\nhegg ( eric a . ) photographs of alaska and the klondike , 1897 - 1901\nlindsley ( lawrence denny ) photographs of washington state , ca . 1875 - 1971\nmeed ( william e . ) photographs of the yukon territory , ca . 1898 - 1907\nmorell ( karen l . ) africa , trinidad , and new orleans multimedia collection\npeiser ( theodore e . ) photographs of washington state , ca . 1864 - 1910\nsarvant ( henry m . ) photographs of washington state and the yukon , 1892 - 1912\nvan olinda ( oliver s . ) photographs of puget sound , 1880s - 1930s\nwaite ( alvin h . ) photographs of tacoma and washington state , 1892 - 1907\nmontfort , p . d . de 1810 . conchyliologie syst\u00e9matique , et classification m\u00e9thodique des coquilles ; offrant leurs figures , leur arrangement g\u00e9n\u00e9rique , leurs descriptions caract\u00e9ristiques , leurs noms ; ainsi que leur synonymie en plusieurs langues . ouvrage destin\u00e9 \u00e0 faciliter l ' \u00e9tude des coquilles , ainsi que leur disposition dans les cabinets d ' histoire naturelle . coquilles univalves , non cloisonn\u00e9es . tome second . - pp . [ 1 - 3 ] , 1 - 676 . paris . ( sch\u0153ll ) .\nyou will be directed to the entry page of the digitized work . go to the page you need in the navigation system there .\nthe basic data of this taxon were entered by hand , consulting the original description , and following animalbase standard .\n( of campulotus guettard , 1770 ) guettard j . e . ( 1770 ) . m\u00e9moires sur diff\u00e9rentes parties des sciences et arts [ qui referme ] . . . deuxi\u00e8me m\u00e9moire , qui renferme la concordance des auteurs qui ont parl\u00e9 des tuyaux marins fossiles , auxquels on a compar\u00e9 ceux qui se p\u00eachent actuellement dans la mer . classe des tuyaux marins . troisi\u00e8me m\u00e9moire . sur les erreurs o\u00f9 l ' on a \u00e9t\u00e9 au sujet des tuyaux marins . paris , prault . 3 ( 544 ) : 71 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 94 [ details ]\nvaught , k . c . ; tucker abbott , r . ; boss , k . j . ( 1989 ) . a classification of the living mollusca . american malacologists : melbourne . isbn 0 - 915826 - 22 - 4 . xii , 195 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of campulotus guettard , 1770 ) bieler , r . ; petit , r . e . ( 2011 ) . catalogue of recent and fossil \u201cworm - snail\u201d taxa of the families vermetidae , siliquariidae , and turritellidae ( mollusca : caenogastropoda ) . zootaxa . 2948 , 1 - 103 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 13 , 69 , 73 [ details ]\nsorry , we just need to make sure you ' re not a robot . for best results , please make sure your browser is accepting cookies .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\nin : the atoll of funafuti , ellice group : its zoology , botany , ethnology and general structure based on collections made by charles hedley of the australian museum , sydney , n . s . w .\nthe atoll of funafuti , ellice group : its zoology , botany , ethnology and general structure based on collections made by charles hedley of the australian museum , sydney , n . s . w .\nauthors : hesse , richard , 1868 - 1944 ; allee , w . c . ( warder clyde ) , 1885 - 1955 ; schmidt , karl patterson , 1890 - 1957\npublisher : new york : j . wiley & sons , inc . ; london : chapman & hall , limited\nclick here to view book online to see this illustration in context in a browseable online version of this book .\nplease note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the family .\n, select country and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the country .\n, select ecosystem and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the ecosystem .\ncfm script by , 30 . 11 . 04 , , php script by , 05 / 11 / 2010 , last modified by kbanasihan , 06 / 28 / 2010\nif is associated with an alamy account you ' ll receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password .\nenter your log in email address and we\u0092ll send you a link to reset your password .\nif you want to use this image commercially and we ' ve indicated * that alamy doesn ' t have a release , you might need additional permission from the model , artist , owner , estate , trademark or brand . more information .\nsorry , this image isn ' t available for this licence . please refer to the license restrictions for more information .\non the alamy prints site ( powered by art . com ) choose your frame , the size and finish of your photo .\nenter your log in email address and we ' ll send you a link to reset your password ."]}
+{"id": 12, "summary": [{"text": "elachista kilmunella is a moth of the elachistidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found from northern europe to the alps and hungary and from ireland to russia .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 8 \u2013 12 millimetres ( 0.31 \u2013 0.47 in ) .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults are on wing from may to august .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the larvae feed on carex riparia and eriophorum vaginatum .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "they mine the leaves of their host plant .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "they are yellowish grey .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "larvae can be found from april to july . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "elachista kilmunella", "paragraphs": ["elachista kilmunella ( moorland dwarf ) - norfolk micro moths - the micro moths of norfolk .\nelachista kilmunella \u00a72 male ; dock , tarn , cumbria ; 30 / 06 / 2014 ; fw 4 . 8mm \u00a9 chris lewis\nmany species of elachista are extremely similar , great care should be given when separating these species .\n\u2022 white holme , w . yorks , gen . det . h . beaumont \u2022 \u00a9\nthis upland species , occurring on acid heaths and boggy moorland , is distributed mostly in northern britain , from wales through northern england into most of scotland .\nspecies , and are best identified with certainty by reference to the genitalic structure .\nukmoths is built , run and maintained by ian kimber , with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .\nthe ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries . more often than not you ' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .\nlooking for a specific moth species ? enter just part of the name below .\nprocache : v317 render date : 2018 - 06 - 16 12 : 27 : 40 page render time : 0 . 2361s total w / procache : 0 . 2921s\nbl\u00e5 punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och \u00f6vriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch . kan inneh\u00e5lla observationer som inte \u00e4r validerade . kartan uppdateras var fj\u00e4rde vecka .\ni det avancerade verktyget kan man s\u00f6ka ut och f\u00e5 fram artlistor , t ex arter i ett visst l\u00e4n , i en viss biotop , substrat , som p\u00e5verkas av en hotfaktor , eller som \u00e4r knutna till en sk v\u00e4rdart , t ex tr\u00e4det alm . dessa kan \u00e4ven kombineras .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , knutna till alm , \u00e4r beroende av d\u00f6d ved och som finns i kronobergs l\u00e4n .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , lever i sm\u00e5vatten och som p\u00e5verkas negativt av igenv\u00e4xning .\ndefaultl\u00e4get i verktyget \u00e4r arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade 2015 och dessa \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga s\u00f6kfaktorer . under fliken r\u00f6dlistekategori kan man dock v\u00e4lja att \u00e4ven inkludera arter som inte \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade . om man v\u00e4ljer att inkludera icke r\u00f6dlistade arter beh\u00f6ver man vara medveten om att samtliga arter inte \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga faktorer . nedan en sammanst\u00e4llning av vad som \u00e4r komplett .\ndenna funktion anv\u00e4nds n\u00e4r du vill skapa din egen lista av arter att hantera . du kan t . ex . navigera mellan arterna i listan genom att klicka p\u00e5 deras namn . du kan ocks\u00e5 v\u00e4lja att anv\u00e4nda knappen \u201dj\u00e4mf\u00f6r arter\u201d f\u00f6r att se bilder , kartor och k\u00e4nnetecken i en j\u00e4mf\u00f6relsevy .\ndu kan komponera ditt eget urval av arter genom att klicka dig fram via sl\u00e4kttr\u00e4det och d\u00e4r v\u00e4lja arter eller artgrupper till din lista . ett annat s\u00e4tt att g\u00f6ra ditt urval \u00e4r att anv\u00e4nda fliken \u201dfiltrera\u201d , d\u00e4r du kan s\u00f6ka p\u00e5 olika egenskaper . ovanf\u00f6r listan med s\u00f6kresultatet finns en knapp \u201dl\u00e4gg i mitt urval\u201d .\nthe mit license copyright ( c ) 2014 - 2016 google , inc . urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\nthe mit license ( mit ) copyright ( c ) 2011 - 2015 twitter , inc permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright ( c ) 2008 - 2013 sprymedia limited urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright 2008 - 2015 martin wendt , urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright jquery foundation and other contributors , urltoken this software consists of voluntary contributions made by many individuals . for exact contribution history , see the revision history available at urltoken the following license applies to all parts of this software except as documented below : = = = = permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software . = = = = all files located in the node _ modules and external directories are externally maintained libraries used by this software which have their own licenses ; we recommend you read them , as their terms may differ from the terms above .\nthe mit license ( mit ) - urltoken copyright ( c ) steven sanderson , the knockout . js team , and other contributors urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright ( c ) 2009\u20132015 permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright 2005 - 2014 openlayers contributors . all rights reserved . redistribution and use in source and binary forms , with or without modification , are permitted provided that the following conditions are met : 1 . redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice , this list of conditions and the following disclaimer . 2 . redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice , this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and / or other materials provided with the distribution . this software is provided by openlayers contributors ` ` as is ' ' and any express or implied warranties , including , but not limited to , the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose are disclaimed . in no event shall copyright holder or contributors be liable for any direct , indirect , incidental , special , exemplary , or consequential damages ( including , but not limited to , procurement of substitute goods or services ; loss of use , data , or profits ; or business interruption ) however caused and on any theory of liability , whether in contract , strict liability , or tort ( including negligence or otherwise ) arising in any way out of the use of this software , even if advised of the possibility of such damage . the views and conclusions contained in the software and documentation are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing official policies , either expressed or implied , of openlayers contributors .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nfor moth sightings in and around herefordshire and worcestershire . we can also help with id ' s .\nalso of note were the green hairstreak butterflies which must have run to a few hundred individuals .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nlisted as widespread in upland areas in northern britain as far south as herefordshire . not known from east anglia .\nhistoric records from surrey to norfolk are thought to be unconfirmed and improbable . [ mbgbi ]\nrecorded in 3 ( 4 % ) of 69 10k squares . first recorded in 1874 . last recorded in 1874 .\nunderlying maps using digital map data \u00a9 norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola\u2122 2018 . \u00a9 james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data \u00a9 nola\u2122 2018\nresident . a widespread and fairly common species found in wales , the north of england and scotland .\nthis species was first recorded in 2013 on the berwyns in the north of the county .\nleaf miner . eggs laid on foodplant . larva mines the leaf . the pupa is yellowish brown .\nws : 9 - 11mm ; may - aug ; ? sedges ( carex spp ) ; boggy areas in acid heath and grassland in upland areas throughout britain .\nid : forewing dark with pale costal and tornal spots , not involving bases of tornal or apical cilia and with other pale markings ; pale markings without a metallic sheen ; frons dark ; uncus lobes separated by a u - shaped notch which is broader than an uncus lobe , vinculum strongly produced , aedeagus not notched or pointed at apex with 1 or 2 small thorns . white - tipped tegulae are an additional feature of this species , ( but i don ' t know how often this occurs in other species ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 1 / / en\nurltoken\nnotes : local on acid heathland , bogs and damp grassland in upland areas of britain , as far south as herefordshire ( mbgbi vol 3 ) . unlikely to be recorded in hampshire or on the isle of wight . wingspan 9 - 11 mm . larva mines leaves of various sedges ."]}
+{"id": 13, "summary": [{"text": "bosara longipecten is a moth in the geometridae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found on borneo .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the habitat consists of areas at altitudes between 1,500 and 2,600 meters .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "the length of the forewings is 7 \u2013 8 mm . ", "topic": 9}], "title": "bosara longipecten", "paragraphs": ["bosara dilatata is a moth in the family geometridae . it is found on borneo , peninsular malaysia , sulawesi and in new guinea .\nbosara emarginaria is a moth in the family geometridae . it is found on borneo and in sri lanka , the north - eastern himalayas and hong kong .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nwalker , 1866 , list specimens lepid . insects colln br . mus . , 35 : 1693 .\nthis is a small species with , in the male , a prominent crest of scales protruding anteriorly from the subbasal region of the forewing costa , itself rather bowed .\nturner may prove to be a further synonym , extending the range of the species to queensland ( holotype , anic , canberra , examined but not dissected ) .\nborneo , peninsular malaysia ; sulawesi ( ssp . pelopsaria ) ; new guinea ( ssp . hydrographica ) ; ? queensland ( see note above )\nthe original material , taken by a . r . wallace , may have been from the lowlands . the species has not been recorded in recent surveys .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nwalker , 1866 , list specimens lepid . insects colln br . mus . , 35 : 1675 .\nhampson , 1893 , illustr . typical specimens lep . het . colln . mus . , 9 : 153 .\nthis is the smallest of the grey species and has the hindwing fasciated in a similar manner to the forewing . on both wings there are unevenly sized black dots in the spaces just distal to the postmedial .\nthe species is infrequent , but has been taken from the lowlands to the upper montane forest zone at 1780m ."]}
+{"id": 14, "summary": [{"text": "the crowsoniellidae are a monotypic family of beetles , in the suborder archostemata .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "so far , only a single species , crowsoniella relicta , has been attributed to this family .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "it is a minute animal ( about 1.8 mm ( 0.071 in ) ) that was collected in central italy from calcareous soil at the base of a chestnut tree .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "no other specimens have been found since . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "crowsoniellidae", "paragraphs": ["family crowsoniellidae 1 species , crowsoniella relicta . family cupesidae ( cupedidae ; reticulated beetles ) small and little - known ; found under bark ; about 30 species widely distributed . family jurodidae 1 species ,\nthis is a directory page . britannica does not currently have an article on this topic .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nparent taxon : archostemata according to j . f . lawrence and a . f . newton 1995\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nlawrence , j . f . , and a . f . newton , jr . / pakaluk , james , and stanislaw adam slipinski , eds .\nbiology , phylogeny , and classification of coleoptera : papers celebrating the 80th birthday of roy a . crowson , vol . 2\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nenter the name or part of a name you wish to search for . the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard . e . g . ' papilio * ' . keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .\nwe are still having problems with the search feature . unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .\nmuseum f\u00fcr naturkunde leibniz - institut f\u00fcr evolutions - und biodiversit\u00e4tsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken\nthis page was last modified on 24 december 2015 , at 01 : 10 .\nthis article ' s content derived from wikipedia , the free encyclopedia ( see original source ) ."]}
+{"id": 15, "summary": [{"text": "oedignathus inermis is a species of king crab found off the pacific coasts of the united states and canada , from california to alaska , and disjunctly around the coasts of japan .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "it is the only species in the genus oedignathus , and is sometimes called the granular claw crab , paxillose crab or tuberculate nestling lithode crab . ", "topic": 18}], "title": "oedignathus", "paragraphs": ["where are you likely to find oedignathus inermis ? how could you tell it apart from petrolisthes spp . ? what does it presumably eat ( two food types ) ?\nsecurity for granular claw crabs , oedignathus inermis , is an abandoned barnacle shell . they have to locate protection because their soft - shelled abdomens are vulnerable and nutritious . the specific epithet , inermis , means unarmed . some people call o . inermis soft - bellied crabs . they are much sought by predators .\nthese crabs are scientifically called oedignathus inermis . they are usually found in large numbers across the pacific coast of the usa , from california to alaska . a feature that differentiates them from other species is the large number of eminences which are visible on the planate chelipeds and leg areas . they usually reside underneath purple - colored algae .\nshallow - water representatives of the hapalogastrinae ( oedignathus , hapalogaster , cryptolithodes ) and lithodinae ( paralithodes , lopholithodes ) have average egg diameters ranging from 0 . 63 to 1 . 15 mm and are significantly smaller ( p < 0 . 01 ) than those produced by deep - sea genera ( neolithodes , lithodes and paralomis ) .\n( of oedignathus gilli benedict , 1895 ) mclaughlin , p . a . ; komai , t . ; lemaitre , r . ; listyo , r . ( 2010 ) . annotated checklist of anomuran decapod crustaceans of the world ( exclusive of the kiwaoidea and families chirostylidae and galatheidae of the galatheoidea . part i \u2013 lithodoidea , lomisoidea and paguroidea . the raffles bulletin of zoology . supplement no 23 , 5 - 107 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmclaughlin et al . 2005 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : crustaceans . american fisheries society special publication 31\nwilliams , austin b . , lawrence g . abele , d . l . felder , h . h . hobbs , jr . , r . b . manning , et al .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nmclaughlin , p . a . ; komai , t . ; lemaitre , r . ; listyo , r . ( 2010 ) . annotated checklist of anomuran decapod crustaceans of the world ( exclusive of the kiwaoidea and families chirostylidae and galatheidae of the galatheoidea . part i \u2013 lithodoidea , lomisoidea and paguroidea . the raffles bulletin of zoology . supplement no 23 , 5 - 107 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of hapalogaster inermis stimpson , 1860 ) mclaughlin , p . a . ; komai , t . ; lemaitre , r . ; listyo , r . ( 2010 ) . annotated checklist of anomuran decapod crustaceans of the world ( exclusive of the kiwaoidea and families chirostylidae and galatheidae of the galatheoidea . part i \u2013 lithodoidea , lomisoidea and paguroidea . the raffles bulletin of zoology . supplement no 23 , 5 - 107 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of hapalogaster brandtii schalfeew , 1892 ) mclaughlin , p . a . ; komai , t . ; lemaitre , r . ; listyo , r . ( 2010 ) . annotated checklist of anomuran decapod crustaceans of the world ( exclusive of the kiwaoidea and families chirostylidae and galatheidae of the galatheoidea . part i \u2013 lithodoidea , lomisoidea and paguroidea . the raffles bulletin of zoology . supplement no 23 , 5 - 107 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\n) . the first ( basal ) segment of the abdomen has calcified plates , as do the two terminal ones .\n, and small spines but no large spines . note , however , that there are large spines on the anterior margins of leg 1 ( the\nto 3 cm long and 2 . 5 cm wide in males , 2 cm wide in females ; wider posteriorly than anteriorly , brown with scales on the dorsal surface . it has white - centered orange granules and dark brown spots , but these colors may be masked by mud . may have white on the sternum . there are few if any\namchitka island , ak to monterey , ca ; eastern russia , japan , korea . mostly on the open coast . rarely seen in the san juan islands and is said to not to occur in puget sound ; rare in california .\nthese crabs are often found in pairs , and may be in such a tightly secluded space that they appear to be trapped . they feed by straining plankton from the water with their third\n. captive individuals also catch worms and small crustaceans with their small claw and crush mussels with the large claw . predators include black oystercatchers .\nthe abdomen of this species is thick and soft . the basal segment and the two distal segments have some calcified plates , which are not evident in this view .\none claw is much larger than the other . the\npalm\nof the\nthe rostrum is short . the carapace has orange - red tubercles with a white spot in the middle .\ngranular claw crab found in an intertidal area of calvert island . note the granules covering the larger claw . photo by cody gold .\nin : nishimura , s . ( ed . ) , guide to seashore animals of japan with color pictures and keys , vol . ii . hoikusha , osaka , 347 - 378 ( in japanese ) .\nannotated checklist of anomuran decapod crustaceans of the world ( exclusive of the kiwaoidea and families chirostylidae and galatheidae of the galatheoidea ) . part i - lithodoidea , lomisoidea and paguroidea .\njapanese crustacean decapods and stomatopods in color , vol . i . macrura , anomura and stomatopoda .\noccurrence record in darwincore format ( elements of obis schema and some of dwc1 . 4 )\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nking crabs are well - known due to their exceptionally big size and their ability to reside in cold waters . this article provides some basic facts about the various species of king crabs .\nking crabs are one of the most hunted sea dwellers . there are different species of these creatures which are found in seas all around the globe . they are also known as ' stone crabs ' due to their appearance . they prefer to live in freezing cold waters , whereas other species of crabs are normally found in warmer waters . they are the largest amongst all kinds of crabs , and have a great commercial demand and importance . some of their species are used as food by many people due to their size and taste . japanese and american restaurants are famous for preparing king crab recipes . around 40 species of these crabs are known till now . the most common are red , blue , and golden king crabs , which are generally found in alaskan waters .\nthese crabs are usually hunted in alaska . their scientific name is paralithodes platypus . the ones which are caught in the pribilof islands are the largest among the blue king crabs . they have a brown - colored body with blue highlights on it . they have exceptionally big claws which seem really dangerous .\nthese crabs are also known as lithodes aequispinus , and are generally found in regions from the british columbia to the aleutian islands , and also japan . these are relatively smaller in size in comparison with other species . as their name suggests , they have a golden - colored outer covering .\nthese are also called golf - ball crabs , and are normally found at depths of about 10 - 75 meters . their shell is triangular in shape , and approximately seven centimeters in length . there are numerous spines and bristle - like structures present on the legs of these crabs .\nthey are scientifically known as lithodes couesi , and are smaller in size . they are found in large numbers , which lessens their commercial value .\nfishing for king crabs is largely carried out in alaska . due to this reason , the government has implemented regulations on overfishing to save these king crabs from becoming extinct .\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\ndorsoventrally flattened , carapace as long as or wider than long ; carapace with linea anomurica ; outer orbital spines absent ; rostrum overreaching distal corneal margin , or not overreaching bases of corneas . eye cornea well developed ; ocular acicles absent .\nbases widely separated ; crista dentata present ; accessory tooth present ; dactylus simple .\nall of similar form ; 2 - 4 with basis and ischium fused ; dactyli of pereopods 2 to 3 simple . pereopod 3 about the same length as pereopod 2 ; pereopods 3 dactyli and propodi of right and left similar . pereopod 4 simple .\npartially divided ; sternite of pereopod 5 reduced , contiguous with preceding sternite ; somite of pereopod 5 not fused with first abdominal somite , or somite of pereopod 5 fused with first abdominal somite .\n3 - 5 absent ; none modified as gonopods . male with no other sexual modifications ; female with first pleopods paired and modified as gonopods . uropods absent .\ncite this publication as : ' mclaughlin , p . , s . ahyong & j . k . lowry ( 2002 onwards ) . ' anomura : families . ' version : 2 october 2002 . urltoken ' .\nthe infraorder anomura has long captivated the attention of evolutionary biologists due to its impressive morphological diversity and ecological adaptations . to date , 2500 extant species have been described but phylogenetic relationships at high taxonomic levels remain unresolved . here , we reconstruct the evolutionary history\u2014phylogeny , divergence times , character evolution and diversification\u2014of this speciose clade . for this purpose , we sequenced two mitochondrial ( 16s and 12s ) and three nuclear ( h3 , 18s and 28s ) markers for 19 of the 20 extant families , using traditional sanger and next - generation 454 sequencing methods . molecular data were combined with 156 morphological characters in order to estimate the largest anomuran phylogeny to date . the anomuran fossil record allowed us to incorporate 31 fossils for divergence time analyses .\nour findings are compared against current classifications and previous hypotheses of anomuran relationships . many families and genera appear to be poly - or paraphyletic suggesting a need for further taxonomic revisions at these levels . a divergence time analysis provides key insights into the origins of major lineages and events and the timing of morphological ( body form ) and ecological ( habitat ) transitions . living anomuran biodiversity is the product of 2 major changes in the tempo of diversification ; our initial insights suggest that the acquisition of a crab - like form did not act as a key innovation .\nthe infraorder anomura represents a highly diverse group of decapod crustaceans comprised of hermit crabs , mole crabs , king crabs , squat - lobsters and porcelain crabs . the fossil record contains representatives of nearly all extant families and spans the norian / rhaetian ( late triassic ) [\n] and the common use of hermit crabs as pets in the aquarium trade . moreover , some species are threatened or endangered due to rarity in nature , e . g . , pylochelidae [\n] . thus , improved understanding of these groups bears not only on appreciation of their diversity and ecology , but also strategies for their conservation .\n] ] . early classifications from the 19th to the first half of the 20th centuries were based on adult morphological characters including mouthparts , antennae , gills , pleon type , and / or larval characteristics . these classifications often differed in higher - level composition and , in some cases , the infraordinal name ( e . g . anomura vs . anomala ) . since these studies , various researchers have proposed changes in the classification scheme [\n] , many of which remain actively debated . more recently , molecular and / or morphological data have been used to reevaluate anomuran relationships [\none of the most debated evolutionary questions within anomura is phylogenetic relationships between hermit and king crabs . since the early 1800\u2019s [ e . g . , [\n] ] , studies have suggested king crabs and hermit crabs are close relatives , despite first appearances to the contrary . king crabs are among the largest arthropods and have a crab - like body shape , whereas hermit crabs are relatively small and depend on a shell for protection . despite glaring morphological differences as adults , an affinity between king crabs ( lithodoids ) and hermit crabs ( paguroids ) has been long suggested [\n] . although most accept this claim , the evolutionary pathways and hypothesized ancestor of both groups has been debated for decades , with two major hypotheses being proposed . the first suggests that the lithodids (\n) ( \u201chermit to king hypothesis\u201d ) while the second suggests the opposite evolutionary pathway ( \u201cking to hermit hypothesis\u201d ) . here we revisit these hypotheses in light of new phylogenetic data to test the \u201chermit to king\u201d / \u201cking to hermit\u201d evolutionary pathway .\nadditional controversy over anomuran relationships stems from apparently rampant examples of convergent and / or parallel evolution in body forms . anomurans span an impressive array of body configurations that include : 1 ) crab - like forms 2 ) squat - lobster forms 3 ) hermit crab forms with pleonal ( abdomen ) symmetry ( found in 1 hermit crab family ) and 4 ) hermit crab forms with pleonal asymmetry ( found in 4 hermit crab families ) . recent studies suggest that the acquisition of a crab - like body form , known as carcinization [ see , [\n] , possibly impacting diversification rates within these lineages . for the first time , we explore diversification patterns in anomura and specifically test if carcinized lineages underwent unusually rapid diversification rates . if the emergence of the crab - like form promoted diversification we would expect the overall rate in carcinized lineages to be high compared to net of diversification across anomura . additionally , we test if the acquisition of different body forms ( i . e . , crab - like , squat - lobster - like , pleonal asymmetry and symmetry ( hermit ) ) arose once or multiple times during the emergence of the anomurans and reconstruct the evolutionary pathways of these transitions .\ndivergence dating is a powerful tool used to estimate the timing and origins of diversity , morphological traits , habitat shifts , and diversification . although nearly all the family - level groups of anomura are represented in the fossil record , the discovery has not been as frequent as that of other decapod groups ( i . e . , true crabs , lobsters ) . two factors , variations in cuticular sclerotization and habitat preference , are likely responsible for the limited occurrence of anomuran fossils . many taxa are weakly calcified , whereas others possess well - calcified claws and poorly calcified carapaces and pleons . in addition , habitats currently occupied by anomurans , including freshwater , terrestrial , intertidal marine , deep marine , and hydrothermal vent areas are strongly underrepresented in the fossil record . despite these limitations , we incorporate 31 fossil calibrations to estimate the origin of lineages and major events during anomuran evolutionary history , including the transition of body forms and shift into freshwater and terrestrial environments .\nhere , we present the taxonomically broadest and largest dataset yet assembled . we combine sequences generated by traditional sanger and next - generation 454 sequencing methods with morphological characters , including 19 / 20 extant families and 137 species , to estimate phylogenetic relationships , character state evolution , divergence times , and diversification patterns among major lineages of this diverse clade of crustaceans . our comprehensive sampling , in combination with modern integrative approaches , allows us to present the most complete evolutionary picture for the infraorder anomura to date .\n) . alternative outgroup sampling schemes did not affect internal relationships among anomura . the optimal models of evolution for each gene selected in modeltest were as follows : gtr + i + g 18s , 28s , h3 and tvm + i + g 12s , 16s . several sequences downloaded from genbank were excluded from the analysis due to contamination after a blast search and / or strange alignment results ( see additional file\nan \u201cn / a\u201d not available indicates missing sequence data . new sequences are indicated as kfxxxxxx .\nalternative outgroup selections did not affect internal anomuran relationships . with all outgroups included , brachyura was recovered as the sister taxon . the bayesian analysis from the combined molecular + morphology dataset recovers anomura as a monophyletic group with high support ( 100 = pp , figure\n) . the majority of the nodes ( 86 % ) are recovered with very high support ( > 95 ) . three families are recovered as para - or polyphyletic ( diogenidae , paguridae , munididae ) . with the exception of three families ( blepharipodidae , kiwaidae , lomisidae ) each having a single representative , the remaining families were found to be monophyletic ( hippidae , albuneidae , munidopsidae , galatheidae , porcellanidae , parapaguridae , aeglidae , eumunididae , chirostylidae , lithodidae , hapalogastridae , pylochelidae , and coenobitidae ) with high support . blepharipodidae , hippidae , and albuneidae ( hippoidea ) group together with very high support ( 100 ) , being sister to the remaining 16 anomuran families . lomisidae , eumunididae , kiwaidae , and chirostylidae ( lomisoidea + chirostyloidea ) form a clade with high support ( 100 ) and are sister to aeglidae ( aegloidea ) . munidopsidae , galatheidae , munididae , and porcellanidae ( galatheoidea ) form a clade with high bayesian support ( 100 ) . within the galatheoidea , munididae is paraphyletic with the galatheids nested within the group . pylochelidae , parapaguridae , diogenidae , coenobitidae , paguridae , hapalogastridae , and lithodidae ( = paguroidea + lithodoidea ) form a statistically supported clade ( 97 ) . six of the seven anomuran superfamilies are monophyletic ( hippoidea , galatheoidea , aegloidea , lomisoidea [ monotypic ] , chirostyloidea , and lithodoidea ) . the remaining superfamily , paguroidea is found to be paraphyletic and includes the superfamily lithodoidea ( lithodidae + hapalogastridae ) . 11 genera were found to be poly - or paraphyletic (\ncombined bayesian phylogram based on molecular ( 3669 characters ) and morphological ( 156 characters ) data . vertical colored bars represent anomuran families , grey brackets represent superfamilies , and the black vertical line represents outgroups . bayesian posterior probabilities represented as percentages and > 70 % are noted above or below branches .\n) is similar to our combined phylogeny , with most differences being found in placement and composition of paguroidea . unlike the combined phylogeny , which recovered paguroidea as paraphyletic , paguroidea was found to be polyphyletic . the family pylochelidae was recovered as polyphyletic according to molecular data but was monophyletic when morphology was added . parapaguridae was sister to a clade containing pylochelidae , aeglidae , lomisidae , eumunididae , kiwaidae , and chirostylidae , similar to the results of tsang et al . [\n] based on nuclear protein coding genes . as in the combined phylogeny , coenobitidae is nested within the diogenidae , and lithodoidea nested within the paguroidea . within lithodoidea of the molecular\u2013only phylogeny , hapalogastridae was found to be paraphyletic , with representatives of the genera\n) end of the tree . however lithodoid relationships in the molecular - only phylogeny should be interpreted with caution as many were recovered with little to no support . in the combined phylogeny hapalogastridae was found to be a monophyletic and sister to lithodidae ( figure\nsome deep splits and short branches in the molecular - only phylogeny should be interpreted with caution , as support is low .\nbayesian phylogram based on 5 genes 12s , 16s , 18s , 28s , h3 and 3669 characters . vertical colored bars represent anomuran families , grey brackets represent superfamilies , and the black vertical line represents outgroups . bayesian posterior probabilities represented as percentages and maximum likelihood bootstrap values are noted above or below branches .\n] were tested using the shimodaira - hasegawa test ( s - h ) . three of the seven hypotheses were found to be significantly worse than our unconstrained topology (\n= \u221268430 . 951016 ) . hypotheses that tested a \u201cking to hermit\u201d evolutionary pathway were all significantly worse than the alternative ( i . e . , \u201chermit to king\u201d ) as recovered in our best ml tree (\na ) . analyses indicated that a crab - like ancestor gave rise to all extant anomuran lineages . in addition to the earliest branching clade , hippoidea , carcinization occurred independently three times during the evolution of the group , twice through squat lobster - like intermediaries ( squat intermediary = si on tree ) and once through an asymmetrical hermit crab - like ancestor ( asymmetrical hermit intermediary = ahi on tree ) ( figure\na ) . the squat lobster - like form arose once as an early branching lineage and gave rise to the crab - like clades , lomisidae and porcellanidae . within the hermit crab lineages , the symmetrical pleon arose once within the pylochelidae . the asymmetrical pleon arose once within the paguroidea , but was subsequently partially reverted to the ancestral symmetrical condition ( in males only ) within the crab - like lithodidae and hapalogastridae ( = lithodoidea , figure\nb ) . in combination with divergence time results , we can make predictions about the timing of these events ( see discussion ) . maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood methods recovered similar ancestral state reconstructions for body form and habitat ( figure\nancestral state reconstruction analysis using maximum likelihood methods for body shape and habitat transition within anomura . colored taxa correspond to anomuran families as noted in legend . pie charts represent the likelihood of the ancestral state . ( a ) character states for body shape were defined as crab - like white , squat lobster blue , symmetrical hermit green and asymmetrical hermit black . ( b ) character states for habitat were defined as freshwater white , semi - terrestrial green , and marine black . subtrees are shown for the transition into freshwater ( aeglidae ) and semi - terrestrial habitats ( coenobitidae ) .\n) . all parameters reached convergence for individual runs . beast estimated the divergence of the anomurans from the true crabs , brachyura , to be in the permian ( ~ 259 ( 224\u2013296 ) mya , figure\n, square g ) . the origin of the asymmetrical hermit crab lineages followed soon after in the pliensbachian , early jurassic ( ~ 187 mya , square h ) . two hermit crab families were recovered as non - monophyletic assemblages ( diogenidae , paguridae ) , which resulted in multiple timing of origins for these families . parapaguridae split from one clade of diogenidae (\n) in the bathonian , middle jurassic ( ~ 167 mya , square i ) , while the family coenobitidae is found nested within a slightly older clade of diogenidae ( ~ 173 mya , square j ) , which includes most present day genera . paguridae is not monophyletic , because of the internally nested lithodidae and haplogastridae . the most recent common ancestor of the pagurid + lithodid + hapalogastrid clade was placed in the late cretaceous ( cenomanian , ~ 98 mya , square k ) with lithodidae and hapalogastridae splitting from one another around 18 mya ( burdigalian , miocene ) .\n) . divergence time estimates ( my ) are noted adjacent to their respective nodes and blue nodal bars correspond to the 95 % highest posterior density regions . geological periods are superimposed onto the phylogeny and listed as follows : d , devonian ; c , carboniferous ; p , permian ; tr , triassic ; j , jurassic ; k , cretaceous ; t , tertiary . colored taxa correspond to anomuran families as noted in the legend . green boxes indicate a diversification shift .\n] was used to detect whether any clade within the anomuran tree was best explained by independent diversification models , and to specifically address whether acquisition of the crab - like form resulted in an increase of diversification rates . the background tempo of diversification across the anomuran tree is characterized by a speciation rate\n) . a slow speciation rate is detected in the lineage leading to the monotypic and carcinized family lomisidae , and an increase rate occurred in the squat - lobster family chirostylidae . the ancient but species - depauperate branch leading to the monotypic family lomisidae was optimally modelled separately with maximum likelihood estimate of\nof 0 . 054182 ( rate acceleration ) . all three resulting clade - specific diversification models were optimally fit as yule models ( aic = 339 . 3032 ) .\n] to resolve phylogenetic relationships . these studies have dramatically increased our understanding of anomuran relationships and resulted in several major changes within higher - level classification [\n) . as mentioned previously , anomurans have undergone dramatic changes in higher - level classification based on recent phylogenetic studies . galatheoidea has been revised recently to exclude aeglidae , kiwaidae , and chirostylidae [\n] . with the recent revision of galatheoidea , all superfamilies were recovered as monophyletic ( i . e . , hippoidea , aegloidea , lomisoidea , chirostyloidea , galatheoidea , lithodoidea ) , except for paguroidea ( figures\n] for review of literature ] , based on morphological characters including mouthparts , gills , and pleonal characters . however , the evolutionary pathways of the two groups continue to be debated ( see also \u201chermit to king , king to hermit evolutionary hypotheses\u201d ) with all recent evidence pointing to a \u201chermit to king\u201d hypothesis .\n) . galatheidae was found nested inside munididae , but alternative topologies that recovered munididae as monophyletic were not significantly worse than our best estimate ( see results ) . deeper sampling within both families is needed to resolve family and genus level relationships . the families galatheidae , munidopsidae , and porcellanidae were all recovered as monophyletic with high support ( figure\n] . alternative hypotheses proposing the monophyly of these families ( i . e . , diogenidae , paguridae ) were rejected using s - h tests , confirming our findings ( see results ) . coenobitidae ( semi - terrestrial hermit crab ) was deeply nested within diogenidae ( left - handed hermit crabs ) while\n] , which he collectively called the paguristinen . the families pylochelidae and hapalogastridae were found to be polyphyletic in the molecular analysis ( figure\ngeneric relationships within anomura seem to be much less resolved than superfamily and family level relationships . we found several genera to be poly - or paraphyletic ( i . e . ,\n] . most instances of non - monophyly occur within highly speciose genera ( i . e . ,\n, suggesting deeper sampling and continued research needs to be undertaken on these groups .\nalthough past studies have shown an affinity between paguridae ( hermit crabs ) and lithodidae ( king crabs ) , the evolutionary pathways and ancestry of these anomuran lineages have been debated for the past two centuries . the traditional and prevalent hypothesis posits that lithodids are free - living hermit crabs that abandoned shell use and underwent a series of morphological changes ( carcinization ) resulting in a crab - like form . it has been argued that the asymmetry of the lithodid female pleon , in particular , is evidence of asymmetrical hermit crab ancestry . boas [\n] similarly derived the lithodids from the pagurids , agreeing with boas on the structural pleonal similarities between these two groups . however , bouvier also proposed a series of gradual and linear progressive stages in the transformation of the pagurid pleon , starting from a pagurid precursor to various genera of hapalogastrids (\n) . in modern times , this concept of pagurid and lithodid evolution was brought to attention when cunningham et al . [\n] supported this same evolutionary view of pagurid and lithodid evolution . recently , a study that examines the hemolymph vascular system in hermit and king crabs found close similarities in arterial systems of the dorsal cephalothorax [\n] . based on observations of the complex changes in pleonal tergites from megalopa to juvenile crab stages , these studies demonstrated that adult lithodid pleonal tergite structure in several species was the result of decalcification and sundering , not secondary calcification and fusion as had been proposed by bouvier .\n] . with the largest number of taxa and most robust molecular / morphological dataset ever used in a phylogenetic study of anomurans , our study once again shows lithodoidea to be nested within paguridae . moreover , our conclusions are consistent with the fossil record , which suggest hermits are much older ( jurassic ) than king crabs ( miocene , table\n< 0 . 05 ) ( i . e . , \u201chermit to king\u201d ) ( see results ) .\nwhile there is undeniable evidence of a close relationship between hermits and king crabs , it is less clear how morphological changes associated with carcinization may have proceeded within the lithodoidea . a recent study comparing hermit and king crab circulatory systems identified several vascular changes that occurred as the result of carcinization , arguing for more comparative studies that look at morphology ( both internal and external ) and development [\n] . however , only with a clear phylogenetic hypothesis can many of these studies be correctly interpreted . recent molecular or combined morphological - molecular phylogenies recover conflicting evolutionary relationships , although only three lithodoid genera ( and not always the same , or excluding hapalogastridae ) have been used in previous analyses [\n) shows the less carcinized and less calcified hapalogastridae as sister to lithodidae , in agreement with virtually every study since bouvier\u2019s in the 19th century . but within lithodidae , and in contrast to bouvier\u2019s linear hypothesis , our study places\n) . it thus appears that the process of heavy calcification may have appeared at least twice in lithodid lineages . more lithodoid genera / species are needed to examine the process of carcinization within the lithodoidea and to properly test bouvier\u2019s and boas\u2019 earlier hypotheses ( explaining the transition of a shell - dwelling hermit crab to a fully calcified lithodid crab ) . in conclusion , while recent , modern studies , including ours , overwhelmingly and clearly support a \u201chermit to king\u201d evolutionary scenario , it is also clear that the evolutionary process and concomitant morphological changes ( particularly in pleonal tergal plates and pleopods ) that occurred within the lithodoidea to produce the various degrees of crab - like forms in that family , is at best poorly understood .\n\u201d could be the most likely candidate for lithodoid ancestry . the close relationship between\n- like hermit crab as the precursor to the crab - like lithodoids . all species of\nare tube - dwellers , not shell - dwellers , and show pleonal asymmetry only in having unpaired pleopods . the genus is relatively small in size compared to the typically large - sized lithodoids with a distribution across both sides of the north pacific , from the sea of japan to puget sound and the straits of juan de fuca , washington [\n) in similar areas . future studies with increased sampling within these groups will shed light into the evolutionary pathway of lithodoids from paguroid ( possibly\n] . although this date is considerably older than the hippoid fossil record , closely related extinct forms extend into the triassic and present day hippoidea are found in substrates underrepresented in the fossil record . the superfamily hippoidea containing blepharipodidae , hippidae , and albuneidae , has been described as being similar to primitive brachyurans [\na ) . the next radiation occurred in the late triassic , giving rise to the squat - lobsters and crab - like superfamilies chirostyloidea and galatheoidea , aegloidea , lomisoidea , and the hermit crab and crab - like superfamilies paguroidea and lithodoidea . our results suggest these superfamily clades were derived from a squat - lobster - like ancestor approximately ~ 205 mya ( figures\nwith a possibly squat - lobster - like body form , dates back to the late triassic ( ~ 201 . 6 - 228 mya ) and has strong morphological affinity with the superfamilies chirostyloidea and galatheoidea . this fossil was found as part of a biotic assemblage suggesting that\naround 137 mya a squat - lobster like ancestor gave rise to a unique superfamily of anomurans , aegloidea . aegloid crabs represent the only freshwater anomuran family and can be found in caves , lakes , and streams throughout the neotropical region of south america [\n] . in combination with our divergence time analyses , we hypothesize that the complete transition in freshwater occurred sometime between the late cretaceous and miocene . this transition appears to have allowed for rapid diversification approximately 13 mya ( 20\u20137 . 4 mya ) .\nfrom approximately 180 mya to 147 mya , the families of galatheoidea radiated and diversified . these include the squat lobsters families munidopsidae , munididae and galatheidae , and the porcelain crab family porcellanidae . the porcellanids diverged in the middle jurassic ( ~ 172 mya ) from squat - lobster like ancestors , but a crab - like body form evolved by the tithonian ( ~ 151 - 145 . 5 mya ) based on fossil evidence and ancestral reconstruction analyses . this was the first occurrence of carcinization from a squat - lobster or hermit - like ancestor within anomura ( figures\n] suggested porcellanid crabs were derived galatheids despite the differences in body shape and form , and this is consistent with our current evolutionary hypothesis .\nlomisoidea and chirostyloidea diverged around 122 mya from a squat - lobster like ancestor . this body form was retained within the chirostyloids and underwent further carcinization , attaining a crab - like form in the monotypic lomisidae , endemic to australia .\n] . in our combined analysis , the hermit crab families , pylochelidae , parapaguridae , diogenidae , coenobitidae , and paguridae , formed a monophyletic group with the inclusion of lithodidae or king crabs , and hapalogastridae . we estimated these families arose early in the evolution of anomura , approximately 205 mya . the symmetrical hermit crabs , pylochelidae , are unique with most having complete body symmetry and in utilizing broken gastropod shells , siboglinid tubes , and coral pieces for shelter and protection , in contrast to other hermit groups that commonly use coiled gastropod shells [\n) . this is consistent with our divergence time analysis , which recovers these families as early branching lineages . diogenidae , coenobitidae , and paguridae typically possess an asymmetrical pleon accompanied by an enlarged right or left chela . according to our combined analysis , pleonal asymmetry in hermits appears to have been derived once in the evolution of the anomurans , most probably between 200\u2013187 mya . this contrasts with the results obtained by tsang et al . [\n] , who proposed that the pleonal asymmetry evolved independently in two different hermit crab lineages , once in parapaguridae , and a second time in diogenidae , coenobitidae , and paguridae . these contrasting differences are the result of incongruent phylogenies based on total evidence ( molecular + morphology , this paper ) and molecular only approaches [\n] . note , however , that our molecular - only analyses recover similar results to those of tsang et al . [\n) . carcinization occurred for the third time in the crab - like superfamily lithodoidea between 29\u201318 mya from an asymmetrical hermit - like ancestor . this estimation is consistent with other timing estimates of king crab carcinization [\nthe crab - like body form was recovered in our study as the ancestral state for all the anomurans . in our study , all alternative body forms were present ( crab - like , squat lobster , symmetrical hermit , and asymmetrical hermit ) early in the divergence of the anomurans . from these ancestral character states , carcinization occurred independently three times during the evolution of anomura , once in the lithodoidea through an asymmetrical hermit intermediate , and twice in lomisidae and porcellanidae through squat lobster intermediates ( see ahi and si , figure\n] . however , our tree differs significantly from tsang et al . \u2019s study [\n] in the deep ancestral origins of carcinization . tsang et al . \u2019s hypothesis suggests a symmetrical hermit crab - like ancestor predated the squat lobster and asymmetrical intermediaries , whereas we recovered a crab - like ancestor to predate these intermediaries . we acknowledge that our analysis recovers two deep nodes that are unresolved , however symmetrical reconstruction at these nodes seems unlikely ( figure\na ) . it must also be noted that the most recent common ancestor of anomura is unresolved in the tsang et al . analysis , although it appears to be a crab - like or symmetrical hermit ancestor . the major differences in the two analyses stems from the differences in phylogeny and more specifically the monophyly ( our study ) or polyphyly [\n] of paguroidea and families therein ( i . e . , pylochelidae ) . there is agreement with tsang et al . in the sister group relationship between paguridae and lithodoidea , although tsang et al . used only four lithodid genera ( vs . eight in our study ) and did not include representatives of hapalogastridae . in addition , both studies provide strong evidence for the intermediary ancestors directly predating carcinization across anomura ( twice through squat lobster ( si ) and once through asymmetrical hermit ( asi ) , figure\nthe multiple cases of carcinization among the anomurans have been noted since the early 1900s . borradaile ( 1916 ) was the first to propose the term carcinization to explain the crab - like aspects of the hermit crab\nand the tendency of anomurans to achieve this form , a phenomenon unique to anomura not evident in other decapod lineages ( e . g . , lobsters , shrimp ) . the emergence of the crab - like form is not \u2018evenly distributed\u2019 across our phylogeny , first occurring in the older lineages porcellanidae and lomisidae and only more recently within the superfamily lithodoidea . some questions naturally arise . why did carcinization occur independently three times during the evolution of the anomura ? why did the presumably shell - dwelling asymmetrical hermit crab ancestors of lithodid king crabs forsake the use of shells for protection , which already provided them with survival advantage ? morrison et al . [\n] suggest that the crab - like form might represent a key innovation that is associated with an evolutionary advantage , possibly due to the greater mobility and agility provided by this morphology . this seems to be evident within the true crabs , or brachyura , which dominate decapods in terms of species richness [ > 6 , 559 species ; 34 ] and have thrived in marine , freshwater , and terrestrial environments . although diversification seems to be low in the crab - like anomurans when compared to the brachyurans , fossil evidence and divergence time analyses suggest crab - like anomurans are much younger when compared to the closely related true crabs ( table\n) . furthermore , the crab - like porcellanids are one of the oldest ( ~ 172 mya , mrca = 139 mya ) and most diverse families of anomurans [ ~ 247 species , 22 ] . lithodids represent an even younger lineage , originating ~ 18 mya , but comprising over 100 extant species . it is plausible that a crab - like form may hold some evolutionary advantage when considering age and diversification within anomura , although this does not seem to hold true for all groups that underwent the crab - like transition ( i . e . , monotypic family lomisidae ) . a second hypothesis explains the possible advantage of carcinization from a hermit - like ancestor . previous studies have suggested a free - living body form may have a selective advantage in obtaining food resources when unconstrained by a gastropod shell [\nthe extraordinary morphological and ecological diversity of anomurans has long fascinated evolutionary biologists . previous studies covering a wide range of faunas have shown how morphological or ecological factors may influence the course of subsequent evolutionary diversification [\nour analysis reports the pattern of diversification in anomura to be characterized by a low net rate of diversification , with two major changes in the rates of speciation along its evolutionary history . the initial diversification of the group during the late permian was characterized by slow rates of diversification and it was not concomitant with major family radiations , which took place from the jurassic onwards .\n) and currently occupy deep - sea habitats suggests that similar geological and environmental changes may also have driven major diversification within the munididae , which shifted habitats at some point because the jurassic forms are nearly all coral - reef associated . currently , the family chirostylidae accounts for 7 % of all anomuran species , but the true diversity is underestimated and about 100 new species are in hand of taxonomists [\n] . clearly , a more accurate phylogenetic framework is needed to interpret in detail the exceptionally high speciation rates reported here .\nthe monotypic family lomisidae showed a strikingly lower rate than the overall tempo of diversification in anomura .\nis anomalous in its prolonged persistence despite an inferred speciation rate of zero ( as recovered by the medusa analysis , see results ) . these taxa , old lineages with few extant species , have been reported in several invertebrates and vertebrates [\n] , suggesting that extremely low rates of diversification characterize these groups . high extinction rates could also account for this pattern ; however , we report that a pure - birth yule model best explains our data . under a high - extinction scenario we would expect to see an overabundance of more recently arisen species that simply have not yet gone extinct ; such a pattern is not observed in our phylogeny .\nour analysis failed to identify a correlation between the timing of branching events ( speciation ) and the evolutionary history of carcinized lineages , which suggests that the acquisition of a crab - like form did not play a major role in shaping extant anomuran biodiversity . however , a major limitation of the medusa approach is that rate shifts cannot be assigned below the level of phylogenetic resolution [\nour study included extant representatives from 19 families , 77 genera , and 137 species of anomurans . the exceptionally rare family pylojaquesidae is excluded for lack of molecular grade tissue samples . a total of 345 sequences from 76 of 144 anomuran specimens were new to this study , while sequences for all five genes from 68 taxa were obtained from genbank . newly included specimens were collected on cruise and field expeditions , from collaborators , or from the university of louisiana at lafayette zoological ( ullz ) collection of molecular grade specimen and tissue samples ( table\n) spanning several decapod lineages . different outgroups were included / excluded to explore sister relationships to anomura and the impact of outgroup selection on anomuran relationships . they consist of representatives from infraorders brachyura ( 5 ) , axiidea ( 4 ) , gebiidea ( 3 ) , caridea ( 4 ) , and suborder dendrobranchiata ( 2 ) .\nour morphological data matrix consisted of 156 characters and 154 species ( including outgroups ) and was constructed in macclade 4 . 0 ( see additional files\nmissing data were scored as unknown ( ? ) and polymorphisms were scored as such rather than assuming a plesiomorphic state . just as alignment gaps in molecular data have been variously treated as a fifth position or as missing in different studies , inapplicable character states in the morphological data may be scored as missing or as an additional character state , \u2018inapplicable\u2019 [\ntotal genomic dna was extracted from the pleon or gills using the qiagendneasy\u00ae blood and tissue kit cat . no . 69582 . two partial mitochondrial genes , 16s and 12s , were amplified by pcr using the following primers , respectively : l2 / l9 & 16s1472 or 16sf & 16s1472 [ ~ 580 bps , [\n] ] . the nuclear large subunit 28s rrna was amplified in sections by 1 . 3 f / 4b , 3 . 25 / 4 . 4b , sa / 5b , and 4 . 8 / 6b [ ~ 2200 bps , [\n] ] or by 1 f / 2 . 9 , 0 . 7 / bi , 2 . 0 / 9r [\n] ] . the majority of target gene regions were obtained through traditional sanger sequencing and data for seven taxa were obtained through next - generation 454 sequencing ( see below ) .\npcr amplifications were performed in 25 \u03bcl volumes containing 1 \u03bcl of taq polymerase hotmaster or redtaq , pcr buffer , 2 . 5 mm of deoxyribonucleotide triphosphate mix dntps , 0 . 5 \u03bcm forward and reverse primer , and extracted dna . the thermal profile used an initial denaturation for 1 min at 94\u00b0c followed by 35\u201340 cycles of 30 sec at 94\u00b0c , 45 sec at 45 - 60\u00b0c depending on gene region , 1 min at 72\u00ba and a final extension of 10 min at 72\u00b0c . pcr products were purified using plate filters prepease\u2122 pcr purification 96 - well plate kit , usb corporation and sequenced with abi bigdye\u00ae terminator mix ( applied biosystems , foster city , ca , usa ) . cycle sequencing reactions were performed in an applied biosystems 9800 fast thermal cycler ( applied biosystems , foster city , ca , usa ) , and sequencing products were run forward and reverse on an abi 3730xl dna analyzer 96 - capillary automated sequencer in the brigham young university ( byu ) sequencing center .\n] . the process required a two - step pcr to prepare selected dna regions for targeted / directed sequencing . the first pcr used a locus specific primer ( e . g . , 16s , 12s , etc . ) with a 22 bp adapter . these amplicons were cleaned using plate filters prepease\u2122 pcr purification 96 - well plate kit , usb corporation . one \u03bcl of cleaned pcr product was used as template for the second pcr . pcr ii incorporated a 10 bp barcode multiplex identifier , mid , 4 bp key , and a 21 bp 454 titanium primer . samples were again cleaned using the millipore system and subsequently combined in emulsion pcr and sequenced via 454 gs flx titanium pyrosequencing technology ( roche ) at the byu sequencing center . the bioinformatic pipeline , barcodecruncher , allowed us to exclude short reads , trim adapters , identify contamination , parse barcoded sequences , and assembly consensus sequences for phylogenetic reconstruction [ for full description of methods see [\nsequences were cleaned and assembled using sequencher 4 . 9 ( genecodes , ann arbor , mi , usa ) . to check for pseudogenes , we followed suggestions by song et al . ( 2008 ) , which included extracting dna from tissue with high amounts of mitochondrial gill tissue , translating protein - coding sequences h3 to check for indels and stop codons , comparing sequences among closely - related species , and building individual gene trees to ensure similar topologies [\n] . comparing gene trees and blast searches helped identify contamination . two datasets were assembled : 1 ) molecular dataset including all 5 gene regions 2 ) combined dataset including molecular + morphological data .\nindividual gene alignments were performed using mafft , implementing the \u201ce - ins - i\u201d option . for non - protein coding genes 12s , 16s , 18s , 28s , gblocks v0 . 91b were used to exclude regions of the alignment with questionable positional homology ["]}
+{"id": 16, "summary": [{"text": "tarzino ( foaled 29 september 2012 ) is a thoroughbred racehorse bred in new zealand and trained and australia .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "he won the victoria derby and rosehill guineas , both group one races .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he has won over one and a half million dollars . ", "topic": 14}], "title": "tarzino", "paragraphs": ["tarzino was sired by tavistock out of the dam zarzino tarzino was foaled on 29 of september in 2012 .\ntarzino has a 29 % win percentage and 50 % place percentage . tarzino ' s last race event was at flemington .\nhope tarzino turns out to be a real nice horse . didn ' t settle for a stride and pissed in ! # tarzino # derbyday\nthe current race record for tarzino ( nzl ) is 4 wins from 14 starts .\nwent and saw the old mate in nz this morning ! never looked better @ westburystud . # tarzino urltoken\ntarzino ' s exposed form for its last starts is 6 - 8 - 0 - 8 - 4 .\nall the latest horse racing form , betting odds , news , breeding , jockey and trainer information for tarzino ( nzl ) . tarzino ( nzl ) is a stallion born in 2012 september 29 by tavistock out of zarzino\nshould get the photo . absolutely outstanding craig newitt . on the big stage he delivered # tarzino # derbyday urltoken\ntarzino\u2019s last race event was at 02 / 10 / 2016 and it has not been nominated for any upcoming race .\nthe victoria derby went according to form , with favourite tarzino winning the feature event of derby day comfortably for trainer mick price .\nhorses dual group i winner tarzino will head to ballarat on monday for tests that will determine the remainder of his spring preparation .\nfor price the victory was a particularly emotional one given the ownership of tarzino which includes himself as well as his wife caroline .\nin the home straight , topweight lizard island joined in , before tarzino came down the outside to hit the front and raced away .\ntarzino , ridden by craig newitt , beat the john o ' shea - trained etymology with western australian galloper kia ora koutou in third .\ncatching up with my old mate # tarzino in nz . so far 150 lucky mares look like going to him . what a prospect ! urltoken\ntrackwork the blinkers are coming off but trainer mick price expects tarzino to retain his concentration in saturday\u2019s group i underwood stakes ( 1800m ) at caulfield .\nsaturday racing atc australian derby favourite tarzino completed his preparation for the target race in his autumn campaign with a pleasing gallop at randwick on tuesday morning .\npunters . in the wash up of golden slipper day . . highlights ? lowlights ? thoughts ? # theunitedstates # winx # tarzino # capitalist # griante\nthis week on # kiwibred : # tarzino at @ westburystud & sir patrick hogan at @ cambridgestud stud . @ tabtrackside 1 7 . 30pm tuesday . urltoken\ntarzino career form is 4 wins , 1 seconds , 2 thirds from 14 starts with a lifetime career prize money of $ 1 , 647 , 050 .\ngroup 1 racing the cancellation of monday\u2019s cranbourne trials is unlikely to affect dual group i winner tarzino\u2019s performance in saturday\u2019s group i memsie stakes ( 1400m ) at caulfield .\ndoncaster / derby day 02 ( sunline / don ed ) is clearly my fav raceday spent outside vic . hoping for something to rival it today . # winx # tarzino\nhe has proven a profitable horse for the punters over the journey . if you had backed tarzino throughout his career you ' d have achieved a 16 % return on investment .\nthe tarzino trophy race day launches group 1 racing for the season , bringing the big guns of new zealand racing to hastings to battle at one of the country\u2019s stellar racing events .\ncriterion ' s big move in melbourne cup betting is one of the major changes to the tab\u2019s future race markets following the two meetings from moonee valley : victoria derby tarzino . . .\ntarzino is a 5 year old bay horse . tarzino is trained by m g price , at caulfield and owned by m g price , dr c g lawler , mrs m jurie , j g bebedellis , g bebedellis , mrs c bebedellis , j j mcnicholas , g alas , j p bergin , r a & j e ferguson partnership syndicate , rosemont stud pty ltd syndicate .\nit is a nice return on the $ 60 , 000 price paid for tarzino , a son of tavistock , a horse the trainer had in his stable during his three - year - old season .\naami victoria derby champion tarzino will have a light autumn preparation with the group 1 australian guineas ( 1600m ) at flemington an early target . trainer mick price said the three - year - ol . . .\nall the key changes to the tab\u2019s future race markets following yesterday\u2019s races at caulfield : no changes of note in the manikato stakes and cox plate victoria derby ( tarzino $ 3 . 80 favo . . .\nthe mick price - trained tarzino is set to start a hot favourite to take out saturday\u2019s aami victoria derby at flemington . tab didn\u2019t adjust the price of the $ 2 . 30 favourite after today\u2019s b . . .\nthe $ 1 . 5 million victoria derby had been a frustrating race for caulfield trainer mick price but that was all forgotten on saturday as the trainer finally went home a winner when tarzino outstayed his rivals to take out the 2500m group 1 classic .\nthe moves came early , with red alto going up from the 800m to go after the leaders , with craig newitt starting to slide forward just in behind on tarzino he got to the outside just as they straightened , with the leaders starting to struggle .\nboth price and newitt are confident that he derby win is only just the start of a glittering career for tarzino .\nyou ' ll see him in the cox plate , in the melbourne cup , he ' s a really good horse ,\nprice said .\nthe thing is in these sort of races you have everyone from a to z on your phone wishing you all the best so second is no good .\nat his previous two starts , tarzino had settled back in the field and had no luck and the decision was made to try and have him up handier on saturday .\non the line tarzino , who was heavily backed late from $ 3 . 60 into $ 2 . 90 favourite , had two lengths to spare on the john o ' shea - trained etymology , who was trapped wide in the first half of the race but stuck to his guns determinedly and his rider james mcdonald said he should have finished closer .\noutsider iron boss led a fast - run derby until shards took the lead around the turn , with red alto and ayers rock challenging .\netymology stayed on for second , with kia ora koutou finishing narrowly ahead of red alto .\nhe ' s just an out and out star . he ' s got class written all over him and he just give me the perfect ride today ,\nhe told channel seven .\nhe ' s not a push button horse to ride . it would be nice to win all the time but you can ' t .\nhe put himself in the right spot today . got to the top of the straight and i just - put it all for the horse .\nnewitt thanked trainer mick price for his support and said he wished one member of his family could have been there to see the win .\ni am just really sad that the old man couldn ' t be here today .\nbut i ' ve got three little fellas and my beautiful wife back here waiting for me to come back down , so it ' s pretty emotional .\nprice said he was nervous for the first half - mile of the race .\nit was good for craig . he always wanted to get off heels and get in clear running at the top of the straight ,\nhe told channel seven .\nat the top of the straight he was the one you wanted to be on but he was going to hit the front too early .\nit was a long way up the straight . i was looking for the post but he was too strong . he was in front a long way out .\n'\nhe ' s a really good horse with a lot of capacity to him . he can go to the paddock . he ' ll be a grouse horse in the autumn , i think he ' ll make a weight - for - age four - year - old horse .\n( i ' m ) happy for craig , ( he ' s ) been with me for a long time .\na new dinosaur has been discovered . but did it walk on two legs or four ?\nif you have inside knowledge of a topic in the news , contact the abc .\nabc teams share the story behind the story and insights into the making of digital , tv and radio content .\nit ' s no surprise the plight of the soccer team has received global media attention . but it does raise some interesting questions about how we extend empathy and concern to people we don ' t know .\nhobart ' s old zoo is famous as being where the last thylacine in captivity died , but in its heyday people could view elephants , zebras , monkeys and even see a girl walking her pet leopard . what happened to the beaumaris zoo ?\nwe ' ve ranked the top 50 wimbledon players over the last 50 years .\npeter sagan is a triple world champion and the most charismatic rider in professional road cycling . he is now the leader of the 2018 tour de france , writes rob arnold .\nthis service may include material from agence france - presse ( afp ) , aptn , reuters , aap , cnn and the bbc world service which is copyright and cannot be reproduced .\nto use this website , cookies must be enabled in your browser . to enable cookies , follow the instructions for your browser below .\nthere is a specific issue with the facebook in - app browser intermittently making requests to websites without cookies that had previously been set . this appears to be a defect in the browser which should be addressed soon . the simplest approach to avoid this problem is to continue to use the facebook app but not use the in - app browser . this can be done through the following steps :\nbefore the cookie settings change will take effect , safari must restart . to restart safari press and hold the home button ( for around five seconds ) until the iphone / ipad display goes blank and the home screen appears .\na note about relevant advertising : we collect information about the content ( including ads ) you use across this site and use it to make both advertising and content more relevant to you on our network and other sites . this is also known as online behavioural advertising . you can find out more about our policy and your choices , including how to opt - out here .\n, who is based at caulfield . he is sired by the stallion tavistock out of the dam zarzino .\nr7 g1 turnbull $ 10 , 000 ( of $ 500 , 000 ) barrier 8 , winning time : 2 : 01 . 03 , sp : $ 31 in - running : settled 4th , 1200m 4th , 800m 4th , 400m 4th sectionals : 600m 0 : 34 . 070\nr8 g1 underwood $ 10 , 000 ( of $ 500 , 000 ) barrier 10 , winning time : 1 : 50 . 64 , sp : $ 12 in - running : settled 10th , 1200m 10th , 800m 9th , 400m 8th sectionals : 600m 0 : 34 . 840\nr7 g1 makybe diva ( of $ 500 , 000 ) barrier 4 , winning time : 1 : 36 . 26 , sp : $ 11 in - running : settled 7th , 800m 6th , 400m 6th sectionals : 600m 0 : 34 . 220\nr7 g1 memsie $ 10 , 000 ( of $ 500 , 000 ) barrier 9 , winning time : 1 : 23 . 93 , sp : $ 15 in - running : settled 12th , 800m 12th , 400m 12th sectionals : 600m 0 : 35 . 570\nr7 g1 atc derby $ 100 , 000 ( of $ 2 , 000 , 000 ) barrier 6 , winning time : 2 : 33 . 67 , sp : $ 1 . 65f in - running : settled 2nd , 1200m 4th , 800m 4th , 400m 4th sectionals : 600m 0 : 36 . 090\nr6 g1 rosehill gneas $ 367 , 000 ( of $ 600 , 000 ) barrier 2 , winning time : 2 : 03 . 56 , sp : $ 3 . 10f in - running : settled 5th , 1200m 4th , 800m 3rd , 400m 2nd sectionals : 600m 0 : 34 . 540\nr7 g1 aust gns $ 135 , 000 ( of $ 750 , 000 ) barrier 4 , winning time : 1 : 35 . 28 , sp : $ 8 . 50 in - running : settled 15th , 800m 15th , 400m 7th sectionals : 600m 0 : 35 . 080\nr6 g2 autumn stks $ 9 , 000 ( of $ 200 , 000 ) barrier 8 , winning time : 1 : 23 . 49 , sp : $ 14 in - running : settled 10th , 800m 9th , 400m 8th sectionals : 600m 0 : 34 . 570\nr1 2up - trl , winning time : 1 : 12 . 64 sectionals : 600m 0 : 34 . 720\nr7 g1 vic derby $ 910 , 000 ( of $ 1 , 500 , 000 ) barrier 10 , winning time : 2 : 38 . 39 , sp : $ 2 . 90f in - running : settled 6th , 1200m 8th , 800m 9th , 400m 2nd sectionals : 600m 0 : 36 . 390\nr7 g2 vase $ 18 , 000 ( of $ 200 , 000 ) barrier 10 , winning time : 2 : 06 . 01 , sp : $ 4 . 60 in - running : settled 11th , 1200m 11th , 800m 11th , 400m 9th sectionals : 600m 0 : 35 . 960\nr9 g1 caul guineas $ 20 , 000 ( of $ 1 , 000 , 000 ) barrier 3 , winning time : 1 : 36 . 47 , sp : $ 17 in - running : settled 12th , 800m 13th , 400m 14th sectionals : 600m 0 : 34 . 940\nr9 3y hcp $ 44 , 000 ( of $ 80 , 000 ) barrier 18 , winning time : 1 : 37 . 44 , sp : $ 6 . 50 in - running : settled 16th , 800m 14th , 400m 9th sectionals : 600m 0 : 35 . 430\nr5 3y mdn - sw $ 12 , 650 ( of $ 23 , 000 ) barrier 8 , winning time : 1 : 26 . 89 , sp : $ 3 . 70 in - running : settled 7th , 800m 7th , 400m 5th sectionals : 600m 0 : 35 . 440\nr22 cl2 - trl , winning time : 1 : 03 . 64 sectionals : 600m 0 : 36 . 280\nr1 2y mdn - sw $ 1 , 400 ( of $ 17 , 500 ) barrier 15 , winning time : 1 : 24 . 29 , sp : $ 7 . 50 in - running : settled 11th , 800m 12th , 400m 12th sectionals : 600m 0 : 36 . 680\n18 + know when to stop . don\u2019t go over the top . gamble responsibly . think ! about your choices . call gambling help on 1800 858 858 or visit urltoken or urltoken .\nhe is just the image of zabeel , when he lets down you would think zabeel has returned . this is the only horse that has thrown to zabeel even though he is sired by tavistock .\ndual group 1 winner at three - atc rosehill guineas gr . 1 , vrc derby gr . 1\n* new customers only . turnover and bet requirements apply . t & c ' s apply . excl nsw , wa , sa & vic . gamble responsibly .\ngroup 1 racing an old firm will reunite in saturday\u2019s group i coolmore classic ( 1500m ) at rosehill .\ngroup 1 racing a field of just 16 will start in the $ 3 million group i caulfield cup after two horses were scratched on race morning .\nstewards with the two emergencies gaining a start another runner is subject to a vet check on saturday morning ahead of the 2016 caulfield cup .\ngroup 1 racing the all - important barrier draw has been conducted for the $ 3 million group i caulfield cup ( 2400m ) on saturday where chances have improved or been diminished .\nsaturday racing promising young stayer odeon can take a step towards a victoria derby start with a strong performance in saturday\u2019s ladbrokes supports national jockey trust plate ( 1600m ) at caulfield .\ngroup 1 racing the field for the 2016 australian derby ( 2400m ) has been released and 13 three - year - olds will line up in the set weights feature at randwick on saturday .\n* new customers only . turnover & bet requirements apply . t & c ' s apply . excl nsw , wa , sa & vic . gamble responsibly .\nis gambling a problem for you ? call gambling help on 180 0858 858 or visit www . gamblinghelponline . org . au\nyour screen name will be seen by the racenet community when you participate in discussions or comment on our content .\nyou ' ll receive an email shortly with instructions on how to reset your password .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwinx ' s staying power as one of the world ' s top rac . . .\nt . j . comerford , assistant trainer for aidan o ' brie . . .\nthe new zealand thoroughbred industry is one of the most successful in the world . in 2010 - 11 , the industry produced over 4000 foals and exported 1600 horses at an estimated value of $ 150 million . so , what is the secret of new zealand ' s remarkable success as a thoroughbred breeding nation ? learn more \u203a\nwelcome to the gallery section of the website . here you can search the historical library for images of horses and participants by entering a key word in the search function eg . sunline . many of these photos have been provided by the new zealand press association and our friends at race images . if you would like to contact us about any of these images please email : office @ urltoken\nfertility rate : this is worked out as the total number of foals ( live , dead or slipped ) as a percentage of total mares covered less exported , not returned , dead or indeterminate results .\nindeterminate result : this exists where a mare is covered by more than one stallion and the result of these services is unable to be accurately credited to either of the respective stallions .\nprivacy policy / terms & conditions all content \u00a9 nztr 2012 . nztr holds the copyright in all material on this site . all rights reserved .\nwe ' ve detected that javascript is disabled in your browser . would you like to proceed to legacy twitter ?\nrising red checking out the new zealand air this morning . owners and trainers looking forward to saturday ' s g1 derby with a very happy horse\ntwitter may be over capacity or experiencing a momentary hiccup . try again or visit twitter status for more information .\nyou can add location information to your tweets , such as your city or precise location , from the web and via third - party applications . you always have the option to delete your tweet location history . learn more\nhere ' s the url for this tweet . copy it to easily share with friends .\nby embedding twitter content in your website or app , you are agreeing to the twitter developer agreement and developer policy .\nnot on twitter ? sign up , tune into the things you care about , and get updates as they happen .\nthis timeline is where you\u2019ll spend most of your time , getting instant updates about what matters to you .\nhover over the profile pic and click the following button to unfollow any account .\nwhen you see a tweet you love , tap the heart \u2014 it lets the person who wrote it know you shared the love .\nthe fastest way to share someone else\u2019s tweet with your followers is with a retweet . tap the icon to send it instantly .\nadd your thoughts about any tweet with a reply . find a topic you\u2019re passionate about , and jump right in .\ngeneral admission : by donation with all proceeds supporting the hawke\u2019s bay cancer society .\nall of the gate donation fees , along with proceeds from a charity auction , and other generous parties , will support this great charity that\u2019s touched the lives of many families in the hawke\u2019s bay .\nbetween the races promises plenty of action with the hits free family zone with children\u2019s entertainment , live music , and a food precinct offering hawke\u2019s bay\u2019s finest outdoor catering offerings .\nget on - course for a great family day out and support a fantastic cause .\nthe premier lounge is a great way to enjoy your day with friends , work mates and family . the premier lounge has outstanding views of the track with private indoor and outdoor area . this all inclusive package has been extremely successful this year and will sell out throughout the carnival .\nhawke\u2019s bay racing boasts a number of fabulous private indoor lounges for you to host your guests in . these can cater for groups ranging from 20 \u2013 200 guests .\nmembers of hawke\u2019s bay racing enjoy many benefits from free entry to racemeetings and discounts on stand passes , access to members only lounges and . . .\na half - sister to dual hong kong horse of the year ambitious dragon was among 21 weanlings on display at last sunday\u2019s annual hawke\u2019s . . .\nco - trainer chris gibbs confirmed over the weekend that the stable\u2019s progressive young stayer tavidream was \u201cdefinitely queensland derby bound\u201d after a win at ellerslie across the tasman . a well - bred son of tavistock , tavidream is prepared by donna logan and gibbs in new zealand but has been confirmed for a trip down under this brisbane winter [ \u2026 ]\nwelcome to horseracing . com . au , australia ' s premier site for horse racing news .\nearly favourite to take out saturday\u2019s group 1 $ 1 , 000 , 000 robert sangster stakes ( 1200m ) in adelaide , local hope viddora has come up trumps with barrier one in the morphettville feature .\nthe world\u2019s best racehorse , winx , has been celebrated by the australian turf club ( atc ) getting the warwick stakes renamed in her honour .\nthe championships day 2 results will be known shortly and you can stay up to date with all the news at horseracing . com . au .\nfor everything you need to know about horse racing . free horse racing tips from professional punters and betting secrets to increase your horse racing profits .\nthere are many problems associated with beating the trifecta . punters probably don\u2019t realise the task they are taking on when they tackle this bet . question 1 : can you predict the 1 - 2 - 3 finishin . . .\nthere are two groups of punters who invariably go to the races , or their tab agencies , with the percentages piled high against them . they are the backers of favourites and longshots . no matter wh . . .\ngreyhound racing is probably the best system under which a punter in australia can risk - or rather , invest - his hard earned dough . to my way of thinking there is nothing so good as a standout\n. . .\nthe late don scott once wrote that the best form of exotic betting is the trifecta . i think he was right . don said picking a trifecta winning bet was a test of skill rather than a game of chance . . . .\nppm reader kerrin brown has been enjoying success as a \u201clay\u201d operator on betfair . in this article he relates his personal story , and how he makes money from his operation . the first time i w . . .\nyou would like to back a winner every two selections ? that\u2019s a 50 per cent win strike . some dream ! but maybe it\u2019s not so crazy . after all , picking two horses a race and making a \u2018book\u2019 by savin . . .\nthis is part 1 of a two - part exclusive interview with australia ' s greatest professional punter , the late don scott , by ppm ' s brian blackwell . scott discusses his lifestyle , his approach to punting . . .\ni\u2019ve spent years trying to beat the tab and bookies and i\u2019ve lost my bank more times than i can remember . there have been a few big wins ; as many as a man with only three fingers could count on . . .\nin fast month ' s p . p . m . we began our 100 great betting ideas series . sixteen ideas were listed . in this second article , we take a look at another 20 betting tips . staking is a key part of any punt . . .\nin this article , our senior contributor ( the late and great ) e . j . minnis replied to queries sent in by ppm readers . letter from a reader : i have been a ppm reader for quite a while now and al . . .\nclassy staying mare jameka has shortened from $ 3 . 40 to $ 3 . 30 with tab for the caulfield cup following the barrier draw on tuesday afternoon . jameka remains the best backed in the race , ahead of a . . .\npunters have quickly targeted awesome rock for the underwood stakes . tab reports that 60 % of all early bets has been on awesome rock ( $ 8 . 00 ) . the winner of the dato tan chin nam stakes opened at . . .\npreferment has attracted plenty of support in the last 48 hours and is now $ 9 to win the melbourne cup on tuesday . the chris waller - trained four - year - old was $ 13 on wednesday morning , bu . . .\nmelbourne cup favourite fame game has firmed from $ 4 . 00 into $ 3 . 80 and is now the shortest price favourite to win the race that stops the nation since so you think ( $ 3 . 00 ) in 2010 . over 25 % . . .\nc . f . orr stakes . . . turn me loose early fav at $ 5 . 50\nturn me loose has been opened as the $ 5 . 50 favourite with tab to win the c f orr stakes following an impressive trial win last week . going for his fourth win in a row , the four year old group 1 . . .\npress statement has been installed as the one to beat in the randwick guineas , opening as the $ 1 . 80 favourite with tab to win the group one . montaigne ( $ 7 . 00 ) and stay with me ( $ 8 . 50 ) look . . .\none of our great packages ! you save over $ 800 , our new blockbuster collection selection service includes tips a gift , a bonus & more . . .\naustralia ' s leading tipping service . daily specials , longshots & ratings . run by professionals with one aim : to make money for members . . .\nprice - trained runners had finished sixth , fifth , fourth , third and second in the race so he was overdue to win with the favourite in the race but he admitted he had been feeling a little pressure .\nthere was a bit of pressure and there ' s a great sense of relief , $ 2 . 60 favourite , it ' s a nice problem to have but they still have to win ,\nprice said .\nhe did that but raced a little too keenly for the first 800 metres before the pace came on when tommy berry allowed iron boss to stride forward and take up the running along the river side .\nnewitt held him together for as long as he could before pressing the button at the 350m and going for home .\non the home turn , i waited and waited ,\nnewitt said .\nbut further up the straight trainer price was just hoping there was enough in the tank to get him home first .\nat the top of the straight he was the one you wanted to be on but he was going to hit the front too early . it was a long way up the straight , i was looking for the post ,\na relieved price said after the win .\ni could put up a case for being unlucky in the race as i was held up at a vital stage ,\nmcdonald said .\nwest australian visitor kia ora koutou ran on strongly for third a further 4 \u00bc lengths away , after being held up for clear running in the early part of the straight .\none of the horse ' s owners , melissa jury , had promised her dying husband that they would win a group race with the horse , another owner had been seriously ill and price had recently sold a share to one of his long - time owners , rob ferguson .\nthere is a real human element to it . it means a lot ,\nprice said .\nto do the job for them is just sensational and that is what the game is all about . it ' s the best game in the world this .\nthe ownership group had stuck together despite some huge offers from hong kong and with a $ 900 , 000 payday on saturday they are no doubt pleased they declined to sell ."]}
+{"id": 17, "summary": [{"text": "coprozercon scopaeus is a species of mite , placed in its own family , coprocerconidae , in the order mesostigmata .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it was described in 1999 from the feces of the allegheny woodrat , neotoma magister , in a cave in kentucky . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "coprozercon", "paragraphs": ["html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nthis article was sourced from creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . world heritage encyclopedia content is assembled from numerous content providers , open access publishing , and in compliance with the fair access to science and technology research act ( fastr ) , wikimedia foundation , inc . , public library of science , the encyclopedia of life , open book publishers ( obp ) , pubmed , u . s . national library of medicine , national center for biotechnology information , u . s . national library of medicine , national institutes of health ( nih ) , u . s . department of health & human services , and urltoken , which sources content from all federal , state , local , tribal , and territorial government publication portals ( . gov , . mil , . edu ) . funding for urltoken and content contributors is made possible from the u . s . congress , e - government act of 2002 .\ncrowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .\nby using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . world heritage encyclopedia\u2122 is a registered trademark of the world public library association , a non - profit organization .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from world journals , database of academic research journals are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\nfen\u010fa , peter & ma\u0161\u00e1n , peter , 2012 , neocoprozercon europaeus gen . nov . , sp . nov . , the first member of the family coprozerconidae ( acari : mesostigmata ) in the palaearctic region , zootaxa 3204 , pp . 40 - 46 : 40 - 43\ndiagnosis . both sexes with idiosomal shields weakly sclerotised , without well - defined outlines . dorsal idiosoma with podonotal shield in female or podonotal and opisthonotal shields in male and deutonymph , hypertrichous ( more than 100 pairs of setae present ) , bearing two pairs of hypertrophied gland pores gdz 3 and gdz 5 in the opisthonotal region . all stages lacking sternal gland pores gv 1 , adgenital pores gv 2 and anal pores gv 3 . podal plates absent . male ventrianal shield fused to posterior margin of opisthonotal shield and expanded ventrally .\ndescription . idiosoma dorso - ventrally flattened , suboval and small , not exceeding 300 \u03bcm in length . integument pale in colour , very weakly sclerotised ; soft cuticle without striation on surface and scutal area smooth , unornamented , with their margins not well indicated and detectable .\ndorsal idiosoma . sexual dimorphism in dorsal shielding present : female with only podonotal shield developed , opisthonotal portion not armed , with soft cuticular integument on surface ( except small irregular area close to medial posterior margin ) ; male and deutonymph with dorsum entirely covered by two shields abutting each other . female opisthonotum with small and irregular posteromedial area well sclerotised and dark in colour . almost whole dorsum regularly polytrichous in all known stages , with more than 200 setae . dorsal setae simple , smooth , needle - like , relatively short and generally subequal in length . two pairs of gland pores ( gdz 3 and gdz 5 ) on opisthonotum prominent , situated on circular platelets in female or on flat tubercles in male and deutonymph .\nventral idiosoma . tritosternum present , bifurcate . sternal or sternogenital shield usually slightly asymmetric in shape , with lateral margins irregularly sinuated , lacking poroids and gland pores . sternogenital shield of deutonymph divided into sternal and genital portions . female with well separated anal and genital shields , with no ventral plates on opisthogastric region ; anal shield of male anteriorly connected with ventral shield and posteriorly fused to ventral expansion of opisthonotal shield ; deutonymph with separate anal and ventral shields adjacent to each other , and anal shield free . metasternal and metapodal shields present , exopodal , parapodal and endopodal shields absent . peritremes and peritrematal shields strongly reduced and very short in adults , normal and extending to the level of coxae i in deutonymphs .\n. epistome a single , subtriangular smooth projection . chelicera with dentate digits and well developed dorsal seta . ventral surface of hypostome with four pairs of smooth simple setae . deutosternum with smooth anterior margin and five transverse rows of denticles .\nlegs . setation of legs i - ii - iii - iv : coxae 2 - 2 - 2 - 1 , trochanters 6 - 5 - 5 - 5 , femora 13 - 11 - 6 - 6 , genua 13 - 11 - 10 - 10 , tibiae 14 - 10 - 9 - 10 ; tarsi ii\u2013iv with 16 setae .\nintroduced by moraza & lindquist ( 1998 ) . both genera are presently monotypic and may be distinguished from one another by the following characters . in\n; ( 4 ) the lateral margins of the ventrianal shield of male are irregularly sinuate , bearing 1\u20133 pairs of ventral setae ; the inner surface of the shield is has two pairs of ventral setae ; ( 5 ) gland pores gv 1 - gv 3 are absent ; ( 6 ) parapodal shields are absent ; ( 7 ) the epistome is subtriangular in shape , with smooth anterolateral margins ; ( 8 ) the dorsal shields are smooth , with no sculptural pattern on the surface ; ( 9 ) it is larger species , with idiosoma 220\u2013300 \u03bcm in length . in\n, ( 1 ) the dorsal surface is holotrichous , bearing at most 45 pairs of dorsal setae ; the podonotal region has 23 pairs of setae in the adults and deutonymph , the opisthonotal region has 22 pairs of dorsal setae in adults and 20 pairs in the deutonymphs ( excluding two unpaired setae ) ; ( 2 ) in the female , the posterior dorsal region is completely covered by soft cuticle , with no remnants of the opisthonotal shield ; ( 3 ) in the male , the ventrianal shield is separate and free from the ventral expansion of the opisthonotal shield ; ( 4 ) the lateral margins of the ventrianal shield of the male are almost regularly rounded , with no insertion of ventral setae ; the inner surface of the shield has three pairs of ventral setae ; ( 5 ) gland pores gv 3 are present , gv 1 and gv 2 present in females ; ( 6 ) the parapodal shields are present in the male ; ( 7 ) the epistome has a flat base and slender , coarsely denticulate central projection ; ( 8 ) the dorsal shields are lightly reticulated in the female , but more strongly reticulated in the male and deutonymph ; ( 9 ) it is a smaller species , with idiosoma 190\u2013270 \u03bcm in length .\nfigures 1 \u2013 5 . neocoprozercon europaeus sp . nov . , female . 1 . dorsal idiosoma ; 2 . ventral idiosoma ; 3 . epistome ; 4 . subcapitulum , ventral aspect ; 5 . chelicera , lateral aspect . scales : 50 \u03bcm : figs 1 , 2 ; 20 \u03bcm : fig . 4 ; 10 \u03bcm : figs 3 , 5 .\nfigures 6 \u2013 7 . neocoprozercon europaeus sp . nov . , male . 6 . dorsal idiosoma ; 7 . ventral idiosoma . scale : 50 \u03bcm .\nfigures 8 \u2013 9 . neocoprozercon europaeus sp . nov . , deutonymph . 8 . dorsal idiosoma ; 9 . ventral idiosoma . scale : 50 \u03bcm .\nno known copyright restrictions apply . see agosti , d . , egloff , w . , 2009 . taxonomic information exchange and copyright : the plazi approach . bmc research notes 2009 , 2 : 53 for further explanation .\nes werden alle b\u00fccher ausgefiltert , die bestimmte schl\u00fcsselworte f\u00fcr nachdrucke , print on demand oder facsimiles enthalten . es ist m\u00f6glich , dass auch b\u00fccher ausgefiltert werden , die keine nachdrucke etc . sind .\nes werden nur neuzug\u00e4nge bzw . neuerscheinungen der plattformen zvab und e - bay angezeigt .\nsie haben javascript in ihren browsereinstellungen deaktiviert ! f\u00fcr eine optimale bedienbarkeit der buchsuche empfehlen wir , javascript f\u00fcr urltoken zu aktivieren . um ein aktuelles suchergebnis ohne javascript zu sehen , m\u00fcssen sie u . u . mehrmals auf\nsuchen\nklicken .\nfree shipping on eligible orders over $ 25 versandkosten : zzgl . versandkosten details . . .\n( * ) derzeit vergriffen bedeutet , dass dieser titel momentan auf keiner der angeschlossenen plattform verf\u00fcgbar ist .\nno . 12419290 versandkosten : , de , de ( eur 0 . 00 ) details . . .\nno . 12419290 versandkosten : zzgl . , versandkosten , de ( eur 0 . 00 ) details . . .\nin stock 1156025389 lieferung innerhalb 1 - 4 werktagen . versandkostenfrei , wenn buch oder h\u00f6rbuch enthalten ist , sonst 2 , 95 eur . ab 19 , 90 eur versandkostenfrei . ( deutschland ) b\u00fccher > taschenb\u00fccher > ratgeber\nbuch in der datenbank seit 28 . 12 . 2013 23 : 37 : 43 buch zuletzt gefunden am 07 . 01 . 2018 20 : 43 : 53 isbn / ean : 9781156025383\nfauna of the u . s . rio grande valleys\n, von\nherausgeber : source : wikipedia\n( 9781156025413 )\nsearch their arrest records , driving records , contact information , photos and more . . .\ncopyright 2018 peekyou . com . a patent pending people search process . all rights reserved ."]}
+{"id": 18, "summary": [{"text": "synanthedon pini , the pitch mass borer , is a moth of the family sesiidae .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "the pitch mass borer occurs on spruce and pine in eastern north america .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "it does not kill trees , but the pitch-filled larval tunnels in the wood cause defects in the lumber . ", "topic": 28}], "title": "synanthedon pini", "paragraphs": ["species synanthedon pini - pitch mass borer - hodges # 2585 - bugguide . net\n\u00a9 william taft and mich . st . univ . , moth photographers group \u00b7 2 synanthedon pini , male\nall are in one genus - synanthedon sp . single eggs are laid on the bark of the pines . larvae of some species tunnel into the cambium area soon after hatching . they make a hole in which they feed . sap oozes out of these pits / holes . the pitch mass borer\nduckworth , w . d . & t . d . eichlin 1973 . new species of clearwing moths ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) from north america . proceedings of the washington entomological society 75 ( 2 ) : 150 - 159 melittia calabaza , synanthedon arkansasensis , s . canadensis , s . dominicki , s . engelhardti\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nlarva - body white with a light brown head . ( kellicott , 1881 ) .\nthe males are strongly attracted to zzoh / ezoh 50 : 50 pheromone lures and are on the wing starting in late june in michigan .\n, pinaceae ) . larvae typically bore in large trees below a broken branch or scar as high as 40 ' up the trunk ( kellicott , 1881 ) .\nit is found rarely in insect collections and museums . trees with active larvae have pitch mass swellings on the tree trunk with a white , powdery appearance .\nbeuttenm\u00fcller , w . 1901 . monograph of the sesiidae of america , north of mexico . memoirs of the american museum of natural history 1 ( 6 ) :\nengelhardt , g . p . 1946 . the north american clear - wing moths of the family aegeriidae . united states national museum bulletin 190 :\nkellicott , d . s . 1881 . observations of several species of ageriadae inhabiting the vicinity of buffalo , n . y . . the canadian entomologist 13 ( 1 ) : 5 - 7\ndictionary of word roots and combining forms donald j . borror . 1960 . mayfield publishing company .\nthe north american clear - wing moths of the family aegeriidae . george p . engelhardt . 1946 . united states national museum bulletin 190 : 1 - 222 , pl . 1 - 32 .\nmonograph of the sesiidae of america , north of mexico . william beutenm\u00fcller . 1901 . memoirs of the american museum of natural history 1 ( 6 ) : 218 - 352 , pl . 29 - 36 .\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\neastern white , scots and jack pines as well as white , norway and colorado blue spruce .\npine pitch moth adults resemble yellowjackets . the adults are clear wing moths . there are many types of pitch moths .\nlarge volumes of pitch ooze from the holes made in the trunk by these insects .\nattacks austrian , eastern white , scots and jack pines as well as white , norway and colorado blue spruce . adults are only seen during the summer and the insect can take up to three years to complete its life cycle .\ncheck with your local land grant university ( cooperative ) extension service for recommended insecticide .\nthe home , yard & garden pest guide ( c1391 ) provides is written for homeowners and other residents and provides nonchemical and current chemical recommendations for controlling pests associated with trees , shrubs , turf , flowers , groundcovers , vegetables , fruit , and houses . in addition , you ' ll find detailed information about integrated pest management , pesticide safety , and pesticide application and calibration techniques . this publication may be purchased at your local university of illinois extension unit office , or by calling 800 - 345 - 6087 , or by placing an order online ( search for\nc1391\n) . visit site > >\nthe illinois commercial landscape and turfgrass pest management handbook ( iclt ) is written for professional applicators and provides nonchemical and current chemical recommendations as well as application timing information for all major pests of turf , woody ornamentals and herbaceous ornamentals . this publication may be purchased at your local university of illinois extension unit office , or by calling 800 - 345 - 6087 , or by placing an order online ( search for\niclt\n) . visit site > >\na free plant , weed , insect and disease identification service available through your local university of illinois extension office . center educators or state specialists review & respond to information and digital images submitted by local extension office personnel . some samples may require further examination or culture work ( nominal fee involved ) at the u of il plant clinic . visit site > >\nservices include plant and insect identification , diagnosis of disease , insect , weed and chemical injury ( chemical injury on field crops only ) , nematode assays , and help with nutrient related problems , as well as recommendations involving these diagnoses . microscopic examinations , laboratory culturing , virus assays , and nematode assays are some of the techniques used in the clinic . visit site > >\neastern white pine , scots pine , austrian pine , jack pine and red pine . as well as white spruce , norway spruce and blue colorado spruce trees .\nthe larvae tunnel into the inner bark on trunks and limbs of host trees . this causes a cavity .\nthe clearwing moth looks similar to yellow jacket wasps . it lays its eggs in midsummer in pruning cuts and on the bark of the trunk or limbs . the larvae tunnel into the inner bark to feed on resin from the damaged tissue . the mature larvae reach a length of about 25mm . their body colour is usually near white to pink depending on which tree they are feeding on . their brown head is smaller than their prothorax . large amounts of pitch and frass form at the point of entry . pupation occurs within the pitch mass from late may to june . the clearwing moths appear from the middle to the end of june , although others can emerge in july and august depending on locations . two or three years are required to complete a life cycle .\nlarvae and pupa are found under the pitch masses . they can be removed and killed .\ndo not prune trees during the egg laying period of the pitch mass moth . ( midsummer )\ncomplete this form for a certified arborist to visit your property and provide recommendations and an estimate .\ntype of work requested ( select all that may apply with ctrl + click . ) :\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on images to enlarge .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhodges , r . w . et al . , eds . 1983 . check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico . e . w . classey limited and the wedge entomological research foundation , london . 284 pp .\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\ndistribution data for u . s . states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\nstrict warning : non - static method view : : load ( ) should not be called statically in / home2 / c241301 / public _ html / clm / sites / all / modules / views / views . module on line 879 .\nstrict warning : declaration of views _ handler _ filter : : options _ validate ( ) should be compatible with views _ handler : : options _ validate ( $ form , & $ form _ state ) in / home2 / c241301 / public _ html / clm / sites / all / modules / views / handlers / views _ handler _ filter . inc on line 0 .\nstrict warning : declaration of views _ handler _ filter : : options _ submit ( ) should be compatible with views _ handler : : options _ submit ( $ form , & $ form _ state ) in / home2 / c241301 / public _ html / clm / sites / all / modules / views / handlers / views _ handler _ filter . inc on line 0 .\nstrict warning : declaration of views _ plugin _ style _ default : : options ( ) should be compatible with views _ object : : options ( ) in / home2 / c241301 / public _ html / clm / sites / all / modules / views / plugins / views _ plugin _ style _ default . inc on line 0 .\nstrict warning : declaration of views _ plugin _ row : : options _ validate ( ) should be compatible with views _ plugin : : options _ validate ( & $ form , & $ form _ state ) in / home2 / c241301 / public _ html / clm / sites / all / modules / views / plugins / views _ plugin _ row . inc on line 0 .\nstrict warning : declaration of views _ plugin _ row : : options _ submit ( ) should be compatible with views _ plugin : : options _ submit ( & $ form , & $ form _ state ) in / home2 / c241301 / public _ html / clm / sites / all / modules / views / plugins / views _ plugin _ row . inc on line 0 .\nadults are wasp - like clearwing moths with a mostly orange head , grey hairs on the face , a brown - black thorax , clear hind wings , opaque brown forewings with ( usually ) some orange scales and a mostly blue - black abdomen with an orange 4th segment .\nlarvae are white to pink in colour and can vary depending on the host tree . they have a head capsule that is smaller than the prothorax . when compared to the\neggs are laid on the bark of trunks or branches . females prefer fresh wound sites ( e . g . recently pruned branches ) if available .\nlarvae bore into the inner bark and sap wood . tunneling in this area causes copious amounts of sap to flow out of the wound .\nfemale moths deposit eggs in june to july on the trunk or larger branches , preferably at a wound site . larvae tunnel into the sapwood behind the bark , causing copious amounts of sap to flow out of the infested area . it takes 2 - 3 years for the larvae to mature . larvae overwinter within the pitch mass . there is only one generation every 2 - 3 years . adults emerge in spring to early summer .\njohnson , w . t . and lyon , h . h . 2003 . insects that feed on trees and shrubs . second edition . cornell university press , ithaca , new york . 560 pp .\neichlin , t . d . , duckworth , w . d . 1988 . the moths of america north of mexico , sesioidea , sesiidae , fascicle , 5 . 1 . the wedge entomological research foundation .\ncontributed by maury j . heiman on 18 june , 2013 - 12 : 00am\ncontributed by maury j . heiman on 25 may , 2013 - 7 : 53pm\ncontributed by maury j . heiman on 1 august , 2013 - 10 : 45pm\nmemoirs of the american museum of natural history 1 ( 6 ) : 218 - 352 , pl . 29 - 36 , 1901\nbeutenm\u00fcller , w . 1901 . monograph of the sesiidae of america , north of mexico . memoirs of the american museum of natural history 1 ( 6 ) : 218 - 352 , pl . 29 - 36\nbrown , l . n . & r . f . mizell , iii 1993 . the clearwing borers of florida ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . tropical lepidoptera 4 ( 4 ) : 1 - 21 ( pdf )\neichlin , t . d . 1992 . clearwing moths of baja california , mexico ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . tropical lepidoptera 3 ( 2 ) : 135 - 150 ( pdf ) andrewsi bibionipennis erici faulkneri gilberti gloriosa hennei magnifica mexicanus palmii ( neumoegen ) palmii ( beutenm\u00fcller ) polygoni resplendens robiniae snellingi\nunited states national museum bulletin 190 : 1 - 222 , pl . 1 - 32 , 1946\nengelhardt , g . p . 1946 . the north american clear - wing moths of the family aegeriidae . united states national museum bulletin 190 : 1 - 222 , pl . 17 - 32 species index food - plant index"]}
+{"id": 19, "summary": [{"text": "the dryad shrew tenrec ( microgale dryas ) , also known as the tree shrew tenrec , is a species of mammal in the family tenrecidae .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "it is endemic to madagascar .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "it is vulnerable to extinction by habitat loss . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "dryad shrew tenrec", "paragraphs": ["a cowan\u2019s shrew tenrec , microgale cowani , in captivity . \u00a9 peter j . stephenson\ndryad is a nonprofit repository for data underlying the international scientific and medical literature .\ntenrecs with very narrow distributions or specific threats may need extra help . more research is required to confirm the distribution and abundance of poorly known shrew tenrec species ( e . g . dryad , montane and nasolo ' s shrew tenrecs ) . if they genuinely occur in only a handful of sites , conservation efforts will be needed to target their habitat .\ntenrec diet is based on invertebrates . insects and their larvae are the most commonly consumed prey items . however , many of the larger species ( from talazac ' s shrew tenrec \u2013 microgale talazaci - to the tailless tenrec \u2013 tenrec ecaudatus ) sometimes take small vertebrates such as amphibians . two species have become very specialized : streaked tenrecs eat mostly soft - bodied invertebrates , with an apparent preference for earthworms ; large - eared tenrecs ( geogale aurita ) prefer termites they find inside dead wood . the aquatic tenrec feeds on a range of prey in its freshwater habitat , but favours aquatic insect larvae and crayfish .\nthe tenrecinae are spiny tenrecs . the largest species is the tailless tenrec , tenrec ecaudatus , which weighs up to 1 kg . it is as large as a rabbit , and is less spinescent than the other species . other spiny tenrecs are the two species of hedgehog tenrec ( setifer setosus and echinops telfairi ) and the two species of streaked tenrec ( hemicentetes semispinosus and h . nigriceps )\na lowland streaked tenrec , hemicentetes semispinosus . \u00a9 l . e . olson & s . m . goodman\nthe potamogalinae are otter shrews which are found on mainland africa . many scientists now consider these animals as tenrecs . the giant otter shrew , potamogale velox , is widespread in the streams and rivers of central african forests , but the other two species have restricted distributions . the nimba otter shrew , micropotamogale lamottei , is found only in a small area around mount nimba on the borders of ivory coast , liberia and guinea , and the ruwenzori otter shrew , m . ruwenzorii , is found only between uganda and eastern drc . habitat loss , mining and fish traps threaten otter shrews across their range . ( see section \u201ctenrecs in africa \u2013 the otter shrews\u201d ) .\na number of predators are known or suspected to feed on tenrecs . these range from birds of prey and viverrid carnivores to snakes ; some small shrew tenrecs ( microgale spp . ) may even be attacked by larger species of their own genus .\neastern rain forest in madagascar is habitat for many tenrec species , yet much of it is being lost to provide land for agriculture such as these paddy fields in the north - east of the country . \u00a9 peter j . stephenson\nthe geogalinae is a recently recognised sub - family , comprising the single species , geogale aurita ( the large - eared tenrec ) . it is a small species ( about 7g ) adapted for life in the arid south - west and specialised in a termite diet .\ntenrecs are generally found in forest habitats . most species occur in the eastern rain forests , but a handful ( e . g . geogale , echinops ) are adapted to the arid spiny desert in the south - west of madagascar . the aquatic tenrec ( limnogale mergulus ) requires clear , running freshwater . some species - such as tailless tenrecs ( tenrec ecaudatus ) and streaked tenrecs ( hemicentetes ) - appear able to adapt easily to man - induced disturbance , and can survive in secondary forest or agricultural land . mole tenrecs ( oryzorictes ) have been found in rice fields .\nthe aquatic tenrec ( limnogale mergulus ) is the greatest cause for concern among conservationists . it is known from only 10 sites in madagascar and appears to be restricted to clear streams with abundant prey . siltation caused by widespread deforestation is expected to cause problems as it will reduce prey species . animals are also drowned in eel and crayfish traps .\nthe mammal was an early tenrec ; the island it had arrived on probably had no other mammals and so this early lineage evolved over generations to adapt its body shape to its environment . as a result of a process called\nadaptive radiation\n( made famous by darwin ' s finches on galapagos ) new species appeared , each physically suited for its niche , free of competition .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ntraditionally included in the lipotyphla ( = insectivora sensu stricto ) . various molecular studies ( madsen et al . , 2001 ; murphy et al . , 2001 a , b ; springer et al . , 1999 ) and syntheses of morphological and molecular data ( asher et al . , 2003 ; liu et al . , 2001 ) support a clade containing tenrecs and golden moles , which stanhope et al . ( 1998 ) named afrosoricida . this name is inappropriate since this clade does not include soricids , and could lead to confusion with the soricid subgenus afrosorex hutterer , 1986 . noting that tenrecomorpha butler , 1972 may be a prior , and more explicit name for this clade following simpson\u2019s ( 1945 ) guidelines for naming superfamial taxa , bronner et al . ( 2003 ) nevertheless accepted afrosoricida because this name is entrenched in the recent literature .\nfollowing simpson ( 1931 ) , the term\ntenrecoid\nhas also been widely misused as a general name for a vaguely defined grouping of ( extinct and extant ) taxa characterized by zalambdodonty , even though it has become clear that some of these were not technically zalambdodont , and that zalambdodonty may have arisen independently several times ( e . g . broom , 1916 ) . this further militates against its stricter nomenclatorial use , even at taxonomic ranks below order .\nthe supraordinal affiliation of the afrosoricida remains controversial . molecular data strongly support an affinity within the afrotheria , whereas morphological data suggest a closer relationship to lipotyphlans . lipotyphlan monophyly , however , is only weakly supported by cladistic analyses of morphological data ( asher , 1999 ) and phylogenetic analyses of combined anatomical and molecular data strongly support the inclusion of afrosoricids within afrotheria ( asher et al . , 2003 ) .\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .\nnote : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , \u00a92005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\ndon ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nnote : this is an amended assessment to correct the order of the assessors .\nthis species is listed as vulnerable under criterion b1ab ( iii ) . it has an extent of occurrence ( eoo ) of ca . 10 , 000 km\n, it is known from fewer than 10 locations , and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat .\nit is threatened by deforestation and habitat fragmentation , through conversion to cultivated areas and general logging activities .\nthis species is known from only a few sites in northeastern madagascar . there is some doubt about a record from anjanaharibe - sud special reserve as it was collected from an owl pellet . it has been recorded between 500 and 940 m asl .\nit is a poorly - known species that has only been recorded in the eastern lowland rain forests . it is possibly a semi - fossorial species which is believed to be forest dependent . the ecology of the species is not known .\nit has been recorded from two protected areas : ambatovaky special reserve and anjanaharibe - sud special reserve . it has been recorded in the future protected area of makira . further studies are needed into the taxonomy , distribution , population , biology , ecology and threats to this species .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nenglish - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 2nd ed . , 3rd printing\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vols . 1 & 2\nwith contributions by bernadette n . graham , adam p . potter , and mariana m . upmeyer\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nas part our commitment to scholarly and academic excellence , all articles receive editorial review .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\nthe following material is adapted from an article published in 2007 : stephenson , p . j . ( 2007 ) . mammals from another time : tenrecs in madagascar . africa geographic , march 2007 , vol 15 ( 2 ) : 34 - 41 .\nthe island continent of madagascar was part of a large land mass that broke away from africa some 165 million years ago . as tectonic plates shifted subtly on the earth ' s surface , the land mass moved out slowly into the indian ocean . other chunks of land later floated off to leave the island the size and shape we now know , situated 400 km off the mozambique coast for the last 80 millions years .\nat that time the island was probably a mix of habitats much as it is today : thick rain forest on the east coast , deciduous forests in the west , deserts with spiny succulent plants in the south - west , and amid the forests of the high plateau a mosaic of grasslands grazed by giant tortoises and walked upon by 3 - 4 metre tall elephant birds . mammals had evolved from therapsid reptiles and were spreading across africa , but none had appeared on madagascar , as its reptiles were from a different stock .\nwhat happened next is only conjecture , but sometime around 60 million years ago a small mammal - perhaps no more than 5 or 6 g in weight with a primitive body plan and physiology - was washed out to sea from africa . perhaps it was on a log that had fallen into a river from the coastal forest of what is now kenya . currents and winds moved the mammal across the channel until it arrived on madagascar . perhaps the founder was joined by others ; perhaps it was a pregnant female . whatever the case , the animals multiplied . and then evolution kicked in !\nvery few other mammals ever made the same journey . eventually rodents , a mongoose - like carnivore and a primitive primate crossed the channel and gave rise to species found nowhere else on earth . a pygmy hippopotamus also crossed but madagascar never saw cats , dogs or large herbivores .\nmost tenrecs died out on mainland africa and are known only from fossil records ; all except one small lineage that evolved to fill a specialized aquatic niche - the otter shrews ( see section\ntenrecs in africa \u2013 the otter shrews\n) . however , tenrecs still inhabit madagascar today in an abundance and diversity not seen in any other mammalian family .\nbut then there are species not just from another time , but also from another world . streaked tenrecs ( hemicentetes ) are so unique nothing like them ever evolved elsewhere . their black and pale striped body is covered in spines , with a head crest of quills that can be erected . when irritated the animal makes head butting movements , trying to leave the barbed spines in the nose of its aggressor . a patch of spines on the back form what is known as a stridulating organ - the spines can rub together and produce a type of ultrasound that keeps the family groups together . tongue clicks made by the animals are thought to be a type of echolocation , perhaps used for hunting prey .\nin spite of their many adaptations , tenrecs still exhibit a number of characteristics which make them distinct from other small mammals and which were probably typical of the earliest mammals . such traits include nocturnal activity patterns , small body size , the retention of a cloaca as a common uro - genital opening , abdominal testes , poor eyesight and a dependence on their sense of smell and hearing . they are also considered primitive physiologically , since all species have relatively low body temperatures and metabolic rates relative to their body size , and several specied enter torpor regularly .\ntenrecs are probably most closely related to golden moles ( chrysochloridae ) . along with golden moles , scientists now consider tenrecs part of the afrotheria , a grouping of african mammals with evolutionary connections that also contains the aardvark , sengis ( or elephant - shrews ) , hyraxes , elephants and sea cows .\nsix malagasy tenrecs appear in the iucn red list of 2006 . endangered species are considered more threatened than vulnerable species . data deficient species require more information before an assessment can be completed .\nspecial attention needs to be paid urgently to aquatic tenrecs . research should be conducted into their habitat needs and factors affecting their distribution . land - use and fishing practices may need to be changed in areas where they occur . although small mammals are often neglected in large conservation programmes , aquatic tenrecs would make ideal flagship species for integrated forest and freshwater conservation programmes in eastern madagascar . work to conserve forest habitats and maintain clear , unsilted streams will benefit a range of other plant and animal life as well as aquatic tenrecs .\ntenrecs are a unique and diverse family of mammals , from another world and another time . they make up a significant component of madagascar\u2019s faunal diversity and no doubt hold the answer to many scientific questions on the evolution and adaptation of mammals . let ' s hope that current conservation efforts ensure that their time is not up yet !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\njavascript is disabled for your browser . some features of this site may not work without it .\ngoodman , steven m . raxworthy , christopher j . maminirina , claudette p . olson , link e .\nlatest build fri , 29 jun 2018 05 : 39 : 03 utc . served by aws - prod"]}
+{"id": 20, "summary": [{"text": "neofriseria baungaardiella is a moth of the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by huemer and karsholt in 1999 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in greece , southern spain and portugal . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "neofriseria baungaardiella", "paragraphs": ["neofriseria baungaardiella huemer & karsholt , 1999 ; microlep . europe 3 : 170 , 33 ; tl : gekenland molivos lesvos\nneofriseria caucasicella sattler , 1960 ; dt . ent . zs . 7 ( 1 - 2 ) : 50\nneofriseria kuznetzovae bidzilya , 2002 ; shilap revta lepid . 30 ( 119 ) : ( 239 - 243 )\nneofriseria turkmeniella ; bidzilya , 2009 , shilap revta lepid . 37 ( 147 ) : 303 ( note )\nneofriseria sceptrophora ; piskunov , 1987 , vestn . zool . 1987 ( 2 ) : 10 ; [ nhm card ]\nneofriseria hitadoella karsholt & vives , 2014 ; shilap revta lepid . 42 ( 168 ) : 651 ; tl : spain , huelva , los bermejales , niebla\nneofriseria turkmeniella piskunov , 1987 ; vestn . zool . 1987 ( 2 ) : 11 ; tl : turkmen ssr , distr . mary , badkhyz state reserve\nneofriseria caucasicella ; piskunov , 1987 , vestn . zool . 1987 ( 2 ) : 8 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ me3 ] , 168 , 33\nneofriseria sattler , 1960 ; dt . ent . zs . 7 ( 1 - 2 ) : 16 - 17 [ key ] , 48 ; ts : lita peliella treitschke\nneofriseria peliella ; piskunov , 1987 , vestn . zool . 1987 ( 2 ) : 9 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ me3 ] , 169 , 33 ; [ fe ]\nneofriseria singula ; piskunov , 1987 , vestn . zool . 1987 ( 2 ) : 11 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ me3 ] , 169 , 33 ; [ fe ]\nneofriseria pseudoterrella ; piskunov , 1987 , vestn . zool . 1987 ( 2 ) : 9 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ me3 ] , 171 , 33 ; [ fe ]\n= ; [ nhm card ] ; piskunov , 1987 , vestn . zool . 1987 ( 2 ) : 11 ; [ me3 ] , 169 , 33\ngelechia pseudoterrella rebel , 1928 ; zs . \u00f6st . entver . 13 : 51 ; tl : spain\ngelechia sceptrophora meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 276 ; tl : asia minor , kasikoparan\nlarva on atraphaxis spinosa , a . badghysi , a . pyrifolia bidzilya , 2009 , shilap revta lepid . 37 ( 147 ) : 303\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nwalsingham , 1896 gelechia suppeliella , sp . n . , distinguished from peliella , tr . ent . mon . mag . 32 : 250 - 251\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nlike most websites we use cookies . this is to ensure that we give you the best experience possible .\ncontinuing to use urltoken means you agree to our use of cookies . if you would like to , you can learn more about the cookies we use .\ncab direct is the most thorough and extensive source of reference in the applied life sciences , incorporating the leading bibliographic databases cab abstracts and global health . cab direct provides a convenient , single point of access to all of your cabi database subscriptions .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\naustria , belgium , britain , germany , denmark , spain , italy , corsica , latvia , lithuania , luxembourg , netherlands , norway , poland , portugal , romania , sardinia , slovakia , the soviet union - the european part , finland , france , czech republic , switzerland , sweden , estonia .\nregions of the russian federation : the volga - don , the european central european south taiga , mid - volzhsky , south ural .\naustria , belarus , belgium , the british isles , germany , greece ( mainland ) , denmark ( mainland ) , spain ( mainland ) , italy ( mainland ) , corsica , latvia , lithuania , luxembourg , netherlands , norway ( mainland ) , poland , portugal ( mainland ) , romania , russia , sardinia , slovakia , slovenia , ukraine , finland , france ( mainland ) , czech republic , switzerland , sweden , estonia .\n[ 10 ] de jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) ( 2011 ) fauna europaea version 2 . 4 ( faunaeur . org )\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more"]}
+{"id": 21, "summary": [{"text": "dugesia ( pronounced , d ( y ) \u00fc\u02c8j\u0113zh ( \u0113 ) \u0259 ) is a genus of dugesiid triclad that contains some common representatives of the class turbellaria .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "these common flatworms are found in freshwater habitats of africa , europe , middle east , asia and australia .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "dugesia is best known to non-specialists because of its regeneration capacities .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "dugesia is the type genus of the family dugesiidae . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "dugesia", "paragraphs": ["on the taxonomic status of dugesia gonocephala and dugesia subtentaculata ( turbellaria , tricladida , paludicola ) .\na new freshwater planarian , dugesia japonica , commonly but erroneously known as dugesia gonocephala ( dug\u00e8s ) .\na subterminal opening of the ejaculatory duct , as found in dugesia superioris , occurs in no less than 26 species of dugesia : dugesia bakurianica porfirjeva , 1958 , dugesia biblica benazzi & banchetti , 1972 , dugesia leporii pala et al . , 2000 , and dugesia sicula lepori , 1948 , from the western palaearctic ; dugesia aethiopica stocchino et al . , 2002 , dugesia arabica harrath & sluys , 2013 , dugesia astrocheta marcus , 1953 , dugesia lanzai banchetti & del papa , 1971 , dugesia lamottei de beauchamp , 1952 , dugesia neumanni ( neppi , 1904 ) and dugesia myopa de vries , 1988b from the afrotropical region ; the other 15 species are distributed in the oriental region , eastern palaearctic and australasian region , viz . dugesia andamanensis ( kaburaki , 1925 ) , dugesia austroasiatica kawakatsu , 1985 , dugesia batuensis ball , 1970 , dugesia bengalensis kawakatsu , 1983 , dugesia burmanensis ( kaburaki , 1918 ) , dugesia deharvengi kawakatsu & mitchell , 1989 , dugesia indica kawakatsu , 1969 , dugesia indonesiana kawakatsu , 1973 , dugesia japonica ichikawa & kawakatsu , 1964 , dugesia leclerci kawakatsu & mitchell , 1995 , dugesia lindbergi de beauchamp , 1959 , dugesia nannophallus ball , 1970 , dugesia novaguineana kawakatsu , 1976 , dugesia tamilensis kawakatsu , 1980 , and dugesia uenorum kawakatsu & mitchell , 1995 . however , in all of these species the ejaculatory duct is ventrally displaced , except for dugesia bakurianica in which the ejaculatory duct is central . therefore , a dorsal course of the ejaculatory duct and a subterminal opening of the duct represents a new diagnostic combination in the genus dugesia .\ndescrizione di dugesia biblica , nuova microspecie del \u201cgruppo dugesia gonocephala \u201d trovata nel fiume giordano ( israele ) .\ndugesia hepta , nuova specie di planaria d\u2019acqua dolce di sardegna appartenente alla superspecie dugesia gonocephala ( dug\u00e8s ) ( turbellaria , tricladida ) .\neduard sol\u00e0 marked\nfile : dugesia artesiana 3054 . jpg\nas trusted on the\ndugesia artesiana sluys & grant , 2007\npage .\ngeographic distribution of dugesia superioris ( indicated by an asterisk ) and dugesia sp . nmnh 55294 ( indicated by black diamond ) in the lake ohrid region .\ntaxonomy and geographical distribution of dugesia japonica and d . ryukyuensis in the far east\nidentification and characterization of a novel multifunctional placenta specific protein 8 in dugesia japonica .\neduard sol\u00e0 marked\nfile : dugesia artesiana 3054 . jpg\nas hidden on the\ndugesia artesiana sluys & grant , 2007\npage . reasons to hide : duplicate\nswitch from asexual to sexual reproduction in the planarian dugesia ryukyuensis . - pubmed - ncbi\ndescrizione della planaria dugesia lanzai , n . sp . del kenya ( africa ) .\ndescrizione di dugesia sicula , nuova specie di triclade d\u2019acqua dolce dei dintorni di catania .\na review of chromosomal variation in dugesia japonica and d . ryukyuensis in the far east\nstructural analysis of n - glycans of the planarian dugesia japonica . - pubmed - ncbi\nregeneration in an evolutionarily primitive brain - - the planarian dugesia japonica model . - pubmed - ncbi\nproduction of asexual and sexual offspring in the triploid sexual planarian dugesia ryukyuensis . - pubmed - ncbi\na molecular cytogenetic comparison of planarians from the \u2018 dugesia gonocephala group\u2019 ( platyhelminthes , tricladida ) .\non the species of the dugesia gonocephala group ( platyheminthes , turbellaria , tricladida ) from greece .\na new species of freshwater planarian belonging to the genus dugesia ( platyhelminthes , tricladida ) from sardinia .\nidentification and characterization of a novel multifunctional placenta specific protein 8 in dugesia japonica . - pubmed - ncbi\nhow often does reproduction occur ? dugesia tigrina can mate and / or reproduce many times in its life .\nthe dugesia can reproduce sexually , and all dugesia are hermaphrodites . two dugesia will pair up and fertilize each other ' s eggs . those eggs are then released in a cocoon . if there is not another dugesia present , one can reproduce asexually through a process called transverse fission . the organism will pull itself in half and the tail portion will regenerate a new head , and the head portion will regenerate a new tail . this process can be replicated in the lab by using a razor blade or scalpel to cut the dugesia in half . in a couple of weeks , you should have two dugesia swimming around in your petri dish .\nichikawa , a . & kawakatsu , m . , 1964 . a new freshwater planarian , dugesia japonica , commonly but erroneously known as dugesia gonocephala ( dug\u00e8s ) . annot . zool . japon , 37 : 185\u2013194 .\nswitching from asexual to sexual reproduction in the planarian dugesia ryukyuensis : bioassay system and basic description of sexualizing process .\nthe genus dugesia in australia , with its phylogenetic analysis and historical biogeography ( platyhelminthes , tricladida , dugesiidae ) .\nstocchino ga , manconi r . overview of life cycles in model species of the genus dugesia ( platyhelminthes : tricladida )\na synopsis of the nominal species of the subgenus dugesia ( platyhelminthes , tricladida , paludicola ) from africa and madagascar .\nafrican planarians : dugesia aethiopica sp . n . ( platyhelminthes , tricladida ) from lake tana ( nw ethiopia ) .\nteshirogi , w . & itagaki , g . , 1965 . the chromosomes of dugesia species , a japanese freshwater planarian known as dugesia gonocephala . zool . mag . ( t\u00f4ky\u00f4 ) , 74 : 38\u201345 . ( in japanese with english summary )\nswitching from asexual to sexual reproduction in the planarian dugesia ryukyuensis : change of the fissiparous capacity along with the sexualizing process .\nreproductive strategies , karyology , parasites , and taxonomic status of dugesia populations from yemen ( platyhelminthes , tricladida , dugesiidae ) .\nfluvial basin history in the northeastern mediterranean underlies dispersal and speciation patterns in the genus dugesia ( platyhelminthes , tricladida , dugesiidae ) .\neduard sol\u00e0 marked\nfile : daborensisdistribution . jpg\nas trusted on the\ndugesia aborensis ( whitehouse , 1913 )\npage .\nkenk , r . , 1940 . the reproduction of dugesia tigrina ( girard ) . am . nat . , 74 : 471\u2013475 .\nthat kenk ( 1978 ) identified his dugesia material from ohrid ( nmnh 55294 ) as dugesia gonocephala is hardly surprising in view of the fact that at that time many european populations were assigned to dugesia gonocephala sensu lato . the precise anatomy of dugesia gonocephala sensu stricto was only resolved by de vries and ball ( 1980 ) and de vries ( 1984a , 1986 ) . a comparison with kenk\u2019s specimen quickly learns that this animal does not conform to dugesia gonocephala because it does not exhibit the muscular ridges , the elongated penis papilla , or the two penial folds ( cf . de vries and ball 1980 , de vries 1984a ) . in the presence of a small dorsal penial fold and a central ejaculatory duct the animal resembles dugesia benazzii lepori , 1951 , dugesia elegans de vries , 1984 , dugesia taurocaucasica ( livanov , 1951 ) and dugesia effusa , the latter recently described from the greek island chios ( sluys et al . in prep . ) . dugesia benazzii from corsica and sardinia is characterized by a pointed diaphragm and a penial fold , the position of which is variable but which is usually located dorsally ; the size of the penial fold is also variable ( lepori 1951 , de vries 1984b ) . in dugesia benazzii ectal reinforcement is restricted to the region of the oviducal openings , the latter being symmetrically arranged . in contrast , in the nmnh 55294 specimen the oviducts open asymmetricaly into the bursal canal , while the ectal reinforcement extends further on the bursal canal .\neduard sol\u00e0 marked\nfile : d aborensis . jpg\nas trusted on the\ndugesia aborensis ( whitehouse , 1913 )\npage .\ndugesia superioris . holotype zma v . pl . 7153 . 1 , sagittal reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus ( anterior to the left ) .\na karyological study on populations of dugesia gonocephala s . l . ( turbellaria , tricladida ) . italian journal of zoology 66 : 245\u2013253 .\ndugesia deharvengi sp . n . , a new troglobitic freshwater planarian from tham kubio cave , thailand ( turbellaria ; tricladida ; paludicola ) .\nmolecular barcoding and phylogeography of sexual and asexual freshwater planarians of the genus dugesia in the western mediterranean ( platyhelminthes , tricladida , dugesiidae ) .\nendemic freshwater planarians of sardinia : redescription of dugesia hepta ( platyhelminthes , tricladida ) with a comparison of the mediterranean species of the genus .\na karyological study by deri et al . ( 1999 ) identified for the pogradec population a complement of 24 standard chromosomes with one b - chromosome , suggesting a tri - ploid condition with a haploid number of n = 8 . moreover , their karyometric analysis indicated a probably aneutriploid condition , due to a constant excess of small , medium - sized chromosomes . a haploid number with n = 8 represents the most common chromosome number among dugesia species . dugesia superioris shares the tri - ploid condition with a haploid number of n = 8 with only a few other species from the western palaearctic region , viz . dugesia benazzii lepori , 1951 , dugesia etrusca benazzi , 1946 , dugesia liguriensis de vries , 1988a , and dugesia subtentaculata ( cf . benazzi and benazzi - lentati 1976 , ribas 1990 , pala 1993 , cf . l\u00e1zaro et al . 2009 ) .\nsaccomanno , r . 2014 .\ndugesia tigrina\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\nfurther contributions to the taxonomy and biogeography of the subgenus dugesia ( platyhelminthes : tricladida : paludicola ) in the mediterranean region and the middle east .\nkawakatsu , m . , teshirogi , w . , \u00f4gawara , g . & tarui , y . , 1965 . photographic gleanings of planarians . i . dugesia japonica ichikawa et kawakatsu and dugesia gonocephala ( dug\u00e8s ) . collect . & breed . ( t\u00f4ky\u00f4 ) , 27 : 330\u2013335 . ( in japanese )\nswitching from asexual to sexual reproduction in the planarian dugesia ryukyuensis : change of the fissiparous capacity along with the sexualizing p . . . - pubmed - ncbi\nbessho y , ohama t , osawa s . planarian mitochondria i . heterogeneity of cytochrome c oxidase subunit i gene sequences in the freshwater planarian , dugesia japonica .\ntcen - 49 , a monoclonal antibody that identifies a central body antigen in the planarian dugesia ( girardia ) tigrina . implications for pattern formation and positional signalling mechanisms\ntcav - 1 , a monoclonal antibody specific to epithelial pharyngeal cells in the planarian dugesia ( girardia ) tigrina . application to pattern formation of the pharynx during regeneration\neduard sol\u00e0 marked\nfile : d aborensis . jpg\nas hidden on the\ndugesia aborensis ( whitehouse , 1913 )\npage . reasons to hide : duplicate\nfor the genus dugesia a dorsal course of the ejaculatory duct was reported for the first time by stocchino et al . ( 2005 ) for the endemic sardinian species dugesia hepta pala , casu & vacca , 1981 . however , in this species the opening of the duct is located laterally on the right side , near the tip of the penis papilla . moreover , this species is characteri - zed by a ventro - lateral penial fold , which is absent in the new species . dugesia superioris therefore represents the second species of the genus showing a dorsal course of the ejaculatory duct . further , another important difference between dugesia hepta and dugesia superioris is the haploid chromosome number , which counts n = 7 in the former ( pala et al . 1981 ) and n = 8 in the latter ( deri et al . 1999 , see below ) .\nto cite this page : saccomanno , r . 2014 .\ndugesia tigrina\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\nkenk , r . , 1941 . induction of sexuality in the asexual form of dugesia tigrina ( girard ) . j . exp . zool . , 87 : 55\u201369 .\ntherefore , the dugesia specimen nmnh 55294 may well represent a new species . however , on the basis of only the presently available material we refrain from describing it as new . furthermore , the asymmetrical openings of the vasa deferentia into the seminal vesicle of this animal represents a highly unusual condition for a species of dugesia and needs to be checked on additional material .\nthe penial fold of dugesia taurocaucasica is considerably larger than the one in nmnh 55294 , while the fold is also traversed by the abundant secretion of cyanophilic glands , which discharge through the lining epithelium of the penial fold . furthermore , in dugesia taurocaucasica the ectal reinforcement layer on the bursal canal extends for a considerable distance towards the copulatory bursa ( porfirjeva and dyganova 1987 ) .\nreexamination of freshwater planarians found in tanks of tropical fishes in japan , with a description of a new species , dugesia austroasiatica sp . n . ( turbellaria ; tricladida ; paludicola ) .\nsulle caratteristiche morfologiche e sulla posizione sistematica della planaria di sardegna e corsica gi\u00e0 ascritta a dugesia gonocephala ( dug\u00e8s ) . atti societ\u00e0 toscana di scienze naturali 58 ( b ) : 1\u201322 .\npattee , e . , 1970 . coefficients thermiques et \u00e9cologie de quelques planaires d ' eau douce . 4 . la reproduction de dugesia gonocephala . ann . limnol . 6 : 293\u2013304 .\nkawakatsu , m . , oki , i . , tamura , s . & sugino , h . , 1976b . studies on the morphology , karyology and taxonomy of the japanese freshwater planarian dugesia japonica ichikawa et kawakatsu , with a description of a new subspecies , dugesia japonica ryukyuensis subspec . nov . bull . fuji women ' s coll . , no . 14 , ser . ii : 81\u2013126 .\nsugino , h . , 1969 . collecting , breeding and experiments of a common japanese freshwater planarian , dugesia japonica ( with annotations and an appendix written by m . kawakatsu : on the physiological races of\ndugesia elegans from rhodes differs from nmnh 55294 in the presence of a much larger seminal vesicle , a stubbier diaphragm , and the situation that its bursal canal epithelium is infranucleated ( de vries 1984a ) .\ntamura , t . , yamayoshi , t . , oki , i . & kawakatsu , m . , 1979 . karyological and taxonomic studies of dugesia japonica ichikawa et kawakatsu . ii . chromosomes of dugesia japonica japonica collected from eighteen localities in japan . proc . jap . soc . syst . zool . , no . 17 : 1\u201314 ( + pls . 1\u20132 ) . ( in japanese with english summary )\nan asexual population of dugesia sp . was collected in 2006 by r . manconi from voskopoj\u00eb , an albanian locality situated south - west of lake ohrid . unfortunately , we have been unable to ascertain the taxonomic status of this population due to the lack of sexual specimens ( stocchino and manconi , pers . obs . ) . however , according to the phylogeographic analysis of l\u00e1zaro et al . ( 2009 ) this population is molecularly identical to the pogradec population and therefore should be assigned also to dugesia superioris . it is noteworthy that the voskopoj\u00eb locality is outside of the ohrid basin and therefore signals a wider distribution of dugesia superioris .\nthe planarian does not have gills or lungs , it obtains its oxygen by simple diffusion over its flat body . the dugesia cannot survive outside of the water , so biologists studying it must make sure that the specimen has plenty of water that is aerated . the dugesia does have an excretory system to remove wastes . tiny cells , called flame cells , line the lateral edge of the organism and function to remove waste .\nmore recently , a phylogeographic analysis of two albanian populations , one from pogradec and the other from voskopoj\u00eb ( populations 30 and 31 , respectively in l\u00e1zaro et al . 2009 ) , revealed that they belong to the same clade , which is well - separated from other species and populations of dugesia in the western mediterranean region , thus pointing to a new species ( l\u00e1zaro et al . 2009 ) . in a second study , which included other and more eastern mediterranean species of dugesia , the population from pogradec ( population 15 in sol\u00e0 et al . 2013 ) also sat on its own branch , separate from all other populations of dugesia examined .\nthese are planarian worms , a type of flatworm in the phylum platyhelminthes and the class turbellaria . they are very common classroom organisms , with a simple body plan . the species in the photo here is dugesia subtentaculata .\nthe species dugesia effusa differs from nmnh 55294 in the presence of a short , valve - like diaphragm , a large intrabulbar seminal vesicle , a highly glandular penis papilla , and symmetrical oviducal openings into the bursal canal .\ntamura , s . , yamayoshi , t . , oki , i . , murayama , h . & kawakatsu , m . , 1978 . karyological and taxonomic studies of dugesia japonica ichikawa et kawakatsu . i . chromosomes of the animals of dugesia japonica japonica collected from five localities in the central part of honsh\u00fb and shikoku , japan . ibid . , no . 15 : 8\u201318 ( + pls . 1\u20132 ) . ( in japanese with english summary )\nhirose , e . , kat\u00f4 , f . & sugino , h . , 1974 . chromosomes of freshwater planarian , dugesia japonica , ii . zool . mag . ( t\u00f4ky\u00f4 ) , 83 : 442 . ( in japanese )\nkawakatsu , m . , 1975 . problems on the morphological variation and the taxonomic position of a japanese freshwater planarian , dugesia japonica ichikawa et kawakatsu . zool . mag . ( t\u00f4ky\u00f4 ) , 84 : 444 . ( in japanese )\ntanaka , i . , 1965 . observation on the breeding of dugesia japonica ichikawa et kawakatsu from okinawa ( with an appendix written by m . kawakatsu ) . collect . & breed . ( t\u00f4ky\u00f4 ) , 27 : 458\u2013459 . ( in japanese )\nokugawa , k . i . , 1957 . an experimental study of sexual induction in the asexual form of japanese freshwater planarian , dugesia gonocephala ( dug\u00e8s ) . ibid . , ser . b , no . 11 : 8\u201327 ( + pls . 1\u20136 ) .\nsugino , h . , hirose , e . & kat\u00f4 , f . , 1973 . the chromosomes of a japanese freshwater planarian , dugesia japonica ichikawa et kawakatsu . nature study ( \u00f4saka ) , 19 , no . 4 : 41\u201343 . ( in japanese )\nokugawa , k . i . , 1955 . on the supernumerary sexual organs of dugesia gonocephala ( dug\u00e8s ) , induced by the low temperature . bull . kyoto gakugei univ . , ser . b , no . 6 : 1\u201314 ( + pls . i\u2013ii ) .\nthe dugesia does have a simple nervous system that includes a ganglia located in its anterior region to serve as a brain . as such , the dugesia exhibits the trait of cephalization , where the majority of its sense organs are located in the anterior region . it has a triangular head with two prominent eyespots . upon closer inspection of the eyes , you can see that they have a curious cross - eyed expression to them . the presence of the two eyes and lateral horns on the head indicate that the planarian has bilateral symmetry .\nthe planarian , dugesia dorotocephala ( woodworth ) , was studied in the laboratory and field as a predator of all developmental stages of culex peus speiser . reproduction by transverse fission was accelerated by higher feeding rates and probably by crowding . decreased feeding in culture could be offset by increasing the density of dugesia . experimental field populations of culex larvae were reduced by 90 + % in 26 days during july and august , 1973 . mucus secretions effectively immobilized prey larvae and their body fluid was consumed . mucus was also used to produce cemented sand anchors for attachment to larvae and pupae . group feeding without internecine activity was observed whereby as many as 12 dugesia collectively ensnarled a single prey . field and laboratory observations indicated optimum temperatures for feeding and reproduction were 20\u201326\u00b0c . feeding ceased above 29\u00b0c ; mortality ensued at 30\u00b0c .\ndugesia is a genus of dugesiidae freshwater flatworms that includes around 75 species , all of them with a similar external appearance : triangle - shaped head with two eyes , and an elongated body . the different species are classified on the basis of the morphology of their copulatory apparatus .\nboddington , m . t . & mettrick , d . f . , 1974 . the distribution , abundance , feeding habits and population biology of the immigrant triclad , dugesia polychroa ( platyhelminthes : turbellaria ) in toronto harbour , canada . j . anim . ecol . 43 : 681\u2013699 .\ndugesia superioris differs from its congeners in particular in ( a ) the dorsal course of the ejaculatory duct , with its sub - terminal opening , ( b ) the asymmetrical openings of the oviducts into the bursal canal , and ( c ) the openings of vasa deferentia at about halfway along the seminal vesicle .\ndugesia superioris is characterized by the presence of the following features : dorsal course of the ejaculatory duct ; subterminal opening of the ejaculatory duct ; asymmetrical openings of the oviducts into the bursal canal ; openings of vasa deferentia at halfway along the seminal vesicle ; plump penis papilla ; small diaphragm ; triploid chromosome complement of 24 + 1b - chromosomes .\nkawakatsu , m . , oki , i . , tamura , s . , yamayoshi , t . & takahashi , n . , 1980 . morphological , karyological and taxonomic studies of dugesia japonica ichikawa et kawakatsu from the tsushima islands . proc . jap . soc . syst . zool . , no . 19 : 1\u201310 ( + pls . 1\u20132 ) .\noki , i . , tamura , s . , kawakatsu , m . & sugino , h . , 1976 . morphological and karyological reexamination of the taxonomy of the freshwater planarian dugesia japonica , i . chromosomal analysis of the animals from different localities in japan and korea . zool . mag . ( t\u00f4ky\u00f4 ) , 85 : 507 . ( in japanese )\ndugesia superioris . photomicrographs of the copulatory apparatus . a holotype zma v . pl . 7153 . 1 , sagittal section showing the penis bulb and the penis papilla with the ejaculatory duct b paratype cgas pla 6 . 3 , transverse section of the penis papilla and the ejaculatory duct surrounded by numerous glands c paratype cgas pla 6 . 3 , transverse section of the bursal canal .\noki , i . , tamura , s . , yamayoshi , t . , kawakatsu , m . , hauser , j . & friedrich , s . m . g . , 1980 . karyological and taxonomic studies of freshwater planarians in brazil . ii . chromosomes of dugesia species from south brazil . zool . mag . ( t\u00f4ky\u00f4 ) , 89 : 628 . ( in japanese )\nokugawa , k . i . & kawakatsu , m . , 1954a . studies on the fission of japanese freshwater planaria , dugesia gonocephala ( dug\u00e8s ) . i . comparative studies on fission rates and frequencies of sexual and asexual races influenced by temperatures , starvation and distilled water . ibid . , ser . b , no . 4 : 25\u201334 . ( in japanese with english summary )\nkawakatsu , m . , oki , i . , tamura , s . & sugino , h . , 1976a . morphological and karyological reexamination of the taxonomy of the freshwater planarian dugesia japonica , ii . considerations about the subdivision of the species into two subspecies , with special reference to their subspeciations and phylogenetical problems . zool . mag . ( t\u00f4ky\u00f4 ) , 85 : 508 . ( in japanese )\nfree - living flatworms like the planaria are grouped into the class turbellaria . the most common species studied in the lab is the brown planaria , dugesia . the animal has an acoelomate body ( no internal cavity to hold organs ) , no anus and lacks a circulatory system . most are scavengers and will eat other animals that have sank to the bottom of their ponds , hence why you can use liver to capture them .\nkawakatsu , m . , oki , i . , tamura , s . , yamayoshi , t . , hauser , j . & friedrich , s . m . g . , 1980 . karyological and taxonomic studies of freshwater planarians in brazil . i . review of the previous studies , with special reference to the taxonomy of dugesia species from south brazil . zool . mag . ( t\u00f4ky\u00f4 ) , 89 : 628 . ( in japanese )\na new species of the genus dugesia is described from the lake ohrid region in the western part of the balkan peninsula , forming the first fully documented species description for this genus in the ohrid area . the morphological species delimitation is supported by complementary molecular , karyological , and cytogenetic data available from the literature . therefore , species delineation is based on a truly integrative approach . further , a short account on the degree of freshwater planarian endemicity in the ohrid region is provided .\nin this paper we report on a new species of freshwater planarian of the genus dugesia , forming the first fully documented species description for this genus in the ohrid area . our morphological species delimitation was supported by complementary molecular , karyological , and cytogenetic data available from the literature . therefore , our species delineation is based on a truly integrative approach . further , we provide a short account on the biogeographical patterns in freshwater planarians and their degree of endemicity in the ohrid region .\nkawakatsu , m . , 1971 . problems on the morphological variation and the physiological races of a japanese freshwater planarian , dugesia japonica ichikawa et kawakatsu . in : eds . kawakatsu , m . & iba , m . , comm . compil . sci . papers publ . occ . retir . prof . hisao sugino at the age of sixtyfive , ser . turbellarians , biol . lab . \u00f4saka ky\u00f4iku univ . , \u00f4saka , pp . 43\u201352 . ( in japanese with english summary )\nstudies on the phylogeny of dugesia ( sluys et al . 1998 and references therein ) considered the asymmetrical penial papilla to constitute an important taxonomic feature . however , this asymmetry related to the apomorphic presence of a ventral ejaculatory duct . our present study shows that in future analyses this asymmetry needs to be specified by adding a third character state to character ( 1 ) ( sluys et al . 1998 , p . 277 and table ii ) , i . e . ejaculatory duct located dorsally .\nthe pogradec population had already been subjected to karyological , cytogenetic , and phylogeographic studies before anything was known about the anatomy of the specimens ( see above ) . all of these analyses pointed to a situation that this dugesia population differs considerably from congeneric populations . therefore , it was unsurprising that the anatomy of the pogradec animals suggested also that they represent a new species . as a result of the cumulation of the evidences from these independent datasets , the present delineation of the new species is based on a truly integrative approach to taxonomy .\na molecular cytogenetic comparison of several species and populations of the genus dugesia revealed that these planarians from pogradec besides two telomeric nor loci , also have a ribosomal site located in an intercalated position on the long arm of one of the largest chromosomes ( batistoni et al . 1999 ) . this peculiar condition differs from other planarian taxa , in which 18s + 28s rrna genes appeared preferentially located on telomeric regions of medium - sized chromosomes , and was interpreted by the authors as a structural chromosomal rearrangement , such as a paracentric inversion , suggesting a case of speciation .\nin conclusion , it appears that d . sicula has reached a large proportion of the area of its potentially favourable distribution in the mediterranean basin , being a remarkable case of a broad colonisation , in extreme contrast with the rest of mediterranean dugesia species , with all of them being endemic or with very restricted distributions . d . sicula expansion is now limited to spreading to new freshwater basins within the areas it currently inhabits . however , future changes increasing the temperature , such as those predicted by climate change hypothesis , could expand its fitted area to more northern and interior areas .\ndendrocoelum adenodactylosum is very common in the lake , in its tributary streams and springs and also in lake prespa , a nearby lake southeast of lake ohrid that is a major water supplier for the latter . six species are found in surrounding streams and springs and do not occur in the lake proper , viz . dugesia superioris , dendrocoelum jablanicense ( stankovi\u0107 & kom\u00e1rek , 1927 ) , schmidtea lugubris ( schmidt , 1861 ) , crenobia alpina montenigrina ( mr\u00e1zek , 1904 ) , planaria torva ( m\u00fcller , 1774 ) , and polycelis tenuis ijima , 1884 . dendrocoelum jablanicense is endemic of the lake ohrid region , while the others concern widespread species .\na review of previous studies on the taxonomy , karyology and chorology of a polymorphic species dugesia japonica from the far east is presented . two subspecies are now known : d . j . japonica ( n = 8 , 2x = 16 , 3x = 24 ) and d . j . ryukyuensis ( n = 7 , 2x = 14 , 3x = 21 ) . an attempt has also been made to determine the definition of the b - chromosome as lb and sb and the variation of the karyotypes of both subspecies is described . every known karyotype of d . japonica is classified into six groups ( see table 2 ) . d . japonica from many localities has a diploid karyotype ( 2x ) , a triploid karyotype ( 3x ) and an orthoploidic mixoploid karyotype of 2x & 3x . the origin and the karyological significance of these karyotypes are discussed .\na unique aspect of planarians is that they can regenerate a brain from somatic pluripotent stem cells called neoblasts , which have the ability to produce themselves ( self - renew ) and to give rise to all missing cell types during regeneration . recent molecular studies have revealed that the planarian brain is composed of many distinct neuronal populations , which are evolutionarily and functionally conserved ones , and acts as an information - processing center to elicit distinct behavioral traits depending on a variety of signals arising from the external environment . how can planarians regenerate such a brain ? on the basis of our recent findings , here we review the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate the stem cell dynamics involved in the brain regeneration of the planarian dugesia japonica . our findings suggest the possible value of in vivo planarian studies for guiding regenerative medicine to treat neurodegenerative diseases via interlinking stem cell biology and regeneration biology .\ndugesia sicula is the only species of its genus not presenting an endemic or restricted distribution within the mediterranean area . it mostly comprises fissiparous populations ( asexual reproduction by body division and regeneration ) , most likely sexually sterile , and characterized by an extremely low genetic diversity interpreted as the consequence of a recent anthropic expansion . however , its fissiparous reproduction can result in an apparent lack of diversity within the species , since genetic variation within individuals can be as large as between them because most individuals within a population are clones . we have estimated haplotype and nucleotide diversity of cytochrome oxidase i within and among individuals along the species distribution of a broad sample of d . sicula , including asexual and the two only sexual populations known today ; and predicted its potential distribution based on climatic variables . our aim was to determine the centre of colonisation origin , whether the populations are recent , and whether the species is expanding .\nasexual worms of fissiparous strain of the planarian dugesia ryukyuensis switch from asexual to sexual reproduction , if they are fed with sexually mature worms of bdellocephala brunnea . this suggests that the sexually mature worms have a sexualizing substance ( s ) that induces the sexuality in the asexual worms . here , we found by analysis of the sexualization that the cessation of the fission , namely their asexual reproduction , occurs immediately after the acquisition of sexuality . this result suggests that the downstream mechanisms induced by the putative sexualizing substance in b . brunnea become responsible for the cessation of fission . we also found that the decapitation triggers fission in the worms even after the acquisition of sexuality if they are not sexually mature , while the fully sexualized worms never fission even though they are decapitated . this result suggests that the cessation of fission takes place via at least two steps : ( 1 ) the mechanisms associated with the cephalic system ; ( 2 ) other mechanisms independent of cephalic control .\nto investigate the relationship between phylogeny and glycan structures , we analyzed the structure of planarian n - glycans . the planarian dugesia japonica , a member of the flatworm family , is a lower metazoan . n - glycans were prepared from whole worms by hydrazinolysis , followed by tagging with the fluorophore 2 - aminopyridine at their reducing end . the labeled n - glycans were purified , and separated by three hplc steps . by comparison with standard pyridylaminated n - glycans , it was shown that the n - glycans of planarian include high mannose - type and pauci - mannose - type glycans . however , many of the major n - glycans from planarians have novel structures , as their elution positions did not match those of the standard glycans . the results of mass spectrometry and sugar component analyses indicated that these glycans include methyl mannoses , and that the most probable linkage was 3 - o - methylation . furthermore , the methyl residues on the most abundant glycan may be attached to the non - reducing - end mannose , as the glycans were resistant to \u03b1 - mannosidase digestion . these results indicate that methylated high - mannose - type glycans are the most abundant structure in planarians .\nan assay system has been established for the sexual induction in the oh strain , an exclusively fissiparous ( asexual ) strain , of dugesia ryukyuensis by feeding them with sexually matured worms of bdellocephala brunnea , an exclusively oviparous ( sexual ) species . in this assay system , asexual worms gradually differentiated sexual organs , namely the ovary , testis , genital pore and yolk gland in this order , and eventually mated and laid cocoons filled with fertilized eggs . although the oh strain worms were believed not to have any sexual organs , a pair of undeveloped ovaries with a few oogonia were detected by an intensive histological search . along with the progression of sexualization , five distinct stages were histologically recognized : in the first stage , the ovaries became larger enough to be externally apparent ; oocytes appeared first at stage 2 ; the primordial testes emerged at stage 3 ; a genital pore opened , yolk gland primordia developed and spermatocytes appeared at stage 4 ; and finally at stage 5 matured spermatozoa and yolk glands were formed . worms in stages 1 and 2 but not in later stages returned asexual if feeding on b . brunnea was interrupted . furthermore , when the worms at stage 3 onwards were cut posterior to the ovaries , all the tail regenerants developed eventually into fully sexualized worms . taking these results in account , we have concluded that the process of sexualization has a point - of - no - return between stages 2 and 3 . it is likely also that the testes , even the primordia , play an important role in the maintenance and development of sexuality .\nn2 - an assay system has been established for the sexual induction in the oh strain , an exclusively fissiparous ( asexual ) strain , of dugesia ryukyuensis by feeding them with sexually matured worms of bdellocephala brunnea , an exclusively oviparous ( sexual ) species . in this assay system , asexual worms gradually differentiated sexual organs , namely the ovary , testis , genital pore and yolk gland in this order , and eventually mated and laid cocoons filled with fertilized eggs . although the oh strain worms were believed not to have any sexual organs , a pair of undeveloped ovaries with a few oogonia were detected by an intensive histological search . along with the progression of sexualization , five distinct stages were histologically recognized : in the first stage , the ovaries became larger enough to be externally apparent ; oocytes appeared first at stage 2 ; the primordial testes emerged at stage 3 ; a genital pore opened , yolk gland primordia developed and spermatocytes appeared at stage 4 ; and finally at stage 5 matured spermatozoa and yolk glands were formed . worms in stages 1 and 2 but not in later stages returned asexual if feeding on b . brunnea was interrupted . furthermore , when the worms at stage 3 onwards were cut posterior to the ovaries , all the tail regenerants developed eventually into fully sexualized worms . taking these results in account , we have concluded that the process of sexualization has a point - of - no - return between stages 2 and 3 . it is likely also that the testes , even the primordia , play an important role in the maintenance and development of sexuality .\nab - an assay system has been established for the sexual induction in the oh strain , an exclusively fissiparous ( asexual ) strain , of dugesia ryukyuensis by feeding them with sexually matured worms of bdellocephala brunnea , an exclusively oviparous ( sexual ) species . in this assay system , asexual worms gradually differentiated sexual organs , namely the ovary , testis , genital pore and yolk gland in this order , and eventually mated and laid cocoons filled with fertilized eggs . although the oh strain worms were believed not to have any sexual organs , a pair of undeveloped ovaries with a few oogonia were detected by an intensive histological search . along with the progression of sexualization , five distinct stages were histologically recognized : in the first stage , the ovaries became larger enough to be externally apparent ; oocytes appeared first at stage 2 ; the primordial testes emerged at stage 3 ; a genital pore opened , yolk gland primordia developed and spermatocytes appeared at stage 4 ; and finally at stage 5 matured spermatozoa and yolk glands were formed . worms in stages 1 and 2 but not in later stages returned asexual if feeding on b . brunnea was interrupted . furthermore , when the worms at stage 3 onwards were cut posterior to the ovaries , all the tail regenerants developed eventually into fully sexualized worms . taking these results in account , we have concluded that the process of sexualization has a point - of - no - return between stages 2 and 3 . it is likely also that the testes , even the primordia , play an important role in the maintenance and development of sexuality .\nabstract =\nan assay system has been established for the sexual induction in the oh strain , an exclusively fissiparous ( asexual ) strain , of dugesia ryukyuensis by feeding them with sexually matured worms of bdellocephala brunnea , an exclusively oviparous ( sexual ) species . in this assay system , asexual worms gradually differentiated sexual organs , namely the ovary , testis , genital pore and yolk gland in this order , and eventually mated and laid cocoons filled with fertilized eggs . although the oh strain worms were believed not to have any sexual organs , a pair of undeveloped ovaries with a few oogonia were detected by an intensive histological search . along with the progression of sexualization , five distinct stages were histologically recognized : in the first stage , the ovaries became larger enough to be externally apparent ; oocytes appeared first at stage 2 ; the primordial testes emerged at stage 3 ; a genital pore opened , yolk gland primordia developed and spermatocytes appeared at stage 4 ; and finally at stage 5 matured spermatozoa and yolk glands were formed . worms in stages 1 and 2 but not in later stages returned asexual if feeding on b . brunnea was interrupted . furthermore , when the worms at stage 3 onwards were cut posterior to the ovaries , all the tail regenerants developed eventually into fully sexualized worms . taking these results in account , we have concluded that the process of sexualization has a point - of - no - return between stages 2 and 3 . it is likely also that the testes , even the primordia , play an important role in the maintenance and development of sexuality .\n,\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nis a triclad turbellarian found across north america . human activities have extended the range of\nto parts of northwestern europe and eastern asia , with notable population densities in great britain and japan .\n( cash , et al . , 1993 ; gee , et al . , 1998 ; pickavance , 1971 ; sluys , et al . , 2010 )\nis typically present in lakes , ponds , and streams in temperate regions . it shows negative phototaxis and dwells in the benthic zones of freshwater biomes as a result . the microhabitats for this organism include the undersides of rocks , plant material , and other types of debris found on lake and stream beds . the existing literature does not specify a depth range for the organism , but studies indicate the presence of\n( folsom and clifford , 1978 ; gee , et al . , 1998 ; stokely , et al . , 1965 ; takano , et al . , 2007 )\nis colloquially known as a flatworm , and it has a body that is flattened dorsoventrally . additionally , the body plan exhibits cephalization , and the body surface is covered with cilia used to facilitate gliding locomotion . sensory lobes known as auricles make the head region look triangular , and eyespots called ocelli are found on the head . in terms of coloration , the body is typically brown with white and yellow spots . the average length of\nis 9 to 15 mm , but body dimensions can vary due to the organism ' s ability to regenerate lost parts .\n( pickavance , 1971 ; salo and baguna , 1984 ; sluys , et al . , 2010 ; smales and blankespoor , 1978 )\nthat are produced sexually hatch from a cocoon , and are typically 2 . 0 to 4 . 5 mm in length when first hatched . they are transparent , and have visible yellow yolk cells . as they grow , they use up the yolk , and the spots of pigment grow and darken . individuals are considered mature after reaching a mean length of 9 mm .\nis hermaphroditic , and only some populations reproduce sexually . there is no courtship process , and when one individual encounters another , it glides on top of it . they either both face the same direction or opposite directions , and the top flatworm moves its head back and forth over either the head or dorsal side of the bottom flatworm , stimulating it . after several minutes , both lift their tail ends , maneuvering so that both ventral sides meet , and the penes are mutually inserted . copulation can last 1 minute to 1 . 5 hours , and ends when the pair separates and leaves . individuals can mate many times in their lives .\nreproduces both sexually and asexually . some populations reproduce solely sexually , while others reproduce only by fission , and still other populations reproduce both ways . high temperatures ( at approximately 26\u00b0c ) permit asexual transverse fission , whereas lower temperatures ( approximately 20\u00b0c ) yield a preference for sexual reproduction . some populations therefore switch from asexual fission to mating seasonally . reproduction for\nreaches its peak during the summer months . an adult delivers a cocoon that attaches to surfaces by means of a short stalk . the cocoons have mean diameter of 1 . 30 mm and give rise to a mean of about 4 newborns upon hatching . an individual can produce multiple cocoons during its lifetime .\n( folsom and clifford , 1978 ; vowinckel and marsden , 1971 ; vreys , et al . , 2002 )\nproduces a cocoon for every group of offspring produced , and provides provisioning . otherwise , there is no parental care .\ndo not show any signs of degenerative aging due to their regenerative capabilities . it is reported that the mortality rates of fed individuals are negligible because they are solely due to experimental accidents . it is also presented in the literature that\nis able to reabsorb its body tissues and shrink in size to prevent death from famine .\nis free - swimming and exhibits gliding locomotion with the help of mucus secretions as well as cilia that cover the body surface . individuals can be found both independently or in groups . group foraging has been observed to increase rates of daily per capita ingestion , which drives increased rates of asexual fission .\n( cash , et al . , 1993 ; pickavance , 1971 ; smales and blankespoor , 1978 )\nis considered one of the most primitive animal forms known to possess a central nervous system for higher order perception and integration . these flatworms are equipped with two eyespots called ocelli that appear as dark pigment cups on the anterior dorsal surface .\nalso has two earlike lobes as part of its anterior head region that function in tactile and chemical sensation . these structures , called auricles , have receptors and cilia on them to facilitate such sensation and perception . gliding mobility is facilitated by cilia covering the body surface , and the organism shows negative phototaxis upon exposure to light .\n( smales and blankespoor , 1978 ; takano , et al . , 2007 )\nuses its mucus secretions not only for gliding locomotion but also for capturing prey items . it has been observed that\nexhibits a threshold temperature for feeding . feeding is significantly reduced or completely stops below a critical temperature of 6\u00b0c .\nfunctions to inhibit being captured by these organisms . group foraging is reported to increase survival rates .\n( cash , et al . , 1993 ; davies and reynoldson , 1969 )\nserves as prey to a variety of animals , including fish , amphibians , and insects . it is also a predator itself of insects , aquatic worms , and crustaceans . as a significant predator of insect larvae , particularly mosquitoes ,\nhas been introduced to catch basins in ontario to successfully limit the population growth of immature mosquitoes . however , mosquito populations were not observed to be effectively controlled after introducing these flatworms to vernal pools in north dakota .\n( cash , et al . , 1993 ; davies and reynoldson , 1969 ; meyer and learned , 1981 )\nis equipped with a central nervous system ( cns ) for integrative neuronal communication and has regenerative abilities . consequently , this flatworm has been increasingly used as a model organism for educational and research purposes to better understand both tissue regeneration as a result of wear and tear and brain development as the main neural processing center in animals . genetic research at the molecular level is currently underway for these organisms to attempt to shed light on human growth , development , and tissue turnover . additionally ,\nhas been introduced to some bodies of water in an attempt to control mosquito populations through larval predation by these flatworms , to varying degrees of success .\n( meyer and learned , 1981 ; salo and baguna , 1984 ; takano , et al . , 2007 )\nit is suggested that feeding populations of this species do not age and are therefore considered immortal due to their regenerative capabilities .\nin terms of its growth and regenerative patterns are regulated by a temporal pattern . the rate of mitosis is observed to have an initial maximum 4 to 12 hours after injury , fall to a minimum at 1 day , and then rebound to attain a second maximum after 2 to 3 days . anterior and posterior regenerative patterns show the most rapid rate of mitotic activity residing near the site of a wound and diminishing at body sections away from an injured body section .\nrosario saccomanno ( author ) , the college of new jersey , keith pecor ( editor ) , the college of new jersey , angela miner ( editor ) , animal diversity web staff .\nliving in the nearctic biogeographic province , the northern part of the new world . this includes greenland , the canadian arctic islands , and all of the north american as far south as the highlands of central mexico ."]}
+{"id": 22, "summary": [{"text": "dichomeris dysnotata is a moth in the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by janse in 1954 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in namibia and south africa . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "dichomeris dysnotata", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for dysnotata definition . you find here dysnotata meaning , synonyms of dysnotata and images for dysnotata copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word dysnotata . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word dysnotata and , of course , dysnotata synonyms and on the right images related to the word dysnotata .\ntrichotaphe dysnotata janse , 1954 ; moths s . afr . 5 ( 4 ) : 414\nvad betyder dichomeris ? h\u00e4r finner du 2 definitioner av dichomeris . du kan \u00e4ven l\u00e4gga till betydelsen av dichomeris sj\u00e4lv\ndichomeris \u00e4r ett sl\u00e4kte av fj\u00e4rilar som beskrevs av h\u00fcbner 1818 . dichomeris ing\u00e5r i familjen st\u00e4vmalar .\ndichomeris acmodeta ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 12\ndichomeris agorastis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 13\ndichomeris albula ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 13\ndichomeris apicispina ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14\ndichomeris apludella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14\ndichomeris bifurca ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 15\ndichomeris bomiensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16\ndichomeris bucinaria ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16\ndichomeris consertella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 18\ndichomeris cuprea ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 18\ndichomeris cuspis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 18\ndichomeris diffurca ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20\ndichomeris fareasta ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20\ndichomeris fuscahopa ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21\ndichomeris fuscanella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21\ndichomeris gansuensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21\ndichomeris hodgesi ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22\ndichomeris jiangxiensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23\ndichomeris lativalvata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23\ndichomeris lespedezae ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23\ndichomeris lutilinea ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25\ndichomeris manticopodina ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25\ndichomeris menglana ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26\ndichomeris millotella viette , 1956 ; nat . malgache 8 ( 2 ) : 212\ndichomeris minutia ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26\ndichomeris mitteri ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 27\ndichomeris molybdoterma meyrick , 1933 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 12 ) : 353\ndichomeris ningshanensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 27\ndichomeris nivalis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 27\ndichomeris paulianella viette , 1956 ; nat . malgache 8 ( 2 ) : 213\ndichomeris polygona ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 29\ndichomeris polypunctata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 29\ndichomeris qingchengshanensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 30\ndichomeris quadratipalpa ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 30\ndichomeris quadrifurca ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 30\ndichomeris sexafurca ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 31\ndichomeris shenae ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 31\ndichomeris spicans ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32\ndichomeris spuracuminata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32\ndichomeris stasimopa meyrick , 1937 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 3 ) : 94\ndichomeris strictella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32\ndichomeris synergastis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32\ndichomeris tersa ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33\ndichomeris varifurca ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 34\ndichomeris violacula ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 34\ndichomeris wuyiensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 34\ndichomeris yuebana ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 34\ndichomeris yunnanensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 35\ndichomeris zymotella viette , 1956 ; nat . malgache 8 ( 2 ) : 215\ndichomeris junisonensis matsumura , 1931 ; 6000 illust . insects japan . - empire : 1082\ndichomeris acritopa meyrick , 1935 ; mat . microlep . fauna chin . prov . : 72\ndichomeris dolichaula meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 67\ndichomeris loxonoma meyrick , 1937 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 4 - 5 ) : 123\ndichomeris nyingchiensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 254\ndichomeris fuscahopa li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 242\ndichomeris fuscusitis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 243\ndichomeris gansuensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 247\ndichomeris hodgesi li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 232\ndichomeris jiangxiensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 244\ndichomeris junisonis [ sic ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23\ndichomeris yunnanensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 254\ndichomeris cuspis park , 1994 ; insecta koreana 11 : 19 ; tl : gangweon prov . , korea\ndichomeris derasella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 19 ; [ fe ]\ndichomeris fareasta park , 1994 ; insecta koreana 11 : 15 ; tl : gangweon prov . , korea\ndichomeris lamprostoma ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23 ; [ fe ]\ndichomeris mitteri park , 1994 ; insecta koreana 11 : 17 ; tl : gangweon prov . , korea\ndichomeris praevacua ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 :\ndichomeris strictella park , 1994 ; insecta koreana 11 : 11 ; tl : gangweon prov . , korea\ndichomeris acritopa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 12\ndichomeris adelocentra ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 13\ndichomeris albiscripta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 13\ndichomeris allantopa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 13\ndichomeris amphichlora ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 13\ndichomeris ampliata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14\ndichomeris anisospila ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14\ndichomeris antiloxa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14\ndichomeris antisticta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14\ndichomeris asodes ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 15\ndichomeris barymochla ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 15\ndichomeris brachygrapha ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16\ndichomeris brachyptila ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16\ndichomeris caerulescens ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16\ndichomeris cellaria ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16\ndichomeris centracma ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17\ndichomeris ceponoma ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17\ndichomeris charonaea ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17\ndichomeris chartaria ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17\ndichomeris chinganella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17\ndichomeris chlanidota ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17\ndichomeris cinnabarina ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17\ndichomeris citharista ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17\ndichomeris clarescens ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17\ndichomeris cocta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17\ndichomeris contentella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 18\ndichomeris corniculata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 18\ndichomeris crepitatrix ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 18\ndichomeris deceptella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 19\ndichomeris deltoxyla ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 19\ndichomeris diacrita ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 19\ndichomeris dicausta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 19\ndichomeris doxarcha ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20\ndichomeris eridantis ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20\ndichomeris eucomopa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20\ndichomeris excoriata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20\ndichomeris ferrata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20\ndichomeris ferruginosa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20\ndichomeris frenigera ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21\ndichomeris fungifera ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21\ndichomeris geochrota ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21\ndichomeris horoglypta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22\ndichomeris ignorata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22\ndichomeris illicita ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22\ndichomeris illucescens ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22\ndichomeris imbricata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22\ndichomeris immerita ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22\ndichomeris indiserta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22\ndichomeris intensa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22\ndichomeris isoclera ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23\ndichomeris leptosaris ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23\ndichomeris leucothicta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 24\ndichomeris levigata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 24\ndichomeris lissota ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 24\ndichomeris litoxyla ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 24\ndichomeris lupata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25\ndichomeris macroxyla ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25\ndichomeris malachias ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25\ndichomeris malacodes ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25\ndichomeris melanortha ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26\ndichomeris melitura ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26\ndichomeris mesoglena ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26\ndichomeris metatoxa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26\ndichomeris metuens ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26\ndichomeris microdoxa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26\ndichomeris microsphena meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 166 ; tl : java , buitenzorg\ndichomeris oceanis ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 27\ndichomeris olivescens ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 28\ndichomeris ostracodes ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 28\ndichomeris pelitis ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 28\ndichomeris petalodes ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 28\ndichomeris planata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 29\ndichomeris polyaema ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 29\ndichomeris praealbescens ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 29\ndichomeris procrossa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 29\ndichomeris pseudometra ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 30\ndichomeris ptychosema ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 30\ndichomeris sciodora ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 31\ndichomeris semnias ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 31\ndichomeris siranta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 31\ndichomeris summata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32\ndichomeris synclepta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32\ndichomeris tephroxesta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33\ndichomeris testudinata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33\ndichomeris tetraschema ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33\ndichomeris thyrsicola ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33\ndichomeris toxolyca ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33\ndichomeris traumatias ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33\ndichomeris uranopis ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33\ndichomeris viridella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 34\ndichomeris indigna ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 54 ( note )\ndichomeris ceratomoxantha ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 63 ( note )\ndichomeris adelocentra meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 10 ) : 305 ; tl : java , butenzorg\ndichomeris albula park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 22 ; tl : taipei co . , taiwan\ndichomeris baccata meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 621 ; tl : brazil , teff\u00e9\n= dichomeris bisignella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16\ndichomeris brachygrapha meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 10 ) : 305 ; tl : assam , khasis\ndichomeris bucinaria park , 1996 ; tinea 14 ( 4 ) : 230 ; tl : pintung co . , taiwan\ndichomeris chalcophaea meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 434 ; tl : queensland , brisbane\ndichomeris fida meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 620 ; tl : brazil , para\ndichomeris fusca park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 49 ; tl : taichung co . , taiwan\ndichomeris fuscalis park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 16 ; tl : taipei co . , taiwan\ndichomeris harmonias meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 504 ; tl : china , shanghai\ndichomeris horiodes meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 620 ; tl : brazil , parintins\ndichomeris horoglypta meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 202 ; tl : hasimoto , japan\ndichomeris ingloria meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 621 ; tl : peru , lima\ndichomeris leptosaris meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 202 ; tl : hokkaido , japan\ndichomeris leucothicta meyrick , 1919 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 8 ) : 235 ; tl : bombay , dharwar\ndichomeris lucrifuga meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 620 ; tl : brazil , para\ndichomeris lutivittata meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 434 ; tl : queensland , brisbane\ndichomeris mesoctenis meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 434 ; tl : queensland , brisbane\ndichomeris mesoglena meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 619 ; tl : coorg , pollibetta\ndichomeris metuens meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 201 ; tl : seneng , java\ndichomeris ochthophora meyrick , 1936 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 2 ) : 46 ; tl : taihoku , formosa\ndichomeris orientis park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 36 ; tl : kaohsiung co . , taiwan\ndichomeris praevacua meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 504 ; tl : china , shanghai\ndichomeris quercicola meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 433 ; tl : punjab , kangra\ndichomeris saturata meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 621 ; tl : brazil , obidos\ndichomeris sciodora meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 504 ; tl : assam , khasis\ndichomeris symmetrica park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 20 ; tl : taitung co . , taiwan\ndichomeris syndias [ sic , recte syndyas ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32\ndichomeris thermodryas meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 621 ; tl : peru , iquitos\ndichomeris trilobella park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 42 ; tl : pingtung co . , taiwan\ndichomeris anisospila meyrick , 1934 ; dt . ent . z . iris 48 : 34 ; tl : guangdong , china\ndichomeris argentaria meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 304 ; tl : barberton\ndichomeris cotifera meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 303 ; tl : barberton\ndichomeris cuprea li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 237 ; tl : shaanxi\ndichomeris exsecta meyrick , 1927 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 12 ) : 354 ; tl : rhodesia , mazoe\ndichomeris ignorata meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 165 ; tl : java , preangor , 5000ft\ndichomeris melanortha meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 510 ; tl : bombay , poona\ndichomeris monorbella viette , 1988 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 93 ( 3 - 4 ) : 104\ndichomeris squalens meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 282 ; tl : british guiana\nresupina omelko , 1999 ; keys ins . russian far east 5 ( 2 ) : 107 ; ts : dichomeris okadai moriuti\ndichomeris tactica meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 152 ; tl : ecuador , huigra , 4500ft\ndichomeris acrolychna meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 112 ; tl : brazil , para\ndichomeris allantopa meyrick , 1934 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 16 - 17 ) : 512 ; tl : nilambur , madras\ndichomeris alogista meyrick , 1935 ; mat . microlep . fauna chin . prov . : 72 ; tl : hunan , china\ndichomeris brachymetra meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 620 ; tl : peru , chosica , 2800m\ndichomeris brachyptila meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 584 ; tl : upper burma , myitkyina\ndichomeris ceponoma meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 151 ; tl : coorg , dibidi , 3500ft\ndichomeris davisi park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 35 ; tl : taiwan , taipei co . , sirin\ndichomeris ellipsias meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 114 ; tl : peru , iquitos\ndichomeris lushanae park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 22 ; tl : taiwan , taipei co . , sozan\ndichomeris moriutii ; li , zhen , kendrick & sterling , 2010 , shilap revta lepid . 38 ( 149 ) : 73\ndichomeris physocoma meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 286 ; tl : sierra leone , mabang\ndichomeris procyphodes meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 115 ; tl : brazil , parintins\ndichomeris rhodophaea meyrick , 1920 ; in alluaud & jeannel , voyage afr . orientale , ins . l\u00e9p . 2 : 73\ndichomeris simaoensis ; li , zhen , kendrick & sterling , 2010 , shilap revta lepid . 38 ( 149 ) : 74\ndichomeris stratigera meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 111 ; tl : brazil , parintins\ndichomeris subdentata meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 113 ; tl : brazil , santarem\ndichomeris testudinata meyrick , , 1934 ; dt . ent . z . iris 48 : 34 ; tl : guangdong , china\ndichomeris thalamopa meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 112 ; tl : brail , t\u00e9ffe\ndichomeris xanthodeta meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 305 ; tl : three sisters\ndichomeris zonata ; li , zhen , kendrick & sterling , 2010 , shilap revta lepid . 38 ( 149 ) : 74\ndichomeris liui li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 234 ; tl : jiangxi , china\ndichomeris qinlingensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 235 ; tl : shaanxi , china\ndichomeris aequata meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 282 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\ndichomeris agathopa meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 85 ; tl : rhodesia , umtali\ndichomeris anisacuminata li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 231 ; tl : china , jiangxi\ndichomeris antizyga meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 303 ; tl : barberton , pretoria\ndichomeris aphanopa meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 83 ; tl : rhodesia , umtali\ndichomeris apicispina li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 241 ; tl : jiangxi , china\ndichomeris asteropis meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 83 ; tl : rhodesia , umvuma\ndichomeris attenta meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 84 ; tl : rhodesia , umvuma\ndichomeris bifurca li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 251 ; tl : jiangxi , china\ndichomeris bodenheimeri ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16 ; [ afromoths ]\ndichomeris bomiensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 238 ; tl : china , xizang\ndichomeris cachrydias meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 283 ; tl : british guiana , mallali\ndichomeris decusella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 19 ; [ afromoths ]\ndichomeris diffurca li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 253 ; tl : fujian , china\ndichomeris eustacta meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 84 ; tl : rhodesia , umtali\ndichomeris excepta meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 9 ) : 279 ; tl : nyassaland , mt . mlanje\ndichomeris hylurga meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 83 ; tl : rhodesia , salisbury\ndichomeris impigra meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 305 ; tl : barberton , haenertsburg\ndichomeris indiserta meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 285 ; tl : malay states , kuala lumpur\ndichomeris lativalvata li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 248 ; tl : jiangxi , china\ndichomeris manticopodina li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 239 ; tl : shaanxi , china\ndichomeris menglana li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 257 ; tl : yunnan , china\ndichomeris ningshanensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 245 ; tl : shaanxi , china\ndichomeris nivalis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 249 ; tl : jiangxi , china\ndichomeris opsonoma meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 281 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\ndichomeris pladarota meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 84 ; tl : rhodesia , umtali\ndichomeris polygona li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 243 ; tl : sichuan , china\ndichomeris qingchengshanensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 245 ; tl : sichuan , china\ndichomeris quadratipalpa li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 238 ; tl : shaanxi , china\ndichomeris quadrifurca li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 252 ; tl : fujian , china\ndichomeris sexafurca li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 249 ; tl : jiangxi , china\ndichomeris shenae li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 246 ; tl : jiangxi , china\ndichomeris spicans li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 247 ; tl : jiangxi , china\ndichomeris spuracuminata li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 230 ; tl : shaanxi , china\ndichomeris stromatias meyrick , 1918 ; ann . transv . mus . 6 ( 2 ) : 23 ; tl : zululand , nkwaleni\ndichomeris tersa li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 241 ; tl : shaanxi , china\ndichomeris varifurca li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 250 ; tl : jiangxi , china\ndichomeris violacula li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 237 ; tl : gansu , china\ndichomeris wuyiensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 255 ; tl : jiangxi , china\ndichomeris xestobyrsa meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 82 ; tl : rhodesia , salisbury\ndichomeris yuebana li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 236 ; tl : shaanxi , china\ndichomeris obscura li & zheng , 1997 ; entomologia sin . 4 ( 3 ) : 223 ; tl : fengxian , shaanxi , 1600m\ndichomeris angustiptera li & zheng , 1997 ; entomologia sin . 4 ( 3 ) : 228 ; tl : fengxian , shaanxi , 1600m\ndichomeris acrogypsa turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 168 ; tl : queensland , rosewood\ndichomeris aculata ; ponomarenko & ueda , 2004 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 55 ( 3 ) : 147 ( note )\ndichomeris ampliata meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 175 ; tl : khasis\ndichomeris cirrhostola turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 169 ; tl : queensland , adavale\ndichomeris deltaspis ; ponomarenko & ueda , 2004 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 55 ( 3 ) : 155 ( note )\ndichomeris excoriata meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 174 ; tl : khasis\ndichomeris ferrata meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 174 ; tl : khasis\ndichomeris ferrogra li & wang , 1997 ; entomologia sin . 4 ( 3 ) : 225 ; tl : mengla , yunnan , 630m\ndichomeris ferruginosa meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 173 ; tl : khasis\ndichomeris heteracma meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 622 ; tl : brazil , teff\u00e9 ; peru , iquitos\ndichomeris instans meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 619 ; tl : peru , iquitos ; brazil , teff\u00e9\ndichomeris lividula park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 57 ; tl : taiwan , hualien co . , pianau - col\ndichomeris oleata meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 305 ; tl : barberton , three sisters\ndichomeris ostracodes meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 583 ; tl : upper burma , lashio , 3000ft\ndichomeris petalodes meyrick , 1934 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 16 - 17 ) : 512 ; tl : nilambur , madras , india\ndichomeris pleuroleuca turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 169 ; tl : queensland , eidsvold\ndichomeris ptychosema meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 175 ; tl : khasis\ndichomeris rectifascia li & zheng , 1997 ; entomologia sin . 4 ( 3 ) : 220 ; tl : kangxian , gansu , 800m\ndichomeris simaoensis li & wang , 1997 ; entomologia sin . 4 ( 3 ) : 221 ; tl : simao , yunnan , 325m\ndichomeris summata meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 172 ; tl : khasis\ndichomeris varronia busck , 1913 ; ins . inscit . menstr . 1 ( 7 ) : 89 ; tl : kitty , british guiana\ndichomeris ventosa meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 304 ; tl : barberton , three sisters\ndichomeris zonata li & wang , 1997 ; entomologia sin . 4 ( 3 ) : 222 ; tl : simao , yunnan , 325m\ndichomeris tostella ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 72 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ]\ndichomeris amphicoma meyrick , 1912 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1911 ( 4 ) : 695 ; tl : brazil , santos\ndichomeris antisticha meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 285 ; tl : costa rica , vulkan irazu , 4000ft\ndichomeris fluitans meyrick , 1920 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 17 ( 4 ) : 284 ; tl : natal , howick\ndichomeris litoxyla meyrick , 1937 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 4 - 5 ) : 123 ; tl : yakovlevka , primorkii krai , russia\ndichomeris nessica walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 95 ; tl : panama , la chorrera\ndichomeris taiwana park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 48 ; tl : taiwan , nantou co . , sunmoon lake , 760m\ndichomeris zomias meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 283 ; tl : british guiana , bartica and mallali\ndichomeris hirculella busck , 1909 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 11 ( 2 ) : 89 ; tl : east river , connecticut\ndichomeris clarescens meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 174 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon\ndichomeris dysorata turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 170 ; tl : new south wales , syndey\ndichomeris elegans park , 2001 ; insecta koreana 18 ( 4 ) : 308 ; tl : taiwan , pingtung co . , kenting park , 50m\ndichomeris jugata walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 97 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa\ndichomeris mengdana li & zheng , 1997 ; entomologia sin . 4 ( 3 ) : 227 ; tl : mengda , xunhua , qinghai , 2240m\ndichomeris miltophragma meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 115 ; tl : brazil , para , obidos , parintins\ndichomeris ptilocompa meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 113 ; tl : brazil , teff\u00e9 ; peru , jurimaguas\ndichomeris substratella walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 93 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa\ndichomeris vadonella viette , 1955 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 123 : 108 ; tl : ne . madagascar , maroantsetra , ambodivoangy\ndichomeris xerodes walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 100 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa\n= dichomeris setosella ; sattler , 1973 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 28 ( 4 ) : 221\ndichomeris glenni clarke , 1947 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 49 ( 7 ) : 187 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois\ndichomeris aomoriensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14 ; ponomarenko , 1998 , far east . ent . 67 : 12\ndichomeris ardesiella walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 96 ; tl : mexico , vera cruz , cordova\ndichomeris arotrosema walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 95 ; tl : mexico , vera cruz , atoyac\ndichomeris asodes meyrick , 1939 ; trans . r . ent . soc . lond . 89 ( 4 ) : 54 ; tl : telawa , java\ndichomeris erixantha ; meyrick , 1921 , ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 83 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]\ndichomeris eucomopa meyrick , 1939 ; trans . r . ent . soc . lond . 89 ( 4 ) : 54 ; tl : telawa , java\ndichomeris loxospila ; [ nhm card ] ; li , zhen , kendrick & sterling , 2010 , shilap revta lepid . 38 ( 149 ) : 77\ndichomeris lypetica walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 91 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft\ndichomeris crepitatrix meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 173 ; tl : n . coorg , 3500ft\ndichomeris dignella walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 91 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft\ndichomeris excavata busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 18 ; tl : porto bello , panama\ndichomeris hexasticta walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 94 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft\ndichomeris imbricata meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 175 ; tl : n . coorg , 3500ft\ndichomeris lutea park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 59 ; tl : taiwan , nantou co . , meifeng , 30km s tayuling , 2200m\ndichomeris lutilinea ponomarenko & park , 1996 ; korean j . appl . ent . 35 ( 2 ) : 118 ; tl : chuncheon , kangweon prov .\ndichomeris metrodes meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 172 ; tl : hambantota , ceylon ; bombay\ndichomeris olivescens meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 175 ; tl : kandy and maskeliya , ceylon\ndichomeris thalpodes meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 111 ; tl : brazil , para ; peru , r . napo\ndichomeris tristicta busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 17 ; tl : trinidad river , panama\ndichomeris melanophylla ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 114 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]\ndichomeris angulata ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 14 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14\ndichomeris bulawskii ponomarenko & park , 1996 ; korean j . appl . ent . 35 ( 2 ) : 114 ; tl : 27km sw slavjanka , primorskii krai\ndichomeris fusca ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 60 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 49\ndichomeris linealis ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 83 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 24\ndichomeris lividula ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 83 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 24\ndichomeris lushanae ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 86 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25\ndichomeris lutea ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 86 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25\ndichomeris ochreata ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 102 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 27\ndichomeris taiwana ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 135 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32\ndichomeris trilobella ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 141 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33\ndichomeris illusio hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 101 , pl . 2 , f . 38 ; tl : hastings , florida\ndichomeris imitata hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 104 , pl . 3 , f . 5 ; tl : devers , texas\ndichomeris angulata park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 43 ; tl : taiwan , nantou co . , leinhauchi forest station , 15km sw puli , 750m\ndichomeris aprica ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 15 ; li & sattler , 2012 , zootaxa 3373 : 57\ndichomeris enoptrias ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20\ndichomeris hoplocrates ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22\ndichomeris issikii ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23\ndichomeris ochreata park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 32 ; tl : taiwan , nantou co . , mei - feng , 30km s tayuling , 2200m\ndichomeris pyrrhoschista ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 30\ndichomeris sciritis ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 31 ; li & sattler , 2012 , zootaxa 3373 : 57\ndichomeris synergastis ponomarenko & park , 1996 ; korean j . appl . ent . 35 ( 2 ) : 116 ; tl : yong - in , kyunggi prov .\ndichomeris viridescens ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 34\ndichomeris offula hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 117 , pl . 3 , f . 21 ; tl : ithaca , new york\ndichomeris crepida hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 118 , pl . 3 , f . 22 ; tl : mcclellanville , south carolina\ndichomeris santarosensis hodges , 1985 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 87 ( 2 ) : 456 ; tl : santa rosa national park , guanacaste , costa rica\ndichomeris nenia hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 40 , pl . 4 , f . 2 ; tl : bandera co . , texas\ndichomeris hypochloa walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 102 , pl . 3 , f . 23 ; tl : mexico , sonora\ndichomeris caia hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 62 , pl . 4 , f . 7 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois\ndichomeris laetitia hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 88 , pl . 2 , f . 22 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois\ndichomeris aleatrix hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 91 , pl . 2 , f . 27 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois\ndichomeris furia hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 93 , pl . 2 , f . 30 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois\ndichomeris baxa hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 105 , pl . 3 , f . 10 ; tl : presidio of monterey , california\ndichomeris cinnamicostella ; walsingham , 1911 , biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 103 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndichomeris costalis busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 18 ; tl : tabogilla i . and porto bello , panama\ndichomeris habrochitona walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 102 , pl . 3 , f . 26 ; tl : panama , tabernilla\ndichomeris quercicola ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 30 ; ponomarenko , 1998 , far east . ent . 67 : 13\ndichomeris carycina ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 43 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndichomeris caryophragma ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 43 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndichomeris diacnista ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 43 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndichomeris lypetica ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 54 ( note ) ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndichomeris tactica ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 60 ( note ) ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndichomeris latescens ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 63 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndichomeris siren hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 64 , pl . 4 , f . 9 ; tl : henson creek , oxon hill , maryland\ndichomeris vindex hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 83 , pl . 2 , f . 9 - 10 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois\ndichomeris gleba hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 87 , pl . 2 , f . 18 - 20 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois\ndichomeris legnotoa hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 101 , pl . 4 , f . 10 ; tl : largo , pinellas co . , florida\ndichomeris mimesis hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 101 , pl . 2 , f . 39 ; tl : salmon , anderson co . , texas\ndichomeris simulata hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 104 , pl . 3 , f . 4 ; tl : canadian , hemphill co . , texas\ndichomeris percnopolis walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 93 , pl . 3 , f . 11 ; tl : guatemala , zapote , 2000ft\ndichomeris renascens walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 96 , pl . 3 , f . 14 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa\ndichomeris xuthostola walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 101 , pl . 3 , f . 18 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa\ndichomeris sylphe hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 58 , pl . 1 , f . 22 ; tl : archbold biological staion , lake placid , florida\ndichomeris ardelia hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 62 , pl . 4 , f . 8 ; tl : archbold biological station , lake placid , florida\ndichomeris kimballi hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 71 , pl . 1 , f . 30 ; tl : archbold biological staion , lake placid , florida\ndichomeris aglaia hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 85 , pl . 2 , f . 15 ; tl : lake placid , florida , archbold biological station\ndichomeris anisacuminata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14 ; li , zhen , kendrick & sterling , 2010 , shilap revta lepid . 38 ( 149 ) : 74\ndichomeris argigastra walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 99 , pl . 3 , f . 16 ; tl : mexico , vera cruz , atoyac\ndichomeris autometra ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 15 ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 )\ndichomeris crambaleas ; [ nhm card ] ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 18\ndichomeris melanota walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 94 , pl . 3 , f . 13 ; tl : mexico , vera cruz , cordova\ndichomeris okadai ; [ nhm card ] ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 28\ndichomeris prensans meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 111 ; tl : brazil , para , parintins , manaos ; peru , iquitos ; british guiana , bartica\ndichomeris sciastes walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 90 , pl . 3 , f . 10 ; tl : mexico , vera cruz , atoyac\ndichomeris gausapa hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : pl . 1 , f . 8 ; tl : madera canyon , 4880 ' , santa rita mts , arizona\n= dichomeris acuminata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 13 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 34\ndichomeris solatrix hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 48 , pl . 1 , f . 15 ; tl : pe\u00f1a blanca canyon , santa cruz co . arizona\n= dichomeris punctidiscella ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 56 ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 36\ndichomeris copa hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 92 , pl . 2 , f . 28 ; tl : snyder heights 1100 ' , ithaca , new york\ndichomeris achne hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 87 , pl . 2 , f . 34 ; tl : parker is . , highlands co . , florida\ndichomeris euprepes hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 110 , pl . 4 , f . 11 ; tl : big black mnts , letcher co . , kentucky\ndichomeris carinella walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 99 , pl . 3 , f . 20 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft\ndichomeris fuscusitis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21 ; zhao , park , bae & li , 2017 , zootaxa 4273 ( 2 ) : ( 216 - 234 )\ndichomeris intensa meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 173 ; tl : maskeliya and puttalam , ceylon ; cuddapah , 4000ft , n . coorg\ndichomeris leucostena walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 94 , pl . 3 , f . 12 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft\ndichomeris blanchardorum hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 43 , pl . 1 , f . 10 - 11 ; tl : laguna atascosa , cameron co . , texas\ndichomeris gnoma hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 106 , pl . 3 , f . 11 ; tl : shingle creek road , keremeos , british columbia , canada\ndichomeris mercatrix hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 110 , pl . 3 , f . 15 ; tl : mclean bogs reserve , tompkins co . , new york\ndichomeris bulawskii ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16 ; ponomarenko & ueda , 2004 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 55 ( 3 ) : 151 ( note )\ndichomeris diva hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 57 , pl . 1 , f . 21 ; tl : 1 mi s patagonia , santa cruz co . , arizona\ndichomeris fistuca hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 68 , pl . 1 , f . 25 ; tl : wedge plantation , mccellanville , charleston co . , south carolina\ndichomeris atomogypsa ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 72 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 15\ndichomeris alphito hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 88 , pl . 2 , f . 21 ; tl : madera canyon , 4880 ' , santa rita mts , arizona\ndichomeris pelta hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 99 , pl . 2 , f . 36 ; tl : wedge plantation , mcclellanville , charleston co . , south carolina\ndichomeris acrochlora ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 112 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 12\ndichomeris sybilla hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 121 , pl . 3 , f . 24 ; tl : madera canyon , 4880 ' , santa rita mts , arizona\ndichomeris evitata walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 99 , pl . 3 , f . 15 ; tl : panama , volcan de chiriqui , 2000 - 3000ft\ndichomeris harmonias ; [ nhm card ] ; park , 1991 , ann . hist . - nat . mus . hung . 83 : 121 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21\ndichomeris xanthoa hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 102 , pl . 3 , f . 2 ; tl : ft . niobrara national wildlife refuge , cherry co . , nebraska\ndichomeris bolize hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 100 , pl . 2 , f . 37 ; tl : hackberry lake , valentine national wildlife refuge , cherry co . , nebraska"]}
+{"id": 23, "summary": [{"text": "plectrohyla celata , also known as the oaxaca treefrog , is a species of frog in the family hylidae .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "it is endemic to mexico and only known from the northern slope of cerro pel\u00f3n , in sierra de ju\u00e1rez in northern oaxaca .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "after having not been seen after 1984 , it was feared that the species might be extinct .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "however , the species was rediscovered in field surveys in 2011 \u2013 2014 . ", "topic": 6}], "title": "plectrohyla celata", "paragraphs": ["chapters : plectrohyla guatemalensis , plectrohyla tecunumani , plectrohyla teuchestes , plectrohyla chrysopleura , plectrohyla quecchi , plectrohyla glandulosa , plectrohyla pokomchi , plectrohyla ameibothalame , plectrohyla acanthodes , plectrohyla arborescandens , plectrohyla cyanomma , plectrohyla robertsorum , plectrohyla celata , plectrohyla crassa , plectrohyla matudai , plectrohyla pachyderma , plectrohyla sabrina , rana - de arbol moteada , plectrohyla psiloderma , plectrohyla cyclada , plectrohyla charadricola , plectrohyla exquisita , plectrohyla calthula , plectrohyla calvicollina , plectrohyla pentheter , plectrohyla labedactyla , plectrohyla sagorum , plectrohyla hazelae , plectrohyla avia , plectrohyla ixil , plectrohyla lacertosa , plectrohyla bistincta , plectrohyla hartwegi , plectrohyla pycnochila , plectrohyla cembra , plectrohyla chryses , plectrohyla ephemera , plectrohyla siopela , plectrohyla dasypus , plectrohyla psarosema , plectrohyla mykter . source : wikipedia . pages : 92 . not illustrated . free updates online . purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher ' s book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge . excerpt : plectrohyla guatemalensis is a species of frog in the hylidae family . it is found in el salvador , guatemala , honduras , and mexico . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and rivers . it is threatened by habitat loss . ] . . . more : http : / / urltoken\ngeorgina santos - barrera , luis canseco - m\u00e1rquez 2004 . plectrohyla celata . the iucn red list of threatened species 2004 : e . t55438a11311593 . urltoken\nplectrohyla celata \u2014 faivovich , haddad , garcia , frost , campbell , and wheeler , 2005 , bull . am . mus . nat . hist . , 294 : 105 .\nsarcohyla celata \u2014 duellman , marion , and hedges , 2016 , zootaxa , 4104 : 18 . provisional placement .\nthis species was previously included in the genus hyla but has recently been moved to the genus plectrohyla ( faivovich et al . 2005 ) .\nwill find all uses of\n. . . hyla\nanywhere in a record : e . g . , hyla , hylidae , plectrohyla , ptychadena hylaea , adenomera hylaedactyla\na revision of the family hylidae from 2016 places this species in the genus sarcohyla , but this classification is not yet widely adopted and as of late 2016 , the amphibian species of the world labels it as\nprovisional\n. it belongs to the\nplectrohyla bistincta group\nwith the genus plectrohyla , all of them moved to sarcohyla in the 2016 revision .\nthe natural habitats of this species are pristine cloud forest with low or moderate streams , its probably breeding habitat . it is known from elevations between 2 , 640 and 2 , 670 m ( 8 , 660 and 8 , 760 ft ) above sea level . at night , these frogs were found submerged on the bottom of large pools or at the edges of pools , with only their heads above water , and escaping to deeper water if disturbed . by day , they occurred near the same pools but mostly sitting on rocks several centimeters above the water . the only other anuran in the habitat was what at the time was identified as plectrohyla siopela , but later described as a new species , plectrohyla celata .\nhyla celata toal and mendelson , 1995 , occas . pap . mus . nat . hist . univ . kansas , 174 : 3 . holotype : ku 137103 , by original designation . type locality :\n0 . 9 km n cerro pel\u00f3n , sierra de ju\u00e1rez , oaxaca , mexico , 2670 m ( 17\u00b0 30\u2032 n , 96\u00b0 30\u2032 w )\n.\nplectrohyla cyanomma , also known as the blue - eyed aquatic treefrog , is a species of frog in the family hylidae . it is endemic to mexico and only known from the northern slope of cerro pel\u00f3n , in sierra de ju\u00e1rez in northern oaxaca . it is feared that the species might be extinct .\nplectrohyla cyanomma was once relatively common and conspicuous in its habitat . however , it was last collected in 1980 , and is possibly now extinct . the stream at the type locality is still in good condition , so the decline might be caused by chytridiomycosis . habitat loss is occurring elsewhere in the area and could have contributed to the overall decline of this species .\nin the hyla bistincta group according to the original publication . in the plectrohyla bistincta group of faivovich , haddad , garcia , frost , campbell , and wheeler , 2005 , bull . am . mus . nat . hist . , 294 : 105 . see account by duellman , 2001 , hylid frogs middle am . , ed . 2 : 977 - 979 . see illustration , map , description of geographic range and habitat , and conservation status in stuart , hoffmann , chanson , cox , berridge , ramani , and young , 2008 , threatened amph . world : 268 , who noted that the species may be extinct .\nfor review of genus and phylogenetics see duellman and campbell , 1992 , misc . publ . mus . zool . univ . michigan , 181 : 1 - 31 . wilson , mccranie , and cruz - d\u00edaz , 1994 , proc . biol . soc . washington , 107 : 67 - 78 , discussed the phylogeny of the genus as did duellman , 2001 , hylid frogs middle am . , ed . 2 : 1045 - 1048 . keys to , accounts of , and discussions of phylogenetics of the species in honduras provided by mccranie and wilson , 2002 , amph . honduras : 285 - 311 . caldwell , 1974 , occas . pap . mus . nat . hist . univ . kansas , 28 : 1 - 37 , defined and discussed the hyla bistincta group ( now part of plectrohyla ) . toal and mendelson , 1995 , occas . pap . mus . nat . hist . univ . kansas , 174 : 1 - 20 , provided a key to the hyla bistincta group . in the hylini of faivovich , haddad , garcia , frost , campbell , and wheeler , 2005 , bull . am . mus . nat . hist . , 294 : 89 . wiens , fetzner , parkinson , and reeder , 2005 , syst . biol . , 54 : 25 , considered plectrohyla to be part of their enlarged hyla .\nplectrohyla cyanomma is a large , robust frog . adult males measure 52\u201356 mm ( 2 . 0\u20132 . 2 in ) and females 52\u201365 mm ( 2 . 0\u20132 . 6 in ) in snout\u2013vent length . the tympanum is partly or completely concealed . the fingers have vestigial webbing whereas the toes are moderately webbed . the dorsum is uniform olive - green with few tiny , bright yellow spots ; the olive - green fades to pale blue around vent and along outer edge of forearm and tarsus . the venter and chin are greenish - yellow , as are the outer toes and fingers . the ventral surfaces of limbs to the inner toes and fingers bright are yellow - orange . the iris is pale bluish - gray . males have enlarged non - projecting prepollex ( the\nspikethumb\n) but not nuptial excrescences .\noccasional papers of the natural history museum , the university of kansas , lawrence , kansas .\nin copyright . digitized with the permission of the university of kansas natural history museum .\n< mods xmlns : xlink =\nurltoken\nversion =\n3 . 0\nxmlns : xsi =\nurltoken\nxmlns =\nurltoken\nxsi : schemalocation =\nurltoken urltoken\n> < titleinfo > < title > a new species of hyla ( anura : hylidae ) from cloud forest in oaxaca , mexico , with comments on the status of the hyla bistincta group < / title > < / titleinfo > < name > < namepart > toal , kevin r < / namepart > < / name > < name > < namepart > mendelson , joseph r . < / namepart > < / name > < typeofresource > text < / typeofresource > < genre authority =\nmarcgt\n> < / genre > < note type =\ncontent\n> 174 < / note > < relateditem type =\nhost\n> < titleinfo > < title > occasional papers of the natural history museum , the university of kansas , lawrence , kansas . < / title > < / titleinfo > < origininfo > < place > < placeterm type =\ntext\n> lawrence , kan . : < / placeterm > < / place > < publisher > the university , < / publisher > < / origininfo > < part > < detail type =\nvolume\n> < number > 174 < / number > < / detail > < extent unit =\npages\n> < start > 1 < / start > < end > 20 < / end > < / extent > < date > 1995 - 09 - 20 < / date > < / part > < / relateditem > < identifier type =\nuri\n> urltoken < / identifier > < accesscondition type =\nuseandreproduction\n> in copyright . digitized with the permission of the university of kansas natural history museum . < / accesscondition > < / mods >\n@ article { bhlpart13092 , title = { a new species of hyla ( anura : hylidae ) from cloud forest in oaxaca , mexico , with comments on the status of the hyla bistincta group } , journal = { occasional papers of the natural history museum , the university of kansas , lawrence , kansas . } , volume = { 174 } , copyright = { in copyright . digitized with the permission of the university of kansas natural history museum . } , url = urltoken publisher = { lawrence , kan . : the university , 1994 - 1996 . } , author = { toal , kevin r and mendelson , joseph r . } , year = { 1995 - 09 - 20 } , pages = { 1 - - 20 } , }\nty - jour ti - a new species of hyla ( anura : hylidae ) from cloud forest in oaxaca , mexico , with comments on the status of the hyla bistincta group t2 - occasional papers of the natural history museum , the university of kansas , lawrence , kansas . vl - 174 ur - urltoken pb - the university , cy - lawrence , kan . : py - 1995 - 09 - 20 sp - 1 ep - 20 sn - 0091 - 7958 au - toal , kevin r au - mendelson , joseph r . er -\nbiodivlibrary @ jzed _ trees @ kew _ laa awesome ! we ' re so honored to have this treasure in # bhlib . thanks @ kew _ laa ! now we can enjoy p\u2026 urltoken\nthis species is known from the sierra de ju\u00e1rez , east of oaxaca city , in south - eastern mexico , at 2 , 640 - 2 , 890m asl .\nthis has always been a rare species , but it appears to have gone into serious decline , and has not been recorded since 1984 . recent surveys to locate it have been unsuccessful , and it might now be extinct .\nthis species has disappeared in suitable habitat , probably due to chytridiomycosis . the fragmentation and disturbance of the forest due to logging and other human activities , and the continuing desiccation of streams , has probably also contributed to the disappearance of this species .\nthe range of this species is not within any protected area . urgent restoration and protection of the remnants of cloud forest in the sierra de ju\u00e1rez is required . a field study is necessary to evaluate the population status of this species , and whether or not it still survives in the wild . in view of the threat of chytridiomycosis , surviving individuals might need to form the basis for the establishment of an\nlisted as critically endangered because its area of occupancy is less than 10km2 , its distribution is severely fragmented , and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat , and in the number of mature individuals , in oaxaca , mexico .\n* will not find nomina inquirenda ; use basic search ( above ) for that purpose .\nwill find all uses of\nhyl . . .\nanywhere in a record : e . g . , hylarana , hyla , hylidae , hylinae , hylaedactyla .\nwill find all records that contain stand - alone uses of hyla : e . g . , hyla , hyla arenicolor\ninterprets this as\nlithobates or pipiens\nso will find the union of all records that contain either\nlithobates\nor\npipiens\n: e . g . , lithobates omiltemanus , hylorana pipiens\ninterprets this as\nlithobates and pipiens\nso will return all records that have the character string\nlithobates pipiens\nanywhere within a record : e . g . , all members of the lithobates pipiens complex .\noaxaca treefrog ( liner and casas - andreu , 2008 , herpetol . circ . , 38 : 19 ) .\nplease note : these links will take you to external websites not affiliated with the american museum of natural history . we are not responsible for their content .\nfor access to available specimen data for this species , from over 350 scientific collections , go to vertnet .\ncopyright \u00a9 1998 - 2018 , darrel frost and the american museum of natural history . all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nfrost , d . r . 2015 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 6 . 0 ( 14 january 2016 ) . new york , usa . available at : urltoken .\ncritically endangered ( possibly extinct ) b2ab ( iii , v ) ver 3 . 1\njustification : listed as critically endangered because its area of occupancy is less than 10km2 , its distribution is severely fragmented , and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat , and in the number of mature individuals , in oaxaca , mexico .\nthe range of this species is not within any protected area . urgent restoration and protection of the remnants of cloud forest in the sierra de ju\u00e1rez is required . a field study is necessary to evaluate the population status of this species , and whether or not it still survives in the wild . in view of the threat of chytridiomycosis , surviving individuals might need to form the basis for the establishment of an ex - situ population .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\n1 . forest - > 1 . 6 . forest - subtropical / tropical moist lowland suitability : suitable 1 . forest - > 1 . 9 . forest - subtropical / tropical moist montane suitability : suitable 5 . wetlands ( inland ) - > 5 . 1 . wetlands ( inland ) - permanent rivers / streams / creeks ( includes waterfalls ) suitability : suitable\n1 . land / water protection - > 1 . 1 . site / area protection 1 . land / water protection - > 1 . 2 . resource & habitat protection 2 . land / water management - > 2 . 3 . habitat & natural process restoration 3 . species management - > 3 . 4 . ex - situ conservation - > 3 . 4 . 1 . captive breeding / artificial propagation\n1 . residential & commercial development - > 1 . 1 . housing & urban areas\n2 . agriculture & aquaculture - > 2 . 1 . annual & perennial non - timber crops - > 2 . 1 . 2 . small - holder farming\n5 . biological resource use - > 5 . 3 . logging & wood harvesting - > 5 . 3 . 5 . motivation unknown / unrecorded\n8 . invasive and other problematic species , genes & diseases - > 8 . 1 . invasive non - native / alien species / diseases - > 8 . 1 . 2 . named species\n1 . research - > 1 . 2 . population size , distribution & trends 1 . research - > 1 . 5 . threats\nduellman , w . e . 2001 . the hylid frogs of middle america . society for the study of amphibians and reptiles , ithaca , new york , usa .\nfaivovich , j . , haddad , c . f . b . , garcia , p . c . o . , frost , d . r . , campbell , j . a . and wheeler , w . c . 2005 . systematic review of the frog family hylidae , with special reference to hylinae : phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision . bulletin of the american museum of natural history 294 : 1 - 240 .\niucn . 2004 . 2004 iucn red list of threatened species . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 23 november 2004 ) .\nlips , k . r . , mendelson iii , j . r . , munoz - alonso , a . , canseco - marquez , l . and mulcahy , d . g . 2004 . amphibian population declines in montane southern mexico : resurveys of historical localities . biological conservation 119 : 555 - 564 .\ntoal , k . r . and mendelson iii , j . r . 1995 . a new species of hyla ( anura : hylidae ) from cloud forest in oaxaca , mexico , with comments on the status of the hyla bistincta group . occasional papers natural history museum university of kansas : 1 - 20 .\nthis species is known from the sierra de jurez , east of oaxaca city , in south - eastern mexico , at 2 , 640 - 2 , 890m asl .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nevi , an amazon company , was founded in 2005 under the name true knowledge . the team started out with a mission to make it possible to access the world ' s knowledge simply by asking for information using natural language .\nwe\u2019re part of the amazon alexa team based in amazon ' s innovative cambridge development centre , alongside other amazon teams including prime air , core machine learning , amazon devices and amazon web services .\nthey are called spikethumb because of the spike on their thumbs , which is called a prepollex . the genus name comes from the\n, 2005 : systematic review of the frog family hylidae , with special reference to hylinae : phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision .\nborror , donald j . ( 1988 ) . dictionary of word roots and combining forms : compiled from the greek , latin , and other languages , with special reference to biological terms and scientific names ( 11 . print . ed . ) . mountain view , calif . : mayfield pub . co . isbn 0874840538 .\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nspikethumb frogs ( liner , 1994 , herpetol . circ . , 23 : 25 ; frank and ramus , 1995 , compl . guide scient . common names amph . rept . world : 62 ; liner and casas - andreu , 2008 , herpetol . circ . , 38 : 19 ) .\nhighlands of nuclear central america , from southern mexico through the highlands of guatemala and northern el salvador to central and northern honduras ; undetermined larvae and subadult from cerro saslaya , nicaragua .\ncopyright \u00a9 1998 - 2013 , darrel frost and the american museum of natural history . all rights reserved .\nspecies description : campbell , j . a . and duellman , w . e . 2000 . new species of stream - breeding hylid frogs from the northern versant of the highlands of oaxaca , mexico . scientific papers of the natural history museum of the university of kansas : 1 - 28 .\ngroup according to duellman ( 1970 ) . some specimens had previously been assigned to hyla arborescandens ( duellman 1970 ; caldwell 1974 ; toal 1994 ; toal and mendelson 1995 ; mendelson and toal 1996 ) and\n( toal and mendelson 1995 ) . at night , the dorsum becomes pale tan , venter creamy white , and anterior and posterior surfaces dull yellowish tan . by day , dorsum tan with dark green reticulations and greenish wash posteriorly on body . iris dark copper color . fingers are webbed basally and the toes are about two thirds webbed . a distinct tympanum is present . head as wide as body but slightly wider than long . head width is 33 . 0 % svl , head length is 32 . 5 % svl . snouth moderately short and rounded in dorsal view , bluntly rounded in lateral view . loreal region slightly concave . lips moderately thin but not flared . nostrils slightly protuberant , internarial region is slightly depressed . tympanum oval , slightly higher than long ; annulus is distinct and separated from eye by about 150 % legnth of tympanum . diameter of tympanum is 42 . 1 % diameter of eye . short ulnar tubercles form a row along the ventrolateral edge of the forearm , almost forming a low fold . width of disc on third finger is greater than diameter of tympanum . cloacal opening is directed posteroventrally at upper level of thighs . vocal sac is single , median , subgular . externally very similar to\n. only tadpoles at gosner ( 1960 ) stage 25 are known . similar to\nin the presence of two rows of small marginal papillae , absence of submarginal papillae , presence of fine serrations on the beaks , and a denticle formula of 2 / 4 .\nmost specimens are from cloud forests at elevations between 1600 and 2180 m on the northern versant of the sierra juarez . at night , both sexes were found on low vegetation or boulders adjacent to small streams , but one male was found in a spray zone .\nsexual dimorphism is present in that males are significantly smaller than females , two males from higher elevations ( cerro machin , 2370 m , and cerro san felipe , 2670 m ) have svls of 37 . 5 and 38 . 0 mm while two females from the same areas have svls of 48 . 8 and 49 . 1 mm . seems to be active year round .\nspecies group , with descriptions of three new species ( anura : hylidae ) . ' '\ncampbell , j . a . , and duellman , w . e . ( 2000 ) . ' ' new species of stream - breeding hylid frogs from the northern versant of the highlands of oaxaca , mexico . ' '\ngosner , k . l . ( 1960 ) . ' ' a simplified table for staging anuran embryos and larvae with notes on identification . ' '\nmendelson , j . r . , iii , and toal , iii , k . r . ( 1996 ) . ' ' a new species of\ntoal , k . r . , iii , and mendelson , j . r . , iii ( 1995 ) . ' ' a new species of\n( anura : hylidae ) from the sierra de juarez , oaxaca , mexico . ' '\n> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed jul 9 , 2018 .\n> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed 9 jul 2018 .\nthis species is known from cerro san felipe , northern oaxaca and so la de vega and la cofradia , central oaxaca , mexico . it occurs at elevations from 1 , 540 - 2 , 650m asl and is currently known from only five localities . it might occur a little more widely .\nthis species occurs in cerro peln and cerro humo chico in the sierra de jurez , north - eastern oaxaca , mexico . it is currently known from only three localities . it is found from 2 , 640 - 2 , 670 m asl .\nthis species is found in sierra de jurez , north - central oaxaca city , and cerro san felipe and cerro machin , oaxaca , mexico . it is also recorded from the sierra madre del sur ( puerto del gallo ) in south - western guerrero and oaxaca . it is known from elevations of 2 , 200 - 2 , 865m asl . with increased survey work , it is quite likely to be found elsewhere , especially in intervening areas between known sites .\nthe specific name cyanomma is derived from the greek words kyanos (\nblue\n) and omma (\neye\n) and refers to the blue eyes of this species .\nkeep an open eye in panama and you might just see a panamanian golden frog . local legend used to promise luck to anyone who spotted the frog in the wild and that when the frog died , it would turn into a gold talisman , known as a huaca . nowadays , you\u2019ll see the frogs on decorative cloth molas made by the kuna indians , on t - shirts , as inlaid design on a new overpass in panama city and even on lottery tickets . in the market at el valle de ant\u00f2n , you will see them by the thousands either as enamel - painted terracotta or on hand - carved tagua nuts . the one place you probably won\u2019t see a panamanian golden frog , however , is in their native home\u2014the crystal clear streams of the ancient volcanic crater of el valle de ant\u00f2n . in the mountain forests you may spot other similar - looking extant species such as atelopus varius , but the only local and true panamanian golden frogs atelopus zeteki are those breeding in captivity at the el valle amphibian conservation center ( evacc ) at the el nispero zoo .\nin the early 2000\u2019s conservationists warned that this day - glo yellow emblem of panama was in grave danger of extinction . in emergency response , project golden frog was established to create captive assurance colonies of this species , just in case the scientists\u2019 worst fears came to pass and the species went extinct in the wild . in 2006 , just as the scientists had predicted , the chytridiomycosis disease hit el valle . the panamanian golden frog\u2014whose populations were already under pressure due to collectors and habitat loss\u2014was decimated . suddenly , panama\u2019s unique harelquin frog species joined the ranks of at least 30 other harlequin frogs that are most likely extinct in the wild . luckily , panama\u2019s charismatic namesake was part of an aza species survival plan . today , the captive population is being carefully managed and bred for long - term survival by a number of zoos and aquaria in the united states and panama . the animals in these assurance colonies have served their intended purpose and provide an insurance policy for the species , guaranteeing that this important panamanian cultural symbol will never be lost all together .\na tragedy has thus been averted . instead of a dire warning of the future fate of the planet , panamanian golden frogs are now a symbol of hope . exiled frogs are playing the role of a flagship species , bringing the story of global amphibian declines to world wide audiences in zoos and aquaria , magazines and films . as the logo of the panama amphibian rescue and conservation project , the panamanian golden frog is a powerful symbol uniting 8 key institutions . together , we have embarked on this ambitious national program to build capacity at the summit municipal park in panama and to create assurance colonies of other amphibian species from eastern panama before it is too late . we are also actively working with some of the world\u2019s leading researchers like reid harris and louise rollins - smith to develop a cure that will allow us to control the further spread of chytridiomycosis . our great hope is that one day we may re - establish wild populations of panamanian golden frogs back into their rightful home in the streams of el valle . until then , we embrace panama\u2019s living gold as a symbol of hope and achievement in showing us how we can preserve panama\u2019s amphibian biodiversity .\nit\u2019s difficult to communicate the extent of the amphibian crisis using only numbers . the 2008 global amphibian assessment lists 120 potentially extinct species and 39 extinct amphibian species . of these , 94 had chytridiomycosis listed as a likely threat associated with their disappearance . most of the missing species are from central and south america , but we are also losing species from north america , the caribbean , australia , the middle east , asia and australia .\nnow let\u2019s try and put those numbers into the context of our mammal - centric world . think of a whole bunch of endangered mammals from around the world : a jaguar , panthera onca , a baird\u2019s tapir , tapirus bairdii , the golden lion tamarin , leontopithecus rosalia , a mountain pygmy possum , burramys parvus , dama gazelle , nanger dama , and the new guinea big - eared bat , pharotis imogene . repeat that exercise 25 times , and you\u2019ll have some idea of what we have probably already lost in the amphibian world .\nhere is a roll - call of missing amphibians . those marked with an ( ex ) are classified by the iucn as extinct . those with an asterisk * next to them have had chytridiomycosis suggested as one of the threats associated with their disappearance .\nhave you seen any of these missing amphibians ? do you think that other species should be added ? use the comments field below to tell us your thoughts . for another list of possibly extinct species , grouped by countries , see amphibia web .\non june 18 , africam safari launched in m\u00e9xico the panama amphibian rescue and conservation project to rescue endangered amphibians in eastern panama threatened by a lethal fungus which is wiping out these incredible creatures . the project also aims to develop a cure for this disease in the wild . africam is partnering with 8 other institutions in the us and panama to save these threatened neotropical frogs .\nthe mexican launch was attended by panama\u2019s ambassador in m\u00e9xico , mr . ricardo alem\u00e1n alfaro and the honorary consul in puebla mr . mario riestra venegas .\nmrs . amy camacho , africam safari general director , explained the current extinction crisis to the audience and press representatives . she outlined the scope of the project and africam\u2019s involvement .\nhis excellency mr . alem\u00e1n alfaro offered his support for this project , pledging to help in every way possible , especially in developing proper links with other panamanian institutions involved in the conservation of local wildlife .\nen junio 18 del 2009 , africam safari hizo el lanzamiento en m\u00e9xico de un ambicioso proyecto llamado proyecto de investigaci\u00f3n y conservaci\u00f3n de anfibios para rescatar un gran n\u00famero de especies de anfibios que habitan en el este de panam\u00e1 . para el lanzamiento fueron invitados especialmente el embajador de panam\u00e1 en m\u00e9xico su excelencia miguel alem\u00e1n alfaro y el c\u00f3nsul honorario de panam\u00e1 en puebla el lic . mario riestra venegas .\neste proyecto lo llevar\u00e1 a cabo un consorcio de 8 instituciones entre ellas africam safari , el instituto smithsonian , la universidad de vanderbilt y el zool\u00f3gico del summit . el proyecto tiene como objetivos el trabajo cooperativo interinstitucional para prevenir la extinci\u00f3n de docenas de especies de anfibios y desarrollar estrategias y t\u00e9cnicas contra la amenaza de una enfermedad letal para los anfibios causada por un hongo y que es llamada \u201cquitridiomicosis\u201d .\namy camacho , la directora de africam safari inform\u00f3 a los presentes y a los representantes de la prensa acerca de la crisis de extinci\u00f3n por la que est\u00e1n pasando los anfibios actualmente , acerca de los objetivos y alcances del proyecto y c\u00f3mo africam se involucrar\u00e1 en el proyecto .\nsu excelencia el embajador alem\u00e1n alfaro coment\u00f3 que la embajada ayudar\u00e1 en todo lo que le sea posible para el buen desarrollo de este proyecto , especialmente en el \u00e1rea del desarrollo de contactos con las instituciones gubernamentales y no gubernamentales que se dedican a la protecci\u00f3n de la flora y fauna en panam\u00e1 .\njune 18th , 2009 : the rumor has been confirmed and in fact a giant panamanian golden frog has taken up residence on the chase bank building located on the corner of pikes peak and tejon \u2013 check it out ! the frog will be up for three months .\nwe had a great media event earlier today , so watch for us on the news and in the paper . the event included the unveiling of the new josh & john\u2019s ice cream flavor , panamanian golden fudge . they will rotate the flavor on their menu and 50 % of the proceeds of this ice cream will be donated to the cheyenne mountain zoo !\nin 2004 , the panamanian golden frog was garnering attention as a group of zoos , universities and researcher known as project golden frog were responding to the ongoing decline and disappearance of this species in the wild while developing populations of captive golden frogs as a safeguard against extinction . one of their goals at the time was \u201cour expectation that this species holds the potential to rally public support for amphibian conservation throughout the neotropics\u201d . at the same time , the chytrid fungus was winding its way through western panama heading directly for the only known habitat of the panamanian golden frog .\nit seemed like a simple idea at the time . houston zoo staff thought it was would be in the best interest of this species to build a small facility where we could house this species in its range country until we had a better idea of when amphibians in the region could safely be released back into the wild , safe from the chytrid fungus which has now moved through western panama and is heading for the eastern side of the panama canal .\nbut what about all the other amphibians in the region , surely they are in need of protection as well ? from this one species , it was decided that a larger focus , based on the 15 - 20 species potentially threatened with extinction due to the chytrid fungus , should be protected within what was soon to become the el valle amphibian conservation center .\nevacc center $ 250 , 000 , 50 plus partners , 17 species and 600 individuals later \u2013 el valle amphibian conservation center in el valle de anton , panama opened its doors to the public in may of 2009 and has been the focus of media attention , animal planet specials , and news articles over the past 2 years . it even has its own 15 minute documentary called leap of faith and spanish version un salto de fe . so now we wait for a cure and manage the individuals we have collected with support from the zoos , schools , corporations and private individuals .\nactually , we cannot wait . the fungus is jumping the canal zone and heading into the largest contiguous tract of rainforest not currently affected by the fungus \u2013 called the darien gap . we do not know how many species exist within the darien gap , undiscovered species that could disappear before we ever knew they had existed .\nin 2008 , the houston zoo and zoo new england partnered on the design and development of an amphibian pod which is now housed at the summit municipal parque . this pod is actually a shipping container based on models developed by groups in australia and england and modified to maintain amphibians where each pod can safely house 1 - 2 species of individual amphibians ; managing and reproducing them through their life history stages . this was simply the first phase of what you will see here on these pages in months to come . the panama amphibian rescue and conservation program has brought together partners for eastern panama while the el valle amphibian conservation center continues to focus on western panama . and hopefully together , these partners can hold the line against what seemed to be the imminent extinction of dozens of amphibians within panama\u2019s borders .\nthat\u2019s the name of cheyenne mountain zoo\u2019s new frog rescue exhibit , now open in the zoo\u2019s aquatics building . the exhibit highlights our role in combatting global amphibian declines including the zoo\u2019s partnership in the panama amphibian rescue and conservation project . exhibit highlights include african clawed frogs , leopard frogs and giant african bullfrogs and also features the zoo\u2019s other amphibian conservation efforts including :\nthe wyoming toad project \u2013 wyoming toads are the only north american amphibians listed as extinct in the wild . found only in the 50 sq . mi . area of the laramie basin in wyoming , these toads began a rapid decline in the 1970\u2019s due to pollution , pesticide runoff , habitat destruction and fungal disease . in 1988 , a few toads were caught and a captive breeding program started to protect against extinction . cheyenne mountain zoo cares for a collection of these critically endangered toads in our off - exhibit amphibian conservation center . in 2008 our toads produced over 3 , 000 tadpoles ! 2 , 500 of those were released back into the wild . we are currently releasing tadpoles into the laramie basin and participating in survey studies to determine their population in the wild .\nthe boreal toad project \u2013 boreal toads are colorado\u2019s only alpine toad and live above 8 , 000 feet . the populations located in the southern rocky mountains have experienced dramatic population declines over the past two decades from infection by the chytrid fungus , batrachochytrium dendrobatidis . cheyenne mountain zoo holds a captive population of boreal toads in our amphibian conservation center for scientific research . we have participated in a throat pattern identification study and are planning to conduct a health evaluation regarding diet and water quality , and the effect it has on spinal related deformities . both of these studies help field biologists with boreal toads in the wild .\nconserving mantella frogs \u2013 there are five critically endangered mantella frogs , native only to madagascar , that are being over - collected for the pet trade . habitat loss and disease also threaten the survival of those still in the wild . cheyenne mountain zoo has obtained a collection of mantella frogs from a trusted captive breeding source and is now captive breeding mantilla frogs to support other aza institutions and help avoid the collection of wild mantilla frogs in the future . in 2008 - 2009 , the zoo\u2019s quarter\u2019s for conservation program also supported madagasikara voakajy , a conservation and research program in madagascar , which aims to protect mantella frogs and their habitat through local community education . cheyenne mountain zoo staff also developed a flash card game to help schools in madagascar teach about their local frogs and the challenges they face in the wild . through our support they will further their efforts in field research and community education .\nover the last year i have spent countless hours talking to people , explaining why i\u2019m an amphibian conservationist battling to save some of the 2000 - odd species of amphibians that are facing extinction . i\u2019ll bet that the bird conservationists saving warblers don\u2019t get that question as often as i do , because birds clearly do matter . birds are a very accessible form of wildlife , you can see them in your back yards , and they are the sound of nature . just a few adrenalin - filled moments spent watching a woodpecker and a cardinal having a fight at a bird feeder is enough escapism to lift the burdens of a hard day in the office . yet frogs do matter for all these reasons and more . the main difference between frogs and birds is that the bird folks are organized and the amphibian conservationists are only just starting to get their act together . birdlife international has 4000 full - time employees , rspb has 1 , 300 staff , the audubon society has 600 employees . even ducks unlimited has 500 employees \u2013 all working full time applying their skills to bird conservation ! yet in the whole amphibian world there are only a handful of people are working full - time to mitigate the threats facing amphibians . faced with this dearth of capacity it is no wonder that just 12 % of birds are in danger of extinction compared to 32 % of amphibians . since 1980 we have lost just 5 species of birds but over 120 species of amphibians !\nthat still doesn\u2019t answer the question why does it matter if they go extinct ? humans have many different kinds of value systems . the most obvious one is goods and services that can be exchanged for cash . the best example of the direct value of amphibians is frog legs . these are a culinary curiosity and have obvious direct value that can easily be quantified in dollars . most people would be surprised to hear that between 1996 and 2006 , over 100 , 000 tons of frogs legs were imported and had a value approaching half a billion dollars ! every year 100 million to 400 million wild - caught animals are imported and exported to nearly every country in the world .\nthis public service announcement from the vancouver aquarium elegantly captures how important amphibians are to controlling pests . however , it is difficult to figure out how much these ecosystem services are worth if people aren\u2019t paying for them , they are indirect values . the trouble is it\u2019s tough to know how much something is really worth unless someone is willing to pay for it . one example that gives us a clue about what people may be willing to sacrifice for these indirect services is from india . in 1981 the indian the frog leg trade peaked , when more than 4 , 000 tons were exported , mainly to europe earning revenues of $ 9 . 3 million . in 1987 , however , india banned frog legs exports , arguing that the cost of importing more pesticides to combat pests in rice paddies devoid of amphibians was outstripping revenues earned from frog leg exports . this contention also contributed to the listing of two species that were targeted specifically for food on appendix ii in cites .\nmany people will justify saving the rain forest , because we don\u2019t know what aids cure might be out there , and we don\u2019t want it to go extinct before we find out where to get it , something that we\u2019ll call option values . well , one of my collaborators , an incredible lady by the name of louise rollins - smith recently discovered that the white\u2019s tree frog from australia produces a kind of chemical called a caerin ( pronounced see - rin ) that can block hiv transmission to t - cells ! in fact , frog - skins are a real pharmacopeia something i\u2019ve tried to communicate in this illustration below .\nthe gastric brooding frog from australia may have held a cure for peptic ulcers , a condition that affects millions of people around the world each year . unfortunately though , its potential benefits went extinct along with both species in its genus in the 1980\u2019s . looking at this diagram makes one realize that some values are difficult to prescribe in dollar terms . it makes you think about what we are loosing when you hear stories like one from my colleagues in panama who recently discovered 10 new species in panama - after they had already gone extinct !\namenity values are difficult to quantify in dollar terms , yet frogs are one of the most commonly used animals in classroom education in western countries . 44 - 64 % of all colleges and secondary schools surveyed in georgia , usa used amphibians for educational purposes . and how many of us had our first real wildlife experiences catching frogs and kissing them to see if they turned into a prince ? or chasing a bullfrog across the garden lawn in a frog - jumping competition with your friends ?\nethical values are , in my mind , the real justification for saving a species . many people will spend countless millions on a work of art , a unique object of beauty and fascination that enriches our lives simply because it exists . i feel the same way about a species , when we lose it , it can never be replaced . like many people before me i find frogs fascinating creatures . in africa , the ancient egyptian goddess of fertility , hequet , was often depicted as a frog . in asia chan chu , the three - legged money frog is a popular chinese symbol for prosperity and it is said to bring wealth into your life . in the america\u2019s pre - columbian indigenous people crafted frogs in gold and clay talismans called huacas . today , golden frogs are considered lucky , and adorn panamanian lottery tickets and crowd tables in tourist markets . in more contemporary settings , one has to wonder what the value is of modern cultural icons such as kermit or the budweiser trio of frogs named bud , wei and ser ?\nso you may be saying right now \u2013 i\u2019m not convinced , frogs creep me out . that\u2019s ok , but i would beg to differ with you because i know that frogs do matter . i just want to keep them around so that your children and their children can form their own opinions . not just by looking at catalogues of extinct species in a library somewhere , but by exploring a stream with their friends and discovering these incredible creatures for themselves .\nit\u2019s official . the deadly amphibian chytrid fungus batrachochytrium dendrobatidis ( bd ) has now spread across the panama canal into eastern panama according to a study recently published in ecohealth . elsewhere in central and south america , this disease has spread through mountainous regions . according to karen lips , a conservation biologist who has studied the problem for years , when bd arrives at a site , about half of the species vanish and the remaining species experience massive die - offs .\nconservationists have been fretting for years about what might happen to eastern panama\u2019s 120 - odd amphibian species when bd hits . bd is a disease that cannot tolerate extremely hot temperatures , so it tends to be most devastating in cooler mountainous regions of the tropics that remain cool and moist year - round . the mountainous regions of eastern panama are one of the last remaining strongholds of na\u00efve amphibian populations in the new world , and species that tend to have a highland distribution and small ranges are the most vulnerable to extinction .\nto add another layer of complexity to this problem , there are many species new to science that we could lose before they are even discovered . according to dr . andrew crawford who studies amphibian genetics , \u201ceastern panama has been relatively poorly explored by herpetologists and it is likely that there are several species new to science that live only in this region . what is particularly worrying is that we are facing a huge biodiversity threat , but we don\u2019t have a good idea of just how many species are at stake\u201d ."]}
+{"id": 24, "summary": [{"text": "scopula compensata , the small frosted wave , is a moth of the family geometridae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by walker in 1861 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in south-eastern north america , including alabama , florida , georgia and south carolina .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 15 millimetres ( 0.59 in ) . ", "topic": 9}], "title": "scopula compensata", "paragraphs": ["might this be s . compensata ? it was photographed on the same night as the other one ( 369904 ) but this one has somewhat darker markings .\nat outdoor light . i have had difficulties with these moths of which i have photographed several , all with barely visible or no\nsmudges\n( robert zimlich ' s term ) at the pm line . yesterday i photographed one with distinct smudges that otherwise matches the one of this post perfectly in terms of forewing pattern and size . unfortunately , this moth was in a too badly battered condition to justify posting , but i now have confidence in the id of my tentative compensata photos . this one provides a september image for florida .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nselect your preferred way to display the comments and click ' save settings ' to activate your changes .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nproject noah is a tool to explore and document wildlife and a platform to harness the power of citizen scientists everywhere ."]}
+{"id": 25, "summary": [{"text": "gonospira holostoma is a species of air-breathing land snail , terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family streptaxidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "this species is endemic to mauritius . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "gonospira holostoma", "paragraphs": ["html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nevi , an amazon company , was founded in 2005 under the name true knowledge . the team started out with a mission to make it possible to access the world ' s knowledge simply by asking for information using natural language .\nwe\u2019re part of the amazon alexa team based in amazon ' s innovative cambridge development centre , alongside other amazon teams including prime air , core machine learning , amazon devices and amazon web services .\nnatural history museum ( 2014 ) . dataset : collection specimens . resource : specimens . natural history museum data portal ( data . nhm . ac . uk ) . urltoken\nan open source project by the natural history museum ' s biodiversity informatics group ."]}
+{"id": 26, "summary": [{"text": "devon loch ( 1946 \u2013 1963 ) was a racehorse , which fell on the final straight while leading the 1956 grand national .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "owned by queen elizabeth the queen mother and ridden by dick francis , devon loch had won two races already that season and finished third in the national hunt handicap chase at cheltenham .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "his progress was helped when the favourite , must , and a previous winner , early mist , fell early on .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "he went to the front of the race with three jumps remaining , cleared the last half a length ahead of e.s.b. , and took a commanding lead on the final stretch .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "then , in front of the royal box just 40 yards from the winning post and five lengths ahead , he suddenly inexplicably jumped into the air and landed on his stomach , allowing e.s.b. to overtake and win .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "although jockey dick francis tried to cajole the horse , it was unable to continue .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "afterwards , the queen mother said : \" oh , that 's racing . \"", "topic": 14}, {"text": "it is still uncertain and debated to this day as to why devon loch jumped ; some reports claimed he suffered a cramp in his hindquarters causing the collapse .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "another report asserted that a shadow thrown by the adjacent water-jump fence ( which horses only traverse on the first circuit of the aintree course ) may have baffled devon loch into thinking a jump was required and \u2013 confused as to whether he should jump or not \u2013 he half-jumped and collapsed .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "jockey dick francis later stated that a loud cheer from the crowd , for an expected royal winner , distracting the horse is a more likely explanation .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "reports that the horse had suffered a heart attack were dismissed , as devon loch recovered far too quickly for this to have been the case .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he lived another six years , being put down during or shortly after the cold winter of 1962 \u2013 3 . ", "topic": 14}], "title": "devon loch", "paragraphs": ["just over sixty years ago devon loch , a horse owned by the queen mother , was set to win the grand national . for over four miles devon loch had soared over thirty fences and was clear of the field . with 50 yards to go victory was assured . but as hats were being thrown in the air and punters counting their winnings , devon loch fell . its race was over .\nevery now and then you ' ll hear the term ' he did a devon loch ' which was a phrase coined after his famous fall .\nbut that day a phrase entered the culture : \u2018doing a devon loch\u2019 , capturing that all too common experience of seizing defeat from the jaws of victory .\nwhat did you think when my horse fell down ?\ninquired the queen mother , owner of the stricken devon loch , when the two met after the race .\nthe jockey didn ' t respond and d loch corrected himself . . . . but belly flopped .\nesb ' s jockey , d . dick , cheerfully admitted afterwards that he had given up hope of catching devon loch . he had his head down , he said , resigned to second place .\nthis was the 1956 grand national in which the late dick francis galloped towards the finish line on the queen mother\u2019s horse , devon loch . dick was just yards away from the finish line and was undoubtedly about to win the race when suddenly devon inexplicably jumped up and fell to his stomach .\nit was as if he thought there was a fence in front of him . esb who was behind , swooped past devon loch who was still scrambling to his feet and went on to win the grand national .\nwithout wishing to put any extra pressure on ranieri and his players , it is starting to look as though it would take a devon loch - style collapse for leicester to miss out on a place in the top four .\nfamous for sustainably - sourced seafood , our loch fyne seafood & grill restaurants open daily to serve our guests fresh and delicious meals .\narmorial iii , the tallest horse in the field of 29 , sprang into the lead in the first circuit , with eagle lodge , sandew , much obliged , gentle moya and devon loch - the latter taking his jumps with care and complete confidence .\nenjoy some time out at this contemporary self - catering barn dwelling squirrelled away in the picturesque teign valley , devon .\nso , did dick not feel a touch guilty that he had been the jockey to have profited from devon loch ' s inexplicable fall ?\nnaaaagh . he was brought to a ruddy standstill by a riderless horse at the first fence after the canal turn . but for that , he might have won by rights and devon loch would have been long forgotten . that said , i ' ve always felt sorry for the queen mum because she ' s such a smashing person . she ' s a star , she is .\nfailure can be a great teacher but a poor master . we have all \u2018done a devon loch\u2019 . so let\u2019s learn from it and what this kind of experience tells us about how to look after and prepare ourselves better . i look forward to seeing you in the winner\u2019s paddock !\njessica ennis is almost there . it would take a devon loch - style collapse to deny her the gold medal now . going into the 800 metres , the final event of the heptathlon , she leads the field by 188 points . that equates to a country mile in layman terms .\nflaunting all that is good and great about sunny south devon , phillimores is an intriguing self - catering holiday cottage blending the traditional and the stylish . this 17th century cottage is idyllically cosseted in a wooded valley not far from kingsbridge in the ever - popular south hams region of devon .\neven 46 years on , what happened next remains one of sport ' s greatest mysteries ; 50 yards from the line and with the entire nation cheering a royal victory , devon loch pricked up his ears , appeared to jump a phantom obstacle , and belly - flopped to the turf with his four legs splayed out like bambi on ice .\ncycle to - a day at historic braunton burrows is great . cyclists can enjoy the 30 - mile tarka trail tracking the scenic coastline of north devon .\nbut with only ten horses left at the run in to the straight the crowd surged to the rails and the cheers all centred on the faraway , bobbing head and swinging hooves of devon loch . with three others he took the last thorn fence with great lift and rhythm . you could see some of the hooves hitting the brushwood but no one came down . devon loch got first into stride and was soon pounding past the stands , five lengths clear of esb , with francis already stretching out a hand for his bay - leaves . then the astonishing happened . devon loch ' s hind - legs buckled and he went down on his stomach . in what can have been no more than two seconds - but it seemed like an age - francis threw his weight forward and his mount struggled to his feet . could be still do it ? it looked as though he might . the first royal victory in the national since 1900 , the 7 # 163 ; 8 , 000 prize and what a reception with it ! - only forty yards away .\nthe same year that devon loch was running , robert zajonc was doing work that would help us understand the \u2018audience effect\u2019 \u2013 why we perform a task more poorly in front of an audience than we do when we are alone . anyone who has watched a child struggle to play a piece of music at a school performance that you\u2019ve heard them play perfectly at home is familiar with this effect .\nset in an area of outstanding natural beauty near lyme regis on the devon border , this stylish architect - designed self - catering home boasts dramatic far - reaching woodland vistas .\n` go on then you , lucky devil ,\nmuttered dave dick grudgingly as dick francis galloped off towards the growing crescendo of noise at the winning post . for four miles , dick and the gallant esb had soared over aintree ' s 30 fences ; now , as they cleared the last but a few hoofbeats behind devon loch , francis accelerated away from them in search of his place in grand national legend .\nfor out - of - the - ordinary luxury self - catering holidays in extraordinary locations , our hand - picked collection of iconic homes include luxury cottages in devon . find out more about our\neveryone was trying to resolve the puzzle of devon loch ' s failure - while esb , a most honourable winner was rather starved of attention as no other national victor has been before - and there were a host of theories . frightened by the noise of the crowd , some said : or he slipped on a muddy patch and could not regain his stride ; or he was out off by the shadow of the water jump on his left .\nimpeccable interiors , sea - salted air and panoramic views over woolacombe bay make tamarisk beach house an idyllic retreat for families and surfers looking for luxury self - catering accommodation by the sea in north devon .\nbordering the pretty dartmoor village of lustleigh , this luxury self - catering cottage flaunts timeless tranquillity in its original cobbles , thick granite walls and neat slate roof , offering an indulgent couples\u2019 retreat in devon ' s wild heart .\nyou know watching that film , just before the final jump , if you look at devon loch ' s hind legs , they were almost\nloose\nlooking for a better term ? like the human adage\nmy legs felt like jelly\n. i can see it clearly in the video starting around 1 : 04 and onward , look at his hind legs . he just looked spent . . . maybe like marathon runner whose legs just fall out from underneath him , it looks just about the same . .\non the outward run into the country on the second circuit , after two miles of extremely fast going , the fences began to take their toll . nine horses fell in the last ten jumps . at becher ' s , sundew , who had been helping to make the pace with armorial iii , went down on landing . the main group , including devon loch and many of the leading fancies , were now a good many lengths behind , but all coming up fast enough to spread the many hopes among the crowd .\nplot your country escape to this luxury holiday cottage in north bovey ; one of devon ' s most idyllic villages set within the rugged beauty of dartmoor national park . the riddle is the type of cottage you might find on the pages of a storybook .\nthe effect of the tragic climax on the more hard - bitten ones of the racing fraternity was not the least curious feature of the day . used to the ups and downs of the track , in and out of the money by the hour , surely they could ride this emotional blow ? but no . devon loch had caught many of them in the middle of a cheer with all defences down .\nno more racing today for me ,\nsaid one horsey veteran with a sigh as he slumped on the seat near me .\ni am very , very upset .\nfar from the crowds , the hartland heritage coast is a halcyon world of pebble beaches and beatrix potter wildlife backed by a deep blue sea . set between appledore and clovelly , the creamery was made for those hidden - away self - catering holidays in devon .\ncinnamon cottage is a thatched luxury self - catering cottage in the quaint village of higher ashton in devon . with the traditional thatched roof crowning the elegant and intriguingly beautiful interiors within , family holidays in the rolling devonshire countryside have never looked so tempting . . .\nthis enchanting 400 year old millhouse is chock - full of old - world charm . set in the south hams near dartmouth , the dreamy south devon coast is almost within touching distance and short stroll through the valley leads to the sheltered cove of blackpool sands .\nit would have been hard to find a theatre - producer able to build up a race to such a climax . the luck of jumping , which put most of the favourites out of the race well before devon loch and three others leapt into sight in the home straight , ensured that the weight of the cheering all bent itself to the encouragement of the queen mother ' s horse . the favourite , must , and the fancied high guard ( with a . p . thompson up , riding in his last national ) and two other runners went down as the cavalcade cleared the first jump .\nnestled on the banks of the river yealm in south devon ' s yachty haven of newton ferrers is the oh - so - stylish beauport . this stunning self - catering luxury cottage exudes a restful ambiance echoic of the rippling river which sits at the bottom of the garden .\nit is better to look at newspaper stills of the event , rather than the old grainy film . off track , coming to the inside fence , there is a ditch in the field - approximately 1 metre broad . devon lock takes a moderate leap exactly at the point of this ditch .\nnone of the thousands who saw it will easily shake off the memory of devon loch ' s collapse in front of the royal box today within forty yards and a few seconds of triumph ; or the utterly poignant spectacle of the royal jockey r . francis , cast as the day ' s tragic hero , walking away from his crippled mount , too distressed to look anywhere . aintree was on its feet to roar it home for a great grand national victory ; hats , racecards , emotions all in the air . a moment later , as a certain winner buckled in its stride , the cheering thousands gave a loud\nah !\nof dismay and crumpled into silence . i have never seen a race crowd - or any sporting crowd - more bewildered .\nclearing the last and going on to the long run in , the jockey was later to write in an autobiography\nnever had i felt such power in reserve , such confidence in my mount , such calm in my mind\nand it was clear that there was only going to be one winner , however disaster was to strike 50 yards from home when all the men in the stand were throwing up their hats into the air to salute a great win for devon , dick and the queen mother . suddenly the horse seemed to jump in the air and then completely collapsed onto his stomach , the horse got to his feet and his jockey tried to summon the horse to carry on but it was soon obvious that the horse could not carry on and as esb ran past to win , it was clear to all the shocked crowd that\nall looked good for his crack at the title . his progress was helped when two of the market leaders fell at the first both must ( the favourite ) and also early mist ( a previous winner ) this was to leave m ' as - tu - vu in the lead and devon was going well in mid division . the horse had no problem with the obstacles and only had one problem on the fist circuit when a horse fell in front of him and he had to swerve to miss it , he did this in great style and went on to complete the first circuit by jumping ' the chair ' the biggest fence in the race easily , and then cleared the water to go back to the start for another circuit . his jockey was impressed with the ease his horse was showing indeed even turning in for the final straight his jockey could see all around him hard at work and he still had a ' double hand full ' .\nfrancis will at least earn his sombre niche in sporting history among the great failures . the ryder cup has been won and lost by a putt and cup final hopes dashed by one twisted knee . but this was even more suddenly dramatic . the closer comparison is with , say , those marathon runners who have dropped within sight of the tape after a gruelling 26 miles like peters at vancouver or dorando in the olympics of 1908 .\ni do not think any of these theories quite explain it . his sudden collapse looked to me to be of the same kind as the marathon runner ' s ; namely , cramp and exhaustion , leaving francis for all his crouching determination and skill , helpless to do anything about it .\nthe crowd was shocked : almost hamstrung itself . it was like a modern nightmare , the will without the power . but down went the hind legs again as esb rushed triumphantly past . francis dismounted , threw down his whip and wept when he heard the applause for his effort . the last of the bitter pill was that he might have broken the national record has he finished : esb was only four fifths of a second outside it .\nthe queen mother , who has been on her feet with the rest ( and so were the queen and princess margaret ) accepted the tragedy in regal fashion , and something more than that . when the winning owner , mrs carver , expressed her sympathy , queen elizabeth smiled and said .\noh that ' s racing !\nshe went at once to see her crestfallen jockey and later came to the windows of the stand to smile and wave to the crowd .\nbut you could see others weighing up the form for the next race . and , watching them trail over to out their money on , it looked rather like that gesture of wartime pilots , going up into action at once after a disaster , simply to recover their nerve .\n\u00a9 2018 guardian news and media limited or its affiliated companies . all rights reserved .\njamie vardy scores leicester\u2019s second goal against stoke city at the king power stadium . photograph : michael regan / getty images\nclaudio ranieri has likened leicester city\u2019s pursuit of the premier league title to a horse race and said he was prepared to \u201cwhip them\u201d in march and take a bit of advice from sir alex ferguson .\non this evidence there will be no need for the italian to get off his saddle , or call ferguson for that matter , as leicester , playing like thoroughbreds , returned to the top of the table . perhaps more significantly , they have opened up a 10 - point lead over fifth - placed manchester united with 15 games remaining .\nwhile it is true that leicester have some particularly tricky fixtures coming up , starting with an unpredictable liverpool side at home on tuesday week and followed by back - to - back trips to manchester city and arsenal , the run - in looks much more benign once those games have been negotiated .\nthis turned into a vintage leicester performance , one of those days when everything went right for them on an afternoon that finished with their supporters singing : \u201cwe\u2019re gonna win the league\u201d .\nit was only the second game that leicester have won since beating chelsea in the middle of december , the first time that jamie vardy has scored in eight matches and riyad mahrez also looked much like his old self . three big boxes were ticked in that respect .\ndanny drinkwater also deserves more than a passing mention . an unsung hero in this leicester team , the former manchester united midfielder opened the scoring with his first premier league goal and also played the through ball that released vardy for their second .\nby that point stoke were as good as raising the white flag and when leonardo ulloa slid in leicester\u2019s third , following a lovely piece of skill from mahrez , their misery was complete .\nit was certainly not much of a way for mark hughes to celebrate his 500th game in management and tempting , given how poorly the visitors performed , to think that stoke\u2019s players had one eye on tuesday\u2019s capital one cup semi - final second leg against liverpool . hughes hopes that ryan shawcross , who limped out of this game in the first half with a back problem , could be fit to play at anfield and also backed his players to bounce back .\nranieri , in contrast , is able to switch off for a few days and has encouraged his players to put their feet up while he goes back to italy . \u201cit was very important to be top of the premier league at the end of january because now comes a very tough february , with liverpool , arsenal and manchester city to come , \u201d the leicester manager said .\n\u201cit is unbelievable but it is good . we are ready to fight . now the players will have three days off so they can clear their minds and then they will come back and we start to work hard again . this league for us is very exciting . \u201d\nso much about leicester\u2019s display gave ranieri pleasure , including drinkwater\u2019s goal . he has been encouraging the 25 - year - old to shoot more often and that advice paid off three minutes before half time . philipp wollscheid only half cleared marc albrighton\u2019s corner and drinkwater , loitering on the edge of the area , drilled a 20 - yard shot that took a deflection off marc wilson , shawcross\u2019s replacement , before beating jack butland .\nalthough joselu\u2019s free header from a glen johnson cross finally forced kasper schmeichel into a save in the 61st minute , that was pretty much stoke\u2019s only attempt on goal . shortly after that chance leicester doubled their lead when vardy , running on to drinkwater\u2019s lofted pass , skipped around butland and tapped into an empty net from an acute angle .\nwith mahrez becoming more and more influential , leicester were starting to enjoy themselves and added a third three minutes from time . ulloa flicked on schmeichel\u2019s punt upfield and vardy , gambling on the argentinian winning that header , chased the ball into the inside right channel before picking out mahrez .\nafter a lovely nutmeg of wollscheid , mahrez was able to tee up ulloa and leicester were rampant .\nhughes had long seen enough . \u201cit wasn\u2019t a great day for us . we didn\u2019t produce anything of note , to be honest , \u201d the stoke manager said . \u201cfrom our point of view we\u2019re looking to bounce back quickly . we\u2019ve got a huge game on tuesday and i back my team to respond . \u201d\nthe times and the sunday times and carefully selected third parties use cookies on this site to improve performance , for analytics and for advertising . by browsing this site you are agreeing to this . for more information see our privacy and cookie policy .\nwe have noticed that there is an issue with your subscription billing details . please update your billing details here\nthe subscription details associated with this account need to be updated . please update your billing details here to continue enjoying your subscription .\nplease update your billing details here to continue enjoying your access to the most informative and considered journalism in the uk .\nwe\u2019ve added tags to the bottom of all article pages allowing you to further explore the topics you\u2019re interested in .\njohnson - thompson rose to twelfth place after jumping 6 . 19 metres stu forster / getty\nthat means that ennis , one of the best 800 metres runners in the field , can afford to run 13 seconds slower than a woman she is usually much faster than . austra skujyte , of lithuania , remains second after russia\u2019s tatyana chernova , the world champion , failed to mount a lasting challenge . the russian goes into the final event in sixth place , some 314 points adrift . the olympic champion - for a few more hours anyway - nataliya dobrynska , pulled out of the event\u2026\nwelsh national anthem just before wales beat england 30 - 3 . saturday 16th march 2013\n. all this added up to what should have been a happy occasion but fate got in the way and another grand national story was entered in the history books .\nwas not favorite on that day because two past winners and a future winner were in the race but never the less the horse was fancied by his connections having showed his ability by wining twice that year and also running up a good third at cheltenham that season .\nprobably the most disappointed person on that day was hm the queen mother but as this remarkable national hunt enthusiast who ' s only concern on the day was for the horse , trainer and jockey , indeed on meeting esp ' s winning trainer and jockey later it was they who were full of tears and the queen mum was later to say when asked of the incident when being interviewed on the television that ' s racing ( a lesson to us all ) .\nmany theories have been given up to what happened on that day . the jockey said\ni ' m convinced that the roar of the crown frightened the horse\n, a police officer on duty that day said\nthere was a dark wet patch on the course and that caused the horse to stumble\n, it is also said that the shadow of a fence caused the horse to think there was a fence there and it spooked him . i guess the real reason will never be known but the horse when checked at the stable afterwards was found to be in good health and never showed any sign of an abnormality indeed he went on to win twice after . the theory that i think is most likely is the shadow because this ' jumping of no fence ' is not unique even in the grand national as in 1901 the winner a horse called grundon also did this trick it was reported that he jumped a footpath that he thought was a fence !\nas can be seen here was a dejected and was inconsolable on the day and now has a successful career as a writer of racing related thrillers but even he must admit that life is stranger than fiction .\nnew customers only , place a \u00a310 bet on any sportsbook market - min stake \u00a310 at odds of at least 1 . 5 ( 1 / 2 ) \u2014 and we\u2019ll give you \u00a330 in free bets . only deposits made using cards or paypal will qualify for this promotion . free bets are valid for 30 days and must be used on a sportsbook market . free bets will be awarded after the qualifying bet has been settled . t & cs ; apply . games : one bonus per customer . \u00a310 free to play on ted slot game , offer valid for 7 days . opt in on games promotions page . x15 wagering applies . t & cs ; apply .\nnew customers only . uk + ire only . promo code ' g30 ' required . min first bet \u00a310 with odds of 1 / 2 or more . must be placed within 14 days of account reg . \u00a330 credited as 3 x \u00a310 free bets . not valid with cashout . free bet valid for 4 days .\nmin deposit \u00a35 and 1x settled bet requirement to release bet credits . min odds , bet and payment method exclusions apply . returns exclude bet credits stake . time limits and t & cs ; apply .\nuk + ire only . min first bet \u00a35 at odds 1 / 2 or more . tote and pool excluded . must be placed within 14 days of account reg . \u00a320 credited as 4 x \u00a35 free bets . not valid with cash out . free bet valid for 4 days . free bet stake not returned .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ni was absolutely delighted , ma ' am ,\nreplied dave dick without thinking .\nthough dick francis would become the queen mum ' s favourite author , she retained a soft spot for laugh - a - minute dave dick , who never failed to make her chortle with his stream of roguish one - liners .\ndespite my tactlessness ,\ndick told me shortly before his death 14 months ago ,\ni like to think we ' ve become great friends . she even invited me to be guest of honour at the official royal ascot lunch to celebrate her 400th winner as an owner . but that was another right royal cock - up wasn ' t it ? my invitation was sent to another dave dick in scotland . sat right next to hm he was . ` who are you ? ' demands the queen mum . ` dave dick ' says he . ` oh , no , you ' re not ' says she . and , of course , he was dave dick . . . just not the right dave dick ' .\nit was one of those inane questions hacks sometimes ask for no apparent reason when we find ourselves in the company of greatness and suddenly can ' t think of a thing to say .\ni don ' t suppose you ever rode red rum ?\ni recently inquired of lester piggott at a racing lunch , regretting the words even as they were being uttered .\nround aintree ?\ni ventured ( in for a penny in for a pound ) .\nlester bestowed a piteous look upon his hapless inquisitor before granting me the most gracious of explanations .\nno . i won on red rum on the flat at aintree in 1967 when he was a two - year - old . but my family had a lot of connections with the grand national - and , you can look it up .\nand look it up i did . did you know that lester ' s father , keith piggott , trained 1963 winner ayala for pierre raymond , better known in hairdressing circles as ` mr teasie weasie ' ? or that his grandfather , ernie piggott , won the national three times as a jockey aboard jerry m in 1912 , followed by poethlyn in 1918 ( when the wartime race was run at gatwick ) and again 1919 ?\nalthough the cheltenham gold cup remains the ` holy grail ' for jockeys , trainers and owners , the grand national has been the undisputed ` people ' s race ' for 163 years . curiously , however , aintree gained social respectability only in 1900 when the prince of wales ' horse , ambush ii , rode to victory .\nthereafter , grand national - winning owners have sashayed into the unsaddling enclosure in all shapes and guises ; from sir charles assheton - smith ( 1912 , 1913 ) , lady nelson ( 1915 ) and lord airlie ( 1924 ) , to holiday camp magnate fred pontin ( 1971 ) , comedian freddie starr ( 1994 ) and footballer ricky george ( 1998 ) , scorer of the winning goal in hereford ' s famous 2 - 1 defeat of mighty newcastle united in the fa cup in 1972 .\nwhen i was a lad i always wanted to be a jockey , but the rest of my family were boxers ; except for my dad , that is , he was an alsatian .\ni ' ve got four flat horses in training . the others are round , but i love ' em all to bits just the same .\nno , thank you , paul ( the man with the microphone was called ` bob ' ) and may i say how much i like the dress you ' re wearing .\nand finally - for those interested - after devoting . . . oh , minutes on end , poring over the form - book , consulting meteorologists about the likely going and studying weights , ages and whatnot of past winners , i can now reveal which noble steeds will be carrying the philip family ' s hard - earned cash come 3 . 45 this afternoon :\n2 ) celibate ( which i will most certainly be for the foreseeable future should ' er indoors be less than enamoured by the return on my investment ) .\n3 ) marlborough ( after all , i smoke enough of the wretched things ) .\nbut always remember , i hasten to add , as a wise man once said :\nthe only way to make money following horses is to carry a brush and shovel .\nif you are new to the forums , you must login or register a free account before you can post . the forums and the rest of urltoken has single registration , so your log in information for one will automatically work for the other . disclaimer : the opinions expressed here are the views of the individual and do not necessarily reflect the views and opinions of the chronicle of the horse .\nyour forum sign - up is not complete , you must add an alias / screen name before you can post to the forums . your name and email is not exposed to forum users , only the screen name is accessible or viewable . the forums and the rest of urltoken has single sign - in , so your log in information for one will automatically work for the other . disclaimer : the opinions expressed here are the views of the individual and do not necessarily reflect the views and opinions of the chronicle of the horse .\nplease complete your profile . the forums and the rest of urltoken has single sign - in , so your log in information for one will automatically work for the other . disclaimer : the opinions expressed here are the views of the individual and do not necessarily reflect the views and opinions of the chronicle of the horse .\nin our continuing effort to provide an avenue for individuals to voice their opinions and experiences , we have recently reviewed and updated our forum policies . generally , we have allowed users to share their positive or negative experiences with or opinions of companies , products , trainers , etc . within the industry , and that is not changing . when it came to overt criminal allegations , however , those discussions have in the past needed to stem from a report by a reputable news source or action by law enforcement or the legal system . we are now expanding our policies to allow posters to share their own first - hand experiences involving overt criminal allegations , such as animal abuse or neglect , theft , etc . , but only if they publicly provide their full first and last name along with the post . we still will not allow anonymous postings alleging criminal activity . so , a user may now make a specific claim against a named individual or company , but it must be a first - hand account , and they have to identify themselves . users have always been legally responsible for their posts , and nothing has changed there , but we want to loosen the reins a bit and further allow the free flow of discussion and information relevant to the horse community . we are not providing a free - for - all of anonymous rumor - mongering . as enduring advocates for the welfare of the horse , we want to provide a forum for those willing to sign their name and shine a light on issues of concern to them in the industry . the full revised rules are posted at the top of each forum for reference .\njust curious if more educated eyes could tell from the video , what caused him to fall ? did he just slip ? or did he injure himself ? couldn ' t find a lot googling . at first i laughed , thought it was just bad luck . but if you watch them walk away , it looked like his front left was buckling under his weight . . . not sure if it was just fatigue , or if it was broken . poor guy , though . . . urltoken\nthat question has been solidly debated ever since 1956 and even the jockey , dick francis , could not explain it . horse wasn ' t damaged .\npick up dick francis ' s book the sport of queens : the autobiography of dick francis . his 1993 revision has a lengthy chapter on the race and his thoughts on the cause of the freak fall . he laments losing a race every jockey dreams of winning in such a bizarre fashion . he also wrote that losing that race in that way was integral to the man he became - and for that he had no regrets .\nthanks for the info . . . had never heard the story before , didn ' t realize it was such a huge event , much less an unexplained one . i love dick francis novels , have never read his autobio before .\ndarkmoonlady , that ' s the impression i got . maybe he just wasn ' t fit enough ? or was worked too hard that week ? or who knows . being the queen ' s horse , i can ' t imagine him not recieving the best possible care , but horses are still horses .\ni think i remember dick francis ' theory was that he recoiled from the sound . francis said that the roar of the crowd in the stretch was unlike anything he had ever heard before on the track - people cheering for the certain royal victory . he says the horse hesitated a little in the stretch , then pricked his ears , then jumped back at the onslaught of sound as soon as he pricked them .\ni always attributed it to the hand of god . the crone on the throne has never won , too bad that does not cause the overthrow of the empire but every little bit helps !\nwe , too , will be remembered not for victories or defeats in battle or in politics , but for our contribution to the human spirit .\njfk\nouch . that ' s unfortunate . what a way to go down in history , especially for a good horse who otherwise had a successful career .\nlike the baseball player tommy john whose name is now used to describe surgery for ailing pitchers .\nthe horse had imagined the ditch continues below his head and , reigned out , beyond his immediate vision .\nit ' s always looked to me like the horse tried to jump something in the stretch . it ' s one of those great mysteries of the grand national .\nthere were many theories , some conspiratorial , like that someone let off a shot to put him off his stride , but the noise was lost in the roar . some think he mistook the jump on the adjacent track for a split second and almost made an attempt to jump it .\npowered by vbulletin\u00ae version 5 . 2 . 5 copyright \u00a92000 - 2018 , jelsoft enterprises ltd .\nall times are gmt - 5 . this page was generated at 02 : 08 pm .\nthe queen mother famously said , \u201coh that\u2019s racing . \u201d dick francis retired from the sport the following year and became a crime writer !\nwe always welcome comments and more information about our films . all posts are reactively checked . libellous and abusive comments are forbidden .\nlife before health and safety laws ! men working at huge heights , balancing on girders and cranes , working on the world ' s tallest skyscrapers .\nrms titanic was the second of three olympic - class vessels . she was the first - but not the last - of them to sink with loss of life .\nsee howard carter at the tomb of tutankhamun , archaeological digs , and treasures from ancient egypt on display in this collection of films .\na hand - picked selection of 91 still images from the queen ' s 91 years and her record - breaking reign .\nforget about the brad pitts and leonardo dicaprios of today . take a look at the original hollywood hunks !\nwe bring you 10 more tragedies that took place when british path\u00e9 ' s camera reels were rolling .\nyour current browser isn ' t compatible with soundcloud . please download one of our supported browsers . need help ?\nwhy do so many of us fall at that last hurdle ? business is no different . consider delivering a pitch , and the stress involved in the preparation and delivery . it\u2019s going well and the win seems assured \u2013 then as the final question rolls in , one of the team makes a basic error , misjudging their audience or failing to address the client\u2019s key concerns . and yet , you believed you had been so well - prepared and rehearsed .\nzajonc found it was tasks which are more complex or with which we are not familiar , that we struggle with in front of others . the lesson for our pitch team ? practice is essential . that time in front of the mirror or with your team running through your parts is absolutely necessary . but equally so is rehearsal \u2013 trying it out in front of an audience . real people asking real questions .\nafter a long day , do you find it harder to resist temptation , often in the form of a glass of wine or a bar of chocolate ? you aren\u2019t unusual . in fact , your behaviour is predictable according to those who study self - regulation .\nself - regulation is our ability to screen out distractions and to concentrate , to resist short term gains in favour of longer term benefits and , crucially , to control our emotional responses . it is an ability that becomes depleted as the day wears on . the plethora of stimulus and activity that makes up a working day drains our well of willpower , reducing our ability to regulate our thoughts and behaviours . by the end of the day , our decision - 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after shaldon and has been brought bang into the 21 st century with an armoury of quirky mod cons , making it an ingeniously designed retreat for two .\nin the heart of dartmoor national park lies a sublime self - catering abode named peacock blue ; the haute design and stylish interiors fuses with vintage finds and sophisticated flourishes to create this sublime luxury home stay . a unique and vibrant abode which design aficionados will lust over .\nsleeps : up to 4 guests alternative group option : up to 2 guests pets : two dogs are very welcome , or three on prior request . memory foam dog bed included .\nset between the yachting havens of kingsbridge and salcombe , dusky cottage sits on a country lane leading down to hope cove . push open the sky - blue gate and you ' ll be smitten ; this luxury thatched cottage is sure to capture the hearts of all the family .\nstargazer is a luxury self - catering home perfect for families who are looking for an idyllic devonshire holiday between moor and sea in the historic town of modbury .\nsimple and elegant , this large south hams self - 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+{"id": 27, "summary": [{"text": "dolichoderus ypsilon is a species of ant in the genus dolichoderus .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "described by forel in 1902 , the species is found in areas in western australia in australia . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "dolichoderus ypsilon", "paragraphs": ["the above specimen data are provided by antweb . please see dolichoderus ypsilon for further details\n: 259 - worker ; type locality : albany [ 35 / 117 ] , western australia ( dolichoderus ( hypoclinea ) ypsilon rufotibialis ) .\ncombination in dolichoderus ( hypoclinea ) : emery , 1913a pdf : 13 ; in dolichoderus ( diceratoclinea ) : wheeler , 1935c pdf : 69 .\nclark , j . ( 1930 ) the australian ants of the genus dolichoderus ( formicidae ) . subgenus hypoclinea mayr . australian zoologist , 6 , 252\u2013268 .\nclark , j . 1930b . the australian ants of the genus dolichoderus ( formicidae ) . sugenus hypoclinea mayr . aust . zool . 6 : 252 - 268 ( page 258 , raised to species )\nclark , j . 1930b . 1930 293 the australian ants of the genus dolichoderus ( formicidae ) , subgenus hypoclinea mayr . australian zoologist 6 : 252 - 268 ( 20 . viii . 1930 ) .\ncavill , g . w . k . & hinterberger , h . ( 1960a ) the chemistry of ants . iv . terpenoid constituents of some dolichoderus and iridomyrmex species . australian journal of chemistry , 13 , 514\u2013519 . urltoken\nshattuck , s . o . & marsden , s . 2013 . australian species of the ant genus dolichoderus ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . zootaxa 3716 , 101\u2013143 ( doi 10 . 11646 / zootaxa . 3716 . 2 . 1 ) .\ndazzini valcurone , m . & fanfani , a . ( 1982 ) nouve formazioni glandolari del gastro in dolichoderus ( hypoclinea ) doriae em . ( formicidae , dolichoderinae ) . pubblicazioni dell ' istituto di entomologia agraria dell ' universit\u00e0 di pavia , 19 , 1\u201318 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nandr\u00e9 , e . ( 1896 ) fourmis nouvelles d ' asie et d ' australie . revue d ' entomologie ( caen ) , 15 , 251\u2013265 .\nblum , m . s . & hermann , h . r . ( 1978 ) venoms and venom apparatuses of the formicidae : dolichoderinae and aneuretinae . handbuch der experimentellen pharmakologie , 48 , 871\u2013894 . urltoken\ncavill , g . w . k . & hinterberger , h . ( 1960b ) dolichoderine ant extractives . in : pavan , m . & eisner , t . ( eds . ) , xi . internationaler kongress f\u00fcr entomologie . wien 1960 . verhandlungen . band iii . symposium 3 , symposium 4 . istituto di entomologia agraria dell ' universit\u00e0 di pavia , pavia , pp . 53\u201359 .\nclark , j . ( 1934 ) new australian ants . memoirs of the national museum of victoria , 8 , 21\u201347 .\ncrawley , w . c . ( 1922 ) new ants from australia ( concluded from vol . ix . p . 449 ) . annals and magazine of natural history , ( 9 ) 10 , 16\u201336 . urltoken\ncrozier , r . h . ( 1970 ) karyotypes of twenty - one ant species ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) , with reviews of the known ant karyotypes . canadian journal of genetics and cytology , 12 , 109\u2013128 . urltoken\ndon , w . ( 2007 ) ants of new zealand . otaga university press , dunedin , new zealand , 239 pp .\nemery , c . ( 1887 ) catalogo delle formiche esistenti nelle collezioni del museo civico di genova . parte terza . formiche della regione indo - malese e dell ' australia . [ part ] . annali del museo civico di storia naturale , 24 , 209\u2013240 .\nfanfani , a . & dazzini valcurone , m . ( 1991 ) metapleural glands of some dolichoderinae ants . ethology ecology and evolution special issue , 1 , 95\u201398 . urltoken\nforel , a . ( 1902 ) fourmis nouvelles d ' australie . revue suisse de zoologie , 10 , 405\u2013548 .\nforel , a . ( 1907 ) formicidae . in : michaelsen , w . & hartmeyer , r . ( eds . ) , die fauna s\u00fcdwest - australiens . vol . 1 . jena , g . fischer , pp . 263\u2013310 .\nforel , a . ( 1915 ) results of dr . e . mj\u00f6bergs swedish scientific expeditions to australia 1910 - 13 . 2 . ameisen . arkiv f\u00f6r zoologi , 9 ( 16 ) , 1\u2013119 . urltoken\nfreeland , j . , crozier , r . h . & marc , j . ( 1982 ) on the occurrence of arolia in ant feet . journal of the australian entomological society , 21 , 257\u2013262 . urltoken\nheterick , b . e . ( 2009 ) a guide to the ants of south - western australia . records of the western australian museum supplement , 76 , 1\u2013206 .\nimai , h . t . , crozier , r . h . & taylor , r . w . ( 1977 ) karyotype evolution in australian ants . chromosoma ( berlin ) , 59 , 341\u2013393 . urltoken\nlowne , b . t . ( 1865 ) contributions to the natural history of australian ants . entomologist , 2 , 331\u2013336 .\nmann , w . m . ( 1916 ) the stanford expedition to brazil , 1911 , john c . branner , director . the ants of brazil . bulletin of the museum of comparative zoology , 60 , 399\u2013490 .\nmayr , g . ( 1876 ) die australischen formiciden . journal des museum godeffroy , 12 , 56\u2013115 .\nmcareavey , j . ( 1949 ) australian formicidae . new genera and species . proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales , 74 , 1\u201325 .\nroger , j . ( 1862 ) einige neue exotische ameisen - gattungen und arten . berliner entomologische zeitschrift , 6 , 233\u2013254 . urltoken santschi , f . ( 1916 ) deux nouvelles fourmis d ' australie . bulletin de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 entomologique de france , 1916 , 174\u2013175 .\nwheeler , g . c . & wheeler , j . ( 1951 ) the ant larvae of the subfamily dolichoderinae . proceedings of the entomological society of washington , 53 , 169\u2013210 .\nwheeler , g . c . & wheeler , j . ( 1966 ) ant larva of the subfamily dolichoderinae : supplement . annals of the entomological society of america , 59 , 726\u2013732 .\nwheeler , g . c . & wheeler , j . ( 1974 ) ant larvae of the subfamily dolichoderinae : second supplement ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . pan - pacific entomologist , 49 , 396\u2013401 .\nwheeler , w . m . ( 1934 ) contributions to the fauna of rottnest island , western australia . no . ix . the ants . journal of the royal society of western australia , 20 , 137\u2013163 .\nyou must log in to access this functionality . you may create an account , or log in anonymously , here .\nraised to species : forel , 1907j pdf : 284 ; clark , 1930b pdf : 258 .\nsee also : shattuck & marsden , 2013 pdf : 140 , fig . 27 .\n2 times found in native veg . , rural environ . , 0 times found in banksia / agonis woodland , white soil , 1 times found in mixed native / exotic veg . , rural environ . , 0 times found in state forest .\n2 times soil , 1 times tree - trunk , 0 times on ground .\nantweb content is licensed under a creative commons attribution license . we encourage use of antweb images . in print , each image must include attribution to its photographer and\nfrom urltoken\nin the figure caption . for websites , images must be clearly identified as coming from urltoken , with a backward link to the respective source page . see how to cite antweb .\nantweb is funded from private donations and from grants from the national science foundation , deb - 0344731 , ef - 0431330 and deb - 0842395 . c : 1\nthis species is restricted to south - west western australia . the male was described by forel ( 1907 ) .\npronotum rounded , lacking spines ; propodeum with elongate spines directed upward at angle of 45\u00b0 or less to horizontal plane , the angle between them at least 90\u00b0 ; dorsum of petiolar node angular , base of propodeal spines forming a\nv\nwith a narrowly rounded angle connecting their bases ; legs entirely light red or orange .\nthe following information is derived from barry bolton ' s new general catalogue , a catalogue of the world ' s ants .\n: forel , 1915b : 76 . raised to species : forel , 1907h : 284 ; clark , 1930b : 258 .\nclark ( 1930 ) - black . legs and spines red , mandibles and coxae darker red .\nshining . head punctate , the punctures shallow , the spaces between them finely reticulate . pronotum and mesonotum with somewhat similar punctures , but more scattered . top of the node coarsely rugose . gaster microscopically punctate .\nhair yellow , long and erect , abundant throughout , shorter and suberect on the antennae and legs . pubescence very fine and adpressed on the antennae , coxae and legs , longer and more abundant on the gaster , where it forms a yellowish clothing , not hiding the sculpture .\nshattuck and marsden ( 2013 ) - generally similar but with legs more yellow ( slightly less red ) in some individuals . also , a few specimens have the sculpturing on the mesosomal dorsum reduced medially , this region being nearly smooth .\nmeasurements ( n = 5 ) . ci 92\u201396 ; ei 20\u201325 ; el 0 . 21\u20130 . 29 ; hl 1 . 14\u20131 . 29 ; hw 1 . 05\u20131 . 22 ; ml 1 . 60\u20131 . 81 ; mtl 0 . 95\u20131 . 15 ; proni 69 . 93\u201374 . 15 ; pronw 0 . 76\u20130 . 90 ; si 109\u2013118 ; sl 1 . 22\u20131 . 36 .\nclark ( 1930 ) - yellowish red , gaster darker , apical segments brown .\nopaque . scutellum , epinotum , node and gaster more or less shining . head and mesonotum very finely reticulate and with some very shallow scattered punctures .\nhair yellow , erect , abundant throughout . pubescence whitish , hardly apparent , except on the antennae and legs .\nemery , c . 1913a [ 1912 ] . hymenoptera . fam . formicidae . subfam . dolichoderinae . genera insectorum 137 : 1 - 50 ( page 13 , combination in d . ( hypoclinea ) )\nforel , a . 1902j . fourmis nouvelles d ' australie . rev . suisse zool . 10 : 405 - 548 ( page 461 , worker described )\nforel , a . 1907j . formicidae . in : michaelsen , w . , hartmeyer , r . ( eds . ) die fauna s\u00fcdwest - australiens . band i , lieferung 7 . jena : gustav fischer , pp . 263 - 310 . ( page 284 , male described )\nforel , a . 1907j . formicidae . in : michaelsen , w . , hartmeyer , r . ( eds . ) die fauna s\u00fcdwest - australiens . band i , lieferung 7 . jena : gustav fischer , pp . 263 - 310 . ( page 284 , raised to species )\nforel , a . 1915b . results of dr . e . mj\u00f6bergs swedish scientific expeditions to australia 1910 - 13 . 2 . ameisen . ark . zool . 9 ( 1 16 : 1 - 119 ( page 76 , race of scabridus )\nwheeler , w . m . 1935c . myrmecological notes . psyche ( camb . ) 42 : 68 - 72 ( page 69 , combination in d . ( diceratoclinea ) )\nthis page was last modified on 19 august 2017 , at 19 : 25 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhymenoptera name server , 10 - may - 2001 , website ( version 0 . 021 )\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nforel , a . 1902 ,\nfourmis nouvelles d ' australie\n, revue suisse de zoologie , vol . 10 , pp . 405 - 548\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 1ec31f6d - 6f90 - 4683 - 82e0 - fdc6619c0f80\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 29cd60e2 - fcb6 - 4b84 - 8fdd - 478c3e6c9ce5\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 307ce5e7 - 3076 - 419c - b378 - e057ded67912\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 3442bc97 - 7c20 - 4c48 - 8777 - 366d32ae8790\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 5d07e23e - 8f39 - 4e94 - 9ef5 - 7117d13891e9\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : b1d7e7b7 - 83f9 - 49b7 - a957 - 6121aa65956f\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : b434c31a - d402 - 451b - 8069 - a9007b5b3f10\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : bb89d01d - 85df - 49ff - b198 - d1c8c7dd526c\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : ebe18303 - 4e46 - 4439 - 98d3 - ea02369b0b2c\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 17381e7f - dca2 - 44f5 - a520 - aef936a38702\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nemery , c . 1912b . 1912 519 hymenoptera fam . formicidae subfam . dolichoderinae in wytsman , p . ( ed . ) genera insectorum 137 1 - 50 , 2 pls .\nforel , a . 1902b . 1902 689 fourmis nouvelles d ' australie . revue suisse de zoologie 10 : 405 - 548 .\nforel , a . 1907a . 1907 734 formicidae . in michaelsen , w . and hartmeyer , r . , ( eds . ) die fauna s _ dwest - australien . band 1 lieferung 7 : 263 - 310 . jena : gustav fischer .\nthe source code for museums victoria collections is available on github under the mit license ."]}
+{"id": 28, "summary": [{"text": "scoparia vinotinctalis is a moth in the crambidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by hampson in 1896 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in india , where it has been recorded from the nilgiri plateau . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "scoparia vinotinctalis", "paragraphs": ["vad betyder scoparia ? h\u00e4r finner du 2 definitioner av scoparia . du kan \u00e4ven l\u00e4gga till betydelsen av scoparia sj\u00e4lv\nscoparia \u00e4r ett sl\u00e4kte av fj\u00e4rilar som beskrevs av adrian hardy haworth 1811 . enligt catalogue of life ing\u00e5r scoparia i familjen crambidae , men enligt dyntaxa \u00e4r tillh\u00f6righeten ist\u00e4llet fam [ . . ]\nscoparia ustimacula c . felder , r . felder & rogenhofer in c . felder , r . felder & rogenhofer , 1875\nscoparia rotuellus ( c . felder , r . felder & rogenhofer in c . felder , r . felder & rogenhofer , 1875 )\nli , w . c . ( 2012 ) . one new species of the genus scoparia haworth , 1811 from china ( lepidoptera : crambidae , scopariinae ) . shilap revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda 40 ( 157 ) 73 - 75 .\nscoparia is a grass moth genus ( family crambidae ) of subfamily scopariinae . some authors have assigned the synonymous taxon sineudonia to the snout moth family ( pyralidae ) , where all grass moths were once also included , but this seems to be in error .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\na new species of fish , pseudoliparis swirei , published in zootaxa ( 4358 : 161 - 177 ) by gerringer , m . e et al . was voted among top 10 new species described in 2017 .\na new species of madagascan crickets described by mustafa \u00fcnal and george beccaloni in zootaxa was featured in a national geographic story . well done mustafa and george !\na new species of wolf spider , lycosa aragogi , is named after aragog\u2014the famous fictional spider from \u201charry potter\u201d book series by j . k . rowling . the new species is similar to the animatronic puppet version of the character used in the film \u201charry potter and the chamber of secrets\u201d , which is actually based on a wolf spider . the naming of the new species is dedicated to the 20th anniversary of harry potter book series .\nmariah o . pfleger , r . dean grubbs , charles f . cotton , toby s . daly - engel\nidentification of nipaecoccus ( hemiptera : coccomorpha : pseudococcidae ) species in the united states , with descriptions of nipaecoccus bromelicola sp . n . and the male of n . floridensis beardsley\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nas part our commitment to scholarly and academic excellence , all articles receive editorial review .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\nas of 2012 , there were about 231 species . species occur on every continent except\n, 1984 : contribution \u00e0 l ' \u00e9tude des scopariinae . 4 . r\u00e9vision des types d\u00e9crits de la r\u00e9gion pal\u00e9arctique occidentale , description de dix nouveaux taxa et \u00e9bauche d ' une liste des esp\u00e8ces de cette r\u00e9gion . ( lepidoptera : crambidae ) .\n, 1985 : contribution \u00e0 l ' \u00e9tude des scopariinae . 5 . quatre nouveaux taxa d ' afghanistan . ( lepidoptera : crambidae ) .\n, 1986 : contribution \u00e0 l ' \u00e9tude des scopariinae . 6 . dix nouveaux taxa , dont trois genres , de chine et du nord de l ' inde . ( lepidoptera : crambidae ) .\n, 1998 : the scopariinae and heliothelinae stat . rev . ( lepidoptera : pyraloidea : crambidae ) of the oriental region - a revisional synopsis with descriptions of new species from the philippines and sumatra .\n, 1998 : notes on the scopariinae from taiwan , with descriptions of nine new species ( lepidoptera : crambidae ) .\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 3 / 28 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\nauthors : hampson , george francis , sir , bart . , 1860 - 1936 bell , thomas reid davys scott , francis burgess , 1885 -\nclick here to view book online to see this illustration in context in a browseable online version of this book .\nplease note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\naustria , belgium , great britain , hungary , germany , denmark , greece , ireland , italy , latvia , lithuania , luxembourg , netherlands , norway , poland , romania , sicily , slovakia , the soviet union - the european part , finland , france , czech republic , switzerland sweden , estonia .\nregions of the russian federation : european north - west , central european , european southern taiga , the western caucasus , kaliningrad , karelia , mid - volzhsky , south ural .\naustria , belarus , belgium , bosnia and herzegovina , the british isles , france , germany , greece ( mainland ) , denmark ( mainland ) , ireland , spain ( mainland ) , italy ( mainland ) , latvia , lithuania , luxembourg , macedonia , netherlands , norway ( mainland ) , the channel islands , poland , portugal ( mainland ) , russia , romania , sicily , slovakia , slovenia , faroe islands , finland , france ( mainland ) , croatia , czech republic , switzerland , sweden , estonia , yugoslavia .\n[ 10 ] de jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) ( 2011 ) fauna europaea version 2 . 4 ( faunaeur . org )\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\ni / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken"]}
+{"id": 29, "summary": [{"text": "seriola is a genus of bony fish , commonly known as amberjacks .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "nine extant species are currently recognized , although these were formerly split into many more .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "also , several species are currently placed in several other genera of carangidae that were originally described under seriola .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "they are a large , carnivorous finfish popularly known for the firm texture and rich flavour of their flesh , which make them an ideal fish for aquaculture .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "because specimens caught can weigh up to 41 kg ( 90 lb ) , and are powerful swimmers and hunters , they are also highly prized by sport fisherman .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "most seriola species are either benthic , demersal or pelagic , and can be found down to 200 m in depth .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "all 9 species cover most of the globe in terms of distribution , usually in coastal waters .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "most are shown to be pelagic spawners , releasing eggs into the open ocean habitat until hatching , and they do this through dioecious , external reproduction .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "most seriola species are found in schools , and have diets consisting of fish , squid and other invertebrates . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "seriola", "paragraphs": ["fao . 2008 . cultured aquatic species information programme seriola quinqueradiata ( temminck & schlegel 1845 ) . urltoken seriola _ quinqueradiata / en\nwe cultured seriola lalandi for 488 days in a ras with artificial sea water .\ngarc\u00eda - g\u00f3mez a . 1993 . primeras experiencias de crecimiento de juveniles de seriola mediterr\u00e1nea ( seriola dumerili , risso 1810 ) alimentados con una dieta semih\u00fameda . bol . inst . esp . oceanog . 9 ( 2 ) : 347 - 360 .\nscientific synonyms and common names seriola rivoliana cuvier , 1833 synonyms : seriola rivoliana valenciennes , in cuv . val . , 1833 , hist . nat . poiss . , 9 : 207 ( ' archipel ' = brazil ) . holotype : mnhn no . a 6633 ( ' archipel ' ) . seriola falcata valenciennes , in cuv . val . , 1833 , hist . nat . poiss . , 9 : 210 ( ' golfe du mexique ' ) . holotype : mnhn no . a 781 . seriola bonariensis valenciennes , in cuv . val . , 1833 , hist . nat . poiss . , 9 : 211 ( ' buenos ayres ' ) . holotype : mnhn no . a 6619 . seriola dubia lowe , 1839 , proc . zool . soc . london , 7 : 81 ( ' madeira ' ) . seriola dubia : lowe , 1840 : 5 g\u00fcnther , 1860 , 2 : 463 . seriola rivoliana : carus , 1893 : 672 nichols , 1946 : 260 randall , 1968 : 103 , fig . 118 blache et al . , 1970 : 309 , fig . 808 . seriola bonariensis : barnard , 1927 : 556 . seriola falcata : fowler , 1936 : 680 nichols , 1946 : 259 maul , 1948 : 151 albuquerque , 1954 - 1956 : 672 . seriola colburni evermann & clark , 1928 seriola songoro smith , 1959 common names : almaco jack [ en ] charuteiro [ pr ] edregal lim\u00f3n [ es ] s\u00e9riole limon [ fr ]\ngarc\u00eda - g\u00f3mez a . 2000 . recent advances in nutritional aspects of seriola dumerili . cah options m\u00e9dit\u00e9rr . 47 : 249 - 257 .\nmiranda i . t . & peet c . 2008 . farmed yellowtail seriola spp . japan and australia final report , october 22 , 2008 .\ngarc\u00eda a . & d\u00edaz m . v . 1995 . culture of seriola dumerili . cah . opt . m\u00e9diterr . 16 : 103 - 114 .\nholthus p . 2009 . seriola & cobia aquacultre dialogue . meeting summary . world wildlife fund , september 2009 . veracruz , mexico . www . worldwildlife .\na yellowtail kingfish , seriola lalandi , at the solitary islands , new south wales . source : rick stuart - smith / reef life survey . license : cc by attribution\nmoran d , gara b , wells rmg ( 2007 ) energetics and metabolism of yellowtail kingfish ( seriola lalandi valenciennes 1833 ) during embryogenesis . aquaculture 265 : 359 - 369\nsanzo , l . 1930b . contributo alla conoscenza dello sviluppo nei carancidi : seriola dumerilii risso . boll . zool . , napoli , 1 : pp . 33 - 34 .\nseriola and cobia , also known as amberjack , yellowtail kampachi , hamachi and hiramasa , are large , carnivorous finfish known for their firm texture and rich flavor . they also are prized by sport fishermen , in part because they can weigh up to 90 pounds . most seriola is farmed , mainly in japan ( where the industry started about 50 years ago ) and australia . the seriola aquaculture industry is set for significant growth . most cobia is caught in the wild by sport fishermen . but the cobia aquaculture industry has started to grow over the past few years , particularly in west virginia , puerto rico and belize . seriola and cobia are usually produced in cages , some close to land and some in the open ocean . several land - based tank trials also are underway with both fish species . cobia is usually sold fresh and served in the form of grilled or poached fillets . seriola is increasingly served raw in sushi .\nmoran d , smith ck , gara b , poortenaar cw ( 2007 ) reproductive behaviour and early development in yellowtail kingfish ( seriola lalandi valenciennes 1833 ) . aquaculture 262 : 95 - 104\nsanzo , l . 1933b . uova , larve e stadi giovanili di seriola dumerilii risso . memorie r . com . talassogr . ital . , 205 : 1 - 12 , 1 pl .\npoortenaar cw , hooker sh , sharp n ( 2001 ) assessment of yellowtail kingfish ( seriola lalandi lalandi ) reproductive physiology , as a basis for aquaculture development . aquaculture 201 : 271 - 286\n( of seriola boscii valenciennes , 1833 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of seriola gigas poey , 1860 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of seriola rhombica smith , 1959 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of seriola tapeinometopon bleeker , 1853 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of seriola tapeinometapon bleeker , 1853 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of seriola sparna jenkins , 1903 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of seriola purpurascens temminck & schlegel , 1845 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of seriola simplex ramsay & ogilby , 1886 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of seriola dumerilii ( risso , 1810 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of seriola purpurescens temminck & schlegel , 1845 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nscientific synonyms and common names seriola dumerili ( risso , 1810 ) synonyms : caranx dumerili risso , ichth . nice : 175 , pl . 6 ( fig . 20 ) ( nice ' ) . holotype : mnhn no . b 868 ( nice ) . trachurus aliciolus rafinesque , 1810 , caratt . gen . spec . sicil . : 42 , pl . 11 ( fig . 2 ) ( sicily ) . seriola dumerili : risso , 1826 : 424 valenciennes , 1843 : 57 de buen , 1926 : 103 weber & beaufort , 1931 : 297 de buen , 1935 : 107 , fig . 56 nobre , 1935 : 273 fowler , 1936 : 678 tortonese , 1947 : 171 tortonese & trotti , 1949 : 83 cadenat , 1951 : 167 , fig . 97 ben - tuvia , 1953 : 19 dollfus , 1955 : 145 furnestin et al . , 1958 : 447 , fig . 51 dollfus , 1960 : 105 tortonese , 1961 : 357 randall , 1968 : 102 , fig . 117 bini , 1968 , 5 : 65 , col . fig . wheeler , 1969 : 329 , fig . 107 . seriola dumerilii : valenciennes , in cuv . val . , 1833 , 9 : 201 , fig . 258 moreau , 1881 : 462 , fig . 131 carus , 1893 : 672 sanzo , 1930 : 33 lozano rey , 1952 : 591 , col . pl . 46 ( fig . 2 - 5 ) dieuzeide et al . , 1954 : 225 , fig . seriola tapeinometopon : giglioli , 1880 : 27 carus , 1893 : 672 . seriola dumerili dumerili : albuquerque , 1954 - 1956 : 670 . seriola purpurescens temminck & schlegel , 1844 seriola simplex ramsay & ogilby , 1887 seriola rhombica smith , 1959 common names : accola [ mlt ] greater amberjack [ en ] insk [ eg ] may\u00e0tico [ he ] orfan [ hr ] pez de lim\u00f3n [ es ] poisson limon [ fr ] ricciola [ it ] sarikuyruk [ tu ] seriola [ it ] seriole [ fr ] s\u00e9riole couronn\u00e9e [ fr ] serviola [ es ]\ntachihara k . , ebisu r . & tukashima y . 1993 . spawning , eggs , larvae and juveniles of the purplish amberjack seriola dumerilii . bull . jpn . soc . sci . fish . 59 : 1479 - 1488 .\nhutson ks , ernst i , mooney aj , whittington id . 2007 . metazoan parasite assemblages of wild seriola lalandi ( carangidae ) from eastern and southern australia . parasitol . int . 56 ( 2 ) : 95 - 105 .\nchambers c . b . & ernst i . 2005 . dispersal of skin fluke benedenia seriolae ( monogenea : capsalidae ) by tidal currents and implications for sea - cage farming of seriola spp . aquaculture , 250 : 60 - 69 .\nlazzari a . , fusari a . , boglione c . , marino g . & di francesco m . 2000 . recent advances in reproductional and rearing aspects of seriola dumerili . cah . options m\u00e9diterr . 47 : 241 - 247 .\npapandroulakis n . , mylonas c . , maingot e . & divanach p . 2005 . first results of greater amberjack ( seriola dumerili ) larval rearing in mesocosm . aquaculture , 250 ( 1 - 2 ) : 155 - 161 .\ncarton , a . g . & m . r . vaughan 2010 . behavioural and anatomical measures of visual acuity in first - feeding yellowtail kingfish ( seriola lalandi ) larvae . environ . biol . fish . 89 : 3 - 10\nandaloro f . & pipitone c . 1997 . food and feeding habits of the amberjack , seriola dumerili in the central mediterranean sea during the spawning season . cah . biol . mar . , 38 ( 2 ) : 91 - 96 .\nmazzola a . , fava loro e . & sara g . 2000 . cultivation of the mediterranean amberjack , seriola dumerili ( risso , 1810 ) , in submerged cages in the western mediterranean sea . aquaculture . 181 : 257 - 268 .\nmylonas c . c . , papandroulakis n . , smboukis a . , papadaki m . & divanach p . 2004 . induction of spawning of cultured greater amberjack ( seriola dumerili ) using gnrha implants . aquaculture 237 , 141 - 154 .\npapadakis i . e . , chatzifotis s . , divanach p . & kentouri m . 2008 . weaning of greater amberjack ( seriola dumerilii risso 1810 ) juveniles from moist to dry pellet . aquaculture international , 16 : 13 - 25 .\nyokoyama h . , yanagida t . & takemaru i . 2006 . the first record of kudoa megacapsula ( myozoa : multivalvulida ) from farmed yellowtail seriola quinqueradiata originating from wild seedlings in south korea . fish pathol . 41 : 159 - 163 .\ngillanders bm , ferrell dj , andrew nl ( 1999 ) size at maturity and seasonal changes in gonad activity of yellowtail kingfish ( seriola lalandi ; carangidae ) in new south wales , australia . nz j mar freshw res 33 : 457 - 468\nmicale v . , maricchiolo g . & genovese l . 1999 . the reproductive biology of the amberjack , seriola dumerilii ( risso 1810 ) . i . oocyte development in captivity . aquac . res . 30 ( 5 ) : 349 - 355 .\nthis circumglobal species is restricted to subtropical waters , and consisting of a series of disjunct subpopulations , many of which until recently were considered to represent distinct species . until recently , most of the literature in the eastern pacific referred to this species are seriola dorsalis .\nharris p . j . 2004 . analytical report . age , growth , and reproduction of greater amberjack , seriola dumerili , in the southwestern north atlantic . marine resources research institute , south carolina department of natural resources , charleston , south carolina , 35 pp .\nmasumoto , t . 2002 . yellowtail , seriola quinqueradiata . in : c . d . webster & c . e . lim ( eds . ) , nutrient requirements and feeding of finfish for aquaculture , pp 131 - 146 . cab international , wallingford , uk .\nmarino g . , mandich a . , massari a . , andaloro f . & porrello s . 1995 . aspects of reproductive biology of the mediterranean amberjack ( seriola dumerili risso ) during spawning period . j . appl . ichtiol . 11 , 9 - 24 .\nhamasaki k . , tsuruoka k . , teruya k . , hashimoto h . , hamad k . , hotta t . & mushiake k . 2009 . feeding habits of hatchery - reared larvae of greater amberjack seriola dumerili . aquaculture 3 - 4 : 216 - 225 .\nclark , t . d . & seymour , r . s . ( 2006 ) . cardiorespiratory physiology and swimming energetics of a high - energy - demand teleost , the yellowtail kingfish ( seriola lalandi ) . j . exp . biol . 209 : 3940 - 3951 .\nyanase , k . , n . a . herbert & j . c . montgomery . 2012 . disrupted flow sensing impairs hydrodynamic performance and increases the metabolic cost of swimming in the yellowtail kingfish , seriola lalandi . the journal of experimental biology 215 : 3944 - 3954 .\nalcaide e . , sanjuan e . , de la g\u00e1ndara f . & garc\u00eda - g\u00f3mez a . 2000 . susceptibility of amberjack ( seriola dumerili ) to bacterial fish pathogens . bull . eur . ass . fish . pathol . 20 ( 3 ) : 153 - 156 .\nmunro , i . s . r . [ 1956\u2013 ] 1961 . handbook of australian fishes . nos . 1\u201342 . australian fisheries newsletter 15 - 17 , 19 , 20 : 1 - 172 [ published as separates 1956 - 1961 ] ( p . 802 as seriola grandis )\nmandich a . , massari a . , bottero s . , pizzicori p . , goos h . & marino g . 2004 . plasma sex steroid and vitellogenin profiles during gonad development in wild mediterranean amberjack ( seriola dumerili ) . mar . biol . 144 : 127 - 138 .\nskaramuka b . , kozul v . , teskeredzic z . , bolotin j . & onofri v . 2001 . growth rate of tank reared mediterranean amberjack , seriola dumerili ( risso 1810 ) fed on three different diets . j . appl . ichthyol . 17 : 130 - 133 .\nbrown , e . v . & nishimura , s . 1977 . yellowtail ( seriola quinqueradiata ) . in : e . e . brown , ( ed . ) , world fish farming cultivation and economics , pp . 297 - 309 . the avi publishing company , inc . , usa .\ntalbot c . , garc\u00eda - g\u00f3mez a . , de la g\u00e1ndara f . & muraccioli p . 2000 . food intake , growth , and body composition in mediterranean yellowtail ( seriola dumerilii ) fed isonitrogenous diets containing different lipid levels . cah . options m\u00e9dit\u00e9rr . 47 : 259 - 266 .\njover m . , garc\u00eda - g\u00f3mez a . , tom\u00e1s a . , de la g\u00e1ndara f . & p\u00e9rez l . 1999 . growth of mediterranean yellowtail ( seriola dumerili ) fed extruded diets containing different levels of protein and lipid . aquaculture 179 ( 1 - 4 ) : 25 - 33 .\nkozul v . , skaramua b . , kraljevic m . , dulcic j . & glamuzina b . 2001a . age , growth and mortality of the mediterranean amberjack seriola dumerili ( risso 1810 ) from the south - eastern adriatic sea . j . appl . ichthyol . 17 : 134 - 141 .\nkozul v . , skaramuka b . , glamuzina b . , glav ic n . & tutman p . 2001b . comparative gonadogenesis and hormonal induction of spawning of cultured and wild mediterranean amberjack ( seriola dumerili , risso 1810 ) . sci . mar . 65 ( 3 ) : 215 - 220 .\njerez s . , samper m . , santamar\u00eda f . j . , villamandos j . e . , cejas j . r . & felipe b . c . 2006 . natural spawning of greater amberjack ( seriola dumerili ) kept in captivity in the canary islands . aquaculture , 252 : 199 - 207 .\ngillanders , b . m . , ferrell , d . j . , andrew , n . l . 2001 . estimates of movement and life - history parameters of yellowtail kingfish ( seriola lalandi ) : how useful are data from a cooperative tagging programme ? marine and freshwater research 52 : 179 - 92 .\nmartinez - takeshita n , purcell cm , chabot cl , craig mt , corinne n . paterson cn , hyde jr & allen lg . ( 2015 ) a tale of three tails : cryptic speciation in a globally distributed marine fish of the genus seriola . copeia 103 ( 2 ) : 357\u2013368 . doi : urltoken\nkawabe k . , kato k . , kimura j . , okamura y . , ando k . , saito m . & yoshida k . 1996 . rearing of broodstock fish and egg - taking from amberjack seriola dumerili in chichijima , ogasawara islands , southern japan . suisan zoyozhoku 44 : 151 - 157 ( in japanese with english abstract ) .\nmontero f . e . , crespo s . , padr\u00f3s f . , de la g\u00e1ndara f . , garc\u00eda - g\u00f3mez a . & raga j . a . 2004 . effects of the gill parasite zeuxapta seriolae ( monogenea : heteraxinidae ) on the amberjack seriola dumerili risso ( teleostei : carangidae ) . aquaculture 232 ( 1 - 4 ) : 153 - 163\nstuart - smith , j . , pecl , g . , pender , a . , tracey . s . , villanueva , c . & smith - vaniz , w . f . 2016 . southernmost records of two seriola species in an australian ocean - warming hotspot . marine biodiversity : 4pp . doi : 10 . 1007 / s12526 - 016 - 0580 - 4 abstract\nas with most types of aquaculture species , the farming of cobia and seriola can have a negative impact on the environment and society . to address these impacts , wwf has created the seriola and cobia aquaculture dialogue . the inaugural meeting of the dialogue was held february 2009 in seattle , washington . two additional public dialogue meetings have been held since then : september 2009 in mexico and february 2013 in japan . the next public dialogue meeting will be in october 2013 in japan . over the course of the dialogue , participants will identify the key environmental and social impacts associated with the farming of four types of seriola ( s . rivoliana , s . quinqueradiata , s . dumerilli and s . lalandi ) and cobia . they will then create principles for addressing each impact . next they will develop criteria that will aim to provide direction on how to reduce each impact and the indicators that will address how to measure the extent of each impact . all of this information will be the framework for creating measurable , performance - based standards for the industry . when finalized , the standards will be given to a new organization , the aquaculture stewardship council , that will be responsible for working with independent , third party entities to certify farms that are in compliance with the standards . all dialogue meetings will be open and transparent . reports , presentations and other documents related to the dialogue will be posted on this website . also posted for public comment will be the draft principles , criteria , indicators and standards for seriola and cobia .\nrodr\u00edguez - barreto d . , jerez s . , cejas j . r . , mart\u00edn m . v . , acosta n . g . , bola\u00f1os a . & lorenzo a . 2012 . comparative study on lipid and fatty acid composition in different tissues of wild and cultured female broodstock of greater amberjack ( seriola dumerili ) . aquaculture , 360 - 361 : 1 - 9 .\nwhittington i . d . , corneillie s . , talbot c . , morgan j . a . t . & adlard r . d . 2001 . infections of seriola quinqueradiata ( temminick & schlegel ) and s . dumerili ( risso ) in japan by benedenia seriiolae ( monogenea ) confirmed by morphology and 28s ribosomal dna analysis . j . fish dis . 24 : 421 - 425 .\nwwf has identified farmed shrimp and salmon as priority commodities because , collectively , they represent the largest share of the global farmed seafood market . consequently , they can have a significant negative impact on the places and species we seek to protect . additionally , we are working to advance responsible seafood farming for abalone , bivalves ( clams , mussels , scallops and oysters ) , cobia , freshwater trout , pangasius , seriola , and tilapia .\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 8 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 29 - 35 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 18 - 22 . bluish grey or olivaceous above , silvery white below ; amber stripe along midside of body ; fins dusky ( ref . 3197 ) . second dorsal and anal fins with low anterior lobe ( ref . 26938 ) . species of seriola lack scutes ( ref . 37816 ) .\nadults are benthopelagic in coastal and oceanic waters , off kelp beds and rocky areas ( eschmeyer et al . 1983 ) , sometimes entering estuaries ( may and maxwell 1986 ) . they are mostly solitary but can sometimes be found in small groups and can be found near rocky shores , reefs and islands ( kailola et al . 1993 ) . schools of juveniles are generally found in offshore waters , often near or beyond the continental shelf ( smith 1987 ) . seriola lalandi congregates in large offshore shoals in depths of 50 m , but occasionally ventures into surf zones in pursuit of prey . this species feeds primarily on small fishes and squids . it is also an excellent sport fish ( smith - vaniz in press ) . it is mainly caught on hook - and - line by sport fishers , but is also caught in seines and bottom trawls ( smith - vaniz 1984 ) . if seriola banisteri is conspecific , as believed , then the maximum verified size is 193 cm total length and 58 . 4 kg ( smith - vaniz in press ) .\ncircumglobal . indo - west pacific : south africa , persian gulf , southern japan and the hawaiian islands , south to new caledonia ; mariana and caroline islands in micronesia . western atlantic : bermuda ( ref . 26938 ) , nova scotia , canada to brazil ; also from the gulf of mexico and the caribbean sea ( ref . 9626 ) . eastern atlantic : british coast ( vagrant ) to morocco and the mediterranean . distribution in eastern central atlantic along the african coast is not well established due to past confusion with seriola carpenteri ( ref . 7097 ) .\nthe morphology of seriola dumerili changes considerably from juveniles to adults . body elongated , fusiform , moderate height , somewhat compressed laterally and covered with small cycloid scales . the total number of gill rakers decreases with size , from 15\u201322 at 2\u20137 cm in length , to 11\u201319 at sizes greater than 20 cm in length . two dorsal fins , the first with seven hard spines and the second with one hard spine and multiple soft rays ( 29\u201335 ) . colour yellow - green in juveniles and blue - olive laterally and silver ventrally in adults . black lateral band from eye to anterior base of dorsal fin , excluding the neck . the juveniles show 5 vertical , dark body bands and a sixth band at the end of the caudal peduncle .\nthis circumglobal species is restricted to subtropical waters and consists of a series of disjunct subpopulations , many of which until recently were considered to represent distinct species . in the indo - pacific , it is known from south africa , walters shoals , amsterdam island , japan , australia news zealand , new caledonia , rapa , pitcairn islands , easter island and hawaii . it is also found in the eastern pacific ( galapagos islands and the west coast of the united states ) ( smith - vaniz in press ) and southwest atlantic , from southern brazil and argentina . seriola lalandi also inhabits the eastern atlantic , known only from st helena island and south africa . it occurs at depths of one to 146 m ( r . myers pers . comm . 2015 ) .\nthe development of new species is a high priority for the diversification of the chilean aquaculture sector . the yellowtail kingfish ( seriola lalandi ) is a promising candidate for commercial production in recirculating aquaculture systems ( ras ) . this paper presents data on the culture of yellowtail kingfish in a marine ras working for 488 days using artificial sea water . growth performance , feed conversion , feeding rate , condition factor and mortality were determined for fish having an average initial weight ( \u00b1s . d . ) of 0 . 7 \u00b1 0 . 2 g up to a final average weight of 2006 \u00b1 339 . 0 g . the ras configuration ( drum filter , protein skimmer with ozone , biological nitrification and denitrification , carbon dioxide removal and oxygenation ) showed performance stability under the conditions assayed ( low water renewal rate ) . total ammonia nitrogen and nitrite - nitrogen concentration averaged 0 . 74 \u00b1 0 . 42 mg / l and 0 . 21 \u00b1 0 . 24 mg / l respectively . after installation , the denitrification reactor kept nitrate - nitrogen concentrations below 40 mg / l . nitrate - nitrogen was totally reduced at oxidation reduction potential values between \u2212150 and \u2212250 mv . water temperature averaged 22 . 6 \u00b1 1 . 4 \u00b0c and oxygen was maintained close to saturation levels . carbon dioxide concentration was in average 8 . 3 \u00b1 2 . 47 mg / l and ph 7 . 5 \u00b1 0 . 1 . water renewal rate was 0 . 45 % of the total system volume per day . the system proved the capability to maintain optimal water quality and secured animal welfare .\ngreater amberjack is a valuable food fish that sells well in the traditional fish markets as well as having potential for value - added products . farmed fish can be sold at different sizes ( whole or slices ) depending on the country . the preference in sizes affects market prices . in malta small sizes reach 15\u201320 usd per kg while larger fish fetch lower market prices , typically 10 - 15 usd per kg , because large fish are only suitable for steaks . however , prices in italy and spain for the largest fish are similar or even higher the smaller fish in malta . hong kong prices of cultured greater amberjack are slightly lower than the wild fish , but range from 10 to 20 usd per kg , while in japan the price is higher ( 20\u201330 usd per kg ) than other cultured seriola species because of the better texture of its flesh which is firmer and less buttery , and can sometimes reach up to 50 usd per kg . the price differences in europe according to the size will vary with the marketing strategy in the future . for now , whilst the production cost of the fry is very high , and because the culture technology is still being developed and refined , this benefit could be utilized . the optimum strategy may be to utilize the fast growth of the fish and sell at a larger size for a wider variety of value added products . greater amberjack has an existing reputation as a quality ingredient for sushi and sashimi and is very adaptable to a wide variety of prepared products including asian or american style marinated fillets or pieces . it would therefore be advisable to develop an active marketing strategy alongside any development of production capacity in order to exploit the full potential of this species .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the family .\n, select country and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the country .\n, select ecosystem and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the ecosystem .\ncfm script by eagbayani , 30 . 11 . 04 , , php script by cmilitante , 05 / 11 / 2010 , last modified by cmilitante , 14 / 03 / 2013\nseafood is one of the most popular sources of protein worldwide . almost half of the seafood we eat comes from farms . and seafood farming\u2014also known as aquaculture\u2014is the fastest growing food production system in the world .\nthe rapid expansion of the aquaculture industry has not come without impacts . as a conservation organization , wwf is concerned about the negative effects the industry has had\u2014 and could continue to have\u2014on the environment and society . we know that when done responsibly , aquaculture\u2019s impact on wild fish populations , marine habitats , water quality and society can be significantly and measurably reduced .\nshrimp farming is associated with mangrove destruction , water pollution , and illegal fishing and labor practices , but wwf is working with some of the world\u2019s most innovative and conscientious farmers to demonstrate that shrimp production can be environmentally sustainable , socially responsible , and economically viable .\neighty - five percent of the world\u2019s marine stocks are either fully exploited or overfished , driving accelerated growth in the farmed seafood industry . with annual revenue in excess of $ 60 billion , that industry is on the verge of surpassing the total volume of wild - caught product .\nfarmed seafood provides an answer to increasing demand for protein sources as the world\u2019s population becomes more affluent , urbanized and approaches 9 billion before 2050 .\nchemicals and excess nutrients from food and feces associated with aquaculture farms can disturb the flora and fauna on the ocean bottom .\nexcessive use of chemicals\u2014such as antibiotics , anti - foulants and pesticides\u2014or the use of banned chemicals can have unintended consequences for marine organisms and human health .\nviruses and parasites that transfer between farmed and wild species as well as among farmed species present a risk to wild populations or other farms .\nescaped farmed species can compete with wild fish and interbreed with local wild stocks of the same population , altering the overall pool of genetic diversity .\naquaculture must responsibly source and reduce its dependency upon fishmeal and fish oil\u2014a primary ingredient in feed\u2014so as not to put additional pressure on the world\u2019s fisheries . fish caught to make fishmeal and fish oil currently represent one - third of the global fish harvest .\nexcess food and fish waste increase the levels of nutrients in the water and have the potential to lead to oxygen - deprived waters that stress aquatic life .\nseafood farming often employs a large number of workers on farms and in processing plants , potentially placing labor practices and worker rights under public scrutiny . additionally , conflicts can arise among users of the shared coastal environment .\nwe are on the forefront of spreading awareness among aquaculture producers about the importance of responsible practices if they are to survive in their present business model . wwf actively supports producers in implementing responsible practices through aquaculture improvement projects . in the same way , wwf encourages large retailers and restaurant chains to adopt responsible seafood procurement policies that call for sourcing responsibly farmed seafood products .\nin 2004 , we initiated and coordinated the aquaculture dialogues , a series of eight roundtables that included over 2 , 000 farmers , retailers , ngos , scientists and other important stakeholders within the aquaculture industry . together , the group committed to developing measurable and performance - based standards for responsibly farmed seafood . these standards focus on measureable performance and encourage innovation to reduce environmental impacts .\nin 2009 , wwf co - founded the aquaculture stewardship council ( asc ) with the dutch sustainable trade initiative ( idh ) to manage the global standards and certification programs . asc works with accreditation services international ( asi ) to accredit independent certification bodies to audit and certify compliant farms . wwf also engages with governments in countries that produce and export farmed seafood to design regulatory policy that will support a responsible aquaculture industry . we encourage financial institutions to be diligent in placing sustainability filters on loan applications for aquaculture operations .\nclick here to read more about why wwf cares about the production of meat , poultry , dairy and seafood .\nget email about important conservation news and how you can help wwf protect the diversity of life on earth .\nmake a symbolic animal adoption to help save some of the world ' s most endangered animals from extinction and support wwf ' s conservation efforts .\nworld wildlife fund 1250 24th street , n . w . washington , dc 20037\nlatin word diminutive with the meaning of a large earthenware pot ( ref . 45335 )\nmarine ; reef - associated ; oceanodromous ( ref . 51243 ) ; depth range 1 - 360 m ( ref . 11441 ) , usually 18 - 72 m ( ref . 9626 ) . subtropical ; 45\u00b0n - 28\u00b0s , 180\u00b0w - 180\u00b0e\nmaturity : l m 99 . 5 , range 80 - 127 cm max length : 190 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 3397 ) ; common length : 100 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 3197 ) ; max . published weight : 80 . 6 kg ( ref . 3287 ) ; max . reported age : 15 years ( ref . 113943 )\nadults found in deep seaward reefs ; occasionally entering coastal bays . they feed primarily on fishes such as the bigeye scad , also on invertebrates ( ref . 4233 ) . small juveniles associate with floating plants or debris in oceanic and offshore waters . juveniles form small schools or solitary ( ref . 5213 ) . eggs are pelagic ( ref . 4233 ) . utilized fresh and frozen ; eaten pan - fried , broiled and baked ( ref . 9987 ) . reported to cause ciguatera in some areas ( ref . 26938 ) .\nspawning happens during the summer , in areas near the coast . embryo development lasts about 40 hours at 23\u00b0 and larval development 31 - 36 days . egg size 1 . 9 mm , larval at hatching 2 . 9 mm .\npaxton , j . r . , d . f . hoese , g . r . allen and j . e . hanley , 1989 . pisces . petromyzontidae to carangidae . zoological catalogue of australia , vol . 7 . australian government publishing service , canberra , 665 p . ( ref . 7300 )\n) : 16 . 9 - 29 , mean 27 . 1 ( based on 3486 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5020 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01622 ( 0 . 01238 - 0 . 02125 ) , b = 2 . 92 ( 2 . 84 - 3 . 00 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 5 \u00b10 . 0 se ; based on diet studies .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( k = 0 . 18 ; tm = 4 ; tmax = 15 ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate to high vulnerability ( 54 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nmarine ; reef - associated ; depth range 5 - 245 m ( ref . 90102 ) , usually 30 - 35 m ( ref . 40849 ) . subtropical ; 43\u00b0n - 38\u00b0s , 180\u00b0w - 180\u00b0e\ncircumglobal . indo - west pacific : kenya south to south africa ( ref . 3287 ) and east to mariana and wake islands in micronesia , north to the ryukyu islands , south to new caledonia and the kermadec islands ( ref . 8879 ) . absent from the red sea and french polynesia . likely at seychelles ( ref . 1623 ) . eastern pacific : usa to peru , including galapagos islands ( ref . 2850 ) . western atlantic : cape cod , usa to northern argentina ( ref . 9626 ) . distribution in the eastern atlantic is not well established . recently recorded from lampedusa island in the mediterranean ( ref . 47878 ) .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 160 cm fl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 40637 ) ; common length : 90 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5450 ) ; max . published weight : 59 . 9 kg ( ref . 40637 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 8 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 27 - 33 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 18 - 22 .\nadults are benthopelagic in outer reef slopes and offshore banks to 160 m or more . they form small groups ( ref . 9283 , 26235 , 58302 ) . young often seen around floating objects ( ref . 4887 , 48635 ) . they feed mainly on fishes , but also on invertebrates . eggs are pelagic ( ref . 4233 ) . marketed fresh and salted or dried ( ref . 9283 ) . may cause ciguatera poisoning , particularly in coral reef areas ( ref . 5217 ) . uncommon on east indian reefs but occasionally found in cool upwelling areas of lesser sunda islands of indonesia ( ref . 90102 ) .\nmyers , r . f . , 1991 . micronesian reef fishes . second ed . coral graphics , barrigada , guam . 298 p . ( ref . 1602 )\n) : 22 . 1 - 28 . 6 , mean 27 . 3 ( based on 201 cells ) .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01905 ( 0 . 00755 - 0 . 04806 ) , b = 2 . 97 ( 2 . 75 - 3 . 19 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 5 \u00b10 . 7 se ; based on diet studies .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : very low , minimum population doubling time more than 14 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : high to very high vulnerability ( 74 of 100 ) .\ndescription inhabits deep seaward reefs occasionally entering coastal bays . feeds primarily on fishes such as the bigeye scad , also . . .\ndescription inhabits deep seaward reefs occasionally entering coastal bays . feeds primarily on fishes such as the bigeye scad , also feeds on invertebrates ( ref . 4233 ) . small juveniles associate with floating plants or debris in oceanic and offshore waters . juveniles form small schools or solitary ( ref . 5213 ) . distribution in eastern central atlantic along the african coast is not well established due to past confusion with @ s . carpenteri @ ( ref . 7097 ) . the species is rarely exotic ( ref . 637 ) . flesh is edible ( ref . 5521 ) . utilized fresh and frozen ; eaten pan - fried , broiled and baked ( ref . 9987 ) . [ details ]\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nvan der land , j . ; costello , m . j . ; zavodnik , d . ; santos , r . s . ; porteiro , f . m . ; bailly , n . ; eschmeyer , w . n . ; froese , r . ( 2001 ) . pisces , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 357 - 374 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nscott , w . b . ; scott , m . g . ( 1988 ) . atlantic fishes of canada . canadian bulletin of fisheries and aquatic sciences . no . 219 . 731 pp . [ details ]\nwelshman , d . , s . kohler , j . black and l . van guelpen . 2003 . an atlas of distributions of canadian atlantic fishes . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nmceachran , j . d . ( 2009 ) . fishes ( vertebrata : pisces ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 1223\u20131316 in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . [ details ]\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nrisso , a . ( 1810 ) . ichthyologie de nice ou histoire naturelle des poissons du d\u00e9partement des alpes - maritimes . schoell , paris . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 175 [ details ]\nwheeler , a . ( 1992 ) . a list of the common and scientific names of fishes of the british isles . j . fish biol . 41 ( suppl . a ) : 1 - 37 ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 175 [ details ]\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of caranx dumerili risso , 1810 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of trachurus aliciolus rafinesque , 1810 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of trachurus fasciatus rafinesque , 1810 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of regificola parilis whitley , 1948 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nintergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhong kong marine fish database . afcd . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\njoin us to make change . speak up for species and places through wwf ' s action center .\nhelp wwf conserve the world ' s wildlife and their homes by symbolically adopting a tiger .\nmarine ; brackish ; benthopelagic ; depth range 3 - 825 m ( ref . 4517 ) . subtropical ; 18\u00b0c - 24\u00b0c ( ref . 6390 ) ; 55\u00b0n - 57\u00b0s , 180\u00b0w - 180\u00b0e\ncircumglobal in subtropical waters : series of disjunct populations . indo - pacific : south africa , walter shoals , amsterdam island , japan , australia , new zealand , new caledonia , hawaii , rapa , pitcairn island , and easter island . eastern pacific : british columbia , canada to chile ( ref . 2850 ) , including desventuradas is . and juan fern\u00e1ndez is . ( ref . 89357 ) . eastern atlantic : st . helena , south africa ( ref . 7097 ) .\nmaturity : l m ? , range 51 - ? cm max length : 250 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 27865 ) ; common length : 80 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 9137 ) ; max . published weight : 96 . 8 kg ( ref . 40637 ) ; max . reported age : 12 years ( ref . 72462 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 5 - 6 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 33 - 35 ; anal spines : 2 - 3 ; anal soft rays : 20 - 21 . the only jack without scutella on the caudal peduncle . dark blue dorsally and almost white ventrally ; with a well defined line of demarcation between the two colors .\nadults are benthopelagic in coastal and oceanic waters , off kelp beds and rocky areas ( ref . 2850 ) , sometimes entering estuaries ( ref . 9563 ) . they are solitary or in small groups and can be found near rocky shores , reefs and islands ( ref . 6390 ) . schools of juveniles are generally found in offshore waters , often near or beyond the continental shelf ( ref . 27865 ) . they prefer warmer water ( 18 - 24\u00b0c ) although they are occasionally found in cooler water ( ref . 27128 ) . adults feed on small fish , squid and crustaceans ( ref . 27121 ) . marketed fresh and salted or dried ( ref . 9283 ) .\n) : 9 - 23 , mean 14 . 9 ( based on 1169 cells ) .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01820 ( 0 . 00972 - 0 . 03408 ) , b = 2 . 93 ( 2 . 76 - 3 . 10 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 2 \u00b10 . 1 se ; based on diet studies .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : low , minimum population doubling time 4 . 5 - 14 years ( k = 0 . 13 ; tm = 2 ; tmax = 12 ) .\nprior r = 0 . 6 , 2 sd range = 0 . 45 - 0 . 80 , log ( r ) = - 0 . 51 , sd log ( r ) = 0 . 14 , based on : 2 k , 1 tgen , 1 tmax , records\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : high to very high vulnerability ( 69 of 100 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : this species is a circumglobal species restricted to subtropical waters , consisting of a series of disjunctive subpopulations . although highly sought after by sport fishers in some parts of its range and commercial exploitation in parts of its range , significant global population declines have not been reported and are not suspected . its range coincides with numerous marine protected areas . it is therefore listed as least concern .\nargentina ; australia ; brazil ; chile ( easter is . ) ; colombia ; costa rica ; ecuador ( ecuador ( mainland ) , gal\u00e1pagos ) ; fiji ; french polynesia ; french southern territories ( amsterdam - st . paul is . ) ; japan ; mexico ; new caledonia ; new zealand ; nicaragua ; norfolk island ; panama ; peru ; pitcairn ; saint helena , ascension and tristan da cunha ( saint helena ( main island ) ) ; south africa ; tonga ; united states ( hawaiian is . ) ; uruguay\nthere is limited population information available for this species . however , based on museum collections , this species may be common in parts of its range , with 210 global occurrences with each lot containing mostly one to five individuals , but some having upwards of 30 individuals ( accessed through the fishnet2 portal , www . fishnet2 . org , 2015 - 10 - 12 ) . in the eastern central atlantic ( eca ) , this species is very abundant at st . helena and elsewhere ( w . smith vaniz pers comm . 2013 ) . population data based on the cecaf south working ( 2009 ) , which covers guinea bissau to angola , aggregated catch landings for carangidae species from 1994 through 2008 show an increase up to 20 , 000 metric tonnes in 2001 and are stable until 2008 , when they drop to 12 , 000 metric tonnes , but not all countries are reporting ( fao cecaf 2009 ) . based on eca country reported landings to fao for carangids not elsewhere included , landings peaked between 1970 to 1980 , averaging around 24 , 000 metric tonnes per year , and then in 1980 fell to an average of 18 , 000 metric tonnes per year , fluctuating between 16 , 000 and 18 , 000 metric tonnes per year and remaining relatively stable since .\nthis species is of minor commercial importance but is a highly sought after sportfish ( w . smith - vaniz pers . comm . 2015 ) . this species is caught with seines , bottom trawls and on hook - and - line ( smith - vaniz in press ) . it is marketed fresh and salted or dried ( smith - vaniz 1995 ) .\nin the eastern central atlantic , catches for this species are not reported separately , and carangid species are mainly caught in the inshore fishery using purse - seines and in both industrial and artisanal fisheries . elsewhere , this species is a highly sought after sport fish . however , there have been no observed or suspected population declines resulting from these exploitation events .\nthere are currently no conservation measures in place for this species . however , its range overlaps with numerous protected areas ( iucn unep 2014 ) .\nsmith - vaniz , w . f . & williams , i . 2015 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nbody elongated , somewhat compressed , and without scutes on lateral line . dorso - posterior corner of maxillary angular . pectoral fin almost same length as pelvic fin . body with longitudinal yellow stripe . bears two free spines in front of the anal fin . anal fin is shorter than the weak dorsal fin , whereas the short spines of the first dorsal fin are not free , but interconnected by a membrane . fast swimming pelagic carnivorous fish , feeding by day on smaller fish , such as mackerels , horse - mackerels , sardines and squids .\njapanese amberjack culture has a long history , having begun in 1927 in the kagawa prefecture of japan when wild caught juvenile amberjacks were first reared in shore enclosures . over time , this type of culture became obsolete , due to problems related to poor water quality and excessive waste accumulation within the system . commercial production of japanese amberjack began in the 1940s , and production began to expand rapidly in the 1960s , exceeding 43 000 tonnes by 1970 . by 1995 it had reached a peak of nearly 170 000 tonnes but ranged between 139 000 and 162 000 between 1996 and 2003 ; no further growth trend is apparent . however , it is important to note that fish farmers have been able to maintain total production level at these significant levels despite a fall in the number of wild caught juveniles ( mojako ) .\njapanese amberjack features in the fisheries of the western central pacific ocean , from japan and the eastern korean peninsular to the hawaiian islands but its farming occurs mostly in japan , the republic of korea being the only other country reporting production to fao . in japan this species is the most cultured fish , its meat being relished as sashimi . the aquaculture production of\nconstituted about 57 percent of the total farmed marine finfish production in japan in 2003 .\njapanese amberjack is endemic to japan and adjacent areas . it spawns along the 200 m contour in the east china sea ; juveniles migrate north to near hokkaido , feeding for three to five years until reaching sexual maturity ; then they migrate south for spawning . adults of 70 - 80 cm sl approach the western coast of kochi prefecture , japan in march - april . from season to season , various sizes can be caught in different parts of japan ; therefore , special names are given to them in different regions . the common name of japanese amberjacks varies with size . in japan , those that are < 50 g are called mojako , those between that and 5 000 g named hamachi , and those > 5 000 g termed buri . this species is highly piscivorous species and , in the fisheries , reaches a maximum size of 150 cm tl and 40 kg . in nature , it feeds on microorganisms and small fishes while drifting north with the seaweed . small mojako ( 4 to 5 mm ) stay under or inside floating seaweed ; larger fish ( 0 . 5 to 2 cm ) swim below the surface . after reaching a size of 10 to 14 cm , they disperse from the floating seaweed and swim towards the shore . the optimum rearing water temperature for japanese amberjack is 20 - 29 \u00bac and the optimum salinity is 30 - 36\u2030 .\naquaculture of amberjack is primarily dependent on seed supply from wild . soon after spawning , larvae less than 15 mm long are brought near the coast by the kuroshio current , where they are caught in fine mesh nets , and sold to fry specialists . wild seed is also imported from other countries , such as the republic of korea and viet nam . although artificial propagation of japanese amberjacks has been successful , the number of juveniles produced through induced breeding has not reached a level where it can make a significant contribution to the demand of juveniles for aquaculture . in fact , there remain some problems in larval rearing : feeding is particularly critical , as imbalanced larval feed has leads to heavy mortalities . efforts are being made to improve this situation . the design of suitable larval feed by using mass - produced food organisms , such as rotifers and brine shrimp nauplii fortified with n - 3 highly unsaturated fatty acids ( hufa ) and formulated feeds may soon make the production of healthy fry in large numbers possible .\nwild caught japanese amberjack juveniles ( < 10 g ) , are reared in 5x5x5 m net pens and sold to growers when the fish have grown to 50 - 100 g . the first task of the fry specialists is to grade the larvae into small , medium , and large categories ; a failure to grade early can result in high mortality from cannibalism . after grading , the larvae are stocked into floating nylon net - pens . in 5 x 5 x 5 m net pens the stocking rate of 0 . 5 - 10 g mojako ranges from 10 000 to 30 000 and the harvest size ranges from 20 - 200 g with average survival of 90 percent . it is important to feed wild caught juveniles with good quality feed while the fish are on the collecting boat , to avoid growth related problems in the late grow - out phase ; weak individuals are eliminated . small juvenile amberjacks are sensitive to feed deprivation , and a prolonged fasting period before first feeding in net pens has a negative effect on subsequent growth rate .\n) . japanese amberjack culture expanded due to the massive catches of the low - cost fish used for feeding , such as sand - lance and sardine around japan . the availability of freezing equipment made it possible for the farmers to feed minced frozen sardine and supported the further development of farming . however , in recent years , there has been decline in the sardine resources caught around japan and the cost has therefore increased . this has forced many farmers to change from feeding fish to the use of formulated feed . formulated feed production has increased and the amount of extruded pellets is now about 40 percent of the total food used for japanese amberjack production , on an ' as fed ' basis . feeding extruded pellets for the first year of culture during the growing season ( high water temperature ) is popular . however , the use of raw fish or moist pellets is still common when water temperatures are reduced ( < 15 \u00bac ) ."]}
+{"id": 30, "summary": [{"text": "impages cinerea , common name the grey atlantic auger , is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family terebridae , the auger snails . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "impages cinerea", "paragraphs": ["as an authority for recognizing both impages and hastula and for putting both of those in impages as valid species .\nimpages acuminata lamarck , j . b . p . a . de , 1822\n- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : impages cinerea ( i . von born , 1778 ) - id : 2131050020\nhastula c . cinerea vs hastula c . salleana - let ' s talk seashells !\nterebra cinerea luctuosa ( var . ) hinds , r . b . , 1844 : mazatlan , mexico - n peru\nto biodiversity heritage library ( 10 publications ) ( from synonym terebra jamaicensis c . b . adams , 1850 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 12 publications ) ( from synonym hastula cinerea ( born , 1778 ) ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 75 publications ) ( from synonym terebra cinerea ( born , 1778 ) ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 8 publications ) ( from synonym hastula luctuosa ( hinds , 1958 ) ) to encyclopedia of life ( from synonym terebra cinerea ( born , 1778 ) ) to encyclopedia of life to usnm invertebrate zoology mollusca collection ( from synonym hastula cinerea ( born , 1778 ) ) to usnm invertebrate zoology mollusca collection ( from synonym terebra jamaicensis c . b . adams , 1850 )\n( of hastula cinerea ( born , 1778 ) ) bratcher t . & cernohorsky w . o . ( 1987 ) . living terebras of the world . a monograph of the recent terebridae of the world . american malacologists , melbourne , florida & burlington , massachusetts . 240pp . [ details ]\n( of terebra cinerea ( born , 1778 ) ) dautzenberg , ph . ( 1929 ) . contribution \u00e0 l ' \u00e9tude de la faune de madagascar : mollusca marina testacea . faune des colonies fran\u00e7aises , iii ( fasc . 4 ) . soci\u00e9t\u00e9 d ' editions g\u00e9ographiques , maritimes et coloniales : paris . 321 - 636 , plates iv - vii pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of hastula cinerea ( born , 1778 ) ) rosenberg , g . ; moretzsohn , f . ; garc\u00eda , e . f . ( 2009 ) . gastropoda ( mollusca ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 579\u2013699 in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of terebra jamaicensis c . b . adams , 1850 ) adams , c . b . 1850 . description of supposed new species of marine shells which inhabit jamaica . contributions to conchology , 4 : 56 - 68 , 109 - 123 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nterryn , y . ( 2007 ) . terebridae : a collectors guide . conchbooks & natural art . 59pp + plates . [ details ]\n( of hastula luctuosa ( hinds , 1958 ) ) bratcher t . & cernohorsky w . o . ( 1987 ) . living terebras of the world . a monograph of the recent terebridae of the world . american malacologists , melbourne , florida & burlington , massachusetts . 240pp . [ details ]\n( of terebra acuta deshayes , 1857 ) bratcher t . & cernohorsky w . o . ( 1987 ) . living terebras of the world . a monograph of the recent terebridae of the world . american malacologists , melbourne , florida & burlington , massachusetts . 240pp . [ details ]\n( of buccinum cinereum born , 1778 ) dautzenberg , ph . ( 1929 ) . contribution \u00e0 l ' \u00e9tude de la faune de madagascar : mollusca marina testacea . faune des colonies fran\u00e7aises , iii ( fasc . 4 ) . soci\u00e9t\u00e9 d ' editions g\u00e9ographiques , maritimes et coloniales : paris . 321 - 636 , plates iv - vii pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of buccinum cinereum born , 1778 ) bratcher t . & cernohorsky w . o . ( 1987 ) . living terebras of the world . a monograph of the recent terebridae of the world . american malacologists , melbourne , florida & burlington , massachusetts . 240pp . [ details ]\n( of terebra jamaicensis c . b . adams , 1850 ) bratcher t . & cernohorsky w . o . ( 1987 ) . living terebras of the world . a monograph of the recent terebridae of the world . american malacologists , melbourne , florida & burlington , massachusetts . 240pp . [ details ]\n( of terebra laurina hinds , 1844 ) bratcher t . & cernohorsky w . o . ( 1987 ) . living terebras of the world . a monograph of the recent terebridae of the world . american malacologists , melbourne , florida & burlington , massachusetts . 240pp . [ details ]\n( of terebra luctuosa hinds , 1844 ) bratcher t . & cernohorsky w . o . ( 1987 ) . living terebras of the world . a monograph of the recent terebridae of the world . american malacologists , melbourne , florida & burlington , massachusetts . 240pp . [ details ]\nbratcher t . & cernohorsky w . o . ( 1987 ) . living terebras of the world . a monograph of the recent terebridae of the world . american malacologists , melbourne , florida & burlington , massachusetts . 240pp . [ details ]\nrosenberg , g . ; moretzsohn , f . ; garc\u00eda , e . f . ( 2009 ) . gastropoda ( mollusca ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 579\u2013699 in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nterryn , y . ( 2007 ) terebridae : a collectors guide : conchbooks & natural art . 59pp + plates .\nterryn , y . ( 2007 ) . terebridae : a collectors guide . < em > conchbooks & natural art . < / em > 59pp + plates .\nborn , i . 1778 . index rerum naturalium musei c\u00e6sarei vindobonensis . pars i . ma . testacea . verzeichni\u00df der nat\u00fcrlichen seltenheiten des k . k . naturalien cabinets zu wien . erster theil . schalthiere . - pp . [ 1 - 40 ] , 1 - 458 , [ 1 - 82 ] . vindobon\u00e6 . ( kraus ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nan educational resource dedicated mainly to the photography and diversity of marine life that can be found in coastal waters and intertidal areas of great britain and ireland .\nscroll down and rollover titles to change screen image or click on title to view image .\nthe specimen above was collected by odoardo ravelo in sand and mud at a depth of 6m , at higuerote , edo miranda , venezuela . july 2009 .\naphotomarine supports open source data recording and sharing for the benefit of wildlife , recorders , research , science and education . the project recommends the following websites and works with the following bodies and organisations .\nthe conchological society of great britain and ireland helping to understand , identify , record , and conserve molluscs .\nthe marine biological association or mba , based in plymouth , is one of the world\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s longest - running societies dedicated to promoting research into our oceans and the life they support . since 1884 the mba has been providing a unified , clear , independent voice on behalf of the marine biological community . it has a growing membership in over 40 countries .\nthe cisfbr or cornwall and isles of scilly federation of biological recorders is an independent umbrella organisation supporting independent recorders and recording groups in the county of cornwall .\nthe cornish biodiversity network or cbn is the largest open source wildlife database in cornwall that sends open source data to the nbn ( national biodiversity network ) . it is a new recording system based on the erica database , the largest recording resource in cornwall . the cbn best supports the activities and needs of the independent recording community and recording groups in cornwall .\nthe national biodiversity network or nbn is a charity that supports open source data sharing and recording supporting conservation , science and education .\nwhy do recorders need open source ?\n. simply because it supports the core values of wildlife recording and the free use of records and data over a very wide network that includes partners like the natural history museum . the link here is to the nbn atlas . the link here is to the nbn atlas .\nthe taxonomy used here is based on that of the following database , which is also used by the mba , nhm and the nbn .\nover 99 % of the species records on aphotomarine are open source but they are also copyright david fenwick . species records published on aphotomarine may not be used on any database , list or distribution map , without a signed user agreement . cornish records that appear on aphotomarine are recorded using the erica database to benefit recording in cornwall and scientific and historical recording in general . no financial benefit must be taken from any record produced by david fenwick , records are of educational benefit only . records by david fenwick must ' ' never ' ' be financially traded .\nthe main objective of this website is in furthering environmental awareness and education through the medium of photography . to increase awareness and access to the wildlife of the region and help\npeople find and identify it . sometimes the difference between species is obvious but many species can only be determined by observing microscopic characteristics that are specific to any one species .\nyou will be directed to the entry page of the digitized work . go to the page you need in the navigation system there .\nthe basic data of this taxon were entered by hand , consulting the original description , and following animalbase standard .\nusing cookies on urltoken shellauction uses cookies only for technical reasons and to facilitate and speed up your site navigation . by continuing to browse , you accept the use of cookies ; if you do not wish to receive them please disable them or not navigate this website further . more info cookies on urltoken\nutilizzo dei cookies su urltoken shellauction utilizza i cookies esclusivamente per ragioni tecniche e per facilitare e velocizzare la navigazione del sito . continuando a navigare accetti l ' utilizzo dei cookies , se non desideri riceverli ti invitiamo a disabilitarli oppure a non navigare questo sito ulteriormente . altre informazioni sui cookies di urltoken\nwe ' ve updated our privacy policy and by continuing you ' re agreeing to the updated terms .\nwhen you visit our site , preselected companies may use cookies or other certain information on your device to serve relevant ads and for analytics purposes . learn more\ndiscussions , photo series , how to identify or distinguish a species or between species .\njust because two taxa interbreed does not necessarily mean that they are not different species . it certainly makes it difficult to apply the biological species concept . however , the number of species that do interbreed from time to time is legion . competent taxonomists in all fields can cite examples . many toads in the united states that are considered separate species by herpetologists interbreed in areas of disturbed habitats which is nearly everywhere now .\ni understand this does not help with the hastula problem . but it might suggest that it is going to be a difficult problem to get an absolute answer to .\nterryn y . ( 2007 ) . terebridae : a collectors guide . conchbooks & naturalart .\nmacroevolution of venom apparatus innovations in auger snails ( gastropoda ; conoidea ; terebridae ) .\nincludes in its abstract the statement :\nthe non - monophyly of most terebrid genera analyzed indicates that the current genus - level classification of the group is plagued with homoplasy and requires further taxonomic investigations .\n, and a later draft appears in lee ( 2009 : 125 * ) .\n. regrettably that issue in not available on - line . i concluded that the two were allopatric and closely - related , certainly meeting criteria for subspecies : a carolinian one ( jax to se fl , reconstituting itself in w florida and inhabiting almost all the continental shoreline of the gulf of mexico ) and a caribbean one , extending well into brasil . the zoogeographic interfaces provided evidence of incomplete reproductive isolation .\nas for generic assignment , i suppose it ' s essential to first decide which of the two candidates more closely resembles our gray augers . although there are important non - conchological characters , e . g . , the proboscis and radula , i think shell characters might be sufficient .\nor does it merit full generic recognition . all of a sudden i have a sense of d\u00e9j\u00e0 - vu ; as i recall , this issue that has been bandied about for some time . i think any decision in this regard must be informed by a more holistic ( read anterior digestive tract ) data matrix . this cop - out appears in the terebrid literature repeatedly .\nmarlo , i know you like definitive and\naccepted\nsystematics , so maybe you ' ll conform to the worms / terryn fiat , but there certainly isn ' t any evidence that the later work utilized any criteria other than conchological for its generic parsing . thus there is good reason to hang on to the earlier hastula for the topical species - level taxa .\nas the question - man used to say : ' my two cents worth . '\nit ' s worth bearing in mind that terryn is responsible for the worms classification using terryn ' s book as the reference , so the two together constitute one opinion rather than an independent support for its use .\nthe dna paper definitely suggests that more work is needed ; of course , that ' s true for almost any organism . whether a particular group deserves to have a genus name or not is ultimately a subjective decision . analyses can will tell whether a particular group seems coherent or not , and we can say that\nif a is considered a genus , b is a similar group and probably should be treated in a similar manner\n. but there ' s no magic amount of difference in dna , anatomy , or shell that must or must not be a genus .\ni framed this string in terms of controversy and got little response . where\u2019re the hornets ? so , here\u2019s a little stirring in hopes i\u2019ll learn what it is i misunderstand .\nuntil dna analysis demonstrates otherwise . so , it comes down to nomenclature . i prefer\n[ note : i am not saying dna analysis is the only measurement . a group of characters ( protoconch , sculpture , radula , color , habitat , reproduction , etc . ) taken together can , as a whole , show that there is sufficient dissimilarity that separate species are at hand . but , a few slight differences in size , shape , degree of expression , color , etc . of a few characters are too easily explained by allopatric genetic drift , diet , habitat , sex , polymorphism , and inadequate breath of the writer\u2019s examination of populations ( or just plain biased observations ) to be accepted as the basis for speciation . ]\n* i know the iczn accepts \u201csubspecies\u201d as a rank within the classification system . and , i can accept the utility of doing so . it is the terminology to which i object . the term \u201cform\u201d would be far more accurate on its face and the botanical nomenclature clearer ; namely\nwe have to admit , we like to classify things ( as shell enthusiasts we are worst than most ) . biological systems defy neatly classifying organisms . and that complication extends to questions as to when is something a genus , family , class etc . dna does inform us what is most closely related to what unless you are in my world of microbes where organisms swap dna all the time . talk about a mess !\npersonally , when it comes to identification of my shell collection , i blow with the wind . let the conchologists mix it up and follow their lead . they may ultimately be right , they may ultimately be wrong . it is an artificial human endeavor applied to a biological systems where there are few ' laws ' . think about it , even central ' theories ' of biology have fallen flat . the cell theory ( the smallest living entity is a cell , what of slime molds , phycomycota , streptomyces ) . ' one gene , one protein theory ' it fell when we realized that different tissues transcribe genes in different tissues . so if we fundamentally have trouble holding onto theories in living systems , with a few exceptions , notably of the theory of evolution . ergo in living systems it is going to be fundamentally difficult to have universal ways to speciate all organisms .\nit may be irritating that our endeavors to explain the\nmessy\nbiological world have fallen flat or constantly changing as new discovers are made . however , i prefer this to a world where everything is solved or most of the earths biota is described , or more likely extinct , leaving many biologists wondering what to do with their time . i love the fact that i can go out and conduct surveys in the pacific northwest where i discover on average 2 new freshwater or terrestrial mollusks . the possibilities that new species or ideas can still be discovered get me out of bed everyday .\ngreat commentaries ! doug ' s report of a minuscule alternation of the genome ( e . g . , the single gene alteration of the monk flower petal coloration ) initiating reproductive isolation of a morph has its parallel in malacology and seems quite relevant to marlo ' s predicament .\nto lecithotrophy in marine prosobranchs ( marien ? ) seem to be analogous to the monk flower story . each of these situations is accompanied by a small morphological change ( one character state ) , but in each instance reproductive isolation can be inferred , convincingly so in some instances , e . g . clausiliids in the carpathians and\n. it is not unreasonable to expect acquisition of further alterations in the genome of each divergent stock to generate further morphologic and physiologic divergences and ultimately enough accrual of distinctive characters to satisfy even the most devout lumper .\nspeciation is a dynamic process . it has to begin somewhere , and , by strict criteria , is not complete in that instant . that ' s why the concept of\nsubspecies ,\nwith all its arbitrary encumbrances , is a tenable construct to define a phylogenetic relationship between the initiating event , be it\n) , and the emergence consensus sibling species . is this so messy ?\n( ignoring mutation producing new ones ) . however , that can take a long time , so that a population has two very different versions of a gene within it . and an occasional hybridization event can put odd genes into a population . a definitive answer on dna patterns requires thorough sampling of multiple genes across the range of the species of interest .\na further problem on subspecies is that , given the lack of official standardization , old below - species names are to be credited as subspecies . sometimes these were merely intended as recognition of individual variation , the modern concept of variety , but they get credited as subspecies . those wanting to have or to sell as many kinds as possible like to recognize more forms . thus , there is a need to distinguish between what is thought to be a type of individual variant ( such as an albino ) and what is thought to be distinctive of a large population that eventually intergrades with other populations .\nthank you for the monk flower ( did not hear about this one before ) and summary . great to see confirmed , in a way , what i ' ve been thinking ever since i took sem photos of iniforis turrithomae and\n, now more than 30 years ago . of course there was nothing smart about that because the alternative option ( that the planktotrophic\ncame from very different lineages and just happened to converge to identicality in every teleoconch character ) totally lacks parsimony .\ntalking gastropods : the fun part of all this is that you can have two bona fide species with exactly the same genome - if one accepts that by - practical - definition the switch in larval development is the start of a new species . i do believe , however , that successful speciation ( mostly the switch from r to k strategy , perhaps also the reverse ) is near entirely\ni thought r and k reproductive strategies were part of a continuum . it seems to me , at least in the example you cite , that\nas for peripatry vs . sympatry : the former certainly helps restrict gene flow , but is it necessary in any of the scenarios we ' ve discussed .\ni hesitate to step into these deep waters , but just to mix things up a bit . the widespread european\ncan be found in freshwater as well as brackish water within tidal influence - thus at times salt water . specimens from these two extremes have been shown to be genetically the same species , but they cannot interbreed because neither can tolerate the habitat of the other . this is surely a setup for allopatric speciation , but where they are on that genetic trail is unknown . another interesting case , now talking about planktotrophy and lecithotrophy , is\nas a planktotrophic spawner , until przeslawski , 2008 , 2011 ) discovered that sometimes the egg capsules hatched out lecithotropic juveniles . it seems the majority of the time the eggs hatch typical planktotrophic veligers , but every now and then they develop in the egg and hatch out as crawl - away juveniles . if further research bears this out , it means a chance to actually observe as a major phenotype change takes place , and eventually maybe parapatric speciation .\nthese critters do not read our biology texts and so do not know or always follow the rules . sure is interesting though . . .\nprzeslawski , rachael . 2008 . temporal patterns of gastropod egg mass deposition on southeastern australian shores , marine and freshwater research , 59 : 652 .\nprzeslawski , rachaeil . 2011 . notes on the egg capsule and variable embryonic development of nerita melanotragus ( gastropoda : neritidae ) , molluscan research , 31 ( 3 ) : 152 - 158 .\ni think it is more all - or - nothing like , as once demonstrated in the paper by johannesson ( 1988 ) on rockall ( peripheral ! ) littorinids . and there is always a distinct morphological gap between the two protoconch types , and nothing inbetweenish . regarding chirality , that ' s more problematical in terms of speciation , because the next step : getting offspring , is so much harder . hence the low incidence . for instance in 60 my of conus history , there was only one lefty ( unless your name is ed petuch ) , whereas left handed specimens are less rare ( and there has been one case of a cluster of left - handed cones - in the mediterranean if i remember correctly - but that went nowhere either ) .\nin terms of hastula species on treasure coast i usually find in shell hash in splash zone . the ones i find on higher section of beach once in a while tend to be worn . at least in winter that only when i ' m in fla they ' re uncommon . they are fragile beached compare to american auger with lips damages , missing tips . found one juvenile and it ' s see thru bluish white . worn shells tend to be golden tan in color . hadn ' t seen any white and doesn ' t exist in fossil form on treasure coast .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 strict / / en\nplacing orders is easy as 1 - 2 - 3 . here ' s how\nvaried colors from yellowish - orange to grayish . a pair makes for a nice display .\nthe very tip of the nuclear whorl is missing as is typical for this species .\nhastula luctuosa is the name applied to the eastern pacific specimens of this widely ranging species . formerly placed in the genus hastula .\na less extremely sculptured form with only a hint of punctations described from the hawaiian islands .\nquite variable throughout its indo - pacific range . the form puncticulata described from hawaii has much deeper punctations in the interspaces between the ribs ; more uncommon that the peasii form . the validity of the forms is probably nill since integrades are frequently found .\nlong considered a subspecies , t . a . brachygyra has most recently been synonymized with t . argus .\nslight lip roughness . very little , if any , color - pattern variation .\nall content on this web site is \u00a9 2018 , worldwide specimen shells . all right reserved . no content may be reproduced , or retransmitted without prior written approval from the copyright holder .\ndautzenberg , ph . ( 1929 ) . contribution \u00e0 l ' \u00e9tude de la faune de madagascar : mollusca marina testacea . faune des colonies fran\u00e7aises , iii ( fasc . 4 ) . soci\u00e9t\u00e9 d ' editions g\u00e9ographiques , maritimes et coloniales : paris . 321 - 636 , plates iv - vii pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nyou selected terebra exacuminata ( sacco , 1891 ) . this is a synonym for :\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c1faa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322fc869 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322fc9b6 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 32336b46 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 32336cc1 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 326341d6 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 383d1507 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nbieler r . bouchet p . dijkstra h . faber m . finn j . garcia - alvarez o . gofas s . la perna r . marshall b . moretzsohn f . neubauer t . a . rosenberg g . sartori a . f . schneider s . taylor j . ter poorten j . j . & vos c . ( eds ) . ( 2018 ) . worms mollusca : molluscabase ( version 2018 - 06 - 06 ) . in : roskov y . , abucay l . , orrell t . , nicolson d . , bailly n . , kirk p . m . , bourgoin t . , dewalt r . e . , decock w . , de wever a . , nieukerken e . van , zarucchi j . , penev l . , eds . ( 2018 ) . species 2000 & itis catalogue of life , 30th june 2018 . digital resource at urltoken species 2000 : naturalis , leiden , the netherlands . issn 2405 - 8858 .\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 95ed0efd - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\n. if you continue to use the site we will assume that you agree with this .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more"]}
+{"id": 31, "summary": [{"text": "the gold spangle ( autographa bractea ) is a moth of the family noctuidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in europe , across western siberia and the altai mountains , the northern caucasus , northern turkey and northern iran .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "its wingspan is 42 \u2013 50 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are brown and gray with large rhomboid golden marks .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings and body are lighter grayish brown .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the moth flies from july to august depending on the location , and migrates long distances .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "the larvae feed on a wide range of plants including hieracium , tussilago farfara , plantago , crepis paludosa , taraxacum , urtica , lamium , stachys and eupatorium cannabinum . ", "topic": 13}], "title": "gold spangle", "paragraphs": ["gold spangle ( autographa bractea ) - norfolk moths - the macro and micro moths of norfolk .\nchamaecyparis pisifera \u2018gold spangle\u2019 is a fairly fast growing , upright conical selection of sawara cypress with bright gold foliage that grows as a combination of typical short sprays , thread - leaf and contorted branchlets . the degree of gold or yellow is also quite variable . as a very vigorous grower , these trees benefit from periodic shearing to maintain tidiness . after 10 years of growth , a mature specimen will measure 7 . 5 feet ( 2 . 5 m ) tall and 4 feet ( 1 . 3 m ) wide , an annual growth rate 8 inches ( 20 cm ) or more .\nthree well known forms of c . pisifera are : ( 1 ) c . pisifera f . filifera ( threadbranch sawara cypress featuring drooping , whip or cord - like branches covered primarily with scale - like adult leaves ) , ( 2 ) c . pisifera f . plumosa ( plume sawara cypress featuring feathery , airy and ferny branches covered with part adult / part juvenile leaves ) and ( 3 ) c . pisifera f . squarrosa ( moss sawara cypress featuring branches with soft , needle - like juvenile leaves ) . genus name comes from greek chamai meaning dwarf or to the ground and kyparissos meaning cypress tree . specific epithet comes from the latin word pissum meaing pea and ferre meaing to bear in reference to the very small rounded cones . \u2018gold spangle ' is an upright broad - pyramidal form that features bright yellow thread - like foliage . it typically starts out as a low - growing shrubby plant , but will rise to 10 - 12 ' tall over the first 10 - 15 years , eventually maturing to as much as 25 - 35 ' tall .\nmuch of the immense task of data abstracting and entry from printed and manuscript sources as well as preliminary editing and name - checking was carried out by volunteers . many of these were school students on work - experience placements during 1993 - 2000 from , initially , the coopers ' company and coborn school , upminster , and later from other schools in greater london : christopher andrewes , simon bennett ( 1994 nhm vacation studentship ) , steven bond , michael brownlow , emma causer , laurence cooper , ailsa cranfield ( 1998 nuffield studentship ) , emily dwiar , andrew enever , jane feehan , madeleine ferry , max friedman , edward gold , jennifer hodgkinson , christopher joint , fateha khatun ( 1996 nuffield studentship ) , james lowe , louisa marchant , gemma millward , christopher milne , carolyn oughton , william perkins , rebecca reith , eleanor resheph , clare sambidge , neil shaftain , stephen sloan , helen stevens , samuel tarry , david taylor and thomas yeatman .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ngaden s . robinson , phillip r . ackery , ian j . kitching , george w . beccaloni and luis m . hern\u00e1ndez\nrecords of caterpillar hostplants are scattered through published and manuscript sources worldwide and are difficult to retrieve . many rearing records are never published and so are not accessible to other entomologists . but collected hostplant records form a valuable scientific resource that can be used eventually to answer broader biological questions about how lepidoptera and plants interact ( eg , letourneau , hagen & robinson , 2001 ) . it provides information of immediate relevance to agriculture , ecology , forestry , conservation and taxonomy .\nhosts brings together an enormous body of information on what the world ' s butterfly and moth ( lepidoptera ) caterpillars eat . the web - based version presented here offers a synoptic data set drawn from about 180 , 000 records comprising taxonomically ' cleaned ' hostplant data for about 22 , 000 lepidoptera species drawn from about 1600 published and manuscript sources . it is not ( and cannot be ) exhaustive , but it is probably the best and most comprehensive compilation of hostplant data available .\nwe hope that it will be useful to a wide range of biologists and that it will act as a spur to further recording and analysis of caterpillar - plant interactions .\nhosts can be searched in two ways , using text search and drill - down search modes .\nin text search mode , use either lepidoptera or hostplant criteria or a combination of the two . hosts operates only using scientific names . it is not possible to search for the hostplants of the red admiral butterfly but a search for hostplants using its scientific name , vanessa atalanta , will be successful . enter the generic name ( vanessa ) in the - lepidoptera criteria - genus box ; enter atalanta in the species : box ; click search .\nhint : leave the ' starts with ' command as the default and in the species entry box omit the last few letters of the species - name ( eg , atalant ) . this will get around the problem of variable gender - endings . hosts uses original orthography of species - group names as far as possible , but some checklists follow the convention of altering the species - group name to accord with the presumed gender of the generic name ( eg flava , flavus ) .\nrestrict or refine searches using additional criteria ; choosing ' usa ' from the drop - down location box and entering [ starts with ] ' urt ' in the hostplant family box will return hostplant records of vanessa atalanta from urticaceae in the usa .\nhint : restricting location may deliver a very incomplete subset of records : in the previous example all records specified as from the nearctic region ( usa + canada ) would be missed .\ndrill - down search mode allows the user to home in from the starting - point of either the lepidoptera or the plant family . choose a family group from the drop - down box and allow time for all genera of that family in the database to load to the genus drop - down box ; choose a genus and wait for the species to load . the search button can be pressed at any time , but the record delivery limit may be exceeded at higher taxonomic levels . drill - down search allows the user to see by scrolling all the taxa that are represented in the database . following the previous example , choose nymphalidae , then choose vanessa from the genus drop - down box and then atalanta from the ten possible species of vanessa included in hosts .\nthe preliminary search results pages give family , genus and species of the caterpillar and its hostplant . note that many hostplants are recorded as a plant genus only . clicking the caterpillar name will give the full record . the full record listing gives , additionally , the author of the lepidoptera species , subspecific information on the insect and the plant , if available , together with details of larval damage . laboratory rearings where the food utilised may not be the natural hostplant are indicated . the status of the record ( whether considered true , erroneous or suspect ) is not currently implemented in this version of hosts .\nleguminosae ( c ) - caesalpinioideae . leguminosae ( m ) - mimosoideae . leguminosae ( p ) - papilionoideae .\nall lepidoptera groups are covered and subspecific taxa are differentiated . the original source of the record , original form of the names used ( prior to taxonomic ' cleaning ' and standardisation of nomenclature ) and validation and verification fields are not included . this information is , however , retained in the databases used to generate this site . while we have included species that do not feed on green plants , the known food substrates of these are not listed exhaustively . such species comprise detritophages and predators and include , for example , most tineidae and the stored - products pests . the published compilations from hosts ( see more detail - publications from hosts ) include record status and the sources of all records .\ndetailed published compilations from hosts are available in press . these books give greater detail than the website , together with comprehensive cross - indexes , record status and full bibliographies . they are indispensable tools for naturalists and professional entomologists .\nrobinson , g . s . , ackery , p . r . , kitching , i . j . , beccaloni , g . w . & hern\u00e1ndez , l . m . 2001 . hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of the oriental region . 744 pp .\nrobinson , g . s . , ackery , p . r . , kitching , i . j . , beccaloni , g . w . & hern\u00e1ndez , l . m . 2002 . hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of america north of mexico . 824 pp . [ memoirs of the american entomological institute , volume 69 . ]\nbeccaloni , g . w . , viloria , a . l . , hall , s . k . & robinson , g . s . 2008 . catalogue of the hostplants of the neotropical butterflies / cat\u00e1logo de las plantas hu\u00e9sped de las mariposas neotropicales . m3m - monograf\u00edas tercer milenio , volume 8 . zaragoza , spain : sociedad entomol\u00f3gica aragonesa ( sea ) / red iberoamericana de biogeograf\u00eda y entomolog\u00eda sistem\u00e1tica ( ribes ) / ciencia y tecnolog\u00eda para el desarrollo ( cyted ) / natural history museum , london , u . k . ( nhm ) / instituto venezolano de investigaciones cient\u00edficas , venezuela ( ivic ) . 1 - 536 pp . , 1 fig , 3 tabs .\ngaden robinson was responsible for the overall project design and management of the hosts database , and for records of lepidoptera exclusive of butterflies and bombycoid moths . phillip ackery and george beccaloni were responsible for butterfly data , including data drawn from card catalogues developed by ackery , whilst ian kitching was responsible for hostplant data of bombycoid moths . luis m . hern\u00e1ndez was responsible for abstracting in the latter two years of the project and for development of the bibliography for the hardcopy versions of the data .\nwe are extremely grateful to the many people who contributed their own rearing records of lepidoptera or personal accumulations of data for inclusion in the hosts database , particularly mike bigger ( uk ) , john w . brown ( usa ) , chris conlan ( usa ) , rob ferber ( usa ) , konrad fiedler ( germany ) , jeremy holloway ( uk ) , frank hsu ( usa ) , jurie intachat ( malaysia ) , alec mcclay ( canada ) , bill palmer ( australia ) , pierre plauzoles ( usa ) and the generous individuals who contributed rearing records through the worldwideweb and who are known to us only as an email address .\nwe are particularly grateful to julian donahue and the los angeles county museum of natural history for allowing us to include data on microlepidoptera from the card catalogue prepared by the late j . a . comstock and c . henne , and for access to manuscript records by noel mcfarland .\nmarian fricano ( santa clara university ) and aileen giovanello ( clark university , international internship 1996 ) made substantial contributions of abstracted data ; fran love ( north carolina ) painstakingly checked scanned texts and reformatted them for import to paradox .\nwe are indebted to all our helpers for their diligence , accuracy and patience , and for their unswerving faith that this daunting project would reach a conclusion .\nour colleagues here and overseas provided substantial help , advice and assistance with the checking of names of lepidoptera and with many other aspects of this project : kim and david goodger and jeremy holloway ( macrolepidoptera families ) , martin honey ( noctuoidea ) , brian pitkin ( computing ) , malcolm scoble and linda pitkin ( geometroidea ) , klaus sattler ( gelechioidea ) , michael shaffer ( pyraloidea , thyridoidea , pterophoroidea ) , alma solis ( usda , washington - pyraloidea ) , fernley symons ( oxford university - technical support ) and kevin tuck ( tortricoidea ) . julie harvey and the staff of the bmnh entomology and general libraries provided sterling support in locating obscure source material and intuitively correcting bowdlerized references .\nwe thank the trustees of the loke wan tho memorial foundation for their generous support for this project .\nrobinson , g . s . , p . r . ackery , i . j . kitching , g . w . beccaloni & l . m . hern\u00e1ndez , 2010 . hosts - a database of the world ' s lepidopteran hostplants . natural history museum , london . urltoken . ( accessed : 18 aug . 2010 ) .\nbrummitt , r . k . 1992 . vascular plant families and genera . [ vi ] + 804 pp . , royal botanic gardens , kew .\nkartesz , j . t . 1994 . a synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the unites states , canada and greenland . timber press , portland . 1 , checklist , lxi + 622 pp ; 2 , thesaurus , vii + 816 pp .\nkitching , i . j . & cadiou , j . - m . 2000 . hawkmoths of the world : an annotated and illustrated revsionary checklist . xx + 500 pp . , cornell university press , ithaca .\nkitching , i . j . & rawlins , j . e . 1999 . the noctuoidea . pp . 355 - 401 . in : kristensen , n . p . ( ed . ) lepidoptera , moths and butterflies . 1 . evolution , systematics and biogeography . handbook of zoology , 4 ( 35 ) . lepidoptera . x + 491 pp . de gruyter , berlin .\nletourneau , d . k . , hagen , j . a . & robinson , g . s . 2001 . bt crops : evaluating benefits under cultivation and risks from escaped transgenes in the wild . pp . 33 - 98 . in : letourneau , d . k . & burrows , b . e . ( eds ) , genetically engineered organisms : assessing environmental and human health effects . [ viii ] + 438 pp . , crc press , boca raton .\nmabberley , d . j . 1987 . the plant book . a portable dictionary of the higher plants . xii + 707 pp . , cambridge university press . [ the 1993 reprint edition is currently used in editing . ]\nnielsen , e . s . , edwards , e . d . & rangsi , t . v . ( eds ) 1996 . checklist of the lepidoptera of australia . monographs on australian lepidoptera . 4 . xiv + 529 pp . , csiro , melbourne .\nnye , i . w . b . ( ed . ) 1975 - 91 . the generic names of moths of the world . 1 : 568 pp . ( noctuoidea ( part ) - nye , i . w . b . , 1975 ) ; 2 : xiv + 228 pp . ( noctuoidea ( part ) - watson , a . , fletcher , d . s . & nye , i . w . b . , 1980 ) ; 3 : xx + 243 pp . ( geometroidea - fletcher , d . s . , 1979 ) ; 4 : xiv + 192 pp . ( bombycoidea to zygaenoidea - fletcher , d . s . & nye , i . w . b . , 1982 ) ; 5 : xv + 185 pp . ( pyraloidea - fletcher , d . s . & nye , 1984 ) ; 6 : xxix + 368 pp . ( microlepidoptera - nye , i . w . b . & fletcher , d . s . , 1991 ) . british museum ( natural history ) / the natural history museum , london .\nrawlins , j . e . 1984 . mycophagy in lepidoptera . pp . 382 - 483 . in : wheeler , q . & blackwell , m . ( eds ) fungus - insect relationships . perspectives in ecology and evolution . 514 pp . , columbia university press .\nrobinson , g . s . 1999 . hosts - a database of the hostplants of the world ' s lepidoptera . nota lepidopterologica , 22 : 35 - 47 .\nrobinson , g . s . , ackery , p . r . , kitching , i . j . , beccaloni , g . w . & hern\u00e1ndez , l . m . 2001 . hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of the oriental region . 744 pp . southdene sdn bhd , kuala lumpur .\nrobinson , g . s . , ackery , p . r . , kitching , i . j . , beccaloni , g . w . & hern\u00e1ndez , l . m . 2002 . hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of america north of mexico . memoirs of the american entomological institute , 69 : 1 - 824 .\nscoble , m . j . ( ed . ) 1999 . a taxonomic catalogue to the geometridae of the world ( insecta : lepidoptera ) . 2 vols . csiro publications , melbourne .\nroyal botanic garden edinburgh dipterocarpaceae database : http : / / 193 . 62 . 154 . 38 / diptero /\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\neasily grown in average , medium moisture , well - drained soils in full sun to part shade . best in part shade . prefers moist , fertile soils . avoid wet , poorly - drained soils . shelter from strong winds . pruning is rarely needed . winter burn may occur in some full sun locations .\n, commonly known as sawara cypress , is a large , pyramidal , evergreen conifer that grows in the wild to 50 - 70\u2019 ( infrequently to 150 ' ) tall with a trunk diameter to 5 ' . in cultivation , it more typically matures to a much smaller 20 - 30 ' tall . it is naive to the japanese islands of honshu and kyushu . fine - textured medium green needles are tinted white beneath . cones are small ( 1 / 4\nacross ) and ornamentally insignificant , appearing glaucous green during summer before turning black - brown when ripe . reddish brown bark peels in strips . species plants are rarely sold in commerce , but a large number of more compact cultivars including some dwarfs are available for purchase .\nno serious insect or disease problems . some susceptibility to juniper blight , root rot and certain insect pests such as bagworms .\ndwarf cultivars for rock gardens , foundation plantings or specimen . yellow foliage accent for the landscape .\nthe garden wouldn ' t be the garden without our members , donors and volunteers .\noccupying waste ground , gardens and moorland , this species is widespread and fairly common in the north of britain , but less so in the south , where it is thought to be mainly a migrant .\nthe moth flies during july and august , and can be attracted to light .\nthe caterpillars feed on a range of plants , overwintering in this stage before pupating in late spring .\nukmoths is built , run and maintained by ian kimber , with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .\nthe ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries . more often than not you ' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .\nlooking for a specific moth species ? enter just part of the name below .\nprocache : v317 render date : 2018 - 07 - 04 06 : 44 : 47 page render time : 0 . 2337s total w / procache : 0 . 2715s\n* click on your approximate section of the country to see a detailed map .\nusda zone : 5 ( - 10 to - 20 f / - 26 . 1 to - 23 . 3 c )\ngrowth size : intermediate : 6 to 12 inches ( 15 - 30 cm ) per year / 5 to 10 feet ( 1 . 5 - 3 m ) after 10 years .\nthis cultivar originated as a branch sport found in the early 1900s on a specimen of ch . pisifera \u2018filifera aurea\u2019 at koster brothers nursery , boskoop , the netherlands . it was later introduced to the nursery trade by a . mesman nursery , also of boskoop .\n13 norfolk records , the first at dilham in 1958 ( g . ford ) .\nrecorded in 9 ( 13 % ) of 69 10k squares . first recorded in 1958 . last recorded in 2015 .\nautographa bractea in norfolk [ 1958 ] rev . guy a . ford . ent . rec . 88 . 1976 .\nunderlying maps using digital map data \u00a9 norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola\u2122 2018 . \u00a9 james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data \u00a9 nola\u2122 2018\nfeatures bright yellow , thread - like foliage all year on arching stems that forms an irregular mound .\nour current selection tops 400 varieties . to include plants we offered previously in your search , select\ncurrent & retired\nbelow .\ndescription : wingspan 40 - 50 mm . forewings brown with a darker median area above the dorsum . there is a large prominent metallic spot in the median area of the wing ; this spot can vary in size between different individuals . hindwings pale fuscous with darker veining and a darker terminal band .\nstatus : widely distributed across all counties but more commonly encountered in down , armagh and parts of fermanagh . it has also been recorded on rathlin island .\necology : an attractive species that has a preference for open habitats including woodland clearings , damp meadows by streams and roadside verges . adults are active from dusk onwards and are attracted to light and flowers . the larvae feed from september to may on a variety of low - growing plants . it overwinters as a larva .\nthe northscaping netps plant search engine has determined that the netps account you have tried to access is inactive at this time . you may wish to contact the nursery or garden center to inquire about the status of their plant finder tool . or , there may be a technical problem with the account .\nnetps error information : error action : [ default ] , error code : [ account . 102 ] , error info : [ netpsid request to database returned ! = ' active ' ]\na resident that is widely distributed but not a common moth in derbyshire . this plusia has been recorded in all areas of the county . it is not common and is primarily an upland species with greatest population in the north . it is quiet rare in the southern lowlands and records could relate to vagrants or immigrants .\n\u2013 the diagnostic feature is the large white mark ( like a warped triangle ) in the centre of the dark bronze coloured forewing . as with all the plusias , several thoracic tufts are striking features .\nby continuing to use the site , you agree to the use of cookies . more information accept\nthe cookie settings on this website are set to\nallow cookies\nto give you the best browsing experience possible . if you continue to use this website without changing your cookie settings or you click\naccept\nbelow then you are consenting to this ."]}
+{"id": 32, "summary": [{"text": "poromya granulata , or the granular poromya , is a species of marine bivalve mollusc in the family poromyidae .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "it is unusual among bivalves in being carnivorous .", "topic": 7}, {"text": "it is found in more northerly parts of the atlantic ocean . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "poromya granulata", "paragraphs": ["variety poromya granulata var . triangularis dall , 1881 accepted as poromya rostrata rehder , 1943\nwhat type of species is poromya granulata ? below , you will find the taxonomic groups the poromya granulata species belongs to .\nwhich photographers have photos of poromya granulata species ? below , you will find the list of underwater photographers and their photos of the marine species poromya granulata .\nhow to identify poromya granulata marine species ? below , you will find the list of main identification criteria and physical characteristics of marine species poromya granulata . for each identification criteria , the corresponding physical characteristics of marine species poromya granulata are marked in green .\nwhere is poromya granulata found in the world ? below , you will find the list and a world map of the geographic distribution where the marine species poromya granulata can be found .\n3b . surface of shell granulose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . poromya cf . granulata\ndrawing is reproduced by permission of the author , brian morton , from the article\nprey capture in the carnivorous septibranch poromya granulata ( bivalvia : anomalodesmata : poromyacea )\n; sarsia , v . 66 , pp . 241 - 256 , 1981 .\ngofas , s . ( 2014 ) . poromya granulata . in : costello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvantidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2014 ) european register of marine species , accessed through pesi at\nporomya cf . granulata ( nyst & westendorp , 1839 ) ( cmphrm 2030a ) . legends : ( a ) and ( c ) external views of the right valve ; ( b ) and ( d ) internal views of the right valve . scale bars : a\u2013d , 1 mm\nbogi , c . ; cantagalli g . ( 1986 ) . prima segnalazione di poromya neaeroides seguenza , 1877 in mar mediterraneo . la conchiglia . 202 - 203 : 18 - 19 . [ details ] available for editors\nbogi , c . ; cantagalli g . ( 1986 ) . prima segnalazione di poromya neaeroides seguenza , 1877 in mar mediterraneo . la conchiglia . 202 - 203 : 18 - 19 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nporomya also possesses red amoebocytes in the blood stream , which seem to carry a hemoglobin pigment . this and the several modifications described above point to a degree of evolutionary development that few other bivalves have achieved in adapting to new niches .\nthree species of bivalves , thyasira succisa , lyonsia norwegica and poromya granulate , were recorded for the first time in the adriatic sea during surveys conducted from 2010 to 2012 on offshore relict sand bottoms at a depth range of 45\u201380 m .\n( of panomya granulata ( nyst & westendorp , 1839 ) ) mayhew , r . and f . cole . 1994 ms . a taxonomic discussion and update of shell - bearing marine molluscs recorded from nw atlantic north of cape cod ( excluding greenland ) , and canadian arctic archipeligo . [ details ]\n( of panomya granulata ( nyst & westendorp , 1839 ) ) abbott r . t . ( 1974 ) . american seashells . the marine mollusca of the atlantic and pacific coast of north america . ed . 2 . van nostrand , new york . 663 pp . , 24 pls . [ october 1974 ] . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of corbula granulata nyst & westendorp , 1839 ) nyst p . h . j . & westendorp g . d . ( 1839 ) . nouvelles recherches sur les coquilles fossiles de la province d ' anvers . bulletin de l ' acad\u00e9mie royale des sciences , des lettres et des beaux - arts de belgique , bruxelles 6 ( 2 ) : 393 - 414 [ details ]\n( of poromya rotundata jeffreys , 1876 ) jeffreys , j . g . ( 1876 ) . new and peculiar mollusca of the kellia , cyprina and corbula families , procured in the valorous expedition . annals and magazine of natural history . 4 : 18 - 490 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 494 [ details ]\n( of poromya anatinoides forbes , 1844 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of poromya rotundata jeffreys , 1876 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of poromya anatinoides forbes , 1844 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in ror ) [ details ]\n( of poromya rotundata jeffreys , 1876 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in ror ) [ details ]\n( of poromya anatinoides forbes , 1844 ) forbes e . ( 1844 ) . report on the mollusca and radiata of the aegean sea , and on their distribution , considered as bearing on geology . reports of the british association for the advancement of science for 1843 . 130 - 193 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 191 [ details ]\nthe foot ( figs 2 b , e , f , 11 c ; f ) of g . coronata extends through the septal pedal gape ( spg ) in the septal membrane ( sem ) . ventrally , the densely ciliated foot , with an overall length ( when contracted ) of 240 to 300 \u03bcm , has a pedal groove ( peg ) that may be the remnant of a juvenile byssal groove if , as in many bivalves , such a structure is produced to assist in the establishment of the juvenile in its chosen habitat . morton ( 1981b ) suggested for poromya granulata that the foot , in addition to being responsible for burrowing , probably also served to push captured prey items into the mouth and seal the opening ; it is likely that the same functions are served by the foot of g . coronata .\nnyst p . h . j . & westendorp g . d . ( 1839 ) . nouvelles recherches sur les coquilles fossiles de la province d ' anvers . bulletin de l ' acad\u00e9mie royale des sciences , des lettres et des beaux - arts de belgique , bruxelles 6 ( 2 ) : 393 - 414 page ( s ) : 6 [ details ]\n( of cumingia parthenopaea tiberi , 1855 ) tiberi n . ( 1855 ) . descrizione di alcuni testacei viventi viventi nel mediterraneo . lettere di nicola tiberi . napoli : gaetano noblie pp . 16 : , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 10 - 12 ; pl . 1 fig . 14 - 18 [ details ]\n( of embla korenii lov\u00e9n , 1846 ) lov\u00e9n , s . l . ( 1846 ) . index molluscorum litora scandinaviae occidentalia habitantium . \u00f6fversigt af kongliga vetenskaps akademiens f\u00f6rhandlingar . ( 1846 ) : 134 - 160 , 182 - 204 . [ offprint : pp . 1 - 50 ] . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ngofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\npoutiers , j . m . ; bernard , f . r . ( 1995 ) . carnivorous bivalve molluscs ( anomalodesmata ) from the tropical western pacific ocean , with a proposed classification and a catalogue of recent species . in : bouchet , p . ( ed . ) r\u00e9sultats des campagnes musorstom 14 . m\u00e9moires du mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle . s\u00e9rie a , zoologie . 167 : 107 - 187 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhuber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of embla korenii lov\u00e9n , 1846 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of cumingia parthenopaea tiberi , 1855 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\njanssen r . , krylova e . m . ( 2014 ) . deep - sea fauna of european seas : an annotated species check - list of benthic invertebrates living deeper than 2000 m in the seas bordering europe . bivalvia . invertebrate zoology . vol . 11 . no . 1 : 43\u201382 [ in english ] . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nbroadly subovate ; anterior broadly rounded , ventral gently curved , posterior subtruncate angled to rather long almost straight sloping posterior dorsal margin .\numbos rather prominent ; posterior set off by a weak ridge running from umbo to posterior ventral junction .\noverall finely granular , granules arranged in radial rows . concentric sculpture of lines and growth stops .\nmostly internal and set on a shallow chondrophore just behind the beaks ; external part small , just behind the beaks .\nrv with a projecting cardinal in front of chondrophore ; lv with a posterior ridge - like lateral behind chondrophore and a socket in front of chondrophore to receive rv cardinal .\nrecorded primarily from northern localities off the north west coast of scotland and the northern north sea . widely distributed in boreal and subarctic waters across the north atlantic . bathymetric ranges from about 70m to the outer shelf and continental margin , becoming progressively deeper further south .\n1981 . the functional morphology of atlantic deep water species of the families cuspidariidae and poromyidae ( bivalvia ) : an analysis of the evolution of the septibranch condition .\n1839 . nouvelles recherches sur les coquilles fossiles de la province d ' anvers .\nbulletins de l ' acad\u00e9mie royale des sciences et belles - lettres de bruxelles .\n2005 . patterns of bathymetric zonation of bivalves in the porcupine sea bight and adjacent abyssal plain , ne atlantic .\nthe marine life information network for britain and ireland ( marlin ) provides information for marine environmental management , protection and education . it is a centre of excellence in spatially based and time - series marine biological information and supports good stewardship in the marine environment .\nnational biodiversity network ' s gateway . use it to explore uk biodiversity data , as contributed by participating data providers .\nmarbef marbef , a network of excellence funded by the european union and consisting of 94 european marine institutes , is a platform to integrate and disseminate knowledge and expertise on marine biodiversity , with links to researchers , industry , stakeholders and the general public .\nobserved in a natural position in the sand , with its inhalant siphon fully extended . note the projecting cowl , which is extended for capture of a 2 . 5 mm long crustacean , typical of food found in its stomach . the 15 tentacles and the siphon are a bright red color .\nspecies in the subclass , anomalodesmata , account for over 70 % of all those benthic and abyssal clams that feed carnivorously or by scavenging tissue fragments - - a mode of feeding that is unusual and not at all characteristic of the vast majority of bivalves .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nturgeon , d . d . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , w . k . emerson , w . g . lyons , w . pratt , et al .\nturgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , et al .\ncommon and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks , 2nd ed .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\n( nyst & westendorp , 1839 ) . accessed through : costello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvanitidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2018 ) european register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 140843 on 2018 - 07 - 09\ncostello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvanitidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2018 ) . european register of marine species .\ngofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in ror ) [ details ]\nhuber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in ror ) [ details ]\n( of embla korenii lov\u00e9n , 1846 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in ror ) [ details ]\n( of cumingia parthenopaea tiberi , 1855 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in ror ) [ details ]\njanssen r . , krylova e . m . ( 2014 ) . deep - sea fauna of european seas : an annotated species check - list of benthic invertebrates living deeper than 2000 m in the seas bordering europe . bivalvia . invertebrate zoology . vol . 11 . no . 1 : 43\u201382 [ in english ] . [ details ] available for editors\nl\u00e4ngd upp till 13 mm . relativt tunnskalig , sk\u00f6r , v\u00e4nster skalhalva n\u00e5got mindre konvex \u00e4n h\u00f6ger . bucklor n\u00e4ra mittlinjen , bakre del med list fr\u00e5n bucklan till nedre bakkanten . fint granulerad radi\u00e4r skulptur samt koncentriska linjer och tillv\u00e4xtlinjer . mantelbukt bred men grund . skal vitt , periostracum brunaktigt .\nbl\u00e5 punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och \u00f6vriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch . kan inneh\u00e5lla observationer som inte \u00e4r validerade . kartan uppdateras var fj\u00e4rde vecka .\nl\u00e4ngre texter , ut\u00f6ver kriteriedokumentation , har sammanst\u00e4llts av : fredrik pleijel och malin strand 2016 .\ni det avancerade verktyget kan man s\u00f6ka ut och f\u00e5 fram artlistor , t ex arter i ett visst l\u00e4n , i en viss biotop , substrat , som p\u00e5verkas av en hotfaktor , eller som \u00e4r knutna till en sk v\u00e4rdart , t ex tr\u00e4det alm . dessa kan \u00e4ven kombineras .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , knutna till alm , \u00e4r beroende av d\u00f6d ved och som finns i kronobergs l\u00e4n .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , lever i sm\u00e5vatten och som p\u00e5verkas negativt av igenv\u00e4xning .\ndefaultl\u00e4get i verktyget \u00e4r arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade 2015 och dessa \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga s\u00f6kfaktorer . under fliken r\u00f6dlistekategori kan man dock v\u00e4lja att \u00e4ven inkludera arter som inte \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade . om man v\u00e4ljer att inkludera icke r\u00f6dlistade arter beh\u00f6ver man vara medveten om att samtliga arter inte \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga faktorer . nedan en sammanst\u00e4llning av vad som \u00e4r komplett .\ndenna funktion anv\u00e4nds n\u00e4r du vill skapa din egen lista av arter att hantera . du kan t . ex . navigera mellan arterna i listan genom att klicka p\u00e5 deras namn . du kan ocks\u00e5 v\u00e4lja att anv\u00e4nda knappen \u201dj\u00e4mf\u00f6r arter\u201d f\u00f6r att se bilder , kartor och k\u00e4nnetecken i en j\u00e4mf\u00f6relsevy .\ndu kan komponera ditt eget urval av arter genom att klicka dig fram via sl\u00e4kttr\u00e4det och d\u00e4r v\u00e4lja arter eller artgrupper till din lista . ett annat s\u00e4tt att g\u00f6ra ditt urval \u00e4r att anv\u00e4nda fliken \u201dfiltrera\u201d , d\u00e4r du kan s\u00f6ka p\u00e5 olika egenskaper . ovanf\u00f6r listan med s\u00f6kresultatet finns en knapp \u201dl\u00e4gg i mitt urval\u201d .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\nchecklist della flora e della fauna dei mari italiani ( parte i ) . bivalvia .\nquantity and biochemical composition of sedimentary organic matter around offshore gas extraction pl . . .\ngas platforms can exert relevant effects on various ecosystem properties of the hosting area , modifying patterns of productivity and particle sedimentation . we hypothesised that the presence of gas platforms is associated with higher organic matter ( om ) contents and we tested the null hypothesis by which benthic trophic conditions do not vary significantly among gas structures with different . . . [ show full abstract ]\nanadara kagoshimensis ( mollusca : bivalvia : arcidae ) in adriatic sea : morphological analysis , molecul . . .\nmorphological analysis , molecular characterization , and information on distribution and density of anadara kagoshimensis ( tokunaga , 1906 ) specimens collected in the adriatic sea were here carried out as based on various material and data from five surveys conducted from 2010 to 2014 , for a total of 329 bottom trawl hauls . the morphological and molecular analyses allowed to clarify the confused . . . [ show full abstract ]\ndistribution of the sea pens virgularia mirabilis and funiculina quadrangularis ( cnidaria anthozoa ) . . .\noccurrence and distribution of the sea pens virgularia mirabilis and funiculina quadrangularis in the northern and central adriatic sea were determined from data collected during five trawl surveys from 2011 to 2015 carried out through rapido trawl . species density data ( number of individuals per km ) were processed to describe their spatial distribution .\noccupation : scientist workplace : murmansk marine biological institute ( mmbi ) taxonomic group : malacostraca , cirripedia , pycnogonida e - mail : o . l . zimina @ urltoken\nnyst , p . h . & g . d . westendorp 1839 nouvelles recherches sur les coquilles fossiles de la province d ' anvers . bulletin de l ' acad\u00e9mie royal ede bruxelles , 6 ( 1 ) : 393 - 414 .\ngofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 180 - 213\nturgeon , d . d . , w . g . lyons , p . mikkelsen , g . rosenberg , and f . moretzsohn . 2009 . bivalvia ( mollusca ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 711\u2013744 in felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m ; press , colleg\ndyntaxa ( 2013 ) swedish taxonomic database . accessed at urltoken [ 15 - 01 - 2013 ] .\npoutiers , j . m . & f . r . bernard . 1995 . carnivorous bivalve molluscs ( anomalodesmata ) from the tropical western pacific ocean , with a proposed classification and a catalogue of recent species . in : p . bouchet ( ed . ) , r\u00e9sultats des campagnes musorstom , vol . 14 . m\u00e9moires mus\u00e9um national histoire naturelle , 167 : 107 - 187 .\nhuber m . ( 2010 ) compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom .\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\nby adding new morphological and morphometric data of the shells , the present study may help in the taxonomy of these septibranch species . new collections in the region will probably lead to the discovery of new records of septibranchia .\nanomalodesmata dall , 1889 , which diversified early in the palaeozoic , is a monophyletic clade , globally distributed and represented today by a diverse assemblage of highly specialised marine shallow and deep waters bivalves ( harper et al .\n) . several families of anomalodesmatans have become carnivorous , showing a series of remarkable anatomical and conchological modifications for the capture of small arthropods and polychaetes ( harper et al .\n) . this main group of carnivorous taxa has been grouped together as the \u2018septibranchs\u2019 ( harper et al .\n) . some analyses of molecular and / or morphological data support a deep division of anomalodesmata into three clades : septibranchia and two lineages corresponding to the \u2018lyonsiid\u2019 and largely to the \u2018thraciid\u2019 lineages ( harper et al .\n) . however , the origin of the carnivorous septibranch mode of life remains unresolved , due to conflicting results from different analyses ( bieler et al .\n) . this study will discuss three families within anomalodesmata : poromyidae dall , 1886 , cuspidariidae dall , 1886 , and verticordiidae stoliczka , 1870 .\n) . cuspidariids have separate sexes and are carnivores or detritus consumers . their shell is generally small , thin , inflated , and inequilateral , with a rounded and convex anterior end and rostrate or pointed posterior end ( drawn out into the tubular rostrum in many ) ( olsson\nverticordiidae , known from the early cretaceous , contains highly modified genera , mostly deep - water infauna capturing and feeding on small invertebrates ( coan et al .\n) , 37 species are recorded in these families in brazil : two genus and three species in poromyidae , seven genus and 26 species in cuspidariidae , and five genus and eight species in verticordiidae . studies on the north - north - east coast of brazil are still scarce , with a majority of studies focusing on the south - eastern region ( oliveira\n( dall , 1881 ) in brazilian waters , but did not specify the localities .\nthe present study aims to identify the species of the families poromyidae , cuspidariidae and verticordiidae found in the northern and north - eastern coasts of brazil , reducing the gaps in the geographic distribution and adding new morphological data for the analysed shells .\n) and is presented below . cuspidariidae was the most represented family with four genera and six species :\n2a . rostrum broader than long \u2026\u2026 . . . . . . . . . . . . . myonera aff . paucistriata\n2b . rostrum longer than wide \u2026\u2026 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4\n3a . circular shell with radial ribs and deep lunule . . . . . . . . \u2026 . . \u2026 . . . . . . . . . \u2026 . . . . \u2026 . . . . . . . . . . . trigonulina ornata\n4a . with radial ribs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5\n4b . without radial ribs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6\n5a . strong radial ribs ( 6 to 16 primary ribs ) with interspaces , ribs well marked on the inner surface of the valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cardiomya ornatissima\n5b . variable number of radial ribs ( 14\u201336 ) with interspaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7\n6a . external surface with granules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . plectodon braziliensis\n6b . external surface without granules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cuspidaria sp .\n7a . 14 to 32 radial ribs with different sizes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cardiomya perrostrata\n7b . 15 to 36 radial ribs of equal size , shell with pronounced anterior projection next to umbones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cardiomya cleryana\ndistribution maps by species of the material examined in this study ( n - ne brazil ) . legends : ap amap\u00e1 ; pa par\u00e1 , ce cear\u00e1 , pe pernambuco , al alagoas , se sergipe\nmaterial examined : cmphrm 2030a , 2 right valves , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off par\u00e1 , 0\u00b029\u2032n 47\u00b024\u2032w .\ndescription : valve small ( 5 . 44\u20137 . 63 \u00d7 5 . 59\u20138 . 44 mm ) , ovate , both ends rounded , posterior region aslope . color white to cream , inner surface subnacreous . umbones prominent subcentral , turned to the anterior region . outer surface with minute granules spread over the entire surface . internal margins smooth . right valve with a strong cardinal tooth in front of chondrophore .\n) . in the present study , this species was recorded for off the coast of par\u00e1 ( north brazil ) .\nbecause it has an external surface sculptured with fine granules and right valve with a strong cardinal tooth in front of a chondrophore . other four living genera are recognized in poromyidae :\nleal , 2008 ( shell strongly compressed in the anteroposterior direction ) ( coan et al .\n) , but is distinguished from the latter mainly by the non - elongated posterior end . this difference may be due to the fact that our material is of young specimens . thus , we prefer to identify it as\nmainly by \u201cthe dentition obsolete except the cardinal tooth of the right valve , which itself is sometimes absent in the adult , though observable in the young shells\u201d ( p . 280 ) ( dall\nallen & morgan , 1981 ) , especially regarding ornamentation present in the outer surface .\nhas a \u201cshell smooth , except that a faint impression of radiating lines is left by the epidermis\u201d ( p . 107 ) ( dall\nhas a \u201cshell surface with faint , concentric growth lines , about 13 posterior radial lines of granules , more distinct ventrally\u201d ( p . 521 ) ( allen and morgan\n. unfortunately , it was not possible to identify more accurately the specimens due to the existence of only two young right valves .\ncuspidaria sp . ( cmphrm 3665a ) . legends : ( a ) external view of the left valve ; ( b ) internal view of the left valve . scale bars : a\u2013b , 1 mm\nmaterial examined : cmphrm 3665a , 1 left valve , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off par\u00e1 , 2\u00b029\u203200\u2033n 48\u00b030\u203200\u2033w , 09 december 1970 .\ndescription : shell globose ( 11 . 53 mm in length ) , inequilateral , moderately convex , rostrate posteriorly ( 2 . 50 mm in length ) . color white , not shiny . sculptured with fine radial lines . left valve without teeth , with a small fossete .\nnardo , 1840 because it has a smooth external surface with fine growth lines , without granules . absal\u00e3o and oliveira (\npresent on the continental slope ( 700\u20132 , 000 m ) of the campos basin ( 22\u00b0s ) off southeastern brazil , describing two new species . according to oliveira (\n. unfortunately , it was not possible to identify the specimen at a specific level due to its poor preservation and the existence of a single left valve .\nplectodon braziliensis ( e . a . smith , 1915 ) ( cmphrm 3684a ) . legends : ( a ) external view of the left valve ; ( b ) external view of the right valve ; ( c ) hinge of the left valve ; ( d ) hinge of the right valve . scale bars : a\u2013c , 1 mm ; d , 500 \u03bcm\nsome morphometric data of plectodon braziliensis ( e . a . smith , 1915 ) . comparative data on the length and height of the valves and size of rostrum of the examined material . dimensions in mm . the number in italics means the average value of the measurement\nlegend : cmphrm - a malacological collection \u201cprof . henry ramos matthews\u201d - series a , val . valve , ( n o ) number of examined valves , r right , l left ; * damaged shell\nmaterial examined : cmphrm 3656a , 1 left valve , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off amap\u00e1 , 3\u00b010\u203230\u2033n 49\u00b000\u203218\u2033w , 13 september 1970 ; cmphrm 3658a , 2 right valves , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off amap\u00e1 , 3\u00b044\u203230\u2033n 50\u00b007\u203230\u2033w , 08 may 1971 ; cmphrm 3672a , 1 right valve , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off amap\u00e1 , 3\u00b054\u203200\u2033n 49\u00b047\u203230\u2033w , 09 may 1971 ; cmphrm 3653a , 1 right valve , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off amap\u00e1 , 3\u00b055\u203230\u2033n 49\u00b021\u203230\u2033w , 19 may 1971 ; cmphrm 3655a , 1 valve , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off amap\u00e1 , 4\u00b001\u203230\u2033n 49\u00b053\u203200\u2033w , 09 may 1971 ; cmphrm 3652a , 1 right valve , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off amap\u00e1 , 4\u00b020\u203200\u2033n 50\u00b018\u203200\u2033w , 07 may 1971 ; cmphrm 2020a , 1 right valve and 1 left valve , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off amap\u00e1 , 4\u00b046\u203200\u2033n 50\u00b046\u203230\u2033w , 06 may 1971 ; cmphrm 3667a , 1 right valve , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off par\u00e1 , 1\u00b047\u203200\u2033n 47\u00b049\u203200\u2033w , 20 april 1971 ; cmphrm 3673a , 1 right valve , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off par\u00e1 , 1\u00b055\u203230\u2033n 47\u00b041\u203200\u2033w , 20 april 1971 ; cmphrm 3654a , 3 right valves and 2 left valves , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off par\u00e1 , 2\u00b001\u203200\u2033n 47\u00b032\u203230\u2033w , 20 april 1971 ; cmphrm 3696a , 1 right valve , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off par\u00e1 , 2\u00b006\u203230\u2033n 48\u00b024\u203200\u2033w , 23 april 1971 ; cmphrm 3683a , 1 right valve , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off par\u00e1 , 2\u00b009\u203200\u2033n 47\u00b025\u203230\u2033w , 19 may 1971 ; cmphrm 3684a , 1 right valve and 4 left valves , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off par\u00e1 , 2\u00b053\u203200\u2033n 48\u00b017\u203200\u2033w , 14 september 1970 ; cmphrm 715a , 2 right valves and 5 left valves , canopus , brazil , off cear\u00e1 , 3\u00b013\u2032s 38\u00b031\u2032w , june 1965 to february 1966 ; cmphrm 3697a , 1 right valve , akaroa , brazil , off alagoas , 10\u00b05\u20327\u2033s 35\u00b047\u20322\u2033w , 04 november 1965 ; cmphrm 3682a , 1 left valve , canopus , brazil , off sergipe , 11\u00b019\u20320\u2033s 35\u00b005\u20320\u2033w , 20 march 1966 ;\ndescription : shell elongate ( 19 . 5 \u00d7 12 . 4 mm ) , moderately globose , rostrate posteriorly . dorsal margins obliquely angled on either side of beaks , anterior straight at first , then curving into the rounded end . rostrum rounded posteriorly . color white , inner surface shiny ( polished ) . inequilateral , posterior end longer , umbones slightly opisthogyrate . outer surface with fine growth lines and dense minute granules . hinge in the right valve with elongate ( lamellar ) lateral teeth ( anterior and posterior ) . hinge in the left valve without teeth , with small fossete .\n) . in the present study , this species was recorded for off the north - north - east coast of brazil ( amap\u00e1 , par\u00e1 , cear\u00e1 , alagoas , and bahia ) .\nbecause it has minute granules upon the external surface . according to these authors ,\n( from the pacific ocean ) mainly by a rose - tinged umbo ( pimp\u00e3o et al .\nin the south - western atlantic and extends the northern distribution limit with new records for off the north - north - east coast of brazil ( amap\u00e1 , par\u00e1 , alagoas , and bahia ) . now the amap\u00e1 coast is its most northern limit .\ncardiomya cleryana ( d\u2019orbigny , 1842 ) ( cmphrm 3695a ) . legends : ( a ) external view of the right valve ; ( b ) internal view of the right valve ; ( c ) hinge of the right valve . scale bars : a\u2013b , 1 mm ; c , 500 \u03bcm\nsome morphological and morphometric data of cardiomya cleryana ( d\u2019orbigny , 1842 ) . comparative data on the length and height of the valves and size of rostrum of the examined material . dimensions in mm . the number in italics means the average value of the measurement\nlegend : cmphrm - a malacological collection \u201cprof . henry ramos matthews\u201d - series a , val . valve ; ( n o ) number of examined valves or ribs , r right , l left ; * damaged shell or uncountable\nmaterial examined : cmphrm 3670a , 1 valve , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off amap\u00e1 , 4\u00b027\u203230\u2033n 50\u00b001\u203230\u2033w , 20 april 1971 ; cmphrm 3678a , 1 right valve and 7 left valves , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off amap\u00e1 , 4\u00b035\u203230\u2033n 50\u00b021\u203200\u2033w , 18 may 1971 ; cmphrm 3681a , 1 left valve , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off amap\u00e1 , 3\u00b037\u203200\u2033n 50\u00b001\u203200\u2033w , 08 may 1971 ; cmphrm 3680a , 2 right valves and 2 left valves , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off amap\u00e1 , 2\u00b053\u203200\u2033n 48\u00b017\u203200\u2033w , 14 september 1970 ; cmphrm 3671a , 1 valve , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off par\u00e1 , 1\u00b055\u203230\u2033n 47\u00b041\u203200\u2033w , 20 april 1971 ; cmphrm 3679a , 2 right valves and 2 left valves , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off par\u00e1 , 2\u00b01\u203200\u2033n 47\u00b032\u203230\u2033w , 20 april 1971 ; cmphrm 3693a , 3 right valves and 1 left valve , brazil , pernambuco , itamarac\u00e1 island ; cmphrm 3695a , 1 right valve and 1 left valve , brazil , pernambuco , itamarac\u00e1 island ; cmphrm 3651a , 1 left valve , akaroa , brazil , 9\u00b027\u203208\u2033s 35\u00b007\u203207\u2033w , 08 september 1965 .\ndescription : shell ovate ( 11 . 4 \u00d7 6 . 9 mm ) , inequilateral , longer anteriorly , valves inflated , posteriorly rostrate . rostrum sometimes with fine radial lines . color white . umbones opisthogyrate . sculptured with variable number ( 15\u201336 ) curved radial ribs , that extend beyond the shell edge , yielding a crenulated margin . ribs concentrated in the anterior region , with distance between them increasing from anterior to posterior . hinge in the right valve with strong posterior lateral tooth , small fossete . hinge in the left valve without teeth , with fossete .\n) . in the present study , this species was recorded for off the north - north - east coast brazil ( amap\u00e1 , par\u00e1 , and alagoas ) and itamarac\u00e1 island , pernambuco ( northeast brazil ) .\nspecies found in this study mainly by radial ribs with equal sizes and shortly rostrate posteriorly . the anatomy of the arenophilic system of\nin the south - western atlantic with new records for off the north - north - east coast of brazil ( amap\u00e1 , par\u00e1 , and alagoas ) and itamarac\u00e1 island , pernambuco ( northeast brazil ) . now off the amap\u00e1 coast is its northernmost limit .\ncardiomya ornatissima ( d\u2019orbigny , 1853 ) ( cmphrm 3649a ) . legends : ( a ) external view of the left valve ; ( b ) external view of the right valve ; ( c ) hinge of the left valve ; ( d ) hinge of the right valve . scale bars : a\u2013b , 1 mm ; c\u2013d , 500 \u03bcm\nsome morphological and morphometric data of cardiomya ornatissima ( d\u2019orbigny , 1853 ) . comparative data on the length and height of the valves , size of rostrum and number of ribs of the examined material . dimensions in mm . the number in italics means the average value of the measurement\nlegend : cmphrm - a malacological collection \u201cprof . henry ramos matthews\u201d - series a , val . valve ; ( n o ) number of examined valves or ribs , r right , l left , pr primary ribs , sr = secondary ribs\nmaterial examined : cmphrm 3692a , 2 right valves , 5 left valves and 1 shell , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off amap\u00e1 , 4\u00b048\u203200\u2033n 51\u00b007\u203200\u2033w , 31 may 1971 ; cmphrm 3675a , fragments , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off amap\u00e1 , 4\u00b046\u203200\u2033n 50\u00b046\u203230\u2033w , 06 may 1971 ; cmphrm 2021a , 1 left valve , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off amap\u00e1 , 4\u00b046\u203200\u2033n 50\u00b046\u203230\u2033w , 06 may 1971 ; cmphrm 3688a , 4 left valves , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off amap\u00e1 , 4\u00b035\u203230\u2033n 50\u00b021\u203200\u2033w , 18 may 1971 ; cmphrm 3690a , 1 left valve , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off amap\u00e1 , 4\u00b018\u203248\u2033n 50\u00b017\u203206\u2033w , 27 september 1970 ; cmphrm 3674a , 1 left valve , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off amap\u00e1 , 3\u00b044\u203230\u2033n 50\u00b007\u203230\u2033w , 08 may 1971 ; cmphrm 3691a , 7 right valves , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off amap\u00e1 , 3\u00b010\u203200\u2033n 50\u00b003\u203200\u2033w , 05 may 1971 ; cmphrm 3694a , 2 right valves , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off amap\u00e1 , 2\u00b053\u203200\u2033n 48\u00b017\u203200\u2033w , 14 september 1970 ; cmphrm 3687a , 1 right valve , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off amap\u00e1 , 2\u00b029\u203200\u2033n 48\u00b030\u203200\u2033w , 09 december 1970 ; cmphrm 3676a , 1 left valve , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off amap\u00e1 , 2\u00b06\u203230\u2033n 48\u00b024\u203200\u2033w , 23 april 1971 ; cmphrm 3689a , 5 left valves , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off par\u00e1 , 2\u00b002\u203200\u2033n 48\u00b010\u203200\u2033w , 21 june 1971 ; cmphrm 3677a , 7 right valves and 3 left valves , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off par\u00e1 , 2\u00b01\u203200\u2033n 47\u00b032\u203230\u2033w , 20 april 1971 ; cmphrm 3685a , fragments , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off par\u00e1 , 2\u00b027\u203200\u2033n 47\u00b045\u203200\u2033w , 23 april 1971 ; cmphrm 3686a , 3 left valves , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off par\u00e1 , 1\u00b055\u203230\u2033n 47\u00b041\u203200\u2033w , 20 april 1971 ; cmphrm 714a , 5 right valves and 8 left valves , canopus , brazil , off cear\u00e1 , 3\u00b013\u2032s 38\u00b031\u2032w , june 1965 to february 1966 ; cmphrm 3648a , 1 right valve , akaroa , brazil , off alagoas , 9\u00b02\u203200\u2033s 35\u00b011\u20327\u2033w , 10 september 1965 ; cmphrm 3649a , 2 shells , akaroa , brazil , off alagoas , 9\u00b006\u203209\u2033s 35\u00b008\u203207\u2033w , 10 september 1965 ; cmphrm 3650a , 2 left valves , akaroa , brazil , off alagoas , 9\u00b027\u203208\u2033s 35\u00b007\u203207\u2033w , 08 september 1965 .\ndescription : shell ovate ( 13 \u00d7 8 mm ) , inequilateral , inequivalve , right valve smaller than left one , posteriorly rostrate . color white , inner surface shiny , outer surface with thin light - brown periostracum . subequilateral , posterior end longer , umbones slightly opisthogyrate . right valve convex , with 6\u201311 prominent radial ribs with interspaces , broader in the posterior region , that extend beyond the edge , making the crenulated margin , ribs well marked on the inner surface of the valve ; rostrum truncate , with fine secondary ribs ( 1\u20133 ) and growth lines ; hinge with l elongate ( lamellar ) lateral tooth ( posterior ) , anterior region rounded wih projetion next to umbones , deep fossete . left valve very convex , with 7\u201316 prominent radial ribs with interspaces , broader in the posterior region , that extend beyond the edge , making the crenulated margin , ribs well marked on the inner surface of the valve ; rostrum median truncate , with fine secondary ribs ( 3\u20136 ) and growth lines ; hinge without teeth , with deep fossete .\n) . in the present study , this species was recorded for off the north - north - east coast of brazil ( amap\u00e1 , par\u00e1 , cear\u00e1 , and alagoas ) .\nremarks : cardiomya ornatissima is distinguished from other cardiomya species found in this study mainly by a smaller number of radial ribs that are well - marked on the inner surface of the valve and the presence of secondary ribs in the rostrum .\ncardiomya perrostrata ( dall , 1881 ) . legends : ( a ) external view of the right valve ; ( b ) internal view of the right valve ; ( c ) external view of the left valve ; ( d ) external view of the right valve ( cmphrm 3660a ) ; ( e ) hinge of the right valve . a\u2013c ; e ( cmphrm 3662a ) . scale bars : a\u2013e , 1 mm\nsome morphological and morphometric data of cardiomya perrostrata ( dall , 1881 ) . comparative data on the length and height of the valves , size of rostrum and number of ribs of the examined material . dimensions in mm . the number in italics means the average value of the measurement\nmaterial examined : cmphrm 3661a , 1 left valve , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off amap\u00e1 , 4\u00b027\u203230\u2033n 50\u00b001\u203230\u2033w , 18 may 1971 ; cmphrm 3662a , 1 right valve and 1 left valve , oc . v . almirante saldanha , off amap\u00e1 , 2\u00b053\u203200\u2033n 48\u00b017\u203200\u2033w , 14 september 1970 ; cmphrm 712a , 1 right valve , canopus , brazil , off cear\u00e1 , 3\u00b013\u2032s 38\u00b031\u2032w , june 1965 to february 1966 ; cmphrm 3657a , 10 right valves and 9 left valves , brazil , pernambuco , itamarac\u00e1 island ; cmphrm 3659a , 5 right valves and 2 left valves , brazil , pernambuco , itamarac\u00e1 island ; cmphrm 3660a , 1 left valve , akaroa , brazil , off alagoas , 9\u00b01\u20320\u2033s 34\u00b055\u20322\u2033w , 10 september 1965 .\ndescription : shell small ( 14 . 93 \u00d7 9 . 45 mm ) , with a long , narrow rostrum ( sometimes with fine lines ) . color white , inner surface shiny . subequilateral , posterior end longer , umbones opisthogyrate . sculptured with 14 to 32 radial ribs alternating in size , every other one being slightly larger than the other , stronger in the posterior region . growth lines well marked in some specimens . crenulated margin . hinge in the right valve with posterior lateral teeth , with small fossete . hinge in the left valve without teeth .\n) . in the present study , this species was recorded for off the north - north - east coast of brazil ( amap\u00e1 , cear\u00e1 , and alagoas ) and itamarac\u00e1 island , pernambuco ( northeast brazil ) .\nremarks : cardiomya perrostrata is distinguished from other cardiomya species found in this study mainly by radial ribs with different sizes , a long narrow rostrum , and the presence of two posterior lateral teeth in the right valve , while c . cleryana and c . ornatissima have just one lateral tooth .\nmyonera aff . paucistriata dall , 1886 ( cmphrm 3664a ) . legends : ( a ) external view of the left valve ; ( b ) external view of the left valve . scale bars : a\u2013b , 1 mm\nmaterial examined : cmphrm 3663a , fragments , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off amap\u00e1 , 2\u00b006\u203230\u2033n 48\u00b024\u203200\u2033w , 23 april 1971 ; cmphrm 3664a , 1 left valve , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off par\u00e1 , 1\u00b022\u203200\u2033n 48\u00b013\u203200\u2033w , 20 april 1971 .\ndescription : valve small ( 5 . 01 \u00d7 3 . 08 mm ) , ovate , shortly rostrate ( 1 mm in lenght ) , with 2 strong keels posteriorly ( 3 ribs well marked and one secondary rib ) . outer surface white and shiny . inequilateral , umbones opisthogyrate . sculptured with radial and concentric lines that ceases just before the anterior keel . the space between and behind kells is smooth . left valve without teeth .\n) . in the present study , this species was recorded for off the north brazil ( amap\u00e1 and par\u00e1 ) .\nspecies found in brazil by ovate and shortly rostrate shell with two strong keels posteriorly .\n, but is distinguished from the latter mainly by its radial and concentric lines and a well - marked third rib . unfortunately , it was not possible to identify the specimens at a specific level due to the existence of a single left valve .\ntrigonulina ornata d\u2019orbigny , 1842 ( cmphrm 1864a ) . legends : ( a ) external view of the left valve ; ( b ) external view of the right valve ; ( c ) minute granules of outer surface in detail ; ( d ) internal view of the right ; ( e ) internal view of the left valve . scale bars : a\u2013b , 1 mm ; c , 200 \u03bcm ; d\u2013e , 1 mm\nsome morphological and morphometric data of trigonulina ornata d\u2019orbigny , 1842 . comparative data on the length and height of the valves , size of rostrum and number of ribs of the examined material . dimensions in mm\nlegend : cmphrm - a malacological collection \u201cprof . henry ramos matthews\u201d - series a , val . valve ; ( n o ) number of examined valves or ribs , r right , l left\nmaterial examined : cmphrm 1864a , three right valves and three left valves , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off amap\u00e1 , 4\u00b046\u203200\u2033n 50\u00b046\u203230\u2033w , 06 may 1971 .\ndescription : shell small ( 5 . 6 \u00d7 5 . 9 mm ) , equivalve , ovate to rounded , compressed . color white to cream , inner surface silver - white , outer surface opaque ( not shiny ) . umbones subcentral , turned to the anterior region ; deep lunule . ligament long . outer surface with minute granules . 3 / 4 of the anterior surface of the valve sculptured with 10 to 13 curved , deep radial ribs . posterior region without lines . anteroventral margin crenulated by the strong ribs . hinge in the right valve with small cardinal teeth , below umbones . hinge in the left valve without teeth .\ngeographic distribution : atlantic ocean : bermuda , massachusetts to florida , caribbean , guyane , surinam , brazil ( amap\u00e1 to rio grande do sul ) and sta . helena island ( rios\n) , based on the presence of a series of prominent radial ribs and the crenulation of the posteroventral margin . according to oliveira (\nalthough several studies have been carried out in brazil with the families poromyidae , cuspidariidae , and verticordiidae in the last few years ( e . g . ( oliveira\n) ) the knowledge about these families is still far from complete , as shown by the new records done in this study . the present study shows the possibility of two new species of septibranchs to brazil . however , it was not possible to reach conclusive identifications due to the scarce materials ( one valve of each species ) and its poor preservation .\nthis study provide new knowledge about septibranchia on the brazilian coast , reducing the gaps in the geographic distribution and extending the distribution limits of some species with new records . new collections probably will discover new records of poromyidae , cuspidariidae , and verticordiidae in the region .\n) . the studied material was deposited in the malacological collection \u201cprof . henry ramos matthews\u201d - series a ( cmphrm - a ) of universidade federal do cear\u00e1 ( ufc ) , brazil .\nspecies identification was performed with the aid of a stereoscopic microscope and specialized taxonomic literature . the examined material consists only of empty shells . all unbroken specimens were measured in total length , height , and size of the rostrum ( for members of the cuspidariidae ) with a digital caliper ( precision 0 . 01 mm ) . species with more than one well - preserved shell were photographed under a scanning electron microscope ( sem ) at the museu nacional , rio de janeiro , brazil .\nthe above specimens were used to prepare a dichotomous identification key and redescription of each species .\nthe lists of examined material contain the register number in the cmphrm - a , the number of examined valves , the collector , the country , the state , the geographic coordinates , and the collection date .\nthe authors thank paul valentich - scott , natalia pereira benain and one anonymous referee for valuable comments on the manuscript . the authors wish to also thank jo\u00e3o eduardo pereira de freitas for the photographs used in this study .\ncxb , ss and sgr participated in the acquisition , analysis and interpretation of data . cxb drafted the manuscript . hmc conceived of the study , and participated in its design and coordination and helped to draft the manuscript . all authors read and approved the final manuscript .\nabbott rt . american seashells - the marine mollusca of the atlantic and pacific coast of north america . new york : van nostrand ; 1974 .\nabsal\u00e3o rs , oliveira cdc . the genus cuspidaria ( pelecypoda : septibranchia : cuspidariidae ) from the deep sea of campos basin , brazil , with descriptions of two new species . malacologia . 2011 ; 54 : 119\u201338 .\nallen ja , morgan re . the functional morphology of atlantic deep water species of the families cuspidariidae and poromyidae ( bivalvia ) : an analysis of the evolution of the septibranch condition . philos trans r soc lond . 1981 ; 294 : 413\u2013546 .\nbieler r , carter jg , coan ev . classification of bivalve families . in : bouchet p , rocroi jp , editors . nomenclator of bivalve families , malacologia , vol . 52 . 2010 . p . 113\u201333 .\nbieler r , mikkelsen pm , collins tm , glover ea , gonz\u00e1lez vl , graf dl , et al . investigating the bivalve tree of life \u2013 an exemplar - based approach combining molecular and novel morphological characters . invertebr syst . 2014 ; 28 : 32\u2013115 .\ncoan ev , valentich - scott p . bivalve seashells of tropical west america : marine bivalve mollusks from baja california to northern peru . santa barbara : santa barbara museum of natural history ; 2012 .\ncoan ev , valentich - scott p , bernard fr . bivalve seashells of western north america : marine bivalve mollusks from arctic alaska to baja california . santa barbara : santa barbara museum of natural history monographs 2 ; 2000 .\ncorrea - sandoval a , rodr\u00edguez - castro jh . zoogeograf\u00eda de los bivalvos marinos de la costa de tamaulipas , m\u00e9xico . rev biol mar oceanogr . 2013 ; 48 : 565\u201384 .\ndall wh . reports on the results of dredging , under the supervision of alexander agassiz , in the gulf of mexico and in the caribbean sea ( 1877\u201378 ) , by the united states coast survey steamer \u201cblake\u201d , lieutenant - commander c . d . sigsbee , u . s . n . , and commander j . r . bartlett , u . s . n . , commanding . xv - preliminary report on the mollusca . bull mus comp zool . 1881 ; 9 : 33\u2013144 .\ndall wh . reports on the results of dredging , under the supervision of alexander agassiz , in the gulf of mexico ( 1877\u201378 ) and in the caribbean sea ( 1879\u201380 ) , by the u . s . coast survey steamer \u2018blake\u2019 , lient . - commander c . d . sigsbee , u . s . n . , and commander j . r . bartlett , u . s . n . , commanding . xxix - report on the molluscs part i , brachiopoda and pelecypoda . bull mus comp zool . 1886 ; 12 : 171\u2013318 .\nharper em , dreyer h , steiner g . reconstructing the anomalodesmata ( mollusca : bivalvia ) : morphology and molecules . zool j linnean soc . 2006 ; 148 : 395\u2013420 .\njanssen r , krylova em . deep - sea fauna of european seas : an annotated species check - list of benthic invertebrates living deeper than 2000 m in the seas bordering europe . bivalvia invert zool . 2014 ; 11 : 43\u201382 .\nkrylova em . new taxa and the system of recent representatives of the family poromyidae ( bivalvia , septibranchia , poromyoidea ) . ruthenica . 1997 ; 7 : 141\u20138 .\nlamy d , martin d , romano c , pititto f , mura mp , gil j , et al . compl\u00e9ment \u00e0 l\u2019inventaire des mollusques de guyane . xenophora . 2014 ; 148 : 8\u201319 .\nleal jh . a remarkable new genus of carnivorous , sessile bivalves ( mollusca : anomalodesmata : poromyidae ) with descriptions of two new species . zootaxa . 1764 ; 2008 : 1\u201318 .\noliveira cdc . considera\u00e7\u00f5es sobre a taxonomia de septibranchia ( mollusca : pelecypoda ) e o estado da arte do conhecimento do grupo no brasil . sicardia . 2012 ; 2012 : 1\u201312 .\noliveira cdc , absal\u00e3o rs . primeiro registro de mendicula ferruginosa , kelliella atlantica e lyonsiella subquadrata ( mollusca , pelecypoda ) para \u00e1guas brasileiras . biociencias . 2007 ; 15 : 63\u20137 .\noliveira cdc , absal\u00e3o rs . the genera myonera , octoporia , and protocuspidaria ( pelecypoda , cuspidariidae ) from deep waters of campos basin , rio de janeiro , brazil with descriptions of two new species . am malacol bull . 2009 ; 27 : 141\u201356 .\noliveira cdc , absal\u00e3o rs . review of the septibranchia ( pelecypoda : mollusca ) from deep sea of campos basin , brazil : family verticordiidae , with description of a new species . j mar biol assoc uk . 2010a ; 90 : 809\u201317 .\noliveira cdc , absal\u00e3o rs . review of the septibranchia ( mollusca : pelecypoda ) from the deep sea of campos basin , brazil : family lyonsiellidae , with description of a new species . science . 2010b ; 74 : 305\u201316 .\noliveira cdc , sartori af . discovery and anatomy of the arenophilic system of cuspidariid clams ( bivalvia : anomalodesmata ) . j morphol . 2014 ; 275 : 9\u201316 ."]}
+{"id": 33, "summary": [{"text": "the white-fronted capuchin ( cebus albifrons ) is a species of capuchin monkey , a type of new world primate , found in seven different countries in south america : bolivia , brazil , colombia , venezuela , ecuador , peru , and trinidad and tobago .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "the species is divided into several different subspecies , though the specific divisions are uncertain and controversial .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "this primate is a medium-sized monkey with a light brown back and a creamy white underside .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "like other capuchin monkeys , it is omnivorous , feeding primarily on fruits , invertebrates , other plant parts and sometimes small vertebrates .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "it is predated upon primarily by raptors and probably small cats , especially the margay , though snakes have been known to attack the species .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "it is a polygamous animal and lives on fairly large groups of 15 to 35 individuals , reproductive females give birth to a single young at biennial intervals .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "the species maintains a home range of 1.2 to 1.5 km \u00b2 ( 0.46 to 0.58 sq mi ) and has a complex vocal repertoire .", "topic": 19}, {"text": "it is one of the few primates to have been observed crafting and utilising tools in the wild .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "white-fronted capuchin populations are declining .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "the decline is believed to be caused by human-induced habitat loss and degradation , and hunting .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "in 2008 the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) classified the ecuadorian white-fronted capuchin ( ssp. aequatorialis ) and the trinidad white-fronted capuchin ( ssp. trinitatis ) as critically endangered , and the varied white-fronted capuchin ( ssp. versicolor ) in colombia is classified as endangered .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the total population of the trinidad subspecies was 61 at the last census . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "white - fronted capuchin", "paragraphs": ["species group within the genus cebus , a group that also includes the white - fronted capuchin , the weeper capuchin and the kaapori capuchin .\ninformation on the white - fronted capuchin is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\nyou selected santa marta white - fronted capuchin ( english ) . this is a common name for :\nthe white - fronted capuchin is an arboreal , forest dwelling species which feeds mainly on fruit and insects .\nwhite - fronted capuchin at about 1600m elevation in our cerro candelaria reserve . photo : luis recalde / ecominga .\nnumerous subspecies of the white - fronted capuchin have been described , although there is some debate regarding the exact number .\nnotes on interactions between the tayra ( eira barbara ) and the white - fronted capuchin ( cebus albifro . . .\nclassified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) and listed on appendix i of cites ( 2 ) . subspecies : ecuadorian white - fronted capuchin , cebus albifrons aequatorialis , and the trinidad white - fronted capuchin , c . a . trinitatis , are listed as critically endangered ( cr ) , the r\u00edo cesar white - fronted capuchin , c . a . cesarae , is listed as data deficient ( dd ) , the shock - headed capuchin , c . a . cuscinus , is listed as near threatened ( nt ) , the santa marta white - fronted capuchin , c . a . malitiosus , and the varied white - fronted capuchin , c . a . versicolor , are listed as endangered ( en ) and the white - fronted capuchin , c . a . albifrons , is listed as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\na white - fronted capuchin ( cebus albifrons ) . \u00a9 renee lynn , national audubon society collection / photo researchers , inc . reproduced with permission .\nwhite - fronted capuchins are found in rainforest habitats from sea - level to 2000 meters ( hill , 1960 ) .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - white - fronted capuchin ( cebus albifrons )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - white - fronted capuchin ( cebus albifrons )\ntitle =\narkive species - white - fronted capuchin ( cebus albifrons )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthe average body mass for the white - fronted capuchin is about 3 kilograms . this species has relatively long limbs compared to trunk size . the white - fronted capuchin has a prehensile tail . this species is sexually dimorphic . fingers on this species are short and the thumb is opposable ( fleagle , 1988 ) . the premolars of the white - fronted capuchin are large , and the molars are square shaped with a thick enamel to help with cracking nuts ( fleagle , 1988 ) .\nlike other capuchin species , the white - headed capuchin matures slowly . sexual maturity can be reached at 3 years .\nmale white - fronted capuchins are dominant over females , and it has been observed that an alpha male appears to lead the group .\nabout whether there are any subspecies of white - headed capuchin . some authorities consider there to be three subspecies of white - headed capuchin , based on small differences in appearance :\nlike other monkeys of the cebus group , the white - headed capuchin is named after the order of capuchin friars \u2013 the cowls worn by these friars looks like the monkey ' s white fur .\nthe iucn red list and other sources don\u2019t provide the number of the white - fronted capuchin total population size . according to the wikipedia resource the total population size of the trinidad subspecies was 61 individuals at the last census . currently white - fronted capuchins are classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ; however their numbers today are decreasing .\nthis video was taken in the town of misahualli , ecuador . the town has a semi - free ranging population of white - fronted capuchin monkeys , that regularly use rocks to smash open nuts and sticks .\nenglish : white - shouldered capuchin ; french : sajou \u00e0 gorge blanche ; spanish : mono capuchino .\ntail that is often held coiled , giving the white - headed capuchin the nickname\nringtail\n.\nthere is disagreement among primatologists about whether there are any subspecies of white - headed capuchin . some authorities consider there to be three subspecies of white - headed capuchin , based on small differences in appearance :\nthe scientific community has focused on the tool use of brazilian populations of the brown tufted capuchin , cebus apella , the species in the attenborough video . in our ecominga reserves , we do not have this species , but we do have the white - fronted capuchin , cebus albifrons in our cerro candelaria , naturetrek , and rio zunac reserves . one of our forest caretakers , luis recalde , recently managed to photograph this white - fronted capuchin in the cerro candelaria reserve :\nthe white - headed capuchin ( cebus capucinus ) , also known as the white - faced capuchin or white - throated capuchin , is a medium - sized new world monkey of the family cebidae , subfamily cebinae . native to the forests of central america and the extreme north - western portion of south america , the white - headed capuchin is important to rainforest ecology for its role in dispersing seeds and pollen .\nthe white - headed capuchin was originally described by carolus linnaeus in his 18th century work , systema naturae . it is a member of the family cebidae . it is part of the family of new world monkeys containing capuchin monkeys , squirrel monkeys , tamarins and marmosets . it is part of the genus cebus . it is part of the c . capucinus species group . this group also includes the white - fronted capuchin , the weeper capuchin and the kaapori capuchin .\nthe white - headed capuchin has mostly black fur , with white to yellow like fur on the neck , throat , chest , shoulders , and upper arms .\non another occasion , juan pablo reyes and our caretakers set up a camera trap near that reserve to discover what animal was eating our neighbors\u2019 corn . the culprit turned out to be a sneaky white - fronted capuchin :\nwhite - fronted capuchins inhabit northwestern south america , including columbia , ecuador , venezuela , eastern peru , and a good part of amazonian brazil . they like to live in thick primary growth rainforest where traveling from tree to tree can be done easily . white - fronted capuchins also like flooded forests , forests growing between rocks , forests growing in white sand and gravel at the bottom of mesas .\nas white - fronted capuchins are limited to rainforest habitats , they are threatened by habitat destruction from logging and forest clearance . in some areas they are hunted for meat .\nthere are four species of capuchin monkeys found in south america . the brown capuchin ( cebus apella ) lives in tropical and subtropical forests from venezuela to brazil . capuchins are not found in the andes mountains along the western part of the continent . the brown capuchin has tufts a white - fronted capuchin ( cebus albifrons ) . \u00a9 renee lynn , national audubon society collection / photo r\u2026\nthe white - headed capuchin ( cebus capucinus ) is a medium - sized new world monkey of the family cebidae , subfamily cebinae . it is also known as the white - faced capuchin or the white - throated capuchin . it comes from the forests of central america . it also lives in the extreme northwestern part of south america . the white - headed capuchin is important to rain forests because of its role in dispersing seeds and pollen .\nthe white - headed capuchin ( cebus capucinus ) is a medium - sized new world monkey of the family cebidae , subfamily cebinae . it is also known as the white - faced capuchin or the white - throated capuchin . it comes from the forests of central america . it also lives in the extreme northwestern part of south america . the white - headed capuchin is important to rain forests because of its role in dispersing seeds and pollen .\nthe white - headed capuchin is found in much of central america and a small portion of south america . in\n, more than it directly impacts the white - headed capuchin , and so on a net basis deforestation may not be as harmful to the capuchin ' s status .\nthe white - headed capuchin was originally described by carolus linnaeus in his 18th century work , systema naturae . [ 4 ] it is a member of the family cebidae . it is part of the family of new world monkeys containing capuchin monkeys , squirrel monkeys , tamarins and marmosets . it is part of the genus cebus . [ 5 ] it is part of the c . capucinus species group . this group also includes the white - fronted capuchin , the weeper capuchin and the kaapori capuchin . [ 5 ]\nlike other monkeys of the cebus group , the white - headed capuchin is named after the order of capuchin friars \u2013 the cowls worn by these friars looks like the monkey ' s white fur . [ 6 ] [ 7 ]\nthe white - headed capuchin monkey ( cebus capucinus ) , also known as the white - faced capuchin or white - throated capuchin , is a small new world monkey of the family cebidae . native to the forests of south and central america , white - throated capuchins are important to rainforest ecology by their role in dispersing seeds and pollen . like other monkeys in the genus cebus , white - headed capuchins are named after the order of capuchin friars : the cowls worn by these friars closely resemble the monkeys head colouration .\ninsects , ant and wasp larvae and vertebrates become a particularly important part of the white - headed capuchin ' s diet .\nthe white - headed capuchin is known to rub parts of certain plants into their hair . plants used in this manner include\n) , also known as the white - faced capuchin or white - throated capuchin , is a medium - sized new world monkey of the family cebidae , subfamily cebinae . native to the forests of central america and the extreme north - western portion of south america , the white - headed capuchin is important to rainforest ecology for its role in dispersing seeds and pollen .\nthe white - fronted capuchin ( c . albifrons ) is found in the moist forests of venezuela , brazil , bolivia , ecuador , colombia , and on the island of trinidad . this species is slightly smaller than other capuchin monkeys . the colors are similar to weeper and white - faced capuchins , with a pale and broad cap that covers most of the tops of their heads .\nwhite - fronted capuchins assist in dispersing via their feces , the seeds of the fruits that they eat . this may transport propagules somewhere they normally would not get to , far away from the tree they fell from .\nperry , s . ( 1996 ) .\nfemale - female relationships in wild white - faced capuchin monkeys , cebus capucinus .\n.\nperry , s . ( 1997 ) .\nmale - female social relationships in wild white - faced capuchin monkeys , cebus capucinus\n.\nthe white - headed capuchin has a long life span given its size . the maximum recorded life span in captivity is over 54 years .\nother names : black - capped capuchin , brown capuchin , guianan brown capuchin , tufted capuchin ; gekuifde kapucijnaap ( dutch ) ; sajon apelle ( french ) ; macaco prego ( spanish ) ; tjockhuvudtamarin , brun kapucin , gulbr\u00f6stad kapucin , m\u00f6sskapucin ( swedish ) ; c . a . apella : mono capuchin pardo ( spanish ) .\nfactors such as easier access to water and food may have to do with the white - headed capuchin ' s less extensive use of tools .\nperry , s . ( 1997 ) .\nmale - female social relationships in wild white - faced capuchin monkeys , cebus capucinus .\n.\nthe white - headed capuchin can eat a wide variety of fruits as well as caterpillars in the early rainy season ( june to november ) .\nthe black capuchin monkey ( cebus nigritus ) , is a capuchin monkey from south america . it is found in brazil and argentina . the robust tufted capuchin ( cebus nigritus robustus ) , is a subspecies of the black capuchin endemic to brazil . conservation status \u2013 vulnerable .\nthough the white - headed capuchin has perhaps the most extensive and most frequent tool use in comparison to the other gracile capuchins , its tool use is considerably inferior to that of robust capuchins , especially the tufted capuchin . factors such as easier access to water and food may have to do with the white - headed capuchin ' s less extensive use of tools .\nthe white - fronted capuchin is found in the countries of bolivia , brazil , colombia , ecuador , peru , and venezuela . this species prefers to live in primary and advanced secondary forests . this species prefers canopy trees over 30 meters high with crowns 55 meters in diameter ( kinzey , 1997 ) .\nthough the white - headed capuchin has perhaps the most extensive and most frequent tool use in comparison to the other gracile capuchins , its tool use is considerably inferior to that of robust capuchins , especially the tufted capuchin .\nlike other monkeys in the genus cebus , the white - headed capuchin is named after the order of capuchin friars \u2013 the cowls of these friars closely resemble the monkey ' s head coloration . the white - headed capuchin has mostly black fur , with white to yellow like fur on the neck , throat , chest , shoulders , and upper arms . the face is pink or a white - cream color and may have identifying marks such as dark brows or dark fur patches . an area of black fur on the crown of the head is distinctive . it has a prehensile tail that is often held coiled , giving the white - headed capuchin the nickname\nringtail\n.\nwhite - fronted capuchins help to disperse the seeds of fruits they eat in their feces . this may carry propagules to an area that might not normally be reached , far from the perimeter of the tree . ( terborgh , 1992 ) .\n1986 . boa constrictor predation and group response in white - faced cebus monkeys .\nalthough they engage in activity that has been described as\nterritorial\n, more recent research indicates that white - faced capuchin troops tend to behave aggressively to other white - faced capuchin troops regardless of where they meet , and the aggression is not necessarily intended to exclude the other troops from a specific home range .\nlike other capuchin monkeys , the white - headed capuchin matures slowly . sexual maturity is reached at 3 years . on average , females give birth for the first time at 7 years old and give birth every 26 months . males reach maturity at 10 years old . the white - headed capuchin has a long life span . the maximum recorded life span in captivity is over 54 years .\nthe small size of white - fronted capuchins makes them vulnerable to larger predators . these capuchins have adopted a loud alarm call which scares some predators off and may warn others in the group about the presence of predators ( smuts et al . , 1987 ) .\nand agoutis are attracted by feeding white - headed capuchins , looking for fruit that the capuchins drop . several species of bird are also known to follow white - headed capuchins looking for food . these include the double - toothed kite , the white hawk and the\nseveral non - primate animal species tend to follow troops of white - faced monkeys or are otherwise attracted by their presence . white - lipped peccaries and common agoutis are attracted by feeding white - headed capuchins , looking for fruit that the capuchins drop . several species of bird are also known to follow white - headed capuchins looking for food . these include the double - toothed kite , the white hawk and the sharp - shinned hawk .\ncapuchin monkey ,\nmindy ' s memory primate sanctuary website , 2007 .\nthe capuchin monkeys are the group of new world monkeys classified as genus cebus .\nare attracted by feeding white - headed capuchins , looking for fruit that the capuchins drop .\nlike other capuchin species , the white - headed capuchin matures slowly . sexual maturity can be reached at 3 years . but on average , females give birth for the first time at 7 years old and give birth every 26 months thereafter . males attain reproductive maturity at 10 years old . the white - headed capuchin has a long life span given its size . the maximum recorded life span in captivity is over 54 years .\nalthough south american capuchin species often travel with and feed together with squirrel monkeys , the white - headed capuchin only rarely associates with the central american squirrel monkey . this appears to be related to the patchier , more dispersed distribution of food resources in central america and the fact that there is less dietary overlap between the central american squirrel monkey and the white - headed capuchin than between their south american counterparts . therefore , there is less benefit to the central american squirrel monkey in associating with the white - headed capuchin in order to exploit the capuchin ' s knowledge of food resource distribution . in addition , compared to their south american counterparts , male white - headed capuchins are relatively more alert to rival males than to predators , reducing the predator detection benefits that the central american squirrel monkey receives from associating with the white - headed capuchin compared to its south american counterparts . since the squirrel monkeys generally initiate interactions with the capuchins in south america , the fact that similar associations would impose higher foraging costs and impart fewer predator detection benefits to the central american squirrel monkey leads to fewer associations with the white - headed capuchin .\ni haven\u2019t noticed reports in the scientific literature about stone tool use in the white - fronted capuchin , but some friends of mine ( juan medina , oscar valenzuela ) have repeatedly observed complex behaviors in this ecuadorian species . the best place to observe these behaviors is in the jungle town of misahualli , home of a wild population of white - fronted capuchins that has adapted to human city life . juan medina , a guide who spent much time in the town , tells me that just like the brazilian cebus apella , the monkeys there collect large pounding rocks along the rivers and carry them ( sometimes using both hands ) into the town , where they use them to break hard food objects . juan observed that they also use carefully - chosen sticks ( again , brought from a distance ) to dig out carpenter bee larvae from their tunnels . here is a short clip on youtube made by a visitor in misahualli . the stone tool use by the white - fronted capuchin is clearly visible :\nthe black - striped capuchin monkey ( cebus libidinosus ) , is a new world capuchin monkey from south america . it is found in brazil , argentina and paraguay .\nseveral non - primate animal species tend to follow troops of white - faced monkeys or are otherwise attracted by their presence . white - lipped peccaries and common agoutis are attracted by feeding white - headed capuchins , looking for fruit that the capuchins drop . [ 38 ] several species of bird are also known to follow white - headed capuchins looking for food . these include the double - toothed kite , the white hawk and the sharp - shinned hawk . [ 38 ]\nthe white - headed capuchin sometimes interacts with other sympatric monkey species . white - headed capuchins sometimes travel with and even groom geoffroy ' s spider monkeys . however , aggressive interactions between the capuchins and spider monkeys also occur . interactions between the white - headed capuchin and mantled howler are infrequent , and sometimes result in the capuchins threatening the larger howlers . however , affiliative associations between the capuchins and howlers do sometimes occur , mostly involving juveniles playing together .\nthe white - headed capuchin sometimes interacts with other sympatric monkey species . white - headed capuchins sometimes travel with and even groom geoffroy ' s spider monkeys . however , aggressive interactions between the capuchins and spider monkeys also occur . interactions between the white - headed capuchin and mantled howler are infrequent , and sometimes result in the capuchins threatening the larger howlers . however , affiliative associations between the capuchins and howlers do sometimes occur , mostly involving juveniles playing together .\nblond capuchin , cebus queirozi ( new species , mendes pontes et al . 2006 )\nthe white - headed capuchin ' s intelligence and ability to use tools allows them to be trained to assist paraplegics . other species of capuchin monkeys are also trained in this manner . white - headed capuchins can also be trained for roles on television and movies , such as marcel on the television series friends . they were also traditionally used as organ grinder monkeys .\nthe white - headed capuchin ' s intelligence and ability to use tools allows them to be trained to assist paraplegics . other species of capuchin monkeys are also trained in this manner . white - headed capuchins can also be trained for roles on television and movies , such as marcel on the television series friends . they were also traditionally used as organ grinder monkeys .\nthe white - headed capuchin has mostly black fur . it has white or yellow fur on the neck , throat , chest , shoulders , and upper arms . the face is pink or a white - cream color . the face can sometimes have marks like dark brows or dark fur patches . there is also an area of black fur on the top of the head .\nalthough south american capuchin species often travel with and feed together with squirrel monkeys , the white - headed capuchin only rarely associates with the central american squirrel monkey . this appears to be related to the patchier , more dispersed distribution of food resources in central america and the fact that there is less dietary overlap between the central american squirrel monkey and the white - headed capuchin than between their south american counterparts . therefore , there is less benefit to the central american squirrel monkey in associating with the white - headed capuchin in order to exploit the capuchin ' s knowledge of food resource distribution . in addition , compared to their south american counterparts , male white - headed capuchins are relatively more alert to rival males than to predators , reducing the predator detection benefits that the central american squirrel monkey receives from associating with the white - headed capuchin compared to its south american counterparts . since the squirrel monkeys generally initiate interactions with the capuchins in south america , the fact that similar associations would impose higher foraging costs and impart fewer predator detection benefits to the central american squirrel monkey leads to fewer associations with the white - headed capuchin . [ 13 ] [ 43 ] [ 44 ] [ 45 ]\nlike other capuchin monkeys , the white - headed capuchin matures slowly . sexual maturity is reached at 3 years . [ 57 ] on average , females give birth for the first time at 7 years old and give birth every 26 months . [ 13 ] males reach maturity at 10 years old . [ 13 ] the white - headed capuchin has a long life span . the maximum recorded life span in captivity is over 54 years . [ 13 ]\nperry s . rose l . ( 1994 ) . begging and transfer of coati meat by white - faced capuchin monkeys , cebus capucinus . primates 35 ( 4 ) : 409 - 415\nthe white - headed capuchin also uses tools in other ways . it has been known to beat snakes with sticks in order to protect itself or to get the snake to release an infant .\nthe white - headed capuchin can adapt to forest fragmentation better than other species due to its ability to live in a wide variety of forest types and exploit a wide variety of food sources .\ncapuchin monkeys belong to the cebidae family with the marmosets , tamarins , and squirrel monkeys .\n. this appears to be related to the patchier , more dispersed distribution of food resources in central america and the fact that there is less dietary overlap between the central american squirrel monkey and the white - headed capuchin than between their south american counterparts . therefore , there is less benefit to the central american squirrel monkey in associating with the white - headed capuchin in order to exploit the capuchin ' s knowledge of food resource distribution . in addition , compared to their south american counterparts , male white - headed capuchins are relatively more alert to rival males than to predators , reducing the predator detection benefits that the central american squirrel monkey receives from associating with the white - headed capuchin compared to its south american counterparts . since the squirrel monkeys generally initiate interactions with the capuchins in south america , the fact that similar associations would impose higher foraging costs and impart fewer predator detection benefits to the central american squirrel monkey leads to fewer associations with the white - headed capuchin .\nperry , s . , manson , j . & barrett , h . c . ( 2004 ) .\nwhite - faced capuchin monkeys exhibit triadic awareness in their choice of allies .\n.\nwhite - faced capuchin troops occupy home ranges of between 32 and 86 hectares ( 79 and 213 acres ) . they travel between 1 and 3 kilometres ( 0 . 62 and 1 . 86 mi ) daily , averaging 2 kilometres ( 1 . 2 mi ) per day . although they engage in activity that has been described as\nterritorial\n, more recent research indicates that white - faced capuchin troops tend to behave aggressively to other white - faced capuchin troops regardless of where they meet , and the aggression is not necessarily intended to exclude the other troops from a specific home range .\nperry , s . ; manson , j . & barrett , h . c . ( 2004 ) .\nwhite - faced capuchin monkeys exhibit triadic awareness in their choice of allies .\n.\nwhite - faced capuchin troops occupy home ranges of between 32 and 86 hectares ( 79 and 213 acres ) . they travel between 1 and 3 kilometres ( 0 . 62 and 1 . 86 mi ) daily , averaging 2 kilometres ( 1 . 2 mi ) per day . although they engage in activity that has been described as\nterritorial\n, more recent research indicates that white - faced capuchin troops tend to behave aggressively to other white - faced capuchin troops regardless of where they meet , and the aggression is not necessarily intended to exclude the other troops from a specific home range .\none white - faced capuchin monkey sticks its fingers deep into the eye sockets of another capuchin it ' s friends with . a capuchin uses her ally ' s body parts to whack their common enemy . these behaviors become entrenched in the repertoires of the inventors . but in the first case , the behavior spreads to other group members , and in the second case it does not .\nthe white - headed capuchin is regarded as\nleast concern\nfrom a conservation standpoint by iucn . however , its numbers are affected by the fact that it is sometimes captured for the pet trade . its status can also be harmed by deforestation . however , deforestation may also impact its main predator , the harpy eagle , more than it directly impacts the white - headed capuchin , and so on a net basis deforestation may not be as harmful to the capuchin ' s status . the white - headed capuchin can adapt to forest fragmentation better than other species due to its ability to live in a wide variety of forest types and exploit a wide variety of food sources . the white - headed capuchin is important to its ecosystems as a seed and pollen disperser . it also impacts the ecosystem by eating insects that act as pests to certain trees , by pruning certain trees , such as\nseveral species of bird are also known to follow white - headed capuchins looking for food . these include the\nenglish : brown or tufted capuchin ; french : sapajou apelle ; spanish : capuchino de copete .\nthe range of the capuchin monkeys includes central america ( honduras ) and middle south america ( middle brazil , eastern peru , paraguay ) . capuchin monkeys generally resemble the friars of their namesake .\nthe white - headed capuchin was one of the many species originally described by linnaeus in his 18th century work , systema naturae . it is a member of the family cebidae , the family of new world monkeys containing capuchin monkeys , squirrel monkeys , tamarins and marmosets . it is the type species for the genus cebus , the genus that includes all the capuchin monkeys . it is a member of the\nthe kaapori capuchin monkey ( cebus kaapori ) is a capuchin monkey endemic to brazil . this species is found in the brazilian states of para and maranhao . formerly considered a subspecies of the weeper capuchin ( cebus olivaceus ) , it was recently elevated to species status . conservation status \u2013 vulnerable .\ncapuchin monkeys belong to the new world monkey group , native only to central and south america . the capuchin monkey is active during the day and generally lives and travels through trees . [ 1 ]\n, causing them generate more branches and possibly additional fruit , and by accelerating germination of certain seeds when they pass through the capuchin ' s digestive tract . in addition , the white - headed capuchin sometimes kills acacia collinsii plants when it rips through the plant ' s branches to get to resident ant colonies .\nthe white - headed capuchin sometimes interacts with other sympatric monkey species . white - headed capuchins sometimes travel with and even groom geoffroy ' s spider monkeys . [ 11 ] [ 38 ] however , aggressive interactions between the capuchins and spider monkeys also occur . [ 42 ] interactions between the white - headed capuchin and mantled howler are infrequent , and sometimes result in the capuchins threatening the larger howlers . [ 38 ] however , affiliative associations between the capuchins and howlers do sometimes occur , mostly involving juveniles playing together . [ 42 ]\nwhite - faced capuchin troops occupy home ranges of between 32 and 86 hectares ( 79 and 213 acres ) . [ 11 ] they travel between 1 and 3 kilometres ( 0 . 62 and 1 . 86 mi ) daily , averaging 2 kilometres ( 1 . 2 mi ) per day . [ 38 ] although they engage in activity that has been described as\nterritorial\n, more recent research indicates that white - faced capuchin troops tend to behave aggressively to other white - faced capuchin troops regardless of where they meet , and the aggression is not necessarily intended to exclude the other troops from a specific home range . [ 39 ]\nthe white - headed capuchin ' s intelligence and ability to use tools allows them to be trained to assist paraplegics . [ 54 ] other species of capuchin monkeys are also trained in this manner . [ 55 ] white - headed capuchins can also be trained for roles on television and movies , such as marcel on the television series friends . [ 56 ] they were also traditionally used as organ grinder monkeys . [ 57 ]\nfruit can make up between 50 % and 67 % or more of the capuchin ' s diet .\noccasionally eats insects or other small invertebrates . according to a year - long study in peru ' s manu national park , white - fronted capuchins only seek out invertebrates when traveling to fruiting trees , or when droughts reduce fruit availability . other food sources in times of drought include palm nuts , figs , and nectar . ( terborgh , 1992 ) .\nthe weeper capuchin monkey ( cebus olivaceus ) , is a new world capuchin monkey from south america . it is found in brazil , guyana , french guiana , suriname and venezuela . conservation status \u2013 least concern .\nthe white - faced capuchin ( c . capucinus ) is found in central america from the southern region of mexico , south into colombia . white - faced capuchins live in dry or wet forests , and in mangroves . the color of their fur is pale cream to white on their bellies and the upper parts of their arms and legs , with black fur on their backs and lower limbs . they have white fur on their faces and a black cap . many older white - faced capuchins have a ruff ( fringe ) of hair on their foreheads and crowns . the average weight for males is 7 lb ( 3 . 5 kg ) and 5 lb ( 2 . 5 kg ) for females .\nin captivity , it has been known to use tools to get to food or to defend itself , and in one case a white - headed capuchin used a squirrel monkey as a projectile , hurling it at a human observer .\nthe large - headed capuchin monkey ( cebus apella macrocephalus ) , is a subspecies of the tufted capuchin from south america . it is found in brazil , colombia , ecuador and peru . conservation status \u2013 least concern .\nperry , s . ( 1996 ) .\nintergroup encounters in wild white - faced capuchins , cebus capucinus .\n.\nseveral non - primate animal species tend to follow troops of white - faced monkeys or are otherwise attracted by their presence .\nthe diet of the capuchin monkey is more varied than other monkeys in the family cebidae . capuchin monkeys are omnivores , eating not only fruits , nuts , seeds and buds , but also insects , spiders , bird eggs and small vertebrates . capuchin monkeys living near water will also eat crabs and shellfish by cracking their shells with stones .\nthe white - fronted capuchin monkey ( cebus albifrons ) , is a new world primate , endemic to six different countries in south america : bolivia , brazil , colombia , venezuela , ecuador and peru . the species is also divided into several different subspecies . just like any other capuchin monkey , it is also an omnivorous animal , feeding primarily on fruits , although it can also eat invertebrates and other plant parts . it is a polygamous animal and lives on fairly large groups ( 15 up to 35 individuals ) , giving birth to a single young at 2 year intervals . conservation status \u2013 least concern .\nperry , s . ( 1996 . ) .\nintergroup encounters in wild white - faced capuchins , cebus capucinus .\n.\nthe face is pink or a white - cream color and may have identifying marks such as dark brows or dark fur patches .\nthe white - headed capuchin has mostly black fur . it has white or yellow fur on the neck , throat , chest , shoulders , and upper arms . [ 8 ] the face is pink or a white - cream color . the face can sometimes have marks like dark brows or dark fur patches . [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] there is also an area of black fur on the top of the head . [ 8 ] [ 11 ] [ 8 ] [ 12 ]\nwhite - headed capuchins have mostly black fur , with white to yellowish fur around the naked , pinkish face and on the shoulders ; and , of course , white throats . a v - shaped area of black fur on the crown of the head is distinctive . the tip of the tail is often held coiled , giving white - headed capuchins the nickname \u2018ringtail\u2019 . adults may reach a length of 435 millimetres and a weight of 3 . 9 kilograms . their tail is prehensile . conservation status \u2013 least concern .\nboinski , s .\nuse of a club by a wild white - faced capuchin ( cebus capucinus ) to attack a venomous snake ( bathrops asper ) .\namerican journal of primatology 4 , no . 2 ( 1998 ) : 177\u2013179 .\none of the unusual features of the kinship structure of the white - headed capuchin , relative to other primate species , is the high degree of relatedness within groups that results from the long tenures of alpha males who sire most of the offspring .\ngroup size ranges from 15 to 35 members . groups are typically led by a dominant male and female . aggressive interactions constitute only about 10 % of social interactions . white - fronted capuchins are highly social and spend a lot of time in reciprocal grooming , however , dominant males and females receive a large proportion of grooming and rarely groom other individuals ( smuts et al . , 1987 ) .\nthe blond capuchin monkey ( cebus queirozi ) is a claimed new capuchin monkey species that was discovered in early 2006 by zoology researchers from the federal university in pernambuco , near recife , northeastern brazil . pontes said that \u2018as soon as i saw the monkey with its golden - yellow hair and the white tiara on its head , i knew it was a new species\u2019 .\nthe diet can vary between the rainy and dry season . for example , in guanacaste , costa rica the white - headed capuchin can eat a wide variety of fruits as well as caterpillars in the early rainy season ( june to november ) . but during the dry season , only figs and a few other types of fruit are available . during the dry season , chitinous insects , ant and wasp larvae and vertebrates become a particularly important part of the white - headed capuchin ' s diet . access to water can also become an issue during the dry season . the white - headed capuchin likes to drink daily , so in forests where water holes dry up during the dry season , there can be competition between troops over access to the remaining water holes .\nthe diet can vary between the rainy and dry season . for example , in guanacaste , costa rica the white - headed capuchin can eat a wide variety of fruits as well as caterpillars in the early rainy season ( june to november ) . but during the dry season , only figs and a few other types of fruit are available . during the dry season , chitinous insects , ant and wasp larvae and vertebrates become a particularly important part of the white - headed capuchin ' s diet . access to water can also become an issue during the dry season . the white - headed capuchin likes to drink daily , so in forests where water holes dry up during the dry season , there can be competition between troops over access to the remaining water holes .\nare threatened by habitat destruction due to logging and forest clearing . they are not currently endangered because their habitats continue to be fairly widespread and population numbers remain fairly high . white - fronted capuchins are also hunted for meat in some areas . while this hunting is not excessive and simply maintains the population at a slightly lower level , it is a potential threat ( smuts et al . , 1987 ) .\nperry , s . ( 1998 ) .\nmale - male social relationships in wild white - faced capuchins , cebus capucinus .\n.\naccess to water can also become an issue during the dry season . the white - headed capuchin likes to drink daily , so in forests where water holes dry up during the dry season , there can be competition between troops over access to the remaining water holes .\nthe tufted capuchin monkey ( cebus apella ) , also known as brown capuchin or black - capped capuchin is a new world primate from south america . it is one of the more widespread species of primates in the neotropics . tufted capuchins are omnivorous animals , mostly feeding on fruits and invertebrates , although they sometimes feed on small vertebrates ( lizards and bird chicks ) and other plant parts .\nthe diet can vary between the rainy and dry season . for example , in guanacaste , costa rica the white - headed capuchin can eat a wide variety of fruits as well as caterpillars in the early rainy season ( june to november ) . [ 47 ] but during the dry season , only figs and a few other types of fruit are available . [ 47 ] during the dry season , chitinous insects , ant and wasp larvae and vertebrates become a particularly important part of the white - headed capuchin ' s diet . [ 47 ] access to water can also become an issue during the dry season . the white - headed capuchin likes to drink daily , so in forests where water holes dry up during the dry season , there can be competition between troops over access to the remaining water holes . [ 47 ]\n, 1975 . comparison of the behavior and ecology of red colobus and black - and - white colobus monkeys in uganda : a summary . in :\nthe white - headed capuchin also uses tools in other ways . it has been known to beat snakes with sticks in order to protect itself or to get the snake to release an infant . in captivity , it has been known to use tools to get to food or to defend itself , and in one case a white - headed capuchin used a squirrel monkey as a projectile , hurling it at a human observer . some populations also use trees or other hard surfaces as anvils in order to crack mollusks . and it sometimes uses sticks as probes to explore openings .\nduring the mosquito season , capuchin monkeys crush up millipedes and rub the remains on their backs . this acts as a natural insect repellent .\nit is very common in costa rica and panama , but the monkey has been thrown out from honduras and much of nicaragua . many honduran capuchin monkeys were captured and relocated to the island of roat\u00e1n , and many nicaraguan capuchin monkeys were captured and relocated to the island of ometepe .\nit is very common in costa rica and panama , but the monkey has been thrown out from honduras and much of nicaragua . many honduran capuchin monkeys were captured and relocated to the island of roat\u00e1n , and many nicaraguan capuchin monkeys were captured and relocated to the island of ometepe .\nthe white - headed capuchin also uses tools in other ways . it has been known to beat snakes with sticks in order to protect itself or to get the snake to release an infant . in captivity , it has been known to use tools to get to food or to defend itself , and in one case a white - headed capuchin used a squirrel monkey as a projectile , hurling it at a human observer . it has been historically noted that the species is often able to recognize , and therefore avoid baited cage traps , and hidden net snares are often the only way to capture this monkey .\nagile and lean , capuchin monkeys weigh only 3 - 9 pounds ( 1 . 36 - 4 . 9 kilograms ) . the fur of the capuchin monkey varies , but is most commonly seen with cream or light tan coloring around the face , neck and shoulders . the rest of its coat is dark brown . the hair is shorter and darker on the capuchin ' s back than on other parts of its body . the face of this cute monkey will range from white to pink in color . the tail is long , covered in hair and is partially able to wrap around branches .\nthe white - headed capuchin lives in central america and a small part of south america . in central america , its home includes honduras , nicaragua , costa rica and panama . it has also been seen in eastern guatemala and southern belize , but these reports are unconfirmed . in south america the white - headed capuchin lives in the extreme north - western part between the pacific ocean and the andes mountains in colombia and ecuador . it is among the most commonly seen monkeys in central america ' s national parks , such as manuel antonio national park , corcovado national park , santa rosa national park and soberania national park .\nperry , s . ( 1998 ) .\nmale - male social relationships in wild white - faced capuchins , cebus capucinus .\n. behaviour 135 : 1\u201334 .\ncapuchin monkeys live in central america and south america . they make their home in trees , traveling during the day and sleeping in the trees at night .\n. it is mostly black , but with a pink face and white on much of the front part of the body , giving it its common name . it has a distinctive\nthe white - headed capuchin is found in much of central america and a small portion of south america . in central america , its range includes much of honduras , nicaragua , costa rica and panama . it has also been reported to occur in eastern guatemala and southern belize , but these reports are unconfirmed . in south america the white - headed capuchin is found in the extreme north - western strip between the pacific ocean and the andes mountains in colombia and northwestern ecuador . it is among the most commonly seen monkeys in central america ' s national parks , such as manuel antonio national park , corcovado national park , santa rosa national park and soberania national park .\ncapuchin monkeys are featured in the movies outbreak , pirates of the caribbean : the curse of the black pearl ( and its sequels ) , the zookeeper film , george of the jungle , and the hangover part ii . ross geller ( david schwimmer ) on the nbc sitcom friends had a capuchin monkey named marcel .\nuniversity of california - los angeles .\nhow new behaviors appear and spread among capuchin monkeys .\nsciencedaily . urltoken ( accessed august 25 , 2017 ) .\nthe white - headed capuchin lives in central america and a small part of south america . in central america , its home includes honduras , nicaragua , costa rica and panama . [ 3 ] it has also been seen in eastern guatemala and southern belize , but these reports are unconfirmed . [ 3 ] in south america the white - headed capuchin lives in the extreme north - western part between the pacific ocean and the andes mountains in colombia and ecuador . [ 3 ] it is among the most commonly seen monkeys in central america ' s national parks , such as manuel antonio national park , corcovado national park , santa rosa national park and soberania national park . [ 63 ]\nmanson jh , gros - louis j , perry s ( 2004 ) .\nthree apparent cases of infanticide by males in wild white - faced capuchins ( cebus capucinus )\n.\nis one of the smaller species of the capuchin group . the head is small in comparison to the body and the torso is slender with long , narrow limbs .\nwhen presented with a reflection , capuchin monkeys react in a way that indicates an intermediate state between seeing the mirror as another individual and recognizing the image as self .\ntheir body , arms , legs and tail are all darkly ( black or brown ) coloured , while the face , throat and chest are white coloured and their head has a black cap . capuchin monkeys reach a length of 30 to 56 centimetres ( 12 \u2013 22 inches ) , with tails that are just as long as their body . capuchin monkeys weigh up to 1 . 3 kilograms ( 2 \u2013 3 pounds ) , with brains of mass 35 \u2013 40 grams . they are considered the most intelligent new world monkeys .\nthe white - headed capuchin has a polygamous mating system . the male can mate with many females . the dominant male usually fathers most of the young . the dominant male is more likely to mate when the female is the most fertile . dominant males avoid breeding with their own daughters who are members of the troop . this is rare among new world monkeys .\njack , k . & fedigan , l . ( 2004 ) .\nmale dispersal patterns in white - faced capuchins , cebus capucinus part 1 : patterns and causes of natal emigration\n.\njack , k . & fedigan , l . ( 2004 ) .\nmale dispersal patterns in white - faced capuchins , cebus capucinus part 2 : patterns and causes of secondary dispersal\n.\nmanson jh , gros - louis j , & perry s . ( 2004 ) .\nthree apparent cases of infanticide by males in wild white - faced capuchins ( cebus capucinus )\n.\nalso , higher densities of white - headed capuchins are found in older areas of forest and in areas containing evergreen forest , as well as areas with more water availability during the dry season .\nweeper capuchins ( c . nigrivittatus ) are found north of the amazon and north and east of the rio negro in brazil , the guianas , and central venezuela . females weigh less than 5 lb ( 2 . 5 kg ) and males weigh around 6 lb ( 3 kg ) . their colorings are like the white - faced capuchins but there is less contrast between the dark and light colors . they have a narrow crown patch that comes to a marked point on their foreheads . they also live in dry and wet forests and mangroves as do the white - faced capuchin .\nwhite - fronted capuchins are a monkey of the new world and one of the smallest within the capuchin group . their head is small compared to their body , their torso is slender and they have long , narrow limbs . they are a light brown color on their back and lighter underneath , often in shades of red and yellow . the fur on their back is long and soft , in contrast to the short coarser fur of their underparts . the crown of their head has a dark , round patch . females sometimes possess a tuft of hair behind this patch . their face is sparsely covered with pale colored hair , through which their peach - colored flesh can be seen . the color of their limbs ranges from yellows to reddy browns . the males are larger than females and the male\u2019s tail may have a lighter tip ."]}
+{"id": 34, "summary": [{"text": "trigonogenium is a genus of beetles in the family buprestidae , the jewel beetles .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "species are native to chile and argentina .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "species include : trigonogenium angulosum ( solier , 1849 ) trigonogenium biforme cobos , 1986 trigonogenium subaequale ( fairmaire & germain , 1864 )", "topic": 26}], "title": "trigonogenium", "paragraphs": ["trigonogenium is a genus of beetles in the family buprestidae , the jewel beetles . they are native to chile and argentina .\nbuy beetles for sale buprestidae : trigonogenium angulosum obscure form from chile online . worldwide shipping ! beautiful insect beetles for sale buprestidae : trigonogenium angulosum obscure form for sale at the bugmaniac , one of the world ' s largest dealers of preserved dried insects .\nfigures 1 \u2013 5 . 1 . hovorigenium ecuadorense bellamy , 2007 , holotype , female , 7 . 2 mm ( photo by c . l . bellamy ) ; 2 . trigonogenium angulosum ruginosum ( fairmaire , 1868 ) , female , chile \u2013 las trancas , 9 . 5 mm ; 3 . cimrmanium angulinotum gen . nov . , sp . nov . , holotype , female , 11 . 0 mm ; 4 . same , ovipositor ; 5 . same , left antenna .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nhallan , j . ( 2000 - current ) . biology catalog . web compilation accessible at urltoken ( accessed june 2012 ) .\nnomenclator zoologicus . a list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of linnaeus , 1758 to the end of 2004 . digitised by ubio from vols . 1 - 9 of neave ( ed . ) , 1939 - 1996 plus supplementary digital - only volume . urltoken ( as at 2006 ) .\nsn2000 : brands , s . j . ( compiler ) 1989 - 2005 . systema naturae 2000 . amsterdam , the netherlands ( 2006 version ) . available online at urltoken\nthere are no reviews yet . be the first one to write a review .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nb\u00edl\u00fd , svatopluk , 2009 , a new genus and species of the tribe trigonogeniini cobos , 1956 , from belize ( coleoptera : buprestidae ) , zootaxa 2108 , pp . 65 - 68 : 65\ndescription . medium - sized , rather convex , elongate - ovoid , distinctly enlarged posteriorly ; entire dorsal surface except for pronotum with short , recumbent , black ( head ) or grey ( elytra ) pubescence , pronotum glabrous , asetose ; abdominal ventrites with extremely short , grey pubescence ; head deeply impressed above frontoclypeal suture , supraantennal carinae strongly developed ; antennomeres 4\u201311 obtusely serrate , longer than wide ; eyes large , widely reniform , not projecting beyond outline of head ; pronotum with fine , transverse rugae on disc , lateral pronotal margins strongly angulate at posterior fifth , deeply emarginate before posterior angles ; prelateral pronotal carina well - developed , obtuse ; scutellum very small , slightly longer than wide ; elytra nearly regularly convex , enlarged posteriorly with rows of fine , deep , isolated punctures ; elytral epipleura narrow , almost reaching elytral apex ; apical third of elytral margins finely , densely serrate ; prosternal process flat , nearly subparallel , anal ventrite obtusely truncate ; legs long , slender , femora narrowly fusiform , tarsi with ventral adhesive pads on tarsomeres 2\u20134 ; ovipositor long , slender , strongly sclerotised with small , laterally inserted styli .\ngen . nov . ( neuter ) is named after the famous czech traveller , innovator and the last czech polyhistorian , j\u00e1ra cimrman .\nby deeply impressed frons , strongly developed supraantennal carinae , quite characteristic pronotal shape ( fig . 3\n) , transverse rugae on pronotal disc , posteriorly enlarged elytra ( fig . 3\nby the narrow pronotum which is much narrower than the base of elytra ( figs . 2 & 3\n) , much finer dorsal sculpture , slightly prolonged scutellum , longer antennomeres , truncate anal ventrite , frons carinate along inner margins of eyes and by presence of transverse , elytral fields of grey pubescence .\nno known copyright restrictions apply . see agosti , d . , egloff , w . , 2009 . taxonomic information exchange and copyright : the plazi approach . bmc research notes 2009 , 2 : 53 for further explanation ."]}
+{"id": 35, "summary": [{"text": "thiotricha oleariae is a moth of the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by hudson in 1928 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in new zealand , where it has been recorded from the central part of the north island south to stewart island .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "adults are grey with darker markings .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the larvae feed on the foliage of olearia species , including olearia solandri from within a portable case .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "they mine and erode the leaves . ", "topic": 11}], "title": "thiotricha oleariae", "paragraphs": ["oleariae hudson , 1928 ; butt . & moths n . z . : 254\nthiotricha pontifera meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 196\nthiotricha synodonta meyrick , 1936 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 2 ) : 45\nthiotricha fridaella legrand , 1958 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 63 : 142\nthiotricha atractodes meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 502 ; tl : queensland , cairns\nthiotricha complicata meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 122 ; tl : coorg , dibidi\nthiotricha nephodesma meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 125 ; tl : assam , khasis\nthiotricha obvoluta meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 126 ; tl : assam , khasis\nthiotricha oxygramma meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 123 ; tl : assam , khasis\nthiotricha polyaula meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 125 ; tl : assam , khasis\nthiotricha rhodomicta meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 126 ; tl : assam , khasis\nthiotricha synacma meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 124 ; tl : assam , khasis\nthiotricha xanthaspis meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 122 ; tl : assam , khasis\nthiotricha ( thiotrichinae ) ; karsholt , mutanen , lee & kaila , 2013 , syst . ent . 38 : 343\nthiotricha amphixysta meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 500 ; tl : assam , khasis\nthiotricha attenuata ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75\nthiotricha aucupatrix meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 499 ; tl : peru , iquitos\nthiotricha celata ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75\nthiotricha clepsidoxa meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 499 ; tl : ceylon , maskeliya\nthiotricha coleella ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer , 1993 , nota lepid . 16 : 55 ; [ fe ]\nthiotricha hamulata meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 162 ; tl : java , preangor , 5000ft\nthiotricha hexanesa meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 501 ; tl : ceylon , maskeliya\nthiotricha janitrix meyrick , 1912 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 2 ) : 64 ; tl : bengal , pusa\nthiotricha obliquata ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75\nthiotricha rabida meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 500 ; tl : assam , khasis\nthiotricha cuneiformis meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 124 ; tl : coorg , dibidi , 3500ft\nthiotricha pancratiastis meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 426 ; tl : assam , shillong , 5000ft\nthiotricha pyrphora meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 122 ; tl : coorg , dibidi , 3500ft\nthiotricha scioplecta meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 123 ; tl : assam , shilleong , 5000ft\nthiotricha corylella omelko , 1993 ; biol . issl . est . kul ' t . ekosyst . prim . kr . : 209\nthiotricha flagellatrix meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 499 ; tl : assam , shillong , 5000ft\nthiotricha fusca omelko , 1993 ; biol . issl . est . kul ' t . ekosyst . prim . kr . : 204\nthiotricha indistincta omelko , 1993 ; biol . issl . est . kul ' t . ekosyst . prim . kr . : 205\nthiotricha termanthes meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 500 ; tl : assam , shillong , 5000ft\nthiotricha tetraphala meyrick , 1886 ; trans . n . z . inst . 18 : 164 ; tl : dunedin , new zealand\nthiotricha thorybodes meyrick , 1886 ; trans . n . z . inst . 18 : 164 ; tl : christchurch , new zealand\nthiotricha xanthodora meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 24 ; tl : burma , pyinmana\nthiotricha balanopa meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 123 ; tl : assam , khasis ; borneo , kuching\nthiotricha hemiphaea turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 118 ; tl : queensland , toowoomba\nthiotricha acrantha meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 440 ; tl : khasi hills\nthiotricha acronipha turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 118 ; tl : queensland , stradbroke island\nthiotricha characias meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 440 ; tl : palni hills\nthiotricha chrysantha meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 443 ; tl : khasi hills\nthiotricha embolarcha meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 500 ; tl : java , mt . salak , 4500ft\nthiotricha epiclista meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 440 ; tl : khasi hills\nthiotricha grammitis meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 442 ; tl : khasi hills\nthiotricha hoplomacha meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 441 ; tl : khasi hills\nthiotricha rhodopa meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 442 ; tl : khasi hills\nthiotricha argyrea turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 118 ; tl : n . queensland , atherton\nthiotricha clinopeda meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 124 ; tl : coorg , dibidi , 3500ft ; ceylon , maskeliya\nthiotricha galenaea meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 443 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon\nthiotricha glenias meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 439 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon\nthiotricha nephelodesma meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 280 ; tl : new ireland , st . matthias i .\nthiotricha orthiastis meyrick , 1905 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 16 ( 4 ) : 591 ; tl : rawalpindi , punjab\nthiotricha pancratiastis ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75\nthiotricha saulotis meyrick , 1906 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 17 ( 1 ) : 138 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon\nthiotricha scotaea meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 442 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon\nthiotricha trapezoidella ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75\nthiotricha tylephora ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75\nthiotricha centritis meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 439 ; tl : palni hills , 6000ft\nthiotricha galactaea meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 441 ; tl : palni hills , 6000ft\nthiotricha panglycera turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 117 ; tl : n . queensland , cairns and kuranda\nthiotricha prosoestea turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 116 ; tl : n . queensland , kuranda near cairns\nthiotricha anticentra meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 296 ; tl : brisbane , queensland\nthiotricha balanopa ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 82 ( note )\nthiotricha chrysopa meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 293 ; tl : brisbane , queensland\nthiotricha clidias meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 439 ; tl : khasi hills ; maskeliya , celon\nthiotricha cuneiformis ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 82 ( note )\nthiotricha delacma meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 24 ; tl : s . india , palnis , kodaikanal , 7000ft\nthiotricha margarodes meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 294 ; tl : rosewood , queensland\nthiotricha pteropis meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 443 ; tl : khasi hills ; maskeliya , ceylon\nthiotricha tethela ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 82 ( note )\nthiotricha animosella ; meyrick , 1908 , j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 439 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]\nthiotricha majorella ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer , 1993 , nota lepid . 16 : 47 ; [ me3 ] , 37 ( note ) ; [ fe ]\nthiotricha niphastis meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 296 ; tl : york , west australia\nthiotricha arthrodes meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 295 ; tl : sydney , new south wales\nthiotricha oxyopis ; bradley , 1961 , bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 132 ; [ nhm card ]\nthiotricha paraconta meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 295 ; tl : wollongong , new south wales\nthiotricha bullata meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 296 ; tl : broken hill , new south wales\nthiotricha leucothona meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 294 ; tl : murrurundi and sydney , new south wales\nthiotricha oxytheces meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 293 ; tl : brisbane , queensland ; sydney , new south wales\nthiotricha prunifolivora ueda & fujiwara , 2005 ; trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 76 ; tl : japan , honshu , osaka pref . , takatsuki city , bochikoen\nthiotricha parthenica meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 297 ; tl : sydney , new south wales ; george ' s bay , tasmania\nthiotricha angelica bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 131 , pl . 5 , f . 9 ; tl : guadalcanal , honiara\nthiotricha eremita bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 132 , pl . 5 , f . 111 ; tl : guadalcanal , honiara\nthiotricha melanacma bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 133 , pl . 5 , f . 12 ; tl : guadalcanal , honiara\nthiotricha tethela bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 131 , pl . 5 , f . 10 ; tl : guadalcanal , honiara\nthiotricha subocellea ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer , 1993 , nota lepid . 16 : 51 ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75 ; [ fe ]\nthiotricha synodonta ; [ nhm card ] ; park , 1991 , ann . hist . - nat . mus . hung . 83 : 121 ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75\nkorea , china ( jilin ) , japan , se . siberia . see [ maps ]\nchinochrysa diakonoff , 1954 ; verh . k . akad . wet . amst . ( 2 ) 50 ( 1 ) : 10\ngelechia ( ptocheuusa ) cleodorella zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 355 , pl . 5 , f . 120 ; tl : bogota\nptocheuusa coleella constant , 1885 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . ( 6 ) 4 : 255 , pl . 10 , f . 16 ; tl : alpes - maritimes\npolyhymno corylella ; ponomarenko , park & bae , 2006 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 9 ( 2 ) : 107\ndissobola meyrick , 1935 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 561\npolyhumno fusca ; ponomarenko , park & bae , 2006 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 9 ( 2 ) : 108\ngemmulans meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 63\npolyhymno ? godmani walsingham , [ 1892 ] ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1891 : 525 ; tl : west indies , st . vincent\npolyhymno indistincta ; ponomarenko , park & bae , 2006 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 9 ( 2 ) : 108\npolyhymno laterestriata walsingham , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 78\nlindsayi philpott , 1927 ; trans . n . z . inst . 58 : 84\nherzegovina , croatia , n . italy , s . france ( alpes - maritimes ) , greece . see [ maps ]\nptocheuusa majorella rebel , 1910 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 60 : 28 ; tl : herzegovina\nmicrorrhoda meyrick , 1935 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 586\npolyhymno pontifera ; bae , lee & park , 2014 , ent . res . 44 : 19 ( list )\nlarva on symplocos prunifolia ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 81\neu , european russia , china ( gansu , shaanxi , jilin ) , japan . see [ maps ]\nsyncentritis meyrick , 1935 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 586\nmystax trapezoidella caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 138 ; tl : kasakewitsch\nmystax trichoma caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 136 ; tl : kasakewitsch\npolyhymno tylephora meyrick , 1935 ; mat . microlep . fauna chin . prov . : 68\nanacampsis wollastoni walsingham , 1894 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1894 : 545 ; tl : madeira\n[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nmicrolepidoptera from the solomon islands . additional records and descriptions of microlepidoptera collected in the solomon islands by the rennell island expedition 1953 - 54\nmicrolepidoptera of new guinea , results of the third archbold expedition ( american - netherlands indian expedition 1938 - 1939 ) . part iv\nsystematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa , zugleich als text , revision und supplement zu j . h\u00fcbner ' s sammlung europ\u00e4ischer schmetterlinge , die schaben und federmotten , ( 1847 - ) 1853 - 1855 )\nzeller , 1877 exotische microlepidopteren horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 3 - 493 , pl . 1 - 6\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country ."]}
+{"id": 36, "summary": [{"text": "the manus monarch ( symposiachrus infelix ) is a species of bird in the family monarchidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is endemic to the admiralty islands of papua new guinea .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical mangrove forests .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "it is threatened by habitat loss . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "manus monarch", "paragraphs": ["the manus monarch was originally placed in the genus monarcha until moved to symposiachrus in 2009 . alternate names include the admiralty islands monarch , admiralty monarch , admiralty pied monarch , somber monarch and unhappy monarch .\nmanus monarch ( symposiachrus infelix ) is a species of bird in the monarchidae family .\nthe manus monarch ( symposiachrus infelix ) is a species of bird in the family monarchidae . it is endemic to the admiralty islands of papua new guinea .\nfile : black - naped monarch ( hypothymis puella puella ) female on nest . jpg\nfemale pale - blue monarch on a nest constructed on a fork in a tree .\nnot globally threatened . currently considered near - threatened . restricted - range species : present in admiralty islands eba . scarce or locally common . fairly common on manus , . . .\neiao monarch , pomarea fluxa \u2013 extinct ( late 1970s ) . formerly included in p . mendozae\nnuku hiva monarch , pomarea nukuhivae \u2013 extinct ( 20th century ) . formerly included in p . iphis\nua pou monarch , pomarea mira \u2013 extinct ( c . 1986 ) . formerly included in p . mendozae\nclement , p . ( 2018 ) . manus monarch ( symposiachrus infelix ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nthe monarch flycatchers ( monarchidae ) comprise a family of passerine birds which includes boatbills , shrikebills , paradise flycatchers , and magpie - larks .\nthe monarch flycatchers ( monarchidae ) comprise a family of passerine birds which includes boatbills , shrikebills , paradise - flycatchers , and magpie - larks .\nall monarch - flycatchers are arboreal and insectivorous . they forage by gleaning and snatching arthropods from vegetation or , in true flycatcher fashion , they sally after flying insects . monarchids are typically . . .\n14\u00b75\u201315 cm . a small to medium - sized pied monarch with white tail , thin and narrow bill . nominate race has black face , forehead and forecrown to side of neck , bluish - . . .\nthe nests are in turn often aggressively defended by monarch flycatchers . in all species the nest is an open cup on a branch , fork or twig . in some species the nests can be highly conspicuous .\nthe nests are in turn often aggressively defended by monarch flycatchers . in all species the nest is a open cup on a branch , fork or twig . in some species the nests can be highly conspicuous .\nmonarch - flycatchers may be uncommon or abundant , depending on the species and its requirements , and on environmental factors . near armidale , in south - eastern australia , the population density of leaden flycatchers . . .\nmonarch - flycatchers are predominantly birds of the old world tropics , where they are found in sub - saharan africa , madagascar , southern asia , wallacea and australasia and on islands in the indian and pacific . . .\nlist of species of the monarch - flycatchers ( monarchidae ) family . each species provides information on taxonomy , descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation and bibliography .\nthe monarch - flycatcher family , as presently defined , is a diverse group of small , slim - bodied , generally active arboreal birds , many of which are handsomely plumaged . its members range in size from the warbler - like . . .\nmore recently , the grouping has been refined somewhat as the original concept of corvida has proven paraphyletic . the narrower ' core corvine ' group now comprises the crows and ravens , shrikes , birds of paradise , fantails , monarch flycatchers , drongos and mudnest builders .\nmore recently , the grouping has been refined somewhat as the original concept of corvida has proven paraphyletic . the narrower ' core corvine ' group now comprises the crows and ravens , shrikes , birds of paradise , fantails , monarch flycatchers , drongos and mudnest builders . [ 8 ]\nthe majority of the family is found in forest and woodland habitats . species that live in more open woodlands tend to live in the higher levels of the trees but , in denser forest , live in the middle and lower levels . other habitats used by monarch flycatchers include savannah and mangroves , and the terrestrial magpie - lark occurs in most australian habitats except the driest deserts .\nthe majority of the family is found in forest and woodland habitats . species that live in more open woodlands tend to live in the higher levels of the trees but , in denser forest , live in the middle and lower levels . other habitats used by monarch flycatchers include savannah and mangroves , and the terrestrial magpie - lark occurs in most australian habitats except the driest deserts .\nwhile the majority of monarch flycatchers are resident , a few species are partially migratory and one , the satin flycatcher , is fully migratory , although the japanese paradise flycatcher is almost entirely migratory . the asian paradise flycatcher is migratory over the northern parts of its range and sedentary in the tropics , and the african paradise flycatcher makes a series of poorly understood intra - african migratory movements .\nthe monarch - flycatchers are generally monogamous , with the pair bonds ranging from just a single season ( as in the african paradise - flycatcher ) to life ( the elepaio ) . only three species are known to engage in cooperative breeding ; but many species are as yet unstudied . they are generally territorial , defending territories that are around 2 ha in size , but a few species may cluster their nesting sites closely together . nesting sites may also be chosen close to aggressive species , for example leaden flycatchers nests may be located near the nests of the aggressive noisy friarbird . [ 4 ] the nests are in turn often aggressively defended by monarch flycatchers . in all species the nest is an open cup on a branch , fork or twig . in some species the nests can be highly conspicuous .\nwhile the majority of monarch - flycatchers are resident , a few species are partially migratory and one , the satin flycatcher , is fully migratory , although the japanese paradise - flycatcher is almost entirely migratory . the asian paradise - flycatcher is migratory over the northern parts of its range and sedentary in the tropics , and the african paradise - flycatcher makes a series of poorly understood intra - african migratory movements .\ncoates , b . , dutson , g . & filardi , c . ( 2018 ) . monarch - flycatchers ( monarchidae ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nthe monarch flycatchers have a mostly old world distribution . in the western end of their range they are distributed through sub - saharan africa , madagascar and the islands of the tropical indian ocean . they also occur in south and southeastern asia , north to japan , down to new guinea and most of australia . the family has managed to reach many pacific islands , and several endemic genera occur across micronesia , melanesia and polynesia as far as hawaii and the marquesas .\nthe monarch flycatchers have an mostly old world distribution . in the western end of their range they are distributed through sub - saharan africa , madagascar and the islands of the tropical indian ocean . they also occur in south and southeastern asia , north to japan , down to new guinea and most of australia . the family has managed to reach many pacific islands , and several endemic genera occur across micronesia , melanesia and polynesia as far as hawaii and the marquesas .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe ioc world bird list is an open access resource of the international community of ornithologists . our goal is to facilitate worldwide communication in ornithology and conservation based on an up - to - date classification of world birds and a set of english names that follows explicit guidelines for spelling and construction ( gill & wright 2006 ) .\nthe ioc editorial team and advisors update the web - based list quarterly . the updates include changes of recommended names or classification , additions of newly described species , corrections of nomenclature , and updates of species taxonomy .\nthe ioc world bird list complements other primary world bird lists that differ slightly in their primary goals and taxonomic philosophy , i . e . the clements checklist of the birds of the world , the howard & moore complete checklist of the birds of the world , 4 th edition , and hbw alive / bird life international . improved alignment of these independent taxonomic works is a goal of the newly structured international ornithologists union , including a round table discussion at the 2018 meeting in vancouver , british columbia .\nioc world bird list 8 . 1 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 8 . 1\nioc world bird list 8 . 2 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 8 . 2\nioc world bird list 7 . 1 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 7 . 1\nioc world bird list 7 . 2 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 7 . 2\nioc world bird list 7 . 3 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 7 . 3\nioc world bird list 6 . 4 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 6 . 4\nioc world bird list 6 . 3 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 6 . 3\nioc world bird list 6 . 2 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 6 . 2\nioc world bird list 6 . 1 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 6 . 1\nioc world bird list 5 . 4 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 5 . 4\nioc world bird list 5 . 3 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 5 . 3\nioc world bird list 5 . 2 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 5 . 2\nioc world bird list 5 . 1 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 5 . 1\nioc world bird list 4 . 4 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 4 . 4\nioc world bird list 4 . 3 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 4 . 3\nioc world bird list 4 . 2 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 4 . 2\nioc world bird list 4 . 1 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 4 . 1\nioc world bird list 3 . 5 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 3 . 5\nioc world bird list 3 . 4 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 3 . 4\nioc world bird list 3 . 3 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 3 . 3\nioc world bird list 3 . 2 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 3 . 2\nioc world bird list 3 . 1 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 3 . 1\ngill f & d donsker ( eds ) . 2016 . ioc world bird list ( v 6 . 2 ) . doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 6 . 2\nrace coultasi distinctive , with white rump and most of uppertail ( 3 ) , reduced white on wing - coverts ( 1 ) and tendency to form complete white collar ( 1 ) ; further study needed . two subspecies recognized .\nwhat do ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) mean ? learn more about the scoring system .\nsong a series of high - pitched whistles ; long , low whistle and harsh chattering or grating scolding . . .\nno information on diet . usually solitary or in pairs . forages at lower to middle levels in forest trees . forages with tumbling flycatching . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\npreviously included in monarcha , but genetic studies # r # r indicate that such treatment renders monarcha polyphyletic , so separate genera required # r .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nthis species is classified as near threatened because it is thought to have a moderately small population which is likely to be declining owing to ongoing logging activities .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : symposiachrus infelix . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 292 , 585 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nall ranks domain kingdom subkingdom phylum subphylum superclass class subclass infraclass superorder order suborder infraorder superfamily family subfamily tribe subtribe genus subgenus species subspecies variety group ( polytypic ) group ( monotypic ) species split life sp . ssp . intra - specific hybrid interspecific hybrid intergeneric hybrid species pair\nall records ( accepted , rejected , pending ) . to filter / search please enter a phrase . e . g . to filter rejected records , type rejected into the search box , all columns can be filtered .\nhave you seen something interesting ? click submit to share your rare bird sightings via our simple form .\n\u00a9 2018 birdguides , warners group publications plc . all rights reserved . company registered in england no . 2572212 | vat registration no . gb 638 3492 15\nenglish french online dictionary term bank , where you can search in more than 2 million words in categories and different pronunciation options .\nnote : the language you choose must correspond to the language of the term you have entered . for example , if you enter a french term , choose an option under \u201cfrench . \u201d\naccording to some authors , all elements of names of bird species require capital letters except for hyphenated adjectives where the second word is not capitalized , for example , black - crowned night heron .\nmonarque triste : nom fran\u00e7ais uniformis\u00e9 par la commission internationale des noms fran\u00e7ais des oiseaux .\nselon certains auteurs , les noms des esp\u00e8ces d ' oiseaux acqui\u00e8rent une valeur de nom propre ; tous les substantifs g\u00e9n\u00e9riques de m\u00eame que tous les qualificatifs sp\u00e9cifiques qui pr\u00e9c\u00e8dent le substantif g\u00e9n\u00e9rique doivent prendre la majuscule , par exemple : p\u00e9trel minime , petit butor .\naccess a collection of canadian resources on all aspects of english and french , including quizzes .\na collection of writing tools that cover the many facets of english and french grammar , style and usage .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nits natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical mangrove forests . it is threatened by habitat loss .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more\nfollowing the taxonomy applied to hbw alive , derived from the recently published hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world , this family now contains species that were formerly considered to comprise the family mudlarks ( grallinidae ) . see link for information on this group .\nonly subscribers have complete access to the families of the hbw alive . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nsmall to medium - sized passerines with broad - based , often deeply compressed bill , usually slender legs with strongly curved claws , some species with greatly elongated central rectrices ; plumage variable , from modest to brightly coloured , often with rufous , grey , white or black , some species glossy blue .\nthe broad flat bill , the stiff bristles around the nares , and a general similarity in hunting behaviour led early ornithologists to group the world\u2019s numerous \u201cflycatcher\u201d radiations together . with more detailed morphological studies and , later , molecular analyses , these gross similarities . . .\nonly members are able to see the rest of the text . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now .\nmonarchids of both sexes are vocal birds , although , in the case of many sexually dimorphic species , songs are given only by the male . generally , the songs are whistled and the calls are harsh or raspy , . . .\nthe diet of all monarchids that have been sufficiently well studied consists predominantly of insects and small spiders ( araneae ) . this is likely to be true for the family as a whole , although the food . . .\nthe breeding habits of about one third of the species in the family are well known or moderately well known . for the remainder , however , little or , in some cases , no information is available . the nests and / or eggs of some 30 of the family\u2019s 97 species are still undescribed .\nthe majority of the monarchidae are residents or sedentary tropical species , but eight species are migratory or partly migratory . typically , migratory species , including the japanese paradise - flycatcher and the . . .\nlargely as a result of their small size , their forest habitats and their unremarkable calls , monarchs have a very limited relationship with humans . the paradise - flycatchers are visually the most spectacular members . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to access to a lot of extra features !\na detailed list of the species of the family is displayed to our subscribers , showing the following columns : genus , species , common name , conservation status , figure , and the check mark . above the table , a tiny search engine is displayed to facilitate the filtering of the species .\nyou don ' t have any subscription to the hbw alive . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nmonarchids are small insectivorous songbirds with long tails . they inhabit forest or woodland across sub - saharan africa , south - east asia , australasia and a number of pacific islands . only a few species migrate . many species decorate their cup - shaped nests with lichen . [ 1 ]\nmany of the approximately 140 species making up the family were previously assigned to other groups , largely on the basis of general morphology or behaviour . the magpie - lark , for example , was assigned to the same family as the white - winged chough , since both build unusual nests from mud rather than vegetable matter . the australasian fantails were thought to be allied with the fantails of the northern hemisphere ( they have a similar diet and behaviour ) , and so on .\nwith the new insights generated by the dna - dna hybridisation studies of sibley and his co - workers toward the end of the 20th century , however , it became clear that these apparently unrelated birds were all descended from a common ancestor : the same crow - like ancestor that gave rise to the drongos . [ 5 ] on that basis they have been included as a subfamily of the dicruridae , along with the fantails , [ 6 ] although christidis and boles have more recently treated it at familial rank as monarchidae . [ 7 ]\nthe monarchs are small to medium - sized insectivorous passerines , many of which hunt by flycatching .\nfile : asian paradise flycatcher ( terpsiphone paradisi ) - male w img 9283 . jpg\nmulder , raoul ; robert ramiarison and rayonn\u00e9 e . emahalala ( 2003 ) .\nontogeny of male plumage dichromatism in madagascar paradise flycatchers\nmarchant , s ( 1983 ) .\nsuggested nesting association between leaden flycatchers and noisy friarbirds\n.\nsibley , charles gald & ahlquist , jon edward ( 1990 ) : phylogeny and classification of birds . yale university press , new haven , conn .\ncracraft j , barker fk , braun m , harshman j , dyke gj , feinstein j , stanley s , cibois a , schikler p , beresford p , garc\u00eda - moreno j , sorenson md , yuri t , mindell dp ( 2004 ) .\nphylogenetic relationships among modern birds ( neornithes ) : toward an avian tree of life\n. in cracraft j , donoghue mj .\ndel hoyo , j . ; elliott , a . ; christie , d . , eds . ( 2006 ) .\nthis article is part of project bird families , a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each bird family , including made - up families .\nthis article is part of project bird taxonomy , a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on every order , family and other taxonomic rank related to birds .\nthis page uses creative commons licensed content from wikipedia ( view authors ) . please help by writing it in the style of all birds wiki !\ncan ' t find a community you love ? create your own and start something epic .\nsongbirds with long tails . they inhabit forest or woodland across sub - saharan africa , south - east asia , australasia and a number of pacific islands . only a few species migrate . many species decorate their cup - shaped nests with lichen .\n) . only three species are known to engage in cooperative breeding ; but many species are as yet unstudied . they are generally\nmany of the approximately 140 species making up the family were previously assigned to other groups , largely on the basis of general morphology or behaviour . the magpie - lark , for example , was assigned to the same family as the white - winged chough , since both build unusual nests from mud rather than vegetable matter . the australasian fantails were thought to be allied with the fantails of the northern hemisphere ( they have a similar diet and behaviour ) , and so on .\nalthough christidis and boles have more recently treated it at familial rank as monarchidae .\nthe monarchs are small to medium - sized insectivorous passerines , many of which hunt by flycatching .\ngarnett , stephen ( 1991 ) . forshaw , joseph , ed . encyclopaedia of animals : birds . london : merehurst press . pp . 200\u2013201 . isbn 1 - 85391 - 186 - 0 .\nduston , guy ( 2006 ) .\nthe pacific shrikebills ( clytorhynchus ) and the case for species status for the form sanctaecrucis\n( pdf ) . bulletin of the british ornithological club 126 ( 4 ) : 299\u2013308 .\nmulder , raoul ; robert ramiarison and rayonn\u00e9 e . emahalala ( 2003 ) .\nontogeny of male plumage dichromatism in madagascar paradise flycatchers terpsiphone mutata\n. journal of avian biology 33 ( 4 ) : 342\u2013348 . doi : 10 . 1034 / j . 1600 - 048x . 2002 . 02888 . x .\nmarchant , s ( 1983 ) .\nsuggested nesting association between leaden flycatchers and noisy friarbirds\n. emu 83 ( 2 ) : 119\u2013122 . doi : 10 . 1071 / mu9830119 .\nchristidis , l . ; boles , w . e . ( 1994 ) . the taxonomy and species of birds of australia and its territories . melbourne : raou .\nchristidis , l . ; boles , w . e . ( 2008 ) . systematics and taxonomy of australian birds . canberra : csiro publishing . p . 174 . isbn 978 - 0 - 643 - 06511 - 6 .\ncracraft j , barker fk , braun m , harshman j , dyke gj , feinstein j , stanley s , cibois a , schikler p , beresford p , garc\u00eda - moreno j , sorenson md , yuri t , mindell dp ( 2004 ) .\nphylogenetic relationships among modern birds ( neornithes ) : toward an avian tree of life\n. in cracraft j , donoghue mj . assembling the tree of life . new york : oxford univ . press . pp . 468\u201389 . isbn 0 - 19 - 517234 - 5 .\ndel hoyo , j . ; elliott , a . ; christie , d . , eds . ( 2006 ) . handbook of the birds of the world , volume 11 : old world flycatchers to old world warblers . barcelona : lynx edicions . isbn 84 - 96553 - 06 - x .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe satin flycatcher is fully migratory , breeding in southern australia and migrating to northern australia and new guinea .\n, defending territories that are around 2 ha in size , but a few species may cluster their nesting sites closely together . nesting sites may also be chosen close to aggressive species , for example\nasian paradise flycatcher terpsiphone paradisi male at ananthagiri hills , in rangareddy district of andhra pradesh , india .\ngarnett , stephen ( 1991 ) . forshaw , joseph . ed . encyclopaedia of animals : birds . london : merehurst press . pp . 200\u2013201 . isbn 1 - 85391 - 186 - 0 .\nduston , guy ( 2006 ) . [ expression error : missing operand for >\nthe pacific shrikebills ( clytorhynchus ) and the case for species status for the form sanctaecrucis\n] ( pdf ) . bulletin of the british ornithological club 126 ( 4 ) : 299\u2013308 .\nmulder , raoul ; robert ramiarison and rayonn\u00e9 e . emahalala ( 2003 ) . [\n^ sibley , charles gald & ahlquist , jon edward ( 1990 ) : phylogeny and classification of birds . yale university press , new haven , conn .\nchristidis l , boles we ( 1994 ) . the taxonomy and species of birds of australia and its territories . melbourne : raou .\nchristidis l , boles we ( 2008 ) . systematics and taxonomy of australian birds . canberra : csiro publishing . pp . 174 . isbn 9780643065116 .\ncracraft j , barker fk , braun m , harshman j , dyke gj , feinstein j , stanley s , cibois a , schikler p , beresford p , garc\u00eda - moreno j , sorenson md , yuri t , mindell dp ( 2004 ) .\nphylogenetic relationships among modern birds ( neornithes ) : toward an avian tree of life\n. in cracraft j , donoghue mj . assembling the tree of life . new york : oxford univ . press . pp . 468\u201389 . isbn 0195172345 .\ndel hoyo , j . ; elliot , a . & christie d . ( editors ) . ( 2006 ) . handbook of the birds of the world . volume 11 : old world flycatchers to old world warblers . lynx edicions . isbn 849655306x .\nune fen\u00eatre ( pop - into ) d ' information ( contenu principal de sensagent ) est invoqu\u00e9e un double - clic sur n ' importe quel mot de votre page web . la fen\u00eatre fournit des explications et des traductions contextuelles , c ' est - \u00e0 - dire sans obliger votre visiteur \u00e0 quitter votre page web !\nles jeux de lettre fran\u00e7ais sont : \u25cb anagrammes \u25cb jokers , mots - crois\u00e9s \u25cb lettris \u25cb boggle .\nlettris est un jeu de lettres gravitationnelles proche de tetris . chaque lettre qui appara\u00eet descend ; il faut placer les lettres de telle mani\u00e8re que des mots se forment ( gauche , droit , haut et bas ) et que de la place soit lib\u00e9r\u00e9e .\nil s ' agit en 3 minutes de trouver le plus grand nombre de mots possibles de trois lettres et plus dans une grille de 16 lettres . il est aussi possible de jouer avec la grille de 25 cases . les lettres doivent \u00eatre adjacentes et les mots les plus longs sont les meilleurs . participer au concours et enregistrer votre nom dans la liste de meilleurs joueurs ! jouer\nla plupart des d\u00e9finitions du fran\u00e7ais sont propos\u00e9es par sensegates et comportent un approfondissement avec littr\u00e9 et plusieurs auteurs techniques sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9s . le dictionnaire des synonymes est surtout d\u00e9riv\u00e9 du dictionnaire int\u00e9gral ( tid ) . l ' encyclop\u00e9die fran\u00e7aise b\u00e9n\u00e9ficie de la licence wikipedia ( gnu ) .\nles jeux de lettres anagramme , mot - crois\u00e9 , joker , lettris et boggle sont propos\u00e9s par memodata . le service web alexandria est motoris\u00e9 par memodata pour faciliter les recherches sur ebay .\nchanger la langue cible pour obtenir des traductions . astuce : parcourir les champs s\u00e9mantiques du dictionnaire analogique en plusieurs langues pour mieux apprendre avec sensagent .\ncopyright \u00a9 2000 - 2016 sensagent : encyclop\u00e9die en ligne , thesaurus , dictionnaire de d\u00e9finitions et plus . tous droits r\u00e9serv\u00e9s .\nles cookies nous aident \u00e0 fournir les services . en poursuivant votre navigation sur ce site , vous acceptez l ' utilisation de ces cookies . en savoir plus\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\navibase has been visited 263 , 298 , 907 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\navibase has been visited 263 , 289 , 695 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nspecial thanks to tropical birding for outstanding photo contributions to the bird data family of apps .\nthis application is created by interactive maps . you can also have your visited countries map on your site . if you see this message , you need to upgrade your flash player ."]}
+{"id": 37, "summary": [{"text": "the black carp ( mylopharyngodon piceus ) or black chinese roach is a species of cyprinid fish and the sole species of the genus mylopharyngodon .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it is native to lakes and rivers in east asia , ranging from the amur basin , through china , to vietnam .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "it is widely cultivated for food and chinese medicine .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "the black carp can reach up to 1.8 m ( 5.9 ft ) in length and 35 kg ( 77 lb ) in weight .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "it generally feeds on snails and mussels .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the average length is 60 \u2013 120 cm ( 23.5 \u2013 47 in ) .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "black carp , together with bighead , silver , and grass carps , make up the culturally important \" four famous domestic fishes \" used in polyculture in china for over a thousand years , and known as \" asian carp \" in the united states .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "black carp are not as widely distributed worldwide as the other three .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "in china , black carp are the most highly esteemed and expensive foodfish among the four domestic fishes , and partly because of its diet and limited food supply , is the most scarce and expensive in the marketplace . ", "topic": 15}], "title": "black carp", "paragraphs": ["more information on black carp and black carp distribution in the united states : u . s . geological survey animated map * u . s . geological survey black carp fact sheet identification of black carp and grass carp\nurltoken - black carp university of georgia . center for invasive species and ecosystem health .\nfws fact sheet on black carp draft environmental assesment draft economic analysis asian carp prevention and control act ( hr . 3049 and s . 1402 )\nblack carp ( jul 2002 ; pdf | 449 kb ) doi . fws . invasive species program .\nblack carp feed on mollusks and snails , consuming up to 20 % of their body weight per day .\nblack carp found at river mile 137 of illinois river in april of 2017 . photo courtesy of aaron roberts\nwhile adult black carp have been found sporadically in the mississippi , the november discovery near cape girardeau of juvenile fish among the hundreds of fish caught showed the black carp population in the river is higher than scientists expected , missouri department of conservation resource scientist quinton phelps said , and that there\u2019s a \u201chigh probability\u201d that more black carp were caught .\nwhat to do if you think you have found an asian carp ( 2010 ; pdf | 584 kb ) asian carp regional coordinating committee . see asian carp newsroom for updated news regarding asian carp response in the midwest .\nresembles many of the carp species in the united states . including its asian cousins : grass carp ( ctenopharyngodon idella ) silver carp ( hypophthalmichthys molitrix ) largescale silver carp ( hypophthalmichthys harmandi ) bighead carp ( hypophthalmichthys nobilis ) common goldfish ( carassius auratus ) crucian carp ( carassius carassius ) mud carp ( cirrhinus molitorella ) also resembles the common carp ( cyprinus carpio ) ( common carp are european , not asian , and are sometimes considered\nnative\nbecause they have been in the us since the 1800s )\na black carp captured this april in the illinois river by a commercial fisher highlights a unique partnership between fishers , the illinois department of natural resources , and southern illinois university . for surrendering this black carp , the commercial fisher received a $ 100 bounty , and in turn , helped resource agencies learn a little more about the range of black carp in the illinois river . the black carp was found south of peoria , illinois near copperas creek lock and extends the upstream detection of the species by 110 miles .\nnonindigenous aquatic species database . fact sheet - black carp . usgs , gainesville , fl . [ accessed sep 16 , 2014 ] .\nu . s . present : the black carp has been reported in arkansas , illinois , mississippi , and missouri . texas : while the black carp has been used in aquaculture in states as close as louisiana for decades , currently there are no reported texas invasions .\nillustrations and detailed information useful for the positive identification of this species appear in nico et al . ( 2005 ) and schofield et al . ( 2005 ) . an identification key to introduced asian carps and other cyprinids , including black carp , is provided by schofield et al . ( 2005 ) . the black carp closely resembles the grass carp ctenopharyngodon idella . the two species are similar in overall body shape , size and placement of fins . both black carp and grass carp have very large scales . in contrast to grass carp , the black carp is slightly darker in coloration ( not black ) and its pharyngeal teeth ( throat teeth ) are large and similar in appearance to human molars , an adaptation for crushing the shells of mollusks ( nico et al . 2005 ) commercial fishers in louisiana have noted that black carp also have a somewhat pointed snout , a character they find useful in distinguishing it from grass carp . juveniles and larvae may be difficult to distinguish from those of grass carp and certain other cyprinids . illustrations and descriptions of juvenile and larval asian carps , including black carp , appear in nico et al . ( 2005 ) and chapman ( 2006 ) .\nthe black carp is one of four species of asian carp that threaten waterways in the central united states . as molluscivores , black carps consume native freshwater mussels and snails that live in our large rivers . 26 freshwater mussel species native to illinois are state - threatened or endangered , twelve of which are federally listed . the asian carp regional coordinating committee\u2019s collaborative 2017 asian carp action plan recognizes the informational needs for black carp control and management , and is further addressing this need in the annual monitoring and response plan which focuses on the upper illinois waterway .\ncommercial fishers are valuable in the cooperative effort to better understand black carp because they are skilled in fishing large rivers throughout the region . beyond the illinois river , the bounty program also accounts for the majority of adult black carp reported in the rest of the country . in addition to commercial fishers , recreational anglers and bowfishers should be aware of these invasive fish and what to do if one is harvested . in appearance , black carp closely resemble the more common grass carp , another asian carp which is also found in large rivers of the central united states . proper identification of black carps is an essential component of the bounty program .\nthere is high potential that the black carp would negatively impact native aquatic communities by feeding on , and reducing , populations of native mussels and snails , many of which are considered endangered or threatened ( nico et al . 2005 ) . given their size and diet preferences , black carp have the potential to restructure benthic communities by direct predation and removal of algae - grazing snails . mussel beds consisting of smaller individuals and juvenile recruits are probably most vulnerable to being consumed by black carp ( nico et al . 2005 ) . furthermore , based on the fact that black carp attain a large size ( well over 1 meter long ) , both juvenile and adult mussels and snails of many species would be vulnerable to predation by this fish ( nico et al . 2005 ) . fish farmers report that black carp are very effective in reducing the numbers of snails in some ponds . recently , wui and engle ( 2007 ) argued that black carp can eliminate 100 % of the snails in a single pond . although their assumption that black carp are capable of eliminating all common pond snails in ponds is open to debate , the effectiveness of black carp in significantly reducing snail populations in aquaculture ponds indicates that any black carp occurring in the wild may cause significant declines in certain native mollusk populations in north american streams and lakes ( nico et al . 2005 ) . because the life span of black carp is reportedly over 15 years , sterile triploid black carp in the wild would be expected to persist many years and therefore have the potential to cause harm native mollusks by way of predation ( nico et al . 2005 ) .\nblack carp would compete with mollusk - eating native fish , including freshwater drum , redhorse species and the state threatened lake sturgeon , for limited food resources .\nthere is high potential that the black carp will negatively impact native aquatic communities by feeding on , and reducing , populations of native mussels and snails , many of which are considered endangered or threatened . given their size and diet preferences , black carp also have the potential to restructure benthic communities by direct predation and removal of algae - grazing snails and native mussels . furthermore , because the black carp can attain a large size ( well over 1 meter long ) , juvenile and adult mussels and many species of snails would be vulnerable to predation . since the life span of the black carp is reportedly over 15 years , sterile triploid black carp in the wild are expected to persist many years and therefore have the potential to cause harm native mollusks by way of predation . also , black carp juveniles feed on zooplankton and insect larvae while adults feed on benthic invertebrates such as snails and mussels , so many different resources maybe become exhausted .\nchick et al . ( 2003 ) believed that their illinois capture was the first wild record of black carp in the united states , but nico et al . ( 2005 ) provided new information indicating that louisiana commercial fishers had been collecting black carp in louisiana since the early 1990s . however , until recently the louisiana commercial fishers thought that the black carp in their nets were just an unusual type of grass carp\u2014somewhat darker and with a higher dorsal fin and more pointed head or snout ( nico et al . 2005 : xiii ) . the black carp that escaped in missouri may have been triploid and thus considered sterile ( anonymous 1994b ) . however , it also was rumored that these fish may have been brood stock . all wild black carp examined to date taken in louisiana waters have been found to be diploid ( nico et al . 2005 ) .\nnonindigenous aquatic species database : point map - black carp doi . usgs . wetland and aquatic research center . provides detailed collection information as well as animated map .\nbecause it\u2019s a federal offense to carry a live black carp across state lines , anyone who finds one should kill it and try to bring it to authorities without freezing it , said chapman , who is expecting to get funding this fall to develop a bait that targets black carp while not endangering other species or the public .\nblack carp , like the other asian carps , are able to invade novel habitats and ecosystems readily due to a variety of factors . first , the carp are aggressive and prodigious feeders . individuals may consume as much as 20 % of their body mass in one day . further , black carp are explosive breeders . gaining sexual maturity after a few years , these carp may lay hundreds of thousands of eggs in one brood . unfortunately , as the carp mature and grow they produce even more eggs and increase their fecundity , allowing for further invasions .\nnonindigenous aquatic species database : fact sheet - black carp doi . usgs . wetland and aquatic research center . provides distribution maps and collection information ( state and county ) .\nblack carp was first imported into the united states in the 1970s , and by the 1990s this species was being used in fish farms in several southern states to control pond snails . black carp were reported as having escaped into the osage river from a missouri fish farm during a major flood in april 1994 . due to its widespread use to control snails , escapees from aquaculture ponds have probably added to the wild population . during recent years there have been reports of black carp being captured in the wild . the first published report was that of a single black carp taken by a commercial fisher from horseshoe lake in southern illinois in march 2003 . other reports of captures have surfaced since .\nvoucher preserved specimens of the two wild - caught black carp taken in illinois are deposited in the ichthyological collection of southern illinois university - carbondale . several wild - caught black carp taken in louisiana waters were preserved and are in the possession of biologists at louisiana state university and at the u . s . geological survey - gainesville center in florida .\ndevaney et al . ( 2009 ) performed ecological niche modeling to examine the invasion potential for black carp and three other invasive cyprinids ( grass carp ctenopharyngodon idella , common carp cyprinus carpio , and tench tinca tinca ) . the majority of the u . s . between the mississippi river basin and the atlantic coast had a moderate to high predicted ecological suitability for this species , with the mississippi river drainage ( where individuals of black carp have been caught in the wild ) having the highest overall predicted suitability .\nin aquaculture ponds ( nico et al . 2005 ) . the first known record of an introduction of black carp into open waters occurred in missouri in 1994 when thirty or more black carp along with several thousand bighead carp reportedly escaped into the osage river , missouri river drainage , when high water flooded hatchery ponds at an aquaculture facility near lake of the ozarks . recently , owners of the missouri facility where the escapes reportedly took place have denied that black carp ever escaped from their facility ( nico et al . 2005 ) . in any case , flooding of aquaculture facilities and associated numbers and types of escaped fishes are very poorly documented in the public record . there is evidence that large portions of the lower mississippi river basin where aquaculture farms are present have been subject to large - scale floods on a number of occasions over the past few decades . consequently , it is likely that the source of some or all of the black carp present in the lower mississippi river basin . nearly all fish farms with black carp are in lowland areas and flood events increase the probability that more black carp will eventually escape fish farms ( nico et al . 2005 : 245 ) . there is also risk that black carp may be spread by other means . according to one aquaculture farmer , hundreds of young black carp were accidentally included in shipments of live baitfish sent from arkansas to bait dealers in missouri as early as 1994 ( nico et al . 2004 : 5 ) . in addition , because of the continued widespread distribution of grass carp across the united states , there remains the possibility that shipments may inadvertently contain black carp ( nico et al . 2005 ) . juveniles , in particular , are difficult to distinguish from grass carp young . as such , nico et al . ( 2005 ) expressed concern over the increased risk that the species be misidentified and unintentionally introduced as\ngrass carp\nto some areas .\nblack carp have been used in the aquaculture industry for decades so its removal in the near future seems unlikely . however , scientists , worried about an escape / colonization event , have urged fish farmers to use triploid black carp . these triploid individuals are sterile , so even if they do escape it will not lead to a breeding population . in fact , it is not illegal ( thanks to the lacey act ) to transport viable black carp across states . the lacey act has largely prevented the unwanted spread of black carp across the us . there is evidence that wild populations of black carp may have been present in the lower mississippi river basin , largely in and around the red river of louisiana , since the early 1990s . reproduction in the mississippi river has not been documented , but new information and recent collections suggest this species has likely established in the lower part of the mississippi basin .\nthe black carp is a blackish brown fish with blackish grey fins , an elongated and laterally compressed body . they average more than 3 feet in length and 33 pounds in weight , but can reach 5 feet in length and weigh up to 150 pounds . individuals of the species are known to live for at least 15 years . young black carp are difficult to distinguish from young grass carp ( ctenopharyngodon idella ) , another non - native species .\nmississippi national river and recreation area - asian carp overview doi . national park service .\nofficials are asking the public to help stop the spread of black carp by not dumping their bait buckets indiscriminately and stocking ponds with fish from licensed vendors , phelps said . and in some states along the mississippi \u2014 including missouri , ohio , illinois and tennessee \u2014 any black carp caught in the wild can earn a $ 100 reward from southern illinois university , using money from the illinois department of resources .\nthe native range of black carp includes most major pacific ocean drainages of eastern asia from the amur river basin south to the west - pearl river basin , and possibly the red river of northern vietnam .\npriority species : asian carp washington state recreation and conservation office . washington invasive species council .\nben - ami , f . , & heller , j . 2001 . biological control of aquatic pest snails by the black carp mylopharyngodon piceus . biological control , 22 ( 2 ) , 131 - 138 .\nthe black carp is a bottom - dwelling molluscivore that has been used by u . s . fish farmers to prey on and control disease - carrying snails in their farm ponds ; more recently , this species has been proposed as a biological control for the introduced zebra mussel dreissena polymorpha . although the subject has been debated , to date , there is no experimental evidence that indicates black carp would be effective in controlling zebra mussels . because black carp do not have jaw teeth and their mouths are relatively small , it is unlikely that these fish are capable of breaking apart zebra mussel rafts ( nico et al . 2005 ) .\naquatic invasive species : black carp ( apr 2009 ; pdf | 216 kb ) indiana department of natural resources . see also : invasive species for exotic animal and plant pests invading indiana , causing economic and visual damage\nif they become established in the great lakes , black carp could pose a major threat to michigan\u2019s native mussel populations , many of which are endangered , threatened , of special concern , or in need of conservation .\nu . s . habitat : a freshwater fish , the black carp has found suitable habitat in the united states . the great lakes and mississippi river ( and others ) , offer the necessary habitat for a rapid growth in the population numbers of these fish . there are plenty of snail and mussel species for the fish to eat , however many of those species are already endangered and could be pushed to extinction by the black carp .\nchick , j . h . , r . j . maher , b . m . burr , m . r . thomas . 2003 . first black carp captured in u . s . science . 300 : 1876 - 1877 .\nwui , y . - s . & engle , c . r . 2007 . the economic impact of restricting use of black carp for snail control on hybrid striped bass farms . north american journal of aquaculture 69 : 127 - 138 .\nthis 2008 photo provided by the u . s . geological survey shows jeremy haley holding a 50 - pound black carp at the usgs laboratory , in columbia , mo . the discovery of two juvenile black carp in a ditch attached to the mississippi river in missouri is a troubling sign that the invasive species is reproducing in the wild , which could threaten already - endangered mollusks and native fish species in the river , research scientists said . ( duane chapman / u . s . geological survey via ap )\nnico , l . g . , j . d . williams , and h . l . jelks . 2005 . black carp : biological synopsis and risk assessment of an introduced fish , american fisheries society special publication 32 , bethesda , md . 337 p .\nkansas city \u2022 the discovery of two juvenile black carp in a ditch connected to the mississippi river in missouri is the first , troubling sign that the invasive species is reproducing in the wild and becoming more of a threat to already endangered mollusks and some native fish , scientists say .\nblack carp were brought to the u . s . in the 1970s to help fish farms fight snails , which carry parasites that are dangerous to several fish species . no native fish is as efficient and , at the time , farmers and the government didn\u2019t want to use chemicals .\nfactsheet : asian carp pennsylvania state university . pennsylvania sea grant . see also : aquatic invasive species : resources for additional species information\n\u201cscientists really thought there were not enough adult black carp in the wild to find each other and reproduce , \u201d phelps said . \u201cbut what we found through this sampling is evidence there are enough to reproduce , and those young are surviving to a point where we are collecting them . \u201d\nscientists from federal agencies including the u . s . fish and wildlife service and u . s . geological survey provide valuable analysis of the surrendered black carps . the most recent black carp reported near peoria , illinois was 28 inches in length and weighed eight pounds . analysis by the u . s . fish and wildlife service indicates that this fish was fertile , referred to as diploid , which is consistent with most fish recently captured in the bounty program . since the establishment of the bounty program in 2015 , 37 black carps have been collected . of these , 26 were collected in 2016 alone . four have been found in the illinois river .\nthis species was first brought into the united states in the early 1970s as a\ncontaminant\nin imported grass carp stocks . these fish came from asia and were sent to a private fish farm in arkansas ( nico et al . 2005 ) . subsequent introductions of black carp into this country occurred in the early 1980s . during this period it was imported as a food fish and as a biological control agent to combat the spread of yellow grub\nto report a black carp captured in the central united states from the mississippi , illinois , ohio or wabash rivers , please call a number below during regular business hours or report to your local natural resource agency . fish should be held cold , on ice , not alive , until passed to a natural resource agent .\nnico , l . g . , j . d . williams , and h . l . jelks . 2005 . black carp : biological synopsis and risk assessment of an introduced fish , american fisheries society special publication 32 , bethesda , md . t . a . crowl . 1990 . life - history strategies of freshwater snail in response to stream permanence and predation : balancing conflicting demands . oecologia 84 : 238\u2013243 . w . l . shelton , a . soliman and s . rothbard . 1995 . experimental observation on feeding biology of black carp ( mylopharyngodon piceus ) . bamidgeh 47 : pp . 59\u201367 . internet sources urltoken urltoken urltoken urltoken urltoken\n\u201ceveryone is up in arms about damage from species like feral hogs , whitetail deer , and other native terrestrial species , \u201d he said . \u201cthe impact doesn\u2019t seem to be as bad when the damage is under the water . but ( black carp ) is no different or less destructive than other invasive species\u2019 interaction with native wildlife . \u201d\n* updated on may 23 , 2017 to reflect the reported capture of a black carp at douglas lake near chillicothe , illinois , adjacent to the illinois river at approximately river mile 182 . the report was from a commercial fisher , although no specimen was provided . more information can be found on u . s . geological survey ' s nonindigenous aquatic species page .\nblack carp can grow to 150 pounds and are the most efficient prey of mollusks in freshwater streams , according to duane chapman , a research fish biologist with the u . s . geological survey . that\u2019s a problem because the mississippi river basin has the most diverse mollusk population in the world , and three - fourths of the mussel species are threatened or endangered , he said .\nschramm , h . l . , jr . & basler , m . c . 2005 . evaluation of capture methods and distribution of black carp in arkansas , louisiana , and mississippi : final report 1 june 2004 - 31 may 2005 submitted to region 4 , u . s . fish and wildlife service , fisheries , atlanta , georgia . mississippi state , mississippi : u . s . geological survey , mississippi cooperative fish and wildlife research unit .\naquatic invasive species : asian carp risk analysis for arizona ( oct 2011 ; pdf | 316 kb ) arizona game and fish department . see also : aquatic invasive species for additional risk analyses and related species information\nfreshwater aquatic invasive species in rhode island - asian carp ( sep 2010 ; pdf | 553 kb ) rhode island department of environmental management . office of water resources . see also : aquatic invasive animals for species of concern\ndevaney , s . c . , k . m . mcnyset , j . b . williams , a . t . peterson , and e . o . wiley . 2009 . a tale of four\ncarp\n: invasion potential and ecological niche modeling . plos one 4 ( 5 ) : e5451 .\nthis species can be found in rivers , streams , or lakes ; however , it requires large rivers to reproduce ( nico et al . 2005 ) . reproduction takes place in late spring and summer when water temperatures and / or water levels rise ( nico et al . 2005 ) . both male and female black carp are broadcast spawners ; females are capable of releasing hundreds of thousands of eggs into flowing water , which then develop in the pelagic zone ( nico et al . 2005 ) . after fertilization , the eggs become semiboyant ( sukhanova , 1967 as cited in nico et al . 2005 ) . they hatch in 1 to 2 days , depending on water temperatures , and the yolk sac is absorbed in 6 to 8 days ( nico et al . 2005 ) . they become sexually mature at 4 to 6 years after which they migrate back to their spawning grounds ( nico et al . 2005 ) . successful reproduction is known only from riverine habitats ( nico et al . 2005 ) . their lifespan probably exceeds 15 years ( biro , 1999 ) .\npictures | can ' t connect to mysql database fbwebwritev4 . errorcode : too many connections\n$ 0 . 99 for first month , then $ 9 . 99 after that .\npartly cloudy . a stray shower or thunderstorm is possible . high 91f . winds light and variable . .\nbut it\u2019s not just about losing the mollusk species \u2014 there\u2019s a domino effect . lose the mollusks and there could be poorer water quality because some species clean impurities , as well as losing a food source for fish , muskrats , raccoons , otters and some birds , the conservation department said .\n\u201ca great number of species are in danger , species we\u2019ve done a great deal of work to protect , \u201d chapman said . \u201cnow we have this new threat coming in . conceivably , one large fish in the wrong place could cause the extinction of an endangered species in one place in a year , before we even know it\u2019s there . \u201d\n\u201ceveryone was trying to help the environment , but it\u2019s turned out to be a mistake , with potentially serious consequences , \u201d chapman said . it\u2019s unclear how the species escaped from fish farms into the mississippi river , he said , though some blame flooding .\nanother important step is being mindful of rules involving invasive species and the potential dangers of bringing them into the country , phelps said .\ngrabenhorst grading , inc . - always quality . always trusted . - call us today ! ( 636 ) 281 - 3317\n\u00a9 copyright 2018 urltoken , 900 n . tucker blvd . st . louis , mo | terms of use | privacy policy\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe nonindigenous occurrences section of the nas species profiles has a new structure . the section is now dynamically updated from the nas database to ensure that it contains the most current and accurate information . occurrences are summarized in table 1 , alphabetically by state , with years of earliest and most recent observations , and the tally and names of drainages where the species was observed . the table contains hyperlinks to collections tables of specimens based on the states , years , and drainages selected . references to specimens that were not obtained through sighting reports and personal communications are found through the hyperlink in the table 1 caption or through the individual specimens linked in the collections tables .\nbased on asian records , large adults may be more than 1 . 5 m total length and 70 kg or more in weight ; the largest specimen , unconfirmed , from the chang ( yangtze ) river basin reportedly measured 2 . 2 m .\nmost major pacific drainages of eastern asia from the pearl river ( zhu jiang ) basin in china north to the amur river ( heilong jiang ) basin of china and far eastern russia ; possibly native to the honghe or red rivers of northern vietnam ( nico et al . 2005 ) .\ntable 1 . states with nonindigenous occurrences , the earliest and latest observations in each state , and the tally and names of hucs with observations\u2020 . names and dates are hyperlinked to their relevant specimen records . the list of references for all nonindigenous occurrences of mylopharyngodon piceus are found here .\n( richardson , 1846 ) . pages 345 - 365 in p . banarescu ( ed . ) . the freshwater fishes of europe : volume 5 / i , cyprinidae 2 / i . aula - verlag , wiebelsheim , germany .\nchapman , d . w . ( editor ) 2006 . early development of four cyprinids native to the yangtze river , china . reston virginia : us geological survey data series 239 . ( available online as urltoken\nschofield , p . j . , j . d . williams , l . g . nico , p . fuller , and m . r . thomas . 2005 . foreign nonindigenous carps and minnows ( cyprinidae ) in the united states\u2014a guide to their identification , distribution , and biology . scientific investigations report 2005 - 5041 . u . s . geological survey , tallahassee , florida . 103 p . ( available online at urltoken\nnico , l . g . , and m . e . neilson , 2018 , mylopharyngodon piceus ( richardson , 1846 ) : u . s . geological survey , nonindigenous aquatic species database , gainesville , fl , urltoken revision date : 6 / 27 / 2018 , peer review date : 4 / 1 / 2016 , access date : 7 / 9 / 2018\nthis information is preliminary or provisional and is subject to revision . it is being provided to meet the need for timely best science . the information has not received final approval by the u . s . geological survey ( usgs ) and is provided on the condition that neither the usgs nor the u . s . government shall be held liable for any damages resulting from the authorized or unauthorized use of the information .\nthe data represented on this site vary in accuracy , scale , completeness , extent of coverage and origin . it is the user ' s responsibility to use these data consistent with their intended purpose and within stated limitations . we highly recommend reviewing metadata files prior to interpreting these data .\ncitation information : u . s . geological survey . [ 2018 ] . nonindigenous aquatic species database . gainesville , florida . accessed [ 7 / 9 / 2018 ] .\ncontact us if you are using data from this site for a publication to make sure the data are being used appropriately and for potential co - authorship if warranted . for queries involving fish , please contact pam fuller . for queries involving invertebrates , contact amy benson .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\ninjurious wildlife doi . fws . fish and aquatic conservation . includes species listed as injurious wildlife under the federal lacey act , which makes it illegal in the u . s . to import , export , or transport between states without a permit . see also : injurious wildlife : a summary of the injurious provisions of the lacey act ( dec 2017 ; pdf | 401 kb )\ntexas commission on environmental quality , galveston bay estuary program ; houston advanced research center ( harc ) .\ninvaders factsheet : asian carps ontario ' s invading species awareness program ( canada ) .\npest risk assessment for asian carps in oregon ( dec 15 , 2009 ; pdf | 90 kb ) oregon state library . oregon documents repository . prepared by : portland state university , center for lakes and reservoirs\nintegrated taxonomic information system . mylopharyngodon piceus . [ accessed jan 16 , 2016 ] .\nto view pdf files , you must have adobe\u00ae acrobat\u00ae installed on your computer . to view multimedia files , you must have adobe\u00ae flash\u00ae installed on your computer .\nbrowsers that can not handle javascript will not be able to access some features of this site .\nif possible , please take one or more photos of the invasive species you are reporting . also make note of the location , date and time of the observation . this will aid in verification of your report . you may be asked to provide your name and contact information if follow - up is needed .\nhabitat : large rivers and lakes but require large rivers for reproduction ( water current keeps their eggs from sinking to the bottom ) .\ndiet : their diet consists primarily of mussels and snails , but also includes freshwater shrimp , crayfish , and insects .\nu . s . distribution : reported in arkansas , illinois , louisiana , mississippi and missouri .\npotential means of introduction : illinois river or flood connections with great lakes waters .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nhas been assessed as data deficient , due to the lack of information regarding species population size , current population , impacts of threats and harvest trends .\nhas originally an east asian distribution , from in most pacific river drainages , from the amur river to the west river ( xi jiang ) ( kottelat and freyhof 2007 ) . introduced in many countries worldwide for control populations of molluscan vectors of fish and human parasites . furthermore , used to removed dreissena mussels that clog hydroelectric plants .\nnaturally reproducing populations established only in amu darya ( turkmenistan ) and possible in tone drainages ( japan ) ( freyhof and kottelat 2007 ) .\nin the second half of the 20th century , a massive decline in the abundance of this species was observed in its native distribution range . its current population trend is unknown .\ninhabits large lowland river and lakes , preferably with clear water and high oxygen concentration ( kottelat and freyhof 2007 ) .\nspawns for the first time at 6 - 11 years , females later than males ( at about 1000 mm sl and 15 kg , males at 900 mm and 11 kg , fecundity is about 700 - 800 thousand eggs ) . migrates upriver and spawns in open water during flood phase . eggs are pelagic or semipelagic and hatch while drifting downstream . if the river flow is blocked or if available river stretches are too short , eggs cannot drift for long enough and fail to develop . larvae migrate into floodplain lakes and channels with little or no current . larvae feed on zooplankton , then on ostracods and aquatic insects . at about 120 mm sl , juveniles start to feed on small snails and clams . larger juveniles and adults feed almost entirely on molluscs ( source : kottelat and freyhof 2007 ) .\nmajor threats to this species are overfishing , river modifications such as dam construction and the conversion of floodplains into agriculture land and water pollution .\nit is not known if there are any conservation measures in place . more research is needed .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nphotographer : rob cosgriff affiliation : illinois natural history survey source : urltoken copyright : ( cc by - ny 3 . 0 )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nillinois dnr : 217 . 557 . 0719 or 618 . 462 . 0362 southern illinois university : 618 . 453 . 6089 u . s . geological survey : 573 . 876 . 1866"]}
+{"id": 38, "summary": [{"text": "the large tree finch ( camarhynchus psittacula ) is a species of bird in the darwin 's finch group of the tanager family thraupidae .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "it is endemic to the galapagos islands .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "large tree finch", "paragraphs": ["large tree finch ( camarhynchus psittacula ) is a species of bird in the thraupidae family .\nprotection / threats / status : the large tree - finch is common within its range , and its populations appear to be stable . this species is not currently threatened .\nthe large tree - finch is the largest and heaviest bodied of the three tree - finch species , imaginatively named the large , medium and small tree - finches . large tree - finches have a big and deep bill with a strongly arched culmen , being approximately as long as it is deep . the fine tips of the mandibles actually cross a feature that is difficult to see on live birds . males show a dark hood , greenish back and whitish underparts . this species is found in a number of the islands in the galapagos archipelago , and in many it is sympatric with the small tree - finch ( c . parvulus ) . it is never as common as the small tree - finch and it is found in areas with taller and larger trees .\nhabitat : the large tree - finch frequents mainly humid evergreen forest between 300 and 700 metres of elevation . however , during the dry season , it may move to lower areas with deciduous trees , shrubs and opuntia cacti .\nthe breeding season is associated with rains , involving abundant food resources . the large tree - finch is monogamous and the pair defends a small territory . they often have long - term pair - bonds . the male is territorial and guards the female during the egg - laying .\nintroduction : the large tree - finch is the largest of the genus camarhynchus . this is mainly an arboreal species and an insect - eater . both scientific and french names could illustrate the repetitive song of this species , but also its strongly arched bill a bit similar to that of a parrot .\ncalls and songs : sounds by xeno - canto the large tree - finch\u2019s call is a nasal \u201ctzeeuu\u201d . the song is a series of repeated notes \u201cchu - tzee chu - tzee chut - zee\u201d . this song can be given by both mates . like in other darwin\u2019s finches , the song includes various trills and buzzes .\nconservation and research actions underway no actions are currently known . conservation and research actions proposed implement a full - scale monitoring programme across the gal\u00e1pagos islands . ensure that management activities to control invasive alien plant species do not have a negative impact on large tree - finch . investigate drivers behind observed declines and assess the impact of philornis downsi on the population . protect and enhance existing habitat .\nbehaviour in the wild : the large tree - finch feeds primarily on arthropods , but it also takes cactus fruits and other fruits , flowers and seeds . during the nesting season , the chicks are fed with a mixed diet including arthropods , fruits and seeds . outside the breeding season , it feeds mainly on seeds according to the size of its bill . it forages in trees , probing and biting into the bark of twigs , in order to extract insects and larvae , but also caterpillars .\nidentification : the largest of the tree finches with a large , rather parrot - like bill , the tips of the mandibles crossing . adult male : head , neck , breast and mantle black when fully mature , the remainder of the upperparts being olive - grey with some dark streaking . underparts pale , often with a yellow tinge . female / immature : upperparts olive - grown with faint streaking . underparts paler and virtually unstreaked .\n13 cm , largest tree - finch . deep bill , approximately as long as it is deep . mandible tips cross slightly when bill closed . male has upperparts greyish - olive and whitish below , with blackish hood . female is dull greyish brown ( jaramillo and sharpe 2015 ) . voice song a repeated series of 4 - 6 notes given in pairs\nchu - tzee chu - tzee chut - zee\n. call includes a nasal\ntzeeuu\n.\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nsacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .\nashpole , j , butchart , s . , ekstrom , j . , fisher , s . , harding , m . , sharpe , c . j .\njustification : this species has been uplisted to vulnerable . the species has declined significantly on the island of santa cruz and is likely to also be declining on other islands within its range , owing to habitat loss and degradation .\nthis species is endemic to the gal\u00e1pagos islands , ( ecuador ) , with breeding populations on isabela , santa cruz , santa f\u00e9 , fernandina , santiago , marchena , pinta and r\u00e1bida ( castro and phillips 1996 , stotz et al . 1996 ) . it is extinct on pinz\u00f3n ( castro and phillips 1996 ) and thought to be extinct on floreana ( kleindorfer et al . 2014 , jaramillo and sharpe 2015 ) .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but this species is described as ' uncommon ' in at least parts of its range ( stotz et al . 1996 ) . on the island of santa cruz its population has been estimated at 9 , 000 singing males ( dvorak et al . 2012 ) . however no data exists for the islands of isabela and santiago . trend justification : the population is suspected to be decreasing rapidly . on the island of santa cruz , the species reportedly declined significantly in the dry zone between 1997 and 2010 , but not in the scalesia zone ( dvorak et al . 2012 ) . habitat alteration , introduced pathogens and parasites and changes in insect availability may have contributed to declines . on the islands of isabela and santiago , where native forest has also been degraded ( by introduced herbivores ) population declines are also suspected ( dvorak et al . 2012 ) .\nthis species inhabits lowland deciduous and montane evergreen forest , between 300 and 700 m altitude ( stotz et al . 1996 ) . on santa cruz in the dry zone it is restricted to areas with tall palo santo bursera graveolens trees , it is also found in the scalesia zone and locally in the agricultural zone ( dvorak et al . 2012 ) . it feeds on the fruits of native plant species , and on insects for which it forages under leaves and excavates dead branches ( castro and phillips 1996 ) . it may move to lower elevations during the dry season ( jaramillo and sharpe 2015 ) .\nthe species is likely to be affected by a number of threats . development , introduced herbivores , the spread of invasive alien plant species and the herbicides used to manage these invasions may all have contributed to unfavourable habitat conditions for the species on santa cruz ( dvorak et al . 2012 ) . the introduced parasitic fly philornis downsi is known to have a negative impact on nesting success in gal\u00e1pagos finches and the species may be susceptible to avian pox . severe weather and changes in rainfall patterns owing to climate change also pose a threat .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nthere are many ways to contribute\u2014we need species information , photographs , audio , video , translations , maps , distribution data , and bird sightings . there ' s a role for everyone !\n) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe adult male of the nominate race has greyish - olive upperparts with blackish feather centres . the tail is short . the underparts are whitish with yellowish - buff wash . lower breast and flanks are streaked dark . the undertail - coverts are buffy - white and unstreaked . the head is dark , forming a blackish hood extending down to throat and breast . the deep , relatively long bill has strongly arched culmen . it is black when breeding , and dull orange with dark culmen outside the breeding season . the eyes are dark brown . legs and feet are black .\nthe female has duller greyish - brown upperparts . the upperwing is brownish with two narrow pale wingbars . the underparts are whitish with indistinct dark streaking on breast , variable according to each bird . from belly to undertail - coverts , the plumage is plain pale buff . the head is greyish - brown with pale supercilium . the bill is dull orange with darker culmen . the eyes are dark . legs and feet are blackish .\nthe immature male resembles female , with blackish forehead , face and lower throat .\nsubspecies and range : there are three subspecies . c . p . habeli occurs on pinta and marchena islands , in n galapagos islands . this race is smaller than nominate . the male is darker too . the bill is longer , with less arched culmen .\nc . p . affinis is found on fernandina and isabela islands , in w galapagos islands . this one is smaller than nominate , with smaller bill too .\nc . p . psittacula ( here described and displayed ) occurs on santiago , r\u00e1bida , santa cruz , santa fe and floreana , in c and s galapagos islands .\nthis species is resident in its range , only performing some altitudinal movements during the dry season .\nreproduction of this species : the breeding season occurs during the wet period . the male builds the nest , a spherical structure with lateral entrance towards the top . the nest is made with dry grasses , moss and lichen .\nthe female lays 4 whitish eggs with darker spots . she incubates alone during 12 days . the chicks are fed by both parents . they fledge about 13 - 15 days after hatching .\ndarwin finches , or galapagos finches , are small land birds with generally dull black , brown or olive , often streaky , plumage ; short tails ; and short , rounded wings . their bills vary greatly in size and shape ( a fact which was instrumental in inspiring charles darwin\u2019s thinking in relation to the theory of evolution \u2013 and hence the name given to this fascinating group of species ) .\nare you sure you want to leave this form and resume later ? if so , please enter a password below to securely save your form .\nthere was an error displaying the form . please copy and paste the embed code again .\nthere was an error initializing the payment processor on this form . please contact the form owner to correct this issue .\nnote : quasar expeditions is committed to ensuring your privacy as a visitor . we do not sell or rent emails or phone numbers provided . read our complete privacy policy .\nchat live with a travel expert and get your questions answered right away . mon - fri 9am - 6 : 30pm pst\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\ncamarhynchus psittacula psittacula : galapagos islands ( seymour , barrington , santa cruz , floreana , pinz\u00f3n , r\u00e1bida , santiago is . )\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 298 , 442 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nthe checklists are descriptive documents of the species that are part of a concrete taxonomic group or a group of species that are part of an specific analysis .\nthese documents have a structure that includes a list of the authors , a description of the taxonomic group or subject , and a list of the species that are part of the list .\nthe checklists aren ' t updated regularly , since they require revisions from groups of authors before their publication .\na complete set of a checklist include a pdf document and a table in csv format .\ngustavo jim\u00e9nez - uzc\u00e1tegui , david a . wiedenfeld , f . hern\u00e1n vargas , howard l . snell .\nnathalia tirado - sanchez , john mccosker , diego ruiz , angel chiriboga , stuart banks .\nyves finet , nathalia tirado - sanchez , angel chiriboga , diego ruiz , stuart banks .\nfrank bungartz , frauke ziemmeck , alba y\u00e1nez ayabaca , fredy nugra , andr\u00e9 aptroot .\nanne gu\u00e9zou , susana chamorro , paola pozo , ana mireya guerrero , rachel atkinson , chris buddenhagen , patricia jaramillo d\u00edaz , mark gardener .\ngustavo jim\u00e9nez - uzc\u00e1tegui , javier zabala , brian milstead , howard l . snell .\nto get up - to - date information about our work , please subscribe to our e - newsletter or follow us on our social media platforms .\nevery single donation we receive , no matter how small , counts as we are completely dependent on the generosity of others to carry out our scientific projects . we need your passion , loyalty and continual support .\nthe \u201ccharles darwin foundation for the galapagos islands\u201d , in french \u201cfondation charles darwin pour les \u00eeles galapagos\u201d , association international sans but lucratif ( \u201caisbl\u201d ) , has its registered office located at dr\u00e8ve du pieur\u00e9 19 , 1160 brussels , and is registered under the trade registry of brussels under the number 0409 . 359 . 103 ."]}
+{"id": 39, "summary": [{"text": "idiosoma nigrum , also called black rugose trapdoor spider , occurs only in south-western australia , in dry woodlands east of the darling scarp and north to moore river .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "females can reach a length of about 30 mm , males about 18 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "i. nigrum digs burrows up to 32 cm deep . ", "topic": 28}], "title": "idiosoma nigrum", "paragraphs": ["ecologia environment ( 2013 ) . blue hills idiosoma nigrum targeted survey 2012 . sinosteel midwest corporation . urltoken\necologia environment ( 2010a ) . weld range idiosoma nigrum population genetic study . sinosteel midwest corporation . available from : urltoken .\nidiosoma nigrum main , 1952 : 133 , pl . i , f . 2 - 5 , f . 2c ( d f ) . idiosoma nigrum main , 1957a : 439 , f . 2g - h , 9d , 14b , 24b ( d m ) . idiosoma nigrum main , 1985a : 13 , f . 23 , 27 , 215 ( m f ) . idiosoma nigrum rix et al . , 2018b : 18 , f . 1 - 3 , 26 - 56 ( m f ) .\nshield - backed trapdoor spider ( idiosoma nigrum ) conservation plan ( avon catchment council ( acc ) , 2007 ) [ state species management plan ] .\necologia environment ( 2009a ) . shield - back spider idiosoma nigrum survey . weld range iron ore project . sinosteel midwest corporation . available from : urltoken .\ngray , m . ( 2014 ) . idiosoma nigrum ( family idiopidae ) . species bank . australian biological resources study , canberra . available from : urltoken .\nanonymous ( 2010 ) . idiosoma nigrum . form to nominate a western australian species for listing as threatened , change of category or delisting . available from : urltoken .\navon catchment council ( acc ) ( 2007 ) . shield - backed trapdoor spider ( idiosoma nigrum ) conservation plan . avon catchment council , western australia . available from : urltoken .\ncitation : department of the environment ( 2018 ) . idiosoma nigrum in species profile and threats database , department of the environment , canberra . available from : urltoken . accessed tue , 10 jul 2018 05 : 15 : 41 + 1000 .\nmain , b . y . ( 2003 ) . demography of the shield - back trapdoor spider idiosoma nigrum main in remnant vegetation of the western australian wheatbelt . records of the south australian museum , monograph series . 7 : 179 - 185 .\nthe closest relatives to the shield - backed trapdoor spider are idiosoma sigillatum and idiosoma hirsutum , both of which lack the hardened shield on the abdomen ( anonymous 2010 ) .\nin synonymy : idiosoma hirsutum main , 1952 = idiosoma sigillatum ( o . pickard - cambridge , 1870 ) ( rix et al . , 2017a : 593 ) . idiosoma pulleinei ( hogg , 1902 ) = idiosoma subtriste ( o . pickard - cambridge , 1877 ) ( main , 1957a : 428 , sub aganippe ) . idiosoma schomburgki ( karsch , 1878 , t from idiommata ) = idiosoma subtriste ( o . pickard - cambridge , 1877 ) ( main , 1985a : 12 , sub aganippe ; placed by raven , 1985a : 161 in misgolas ) .\nthreatened species scientific committee ( tssc ) ( 2013cb ) . commonwealth listing advice on idiosoma nigrum ( shield - back trapdoor spider ) . canberra : department of sustainability , environment , water , population and communities . available from : urltoken . in effect under the epbc act from 14 - may - 2013 .\ndepartment of sustainability , environment , water , population and communities ( 2013g ) . approved conservation advice for idiosoma nigrum ( shield - back spider ) . canberra : department of sustainability , environment , water , population and communities . available from : urltoken . in effect under the epbc act from 14 - may - 2013 .\nidiops sigillatus o . pickard - cambridge , 1870c : 105 , pl . 8 , f . 1 ( d m ) . idiosoma sigillatum ausserer , 1871a : 150 . acanthodon sigillatum simon , 1892a : 91 . idiosoma sigillatum pocock , 1897a : 109 ( d f ) . idiosoma sigillatum simon , 1903a : 901 , f . 1053 ( f ) . idiosoma hirsutum main , 1952 : 132 , f . 2b ( d f ) . idiosoma sigillatum main , 1952 : 131 , f . 1a - c , 2a ( m ) . idiosoma hirsutum main , 1957a : 440 , f . 15a - b ( considered a possible hybrid of i . sigillatum x aganippe rhaphiduca rainbow & pulleine , 1918 ) . idiosoma sigillatum main , 1964 : 32 , f . a - d , f ( m ) . idiosoma hirsutum main , 1985a : 54 ( considered a valid species ) . idiosoma sigillatum main , 1985a : 14 , f . 26 , 190 , 216 ( m f ) . idiosoma sigillatum rix et al . , 2017a : 593 , f . 83 - 84 , 87 , 91 , 93 , 97 ( m , s of i . hirsutum ) . idiosoma sigillatum rix et al . , 2018b : 64 , f . 4 - 6 , 351 - 372 ( m f ) .\nin synonymy : aganippe o . pickard - cambridge , 1877 = idiosoma ausserer , 1871 ( rix et al . , 2017a : 590 ) anidiops pocock , 1897 = idiosoma ausserer , 1871 ( rix et al . , 2017a : 590 )\nthe shield - backed trapdoor spider ( idiosoma nigrum ) belongs to the suborder mygalomorphae , commonly known as \u201ctrapdoor\u201d and \u201cfunnel - web\u201d spiders . they are primarily terrestrial burrowing spiders which occasionally make tubular silk nests on tree trunks . mygalomorphs are able to persist in small isolated areas due to their low dispersion powers , long life cycle and sedentary life style ( main , 1987a ) .\nidiosoma gardneri rix & harvey , in rix et al . , 2018b : 38 , f . 167 - 179 ( d m ) .\nidiosoma gutharuka rix & harvey , in rix et al . , 2018b : 39 , f . 180 - 192 ( d m ) .\nidiosoma incomptum rix & harvey , in rix et al . , 2018b : 41 , f . 193 - 205 ( d m ) .\nidiosoma kwongan rix & harvey , in rix et al . , 2018b : 53 , f . 272 - 284 ( d m ) .\nidiosoma clypeatum rix & harvey , in rix et al . , 2018b : 25 , f . 79 - 100 ( d m f ) .\nidiosoma corrugatum rix & harvey , in rix et al . , 2018b : 30 , f . 101 - 122 ( d m f ) .\nidiosoma dandaragan rix & harvey , in rix et al . , 2018b : 32 , f . 132 - 144 ( d m f ) .\nidiosoma formosum rix & harvey , in rix et al . , 2018b : 35 , f . 145 - 166 ( d m f ) .\nidiosoma intermedium rix & harvey , in rix et al . , 2018b : 43 , f . 206 - 227 ( d m f ) .\nidiosoma mcnamarai rix & harvey , in rix et al . , 2018b : 57 , f . 307 - 328 ( d m f ) .\nidiosoma jarrah rix & harvey , in rix et al . , 2018b : 46 , f . 7 , 228 - 249 ( d m f ) .\nidiosoma kopejtkaorum rix & harvey , in rix et al . , 2018b : 50 , f . 9 , 250 - 271 ( d m f ) .\nidiosoma mcclementsorum rix & harvey , in rix et al . , 2018b : 55 , f . 8 , 285 - 306 ( d m f ) .\nidiosoma schoknechtorum rix & harvey , in rix et al . , 2018b : 60 , f . 10 , 329 - 350 ( d m f ) .\nidiosoma arenaceum rix & harvey , in rix et al . , 2018b : 23 , f . 11 - 12 , 57 - 78 ( d m f ) .\nidiosoma galeosomoides rix , main , raven & harvey , in rix et al . , 2017a : 599 , f . 99 , 116 - 128 ( d f ) .\naganippe winsori faulder , 1985 : 89 , f . 9a - c ( d m ) . idiosoma winsori rix et al . , 2017a : 601 ( t from aganippe ) .\naganippe cupulifex main , 1957a : 436 , f . 7f , 9b , 12a , 13c ( d m f ) . idiosoma cupulifex rix et al . , 2017a : 599 ( t from aganippe ) .\naganippe castellum main , 1986b : 101 , f . 2 , 4a - h ( d m f ) . idiosoma castellum rix et al . , 2017a : 594 , f . 89 , 92 , 95 ( m , t from aganippe ) .\naganippe montanus faulder , 1985 : 85 , f . 5a - c , 6a - c , 7a - c , 8a - b ( d m f ) . idiosoma montanum rix et al . , 2017a : 601 ( t from aganippe ) .\naganippe planites faulder , 1985 : 91 , f . 10a - c , 11a - c , 12a - c , 13a - b ( d m f ) . idiosoma planites rix et al . , 2017a : 571 ( t from aganippe ) .\naganippe occidentalis hogg , 1903b : 309 , f . 1 - 2 ( d m ) . aganippe occidentalis main , 1957a : 414 , f . 11b ( m , d f ) . idiosoma occidentale rix et al . , 2017a : 571 ( t from aganippe ) .\nnomina dubia : idiosoma modestum ( rainbow & pulleine , 1918 : 98 , pl . 21 , f . 47 - 48 , f , australia ( south australia ) , originally in aganippe ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 000633 ] - - rix et al . , 2017a : 592 . idiosoma pelochroa ( rainbow & pulleine , 1918 : 100 , pl . 21 , f . 51 , f , originally in aganippe , australia ( south australia ) ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 000636 ] - - rix et al . , 2017a : 592 . idiosoma robustum ( rainbow & pulleine , 1918 : 97 , pl . 21 , f . 45 - 46 , f , originally in aganippe , australia ( south australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 000639 ] - - rix et al . , 2017a : 592 . idiosoma simpsoni ( hickman , 1944a : 22 , f . 7 - 10 , f , originally in aganippe , australia ( south australia ) ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 000640 ] - - rix et al . , 2017a : 592 . idiosoma whitei ( rainbow , 1915 : 774 , pl . 67 , f . 1 - 2 , f , originally in aganippe , australia [ south australia ] ) - - rix et al . , 2017a : 590 , contra main , 1957a : 426 , sub anidiops .\naganippe smeatoni hogg , 1902 : 126 , f . 23 , pl . 13 , f . 7 ( d m ) . aganippe smeatoni simon , 1903a : 901 , f . 1054 - 1055 ( m ) . aganippe smeatoni main , 1957a : 429 , f . 11a ( m , d f ) . idiosoma smeatoni rix et al . , 2017a : 601 ( t from aganippe ) .\naganippe berlandi rainbow , 1914a : 199 , f . 9 - 13 ( d m ) . aganippe berlandi faulder , 1985 : 83 , f . 1a - c , 2a - c , 3a - c , 4a - b ( m , d f ) . aganippe berlandi main , 1985a : 51 ( not a junior synonym of a . smeatoni hogg , 1902 ) . idiosoma berlandi rix et al . , 2017a : 594 , f . 96 ( m , t from aganippe ) .\naganippe rhaphiduca rainbow & pulleine , 1918 : 93 , pl . 21 , f . 38 - 42 ( d m f ) . aganippe raphiduca main , 1957a : 433 , f . 2e - f , 7d , 12b - c , 13d , 26a - g , 27a - c ( m ) [ 13a - b is eucanippe nemestrina per rix et al . , 2018 : 153 ] . aganippe raphiduca main , 1964 : 34 , f . e - h ( m ) . idiosoma rhaphiduca rix et al . , 2017a : 571 ( t from aganippe ) .\nanidiops manstridgei pocock , 1897a : 114 ( d f ) . anidiops manstridgei simon , 1903a : 903 , f . 1052 . anidiops manstridgei rainbow & pulleine , 1918 : 101 , pl . 21 , f . 52 - 54 ( f ) . anidiops manstridgei main , 1957a : 426 , f . 2c - d , 3b , 5a , 10a - c ( m , s ) . anidiops manstridgei main , 1985a : 16 , f . 20 - 21 , 192 ( f ) . idiosoma manstridgei rix et al . , 2017a : 600 , f . 132 - 144 ( m , t from anidiops ) .\naganippe subtristis o . pickard - cambridge , 1877c : 28 , pl . 6 , f . 3 ( d f ) . idiommata schomburgki karsch , 1878c : 820 ( d m ) . aganippe subtristis simon , 1892a : 106 , f . 104 . aganippe pulleinei hogg , 1902 : 128 , f . 24 , pl . 13 , f . 3 - 4 ( d m f ) . aganippe subtristis simon , 1903a : 901 , f . 1050 . aganippe subtristis rainbow & pulleine , 1918 : 91 , pl . 21 , f . 32 , 35 - 37 ( d m ) . aganippe subtristis main , 1957a : 428 , f . 7c ( m , s ) . aganippe subtristis main , 1964 : 34 , f . a - d ( m ) . aganippe subtristis main , 1985a : 12 , f . 13 , 15 - 18 , 24 - 25 , 188 - 189 ( m f , s ) . idiosoma subtriste rix et al . , 2017a : 601 ( t from aganippe ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nfor information to assist regulatory considerations , refer to policy statements and guidelines , the conservation advice , the listing advice and / or the recovery plan .\ndepartment of sustainability , environment , water , population and communities ( 2013 ) .\n. canberra : department of sustainability , environment , water , population and communities . available from :\nrecovery plan not required , the approved conservation advice for the species provides sufficient direction to implement priority actions and mitigate against key threats ( 26 / 04 / 2013 ) .\nthe distribution shown is generalised from the departments species of national environmental significance dataset . this is an indicative distribution map of the present distribution of the species based on best available knowledge . some species information is withheld in line with sensitive species polices . see map caveat for more information .\nthere is currently some discussion about whether the species found in the rangelands of the midwest region is the same as that found in the wheatbelt and the coastal regions of the midwest . there appears to be some taxonomic differences in the male morphology ( framenau pers . comm . cited in anonymous 2010 ) and these are currently being investigated ( anonymous 2010 ) . there are only two significant populations in the wheatbelt , east yorkrakine and minnivale , and these would be particularly important if the species is polyphyletic ( i . e . if it has a northern and southern species ) ( anonymous 2010 ) .\nthe shield - backed trapdoor spider is dark brown to black , large ( females up to 30 mm in body length ) and with a distinctive thick and hard cuticle on the abdomen . the end of the abdomen is flattened into a shield and the sides are deeply corrugated . the burrows always have a lightweight , leaf litter and silk door , with leaf and twig trip - lines fanning out from the centre of the front of the burrow rim ( gray 2014 ) .\nthe shield - backed trapdoor spider is endemic to semi - arid south - west western australia ( wa ) . it occurs in a number of severely fragmented populations in the central and northern wheatbelt ( e . g . minnivale and east yorkrakine ) ( main et al . 2000 cited in tssc 2013ca ) . further north , the species occurs in more arid areas in the midwest ( e . g . large isolated ranges at jack hills ( tssc 2013ca ) , weld range ( ecologia environment 2009a ) and blue hills ( ecologia environment 2013 ) ) and coastal areas of the midwest ( e . g . zuytdorp station north of the murchison river and nanga station south of shark bay ) ( main et al . 2000 cited in anonymous 2010 ) . the arid midwest populations are naturally fragmented or isolated because they persist only on ranges , but the wheatbelt and coastal midwest populations are all severely fragmented as a result of land clearing ( anonymous 2010 ) .\nthe avon catchment council ( 2007 ) includes a number of eastern records ( e . g . at westonia in 2007 ) that are not reported elsewhere ( e . g . tssc 2013cb ) . post - 1980 , verified records only extend as far east into the wheatbelt as durokoppin and trayning ( ala 2014 ) .\nin 2010 , there were around 6100 burrows databased , although some of these would have been inactive or burrows of juveniles . the overwhelming majority ( around 5400 ) of these are from midwest ranges and were recorded as part of the environmental impact assessment process . many wheatbelt records , outside of the main populations at minnivale and east yorkrakine , were recorded decades ago and many of these are likely to be extinct ( anonymous 2010 ) .\nthe species extent of occurrence is approximately 21 000 km\u00b2 . it is highly likely that the species occurs throughout much of the midwest region in association with large ranges with deep gullies and possibly with breakaways ( anonymous 2010 ) .\nthe species occurs in three areas at weld range ( weld range north , weld range south and hampton hill ) over an area of 15 km . in one study , the mean number of burrows per hectare in the area ranged between 11 . 3 - 43 . 9 ( ecologia environment 2009a ) . genetic studies indicated a strong population subdivision between weld range north and weld range south ( ecologia environment 2010a ) . the collections at weld range extended the species distribution by approximately 200 km further north , into more arid areas ( ecologia environment 2009a ) .\nat blue hills , one study showed the mean number of burrows per hectare of 4 . 08 in an area of 13 ha ( ecologia environment 2013 ) .\nsurvey work has been carried out at minnivale and east yorkrakine nature reserves , karara , weld range and jack hills mining leases and , more recently , on likely conservation areas and department of environment and conservation managed lands through the northern wheatbelt and the southern / central midwest ( anonymous 2010 ) . these surveys did not detect the species in much of the northern wheatbelt and southern midwest . these surveys demonstrated that there are unlikely to be any populations in the interior of the wheatbelt and midwest until you reach the large banded iron formation ranges of the midwest to the north and the higher rainfall of the central wheatbelt to the south ( anonymous 2010 ) .\nthis work also showed that there is a likelihood that the species occurs throughout more of the midwest region than currently known , with up to 60 sites identified as possibilities ( anonymous 2010 ) . however more than half of these occur east of the current known eastern extent , and a number of mining tenements in these areas have not found the species despite significant survey work . at least half a dozen occur further north than the northern known extent . there are about 20 sites that have a high potential for harbouring significant populations of this species ( anonymous 2010 ) .\nin 2010 , there were seven locations with populations larger than 30 shield - backed trapdoor spider individuals ( anonymous 2010 ) . ecologia environment ( 2009a ) estimated that there is over 1000 ha of suitable habitat in weld range that could support over 20 000 individuals . based on detected adults , the site is estimated to have an effective population size of approximately 4000 with wilgie mia and weld range north supporting the largest effective populations 2300 and 1000 , respectively ( ecologia environment 2009a ) . proposed mining activity in the area is estimated to impact 11 % of the population ( ecologia environment 2009a ) .\ntotal population reduction has not been investigated , but data from a study in east yorkrakine reserve from 1989 to 1999 showed a 95 % reduction in abundance at the site ( main 2003 ) . future reductions are possible due to ongoing threats in the wheatbelt and mining in the vicinity of populations at karara , weld range and jack hills ( anonymous 2010 ) .\nin the wheatbelt , the shield - backed trapdoor spider typically inhabits clay soils whereas the arid midwest populations are associated with rocky habitats , primarily in positions with increased moisture retention properties like gullies and drainage lines on southern facing slopes ( anonymous 2010 ; ecologia environment 2009a ) . the wheatbelt and coastal midwest populations are in areas with more consistent annual rainfall than those in the arid midwest , which is likely to be why the populations in these areas are primarily found in sheltered habitat ( anonymous 2010 ) . in the wheatbelt , populations are associated with eucalypt woodland and acacia shrubland , and in the arid midwest they are associated with acacia shrubland ( anonymous 2010 ) .\nleaf litter and twigs are extremely important to the species as it provides material for the burrows , reduced soil moisture loss and increased prey availability ( anonymous 2010 ) . the species avoids areas of dense leaf litter as juveniles are unable to dig their initial hole in such areas ( main 1992 cited in ) . areas of lower grazing pressure may suport greater population abundance ( ecologia environment 2009a ) .\nin the wheatbelt , habitat critical to the species is identified as open york gum ( eucalyptus loxophleba ) , salmon gum ( e . salmonophloia ) and wheatbelt wandoo ( e . capillosa ) woodland , where jam ( acacia acuminata ) forms a sparse understorey in heavy clay soils ( acc 2007 ) .\nin a study at weld range , all burrows were found within boundaries of drainage lines underneath predominantly acacia vegetation ( mulga ( acacia aneura ) , a . sp . weld range , dead finish ( a . tetragonophylla ) , a . ramulosa , a . craspedocarpa , a . paraneura ) and also underneath hakea preissii and eremophila glutinosa ) . of 1708 burrows detected , 33 % were on slope - foot - plain , 30 % on the plain , 27 % on slopes and 10 % on hilltop - slope - foot ( ecologia environment 2009a ) . burrows were found in soil dominated by clay and rocks ( 54 % ) , or clay , rock and sand ( 38 % ) . the average leaf litter of sites ranged between 7 - 100 % with a mean of 59 % ( ecologia environment 2009a ) .\nin a study at blue hills , 53 burrows were recorded under a . ramulosa or a . caesaneura , in microhabitat ranging from loamy plains to rocky hillslopes ( ecologia environment 2013 ) . the average leaf litter of sites ranged between 25 - 98 % with a mean of 63 % ( ecologia environment 2013 ) .\nin a study at mummaloo , of a 52 quadrat survey the species was detected at 14 locations ( bennelongia 2012 ) . two records occurred in ecualyptus woodland and twelve occurred in mixed species shrubland . the eucalypt woodland consists of york gum , salmon gum and gimlet ( e . salubris ) with callitris columellaris usually present and occasionally casuarina obesa . the understorey contains 5 - 60 % cover of eremophila spp . , acacia spp . and allocasuarina spp . . the mixed species shrubland consists of melaleuca stereophloia , callitris columellaris and casuarina obesa ( of no more than 55 % overall cover ) , and 10 - 100 % cover of shrub species , especially kimberly ' s wattle ( acacia anthochaera ) and allocasuarina acutivalvis subsp . prinsepiana ( bennelongia 2012 ) .\nthe shield - backed trapdoor spider is protected from dessication partly through a deep burrow that extends into humid soil . additionally it has an extraordinary thickened abdominal integument ( tough outer protective layer ) . this is dorsally corrugated and posteriorly truncated with large button - like sigilla ( seal ) and in some parts of the geographic range has stout spines along the ridges . this morphology reduces evaporative water loss in contrast to most species in the related genus aganippe . the enlarged eyes and long legs together with the attached twiglines to the buttom rim are advantageous for foraging ( main 2010 ) .\nspiderlings generally construct their burrows within a very short distance ( several centimetres ) of the matriarch female , forming a family cluster that is typical of mygalomorph spiders ( a group of large spiders that include tarantulas , trapdoor spiders and funnel - web spiders ) that do not have aerial dispersal . gene flow is maintained through the dispersal of mature males in search of females for mating ( travelling up to 500 m ) the only time males leave their burrows . females spend their entire life in the one burrow or within its proximity ( anonymous 2010 ) . the population at weld range north was shown to have uninterrupted gene flow over a range of at least 6 km ( ecologia environment 2010a ) .\nboth males and females reach maturity after approximately 5 - 6 years . males die shortly after reaching sexual maturity and mating , whereas females may live as long as 20 years , reproducing several times ( anonymous 2010 ) . it is believed that males mature and mate after the first significant rains of the year , dispersing up to 500 m ( main unpub . data cited in anonymous 2010 ) . there is some evidence that females may store sperm ( main unpub . data cited in anonymous 2010 ) but whether this means that males only mate with virgin females or whether adult females mate repeatedly during their life is unclear . it is also unknown whether males mate within their matriarchal unit and whether they mate with more than one female ( anonymous 2010 ) . the very low dispersal capabilities of the males mean that fragmentation and isolation are likely to be playing a major role in the declining populations in the wheatbelt ( anonymous 2010 ) .\nthe shield - backed trapdoor spider is an opportunistic feeder and feeds primarily on ants , but also includes beetles , cockroaches , millipedes and moths ( clark & spier - ashcroft 2003 ) . the species relies on the twigs and leaves they have attached to the rim of their burrow for the detection of prey within the vicinity of their burrow ( anonymous 2010 ) . this reliance on leaf litter means that leaf litter loss through inappropriate fire regimes and management may impact significantly on the species ability to feed ( anonymous 2010 ) .\nsearching for burrows during the wetter parts of the year is the most common and most effective way of surveying for the shield - backed trapdoor spider . the burrow is quite distinctive but can be easily mistaken for other twig - lining species . the burrow has two tufts of leaf litter radiating out from the centre of the burrow rim , similar to a moustache . the atrium of the burrow is cup shaped and narrows to the main shaft of the burrow . it is this characteristic that is often missed or misinterpreted by surveyors ( anonymous 2010 ) . searching for burrows within and on the edges of leaf litter in suitable habitats is the most effective approach for detection . pit traps placed around vegetation in suitable habitats during autumn can be used to catch wandering males ( anonymous 2010 ) .\nsecondary salinisation : the widespread clearing of the wheatbelt has resulted in the water table rising and an increase in salinisation close to the surface . this results in vegetation changes that directly affect the shield - backed trapdoor spider because of it\u2019s reliance on the vegetation and associated leaf litter for habitat ( anonymous 2010 ) .\ngrazing : grazing by stock and feral animals affects both the wheatbelt and midwest populations largely through the disturbance of leaf litter , vegetation and soil . work in the midwest has shown that areas where grazing occurs have fewer emergents and juveniles ( ecologia environment unpub . data cited in anonymous 2010 ) .\nfragmentation and clearing : the clearing of habitat has resulted in the severe fragmentation of populations in the wheatbelt . the populations at karara , weld range , jack hills and blue hills will all be negatively affected by land clearing because of the mining operations ( anonymous 2010 ; ecologia environment 2009a , 2013 ) , which will fragment these significant populations . dust pollution associated with mining could negatively impact the species\nvibrations : vibrations associated with vehicles and exploration drilling have the potential to affect nearby populations . recent work at jack hills and weld range has shown a possible reduction in emergents and juveniles within 50 m of exploration drilling pads ( phoenix environmental unpub . data cited in anonymous 2010 ) . exploration restrictions have been put in place at weld range and jack hills based on this research .\ninappropriate fire : in the wheatbelt , the combination of fragmentation and intense fire has a high potential to result in local extinctions , with little to no chance of recolonisation ( main 1995 ) . intense fires can not only remove burrow doors but also remove all the leaf litter , providing no material for reparation work and dramatically affecting the prey population ( anonymous 2010 ) .\nlack of litter management in reserves : although the species requires leaf litter to survive , excessive , deep litter canrestrict the establishment of emergent burrows , forcing them further away from vegetation and exposing them to the elements that likely decrease their chances of surviving to adulthood . similarly deep litter reduces the chances of understorey vegetation growing , reducing the diversity of invertebrates and the health of the habitat and increases the chances of hot , intense fires going through a population ( anonymous 2010 ) .\nrecovery actions for this species are provided in the conservation advice for the shield - backed trapdoor spider ( tssc 2013ca ) and the avon catchment shield - backed trapdoor spider conservation plan ( acc 2007 ) at the start of the profile .\natlas of living australia ( ala ) ( 2014 ) . atlas of living australia . available from : urltoken .\nbancroft , w . & m . bamford ( 2012 ) . karara iron ore project : annual monitoring survey of the shield - backed trapdoor spider 2010 to 2012 . prepared for : karara mining limited .\nbennelongia ( 2012 ) . mummaloo hill project : short - range endemic invertebrates . prepared for top iron . available from : urltoken .\nclarke , g . & f . spier - ashcroft ( 2003 ) . a review of the conservation status of selected australian non - marine invertebrates . environment australia , canberra . available from : urltoken .\nmain , b . y . ( 1992 ) . the role of life history patterns and demography of mygalomorph trapdoor spiders for assessing persistence in remnant habitats of the western australian wheatbelt . report for the world wide fund for nature , world wide fund for nature , sydney .\nmain , b . y . ( 1995 ) . survival of trapdoor spiders during and after fire . calm science supplement . 4 : 207 - 216 .\nmain , b . y . ( 2010 ) . interactions of water , plants and ground - dwelling fauna : water harvesting and tapping by trapdoor spiders . landscapes : the journal of the international centre for landscape and language . 4 ( 1 ) .\nanonymous ( 2009 ) . australian faunal directory . australian biological resources study . available from : urltoken .\nepbc act email updates can be received via the communities for communities newsletter and the epbc act newsletter .\nthis database is designed to provide statutory , biological and ecological information on species and ecological communities , migratory species , marine species , and species and species products subject to international trade and commercial use protected under the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 ( the epbc act ) . it has been compiled from a range of sources including listing advice , recovery plans , published literature and individual experts . while reasonable efforts have been made to ensure the accuracy of the information , no guarantee is given , nor responsibility taken , by the commonwealth for its accuracy , currency or completeness . the commonwealth does not accept any responsibility for any loss or damage that may be occasioned directly or indirectly through the use of , or reliance on , the information contained in this database . the information contained in this database does not necessarily represent the views of the commonwealth . this database is not intended to be a complete source of information on the matters it deals with . individuals and organisations should consider all the available information , including that available from other sources , in deciding whether there is a need to make a referral or apply for a permit or exemption under the epbc act .\nthis \u20183 year plan\u2019 presents strategic direction to ensure wheatbelt nrm effectively responds to national , state and regional nrm needs . this will be achieved by engaging our community to actively support and progress our strategic objectives . this \u20183 year plan\u2019 is supported each year by an operations plan that sets out how resources will be allocated and utilised in progressing the strategic objectives in this document .\nthe wheatbelt regional nrm strategy guides nrm investment priorities within the region . the regional community provided important guidance to the development of the strategy , which reflects their values and understanding of the environment they live in and know .\nthe western australian government 2018 - 19 community stewardship grants are now open and wheatbelt nrm is supporting our community to apply .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 695e1e77 - a2b7 - 4786 - 9502 - 81be54ac63d9\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : a5fba25c - 9301 - 4111 - bd1d - f020b12a5b0a\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : e67764dc - eda3 - 4e87 - aec6 - 15c1bee8e0a9\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : b1892325 - 13b1 - 4247 - a2e0 - 986a69278e48\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 301255\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nwe love australia : its environment and its people . that ' s why we want to be a part of its sustainable development to ensure we preserve its unique , fragile beauty . through our work and shared passions , we strive to achieve sensible , measurable , realistic outcomes that are good for our clients ' businesses and the natural environment .\nphoenix has a core team of highly skilled , passionate environmental professionals that strikes the right balance of scientific credibility , practical application and business sense .\ncommunication and collaboration are the cornerstones of our client relationships . we offer personalised service and ready access to experienced senior staff . meticulously developed , our business and data management systems ensure efficiency and data accuracy . we pursue innovative approaches to overcome complex issues , manage risk , and minimise constraints and operational costs .\nthe phoenix botany team has broad botanical knowledge and offers a diverse range of services underscored by a reputation for delivering high quality , robust assessments .\nour rehabilitation framework , developed over several years is sufficiently adaptable to manage these challenges and sufficiently transparent to satisfy regulators .\nstriking the right balance between science and practicality , the phoenix vertebrate fauna team is comprised of career zoologists with intimate knowledge of wa species .\nphoenix is the industry leader in targeted terrestrial invertebrate surveys , including short - range endemic ( sre ) assessments .\nphoenix offers complete subterranean survey solutions that are well - planned and employ cutting - edge , best practice field and laboratory methods .\nphoenix ' s invertebrate team offers a wealth of experience in invertebrate taxonomy and aquatic ecosystem management , which delivers clear impact management , mitigation strategies and baseline information .\nphoenix employs people with a diverse range of experiences and skills that are capable of reading between the lines , identifying and stitching together the key environmental factors of any project .\nphoenix ' s team of taxonomists offers extensive experience in invertebrate species systematics and biology and fast turnaround times that effectively eliminate costly project delays .\nthese spiders are restricted to the northern wheatbelt region in western australia . they are currently ( 2017 ) the only species listed as threatened under federal legislation ( epbc act ) . they are believed to be threatened by habitat destruction and fragmentation . a number of spider species have a rugose abdomen like this and are subject to a taxonomic study by michael rix ( queensland museum ) and collaborators .\nn . b . : considered a senior synonym of aganippe o . pickard - cambridge , 1877 ( type a . subtristis o . pickard - cambridge , 1877 ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidergen : 00072 ] and of anidiops ( type a . manstridgei pocock , 1897 ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidergen : 00073 ] by rix et al . , 2017 : 590 ; transferred from the ctenizidae to the idiopidae by raven , 1985a : 138 .\n| | australia ( western australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 050288 ]\n| | australia ( new south wales ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 000630 ]\n| | australia ( western australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 000631 ]\n| | australia ( western australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 050289 ]\n| | australia ( south australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 050290 ]\n| | australia ( western australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 000632 ]\n| | australia ( western australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 050291 ]\n| | australia ( western australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 050292 ]\n| | australia ( western australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 049619 ]\n| | australia ( western australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 050293 ]\n| | australia ( western australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 050294 ]\n| | australia ( western australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 050295 ]\n| | australia ( western australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 050296 ]\n| | australia ( western australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 050297 ]\n| | australia ( western australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 050298 ]\n| | australia ( western australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 050299 ]\n| | australia ( western australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 000644 ]\n| | australia ( western australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 050300 ]\n| | australia ( western australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 050301 ]\n| | australia ( new south wales ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 000634 ]\n| | australia ( western australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 000806 ]\n| | australia ( western australia , south australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 000635 ]\n| | australia ( new south wales ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 000637 ]\n| | australia ( western australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 000638 ]\n| | australia ( western australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 050302 ]\n| | australia ( western australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 000807 ]\n| | australia ( south australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 000641 ]\n| | australia ( south australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 000642 ]\n| | australia ( victoria ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 000643 ]\nthese spiders , from the sub - order orthognatha ( mygalomorphae ) or primitive spiders , are famous for their falsely suggested\ndeadly\nbites . more about the exaggerated poisonous of these and other spiders can be read here . the bird - eating spider and tarantula , which is a common name for these spiders , the goliath spider ( theraposa blondi ) which is the largest spider on the world with a leg span of 30 cm and a weight of 130 grams , sydney funnel web spider ( atrax robustus ) and the mouse spider ( missulena ) are names given to species belonging to the order . in europe only two members of this sub - order can be found . in australia 13 % ( > 240 ) of the spiders belong to the mygalomorphae . the ancestral lineage of these spiders goes back over 360 million years .\nmost of these spiders live fearful lives buried deep in holes . many species react on unexpected events by cowering in fear , unable to move , or by violently plunging their pickaxe fangs . ( more about the fangs ) the spider can often be spotted when the males start searching for females and leave their burrows . females are more difficult to find because they can live for several years in their burrow with out leaving it .\nthe two long spinnerets at the back end of their abdomen and their large fangs that move up and down instead of sideways , like the modern spiders , are characteristic for this order .\ndistribution the eastern mouse spider ( missulena bradleyi ) lives in eastern australia from queensland to victoria . the redheaded mouse spider ( missulena occatoria ) occurs across most of the mainland , except southern victoria and northern australia . the male of this species has a bright red cephalothorax . the northern mouse spider ( missulena pruinosa ) is found in northern australia around darwin . one species has been described outside australia in chile .\nmissulena bradleyi rainbow , 1914 ; new south wales missulena dipsaca faulder , 1995 ; australia missulena granulosa o . p . - cambridge , 1869 ; western australia missulena hoggi womersley , 1943 ; western australia missulena insignis o . p . - cambridge , 1877 ; australia missulena occatoria walckenaer , 1805 ; southern australia missulena pruinosa levitt - gregg , 1966 ; western australia , northern territory missulena reflexa rainbow & pulleine , 1918 ; south australia missulena rutraspina faulder , 1995 ; western australia , south australia , victoria missulena torbayensis main , 1996 ; western australia missulena tussulena goloboff , 1994 ; chile\nthere are over 150 species in the family barychelidae in australia . males are called silverbacks because they are silvery coloured on the head . females have dark to golden brown hairs on their heads .\nidiomata are funnel web spiders that build their burrows with a door . not all genera in this family have a door to close their burrow . the flask - like chambers are just below the ground .\nthey are mostly terrestrial spiders , which build typical silk - lined tubular burrow retreats , with a collapsed\ntunnel\nor open\nfunnel\nentrance from which irregular trip lines radiate out over the ground . exceptions , which lack trip lines but may have trapdoors , are those hadronyche from south australia , like\nthe silk entrance tube may be split into 2 openings , in a y or t form . in the case of\nthe burrow may be in the hollow of a tree trunk or limb , many meters above ground level .\nadult male spiders leave the burrow permanently to seek a mate . such wandering male spiders may enter houses , sometimes even find their way into clothing , and thus account for many bites . most funnel - web spiders are ground or log dwellers but at least two are tree dwellers (\n, the sydney funnelweb spider , has a distribution centering on sydney , extending north to the hunter river , south to shoalhaven river , and narrowing westwards as far as lithgow .\nhas a considerably wider distribution ; being the coastal areas and highland forest regions from tasmania to queensland .\nthe australian funnel - web spiders ( family hexathelidae , simon , 1892 ) are probably the most dangerous spiders we can encounter . the most famous spider is the sydney funnel web ( atrax robustus ) . chances to be bitten are small . there are only two cases of envenomation annually in the last 10 years . funnel - web spiders belong to the family hexathelidae and two ( atrax and hadronyche ) of the eleven genera are considered dangerous . of the 40 described species in this family , the six red printed species caused severe envenomation .\nhadrochyne spiders are medium sized spiders with a size varying between 10 and 50 mm . the largest species , hadronyche formidabilis measures between 40 and 50 mm . the sparsely haired spiders are coloured between brown to black . not all species are dangerous but a bite from a funnel web spider should always be treated seriously .\nthe southern tree funnel - web spider , hadronyche cerberea , is common around sydney and in the central coast regions . they make their silk - lined retreats in rough - barked trees often covered with bark and other wood particles .\nthis family contains six subfamilies with 38 genera and 329 species , widely distributed worldwide . in australia 86 species in at least six genera are described .\nthese spiders live in silk - lined burrows up to 20 cm deep . some species close the burrow with a lid .\nthis is a large family of trap door spiders with about 270 species , mostly found in the southern hemisphere , worldwide . eight genera with about 70 species live in australia . all australian genera are endemic with the exception of misgolas that also occurs in new zealand . almost all members of this family live in arid areas where they live in burrows up to 60 cm deep .\nmisgolas spiders are 15 - 30 mm in length and commonly found in eastern australia . the spider can of course bite but the toxin is not dangerous . the penetration of the fangs throught the skin may hurt .\nthis is a large family with 111 genera and 883 species world wide . their body size varies from 13 to 90 mm . the largest spider theraphosa blondi also belongs to this family . spiders of this family are called tarantulas or bird - eating spiders . this is a very common name but it often refers to these spiders .\nin australia inly six species occur ; selenocosmia crassipes , selenocosmia stirlingi , selenocosmia strenua , selenocosmia subvulpina , selenotholus foelschei , selenotypus plumipes .\na famous member is the barking spider or whistling spider selenocosmia crassipes . she makes a rasping sound with her mouthparts that can be heard from a one meter distance . spiders from this family make burrows that can reach a length of two meters when the spider is mature . young spiders can be found under rocks and roots . the spider lives in north eastern australia and papua new guinea . the spider is quite large with a body length of 70 to 90 mm . measured from the tip on her legs she can be 200 mm in length .\nfunnel web tarantulas occur almost worldwide in the tropics . the 175 world wide and 90 australian members of this family often build messy funnel webs . most species are uncommon and live in remote areas . most species are small hairy and dark brown to black . sometimes they can be found in holes in trees . their spinnerets are moderate long .\ncethegus ischnotheloides has a body length of 15 mm . this spider lived in a dense web on the ground between shrub in leinster , western australia .\nfor full functionality of this site it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\npossible taxa information in external databases . this is subject to revision in urls and sites . please contact the data centre if you find any problems or wish to advise of another useful resource .\nthe scientific data on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution 3 . 0 unported license ."]}
+{"id": 40, "summary": [{"text": "bilobata subsecivella is a moth in the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by zeller in 1852 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in south africa , india , indonesia ( java ) and new zealand .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the species was first recorded from new zealand as stomopteryx simplicella , but was redescribed as a new species based on comparison of the genitalia .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "furthermore , the white mark at three-fourths of the forewings which is found in both these species , is reduced to a mere spot in columbina ( while it often forms an almost complete fascia in simplicella ) . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "bilobata subsecivella", "paragraphs": ["host : grapholita critica ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) , etiella behrii ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) , bilobata subsecivella ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) on peanut ( arachis hypogaea ) , phthorimaea operculella ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) on potato ( solanum tuberosum ) ( gauld , 1980 ) .\nbiloba argosticha janse , 1954 ; moths s . afr . 5 ( 4 ) : 304\nbiloba torninotella janse , 1954 ; moths s . afr . 5 ( 4 ) : 304\n[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nzeller , 1852 lepidoptera microptera quae j . a . wahlberg in caffrorum terra collegit k . vetenskakad . handl . 1852 : 1 - 120\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\n\u009b\u0016\b e\u00b3e\u00b8\u00ed\u00eb\u00ba\u0087t\u00a2 ; o\u00e36\u00a4h\u0012\u00bb5\u00f5\u0007\u00be\u00ff\u001a\u0089e % / d # \u00e3m\u00ef\u00f4r\u008b . \u001b\u0014\u00abd\u00e58\u00fd\u00a6\u00a5\u00fb\u008cd2\u00e8\u0084\u00f2\u00ed\u00a2\u009dm\u00d7\u00e6\u00b6\u00ed | w\u0081 ( \u00a5\u00b467\u00abi \u00a2\u00e7\u0094\u00fd\u0091\u00e2 [ k\u00f5\u0018f < z\u00acl\u0086\u0000\u00b7\u0095\u008cxi # za\u00ef $ \u0099 \u00f6 % + \u0097m & u7 ; \u00b7 = q7\u0012\u00fa\u00e9 + \u00fcliu\u0096\u0013 [ $ \u0016v $ \u008f i $ g \u008en\u00e6i $ j\u00e8 { \u00aav\u000fc\u00e9\u0018\u00ec6p\u00a4\u0090 # \u008bi\u00ae \\ gf\u0011 j\u0086mluh\u00f1\u00fdfoh f ; \u00f0\u00efii\u0015 \\ 7\u00a63 { \u00b5\u009dl\u00f9\u00f9\u0006\u00bb\u007f\u00b4\u00a9\u00e4oa\u0098\u0095\u00ed ( \u0015\biq @ \u00e3\u00a1\u00e1\u0083 [ \u00a6 $ \u00a3\u00b2\u00e2\u00fa\u00aa\u00ae > \u008b\u00f2 va\u00f3x | \u00e0\u00e6\u0019 % \u00ecuu ] \u0006 $ \u00f1\u00a3\u0092\u0091\u00a5e\u00e50\u00aa\u0005 \\ \u0088f\u0093\u0003\u00f6 ) qp \u00ee . \u00f29\u00e7h\u0093\u00e2\u00af\u00ae\u0080qz\u00e2r\u00e6\u008a \u00e1\u00eb\u0098\u008d \u00bd\u00ba\u00ec . $ \u00fc * 0 \u00e5\u00a8 ^ g\u008d\u0091\u009ef\u00e0k\u009a\u00a9\u00e6\u0080\u00f8\u0013tk / \u0014h\u0090 . \u00e1a\u00b4\u0083\u0087\u0011\u00ed\n\u008enw\u00f1 | \u00ef\u00b6\u008b\u00ac\u00e8\u0086\u00d7 \u00e1 : . $ \u000fg\u00f3\u00a7s\u00b6\u009b\u008c\u00fa2\u00ec\u0086\u0084k9r\u0080\u0090\b\u008b\u0094 \u00f6 % \u009e\u00a9 ~ \u00f1\u00e0\u00fe\u00ba\u00f0 $ \u0081\u0083\u00a5zw\u00957\u00d7uy ( \u00bb\u00e8 \u00ea\u00e8\u00ef ! 6km\u0093\u00e6\u00a1 - \u0083\u00f6t\u0088\u0083\u00f6\u00e8\u00a5\u00ad\u0093f / xvn\u00a3\u0097\u00f6 & \u008d [ } \u00194 ` \u0013\u00f2hec\u0019 , } \u00f2\u00f2\u00e9\u00a5o ^ : \u00bd\u00f4\u00e9 \u0012\u0019fa @ \u00eb \u009aod\u00e9sx\u00fc @ \u00b0\u008b | $ \u00b1 \u00976i\u008a ' g\u00e9z\u00e2\u0099m8\u00b2\u00ab\u00aa \u0082\u00a4\u00df\u00eb1rp\u00e5i\u00f0\u008a \u00bbx\u00b6x\u00e2q1e * \u00bbk\u009eh\u00b2\u008b = \u0091d ? 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\u00e7\u00f8\u001b _ \u00fb ^ \u007f\u00fe\u00ebk\u00df\u00fc\u00af\u00f8\u0089 } \u0089mj \u00ea\u0090 & \u00b7\u0005\u008a\u00f6\u00f2 % t\u0005\u0092\u0014 / \u00e0 : \u00f0a\u0082vh\u00e9\u00a2dj ( \u00a5\u00fdgxw\u0002\u00a2\u00ebzt\u0090 ` u\u0007\u0014\u00a8\u00e3\u00ba\u00a9\u00aa\u00a2\u0015u\u009d\u008a\u00aama\u00f3z\u00a1\u0016\u0089j\u00e2\u0015\u007f\u00f0l\u0015\u0089\u00b3\u00f7 \\ ' \u009d\u00aa - \u0096\u00ef = \u00f7\u00e4\u00e8\u007f\u00bc\u00efy\u009f\u00f3 { \u0012\u0092\u00e4\u00faz ) \u00f6\u00e4 ) vh\u00a4uri\u0014a\u00a2\u00ab\u0080x8\u0095\u00a8\u00903t . \u00e1cv\u0092\u00fa\u0011\u000e\u00e3\u00efjq \u0005x ? \u00e6\u0012\u00af\u0002i\u00b8\u0010\u00e1\u00a3n\u00f6\u0083i\u00a3\u009f\u00f5\u00e1 > \u00f6 v\u0081\u0097s\u0081\u00e6\u0004\u008a\u00e3\u00ae8f\u00f1\u009d\u00f0 \u0083\u00fa z \u0094 ( mp\u00b2\u0098\u00aa\u00edh\u0088\u0098g + \u00e2y\u0001o\u00bf ? k\u00ec\u00b7\u000fn x\u0014\u00e6 ] \u00e90\u00f6sm\u0083\u0013\u00fb\u00b9 lux\u00f6 = \u008e\u00f0\u00eci\u00f3\b\u0015\u0010\u00eb\u00b1k\u00f0 . \u00a5 _ v\u0086\u00f5\u0083h\u0094 uf\u00f5s\u00e8\u009c\u00ea\u00b3 + v5co\u00f0j\u00a1\u008c\u00e8\u00e4\u00ea\u00b3\u000f\u009f \u0015\u00e0q\u0002\u00f8\u00aa ` \u0007\u00f2 c\u008e\u001b\u00e5\u00af $ ns\u00a7\u0013nd ] \u00ac\u00adg\u00f9\u00fa\u00ee\u00f3\u009c ; \u00ef\u0080\u00adwmop\u00e8 @ n\u007f\u00a8\u0003\u0095go\u00ee\u00bd\u00b1\u00e1\u000e\u00b6 < { \u00fdm\u00f8\u0003\u00ef\u00bf\u009f\u00f5\u00f3 \u00f8 : \u00e80z0\u00a6\u00e1\u00f2\u0005\u00fd\u00ec ' \u0091\u0000 = \u0006\u00b5\u0093a / \u00bb\u0006 \u00f9\u0002\u00ae\u0092 _ \u00e9\u00f9\u0001\u00fc\u00ee\u00fa\u00a5\u00aa6\u00bd } \u00fb \u00a5 * \u00f7wk\u00e6 = \u00ed\u008eu\u00f3o\u0091\u0095 { \u008dv\u0092lz\u00f5\u00ee \u00b7\u00e7\u00ec\u008fn { \u00fca\u0010\u00b8\u00f71\u00fb\u00ef\u00eb [ 4\u0092\u0084\u00bb\u00a3 \u00f4\u00bd\u00e9\u00f8\u008e | \u00a8\u000e\u00ff\u00e6 \\ \u00bc\u0095\u00fb\u001a : \u00bc ` 28\u0019\u00bb\n^ ilj\u00d7\u0083 \u0097\u00e0\u00aa\u00e3\u0089\u00e0\u00f0\n\u009fh\u00e0\u001ab \u00e1fqa\u00fd0\u00e4\u0014\u009e\u000e\u0091\u00b9\u00f0\u00e2\u00ee = } so7m\u00abgh\u00ba\u00a1\u00bb0 \u0082c\u00f8\u00109\u00e2 < \u00e2 > \u00e4\u008c\u00f9n\u0090\u0013\u00ec { \u008e\u00f7 < \u007f\u0094 & \u00f1\u00a4\u00efg\u00ec . \u00b7\u00f3\u00e3 \\ \u00e0c\u009e\u00f0 \u00ef\u008bj\u009e\u00ed\u00b1\u00ed\u0089 ' { \u0098\u00fd\u00b1\u00fd\u00f2\u0018 { a\u00b8 m\u00e6o\u00ba\u00bdk\u00fd\u00fe\u0002\u00b2e . o\u00f0\u001b\u0093wt [ \u00e7\u0001b\u0089\u0019cq\u000e\u008e\u00e8\u0003\u00a6 \u00fb\u00e4\u009c\u00f2\u00a1\u0010 \u00eaa\u0012\u0084\u009cb\u00f3\u00e3\u0000\u00ed + & \u00fb\u008d \u00e1\u0007 * \u00b5\u007fuz\u00ac\u00f0\u00b2 ( o\u00e3\u00e9j\u001ao\u00fap \u0097\u0094r\u00e1\u0094 ' \u00e9h\u00e5da $ n\u00f6\u0017lb\u009d\u00e2i q\u00e3\u008cw\u00e2 , \u00e0\u00f8\u0093\u00f8\u0097 0\u00e2\u00f0\u0082h\u0012\u0089v\u0018 \u00a3 > \u0096\u0090\u0019k\u00ed c\u00e8\u00f2\u0012 \u0087sng\u00b0\u00e8 ( \u00ef\u00fe2\u00bd\u00e1\n\u0011\u0082e\u0006\u00be\u00a4 < \u00fb\u00f9\u00f9 @ \u0011\u0002\u00e1 x8\u00e8\u009b\u00af\u00e8\u0081\u00b73\u00be\n2\u00e6\u00fez\u00f0\u00fc \u008e\u0016\u00ae\u0087\u00bc\u00e6\n\u00aa\u00f2\u0090 p\u00e8\u0001\u00ee\u0011\u00e0 ( \u0006 - i \u00168\u0092\u00b2\u00f1x9 ~ q\u00ecr\u00f5 \u00ea / . \u00bd\u008c\u008f\u00e2 ; / n\u00ec\u00fc\u00bb\u00e6\u00e8\u0096\u0015\u00fd\u009b 9\u00ea\u00e8c\u00aa ; \u00aa u\u00ab\u0013\u00f5\u00e9\u007fo ` \u00ee\u00e2\u0017v\u00fd\u00e1\u00a5\u00ea ? \u00aa\u00e7o\u00fc\u00f0\u000e\u0013\u00e7 > 5\u00ef\u000e\u0000x\u00f4\u008c\u0090\u00fd8t\u00bf\b6\u00fd\u00e18r \u00fb\u0099\u00a2b\u00bb\u007f\u00bd\u00b7\u00f8\u0099\u00e2c\u00e2\u0014 ? \u00a5 | \u00a5\u00f93\u00ee\u0004\u00e2 \u00e4\u000fm\u0083\u0014\u00e2\u00f4t \u00b5r = \u009e \u00a2l\n\u00e1 \u0005 \u0000\u0007\u00a7b\u00f5\u0093 \u00f1\u00e1\u00e8\u00af\u00a3\u00b6\u00e8s\u00b9\u0014n\u00e5k\u00f1\u00a1\u00e9\u0087\u0018\u008e ! ] \u00ec\u0006\u00860\u0083\u00e9\u00f4\u00fb\u0098x \u00e2\u00aa1h\u00e9\u00eb 1u\u00b2rf\u009b \u0086\u0015\u00ae2 \u0012 \u008d\u009f4\u00ebd = , | \u008c ' n = \u00ac\u00e6\u00b0 , \u00e2 e\u00easx\u00e1\u00ebr\b\u00f1\u00f4hd\u00ac\u00f8x\u00a2 / \u00f3 \u00f15 < \u0016t\u0005\u0098\u0012l\u00f8\u0016 hyhn\u00e9 $ _ \u00b1 ~ \u00a6\u00f3\u00bb\u00eb\u00e2\u00f1\u00e5 % \u00f2\u0089\u00eb\u00ab\u00af\u008dn\u00bc\u00ae\u0006\u00f6\u008e\u008c\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nmadagascar , reunion , seychelles . also australia , cyprus , india , thailand .\ntemelucha minuta is easily recognizable due to its small size and the m + cu vein of the fore wing basally spectral .\nthe coloration is known to be highly variable in this widespread species , which is a common parasitoid of p . operculella , the potato tuber moth ( gauld 1980 ) . the darkest malagasy specimens have extensive brown markings on the face so that the anterior half of genae and mesoscutum may be almost entirely black . lighter specimens have yellow notauli and the mesopleura with a yellow longitudinal band ( rousse et al . , 2011 ) .\ngauld , i . d . 1980 . notes on an economically important species of temelucha forster ( hymenoptera : ichneumonidae ) and a preliminary key to australian species . bulletin of entomological research . 70 , 43\u201347 .\nmorley , c . 1913 . the fauna of british india including ceylon and burma , hymenoptera , vol . 3 . ichneumonidae . london , british museum . 531pp .\nphotographs by agni\u010dle touret - alby \u00a9 mnhn ( specimens database urltoken ) . map illustration \u00a9 simon van noort ( iziko museums of south africa ) .\ncitation : van noort , s . 2018 . waspweb : hymenoptera of the afrotropical region . url : urltoken ( accessed on < day / month / year > ) .\nlike most websites we use cookies . this is to ensure that we give you the best experience possible .\ncontinuing to use urltoken means you agree to our use of cookies . if you would like to , you can learn more about the cookies we use .\ncab direct is the most thorough and extensive source of reference in the applied life sciences , incorporating the leading bibliographic databases cab abstracts and global health . cab direct provides a convenient , single point of access to all of your cabi database subscriptions .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n[ south africa , kwazulu - natal ] , natal , weenen , ix\u2013x . 1925 , leg . s . p . thomasset ."]}
+{"id": 41, "summary": [{"text": "the slender treeshrew ( tupaia gracilis ) is a treeshrew species within the tupaiidae .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "it is native to borneo and inhabits foremost lowland old forest . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "slender treeshrew", "paragraphs": ["the slender treeshrew ( tupaia gracilis ) is a treeshrew species in the tupaiidae family . it is found in indonesia and malaysia .\nfirst footage of the slender treeshrew ( tupaia gracilis ) , a scarce bornean endemic and the least common treeshrew in sabah . it was captured in a lowland forest , in sintopy with tupaia tana .\nis a species of treeshrew in the tupaiidae family . it is found in indonesia and malaysia .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nborneo , sarawak , baram dist . , apoh river at base of mt . batu song .\nborneo below 1 , 200 m , including sabah and sarawak ( malaysia ) and kalimantan ( indonesia ) except se ; west to islands of karimata , belitung , and bangka , and north to banggi isl .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : listed as least concern as although the species is not common and its habitat continues to decline in the face of ongoing forest loss in the lowlands of borneo , the species shows some adaptability to disturbed environments , and it is unlikely that past or future declines over 10 years would not be at a rate that would warrant listing in a threatened category .\nthis species is found on borneo below 1 , 200 m , in sabah and sarawak ( malaysia ) and kalimantan ( indonesia ) except in the south - east ; west to the islands of karimata , belitung , and bangka , and north to banggi island ( helgen 2005 ) . it is sympatric with tupaia minor , t . longipes , and t . tana on borneo ( .\nthis species is somewhat rare ( k . h . han pers . comm . ) . it seems patchily distributed , being present at low densities in some sites , but apparently absent from other forested areas ( r . stuebing pers . comm . ) .\nthis species is found in lowland old growth forests , secondary forest and in older ( > 5years ) tree plantations ( r . stuebing pers . comm . ) .\nthe major threat to this species is loss of habitat due to logging , agricultural expansion and conversion of land to plantations .\nit occurs in several protected areas throughout its range , including lanjak - entimau wildlife sanctuary ( han and engkamat 2000 ) . the preservation of old and regenerating forested areas , and natural forest remnants within tree plantations , will benefit this species . it is listed on cites appendix ii .\nthis errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .\n( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t41495a115189017 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .\nnote : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , \u00a92005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\ndon ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .\nemmons , l . h . 2000 . tupai : a field study of bornean treeshrews . university of california press , berkeley , ca , usa .\nhan , k . h . and engkamat , l . 2000 . a species inventory of small mammals for the development of lanjak - entimau wildlife sanctuary as a totally protected area . proceedings of international itto workshop 2000 development of lanjak - entimau wildlife sanctuary as a totally protected area phase ii : 120\u2013134 . malaysia .\nhelgen , k . m . 2005 . order scandentia . in : d . e . wilson and d . a . reeder ( eds ) , mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , pp . 104 - 109 . johns hopkins university press , baltimore , maryland , usa .\niucn . 2016 . the iucn red list of threatened species . version 2016 - 3 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 07 december 2016 ) .\niucn . 2017 . the iucn red list of threatened species . version 2017 - 1 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 27 april 2017 ) .\npacifici , m . , santini , l . , di marco , m . , baisero , d . , francucci , l . , grottolo marasini , g . , visconti , p . and rondinini , c . 2013 . generation length for mammals . nature conservation 5 : 87\u201394 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nenglish - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers\nyou can copy this taxon into another guide . if you are one of the editors of this guide it should copy everything , but if you ' re not , it will only copy the licensed content .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 frameset / / en\nurltoken\nproject noah is a tool to explore and document wildlife and a platform to harness the power of citizen scientists everywhere .\nthanks andhi , i always refer it as squirell in the past , not anymore . stick with tupaia or tupai : ) glad to know that we still have heaps of these in the wild ."]}
+{"id": 42, "summary": [{"text": "zafeen ( 25 april 2000 ) was a french-bred thoroughbred racehorse and sire .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "trained in the united kingdom , he showed good form as a two-year-old in 2002 , winning two of his six races including the mill reef stakes and finishing second in the prix morny .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "in the following year he finished second in the 2000 guineas , won the st james 's palace stakes at royal ascot and was rated the best three-year-old over one mile in europe and north america .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he was retired to stud at the end of the year and had moderate success as a sire of winners . ", "topic": 7}], "title": "zafeen", "paragraphs": ["drowne ' s mature reaction to losing the ride on zafeen should come as no surprise to those who have seen his career blossom .\nridden by pat smullen , refuse to bend held off outsiders zafeen and norse dancer to win a tightly - fought contest at newmarket .\nthen came a bolt from the blue when zafeen ' s owner , jaber abdullah , decided that his star miler needed a different rider .\nthis is probably only for tb readers - but does anyone know or have any progeny by the tb stallion zafeen ? one of our clients has just foaled down one of her mares by zafeen and wants to know if this youngster is showing the normal behaviour for a zafeen foal ( the mare has foaled previously ) . also interested to know ourselves anyway , as have another mare coming into us for foaling down which will be a zafeen foal . would like to know if they all portray the same type of temperament . thanks . feel free to pm if you ' d rather .\nhow is the mare bred ? maybe the caro influence in zafeen is not a good mix ? though gone west is usually a chilling out factor for temperaments ime . . .\nit was great to have two winners at royal ascot after the setback with zafeen and both mick and roger have some lovely horses to look forward to ,\nhe added .\nmajor general mohammed al marri , khalifa al zafeen and humaid bin dimas , presented ideas for the management of the award which can be implemented in the future cycles of the award .\nbut refuse to bend , ridden by pat smullen , got his nose in front two furlongs out and held off the late challenge of zafeen to claim the first classic of the season .\nzafeen is to be given a mid - season break before taking in a group one contest over a mile with the sussex stakes at goodwood high on his trainer mick channon\u2019s priority list .\nthere ' s nothing new about rich men losing patience when things go wrong in racing , and abdullah felt zafeen would benefit from a change in personnel ahead of the biggest meeting of the year .\nit was in easy conditions that zafeen flopped in the irish 2000 guineas but he had his favourite lightening fast ground when landing last week\u2019s group one three - year - old race under darryll holland .\n1 refuse to bend ( p smullen ) 9 - 2 2 zafeen ( s drowne ) 33 - 1 3 norse dancer ( p robinson ) 100 - 1 20 ran . dist : \u00bel , hd\nsoumillon managed to get off a series of rides at deauville to secure the mount on kalaman , who looked distinctly unlucky when second to zafeen in the st james ' s palace stakes at royal ascot in june .\njust over a month ago steve drowne was getting on with business in his quiet yet efficient way and looking forward to the ride of his life aboard zafeen in the st james ' s palace stakes at royal ascot .\nchannon has long regarded the three - year - old as a top - class prospect , having trained his half - brother zafeen to win the 2003 st james ' s palace stakes and finish second in that season ' s 2 , 000 guineas .\nthis is two time winning shamardal mare texas queen\u2019s first foal . texas queen is from the immediate family of champion 3yo in europe ( 2003 ) zafeen \u2013 whose wins include the gr . 1 st . james\u2019 palace and the gr . 2 mill reef stakes .\ntrade fair and zafeen will carry the hopes of the three - year - old division in the group one second showpiece on wednesday but they will have trouble coping with dubai destination if the godolphin colt is in the same explosive form as when winning the queen anne stakes at ascot in june .\nzafeen ( fr ) b . h , 2000 { 21 - a } dp = 6 - 7 - 11 - 0 - 0 ( 24 ) di = 3 . 36 cd = 0 . 79 - 11 starts , 3 wins , 4 places , 0 shows career earnings : $ 559 , 248\nbut sir michael stoute is adamant the best has not been seen of kalaman , who was deprived of a group one notch to his belt when he suffered severe interference in the home straight before flashing home for second place behind zafeen in the st james ' s palace stakes at royal ascot last month .\nif the alarm bells ring when assessing trade fair , who has raced only on good or fast ground , they will reach a cresendo with the mention of zafeen , whose only poor run this year came in the irish 2 , 000 guineas at the curragh , where the ground was badly rain - affected .\nsheikh mohammed was also accompanied during the tour by khalifa saeed suleiman , director - general of protocols and hospitality department in dubai , eng . khalifa al zafeen , ceo of dubai airports , major general obaid mohair , deputy director - general of the general directorate of residency and foreign affairs in dubai and others .\nfor those breeders who have not yet had a chance to visit overbury stud to see the stallions , proclamation and zafeen will be on show in the ring at tattersalls on thursday , 7 february at 10am , prior to the february sale . for closer inspection , they will be stabled in further paddocks at the sales complex .\nby zafonic ( 1990 ) european horse of the year , dewhurst s ( g1 ) , 2 , 000 guineas ( g1 ) , etc . sire of 656 foals aged three and up , including iffraaj , count dubois , xaar , zafeen , zee zee top , flashy wings , pacino , zipping , alrassaam , dupont , trade fair , etc .\ntwice - raced moresweets \u2018n lace , a zafeen filly , needs to win . if able to perform anything like , will oblige and considerably enhance her stud value , just in time for the northern hemisphere season that commences halfway through next month . you willl definitely be on a 100 per cent trier and unfortunately , that\u2019s not always the case , is it ?\nlooks and pedigree : both are correct , impressive individuals , from different ( but equally successful ) branches of the mr prospector line \u2013 which is noted for speed and brilliance . proclamation hails from one of the aga khan ' s first families , while zafeen is from a young and especially precocious damline . i ' d enjoy welcoming you to overbury to inspect them .\nsharp\nwould be a very mild word to describe the temperament of this one particular foal . maybe the mare who is coming to us this weekend to foal down ( in foal to zafeen ) may be different - because we certainly hope so after hearing what this other one has been like ! perhaps also , it ' s in the handling . thanks for responding .\nzafeen , too , was rated the best miler of his generation , his st james ' s palace stakes win assessed as even better than refuse to bend ' s 2 , 000 guineas and six perfections ' breeders ' cup mile . he was also top class at two , winning the mill reef stakes having run a close second in a lightning fast prix morny . in other words , they are both easily good enough to excel at stud .\nwe\u2019ve been thrilled at how well both champion milers have been supported since retiring to overbury . proclamation , now in his second season at stud , covered more dams of group winners than any stallion in britain or ireland standing at the equivalent of \u00a35 , 000 or less . zafeen ' s first book in 2006 included no fewer than 44 two - year - old winners or dams of two - year - old winners \u2013 exactly the kind of mares that can help him off to a flying start . his first foals sold in 2007 , making up to \u00a378 , 000 and averaging almost five times his stud fee . with proclamation standing at \u00a34 , 000 and zafeen at \u00a33 , 000 , we believe both represent outstanding value . not only are they both beautifully bred individuals but , as you can see from our stallion pages on the website , they have the racecourse form to back it up . and as for conformation , you\u2019ll be able to judge this for yourself on thursday or give us a call to arrange to visit them at home , here at overbury .\nnext up for oasis dream was the 2002 group one middle park stakes at newmarket , where he would go up against several horses with major race wins to their name . \u2018zafeen\u2019 and \u2018elusive city\u2019 were just two of the horses with major honours that were tipped for success . fortune rode him brilliantly , tracking the leaders and taking over the lead a furlong out , to give the horse his first group one victory in a race record time of 1 : 09 . 61 . that would be his last race as a two - year - old and also the last time jimmy fortune would ride him\nzafonic ( usa ) ( bay 1990 - stud 1994 ) . head of the 1992 2yo & 1993 3yo european classifications . 5 wins - 4 at 2 - from 6f to 1m , \u00a3374 , 713 , the two thousand guineas , gr . 1 . brother to sw zamindar . sire of 521 rnrs , 359 wnrs , 53 sw , inc . xaar ( longchamp prix de la salamandre , gr . 1 ) , count dubois , zafeen , zee zee top , dupont , alrassaam , attima , iffraaj , flashy wings , zipping , pacino , shenck , trade fair , kavafi , banknote , clearing , kareymah , etc .\nrefuse to bend was , of course , an unbeaten g1 - winning two - year - old , but he clearly got even better as he got older . winner of the g1 national stakes at the curragh as a juvenile , refuse to bend maintained his unbeaten record when winning the 2 , 000 guineas in 2003 , defeating zafeen by three - quarters of a length with the remaining 18 runners following the pair home at intervals . lack of stamina proved his undoing when he was unplaced in the derby , but he bounced back in his next start when justifying odds - on favouritism in the group three desmond stakes at the curragh .\nmon fils won the first mill reef stakes graduating to take the 2000 guineas the following year . other notable winners include magic of life ( 1987 ) who won the following season ' s coronation stakes ; firebreak ( 2001 ) who went on to win the hong kong mile and two renewals of the godolphin mile in dubai ; zafeen ( 2002 ) who next season finished second to refuse to bend in the 2000 guineas before winning the st james ' s palace stakes ; excellent art ( 2006 ) ( pictured above ) who won the next year ' s st james ' s palace stakes and then notched up three high profile seconds in the sussex stakes , queen elizabeth ii stakes and breeders ' cup mile .\nparticularly sire of alrassaam , arabesque , attima , aynthia , banknote , bibury flyer , bodyguard , californian , canasita , clearing , corsario , count dubois , dreams come true , dupont , endless summer , flashy wings , guest connections , herodotus , hockney , ibn al haitham , iffraaj , i ' m in love , inhabitant , kareymah , kavafi , le z\u00e8le , legal approach , lucidor , maybe forever , mooring , morning eclipse , munsef , nota bene , nufoos , organizer , ozone layer , pacino , shenck , soft centre , spanish don , summerhill parkes , trade fair , undeterred , urg\u00e8le , xaar , yawmi , zachariah , zafeen , zante , zarfoot , zato , zavone , zee zee top , zipping , . . .\n12 b invincible spirit \u2013 lethal quality ( elusive quality ) . sister to promising , winner and 2nd gr . 3 prestige stakes , 3rd gr . 3 fred darling stakes , 2017 , and lethal promise ( winner at 2 , also 4th grangecon stud stakes \u2013 gr . 3 , 2018 ) . dam stakes - placed sprinter in the us , half - sister to changing karma , listed - placed in the us . out of winning half - sister to diffident ( won diadem stakes \u2013 gr . 2 , prix de ris - orangis \u2013 gr . 3 etc ) . further family of zafeen ( gr . 1 winner ; sire ) , opening verse ( gr . 1 winner ; sire ) , atlantic sport ( listed winner ; sire ) , nouriya ( listed winner ) etc\n- ya hajar ( lycius ) , 2 wins , prix du calvados ( gr . 3 ) , 47 547 euros . dam of 3 winners . - zafeen - min asl wafi ( octagonal ) , placed in england . dam of 2 winners . - atlantic sport ( machiavellian ) , 3 wins , fortune stakes ( l . ) , 2nd premio bersaglio ( l . ) , 3rd thoroughbred st . ( l . ) , 4th doncaster mile ( l . ) , \u00a3 88 396 ( 11 ) - fantastic dubai ( storm cat ) , 2 wins in england and in the emirates - happy today ( gone west ) , 1 win in england , 2nd fielden st . ( l . ) ( 11 ) - akeed wafi ( street cry - 2009 ) , 1 win in ireland ( 11 ) - n . ( raven ' s pass - 2010 )\n10 f teofilo \u2013 majestic sakeena ( king\u2019s best ) winner , 2nd pretty polly stakes \u2013 listed , lyric fillies\u2019 stakes \u2013 listed , 3rd lord weinstock memorial ballymacoll stakes \u2013 listed . 1 / 2 sister to nouriya ( won lyric fillies\u2019 stakes \u2013 listed , john musker fillies\u2019 stakes \u2013 listed ; dam of gr . 3 winner and gr . 2 - placed aljazzi ) , yuften ( won balmoral handicap , 3rd lady wulfruna stakes \u2013 listed , 4th prix jean prat , gr . 1 , sovereign stakes , gr . 3 ) , zanotti ( winner ) . dam 1 / 2 sister to shy lady ( listed winner ; dam of zafeen , won st . james\u2019s palace stakes \u2013 gr . 1 ; sire , and ya hajar , won prix du calvados \u2013 gr . 3 ) . family of opening verse ( gr . 1 ; sire ) , diffident ( gr . 2 ; sire ) etc\n14 b galileo \u2013 majestic sakeena ( king\u2019s best ) . placed at 3 years . half - sister to nouriya ( won lyric fillies\u2019 stakes \u2013 listed , john musker fillies\u2019 stakes \u2013 listed ; dam of gr . 2 winner aljazzi ) , lady nouf ( 2nd pretty polly stakes \u2013 listed , lyric fillies\u2019 stakes \u2013 listed , 3rd lord weinstock memorial ballymacoll stakes \u2013 listed ) , yuften ( won balmoral handicap , 3rd lady wulfruna stakes \u2013 listed , 4th prix jean prat , gr . 1 , sovereign stakes , gr . 3 ) , zanotti ( winner ) . dam 1 / 2 sister to shy lady ( listed winner ; dam of zafeen , won st . james\u2019s palace stakes \u2013 gr . 1 ; sire , and ya hajar , won prix du calvados \u2013 gr . 3 ) . family of opening verse ( gr . 1 ; sire ) , diffident ( gr . 2 ; sire ) etc\n12 f dansili ( gb ) \u2013 majestic sakeena ( king\u2019s best ) won 2 races . 1 / 2 sister to nouriya ( won lyric fillies\u2019 stakes \u2013 listed , john musker fillies\u2019 stakes \u2013 listed ; dam of gr . 3 winner aljazzi ) , lady nouf , winner and 2nd pretty polly stakes \u2013 listed , lyric fillies\u2019 stakes \u2013 listed , 3rd lord weinstock memorial ballymacoll stakes \u2013 listed , yuften ( won balmoral handicap , 3rd lady wulfruna stakes \u2013 listed , 4th prix jean prat , gr . 1 , sovereign stakes , gr . 3 ) , zanotti ( winner ) . dam 1 / 2 sister to shy lady ( listed winner ; dam of zafeen , won st . james\u2019s palace stakes \u2013 gr . 1 ; sire , and ya hajar , won prix du calvados \u2013 gr . 3 ) . family of opening verse ( gr . 1 ; sire ) , diffident ( gr . 2 ; sire ) etc\n14 f galileo \u2013 nouriya ( danehill dancer ) ran once . half - sister to aljazzi ( won 5 races inc . duke of cambridge stakes \u2013 gr . 2 , atalanta stakes \u2013 gr . 3 , snowdrop fillies\u2019 stakes \u2013 listed , dick hern fillies\u2019 stakes \u2013 listed etc , also 2nd duke of cambridge stakes \u2013 gr . 2 , 3rd bet365 mile \u2013 gr . 2 ) , lady nouf ( 2nd pretty polly stakes \u2013 listed , lyric fillies\u2019 stakes \u2013 listed , 3rd lord weinstock memorial stakes \u2013 listed ) , yuften ( won balmoral handicap , 3rd lady wulfruna stakes \u2013 listed , 4th prix jean prat \u2013 gr . 1 ) . dam won lyric fillies\u2019 stakes \u2013 listed , john musker fillies\u2019 stakes \u2013 listed , out of half - sister to shy lady ( listed winner ; dam of zafeen , won st . james\u2019s palace stakes \u2013 gr . 1 ; sire , and ya hajar , won prix du calvados \u2013 gr . 3 ) . family of opening verse ( gr . 1 ; sire ) , diffident ( gr . 2 ; sire ) etc\n07 b danehill dancer \u2013 majestic sakeena ( king\u2019s best ) won 3 races inc . lyric fillies\u2019 stakes \u2013 listed , john musker fillies\u2019 stakes \u2013 listed . dam of aljazzi , won 4 races inc . atalanta stakes \u2013 gr . 3 , snowdrop fillies\u2019 stakes \u2013 listed and dick hern fillies\u2019 stakes \u2013 listed , and 2nd duke of cambridge stakes \u2013 gr . 2 , 3rd bet365 mile \u2013 gr . 2 . 1 / 2 sister to lady nouf ( 2nd pretty polly stakes listed , lyric fillies\u2019 stakes \u2013 listed , 3rd lord weinstock memorial stakes \u2013 listed ) , yuften ( won balmoral handicap , 3rd lady wulfruna stakes \u2013 listed , 4th prix jean prat , gr . 1 , sovereign stakes , gr . 3 ) , zanotti ( winner ) . dam 1 / 2 sister to shy lady ( listed winner ; dam of zafeen , won st . james\u2019s palace stakes \u2013 gr . 1 ; sire , and ya hajar , won prix du calvados \u2013 gr . 3 ) . family of opening verse ( gr . 1 ; sire ) , diffident ( gr . 2 ; sire ) etc\ni ' m not entirely sold on any of the options available , mostly because i think something your mare could use is some sharpen up , and none of them carry sharpen up . while i realize that orpen is not danzig , sharpen up has been a good cross with danzig in general and orpen ' s genetic sibling danehill in particular , with horses like danehill dancer , dylan thomas , mount nelson , boscobel , vital equine , dream scheme , etc . i really , really like her with three valleys . he is from the one of the best families in the studbook , and more to the point one that has a good affinity for danzig blood . he is advertised at gbp 5000 on the juddmonte website . it ' s more than you ' d planned , but juddmonte may be willing to make a deal with you . he ' s a lot of horse for the money , and had he not been disqualified from the middle park stakes he ' d have started for more than he did . also carrying sharpen up is the halling son norse dancer , standing for gbp2500 at wood farm . of the four you listed , i like firebreak best , followed by zafeen .\n\u00a359 . 70 to a \u00a31 stake . pool : \u00a345 , 839 . 74 - 559 . 76 winning units\n\u00a329 . 50 to a \u00a31 stake . pool : \u00a34 , 170 . 62 - 104 . 32 winning units\ndistances : hd , 1\u00bel , 1\u00bdl time : 1m 12 . 03s ( slow by 2 . 23s ) total sp : 114 %\ndistances : 2\u00bdl , nk , \u00bel time : 57 . 41s ( slow by 0 . 21s ) total sp : 111 %\ndistances : hd , \u00bel , 3l time : 1m 38 . 66s ( slow by 1 . 46s ) unplaced fav : whatsthemessage 5 / 2f total sp : 111 %\ndistances : 1\u00bel , nse , nk time : 2m 53 . 43s ( slow by 7 . 43s ) unplaced fav : luv u whatever 5 / 2f total sp : 111 %\ndistances : 4l , \u00bel , nk time : 1m 29 . 63s ( slow by 2 . 33s ) total sp : 116 %\ndistances : hd , 1\u00bcl , 2\u00bel time : 1m 31 . 16s ( slow by 3 . 86s ) unplaced fav : different journey 5 / 2f total sp : 117 %\nwas keen early but made some good late progress and looks one for nurseries .\n\u00a3144 . 30 to a \u00a31 stake . pool : \u00a363 , 971 . 93 - 323 . 42 winning units\n\u00a324 . 00 to a \u00a31 stake . pool : \u00a34 , 618 . 12 - 141 . 81 winning units\ndistances : 4\u00bdl , 1\u00bdl , shd time : 1m 13 . 63s ( slow by 3 . 13s ) total sp : 115 %\ndistances : 1\u00bdl , 1\u00bcl , shd time : 1m 39 . 73s ( slow by 2 . 03s ) unplaced fav : shamaheart 7 / 2f total sp : 117 %\ndistances : nk , 18l , 8l time : 2m 34 . 18s ( slow by 2 . 68s ) total sp : 108 %\ndistances : nk , 4l , nk time : 2m 2 . 05s ( slow by 1 . 75s ) unplaced fav : lamloom 9 / 4j total sp : 109 %\ndistances : 7l , 9l , nk time : 1m 38 . 94s ( slow by 1 . 24s ) total sp : 114 %\ndistances : 1l , nk , 2l time : 1m 29 . 86s total sp : 113 %\ndistances : hd , 2\u00bcl , 1\u00bcl time : 1m 31 . 21s unplaced fav : alfirak 6 / 4f total sp : 119 %\ndistances : \u00bel , 1\u00bcl , nk time : 2m 11 . 38s ( slow by 3 . 38s ) unplaced fav : check your pockets 9 / 4f total sp : 112 %\npick six : not won . 24 , 281 . 38 carried forward to roscommon tuesday . tote aggregates : 2017 ; 296 , 281 . 2018 ; 128 , 518\n\u00a320 . 90 to a \u00a31 stake . pool : \u00a388 , 688 . 16 - 3 , 097 . 60 winning units\n\u00a311 . 10 to a \u00a31 stake . pool : \u00a36 , 385 . 65 - 424 . 16 winning units\ndistances : nk , nk , 1l time : 1m 13 . 14s ( slow by 2 . 94s ) total sp : 123 %\ndistances : \u00bel , 2l , hd time : 1m 13 . 86s ( slow by 3 . 66s ) total sp : 121 %\ndistances : nk , 1\u00bcl , 1l time : 2m 12 . 59s ( slow by 8 . 09s ) total sp : 111 %\ndistances : shd , hd , 2l time : 1m 45 . 90s ( slow by 5 . 30s ) unplaced fav : brigand 11 / 10f total sp : 111 %\ndistances : 2l , nse , 2l time : 1m 48 . 09s ( slow by 7 . 49s ) total sp : 122 %\ndistances : 4\u00bdl , nk , 1l time : 2m 32 . 25s ( slow by 8 . 75s ) total sp : 113 %\n\u00a3134 . 50 to a \u00a31 stake . pool : \u00a370 , 403 . 42 - 382 . 07 winning units\n\u00a331 . 10 to a \u00a31 stake . pool : \u00a37 , 689 . 58 - 182 . 62 winning units\ndistances : 1\u00bel , 1l , nk time : 1m 15 . 80s ( slow by 3 . 60s ) total sp : 125 %\ndistances : nk , 1\u00bel , hd time : 1m 31 . 96s ( slow by 5 . 86s ) unplaced fav : cupid ' s arrow 4 / 1j , be bold 4 / 1j total sp : 122 %\ndistances : \u00bdl , 13l , nse time : 2m 40 . 17s ( slow by 5 . 17s ) total sp : 119 %\n\u00a3294 . 80 to a \u00a31 stake . pool : \u00a364 , 468 . 45 - 159 . 62 winning units\n\u00a354 . 30 to a \u00a31 stake . pool : \u00a35 , 729 . 64 - 77 . 96 winning units\ndistances : 6l , shd , 4\u00bdl time : 5m 49 . 80s ( slow by 14 . 80s ) unplaced fav : master sunrise 6 / 4f total sp : 115 %\nnewton geronimo was withdrawn . price at time of withdrawal 13 / 8f . rule 4 applies to all bets - deduction 35p in the pound\ndistances : 1\u00bdl , hd , 2\u00bdl time : 3m 42 . 80s ( slow by 2 . 80s ) unplaced fav : tommy hallinan 9 / 4j total sp : 117 %\ndistances : 6l , 11l , hd time : 5m 44 . 60s ( slow by 22 . 60s ) total sp : 116 %\ndistances : nk , 2l , 1\u00bel time : 3m 44 . 70s ( slow by 4 . 70s ) unplaced fav : excellent team 100 / 30f total sp : 113 %\ndistances : 1\u00bel , \u00bdl , nk time : 2m 2 . 21s ( slow by 0 . 21s ) total sp : 120 %\npari - mutuel ( all including 1 euro stake ) : win 2 . 90 place 1 . 70 , 2 . 00 , 4 . 40 df 7 . 80 sf 12 . 90\ndistances : \u00bel , \u00bdl , nse time : 2m 31 . 62s ( slow by 2 . 62s ) unplaced fav : north hunter 12 / 5f total sp : 121 %\npari - mutuel ( all including 1 euro stake ) : win 25 . 60 place 5 . 70 , 2 . 90 , 2 . 80 df 110 . 70 sf 295 . 60\ndistances : hd , \u00bel , \u00bdl time : 1m 27 . 55s ( slow by 4 . 25s ) total sp : 120 %\npari - mutuel ( all including 1 euro stake ) : win 5 . 50 place 1 . 80 , 2 . 40 , 1 . 60 df 28 . 80 sf 58 . 00\ndistances : nse , 1\u00bdl , snk time : 1m 52 . 14s ( slow by 3 . 64s ) unplaced fav : flowrider evensf total sp : 121 %\npari - mutuel ( all including 1 euro stake ) : win 1 . 50 ( coupled with flowrider ) place 1 . 80 , 1 . 90 sf 8 . 00\npari - mutuel ( all including 1 euro stake ) : win 2 . 30 place 4 . 10 , 5 . 10 , 4 . 10 df 64 . 60 sf 146 . 60\ndistances : hd , 1l , snk time : 1m 25 . 85s ( slow by 2 . 55s ) total sp : 121 %\npari - mutuel ( all including 1 euro stake ) : win 5 . 50 place 2 . 00 , 3 . 80 , 3 . 00 df 31 . 40 sf 55 . 20\npari - mutuel ( all including 1 euro stake ) : win 5 . 70 place 1 . 90 , 2 . 20 , 1 . 90 df 26 . 60 sf 50 . 50\ndistances : snk , 1\u00bcl , 1\u00bel time : 2m 3 . 57s ( slow by 1 . 57s ) unplaced fav : ducale di maremma 14 / 5f total sp : 121 %\npari - mutuel ( all including 1 euro stake ) : win 11 . 80 place 3 . 70 , 3 . 10 , 6 . 60 df 37 . 80 sf 87 . 60\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwinx ' s staying power as one of the world ' s top rac . . .\nt . j . comerford , assistant trainer for aidan o ' brie . . .\nowner : mr . jaber abdullah breeder : gainsborough stud management ltd . winnings : 11 starts : 3 - 4 - 0 , $ 559 , 248 1st : st james ' s palace s . ( gb - gr . 1 ) 1 mile ; mill reef s . ( gb - g2 ) 1200m 2nd : prix morny ( fr - g1 ) , 2000 guineas ( gb - g1 ) , greenham s . ( gb - g3 ) . 2006 : at overbury stud , simon sweeting tel : ( 01386 ) 725552 . urltoken in 2010 to haras du petit tellier in normandy , france . ( close )\nfor inquiries related to this message please contact support . for sales inquiries , please visit urltoken\nif you believe this to be in error , please confirm below that you are not a robot by clicking\ni ' m not a robot\nbelow .\nplease make sure your browser supports javascript and cookies and that you are not blocking them from loading . for more information you can review the terms of service and cookie policy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nability : proclamation was an exceptional champion miler , rated above both shamardal and dubawi , either of whom would have been a good champion in a normal year . his jersey stakes win , and his sussex stakes triumph \u2013 both coming from last to first , circling his opponents with a brilliant swoop of acceleration \u2013 were very impressive : timeform rated him 130 , a horse of extremely rare gifts .\n( 1 ) to deliver information efficiently to users who request information from overbury stud , and who supply us with their name , mobile number and other details .\n( 2 ) to allow us to improve our website by gathering anonymous data about you and your browsing habits , analysing which webpages visitors access , and seeing how many return to our website . this is done using google analytics and involves cookies being set on visitors\u2019 computing devices . these cookies gather no personal details about you , and all visitors remain anonymous . we do not allow third parties any access to the data from these cookies , such as advertisers or partners , no third parties such as advertisers have access to this data , nor does our website ever place any cookies on behalf of any third parties .\nall modern web browsers allow the user to refuse to accept cookies for a particular website or for all websites , and this option is usually accessible through preferences or tools . more detail on how businesses use cookies is available at urltoken . you can opt out of google analytics altogether and for all websites by installing the simple add - 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quality security and do our utmost to protect user privacy .\nas described in our principles above , we will not sell , trade , or rent your personal information to third parties \u2013 ever . please note that we reserve the right to access and disclose individually identifiable information to comply with applicable laws and lawful government requests , to operate our systems properly and to protect both ourselves and our users .\nyou can ask us to show you the data we have about you at any time and you have the right to edit or erase this data . to do this , please write to :\nplease note that such written requests will need to be accompanied by photocopies of a household or utility bill in your name and of the photo page of your driving licence or passport . please also include a daytime telephone number and email address so that we can verify that the request to access your data is coming from you , and not someone else .\nshould we elect to change our privacy policy we will post the changes here .\nwe ' ve detected that javascript is disabled in your browser . would you like to proceed to legacy twitter ?\ntwitter may be over capacity or experiencing a momentary hiccup . try again or visit twitter status for more information .\nyou can add location information to your tweets , such as your city or precise location , from the web and via third - 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down menu ( bottom / left of this page ) , and vice versa . to report a problem please use the contact us form at the foot of the full site version of the forum page .\npowered by vbulletin\u00ae version 4 . 2 . 3 copyright \u00a9 2018 vbulletin solutions , inc . all rights reserved .\nsky sports news takes you through all of the day ' s racing news , plus alex hammond ' s tip of the day .\nfollow the latest from the written press with the best gossip and speculation from the papers .\nsky has launched a pub finder for eager fans wanting to find a venue to watch sky sports .\nget a sports star to visit your old secondary school as part of our free schools initiative .\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nthe table in the second section of this article covers the first season sires you should expect to see represented by 2yos in the 2009 season . this section provides details on the information in the table and the links from it .\nthe table provides links to a picture of the sire from the the sire ' s name and the , most recent , season page for the sire ' s sire from it ' s name in the second column .\nmuch of the information in the table is self explanatory but a few items need to be noted . the first column gives the horses name and it ' s height were available . for example the sire acclamation is 16 hands high as given in the table . see the\non this site if you require an explanation of the use of ' hands ' in denoting a horse ' s height . in some cases the height is given in metres where the horse in at stud outside of the british & ireland . for comparison 1 . 60 metres is equivalent to a hands heights of 15 . 3 ( i . e . 160 centimetres is very close to the 63 inches that\n15 . 3hh\nrepresents ) .\nfor the most part . note that many of the coolmore ( magnier , et al ) and darley ( maktoum family ) sires will be ' shuttle sires ' and will move to the southern hemisphere ( usually australia which ranks second only to the usa in the total number of foals produced each year ) to cover mares outside of the european ( i . e . northern hemisphere ) breeding season . the thoroughbred horse has a gestation period of around 11 months which means that the covering season in the northern hemisphere encompasses the period from february through to june . this means the stallion can then be moved to the southern hemisphere to cover during their breeding season which is from august through to december . this six month relative ' shift ' between the hemispheres means that a 3yo australian bred sprinter born in , for example , october will be classed as a 4yo if it came to race in britain because of our january 1st ' birthday ' for all thoroughbreds . the southern hemisphere group birthday is on july 1st .\nthe ' fee ' column usually gives the cost of having a mare covered by the stallion in 2009 currently and not in 2006 when these sires first went to stud ( in the northern hemisphere ) . note that the widespread economic downturn in 2008 has affected thoroughbred breeding as well and many studs have downgraded all their sire covering fees to reflect the depressed economic market . therefore a downgrade in covering fee for 2009 may not indicate a sire getting below average results , or getting elderly & unfashionable , as it normally would .\n. yearlings which did not reach their reserve price ( equals ' not sold ' and the abbreviation ' ns ' used on the b2yor website ) or were bought back by their owners ( and therefore ' retained ' with ' rtnd ' used as the b2yor abbreviation ) are not included .\nfor those who do not understand the term ' median ' a short description is useful . the median figure is produced by ranking all the sire ' s yearling sales in a group from highest to lowest . the ' middle ' figure down this ranking is then chosen as the median figure . if there are an even number of figures in the list the middle two are chosen , added together and divided by two to get the median . why bother with a median figure ? the main reason is that averages can be misleading and distorted by a small number of notably high prices . if a sire has 5 yearlings sold , for example , and four sell for 10 , 000 gns and one sells for 60 , 000 gns the average figure is 20 , 000 gns but 80 % of his yearlings made much less than that so it is not a representative figure . the median in the example would be a representative 10 , 000gns . comparing the average and median figures for the sire gives an indication of how ' consistent ' the sales prices were ( how small the overall range was ) .\nnote that the averages are given in the archaic ' guineas ' denomination because the major european auction house ( tattersalls ) still sell using them and in britain this has long been the traditional unit of sale . the ' guinea ' is ' one pound and one shilling ' in pre - metric british currency which equates to \u00a31 . 05 now . therefore , a sale at the level of\n10 , 000 guineas\nmeans a pounds sterling value of \u00a310 , 500 prior to any sales taxes and other costs .\nnote that the majority of european sales now use the euro ( \u20ac ) as the sales unit and reporting currency . the second biggest british based auction house ( doncaster bloodstock sales ) has recently linked up with the irish based\ngoffs\ncompany and now sell in euros .\nwon 2 from 2 , both at 8f , in a sep 26th maiden and the group 3 bresford stakes at the curragh on oct 13th .\nwon 2 from 3 in a 7f maiden on may 14th & the 6f group 2 railway stakes at the curragh on june 29th . 11th of 12 in the 7f group 1 dewhurst stakes at 10 / 1 on oct 18th .\nran twice . placed in 6f maidens at salisbury & newmarket on sep 9 & oct 3rd .\nwon 3 from 4 , all runs at 6f . unplaced in windsor maiden on aug 12th debut . won a maiden on aug 29th , a nursery off or85 on sep 13th & the listed rockingham stakes at york on oct 12th .\nwon 2 from 2 . a 7f maiden on sep 14th & the 8f group 2 beresford stakes at the curragh on oct 12th .\nwon 1 from 2 in a 6f maiden on debut on july 17th . 3rd of 5 in a 7f conditions race on sep 8th .\nwon 2 from 5 in france . began career with places in 6f listed & group 3 events on aug 9th & oct 1st . then won listed races over 5 - 6f by nov 12th either side of a second place in the 6f group 2 criterium de maisons lafitte behind whipper ( q . v . ) .\nwon 2 from 3 runs , all at 6f , in an aug 2nd newmarket maiden & the group 2 gimcrack stakes on aug 21st . fourth , at 6 / 1 , in the 6f group 1 middle park stakes to oasis dream on october 3rd\nwon 3 from 3 in a 6f maiden on june 4th , the 7f group 3 superlative stakes on july 8th & the 7f group 1 national stakes at the curragh on sep 19th .\nwon 4 from 6 starting in 5f maiden & conditions races on may 22nd & june 5th . won the 6f group 3 prix de cabourg on aug 4th and the 6f group 2 mill reef stakes ( from the still active irony ) on sep 21st . also placed in the 6f coventry stakes & 4th in the group 1 prix morny ( with still active whitbarrow behind )\nwon 2 from 2 in a 6f maiden on oct 17th & the 7f group 3 killavullen stakes , from nonentities , eight days later .\nwon 2 from 5 in a york 7f maiden on sep 4th & the 7f group 3 somerville tattersalls stakes at newmarket on oct 2nd . 14th of 16 in the 7f group 1 dewhurst stakes later that month & 3rd of 5 in an 8f group 1 in france on nov 2nd .\nwon 1 from 4 in an 8f goddwod maiden on sep 26th after prior 2nd places in 7f conditions & listed races ( ( to later older grade 1 winner right approach & multiple ayr gold cup winner funfair wane ) . 4th of 8 in a sub - standard italian group 1 gran criterium over 8f later .\nwon 2 from 4 in a 6f maiden on may 26th debut & 6f group 3 july stakes on july 11th . also placed in the group 2 coventry stakes ( as 2 / 1f ) and the 6f group 1 prix morny .\nwon 2 from 2 , both over 8f , in a newmarket maiden on aug 13th & the group 1 racing post trophy on oct 23rd .\nwon 4 from 7 in a 6f maiden on may 29th debut , 6 . 3f group 3 anglesey stakes july 18th , 7f group 2 futurity stakes at the curragh on aug 21st & the 7f group 1 prix legadere on october 3rd . also placed second in the 6f group 1 phoenix stakes & the 7f group 1 dewhurst stakes ( to shamardal q . v . ) . unplaced in the coventry stakes .\nwon 3 from 4 , all at 6f , in a july 25th maiden , conditions event on aug 10th and the group 3 sirenia stakes . placed second debut at 33 / 1 .\nwon 4 from 6 in a 6f maiden may 24th , 7f listed chesham stakes june 18th , 7f group 2 futurity stakes aug 23rd & the 8f group 1 gran criterium in milan on oct 19th .\nwon 3 from 8 , all at 5f , in his first three races in a march 21st maiden , may 3rd conditions event and the listed marble hill stakes on may 22nd . placed 4 times later , 3 in group 1 races , in ireland & france over 6 - 7f .\nwon 3 from 3 in a 6f maiden on july 16th , 7f group 2 vintage stakes july 28th & the 7f group 1 dewhurst stakes on oct 16th . nominated champion european 2yo .\nwon 1 from 3 , all at 7f , in a newbury maiden on his second start on sep 21st . 3rd on his debut at newmarket on aug 23rd and later 3rd in the 7f group 1 dewhurst stakes on oct 19th .\nwon 3 from 5 in the 5 . 5f group 1 prix morny on aug 31st & the 6f group 2 criterium de maisons laffitte on oct 31st . unplaced in three other group races at 5 - 6f between jul 5th & oct 3rd including 4th in the 6f group 1 middle park stakes .\nwon 2 from 6 in a 6f salisbury maiden on july 26th & the 6f group 2 mill reef stakes . 5th in the 6f group 1 middle park stakes & 4th in the 7f group 1 dewhurst stakes in october to finish his season .\n2000 foal , 16 . 3hh . trained by mick channon for owner jaber abdullah . at 2yo won 2 from 6 in a 6f salisbury maiden on july 26th & the 6f group 2 mill reef stakes . 5th in the 6f group 1 middle park stakes & 4th in the 7f group 1 dewhurst stakes in october to finish his season . at 3yo placed second in the 2 , 000 guineas at 33 / 1 and unplaced in the irish 2 , 000 guineas at 11 / 1 . later that season won the 8f group 1 st james ' s place stakes .\nretired to stud in britain and a first season sire in 2009 . 17 yearlings sold in 2008 for an average of 11 , 800 guineas .\nplus gst payment on 42 - day ppt , free return ( conditions apply ) . standing at haunui stud , nz\nworld - class sire of champion two - year - olds , g1 sprinters and milers , classic fillies and derby winners . proven g1 cross for danehill mares , his best yet is two - time champion miler ribchester .\n1st dam : pastorale by nureyev . 2 wins ( 8f ) at 3 . dam of 13 foals , 12 to race , 11 winners :\nfarraaj ( g dubai destination ) 6 wins ( 7f - 10\u00bdf ) , 2 to 5 , winter derby ( g3 ) , churchill s , 2nd somerville tattersall s ( g3 ) , 3rd breeders\u2019 cup juvenile turf ( g1 ) , mackinnon s ( g1 ) .\nkareymah ( f zafonic ) 3 wins ( 7f ) at 2 , prix du calvados ( g3 ) , sweet solera s .\ntaqdeyr ( g dubai destination ) 4 wins ( 7f ) at 3 and 4 , 3rd guisborough s .\njathaabeh ( f nashwan ) 2 wins ( 8f ) at 3 . dam of :\nmijhaar ( g shirocco ) braveheart s , 3rd wolferton h , hambleton s .\n2nd dam : park appeal by ahonoora . champion two - year - old filly in england and ireland , 5 wins ( 6f - 8f ) , 2 to 4 , cheveley park s ( g1 ) . sister to nashamaa . dam of 9 winners :\ncape cross ( c green desert ) 5 wins , 2 to 5 , lockinge s ( g1 ) , queen anne s ( g2 ) , 3rd prix jacques le marois ( g1 ) . sire .\nvincennes ( f king\u2019s best ) 3 wins at 3 , kolner herbst - stuten - meile ( g3 ) .\nphoenix park ( c sadler\u2019s wells ) 3 wins at 4 and 6 , prix du carrousel .\ngreat britain ( c green desert ) winner at 3 and 5 , al quoz sprint .\ndiktat ( c warning ) haydock park sprint cup s ( g1 ) . sire .\nrecite ( f forty niner ) winner . dam of : one spirit ( f invincible spirit ) owenstown stud s , 2nd solonaway s ( g3 ) ; some spirit ( f invincible spirit ) 2nd fairy bridge s ( g3 ) .\n3rd dam : balidaress by balidar . 3 wins at 3 and 4 . dam of 8 winners :\nalydaress ( f alydar ) 3 wins at 3 , irish oaks ( g1 ) . dam of :\nlaiyl ( f nureyev ) winner at 3 . dam of : layman ( c sunday silence ) prix de cabourg ( g3 ) , sovereign s ( g3 ) , 2nd prix morny ( g1 ) . sire .\nshadayid ( f shadeed ) champion two - year - old filly in europe , 1 , 000 guineas ( g1 ) , prix marcel boussac ( g1 ) . dam of : bint shadayid ( f nashwan ) prestige s ( g3 ) , 3rd 1 , 000 guineas ( g1 ) ; imtiyaz ( c woodman ) glasgow s , 2nd prix jean prat ( g1 ) . grandam of : farhaan ( c jazil ) 2nd shoemaker mile s ( g1 ) . third dam of : takaful ( c bernardini ) vosburgh s ( g1 ) , 2nd allen h jerkins s ( g1 ) , 3rd toboggan s ( g3 ) .\ndumaani ( c danzig ) keio hai spring cup ( g2 ) . sire .\nfath ( c danzig ) lennox s ( g3 ) , 2nd middle park s ( g1 ) . sire .\nnashamaa ( c ahonoora ) 4 wins , 2 to 4 , ballymacoy s ( g3 ) . sire .\nbin ajwaad ( c rainbow quest ) gladness s ( g3 ) . sire .\nrussian rhythm ( f kingmambo ) 1 , 000 guineas ( g1 ) . grandam of : zonderland ( c dutch art ) sovereign s ( g3 ) , 2nd celebration mile s ( g2 ) ; spangled ( f starspangledbanner ) sceptre s ( g3 ) ; marenko ( f exceed and excel ) fred darling s ( g3 ) .\nflames of paris ( f blushing groom ) unraced . dam of : hot snitzel ( g snitzel ) btc cup ( g1 ) .\nwokingham s , 6f , york , beating beckermet , fire up the band , country reel , continent .\n, 7f , goodwood , beating jedburgh , assertive , nayyir , etlaala , jeremy .\n, 6f , newmarket , to les arcs , beating ashdown express , amadeus wolf , moss vale , takeover target , falkirk ."]}
+{"id": 43, "summary": [{"text": "erelieva parvulella is a species of snout moth in the genus erelieva .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by charles russell ely in 1910 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in north america , including illinois and tennessee . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "erelieva parvulella", "paragraphs": ["erelieva heinrich , 1956 ; bull . u . s . natl . mus . 207 : 308 ; ts : pempelia quantulella hulst\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nneunzig , h . h . , 1990 . moths of america north of mexico , fascicle 15 . 3 , p . 126 ; pl . 5 . 35 - 36 . order\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhodges , r . w . et al . , eds . 1983 . check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico . e . w . classey limited and the wedge entomological research foundation , london . 284 pp .\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\ndistribution data for u . s . states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\ndata and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish , wildlife , and plants in idaho .\nthis information is not automatically synchronized with globiz and can sometimes be lagging behind .\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\n[ nacl ] ; hodges , 1983 check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico check list lep . am . n of mexico\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on image to enlarge .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy ."]}
+{"id": 44, "summary": [{"text": "bida radiosella is a moth in the xyloryctidae family , and the only species in the genus bida .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it was described by walker in 1863 and is found in australia , where it has been recorded from new south wales , south australia , tasmania , victoria and western australia .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 23 \u2013 29 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are white with all veins marked with fine fuscous lines mixed posteriorly with blackish .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there are three pale fuscous longitudinal streaks , the first from the base beneath the costa to the costa beyond the middle , extending along it to near the apex , the second median , from the base to the apex , united with the first at the base , finely edged with dark fuscous beneath on the basal third , and above from one-third to three-fifths , the third is less marked , subdorsal and runs from near the base to near the tornus .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there are indications of faint pale fuscous streaks , between the veins towards the tornus .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are whitish-grey . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "bida radiosella", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for radiosella definition . you find here radiosella meaning , synonyms of radiosella and images for radiosella copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word radiosella . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word radiosella and , of course , radiosella synonyms and on the right images related to the word radiosella .\nbida is a monotypic moth genus in the family xyloryctidae described by francis walker in 1864 . its only species , bida radiosella , described by the same author one year earlier , is found in australia , [ 1 ] where it has been recorded from new south wales , south australia , tasmania , victoria and western australia .\nwalker , 1864 . tineites . list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum . vol . 29 . 562\u2013835 pp . [ 824 ] . type species : bida crambella walker , 1864 by monotypy .\nwalk . meyrick , 1906 . descriptions of australian tineina . transactions of the royal society of south australia 30 : 33\u201366 .\nfletcher , t . b . , 1929 , a list of generic names used for microlepidoptera . memoirs of the department of agriculture of india , 11 : 1 - 244 [ 32 ] .\nwalker , 1864 . common , in nielsen , e . s . , edwards , e . d . & rangsi , t . v . 1996 . checklist of the lepidoptera of australia . monogr . aust . lepid . 4 : i\u2013xiv , 1\u2013529 & cd\u2013rom [ 86 ] .\nwalker , 1864 , junior subjective synonym of cryptolechia zeller , [ oecophoridae , depressariidae ] beccaloni , g . w . , scoble , m . j . , robinson , g . s . & pitkin , b . ( editors ) . 2003 . the global lepidoptera names index ( lepindex ) . world wide web electronic publication . urltoken [ accessed 5 april 2010 ] .\nwalker , 1864 . [ oecophoridae , oecophorinae ] b . pitkin and p . jenkins ,\nbutterflies and moths of the world : generic names and their type - species , 2004 . world wide web electronic publication . urltoken [ accessed 7 april 2010 ]\ncorpus sat robustum : proboscis conspicua . palpi squamosi , subarcuati , capitis latitudine plus duplo longiores ; articulus 3us 2o vix brevior . pedes longiusculi , sat graciles . alae anticae longae , lanceolatae , acutae , margine exteriore recto perobliquo .\nallied to oecophora . body rather stout . proboscis distinct . palpi squamous , very slightly curved , more than twice longer than the breadth of the head ; third joint setiform , nearly as long as the second . legs smooth , rather long and slender . wings long , lanceolate ; fringe moderately long . fore wings acute ; exterior border straight , very oblique ; second inferior vein near the first and the third ; fourth remote from the third .\nhead with appressed scales ; tongue developed . antennae in male serrulate , minutely ciliated ( 1 / 3 ) , basal joint moderate , without pecten . labial palpi extremely long , recurved , second joint much exceeding base of antennae , rough - scaled beneath , terminal joint as long as second , somewhat thickened with scales towards base , acute . forewings with 2 from 4 / 5 , 7 and 8 stalked , 7 to apex , 11 from before middle . hindwings 1 , elongate - ovate , cilia 1 / 3 ; 3 and 4 connate , 5 - 7 nearly parallel . allied to\n] , but differing from both in the rough scales of second joint of palpi , which are also exceptionally long .\nnew south wales , south australia , tasmania , victoria , western australia . endemic . ( edwards , 2003 ) .\nwalker , 1863 , crambites & tortricites , list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum . vol . 2 8 . 287\u2013561 pp . [ 539 ] . holotype bmnh \u2642 , tasmania .\nwalker , 1864 . tineites , list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum . vol . 29 . 562\u2013835 pp . [ 824 ] .\nmeyrick , 1906 . descriptions of australian tineina . transactions of the royal society of south australia 30 : 33\u201366 . holotype bmnh \u2642 , south australia .\nwalk . tillyard , r . j . , 1926 , insects of australia and new zealand . sydney , angus & robertson . 1 - 560 . ( 424 , pl . 28 : 21 . )\n( walker , 1864 ) . common , in nielsen , e . s . , edwards , e . d . & rangsi , t . v . 1996 . checklist of the lepidoptera of australia . monogr . aust . lepid . 4 : i\u2013xiv , 1\u2013529 & cd\u2013rom [ 86 ] .\nwalker , [ oecophoridae , depressariinae ] beccaloni , g . w . , scoble , m . j . , robinson , g . s . & pitkin , b . ( editors ) . 2003 . the global lepidoptera names index ( lepindex ) . world wide web electronic publication . urltoken [ accessed 5 april 2010 ] .\nalba ; thorax fusco bivittatus ; alae anticae longae , apice rotundate , vitis duabus strigisque nonnullis aeneo - fuscis , vitta 2a nigro submarginata , venis nigricantibus ; posticae cinereae .\nwhite . antennae brown , stout , minutely serrated and setulose . thorax with a brown stripe on each side . anterior legs mostly brown . wings long , rounded at the tips . fore wings with two aeneous - brown stripes ; first stripe subcostal , joining the costa beyond the middle ; second extending to the tip of the wing , partly bordered with black in front ; some aeneous - brown streaks between the veins , which are blackish ; fringe interlined with pale brown ; under side brown ; exterior border very oblique . hind wings cinereous . length of the body 5 lines [ 10 . 6mm ] ; of the wings 15 lines [ 31 . 7mm ] .\nwhitish . fore wings with three fawn - coloured stripes ; first stripe subcostal ; second extending to the tip of the wing ; third near the interior border , extending to the interior angle ; veins blackish . length of the body 6 ? lines [ 12 . 7mm ? ] ; of the wings 16 lines [ 33 . 9mm ] .\nblackheath , new south wales : melbourne , victoria ; mount lofty , south australia ; in november , three specimens .\nwalk . ( pl . 28 , fig 21 ) is a fine australian species with grey forewings marked with whitish rays . ( tillyard , 1926 ) .\n\u2642 genitalia . albany , w . a . , 5 october 1951 , collected by i . f . b . common . anic slide no . g141 , dissected by i . f . b . common , 1956 . photomicrograph taken at anic , canberra .\naedeagus . albany , w . a . , 5 october 1951 , collected by i . f . b . common . anic slide no . g141 , dissected by i . f . b . common , 1956 . photomicrograph taken at anic , canberra .\n\u2642 genitalia . 2 mls s of ulladulla , nsw , 15 october 1956 , collected by i . f . b . common and m . s . upton . anic slide no . g3297 , dissected by i . f . b . common 1984 . photomicrograph taken at anic , canberra .\naedeagus . 2 mls s of ulladulla , nsw , 15 october 1956 , collected by i . f . b . common and m . s . upton . anic slide no . g3297 , dissected by i . f . b . common 1984 . photomicrograph taken at anic , canberra .\nnew south wales , south australia , tasmania , victoria , western australia . endemic .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nwalker , f . 1863 ,\ntortricites & tineites\n, list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum , vol . 28 , pp . 287 - 561\nwalker , f . 1864 ,\ntineites\n, list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum , vol . 29 , pp . 562 - 835\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 9e337148 - 71dc - 4871 - 96da - c9f24d7e9b1e\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 297569\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation , google , and apple . you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date ? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques ; in live mode . quite the same wikipedia . just better .\nthis page was last edited on 15 february 2018 , at 20 : 37 .\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 unported license . non - text media are available under their specified licenses . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the annotation score provides a heuristic measure of the annotation content of a uniprotkb entry or proteome . this score < strong > cannot < / strong > be used as a measure of the accuracy of the annotation as we cannot define the \u2018correct annotation\u2019 for any given protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / annotation _ score ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this indicates the type of evidence that supports the existence of the protein . note that the \u2018protein existence\u2019 evidence does not give information on the accuracy or correctness of the sequence ( s ) displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ existence ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides any useful information about the protein , mostly biological knowledge . < p > < a href = ' / help / function _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\ncytochrome c oxidase is the component of the respiratory chain that catalyzes the reduction of oxygen to water . subunits 1 - 3 form the functional core of the enzyme complex . co i is the catalytic subunit of the enzyme . electrons originating in cytochrome c are transferred via the copper a center of subunit 2 and heme a of subunit 1 to the bimetallic center formed by heme a3 and copper b .\n< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system , without manual validation . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000256\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> function < / a > section describes the catalytic activity of an enzyme , i . e . the chemical reaction it catalyzes . this information usually correlates with the presence of an ec ( enzyme commission ) number in the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section . < p > < a href = ' / help / catalytic _ activity ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> ' function ' < / a > section describes the metabolic pathway ( s ) associated with a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / pathway ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\nthis protein is involved in the pathway oxidative phosphorylation , which is part of energy metabolism .\n< p > the < a href =\nurltoken\n> gene ontology ( go ) < / a > project provides a set of hierarchical controlled vocabulary split into 3 categories : < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ ontology ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > uniprotkb keywords constitute a < a href =\nurltoken\n> controlled vocabulary < / a > with a hierarchical structure . keywords summarise the content of a uniprotkb entry and facilitate the search for proteins of interest . < p > < a href = ' / help / keywords ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information about the protein and gene name ( s ) and synonym ( s ) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / names _ and _ taxonomy _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides an exhaustive list of all names of the protein , from commonly used to obsolete , to allow unambiguous identification of a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ names ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section indicates the name ( s ) of the gene ( s ) that code for the protein sequence ( s ) described in the entry . four distinct tokens exist : \u2018name\u2019 , \u2018synonyms\u2019 , \u2018ordered locus names\u2019 and \u2018orf names\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been imported from another database using automatic procedures . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000313\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section indicates if the gene coding for the protein originates from the hydrogenosome , the mitochondrion , the nucleomorph , different plastids or a plasmid . the absence of this section means that the gene is located in one of the main chromosomal element ( s ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / encoded _ on ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides information on the name ( s ) of the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / organism - name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section shows the unique identifier assigned by the ncbi to the source organism of the protein . this is known as the \u2018taxonomic identifier\u2019 or \u2018taxid\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ identifier ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section contains the taxonomic hierarchical classification lineage of the source organism . it lists the nodes as they appear top - down in the taxonomic tree , with the more general grouping listed first . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ lineage ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on the location and the topology of the mature protein in the cell . < p > < a href = ' / help / subcellular _ location _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> ' subcellular location ' < / a > section describes the extent of a membrane - spanning region of the protein . it denotes the presence of both alpha - helical transmembrane regions and the membrane spanning regions of beta - barrel transmembrane proteins . < p > < a href = ' / help / transmem ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain ( s ) present in a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / family _ and _ domains _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> family and domains < / a > section describes the position and type of a domain , which is defined as a specific combination of secondary structures organized into a characteristic three - dimensional structure or fold . < p > < a href = ' / help / domain ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system , without manual validation . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000259\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018family and domains\u2019 section provides information about the sequence similarity with other proteins . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ similarities ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry . it also includes information pertinent to the sequence ( s ) , including < a href =\nurltoken\n> length < / a > and < a href =\nurltoken\n> molecular weight < / a > . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequences _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> sequence < / a > section indicates if the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > displayed by default in the entry is complete or not . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the checksum is a form of redundancy check that is calculated from the sequence . it is useful for tracking sequence updates . < / p > < p > it should be noted that while , in theory , two different sequences could have the same checksum value , the likelihood that this would happen is extremely low . < / p > < p > however uniprotkb may contain entries with identical sequences in case of multiple genes ( paralogs ) . < / p > < p > the checksum is computed as the sequence 64 - bit cyclic redundancy check value ( crc64 ) using the generator polynomial : x < sup > 64 < / sup > + x < sup > 4 < / sup > + x < sup > 3 < / sup > + x + 1 . the algorithm is described in the iso 3309 standard . < / p > < p class =\npublication\n> press w . h . , flannery b . p . , teukolsky s . a . and vetterling w . t . < br / > < strong > cyclic redundancy and other checksums < / strong > < br / > < a href =\nurltoken\n> numerical recipes in c 2nd ed . , pp896 - 902 , cambridge university press ( 1993 ) < / a > ) < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018sequence\u2019 section is used for sequence fragments to indicate that the residue at the extremity of the sequence is not the actual terminal residue in the complete protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / non _ ter ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\nkf395531 genomic dna translation : ags83570 . 1 kf395639 genomic dna translation : ags83678 . 1 kf398002 genomic dna translation : ags86041 . 1 kf400178 genomic dna translation : ags88217 . 1 kf401053 genomic dna translation : ags89092 . 1 kf402213 genomic dna translation : ags90252 . 1 kf402347 genomic dna translation : ags90386 . 1 kf402372 genomic dna translation : ags90411 . 1 kf405946 genomic dna translation : ags93985 . 1\n< p > this section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence ( s ) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds ( 100 % , 90 % and 50 % ) based on their membership in uniprot reference clusters ( < a href =\nurltoken\n> uniref < / a > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / similar _ proteins _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than uniprotkb . < p > < a href = ' / help / cross _ references _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides general information on the entry . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ information _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides a mnemonic identifier for a uniprotkb entry , but it is not a stable identifier . each reviewed entry is assigned a unique entry name upon integration into uniprotkb / swiss - prot . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides one or more accession number ( s ) . these are stable identifiers and should be used to cite uniprotkb entries . upon integration into uniprotkb , each entry is assigned a unique accession number , which is called \u2018primary ( citable ) accession number\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / accession _ numbers ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section shows the date of integration of the entry into uniprotkb , the date of the last sequence update and the date of the last annotation modification ( \u2018last modified\u2019 ) . the version number for both the entry and the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > are also displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ history ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section indicates whether the entry has been manually annotated and reviewed by uniprotkb curators or not , in other words , if the entry belongs to the swiss - prot section of uniprotkb ( < strong > reviewed < / strong > ) or to the computer - annotated trembl section ( < strong > unreviewed < / strong > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nmany of the caterpillars of this family bore into timber , hence their common name : timber moths .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken"]}