Input:
1	:	_	PUNCT	:	lin=+1	11	punct	_	_
2	racial	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
3	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
4	across	_	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
5	America	_	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	11	nmod	_	_
6	in	_	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
7	discrimination	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nmod	_	_
8	of	_	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
9	group	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	nmod	_	_
10	contemporary	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
11	prevalence	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_

The prevalence of discrimination across racial groups in contemporary America:


Input:
1	adult	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nmod	_	_
2	sample	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
3	a	_	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
4	from	_	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
5	result	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
6	representative	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
7	nationally	_	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
8	of	_	ADP	IN	_	1	case	_	_

Results from a nationally representative sample of adults


Input:
1	introduction	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
2	.	_	PUNCT	.	lin=+1	1	punct	_	_


Input:
1	research	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	nmod	_	_
2	1	_	NUM	CD	NumType=Card	18	dep	_	_
3	science	_	NOUN	NN	lin=-1|Number=Sing	1	compound	_	_
4	social	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
5	[	_	PUNCT	-LSB-	lin=-1	2	punct	_	_
6	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
7	be	_	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	18	cop	_	_
8	experience	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	18	nsubj	_	_
9	much	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	1	dep	_	_
10	of	_	ADP	IN	_	1	case	_	_
11	and	_	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
12	of	_	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
13	]	_	PUNCT	-RSB-	lin=+1	2	punct	_	_
14	bias	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	conj	_	_
15	discrimination	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	_
16	have	_	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	18	aux	_	_
17	.	_	PUNCT	.	lin=+1	18	punct	_	_
18	focus	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
19	3	_	NUM	CD	NumType=Card	2	nmod	_	_
20	personal	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
21	-	_	ADP	TO	_	19	case	_	_

Personal experiences of discrimination and bias have been the focus of much social science research. [1 - 3]


Input:
1	–	_	ADP	TO	_	12	case	_	_
2	sociologist	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	nsubj	_	_
3	of	_	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
4	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
5	;	_	PUNCT	:	lin=+1	13	punct	_	_
6	discrimination	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	_
7	adverse	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	consequence	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	obj	_	_
9	]	_	PUNCT	-RSB-	lin=+1	11	punct	_	_
10	have	_	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	13	aux	_	_
11	3	_	NUM	CD	NumType=Card	13	dep	_	_
12	5	_	NUM	CD	NumType=Card	11	nmod	_	_
13	explore	_	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
14	[	_	PUNCT	-LSB-	lin=-1	11	punct	_	_

Sociologists have explored the adverse consequences of discrimination [3 – 5];


Input:
1	mental	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
2	unconscious	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	conj	_	_
3	[	_	PUNCT	-LSB-	lin=-1	15	punct	_	_
4	;	_	PUNCT	:	lin=+1	10	punct	_	_
5	process	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	obj	_	_
6	conscious	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
7	have	_	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	aux	_	_
8	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
9	]	_	PUNCT	-RSB-	lin=+1	15	punct	_	_
10	examine	_	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
11	psychologist	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	nsubj	_	_
12	underpin	_	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	acl:relcl	_	_
13	that	_	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	12	nsubj	_	_
14	bias	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	obj	_	_
15	6	_	NUM	CD	NumType=Card	10	dep	_	_
16	and	_	CCONJ	CC	_	2	cc	_	_

psychologists have examined the mental processes that underpin conscious and unconscious biases [6];


Input:
1	9	_	NUM	CD	NumType=Card	7	nmod	_	_
2	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
3	;	_	PUNCT	:	lin=+1	5	punct	_	_
4	have	_	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
5	examine	_	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
6	underpinning	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obj	_	_
7	7	_	NUM	CD	NumType=Card	5	dep	_	_
8	[	_	PUNCT	-LSB-	lin=-1	7	punct	_	_
9	neuroscientists	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
10	]	_	PUNCT	-RSB-	lin=+1	7	punct	_	_
11	neurobiological	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
12	of	_	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	–	_	ADP	TO	_	1	case	_	_
14	discrimination	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_

neuroscientists have examined the neurobiological underpinnings of discrimination [7 – 9];


Input:
1	across	_	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
2	various	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	amod	_	_
3	[	_	PUNCT	-LSB-	lin=-1	18	punct	_	_
4	evolutionary	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	theorist	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	20	nsubj	_	_
6	have	_	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	20	aux	_	_
7	history	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	_
8	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
9	emerge	_	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	16	acl:relcl	_	_
10	/	_	SYM	SYM	_	22	cc	_	_
11	that	_	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	9	mark	_	_
12	and	_	CCONJ	CC	_	20	cc	_	_
13	bias	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	nsubj	_	_
14	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
15	species	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	_
16	way	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	20	obj	_	_
17	.	_	PUNCT	.	lin=+1	20	punct	_	_
18	10	_	NUM	CD	NumType=Card	20	dep	_	_
19	in-group	_	NOUN	NN	lin=-1|Number=Sing	13	compound	_	_
20	explore	_	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
21	our	_	PRON	PRP$	Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	15	nmod:poss	_	_
22	out-group	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	conj	_	_
23	of	_	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
24	]	_	PUNCT	-RSB-	lin=+1	18	punct	_	_

and evolutionary theorists have explored the various ways that in-group / out-group biases emerged across the history of our species. [10]


Input:
1	consequence	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	24	conj	_	_
2	,	_	PUNCT	,	lin=+1	13	punct	_	_
3	]	_	PUNCT	-RSB-	lin=+1	5	punct	_	_
4	[	_	PUNCT	-LSB-	lin=-1	5	punct	_	_
5	11	_	NUM	CD	NumType=Card	19	dep	_	_
6	many	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
7	already	_	ADV	RB	_	19	advmod	_	_
8	of	_	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
9	bias	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	conj	_	_
10	wealth	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	obj	_	_
11	and	_	CCONJ	CC	_	1	cc	_	_
12	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	24	det	_	_
13	respect	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	19	obl	_	_
14	in	_	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
15	and	_	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
16	discrimination	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	nmod	_	_
17	.	_	PUNCT	.	lin=+1	19	punct	_	_
18	of	_	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
19	possess	_	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
20	a	_	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
21	knowledge	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	_
22	concern	_	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	21	acl	_	_
23	researcher	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	19	nsubj	_	_
24	origin	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	22	obj	_	_

In many respects, researchers already possess a wealth of knowledge concerning the origins and consequences of discrimination and bias. [11]


Input:
1	discrimination	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	nmod	_	_
2	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
3	lose	_	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	11	csubj	_	_
4	of	_	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
5	of	_	ADP	IN	_	1	case	_	_
6	policy	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	_
7	grow	_	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	11	amod	_	_
8	implement	_	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	11	acl	_	_
9	reduce	_	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	10	advcl	_	_
10	aim	_	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	6	acl	_	_
11	push	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
12	.	_	PUNCT	.	lin=+1	11	punct	_	_
13	occurrence	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	_
14	social	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
15	discriminatory	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	18	amod	_	_
16	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
17	be	_	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	aux:pass	_	_
18	practice	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	nmod	_	_
19	be	_	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	cop	_	_
20	not	_	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	3	advmod	_	_
21	also	_	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
22	discussion	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
23	to	_	PART	TO	_	8	mark	_	_
24	should	_	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
25	in	_	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
26	at	_	SCONJ	IN	_	9	mark	_	_
27	What	_	PRON	WP	PronType=Int	3	nsubj:pass	_	_

What also should not be lost in discussion of discrimination is the growing push to implement social policy aimed at reducing the occurrence of discriminatory practices.


Input:
1	of	_	ADP	IN	_	33	case	_	_
2	workplace	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	obl	_	_
3	,	_	PUNCT	,	lin=+1	8	punct	_	_
4	member	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	20	obj	_	_
5	increase	_	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	15	advcl	_	_
6	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
7	]	_	PUNCT	-RSB-	lin=+1	14	punct	_	_
8	training	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	19	nsubj:pass	_	_
9	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	27	det	_	_
10	for	_	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
11	be	_	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	19	aux:pass	_	_
12	in	_	ADP	IN	_	32	case	_	_
13	by	_	SCONJ	IN	_	5	mark	_	_
14	12	_	NUM	CD	NumType=Card	19	dep	_	_
15	reduce	_	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	19	xcomp	_	_
16	minority	_	NOUN	NN	lin=-1|Number=Sing	26	compound	_	_
17	[	_	PUNCT	-LSB-	lin=-1	14	punct	_	_
18	diversity	_	NOUN	NN	lin=-1|Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
19	intend	_	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
20	face	_	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	27	acl	_	_
21	regard	_	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	27	case	_	_
22	example	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	_
23	bias	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	obj	_	_
24	.	_	PUNCT	.	lin=+1	19	punct	_	_
25	to	_	PART	TO	_	15	mark	_	_
26	group	_	NOUN	NN	lin=-1|Number=Sing	4	compound	_	_
27	challenge	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	31	nmod	_	_
28	,	_	PUNCT	,	lin=-1	22	punct	_	_
29	in	_	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
30	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	31	det	_	_
31	awareness	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
32	setting	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	nmod	_	_
33	employee	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	31	nmod	_	_
34	professional	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	32	amod	_	_
35	mandatory	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_

Mandatory diversity trainings in professional settings, for example, are intended to reduce bias in the workplace by increasing the awareness of employees regarding the challenges facing minority group members. [12]


Input:
1	be	_	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	29	cop	_	_
2	society	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	29	obl	_	_
3	bias	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	26	conj	_	_
4	some	_	DET	DT	_	9	det	_	_
5	to	_	ADP	TO	_	9	case	_	_
6	at	_	ADP	IN	_	27	case	_	_
7	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
8	policy	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	20	nmod	_	_
9	amount	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	29	obl	_	_
10	in	_	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
11	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
12	indeed	_	ADV	RB	_	24	advmod	_	_
13	,	_	PUNCT	,	lin=+1	1	punct	_	_
14	that	_	SCONJ	IN	_	29	mark	_	_
15	appreciable	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
16	be	_	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	24	aux:pass	_	_
17	.	_	PUNCT	.	lin=+1	24	punct	_	_
18	assumption	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	obl	_	_
19	,	_	PUNCT	,	lin=+1	12	punct	_	_
20	implementation	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	nsubj:pass	_	_
21	,	_	PUNCT	,	lin=+1	9	punct	_	_
22	and	_	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
23	of	_	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
24	root	_	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
25	in	_	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
26	discrimination	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	29	nsubj	_	_
27	least	_	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	5	nmod	_	_
28	modern	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
29	present	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	18	ccomp	_	_
30	certain	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_

Indeed, the implementation of certain policies is rooted in the assumption that discrimination and biases are, at least to some appreciable amount, present in modern society.


Input:
1	even	_	ADV	RB	_	15	advmod	_	_
2	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
3	–	_	ADP	TO	_	18	case	_	_
4	.	_	PUNCT	.	lin=+1	7	punct	_	_
5	of	_	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
6	[	_	PUNCT	-LSB-	lin=-1	13	punct	_	_
7	remain	_	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	(	_	PUNCT	-LRB-	lin=-1	20	punct	_	_
9	of	_	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
10	prevalence	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	nmod	_	_
11	perceive	_	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	19	amod	_	_
12	)	_	PUNCT	-RRB-	lin=+1	20	punct	_	_
13	13	_	NUM	CD	NumType=Card	20	obj	_	_
14	,	_	PUNCT	,	lin=+1	15	punct	_	_
15	so	_	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
16	rare	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	xcomp	_	_
17	estimate	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nsubj	_	_
18	14	_	NUM	CD	NumType=Card	13	nmod	_	_
19	discrimination	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	_
20	see	_	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	parataxis	_	_
21	]	_	PUNCT	-RSB-	lin=+1	13	punct	_	_

Even so, estimates of the prevalence of perceived discrimination remains rare (see [13 – 14]).


Input:
1	respondent	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	34	nmod	_	_
2	however	_	ADV	RB	_	22	advmod	_	_
3	,	_	PUNCT	,	lin=+1	12	punct	_	_
4	approximately	_	ADV	RB	_	32	advmod	_	_
5	.	_	PUNCT	.	lin=+1	22	punct	_	_
6	discrimination	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	43	nmod	_	_
7	use	_	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	12	acl	_	_
8	see	_	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	22	parataxis	_	_
9	measure	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obj	_	_
10	et	_	X	FW	_	31	cc	_	_
11	15	_	NUM	CD	NumType=Card	12	dep	_	_
12	study	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	nsubj	_	_
13	report	_	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	22	ccomp	_	_
14	4	_	NUM	CD	NumType=Card	25	dep	_	_
15	]	_	PUNCT	-RSB-	lin=+1	11	punct	_	_
16	[	_	PUNCT	-LSB-	lin=-1	14	punct	_	_
17	also	_	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
18	)	_	PUNCT	-RRB-	lin=+1	8	punct	_	_
19	and	_	CCONJ	CC	_	37	cc	_	_
20	discrimination	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	_
21	]	_	PUNCT	-RSB-	lin=+1	14	punct	_	_
22	report	_	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
23	in	_	ADP	IN	_	24	case	_	_
24	sample	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	nmod	_	_
25	Gibbons	_	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	_
26	of	_	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
27	at	_	ADP	IN	_	36	advmod	_	_
28	American	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	24	amod	_	_
29	large	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	24	amod	_	_
30	of	_	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
31	al.	_	X	FW	_	25	conj	_	_
32	33	_	NUM	CD	NumType=Card	34	nummod	_	_
33	perceive	_	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	20	amod	_	_
34	%	_	SYM	NN	Number=Sing	13	nsubj	_	_
35	[	_	PUNCT	-LSB-	lin=-1	11	punct	_	_
36	one	_	NUM	CD	NumType=Card	12	nummod	_	_
37	colleague	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	50	conj	_	_
38	a	_	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	24	det	_	_
39	,	_	PUNCT	,	lin=-1	25	punct	_	_
40	of	_	ADP	IN	_	1	case	_	_
41	,	_	PUNCT	,	lin=+2	12	punct	_	_
42	,	_	PUNCT	,	lin=+1	2	punct	_	_
43	form	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obj	_	_
44	some	_	DET	DT	_	43	det	_	_
45	(	_	PUNCT	-LRB-	lin=-1	8	punct	_	_
46	prior	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
47	least	_	ADJ	JJS	lin=+1|Degree=Sup	27	fixed	_	_
48	by	_	ADP	IN	_	50	case	_	_
49	that	_	SCONJ	IN	_	13	mark	_	_
50	Kessler	_	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	12	nmod	_	_

At least one prior study by Kessler and colleagues [15], however, using measures of perceived discrimination in a large American sample, reported that approximately 33% of respondents reported some form of discrimination (see also, Gibbons et al. [4]).


Input:
1	build	_	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	15	xcomp	_	_
2	State	_	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	23	nmod	_	_
3	experience	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	28	nmod	_	_
4	from	_	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
5	on	_	ADP	IN	_	30	case	_	_
6	of	_	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
7	nationally	_	ADV	RB	_	12	advmod	_	_
8	,	_	PUNCT	,	lin=+1	19	punct	_	_
9	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
10	among	_	ADP	IN	_	25	case	_	_
11	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	22	det	_	_
12	representative	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	25	amod	_	_
13	discrimination	_	NOUN	NN	lin=-1|Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
14	this	_	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	30	det	_	_
15	seek	_	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
16	estimate	_	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	1	advcl	_	_
17	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	28	det	_	_
18	by	_	SCONJ	IN	_	16	mark	_	_
19	large	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	25	amod	_	_
20	United	_	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	amod	_	_
21	to	_	PART	TO	_	1	mark	_	_
22	study	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	nsubj	_	_
23	adult	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	25	nmod	_	_
24	of	_	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
25	sample	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	28	nmod	_	_
26	current	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	22	amod	_	_
27	.	_	PUNCT	.	lin=+1	15	punct	_	_
28	prevalence	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	obj	_	_
29	a	_	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	25	det	_	_
30	research	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	_

The current study seeks to build on this research by estimating the prevalence of discrimination experiences among a large, nationally representative sample of adults from the United States.


Input:
1	perceive	_	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	7	amod	_	_
2	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
3	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
4	additionally	_	ADV	RB	_	13	advmod	_	_
5	,	_	PUNCT	,	lin=+1	4	punct	_	_
6	for	_	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	reason	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	obj	_	_
8	.	_	PUNCT	.	lin=+1	13	punct	_	_
9	experience	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nmod	_	_
10	analysis	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nsubj	_	_
11	report	_	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	9	amod	_	_
12	discrimination	_	NOUN	NN	lin=-1|Number=Sing	9	compound	_	_
13	address	_	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_

Additionally, the analysis address the perceived reasons for reported discrimination experiences.


Input:
1	for	_	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
2	.	_	PUNCT	.	lin=+1	3	punct	_	_
3	reason	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
4	discrimination	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	_


Input:
1	who	_	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	26	nsubj	_	_
2	question	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	obj	_	_
3	measure	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	26	obl	_	_
4	to	_	ADP	TO	_	3	case	_	_
5	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
6	discriminate	_	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	22	ccomp	_	_
7	often	_	ADV	RB	_	19	conj	_	_
8	against	_	ADP	IN	_	6	obl	_	_
9	who	_	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	22	nsubj	_	_
10	all	_	DET	DT	_	24	det	_	_
11	,	_	PUNCT	,	lin=+1	31	punct	_	_
12	:	_	PUNCT	:	lin=+1	20	punct	_	_
13	those	_	PRON	DT	Number=Plur|PronType=Dem	24	appos	_	_
14	be	_	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	20	aux:pass	_	_
15	—	_	PUNCT	:	lin=+1	24	punct	_	_
16	—	_	PUNCT	:	lin=-1	13	punct	_	_
17	follow	_	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	2	amod	_	_
18	be	_	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	aux:pass	_	_
19	sometimes	_	ADV	RB	_	26	obl	_	_
20	ask	_	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
21	or	_	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
22	indicate	_	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	24	acl:relcl	_	_
23	discrimination	_	NOUN	NN	lin=-1|Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
24	respondent	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	20	nsubj:pass	_	_
25	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
26	respond	_	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	13	acl:relcl	_	_
27	they	_	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj:pass	_	_
28	above	_	ADP	IN	_	30	obl	_	_
29	with	_	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
30	describe	_	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	3	acl	_	_
31	specifically	_	ADV	RB	_	13	advmod	_	_
32	perceive	_	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	23	amod	_	_

All respondents who indicated they were discriminated against — specifically, those who responded with sometimes or often to the perceived discrimination measure described above — were asked the following question:


Input:
1	think	_	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
2	experience	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	nmod	_	_
3	What	_	PRON	WP	PronType=Int	1	ccomp	_	_
4	"	_	PUNCT	''	lin=+2	1	punct	_	_
5	for	_	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
6	you	_	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	1	nsubj	_	_
7	be	_	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
8	these	_	DET	DT	Number=Plur|PronType=Dem	2	det	_	_
9	"	_	PUNCT	``	lin=-1	1	punct	_	_
10	?	_	PUNCT	.	lin=+1	1	punct	_	_
11	main	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	reason	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
13	do	_	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	1	aux	_	_
14	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_

“What do you think was the main reason for these experiences?”


Input:
1	from	_	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
2	response	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
3	choose	_	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	10	xcomp	_	_
4	be	_	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	10	aux:pass	_	_
5	11	_	NUM	CD	NumType=Card	7	nummod	_	_
6	.	_	PUNCT	.	lin=+1	10	punct	_	_
7	category	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	_
8	one	_	NUM	CD	NumType=Card	2	nummod	_	_
9	respondent	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	nsubj:pass	_	_
10	allow	_	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
11	to	_	PART	TO	_	3	mark	_	_

Respondents were allowed to choose one response from 11 categories.


Input:
1	recoded	_	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
2	:	_	PUNCT	:	lin=+1	1	punct	_	_
3	exclusive	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
4	option	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	18	obj	_	_
5	present	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
6	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
7	be	_	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	1	aux:pass	_	_
8	nine	_	NUM	CD	NumType=Card	9	nummod	_	_
9	category	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obl	_	_
10	mutually	_	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
11	these	_	DET	DT	Number=Plur|PronType=Dem	17	det	_	_
12	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
13	for	_	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
14	analysis	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	_
15	into	_	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
16	follow	_	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	4	amod	_	_
17	response	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	nsubj:pass	_	_
18	capture	_	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	9	acl	_	_
19	,	_	PUNCT	,	lin=+1	14	punct	_	_

For the present analysis, these responses were recoded into nine mutually exclusive categories capturing the following options:


Input:
1	ancestry	_	NOUN	NN	lin=+1|Number=Sing	2	conj	_	_
2	race	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	;	_	PUNCT	:	lin=+3	2	punct	_	_
4	/	_	SYM	SYM	_	1	cc	_	_
5	skin	_	NOUN	NN	lin=-1|Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	color	_	NOUN	NN	lin=+2|Number=Sing	2	conj	_	_
7	/	_	SYM	SYM	_	6	cc	_	_


Input:
1	;	_	PUNCT	:	lin=+1	2	punct	_	_
2	gender	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_


Input:
1	age	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
2	;	_	PUNCT	:	lin=+1	1	punct	_	_


Input:
1	religion	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
2	;	_	PUNCT	:	lin=+1	1	punct	_	_


Input:
1	;	_	PUNCT	:	lin=+2	4	punct	_	_
2	or	_	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
3	weight	_	NOUN	NN	lin=+1|Number=Sing	4	conj	_	_
4	height	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_


Input:
1	;	_	PUNCT	:	lin=+1	2	punct	_	_
2	orientation	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	sexual	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_


Input:
1	education	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
2	income	_	NOUN	NN	lin=+1|Number=Sing	1	conj	_	_
3	or	_	CCONJ	CC	_	2	cc	_	_
4	;	_	PUNCT	:	lin=+2	1	punct	_	_


Input:
1	physical	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	disability	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	;	_	PUNCT	:	lin=+1	2	punct	_	_


Input:
1	and	_	CCONJ	CC	_	2	cc	_	_
2	other	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
3	.	_	PUNCT	.	lin=+1	2	punct	_	_


Input:
1	or	_	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
2	skin	_	NOUN	NN	lin=-1|Number=Sing	29	compound	_	_
3	.	_	PUNCT	.	lin=+1	9	punct	_	_
4	for	_	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
5	from	_	ADP	IN	_	26	case	_	_
6	ancestry	_	NOUN	NN	lin=+1|Number=Sing	11	conj	_	_
7	shade	_	NOUN	NN	lin=+2|Number=Sing	11	conj	_	_
8	origin	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	_
9	collapse	_	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
10	;	_	PUNCT	:	lin=-1	7	punct	_	_
11	race	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	parataxis	_	_
12	be	_	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	9	aux:pass	_	_
13	one	_	NUM	CD	NumType=Card	16	nummod	_	_
14	and	_	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
15	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
16	category	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	_
17	category	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	nsubj:pass	_	_
18	into	_	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
19	of	_	ADP	IN	_	29	case	_	_
20	national	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
21	analysis	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	_
22	follow	_	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	17	amod	_	_
23	;	_	PUNCT	:	lin=-1	6	punct	_	_
24	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
25	original	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	26	amod	_	_
26	questionnaire	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	nmod	_	_
27	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	26	det	_	_
28	:	_	PUNCT	:	lin=-1	11	punct	_	_
29	color	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	_

The following categories from the original questionnaire were collapsed into one category for the analysis: race; ancestry or national origin; and shade of skin color.


Input:
1	number	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	_
2	in	_	ADP	IN	_	1	case	_	_
3	legitimate	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	18	amod	_	_
4	pattern	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj	_	_
5	prior	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	20	amod	_	_
6	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
7	,	_	PUNCT	,	lin=+1	19	punct	_	_
8	question	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	nsubj:pass	_	_
9	report	_	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	30	acl:relcl	_	_
10	result	_	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
11	built-in	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
12	a	_	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	1	det	_	_
13	who	_	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	9	nsubj	_	_
14	of	_	ADP	IN	_	30	case	_	_
15	large	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	1	amod	_	_
16	skip	_	NOUN	NN	lin=-1|Number=Sing	4	compound	_	_
17	ask	_	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	10	advcl	_	_
18	skip	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	parataxis	_	_
19	additionally	_	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	_
20	experience	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	obj	_	_
21	(	_	PUNCT	-LRB-	lin=-1	18	punct	_	_
22	only	_	ADV	RB	_	17	advmod	_	_
23	because	_	SCONJ	IN	_	17	mark	_	_
24	miss	_	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	27	obl	_	_
25	,	_	PUNCT	,	lin=+1	17	punct	_	_
26	as	_	ADP	IN	_	24	case	_	_
27	score	_	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	33	acl	_	_
28	of	_	ADP	IN	_	33	case	_	_
29	this	_	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	8	det	_	_
30	respondent	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	17	obl	_	_
31	be	_	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	17	aux:pass	_	_
32	.	_	PUNCT	.	lin=+1	10	punct	_	_
33	case	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	nmod	_	_
34	discrimination	_	NOUN	NN	lin=-1|Number=Sing	20	compound	_	_
35	)	_	PUNCT	-RRB-	lin=+1	18	punct	_	_

Additionally, because this question was only asked of respondents who reported prior discrimination experiences, the built-in skip pattern resulted in a large number of cases scored as missing (legitimate skip).


Input:
1	respondent	_	NOUN	NN	lin=-1|Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
2	.	_	PUNCT	.	lin=+1	3	punct	_	_
3	race	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_


Input:
1	,	_	PUNCT	,	lin=+1	12	punct	_	_
2	category	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	_
3	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	28	det	_	_
4	interview	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	obl	_	_
5	1	_	NUM	CD	NumType=Card	15	nummod	_	_
6	a	_	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
7	use	_	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	by	_	ADP	IN	_	28	case	_	_
9	because	_	SCONJ	IN	_	12	mark	_	_
10	not	_	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	12	advmod	_	_
11	variable	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nsubj	_	_
12	available	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	advcl	_	_
13	be	_	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	12	cop	_	_
14	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
15	Wave	_	PROPN	NNP	lin=-1|Number=Sing	21	compound	_	_
16	.	_	PUNCT	.	lin=+1	7	punct	_	_
17	racial	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
18	we	_	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
19	during	_	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
20	4	_	NUM	CD	NumType=Card	26	nummod	_	_
21	interview	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	obl	_	_
22	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
23	report	_	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	2	acl	_	_
24	race	_	NOUN	NN	lin=-1|Number=Sing	11	compound	_	_
25	from	_	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
26	Wave	_	PROPN	NNP	lin=-1|Number=Sing	4	compound	_	_
27	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
28	respondent	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	obl	_	_

Because a race variable is not available from the Wave 4 interviews, we use the racial category reported by the respondent during the Wave 1 interview.


Input:
1	use	_	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
2	race	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	Wave	_	PROPN	NNP	lin=-1|Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
4	preserve	_	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	1	xcomp	_	_
5	1	_	NUM	CD	NumType=Card	17	nummod	_	_
6	race	_	NOUN	NN	lin=+1|Number=Sing	2	conj	_	_
7	than	_	ADP	IN	lin=+1	16	fixed	_	_
8	case	_	NOUN	NN	lin=-1|Number=Sing	9	compound	_	_
9	count	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	_
10	to	_	PART	TO	_	4	mark	_	_
11	be	_	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	1	aux:pass	_	_
12	,	_	PUNCT	,	lin=+2	16	punct	_	_
13	3	_	NUM	CD	NumType=Card	3	nummod	_	_
14	.	_	PUNCT	.	lin=+1	1	punct	_	_
15	,	_	PUNCT	,	lin=+1	19	punct	_	_
16	rather	_	ADV	RB	_	6	cc	_	_
17	Wave	_	PROPN	NNP	lin=-1|Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
18	—	_	PUNCT	:	lin=-2	6	punct	_	_
19	say	_	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	discourse	_	_
20	—	_	PUNCT	:	lin=+2	2	punct	_	_

Wave 1 race — rather than, say, Wave 3 race — was used to preserve case counts.


Input:
1	nearly	_	ADV	RB	_	13	advmod	_	_
2	that	_	SCONJ	IN	_	15	mark	_	_
3	attrition	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	26	nmod	_	_
4	)	_	PUNCT	-RRB-	lin=+1	1	punct	_	_
5	respondent	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	nsubj	_	_
6	differential	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	26	amod	_	_
7	logic	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	nsubj	_	_
8	be	_	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	10	aux:pass	_	_
9	4	_	NUM	CD	NumType=Card	21	nummod	_	_
10	interview	_	VERB	VBN	lin=+1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	15	conj	_	_
11	be	_	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	15	cop	_	_
12	(	_	PUNCT	-LRB-	lin=-1	1	punct	_	_
13	all	_	DET	DT	_	21	det	_	_
14	have	_	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	10	aux	_	_
15	appear	_	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
16	to	_	PART	TO	lin=+1	17	fixed	_	_
17	due	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	26	case	_	_
18	sample	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	obl	_	_
19	not	_	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	27	advmod	_	_
20	3	_	NUM	CD	NumType=Card	31	nummod	_	_
21	Wave	_	PROPN	NNP	lin=-1|Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
22	temporary	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
23	of	_	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
24	1	_	NUM	CD	NumType=Card	33	nummod	_	_
25	but	_	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
26	pattern	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	obl	_	_
27	all	_	PRON	DT	_	10	nsubj:pass	_	_
28	at	_	ADP	IN	_	31	case	_	_
29	would	_	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	10	aux	_	_
30	,	_	PUNCT	,	lin=-1	10	punct	_	_
31	Wave	_	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	_
32	.	_	PUNCT	.	lin=+2	15	punct	_	_
33	Wave	_	PROPN	NNP	lin=-1|Number=Sing	18	compound	_	_
34	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
35	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
36	in	_	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_

The logic is that (nearly) all Wave 4 respondents appeared in the Wave 1 sample, but not all would have been interviewed at Wave 3 due to differential patterns of temporary attrition.


Input:
1	race	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	obj	_	_
2	Islander	_	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	conj	_	_
3	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	32	det	_	_
4	Black	_	PROPN	NNP	lin=+1|Number=Sing	33	conj	_	_
5	Asian	_	PROPN	NNP	lin=+4|Number=Sing	33	conj	_	_
6	to	_	PART	TO	_	23	mark	_	_
7	or	_	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
8	;	_	PUNCT	:	lin=-1	18	punct	_	_
9	:	_	PUNCT	:	lin=-1	33	punct	_	_
10	or	_	CCONJ	CC	_	27	cc	_	_
11	Pacific	_	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	amod	_	_
12	or	_	CCONJ	CC	_	28	cc	_	_
13	ask	_	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
14	.	_	PUNCT	.	lin=+1	13	punct	_	_
15	from	_	ADP	IN	_	1	nmod	_	_
16	;	_	PUNCT	:	lin=-1	31	punct	_	_
17	among	_	ADP	IN	_	32	case	_	_
18	Indian	_	PROPN	NNP	lin=+3|Number=Sing	33	conj	_	_
19	be	_	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	13	aux:pass	_	_
20	their	_	PRON	PRP$	Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	1	nmod:poss	_	_
21	;	_	PUNCT	:	lin=-1	5	punct	_	_
22	American	_	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	18	amod	_	_
23	indicate	_	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	13	xcomp	_	_
24	and	_	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
25	African	_	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	27	amod	_	_
26	follow	_	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	32	amod	_	_
27	American	_	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	conj	_	_
28	American	_	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	18	conj	_	_
29	;	_	PUNCT	:	lin=-1	4	punct	_	_
30	respondent	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	nsubj:pass	_	_
31	Hispanic	_	PROPN	NNP	lin=+2|Number=Sing	33	conj	_	_
32	category	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	nmod	_	_
33	White	_	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	32	appos	_	_
34	Native	_	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	28	amod	_	_

Respondents were asked to indicate their race from among the following categories: White; Black or African American; Hispanic; American Indian or Native American; and Asian or Pacific Islander.


Input:
1	opportunity	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	obj	_	_
2	ask	_	VERB	VBN	lin=+1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	17	conj	_	_
3	category	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	describe	_	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	20	acl	_	_
5	a	_	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
6	race	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	30	obj	_	_
7	those	_	PRON	DT	Number=Plur|PronType=Dem	2	nsubj:pass	_	_
8	than	_	ADP	IN	lin=+1	23	fixed	_	_
9	be	_	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	17	aux:pass	_	_
10	to	_	PART	TO	_	30	mark	_	_
11	be	_	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	aux:pass	_	_
12	well	_	ADV	RBS	Degree=Sup	4	advmod	_	_
13	regard	_	SCONJ	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	4	mark	_	_
14	and	_	CCONJ	CC	_	2	cc	_	_
15	.	_	PUNCT	.	lin=+2	17	punct	_	_
16	background	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
17	provide	_	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
18	,	_	PUNCT	,	lin=-1	2	punct	_	_
19	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	1	det	_	_
20	question	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
21	do	_	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	acl:relcl	_	_
22	one	_	NUM	CD	NumType=Card	6	nummod	_	_
23	more	_	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	22	advmod	_	_
24	who	_	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	21	nsubj	_	_
25	their	_	PRON	PRP$	Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	16	nmod:poss	_	_
26	respondent	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	17	nsubj:pass	_	_
27	which	_	DET	WDT	PronType=Int	3	det	_	_
28	follow-up	_	NOUN	NN	lin=-1|Number=Sing	20	compound	_	_
29	racial	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	amod	_	_
30	select	_	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	1	acl	_	_

Respondents were provided the opportunity to select more than one race, and those who did were asked a follow-up question regarding which category best described their racial background.


Input:
1	"	_	PUNCT	``	lin=-1	10	punct	_	_
2	study	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obl	_	_
3	those	_	DET	DT	Number=Plur|PronType=Dem	21	det	_	_
4	than	_	ADP	IN	lin=+1	9	fixed	_	_
5	.	_	PUNCT	.	lin=+1	11	punct	_	_
6	race	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	obj	_	_
7	,	_	PUNCT	,	lin=+1	2	punct	_	_
8	be	_	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	11	aux:pass	_	_
9	more	_	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	13	advmod	_	_
10	race	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obl	_	_
11	code	_	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
12	as	_	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
13	one	_	NUM	CD	NumType=Card	6	nummod	_	_
14	mixed	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
15	in	_	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
16	"	_	PUNCT	''	lin=+1	10	punct	_	_
17	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
18	indicate	_	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	21	acl:relcl	_	_
19	who	_	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	18	nsubj	_	_
20	current	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
21	respondent	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	nsubj:pass	_	_

In the current study, those respondents who indicated more than one race were coded as “mixed race”.


Input:
1	.	_	PUNCT	.	lin=+1	3	punct	_	_
2	demographic	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	variable	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_


Input:
1	provide	_	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	12	advcl	_	_
2	two	_	NUM	CD	NumType=Card	11	nummod	_	_
3	a	_	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
5	whole	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	nmod	_	_
6	To	_	PART	TO	_	1	mark	_	_
7	demographic	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
8	,	_	PUNCT	,	lin=+1	1	punct	_	_
9	analytical	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	18	amod	_	_
10	be	_	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	12	aux:pass	_	_
11	variable	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	nsubj:pass	_	_
12	include	_	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
13	as	_	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
14	.	_	PUNCT	.	lin=+1	12	punct	_	_
15	additional	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
16	on	_	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
17	information	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
18	sample	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	nmod	_	_

To provide information on the analytical sample as a whole, two additional demographic variables are included.


Input:
1	.	_	PUNCT	.	lin=+1	3	punct	_	_
2	Wave	_	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	14	obl	_	_
3	measure	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
4	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
5	respondent	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	18	nmod:poss	_	_
6	create	_	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	3	acl	_	_
7	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	interview	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	nmod	_	_
9	continuous	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
10	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
11	year	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	obj	_	_
12	)	_	PUNCT	-RRB-	lin=+1	14	punct	_	_
13	4	_	NUM	CD	NumType=Card	15	nummod	_	_
14	obtain	_	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	11	acl	_	_
15	Wave	_	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	_
16	(	_	PUNCT	-LRB-	lin=-1	14	punct	_	_
17	year	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	obl	_	_
18	birth	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nmod	_	_
19	from	_	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
20	subtract	_	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	6	advcl	_	_
21	age	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
22	by	_	SCONJ	IN	_	20	mark	_	_
23	,	_	PUNCT	,	lin=+1	26	punct	_	_
24	's	_	PART	POS	_	5	case	_	_
25	be	_	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
26	first	_	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
27	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
28	a	_	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
29	1	_	NUM	CD	NumType=Card	2	nummod	_	_
30	of	_	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
31	of	_	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
32	at	_	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
33	from	_	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_

First, age is a continuous measure created by subtracting the year of the respondents' birth (obtained from Wave 1) from the year of the interview at Wave 4.


Input:
1	dichotomously	_	ADV	RB	_	13	advmod	_	_
2	0	_	NUM	CD	NumType=Card	11	nsubj	_	_
3	at	_	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
4	be	_	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	13	aux:pass	_	_
5	second	_	ADV	RB	_	13	advmod	_	_
6	=	_	SYM	SYM	lin=+1	11	conj	_	_
7	.	_	PUNCT	.	lin=+1	13	punct	_	_
8	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	Wave	_	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	23	nmod	_	_
10	sex	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	26	obl	_	_
11	=	_	SYM	SYM	_	10	parataxis	_	_
12	and	_	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
13	code	_	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
14	female	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	xcomp	_	_
15	sex	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nsubj:pass	_	_
16	4	_	NUM	CD	NumType=Card	9	nummod	_	_
17	)	_	PUNCT	-RRB-	lin=+2	11	punct	_	_
18	male	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	xcomp	_	_
19	self-reported	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
20	of	_	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
21	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	23	det	_	_
22	on	_	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
23	respondent	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	_
24	1	_	NUM	CD	NumType=Card	6	nsubj	_	_
25	,	_	PUNCT	,	lin=+1	5	punct	_	_
26	base	_	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	13	advcl	_	_
27	(	_	PUNCT	-LRB-	lin=-1	11	punct	_	_

Second, sex was dichotomously coded based on the self-reported sex of the respondent at Wave 4 (0 = female and 1 = male).


Input:
1	plan	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
2	.	_	PUNCT	.	lin=+1	1	punct	_	_
3	analytical	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	1	amod	_	_


Input:
1	basic	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
2	.	_	PUNCT	.	lin=+1	7	punct	_	_
3	exploratory	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
4	our	_	PRON	PRP$	Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
5	three	_	NUM	CD	NumType=Card	8	nummod	_	_
6	study	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
7	include	_	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	step	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obj	_	_

Our exploratory study included three basic steps.


Input:
1	statistic	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	be	_	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	aux:pass	_	_
3	summary	_	NOUN	NN	lin=-1|Number=Sing	1	compound	_	_
4	.	_	PUNCT	.	lin=+1	7	punct	_	_
5	study	_	NOUN	NN	lin=-1|Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	variable	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	nmod	_	_
7	produce	_	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
8	category	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	conj	_	_
9	of	_	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
10	first	_	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
11	racial	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
12	and	_	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
13	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
14	,	_	PUNCT	,	lin=+1	10	punct	_	_

First, summary statistics of the study variables and racial categories were produced.


Input:
1	category	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nmod	_	_
2	each	_	DET	DT	_	1	det	_	_
3	,	_	PUNCT	,	lin=+1	5	punct	_	_
4	experience	_	NOUN	NN	lin=-1|Number=Sing	16	compound	_	_
5	second	_	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	_
6	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
7	of	_	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
8	discrimination	_	NOUN	NN	lin=-1|Number=Sing	4	compound	_	_
9	two	_	NUM	CD	NumType=Card	16	nummod	_	_
10	examine	_	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
11	proportion	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	obj	_	_
12	.	_	PUNCT	.	lin=+1	10	punct	_	_
13	relative	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
14	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
15	racial	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	1	amod	_	_
16	measure	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	nmod	_	_
17	across	_	ADP	IN	_	1	case	_	_
18	we	_	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj	_	_

Second, we examined the relative proportions of the two discrimination experience measures across each racial category.


Input:
1	category	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nmod	_	_
2	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	distribution	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	_
4	report	_	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	5	amod	_	_
5	reason	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nmod	_	_
6	finally	_	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
7	assess	_	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	.	_	PUNCT	.	lin=+1	7	punct	_	_
9	,	_	PUNCT	,	lin=+1	6	punct	_	_
10	we	_	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
11	racial	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	1	amod	_	_
12	discrimination	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
13	of	_	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
14	for	_	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
15	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	1	det	_	_
16	across	_	ADP	IN	_	1	case	_	_

Finally, we assessed the distribution of reported reasons for discrimination across the racial categories.


Input:
1	association	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	obj	_	_
2	in	_	SCONJ	IN	_	9	mark	_	_
3	design	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	obl	_	_
4	as	_	SCONJ	IN	_	23	mark	_	_
5	bivariate	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	1	amod	_	_
6	)	_	PUNCT	-RRB-	lin=+1	11	punct	_	_
7	use	_	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	14	acl	_	_
8	complex	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
9	examine	_	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	19	advcl	_	_
10	[	_	PUNCT	-LSB-	lin=-1	34	punct	_	_
11	F	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	37	appos	_	_
12	as	_	ADP	IN	lin=+1	29	fixed	_	_
13	.	_	PUNCT	.	lin=+1	7	punct	_	_
14	that	_	PRON	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	3	nmod	_	_
15	,	_	PUNCT	,	lin=+1	9	punct	_	_
16	to	_	PART	TO	_	9	mark	_	_
17	design-based	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
18	it	_	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	23	nsubj	_	_
19	employ	_	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
20	in	_	ADP	IN	_	24	case	_	_
21	for	_	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
22	a	_	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
23	correct	_	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	19	advcl	_	_
24	Health	_	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	_
25	Add	_	PROPN	NNP	lin=-1|Number=Sing	24	compound	_	_
26	order	_	NOUN	NN	lin=+1|Number=Sing	2	fixed	_	_
27	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	37	det	_	_
28	adjusted	_	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	37	amod	_	_
29	such	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	case	_	_
30	potential	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	1	amod	_	_
31	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	24	det	_	_
32	be	_	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	19	aux:pass	_	_
33	]	_	PUNCT	-RSB-	lin=+1	34	punct	_	_
34	21	_	NUM	CD	NumType=Card	7	dep	_	_
35	(	_	PUNCT	-LRB-	lin=-1	11	punct	_	_
36	F	_	NOUN	NN	lin=-1|Number=Sing	37	compound	_	_
37	statistic	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	nsubj:pass	_	_
38	sample	_	NOUN	NN	lin=-1|Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_

In order to examine potential bivariate associations, the adjusted F statistic (design-based F) was employed as it corrects for a complex sample design such as that used in the Add Health. [21]


Input:
1	degree	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	34	nmod	_	_
2	(	_	PUNCT	-LRB-	lin=-1	44	punct	_	_
3	22	_	NUM	CD	NumType=Card	44	dep	_	_
4	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	test	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	36	nsubj:pass	_	_
6	[	_	PUNCT	-LSB-	lin=-1	3	punct	_	_
7	"	_	PUNCT	''	lin=+1	15	punct	_	_
8	]	_	PUNCT	-RSB-	lin=+1	57	punct	_	_
9	specifically	_	ADV	RB	_	36	advmod	_	_
10	into	_	ADP	IN	_	34	case	_	_
11	conventional	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
12	a	_	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	23	det	_	_
13	24	_	NUM	CD	NumType=Card	36	dep	_	_
14	suite	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	60	obj	_	_
15	use	_	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	36	advcl	_	_
16	sample	_	NOUN	NN	lin=-1|Number=Sing	41	compound	_	_
17	]	_	PUNCT	-RSB-	lin=+1	13	punct	_	_
18	)	_	PUNCT	-RRB-	lin=+2	44	punct	_	_
19	independence	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
20	in	_	ADP	IN	_	28	case	_	_
21	analyze	_	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	36	advcl	_	_
22	,	_	PUNCT	,	lin=-1	38	punct	_	_
23	correction	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	obj	_	_
24	an	_	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	34	det	_	_
25	Pearson	_	PROPN	NNP	lin=-1|Number=Sing	33	compound	_	_
26	statistic	_	NOUN	NN	lin=-1|Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
27	freedom	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	nmod	_	_
28	Stata	_	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	14	nmod	_	_
29	[	_	PUNCT	-LSB-	lin=-1	13	punct	_	_
30	]	_	PUNCT	-RSB-	lin=+1	3	punct	_	_
31	Scott	_	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	59	conj	_	_
32	and	_	CCONJ	CC	_	31	cc	_	_
33	χ2	_	SYM	SYM	lin=-1	26	compound	_	_
34	statistic	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	36	obl	_	_
35	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
36	convert	_	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
37	with	_	ADP	IN	_	1	case	_	_
38	1984	_	NUM	CD	lin=+1|NumType=Card	44	conj	_	_
39	more	_	ADV	RBR	_	9	advmod	_	_
40	of	_	ADP	IN	_	27	case	_	_
41	datum	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	21	obj	_	_
42	[	_	PUNCT	-LSB-	lin=-1	57	punct	_	_
43	by	_	SCONJ	IN	_	15	mark	_	_
44	1981	_	NUM	CD	NumType=Card	59	nmod:tmod	_	_
45	when	_	SCONJ	WRB	PronType=Int	21	mark	_	_
46	be	_	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	36	aux:pass	_	_
47	F	_	NOUN	NN	lin=-1|Number=Sing	34	compound	_	_
48	of	_	ADP	IN	_	50	case	_	_
49	.	_	PUNCT	.	lin=+1	36	punct	_	_
50	command	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	nmod	_	_
51	"	_	PUNCT	``	lin=-2	34	punct	_	_
52	weighted	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	41	amod	_	_
53	,	_	PUNCT	,	lin=+1	9	punct	_	_
54	second-order	_	NOUN	NN	lin=-2|Number=Sing	23	compound	_	_
55	of	_	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
56	svy	_	PROPN	NNP	lin=-1|Number=Sing	14	compound	_	_
57	23	_	NUM	CD	NumType=Card	38	dep	_	_
58	noninteger	_	NOUN	NN	lin=-1|Number=Sing	1	compound	_	_
59	Rao	_	PROPN	NNP	lin=-1|Number=Sing	23	compound	_	_
60	employ	_	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	21	advcl	_	_

More specifically, when analyzing weighted sample data employing the svy suite of commands in Stata the conventional Pearson χ2 statistic test of independence is converted into “an F statisticwith noninteger degrees of freedom by using a second-order Rao and Scott (1981 [22], 1984 [23]) correction”. [24]


Input:
1	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
3	p-value	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
4	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	35	det	_	_
5	accurate	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
6	associate	_	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	3	acl	_	_
7	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
8	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	30	det	_	_
9	associate	_	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	5	obl	_	_
10	F	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	_
11	more	_	ADV	RBR	_	5	advmod	_	_
12	with	_	ADP	IN	_	34	case	_	_
13	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
14	design-based	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
15	thus	_	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
16	of	_	ADP	IN	_	35	case	_	_
17	take	_	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	18	ccomp	_	_
18	give	_	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	5	acl	_	_
19	with	_	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
20	)	_	PUNCT	-RRB-	lin=+1	9	punct	_	_
21	adjustment	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	17	nsubj	_	_
22	than	_	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
23	account	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	obl	_	_
24	calculation	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	21	conj	_	_
25	be	_	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
26	weighted	_	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	30	amod	_	_
27	(	_	PUNCT	-LRB-	lin=-1	9	punct	_	_
28	into	_	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
29	and	_	CCONJ	CC	_	24	cc	_	_
30	nature	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	obj	_	_
31	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	34	det	_	_
32	χ2	_	SYM	SYM	lin=-1	34	compound	_	_
33	.	_	PUNCT	.	lin=+1	5	punct	_	_
34	statistic	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	_
35	datum	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	30	nmod	_	_

The p-value associated with the design-based F is thus more accurate (than the associated with the χ2 statistic) given the adjustments and calculations take into account the weighted nature of the data.


Input:
1	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
2	report	_	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	15	amod	_	_
3	final	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	19	amod	_	_
4	.	_	PUNCT	.	lin=+1	8	punct	_	_
5	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	22	det	_	_
6	racial	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
7	an	_	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
8	include	_	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	across	_	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
10	for	_	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
11	category	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	22	nmod	_	_
12	various	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	_
13	of	_	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
14	also	_	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
15	reason	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	22	nmod	_	_
16	this	_	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	19	det	_	_
17	discrimination	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	nmod	_	_
18	examination	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	_
19	step	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
20	relative	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	22	amod	_	_
21	of	_	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
22	distribution	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	nmod	_	_

This final step also included an examination of the relative distribution of racial categories across the various reported reasons for discrimination.


Input:
1	be	_	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	34	aux:pass	_	_
2	and	_	CCONJ	CC	_	31	cc	_	_
3	research	_	NOUN	NN	lin=-1|Number=Sing	23	compound	_	_
4	that	_	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	6	nsubj	_	_
5	survey	_	NOUN	NN	lin=-1|Number=Sing	27	compound	_	_
6	define	_	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	13	acl:relcl	_	_
7	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	35	det	_	_
8	accord	_	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	27	case	_	_
9	earlier	_	ADV	RBR	Degree=Cmp	22	advmod	_	_
10	provide	_	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	27	acl	_	_
11	and	_	CCONJ	CC	_	34	cc	_	_
12	Add	_	PROPN	NNP	lin=-1|Number=Sing	36	compound	_	_
13	clustering	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	34	obl	_	_
14	standard	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	20	amod	_	_
15	by	_	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
16	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	23	det	_	_
17	analysis	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	28	nsubj:pass	_	_
18	for	_	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
19	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	27	det	_	_
20	error	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	34	nsubj:pass	_	_
21	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
22	note	_	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	28	advcl	_	_
23	staff	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	_
24	.	_	PUNCT	.	lin=+2	28	punct	_	_
25	to	_	PART	TO	lin=+1	8	fixed	_	_
26	sampling	_	NOUN	NN	lin=-1|Number=Sing	35	compound	_	_
27	weight	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	28	obl	_	_
28	weight	_	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
29	as	_	SCONJ	IN	_	22	mark	_	_
30	be	_	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	28	aux:pass	_	_
31	stratification	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	conj	_	_
32	all	_	DET	DT	_	17	det	_	_
33	,	_	PUNCT	,	lin=+1	22	punct	_	_
34	correct	_	VERB	VBN	lin=+1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	28	conj	_	_
35	strategy	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	_
36	Health	_	PROPN	NNP	lin=-2|Number=Sing	23	compound	_	_

As noted earlier, all analyses were weighted according to the survey weight provided by the Add Health research staff and standard errors were corrected for the clustering and stratification that defined the sampling strategy.


Input:
1	nationally	_	ADV	RB	_	15	advmod	_	_
2	be	_	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	10	aux:pass	_	_
3	United	_	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	12	amod	_	_
4	here	_	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	14	advmod	_	_
5	all	_	DET	DT	_	8	det	_	_
6	of	_	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
7	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
8	estimate	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	nsubj:pass	_	_
9	thus	_	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	_
10	consider	_	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
11	,	_	PUNCT	,	lin=+1	9	punct	_	_
12	State	_	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	15	obl	_	_
13	.	_	PUNCT	.	lin=+1	10	punct	_	_
14	report	_	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	8	acl	_	_
15	representative	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	obj	_	_
16	can	_	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	10	aux	_	_

Thus, all estimates reported here can be considered nationally representative of the United States.


Input:
1	Jespersen	_	PROPN	NNP	lin=+1|Number=Sing	2	flat	_	_
2	Otto	_	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_


Input:
1	;	_	PUNCT	:	lin=-1	31	punct	_	_
2	April	_	PROPN	NNP	lin=+1|Number=Sing	35	compound	_	_
3	)	_	PUNCT	-RRB-	lin=+2	31	punct	_	_
4	in	_	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
5	:	_	PUNCT	:	lin=+1	7	punct	_	_
6	English	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	26	amod	_	_
7	Danish	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	nmod:npmod	_	_
8	Jespersen	_	PROPN	NNP	lin=+3|Number=Sing	30	flat	_	_
9	Otto	_	PROPN	NNP	lin=+1|Number=Sing	30	flat	_	_
10	1943	_	NUM	CD	NumType=Card	2	nmod:tmod	_	_
11	who	_	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	29	nsubj	_	_
12	ʌtˢo	_	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	19	dep	_	_
13	]	_	PUNCT	-RSB-	lin=+2	12	punct	_	_
14	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	26	det	_	_
15	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	23	det	_	_
16	Harry	_	PROPN	NNP	lin=+2|Number=Sing	30	flat	_	_
17	linguist	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
18	be	_	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	17	cop	_	_
19	Otto	_	PROPN	NNP	lin=+4|Number=Sing	30	conj	_	_
20	or	_	CCONJ	CC	_	19	cc	_	_
21	1860	_	NUM	CD	NumType=Card	22	nmod:tmod	_	_
22	July	_	PROPN	NNP	lin=+1|Number=Sing	31	compound	_	_
23	grammar	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	29	obl	_	_
24	ˈjɛsb̥ɐsn̩	_	PROPN	NNP	lin=+1|Number=Sing	12	flat	_	_
25	Jespersen	_	PROPN	NNP	lin=+1|Number=Sing	19	flat	_	_
26	language	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	nmod	_	_
27	a	_	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
28	.	_	PUNCT	.	lin=+1	17	punct	_	_
29	specialize	_	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	17	acl:relcl	_	_
30	Jens	_	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	17	nsubj	_	_
31	16	_	NUM	CD	NumType=Card	30	nmod:tmod	_	_
32	[	_	PUNCT	-LSB-	lin=-1	12	punct	_	_
33	Danish	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	17	amod	_	_
34	(	_	PUNCT	-LRB-	lin=-2	12	punct	_	_
35	30	_	NUM	CD	NumType=Card	31	nmod	_	_
36	of	_	ADP	IN	_	26	case	_	_
37	–	_	ADP	TO	_	35	case	_	_

Jens Otto Harry Jespersen or Otto Jespersen (Danish: [ʌtˢo ˈjɛsb̥ɐsn̩]; 16 July 1860 – 30 April 1943) was a Danish linguist who specialized in the grammar of the English language.


Input:
1	life	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
2	early	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	1	amod	_	_


Input:
1	.	_	PUNCT	.	lin=+1	3	punct	_	_
2	Jutland	_	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	_
3	bear	_	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
4	Otto	_	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
5	be	_	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
6	in	_	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	in	_	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
8	Jespersen	_	PROPN	NNP	lin=+1|Number=Sing	4	flat	_	_
9	Randers	_	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_

Otto Jespersen was born in Randers in Jutland.


Input:
1	be	_	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	24	aux:pass	_	_
2	help	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	_
3	with	_	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
4	Danish	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
5	Rask	_	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	10	nmod:poss	_	_
6	philologist	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	_
7	Rask	_	PROPN	NNP	lin=+2|Number=Sing	6	flat	_	_
8	work	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	obl	_	_
9	teach	_	VERB	VBD	lin=+1|Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	24	conj	_	_
10	grammar	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nmod	_	_
11	.	_	PUNCT	.	lin=+2	24	punct	_	_
12	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
13	of	_	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
14	he	_	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	24	nsubj:pass	_	_
15	himself	_	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes	9	iobj	_	_
16	Italian	_	PROPN	NNP	lin=+1|Number=Sing	26	conj	_	_
17	and	_	CCONJ	CC	_	18	cc	_	_
18	Spanish	_	PROPN	NNP	lin=+2|Number=Sing	26	conj	_	_
19	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
20	boy	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	obl	_	_
21	as	_	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
22	and	_	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
23	a	_	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
24	inspire	_	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
25	of	_	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
26	Icelandic	_	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	_
27	by	_	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
28	,	_	PUNCT	,	lin=-1	18	punct	_	_
29	,	_	PUNCT	,	lin=-1	9	punct	_	_
30	Rasmus	_	PROPN	NNP	lin=+1|Number=Sing	6	flat	_	_
31	,	_	PUNCT	,	lin=-1	16	punct	_	_
32	some	_	DET	DT	_	26	det	_	_
33	's	_	PART	POS	_	5	case	_	_

He was inspired by the work of Danish philologist Rasmus Rask as a boy, and with the help of Rask's grammars taught himself some Icelandic, Italian, and Spanish.


Input:
1	he	_	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	1877	_	NUM	CD	NumType=Card	18	obl	_	_
3	17	_	NUM	CD	NumType=Card	18	advcl	_	_
4	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	23	det	_	_
5	in	_	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
6	study	_	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	3	acl	_	_
7	be	_	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
8	study	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	obj	_	_
9	when	_	SCONJ	WRB	PronType=Int	3	advmod	_	_
10	his	_	PRON	PRP$	Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	8	nmod:poss	_	_
11	law	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	_
12	language	_	NOUN	NN	lin=-1|Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
13	forget	_	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	6	conj	_	_
14	.	_	PUNCT	.	lin=+1	18	punct	_	_
15	of	_	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
16	not	_	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	13	advmod	_	_
17	,	_	PUNCT	,	lin=-1	6	punct	_	_
18	enter	_	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
19	he	_	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	18	nsubj	_	_
20	initially	_	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
21	but	_	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
22	Copenhagen	_	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	23	nmod	_	_
23	University	_	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	18	obj	_	_

He entered the University of Copenhagen in 1877 when he was 17, initially studying law but not forgetting his language studies.


Input:
1	focus	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	_
2	his	_	PRON	PRP$	Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	28	nmod:poss	_	_
3	Latin	_	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	27	conj	_	_
4	1887	_	NUM	CD	NumType=Card	22	obl	_	_
5	secondary	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
6	shift	_	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	1881	_	NUM	CD	NumType=Card	6	obl	_	_
8	's	_	PART	POS	_	26	case	_	_
9	language	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	27	nmod	_	_
10	his	_	PRON	PRP$	Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	1	nmod:poss	_	_
11	French	_	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	28	nmod	_	_
12	he	_	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj	_	_
13	completely	_	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
14	in	_	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
15	language	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obl	_	_
16	in	_	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
17	his	_	PRON	PRP$	Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	9	nmod:poss	_	_
18	to	_	ADP	TO	_	15	case	_	_
19	.	_	PUNCT	.	lin=+2	6	punct	_	_
20	,	_	PUNCT	,	lin=-1	27	punct	_	_
21	in	_	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
22	earn	_	VERB	VBD	lin=+1|Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	conj	_	_
23	as	_	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
24	,	_	PUNCT	,	lin=-1	22	punct	_	_
25	with	_	ADP	IN	_	27	case	_	_
26	master	_	NOUN	NN	lin=-1|Number=Sing	28	compound	_	_
27	English	_	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	28	nmod	_	_
28	degree	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	obj	_	_
29	and	_	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
30	and	_	CCONJ	CC	_	22	cc	_	_

In 1881 he shifted his focus completely to languages, and in 1887 earned his master's degree in French, with English and Latin as his secondary languages.


Input:
1	in	_	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
2	during	_	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
3	part-time	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
4	shorthand	_	NOUN	NN	lin=-1|Number=Sing	19	compound	_	_
5	.	_	PUNCT	.	lin=+1	11	punct	_	_
6	and	_	CCONJ	CC	_	19	cc	_	_
7	study	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	obl	_	_
8	through	_	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
10	work	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obl	_	_
11	support	_	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
12	Danish	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	17	amod	_	_
13	himself	_	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes	11	obj	_	_
14	as	_	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
15	his	_	PRON	PRP$	Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
16	he	_	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	11	nsubj	_	_
17	parliament	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	nmod	_	_
18	as	_	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
19	reporter	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	conj	_	_
20	a	_	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
21	schoolteacher	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	_
22	a	_	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_

He supported himself during his studies through part-time work as a schoolteacher and as a shorthand reporter in the Danish parliament.


Input:
1	–	_	ADP	TO	_	30	case	_	_
2	1887	_	NUM	CD	NumType=Card	11	obl	_	_
3	University	_	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
4	institution	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	obl	_	_
5	and	_	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
6	like	_	ADP	IN	_	29	case	_	_
7	meet	_	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	11	advcl	_	_
8	,	_	PUNCT	,	lin=-1	19	punct	_	_
9	and	_	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
10	attend	_	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	7	conj	_	_
11	travel	_	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
12	,	_	PUNCT	,	lin=+1	2	punct	_	_
13	Oxford	_	PROPN	NNP	lin=-1|Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
14	he	_	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	11	nsubj	_	_
15	England	_	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	11	obl	_	_
16	France	_	PROPN	NNP	lin=+2|Number=Sing	15	conj	_	_
17	and	_	CCONJ	CC	_	26	cc	_	_
18	lecture	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	obj	_	_
19	Germany	_	PROPN	NNP	lin=+1|Number=Sing	15	conj	_	_
20	like	_	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
21	.	_	PUNCT	.	lin=+1	11	punct	_	_
22	at	_	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
23	Passy	_	PROPN	NNP	lin=+1|Number=Sing	26	flat	_	_
24	in	_	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
25	linguist	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obj	_	_
26	Paul	_	PROPN	NNP	lin=+2|Number=Sing	29	conj	_	_
27	Sweet	_	PROPN	NNP	lin=+1|Number=Sing	29	flat	_	_
28	to	_	ADP	TO	_	15	case	_	_
29	Henry	_	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	25	nmod	_	_
30	1888	_	NUM	CD	NumType=Card	2	nmod	_	_
31	,	_	PUNCT	,	lin=-1	7	punct	_	_

In 1887 – 1888, he traveled to England, Germany and France, meeting linguists like Henry Sweet and Paul Passy and attending lectures at institutions like Oxford University.


Input:
1	dissertation	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	nmod	_	_
2	doctoral	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	1	amod	_	_
3	1888	_	NUM	CD	NumType=Card	12	nmod:tmod	_	_
4	,	_	PUNCT	,	lin=+1	8	punct	_	_
5	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
6	his	_	PRON	PRP$	Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	1	nmod:poss	_	_
7	of	_	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
8	follow	_	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	29	advcl	_	_
9	begin	_	VERB	VBD	lin=+1|Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	29	conj	_	_
10	he	_	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	29	nsubj	_	_
11	system	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	nmod	_	_
12	August	_	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	29	obl	_	_
13	to	_	ADP	TO	_	16	case	_	_
14	English	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
15	in	_	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
16	Copenhagen	_	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	29	obl	_	_
17	advice	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	_
18	Vilhelm	_	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	22	appos	_	_
19	.	_	PUNCT	.	lin=+2	29	punct	_	_
20	his	_	PRON	PRP$	Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	22	nmod:poss	_	_
21	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
22	mentor	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	nmod	_	_
23	work	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	_
24	on	_	ADP	IN	_	1	case	_	_
25	and	_	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
26	on	_	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
27	case	_	NOUN	NN	lin=-1|Number=Sing	11	compound	_	_
28	Thomsen	_	PROPN	NNP	lin=+1|Number=Sing	18	flat	_	_
29	return	_	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_

Following the advice of his mentor Vilhelm Thomsen, he returned to Copenhagen in August 1888 and began work on his doctoral dissertation on the English case system.


Input:
1	defend	_	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	successfully	_	ADV	RB	_	1	advmod	_	_
3	.	_	PUNCT	.	lin=+1	1	punct	_	_
4	dissertation	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
5	1891	_	NUM	CD	NumType=Card	1	obl	_	_
6	he	_	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	1	nsubj	_	_
7	his	_	PRON	PRP$	Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	4	nmod:poss	_	_
8	in	_	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_

He successfully defended his dissertation in 1891.


Input:
1	academic	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
2	and	_	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
3	work	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	conj	_	_
4	life	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_


Input:
1	professor	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
2	1893	_	NUM	CD	NumType=Card	1	nmod	_	_
3	1925	_	NUM	CD	NumType=Card	1	nmod	_	_
4	be	_	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	1	cop	_	_
5	21	_	NUM	CD	NumType=Card	9	nmod	_	_
6	English	_	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	1	nmod	_	_
7	and	_	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	serve	_	VERB	VBD	lin=+1|Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	1	conj	_	_
9	1920	_	NUM	CD	NumType=Card	8	obl	_	_
10	university	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	nmod	_	_
11	–	_	ADP	TO	_	5	case	_	_
12	University	_	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	1	nmod	_	_
13	Copenhagen	_	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	12	nmod	_	_
14	rector	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	_
15	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
16	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
17	to	_	ADP	TO	_	3	case	_	_
18	from	_	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
19	as	_	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
20	at	_	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
21	a	_	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	1	det	_	_
22	,	_	PUNCT	,	lin=-1	8	punct	_	_
23	of	_	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
24	of	_	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
25	of	_	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
26	in	_	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
27	Jespersen	_	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	1	nsubj	_	_
28	.	_	PUNCT	.	lin=+2	1	punct	_	_

Jespersen was a professor of English at the University of Copenhagen from 1893 to 1925, and served as Rector of the university in 1920 – 21.


Input:
1	he	_	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	26	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	be	_	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	26	aux:pass	_	_
3	syntax	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	nmod	_	_
4	primarily	_	ADV	RB	_	23	advmod	_	_
5	on	_	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
6	early	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	29	amod	_	_
7	.	_	PUNCT	.	lin=+2	23	punct	_	_
8	,	_	PUNCT	,	lin=-1	26	punct	_	_
9	well	_	ADV	RBS	Degree=Sup	26	advmod	_	_
10	and	_	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
11	reform	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	obl	_	_
12	and	_	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
13	development	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	_
14	language	_	NOUN	NN	lin=-1|Number=Sing	13	compound	_	_
15	but	_	CCONJ	CC	_	26	cc	_	_
16	phonetics	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	conj	_	_
17	on	_	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
18	teaching	_	NOUN	NN	lin=-1|Number=Sing	11	compound	_	_
19	his	_	PRON	PRP$	Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	29	nmod:poss	_	_
20	for	_	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
21	on	_	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
22	work	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	26	obl	_	_
23	focus	_	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
24	language	_	NOUN	NN	lin=-1|Number=Sing	18	compound	_	_
25	his	_	PRON	PRP$	Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	22	nmod:poss	_	_
26	know	_	VERB	VBN	lin=+1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	23	conj	_	_
27	late	_	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	22	amod	_	_
28	on	_	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
29	work	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	nsubj	_	_

His early work focused primarily on language teaching reform and on phonetics, but he is best known for his later work on syntax and on language development.


Input:
1	paper	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obl	_	_
2	Danish	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	nmod	_	_
3	and	_	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
4	theory	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obj	_	_
5	rank	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
6	nexus	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	_
7	advance	_	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	af	_	X	FW	lin=-2	14	compound	_	_
9	:	_	PUNCT	:	lin=-2	23	punct	_	_
10	he	_	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
11	.	_	PUNCT	.	lin=+1	7	punct	_	_
12	De	_	X	FW	lin=-5	14	compound	_	_
13	hovedarter	_	X	FW	lin=-3	14	compound	_	_
14	forbindelser	_	X	FW	_	23	conj	_	_
15	in	_	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
16	and	_	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
17	in	_	ADP	IN	_	1	case	_	_
18	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
19	(	_	PUNCT	-LRB-	lin=-1	21	punct	_	_
20	of	_	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
21	1921	_	NUM	CD	NumType=Card	14	nmod:tmod	_	_
22	)	_	PUNCT	-RRB-	lin=+1	21	punct	_	_
23	logik	_	X	FW	_	1	appos	_	_
24	(	_	PUNCT	-LRB-	lin=-1	30	punct	_	_
25	)	_	PUNCT	-RRB-	lin=+1	30	punct	_	_
26	grammatiske	_	X	FW	lin=-1	14	compound	_	_
27	to	_	X	FW	lin=-4	14	compound	_	_
28	two	_	NUM	CD	NumType=Card	1	nummod	_	_
29	Sprogets	_	X	FW	lin=-1	23	compound	_	_
30	1913	_	NUM	CD	NumType=Card	23	nmod:tmod	_	_

He advanced the theories of Rank and Nexus in Danish in two papers: Sprogets logik (1913) and De to hovedarter af grammatiske forbindelser (1921).


Input:
1	in	_	ADP	IN	_	60	case	_	_
2	.	_	PUNCT	.	lin=+2	45	punct	_	_
3	of	_	ADP	IN	_	40	case	_	_
4	be	_	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	49	cop	_	_
5	Jespersen	_	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	45	nsubj	_	_
6	speech	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	nmod	_	_
7	a	_	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	38	det	_	_
8	secondary	_	NOUN	NNS	lin=+1|Number=Plur	35	conj	_	_
9	,	_	PUNCT	,	lin=-2	28	punct	_	_
10	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	syntax	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	45	obl	_	_
12	''	_	PUNCT	``	lin=-1	23	punct	_	_
13	by	_	ADP	IN	_	38	case	_	_
14	''	_	PUNCT	''	lin=+1	28	punct	_	_
15	,	_	PUNCT	,	lin=+1	60	punct	_	_
16	theory	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	45	obl	_	_
17	tertiaries	_	NOUN	NNS	lin=+2|Number=Plur	35	conj	_	_
18	a	_	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	49	det	_	_
19	e.g.	_	X	FW	_	49	advmod	_	_
20	''	_	PUNCT	''	lin=+1	47	punct	_	_
21	''	_	PUNCT	''	lin=+2	60	punct	_	_
22	part	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	45	obj	_	_
23	well	_	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	38	appos	_	_
24	in	_	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
25	this	_	PRON	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	50	nsubj:pass	_	_
26	this	_	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	16	det	_	_
27	''	_	PUNCT	``	lin=-1	28	punct	_	_
28	hone	_	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	43	appos	_	_
29	be	_	AUX	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	50	aux:pass	_	_
30	differentiate	_	VERB	VBZ	lin=+1|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	45	conj	_	_
31	between	_	ADP	IN	_	35	case	_	_
32	''	_	PUNCT	''	lin=+1	23	punct	_	_
33	,	_	PUNCT	,	lin=-1	30	punct	_	_
34	be	_	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	44	aux:pass	_	_
35	primary	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	30	obl	_	_
36	,	_	PUNCT	,	lin=-1	44	punct	_	_
37	which	_	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	44	nsubj:pass	_	_
38	tertiary	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	44	obl	_	_
39	,	_	PUNCT	,	lin=-1	50	punct	_	_
40	rank	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	16	nmod	_	_
41	again	_	ADV	RB	_	44	advmod	_	_
42	by	_	ADP	IN	_	43	case	_	_
43	secondary	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	50	obl	_	_
44	define	_	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	43	acl:relcl	_	_
45	remove	_	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
46	and	_	CCONJ	CC	_	30	cc	_	_
47	phrase	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	49	nsubj	_	_
48	hone	_	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	60	amod	_	_
49	primary	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	45	parataxis	_	_
50	define	_	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	49	acl	_	_
51	well	_	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	48	advmod	_	_
52	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	22	det	_	_
53	,	_	PUNCT	,	lin=-1	8	punct	_	_
54	a	_	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	43	det	_	_
55	from	_	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
56	,	_	PUNCT	,	lin=-1	17	punct	_	_
57	and	_	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
58	of	_	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
59	;	_	PUNCT	:	lin=-1	49	punct	_	_
60	phrase	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	49	nmod	_	_
61	''	_	PUNCT	``	lin=-1	60	punct	_	_
62	''	_	PUNCT	``	lin=-1	47	punct	_	_

Jespersen in this theory of ranks removes the parts of speech from the syntax, and differentiates between primaries, secondaries, and tertiaries; e.g. in "well honed phrase," "phrase" is a primary, this being defined by a secondary, "honed", which again is defined by a tertiary "well".


Input:
1	which	_	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	6	obl	_	_
2	.	_	PUNCT	.	lin=+1	20	punct	_	_
3	be	_	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	20	aux:pass	_	_
4	;	_	PUNCT	:	lin=-1	11	punct	_	_
5	sentence	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	20	obl	_	_
6	express	_	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	22	acl:relcl	_	_
7	,	_	PUNCT	,	lin=-1	6	punct	_	_
8	e.g.	_	X	FW	_	11	advmod	_	_
9	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	30	det	_	_
10	in	_	ADP	IN	_	1	case	_	_
11	rain	_	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	22	dep	_	_
12	it	_	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	11	nsubj	_	_
13	in	_	ADP	IN	_	25	case	_	_
14	he	_	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	33	nsubj	_	_
15	and	_	CCONJ	CC	_	22	cc	_	_
16	sentence	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	19	obl	_	_
17	unit	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	_
18	in	_	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
19	similar	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	28	amod	_	_
20	apply	_	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
21	to	_	ADP	TO	_	5	case	_	_
22	sentence	_	NOUN	NNS	lin=+2|Number=Plur	5	conj	_	_
23	two	_	NUM	CD	NumType=Card	34	nummod	_	_
24	nexus	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	30	appos	_	_
25	formation	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	nmod	_	_
26	indoors	_	ADV	RB	_	33	advmod	_	_
27	be	_	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	aux:pass	_	_
28	structure	_	NOUN	NNS	lin=+1|Number=Plur	5	conj	_	_
29	,	_	PUNCT	,	lin=-1	33	punct	_	_
30	term	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	nsubj:pass	_	_
31	,	_	PUNCT	,	lin=-1	28	punct	_	_
32	one	_	NUM	CD	NumType=Card	17	nummod	_	_
33	run	_	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	11	parataxis	_	_
34	concept	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj:pass	_	_
35	,	_	PUNCT	,	lin=+1	8	punct	_	_
36	to	_	ADP	TO	_	16	case	_	_

The term Nexus is applied to sentences, structures similar to sentences and sentences in formation, in which two concepts are expressed in one unit; e.g., it rained, he ran indoors.


Input:
1	a	_	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
2	by	_	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
3	,	_	PUNCT	,	lin=-1	9	punct	_	_
4	idea	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obj	_	_
5	a	_	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	25	det	_	_
6	,	_	PUNCT	,	lin=-1	8	punct	_	_
7	two	_	NUM	CD	NumType=Card	4	nummod	_	_
8	combine	_	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	17	advcl	_	_
9	express	_	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	29	acl	_	_
10	by	_	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
11	concept	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	obl	_	_
12	term	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	nsubj:pass	_	_
13	whereas	_	SCONJ	IN	_	8	mark	_	_
14	represent	_	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	acl:relcl	_	_
15	or	_	CCONJ	CC	_	21	cc	_	_
16	one	_	NUM	CD	NumType=Card	29	nummod	_	_
17	qualify	_	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
18	this	_	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	12	det	_	_
19	call	_	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	11	acl:relcl	_	_
20	which	_	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	14	nsubj	_	_
21	more	_	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	32	conj	_	_
22	mean	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	obl	_	_
23	be	_	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	17	aux:pass	_	_
24	further	_	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	11	amod	_	_
25	junction	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	xcomp	_	_
26	of	_	ADP	IN	_	28	case	_	_
27	a	_	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	30	det	_	_
28	element	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	22	nmod	_	_
29	idea	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obj	_	_
30	nexus	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
31	.	_	PUNCT	.	lin=+1	17	punct	_	_
32	two	_	NUM	CD	NumType=Card	28	nummod	_	_

This term is qualified by a further concept called a junction which represents one idea, expressed by means of two or more elements, whereas a nexus combines two ideas.


Input:
1	of	_	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
2	context	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	nmod	_	_
3	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	22	det	_	_
4	valuable	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	xcomp	_	_
5	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
6	of	_	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
7	linguistics	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	nmod	_	_
8	bring	_	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	12	advcl	_	_
9	.	_	PUNCT	.	lin=+1	12	punct	_	_
10	in	_	SCONJ	IN	_	8	mark	_	_
11	junction	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nsubj	_	_
12	prove	_	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
13	to	_	ADP	TO	_	16	case	_	_
14	of	_	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
15	nexus	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	conj	_	_
16	forefront	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	_
17	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	23	det	_	_
18	attention	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	nmod	_	_
19	and	_	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
20	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
21	of	_	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
22	world	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	nmod	_	_
23	concept	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	_

Junction and nexus proved valuable in bringing the concept of context to the forefront of the attention of the world of linguistics.


Input:
1	be	_	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	10	aux:pass	_	_
2	widely	_	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	_
3	he	_	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj:pass	_	_
4	of	_	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
5	for	_	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	most	_	ADV	RBS	_	2	advmod	_	_
7	some	_	PRON	DT	_	10	obl	_	_
8	.	_	PUNCT	.	lin=+1	10	punct	_	_
9	his	_	PRON	PRP$	Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	11	nmod:poss	_	_
10	recognize	_	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
11	book	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nmod	_	_

He was most widely recognized for some of his books.


Input:
1	Origin	_	PROPN	NNP	lin=+2|Number=Sing	2	conj	_	_
2	Nature	_	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	dep	_	_
3	his	_	PRON	PRP$	Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
4	(	_	PUNCT	-LRB-	lin=-1	12	punct	_	_
5	masterpiece	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	xcomp	_	_
6	its	_	PRON	PRP$	Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
7	)	_	PUNCT	-RRB-	lin=+1	12	punct	_	_
8	Language	_	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	16	nsubj:pass	_	_
9	by	_	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
10	:	_	PUNCT	:	lin=-1	2	punct	_	_
11	and	_	CCONJ	CC	_	1	cc	_	_
12	1922	_	NUM	CD	NumType=Card	8	nmod:tmod	_	_
13	to	_	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
14	Development	_	PROPN	NNP	lin=+1|Number=Sing	2	conj	_	_
15	.	_	PUNCT	.	lin=+1	16	punct	_	_
16	consider	_	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
17	many	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	obl	_	_
18	,	_	PUNCT	,	lin=-1	14	punct	_	_
19	be	_	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	cop	_	_
20	be	_	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	16	aux:pass	_	_

Language: Its Nature, Development and Origin (1922) is considered by many to be his masterpiece.


Input:
1	still	_	ADV	RB	_	45	advmod	_	_
2	on	_	ADP	IN	_	49	case	_	_
3	and	_	CCONJ	CC	_	56	cc	_	_
4	1949	_	NUM	CD	NumType=Card	50	nmod	_	_
5	a	_	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	29	det	_	_
6	English	_	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	29	nmod	_	_
7	of	_	ADP	IN	_	58	case	_	_
8	100	_	NUM	CD	NumType=Card	40	nummod	_	_
9	more	_	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	8	advmod	_	_
10	1905	_	NUM	CD	NumType=Card	36	nmod:tmod	_	_
11	historical	_	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	49	amod	_	_
12	over	_	ADP	IN	_	32	advmod	_	_
13	of	_	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
14	concentrate	_	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
15	on	_	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
16	English	_	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	58	amod	_	_
17	,	_	PUNCT	,	lin=-1	56	punct	_	_
18	morphology	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obl	_	_
19	and	_	CCONJ	CC	_	29	cc	_	_
20	death	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	45	nmod	_	_
21	,	_	PUNCT	,	lin=-1	20	punct	_	_
22	syntax	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	conj	_	_
23	his	_	PRON	PRP$	Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	20	nmod:poss	_	_
24	native	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	33	amod	_	_
25	publication	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	44	nmod	_	_
26	(	_	PUNCT	-LRB-	lin=-1	50	punct	_	_
27	someone	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	29	nmod	_	_
28	after	_	ADP	IN	_	25	case	_	_
29	view	_	NOUN	NN	lin=+1|Number=Sing	14	conj	_	_
30	and	_	CCONJ	CC	_	44	cc	_	_
31	.	_	PUNCT	.	lin=+2	14	punct	_	_
32	70	_	NUM	CD	NumType=Card	59	nummod	_	_
33	language	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	27	nmod	_	_
34	Structure	_	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	36	conj	_	_
35	and	_	CCONJ	CC	_	34	cc	_	_
36	Growth	_	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	29	nsubj	_	_
37	by	_	ADP	IN	_	27	case	_	_
38	)	_	PUNCT	-RRB-	lin=+1	50	punct	_	_
39	comprehensive	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	29	amod	_	_
40	year	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	28	nmod:npmod	_	_
41	Grammar	_	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	14	nsubj	_	_
42	English	_	PROPN	NNP	lin=-1|Number=Sing	41	compound	_	_
43	(	_	PUNCT	-LRB-	lin=-1	10	punct	_	_
44	after	_	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
45	in	_	ADP	IN	_	56	case	_	_
46	with	_	ADP	IN	_	33	case	_	_
47	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	58	det	_	_
48	and	_	CCONJ	CC	_	22	cc	_	_
49	principle	_	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	41	nmod	_	_
50	1909	_	NUM	CD	NumType=Card	49	nmod:tmod	_	_
51	than	_	ADP	IN	lin=+1	9	fixed	_	_
52	,	_	PUNCT	,	lin=+1	41	punct	_	_
53	,	_	PUNCT	,	lin=-1	29	punct	_	_
54	–	_	ADP	TO	_	4	case	_	_
55	Modern	_	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	42	amod	_	_
56	print	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	29	conj	_	_
57	)	_	PUNCT	-RRB-	lin=+1	10	punct	_	_
58	Language	_	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	36	nmod	_	_
59	year	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	44	nmod:npmod	_	_
60	another	_	DET	DT	_	33	det	_	_
61	be	_	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	29	cop	_	_

Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles (1909 – 1949), concentrated on morphology and syntax, and Growth and Structure of the English Language (1905) is a comprehensive view of English by someone with another native language, and still in print, over 70 years after his death and more than 100 years after publication.


Input:
1	in	_	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
2	shorthand	_	NOUN	NN	lin=-1|Number=Sing	26	compound	_	_
3	Syntax	_	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	20	obj	_	_
4	present	_	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	acl:relcl	_	_
5	Analytic	_	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	amod	_	_
6	(	_	PUNCT	-LRB-	lin=-1	10	punct	_	_
7	on	_	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
8	use	_	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	4	advcl	_	_
9	which	_	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	4	obl	_	_
10	1937	_	NUM	CD	NumType=Card	3	nmod:tmod	_	_
11	view	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	_
12	.	_	PUNCT	.	lin=+1	20	punct	_	_
13	structure	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nmod	_	_
14	)	_	PUNCT	-RRB-	lin=+1	10	punct	_	_
15	he	_	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
16	syntactic	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
17	his	_	PRON	PRP$	Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	11	nmod:poss	_	_
18	late	_	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	20	advmod	_	_
19	life	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	nmod	_	_
20	publish	_	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
21	an	_	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	26	det	_	_
22	in	_	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
23	idiosyncratic	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	26	amod	_	_
24	his	_	PRON	PRP$	Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	19	nmod:poss	_	_
25	he	_	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	20	nsubj	_	_
26	notation	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	_
27	,	_	PUNCT	,	lin=-1	4	punct	_	_

Late in his life he published Analytic Syntax (1937), in which he presents his views on syntactic structure using an idiosyncratic shorthand notation.


Input:
1	.	_	PUNCT	.	lin=+3	45	punct	_	_
2	,	_	PUNCT	,	lin=-1	31	punct	_	_
3	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	46	det	_	_
4	(	_	PUNCT	-LRB-	lin=-1	38	punct	_	_
5	Philosophy	_	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	45	obl	_	_
6	pronoun	_	NOUN	NN	lin=+1|Number=Sing	19	conj	_	_
7	and	_	CCONJ	CC	_	22	cc	_	_
8	his	_	PRON	PRP$	Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	20	nmod:poss	_	_
9	,	_	PUNCT	,	lin=-1	14	punct	_	_
10	Grammar	_	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
11	propose	_	VERB	VBD	lin=+1|Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	45	conj	_	_
12	of	_	ADP	IN	_	42	case	_	_
13	etc.	_	X	FW	lin=+4	19	conj	_	_
14	develop	_	VERB	VBD	lin=+2|Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	45	conj	_	_
15	further	_	ADV	RBR	Degree=Cmp	14	advmod	_	_
16	basic	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	46	amod	_	_
17	rank	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	nmod	_	_
18	correction	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	obj	_	_
19	case	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	46	nmod	_	_
20	notion	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	obj	_	_
21	voice	_	NOUN	NN	lin=+3|Number=Sing	19	conj	_	_
22	nexus	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	conj	_	_
23	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
24	he	_	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	45	nsubj	_	_
25	Grammar	_	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	42	nmod	_	_
26	accept	_	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	44	amod	_	_
27	and	_	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
28	,	_	PUNCT	,	lin=-1	6	punct	_	_
29	and	_	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
30	of	_	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
31	object	_	NOUN	NN	lin=+2|Number=Sing	19	conj	_	_
32	in	_	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
33	of	_	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
34	common	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	42	amod	_	_
35	,	_	PUNCT	,	lin=-1	21	punct	_	_
36	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	44	det	_	_
37	of	_	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
38	1924	_	NUM	CD	NumType=Card	10	nmod:tmod	_	_
39	)	_	PUNCT	-RRB-	lin=+1	38	punct	_	_
40	grammatical	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	19	amod	_	_
41	in	_	ADP	IN	_	25	case	_	_
42	concept	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	44	nmod	_	_
43	to	_	ADP	TO	_	46	case	_	_
44	view	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	45	obj	_	_
45	challenge	_	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
46	definition	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	18	nmod	_	_

In The Philosophy of Grammar (1924) he challenged the accepted views of common concepts in Grammar and proposed corrections to the basic definitions of grammatical case, pronoun, object, voice etc., and developed further his notions of Rank and Nexus.


Input:
1	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
2	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
3	book	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj:pass	_	_
4	structural	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
5	one	_	NUM	CD	NumType=Card	8	obl	_	_
6	21st	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|NumType=Ord	15	amod	_	_
7	this	_	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	3	det	_	_
8	use	_	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
9	in	_	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
10	basic	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	amod	_	_
11	modern	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	linguistics	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	nmod	_	_
13	as	_	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
14	.	_	PUNCT	.	lin=+1	8	punct	_	_
15	century	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	_
16	text	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nmod	_	_
17	still	_	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
18	in	_	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
19	of	_	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
20	be	_	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	aux:pass	_	_

In the 21st century this book is still used as one of the basic texts in modern Structural linguistics.


Input:
1	1925	_	NUM	CD	NumType=Card	23	nmod:tmod	_	_
2	sociolinguistics	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
3	:	_	PUNCT	:	lin=-1	14	punct	_	_
4	view	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	nmod	_	_
5	of	_	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	work	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	19	nmod	_	_
7	Individual	_	PROPN	NNP	lin=+2|Number=Sing	23	conj	_	_
8	on	_	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
9	Nation	_	PROPN	NNP	lin=+1|Number=Sing	23	conj	_	_
10	from	_	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
11	of	_	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
12	linguistic	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
13	pioneer	_	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	6	amod	_	_
14	point	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	nmod	_	_
15	)	_	PUNCT	-RRB-	lin=+1	1	punct	_	_
16	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
17	,	_	PUNCT	,	lin=-1	9	punct	_	_
18	and	_	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
19	one	_	NUM	CD	NumType=Card	0	root	_	_
20	be	_	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	19	cop	_	_
21	(	_	PUNCT	-LRB-	lin=-1	1	punct	_	_
22	.	_	PUNCT	.	lin=+1	19	punct	_	_
23	mankind	_	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	19	nsubj	_	_
24	a	_	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_

Mankind, Nation and Individual: from a linguistic point of view (1925) is one of the pioneering works on Sociolinguistics.


Input:
1	United	_	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	amod	_	_
2	Jespersen	_	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	States	_	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	_
4	visit	_	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	twice	_	ADV	RB	NumType=Mult	4	advmod	_	_
6	:	_	PUNCT	:	lin=+1	4	punct	_	_
7	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_

Jespersen visited the United States twice:


Input:
1	both	_	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc:preconj	_	_
2	Louis	_	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	13	nmod	_	_
3	1904	_	NUM	CD	NumType=Card	6	obl	_	_
4	,	_	PUNCT	,	lin=-1	22	punct	_	_
5	Sciences	_	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	31	conj	_	_
6	lecture	_	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	he	_	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	22	nsubj	_	_
8	1910	_	NUM	CD	NumType=Card	29	nmod	_	_
9	at	_	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
10	in	_	ADP	IN	_	29	case	_	_
11	University	_	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	28	case	_	_
12	of	_	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
13	Congress	_	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	_
14	–	_	ADP	TO	_	8	case	_	_
15	St.	_	PROPN	NNP	lin=-1|Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
16	and	_	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
17	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
18	in	_	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
19	he	_	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj	_	_
20	California	_	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	11	nmod	_	_
21	and	_	CCONJ	CC	_	22	cc	_	_
22	visit	_	VERB	VBD	lin=+1|Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	conj	_	_
23	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
24	of	_	ADP	IN	_	31	case	_	_
25	in	_	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
26	.	_	PUNCT	.	lin=+2	6	punct	_	_
27	and	_	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
28	University	_	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	22	obj	_	_
29	1909	_	NUM	CD	NumType=Card	22	obl	_	_
30	Columbia	_	PROPN	NNP	lin=-1|Number=Sing	28	compound	_	_
31	Art	_	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	13	nmod	_	_

he lectured at the Congress of Arts and Sciences in St. Louis in 1904, and in 1909 – 1910 he visited both the University of California and Columbia University.


Input:
1	U.S.	_	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	advcl	_	_
2	take	_	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	he	_	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
4	,	_	PUNCT	,	lin=+1	1	punct	_	_
5	educational	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
6	while	_	SCONJ	IN	_	16	mark	_	_
7	.	_	PUNCT	.	lin=+1	2	punct	_	_
8	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
9	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	1	det	_	_
10	study	_	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	xcomp	_	_
11	's	_	PART	POS	_	13	case	_	_
12	to	_	PART	TO	_	10	mark	_	_
13	country	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	nmod:poss	_	_
14	system	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obj	_	_
15	occasion	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
16	in	_	ADP	IN	_	1	case	_	_

While in the U.S., he took occasion to study the country's educational system.


Input:
1	1995	_	NUM	CD	NumType=Card	10	advcl	_	_
2	be	_	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
3	see	_	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	15	parataxis	_	_
4	publish	_	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
5	)	_	PUNCT	-RRB-	lin=+1	3	punct	_	_
6	as	_	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	_
7	(	_	PUNCT	-LRB-	lin=-1	3	punct	_	_
8	below	_	ADP	IN	_	3	advmod	_	_
9	translation	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
10	recently	_	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
11	English	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
12	in	_	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
13	as	_	SCONJ	IN	_	1	mark	_	_
14	his	_	PRON	PRP$	Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	15	nmod:poss	_	_
15	autobiography	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
16	.	_	PUNCT	.	lin=+1	4	punct	_	_

His autobiography (see below) was published in English translation as recently as 1995.


Input:
1	write	_	VERB	VBD	lin=+1|Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
2	proponent	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	phonosemanticism	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
4	Jespersen	_	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
5	:	_	PUNCT	:	lin=+2	2	punct	_	_
6	and	_	CCONJ	CC	_	1	cc	_	_
7	be	_	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	cop	_	_
8	a	_	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
9	of	_	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_

Jespersen was a proponent of phonosemanticism and wrote:


Input:
1	there	_	PRON	EX	_	36	expl	_	_
2	symbolism	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	32	nmod	_	_
3	in	_	ADP	IN	_	28	case	_	_
4	deny	_	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	35	acl:relcl	_	_
5	only	_	ADV	RB	_	13	advmod	_	_
6	...	_	PUNCT	:	lin=+2	36	punct	_	_
7	collection	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obj	_	_
8	association	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nmod	_	_
9	of	_	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
10	sound	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	_
11	any	_	DET	DT	_	32	det	_	_
12	irrational	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	19	conj	_	_
13	see	_	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	conj	_	_
14	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	25	det	_	_
15	echoism	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	25	nmod	_	_
16	evident	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	_
17	(	_	PUNCT	-LRB-	lin=-1	25	punct	_	_
18	meaning	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	conj	_	_
19	accidental	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
20	and	_	CCONJ	CC	_	18	cc	_	_
21	small	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	25	amod	_	_
22	logic	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	36	nsubj	_	_
23	and	_	CCONJ	CC	_	24	cc	_	_
24	onomatopoeia	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	conj	_	_
25	class	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
26	'	_	PUNCT	``	lin=+1	23	punct	_	_
27	?	_	PUNCT	.	lin=+1	36	punct	_	_
28	word	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	obl	_	_
29	really	_	ADV	RB	_	36	advmod	_	_
30	of	_	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
31	of	_	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
32	kind	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
33	apart	_	ADV	RB	_	50	advmod	_	_
34	which	_	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	4	nsubj	_	_
35	extreme	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	36	obl	_	_
36	be	_	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
37	and	_	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
38	)	_	PUNCT	-RRB-	lin=+2	25	punct	_	_
39	more	_	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	22	amod	_	_
40	of	_	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
41	and	_	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
42	much	_	ADV	RB	_	39	advmod	_	_
43	a	_	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
44	in	_	ADP	IN	_	35	case	_	_
45	opposite	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	35	amod	_	_
46	our	_	PRON	PRP$	Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	28	nmod:poss	_	_
47	'	_	PUNCT	''	lin=+1	25	punct	_	_
48	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	35	det	_	_
49	"	_	PUNCT	``	lin=-1	36	punct	_	_
50	from	_	ADP	IN	_	25	case	_	_
51	sound	_	NOUN	NN	lin=-1|Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_

“Is there really much more logic in the opposite extreme which denies any kind of sound symbolism (apart from the small class of evident echoisms and ‘onomatopoeia’) and sees in our words only a collection of accidental and irrational associations of sound and meaning? ...


Input:
1	we	_	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj	_	_
2	denying	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	nsubj	_	_
3	which	_	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	10	obj	_	_
4	to	_	PART	TO	_	13	mark	_	_
5	no	_	DET	DT	Polarity=Neg	2	det	_	_
6	stand	_	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	23	acl:relcl	_	_
7	that	_	SCONJ	IN	_	17	mark	_	_
8	to	_	PART	TO	_	14	mark	_	_
9	for	_	ADP	IN	_	6	obl	_	_
10	feel	_	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	16	acl:relcl	_	_
11	"	_	PUNCT	''	lin=+2	24	punct	_	_
12	There	_	PRON	EX	_	24	expl	_	_
13	express	_	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	14	xcomp	_	_
14	adequate	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	xcomp	_	_
15	there	_	PRON	EX	_	17	expl	_	_
16	word	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	17	nsubj	_	_
17	be	_	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	ccomp	_	_
18	be	_	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	14	cop	_	_
19	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	23	det	_	_
20	.	_	PUNCT	.	lin=+1	24	punct	_	_
21	instinctively	_	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	_
22	they	_	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj	_	_
23	idea	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	obj	_	_
24	be	_	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_

There is no denying that there are words which we feel instinctively to be adequate to express the ideas they stand for.”


Input:
1	his	_	PRON	PRP$	Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	12	nmod:poss	_	_
2	linguistic	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
3	after	_	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
4	international	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
5	remain	_	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	,	_	PUNCT	,	lin=+1	12	punct	_	_
7	Jespersen	_	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
8	1925	_	NUM	CD	NumType=Card	12	nmod	_	_
9	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	community	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obl	_	_
11	.	_	PUNCT	.	lin=+1	5	punct	_	_
12	retirement	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
13	active	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	xcomp	_	_
14	in	_	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
15	in	_	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_

After his retirement in 1925, Jespersen remained active in the international linguistic community.


Input:
1	Meeting	_	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	12	obj	_	_
2	he	_	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	12	nsubj	_	_
3	as	_	ADP	IN	_	37	case	_	_
4	Congress	_	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	37	nmod	_	_
5	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	1	det	_	_
6	International	_	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	amod	_	_
7	Research	_	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	1	nmod	_	_
8	to	_	PART	TO	_	26	mark	_	_
9	addition	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obl	_	_
10	chair	_	VERB	VBD	lin=+1|Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	12	conj	_	_
11	1930	_	NUM	CD	NumType=Card	12	obl	_	_
12	convene	_	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
13	in	_	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
14	act	_	VERB	VBD	lin=+2|Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	12	conj	_	_
15	Linguists	_	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
16	,	_	PUNCT	,	lin=-1	14	punct	_	_
17	write	_	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	26	xcomp	_	_
18	on	_	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
19	Geneva	_	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	12	obl	_	_
20	to	_	PART	TO	_	17	mark	_	_
21	.	_	PUNCT	.	lin=+3	12	punct	_	_
22	International	_	PROPN	NNP	lin=-1|Number=Sing	1	compound	_	_
23	Copenhagen	_	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
24	in	_	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
25	fourth	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|NumType=Ord	4	amod	_	_
26	continue	_	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	9	acl	_	_
27	and	_	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
28	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
29	in	_	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
30	and	_	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
31	in	_	ADP	IN	_	38	case	_	_
32	of	_	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
33	Linguistic	_	PROPN	NNP	lin=-1|Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
34	of	_	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
35	first	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|NumType=Ord	1	amod	_	_
36	,	_	PUNCT	,	lin=+1	9	punct	_	_
37	president	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obl	_	_
38	1936	_	NUM	CD	NumType=Card	14	obl	_	_
39	in	_	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_

In addition to continuing to write, he convened and chaired the first International Meeting on Linguistic Research in Geneva in 1930, and acted as president of the Fourth International Congress of Linguists in Copenhagen in 1936.


Input:
1	.	_	PUNCT	.	lin=+1	9	punct	_	_
2	Jespersen	_	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
3	be	_	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
4	language	_	NOUN	NN	lin=-1|Number=Sing	10	compound	_	_
5	an	_	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
6	international	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
7	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
8	important	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	figure	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
10	movement	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	_
11	in	_	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_

Jespersen was an important figure in the international language movement.


Input:
1	project	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
2	publish	_	VERB	VBD	lin=+1|Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	13	conj	_	_
3	of	_	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
4	.	_	PUNCT	.	lin=+2	13	punct	_	_
5	Esperanto	_	NOUN	NN	lin=-1|Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
6	and	_	CCONJ	CC	_	2	cc	_	_
7	in	_	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
8	offshoot	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nmod	_	_
9	Ido	_	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	appos	_	_
10	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
11	his	_	PRON	PRP$	Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	1	nmod:poss	_	_
12	he	_	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	13	nsubj	_	_
13	supporter	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
14	own	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	1	amod	_	_
15	Novial	_	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	1	appos	_	_
16	an	_	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
17	1927	_	NUM	CD	NumType=Card	2	obl	_	_
18	early	_	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
19	be	_	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	13	cop	_	_

He was an early supporter of the Esperanto offshoot Ido and in 1927 published his own project Novial.


Input:
1	with	_	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
2	International	_	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	amod	_	_
3	also	_	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
4	the	_	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
5	Language	_	PROPN	NNP	lin=-1|Number=Sing	9	compound	_	_
6	.	_	PUNCT	.	lin=+1	7	punct	_	_
7	work	_	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	he	_	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
9	Association	_	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	_
10	Auxiliary	_	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	amod	_	_

He also worked with the International Auxiliary Language Association.