9 V.S.A. § 2643 — VT Code / Title 9 / Chapter 73 / Section 2643
§ 2643. Licenses; inspections; penalties
Status: in_force

(a) No person shall operate a retail point-of-sale laser scanning check-out system with more than two point-of-sale scanning points without first obtaining a license from the Secretary.

(1) The Secretary may issue a license without first testing the accuracy and use of the point-of-sale laser scanning check-out system pursuant to subsection (b) of this section.

(2) The annual license fee shall be $10.00 per individual point-of-sale scanning point within a store. All single retail units that have two or fewer scanning points shall be exempt from this fee.

(b) The Secretary shall, from time to time, test the accuracy and use of laser scanning and other computer assisted check-out systems in stores. The Secretary shall compare the programmed computer price with the item price of any consumer commodity offered by a store. The store shall provide access to the computer as is necessary to allow the Secretary to conduct the accuracy test. If, upon review, the programmed price of a commodity exceeds the price printed on or the advertised price of the commodity, the store may be subject to license denial, revocation, suspension, or the administrative penalties allowed by 6 V.S.A. § 15 for overcharge errors identified in more than two percent of the commodities reviewed.
9A V.S.A. § 208 — VT Code / Title 9A / Chapter 8 / Section 208
§§ 8-208. Effect of signature of authenticating trustee, registrar, or transfer agent
Status: in_force

(a) A person signing a security certificate as authenticating trustee, registrar, transfer agent, or the like, warrants to a purchaser for value of the certificated security, if the purchaser is without notice of a particular defect, that:

(1) the certificate is genuine;

(2) the person's own participation in the issue of the security is within the person's capacity and within the scope of the authority received by the person from the issuer; and

(3) the person has reasonable grounds to believe that the certificated security is in the form and within the amount the issuer is authorized to issue.

(b) Unless otherwise agreed, a person signing under subsection (a) of this section does not assume responsibility for the validity of the security in other respects.
9A V.S.A. § 102 — VT Code / Title 9A / Chapter 4A / Section 102
§§ 4A-102. Subject matter
Status: in_force

Except as otherwise provided in section 4A—108, this article applies to funds transfers defined in section 4A—104.
9A V.S.A. § 104 — VT Code / Title 9A / Chapter 7 / Section 104
§§ 7-104. Negotiable and nonnegotiable document of title
Status: in_force

(a) Except as otherwise provided in subsection (c) of this section, a document of title is negotiable if by its terms the goods are to be delivered to bearer or to the order of a named person.

(b) A document of title other than one described in subsection (a) of this section is nonnegotiable. A bill of lading that states that the goods are consigned to a named person is not made negotiable by a provision that the goods are to be delivered only against an order in a record signed by the same or another named person.

(c) A document of title is nonnegotiable if, at the time it is issued, the document has a conspicuous legend, however expressed, that it is nonnegotiable.
9A V.S.A. § 526 — VT Code / Title 9A / Chapter 9 / Section 526
§§ 9-526. Filing office rules
Status: in_force

(a) The Secretary of State shall adopt and publish rules to implement this article. The filing office rules must be:

(1) consistent with this article; and

(2) adopted and published in accordance with 3 V.S.A. § 801.

(b) To keep the filing office rules and practices of the filing office in harmony with the rules and practices of filing offices in other jurisdictions that enact substantially this part, and to keep the technology used by the filing office compatible with the technology used by filing offices in other jurisdictions that enact substantially this part, the Secretary of State, so far as is consistent with the purposes, policies, and provisions of this article, in adopting, amending, and repealing filing office rules, shall:

(1) consult with filing offices in other jurisdictions that enact substantially this part; and

(2) consult the most recent version of the model rules promulgated by the International Association of Corporate Administrators or any successor organization; and

(3) take into consideration the rules and practices of, and the technology used by, filing offices in other jurisdictions that enact substantially this part.
9A V.S.A. § 303 — VT Code / Title 9A / Chapter 9 / Section 303
§§ 9-303. Law governing perfection and priority of security interests in goods covered by a certificate of title
Status: in_force

(a) This section applies to goods covered by a certificate of title, even if there is no other relationship between the jurisdiction under whose certificate of title the goods are covered and the goods or the debtor.

(b) Goods become covered by a certificate of title when a valid application for the certificate of title and the applicable fee are delivered to the appropriate authority. Goods cease to be covered by a certificate of title at the earlier of the time the certificate of title ceases to be effective under the law of the issuing jurisdiction or the time the goods become covered subsequently by a certificate of title issued by another jurisdiction.

(c) The local law of the jurisdiction under whose certificate of title the goods are covered governs perfection, the effect of perfection or nonperfection, and the priority of a security interest in goods covered by a certificate of title from the time the goods become covered by the certificate of title until the goods cease to be covered by the certificate of title.
9A V.S.A. § 320 — VT Code / Title 9A / Chapter 9 / Section 320
§§ 9-320. Buyer of goods
Status: in_force

(a) Except as otherwise provided in subsection (e) of this section, a buyer in ordinary course of business, other than a person buying farm products from a person engaged in farming operations, takes free of a security interest created by the buyer's seller, even if the security interest is perfected and the buyer knows of its existence.

(b) Except as otherwise provided in subsection (e) of this section, a buyer of goods from a person who used or bought the goods for use primarily for personal, family, or household purposes takes free of a security interest, even if perfected, if the buyer buys:

(1) without knowledge of the security interest;

(2) for value;

(3) primarily for the buyer's personal, family, or household purposes; and

(4) before the filing of a financing statement covering the goods.

(c) To the extent that it affects the priority of a security interest over a buyer of goods under subsection (b) of this section, the period of effectiveness of a filing made in the jurisdiction in which the seller is located is governed by subsections 9—316(a) and (b) of this title.

(d) A buyer in ordinary course of business buying oil, gas, or other minerals at the wellhead or minehead or after extraction takes free of an interest arising out of an encumbrance.

(e) Subsections (a) and (b) of this section do not affect a security interest in goods in the possession of the secured party under section 9—313 of this title.
9A V.S.A. § 505 — VT Code / Title 9A / Chapter 2 / Section 505
§§ 2-505. Seller's shipment under reservation
Status: in_force

(1) Where the seller has identified goods to the contract by or before shipment:

(a) his or her procurement of a negotiable bill of lading to his or her own order or otherwise reserves in him or her a security interest in the goods. His or her procurement of the bill to the order of a financing agency or of the buyer indicates in addition only the seller's expectation of transferring that interest to the person named.

(b) a nonnegotiable bill of lading to himself or herself or his or her nominee reserves possession of the goods as security but except in a case of conditional delivery (§ 2—507(2)) a nonnegotiable bill of lading naming the buyer as consignee reserves no security interest even though the seller retains possession or control of the bill of lading.

(2) When shipment by the seller with reservation of a security interest is in violation of the contract for sale it constitutes an improper contract for transportation within the preceding section but impairs neither the rights given to the buyer by shipment and identification of the goods to the contract nor the seller's powers as a holder of a negotiable document of title.
9 V.S.A. § 4179 — VT Code / Title 9 / Chapter 115 / Section 4179
§ 4179. Effective date; limitations
Status: in_force

(a) This chapter shall apply to motor vehicles beginning with the model year following July 1, 1984. Any proceedings initiated under this chapter shall be commenced within one year following the expiration of the express warranty term.

(b) Nothing in this chapter shall in any way limit the rights or remedies that are otherwise available to a consumer under any other law.
9A V.S.A. § 405 — VT Code / Title 9A / Chapter 8 / Section 405
§§ 8-405. Replacement of lost, destroyed, or wrongfully taken security certificate
Status: in_force

(a) If an owner of a certificated security, whether in registered or bearer form, claims that the certificate has been lost, destroyed, or wrongfully taken, the issuer shall issue a new certificate if the owner:

(1) so requests before the issuer has notice that the certificate has been acquired by a protected purchaser;

(2) files with the issuer a sufficient indemnity bond; and

(3) satisfies other reasonable requirements imposed by the issuer.

(b) If, after the issue of a new security certificate, a protected purchaser of the original certificate presents it for registration of transfer, the issuer shall register the transfer unless an overissue would result. In that case, the issuer's liability is governed by section 8—210 of this title. In addition to any rights on the indemnity bond, an issuer may recover the new certificate from a person to whom it was issued or any person taking under that person, except a protected purchaser.
9 V.S.A. § 3158 — VT Code / Title 9 / Chapter 84 / Section 3158
§ 3158. Enforcement and penalties
Status: in_force

(a) The Department may investigate complaints received concerning violations of this chapter and shall report the results of its investigation to the Attorney General or a State's Attorney. The Attorney General or a State's Attorney may institute proceedings to enjoin any person found to be violating the provisions of this chapter.

(b) The Department may cause periodic inspections to be made of manufacturers, distributors, or retailers of new products in Vermont in order to determine compliance with this chapter. The Department, by rule, may adopt procedures for inspection and verification of products.

(c) Any manufacturer, distributor, retailer, or contractor who, by a continuing course of conduct on his or her part, or on the part of an employee or agent, willfully violates any provision of this chapter is subject to a civil penalty of not more than $50.00.
9A V.S.A. § 507 — VT Code / Title 9A / Chapter 7 / Section 507
§§ 7-507. Warranties on negotiation or delivery of document of title
Status: in_force

If a person negotiates or delivers a document of title for value, otherwise than as a mere intermediary under section 7—508 of this title, unless otherwise agreed, the transferor, in addition to any warranty made in selling or leasing the goods, warrants to its immediate purchaser only that:

(1) the document is genuine;

(2) the transferor does not have knowledge of any fact that would impair the document's validity or worth; and

(3) the negotiation or delivery is rightful and fully effective with respect to the title to the document and the goods it represents.
9A V.S.A. § 205 — VT Code / Title 9A / Chapter 3 / Section 205
§§ 3-205. Special indorsement; blank indorsement; anomalous indorsement
Status: in_force

(a) If an indorsement is made by the holder of an instrument, whether payable to an identified person or payable to bearer, and the indorsement identifies a person to whom it makes the instrument payable, it is a “special indorsement.” When specially indorsed, an instrument becomes payable to the identified person and may be negotiated only by the indorsement of that person. The principles stated in section 3—110 of this title apply to special indorsements.

(b) If an indorsement is made by the holder of an instrument and it is not a special indorsement, it is a “blank indorsement.” When indorsed in blank, an instrument becomes payable to bearer and may be negotiated by transfer of possession alone until specially indorsed.

(c) The holder may convert a blank indorsement that consists only of a signature into a special indorsement by writing, above the signature of the indorser, words identifying the person to whom the instrument is made payable.

(d) “Anomalous indorsement” means an indorsement made by a person who is not the holder of the instrument. An anomalous indorsement does not affect the manner in which the instrument may be negotiated.
9 V.S.A. § 4181 — VT Code / Title 9 / Chapter 115 / Section 4181
§ 4181. Notice of return, title branding required; sale of defective motor vehicles prohibited; defense
Status: in_force

(a) Any manufacturer or its agent or any dealer registered in this State who attempts to resell a motor vehicle after a final determination, adjudication, or settlement resulting in the vehicle being returned pursuant to the provisions of this chapter, or under similar laws of any other state, shall apprise prospective buyers in Vermont of such return by means of a clearly visible window sticker. Manufacturers, agents, and dealers are prohibited from reselling in Vermont any vehicle determined or adjudicated as having a serious safety defect. Notice that a vehicle has been returned pursuant to such law shall also be conspicuously printed on the motor vehicle certificate of title.

(b) A person who demonstrates both of the following shall not be subject to liability or a penalty for a violation of this section:

(1) the person acquired a motor vehicle without actual knowledge that it was returned pursuant to the provisions of this chapter or under similar laws of another state; and

(2) at the time of acquisition, the title of the motor vehicle did not bear notice of such return.
9 V.S.A. § 2388 — VT Code / Title 9 / Chapter 60 / Section 2388
§ 2388. Prohibition on discrimination based on sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, marital status, race, color, religion, national origin, age, or disability
Status: in_force

No person shall discriminate against any lessee or prospective lessee who has entered into an agricultural finance lease, or who desires to enter into an agricultural finance lease, because of the sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, marital status, race, color, religion, national origin, age, or disability of the lessee.
9 V.S.A. § 3869 — VT Code / Title 9 / Chapter 97 / Section 3869
§ 3869. Application of proceeds of sale
Status: in_force

Surplus money, if any, arising from such sale, after deducting the amount of the loan and the interest then due on the same, shall be paid over after three months by the pawnbroker to the person who would be entitled to redeem the pledge in case such sale had not taken place.
9A V.S.A. § 304 — VT Code / Title 9A / Chapter 2A / Section 304
§§ 2A-304. Subsequent lease of goods by lessor
Status: in_force

(1) Subject to section 2A—303 of this title, a subsequent lessee from a lessor of goods under an existing lease contract obtains, to the extent of the leasehold interest transferred, the leasehold interest in the goods that the lessor had or had power to transfer, and except as provided in subsection (2) of this section and section 2A—527(4) of this title, takes subject to the existing lease contract. A lessor with voidable title has power to transfer a good leasehold interest to a good faith subsequent lessee for value, but only to the extent set forth in the preceding sentence. If goods have been delivered under a transaction of purchase, the lessor has that power even though:

(a) the lessor's transferor was deceived as to the identity of the lessor;

(b) the delivery was in exchange for a check which is later dishonored;

(c) it was agreed that the transaction was to be a “cash sale”; or

(d) the delivery was procured through fraud punishable as larcenous under the criminal law.

(2) A subsequent lessee in the ordinary course of business from a lessor who is a merchant dealing in goods of that kind to whom the goods were entrusted by the existing lessee of that lessor before the interest of the subsequent lessee became enforceable against that lessor obtains, to the extent of the leasehold interest transferred, all of that lessor's and the existing lessee's rights to the goods, and takes free of the existing lease contract.

(3) A subsequent lessee from the lessor of goods that are subject to an existing lease contract and are covered by a certificate of title issued under a statute of this state or of another jurisdiction takes no greater rights than those provided both by this section and by the certificate of title statute.
9A V.S.A. § 305 — VT Code / Title 9A / Chapter 1 / Section 305
§§ 1-305. Remedies to be liberally administered
Status: in_force

(a) The remedies provided by this title must be liberally administered to the end that the aggrieved party may be put in as good a position as if the other party had fully performed but neither consequential or special damages nor penal damages may be had except as specifically provided in this title or by other rule of law.

(b) Any right or obligation declared by this title is enforceable by action unless the provision declaring it specifies a different and limited effect.
9A V.S.A. § 106 — VT Code / Title 9A / Chapter 5 / Section 106
§§ 5-106. Issuance, amendment, cancellation, and duration
Status: in_force

(a) A letter of credit is issued and becomes enforceable according to its terms against the issuer when the issuer sends or otherwise transmits it to the person requested to advise or to the beneficiary. A letter of credit is revocable only if it so provides.

(b) After a letter of credit is issued, rights and obligations of a beneficiary, applicant, confirmer, and issuer are not affected by an amendment or cancellation to which that person has not consented except to the extent the letter of credit provides that it is revocable or that the issuer may amend or cancel the letter of credit without that consent.

(c) If there is no stated expiration date or other provision that determines its duration, a letter of credit expires one year after its stated date of issuance or, if none is stated, after the date on which it is issued.

(d) A letter of credit that states that it is perpetual expires five years after its stated date of issuance, or if none is stated, after the date on which it is issued.
9 V.S.A. § 4109 — VT Code / Title 9 / Chapter 109 / Section 4109
§ 4109. Limitation of actions
Status: in_force

No action may be brought under this chapter for a cause of action that arose more than one year prior to the date such action is brought.
9A V.S.A. § 703 — VT Code / Title 9A / Chapter 2 / Section 703
§§ 2-703. Seller's remedies in general
Status: in_force

Where the buyer wrongfully rejects or revokes acceptance of goods or fails to make a payment due on or before delivery or repudiates with respect to a part or the whole, then with respect to any goods directly affected and, if the breach is of the whole contract (§ 2—612), then also with respect to the whole undelivered balance, the aggrieved seller may:

(a) withhold delivery of such goods;

(b) stop delivery by any bailee as hereafter provided (§ 2—705);

(c) proceed under the next section respecting goods still unidentified to the contract;

(d) resell and recover damages as hereafter provided (§ 2—706);

(e) recover damages for non-acceptance (§ 2—708) or in a proper case the price (§ 2—709);

(f) cancel.
9 V.S.A. § 2480i — VT Code / Title 9 / Chapter 63 / Section 2480i
§ 2480i. Credit reporting agency duties if security freeze in place
Status: in_force

If a security freeze is in place, a credit reporting agency shall not change any of the following official information in a credit report without sending a written confirmation of the change to the consumer within 30 days of the change being posted to the consumer's file: name, date of birth, Social Security number, and address. Written confirmation is not required for technical modifications of a consumer's official information, including name and street abbreviations, complete spellings, or transposition of numbers or letters. In the case of an address change, the written confirmation shall be sent to both the new address and the former address.
9A V.S.A. § 335 — VT Code / Title 9A / Chapter 9 / Section 335
§§ 9-335. Accessions
Status: in_force

(a) A security interest may be created in an accession and continues in collateral that becomes an accession.

(b) If a security interest is perfected when the collateral becomes an accession, the security interest remains perfected in the collateral.

(c) Except as otherwise provided in subsection (d) of this section, the other provisions of this part determine the priority of a security interest in an accession.

(d) A security interest in an accession is subordinate to a security interest in the whole which is perfected by compliance with the requirements of a certificate-of-title statute under subsection 9—311(b) of this title.

(e) After default, subject to Part 6 of this article, a secured party may remove an accession from other goods if the security interest in the accession has priority over the claims of every person having an interest in the whole.

(f) A secured party that removes an accession from other goods under subsection (e) of this section shall promptly reimburse any encumbrancer or owner of the whole or of the other goods, other than the debtor, for the cost of repair of any physical injury to the whole or the other goods. The secured party need not reimburse the encumbrancer or owner for any diminution in value of the whole or the other goods caused by the absence of the accession removed or by any necessity for replacing it. A person entitled to reimbursement may refuse permission to remove until the secured party gives adequate assurance for the performance of the obligation to reimburse.
9 V.S.A. § 3062 — VT Code / Title 9 / Chapter 83 / Section 3062
§ 3062. Recording of license and revocation of license
Status: in_force

Licenses granted by the selectboard members shall be signed by a majority of them and shall not be effectual until recorded in the office of the clerk of the town. The expense of recording shall be paid by the person receiving the same, but a charge shall not be made to the person for such license. If such license is revoked, a certificate thereof shall be recorded in the office of the clerk of the town and notice given to the person holding the same.
9A V.S.A. § 622 — VT Code / Title 9A / Chapter 9 / Section 622
§§ 9-622. Effect of acceptance of collateral
Status: in_force

(a) A secured party's acceptance of collateral in full or partial satisfaction of the obligation it secures:

(1) discharges the obligation to the extent consented to by the debtor;

(2) transfers to the secured party all of a debtor's rights in the collateral;

(3) discharges the security interest or agricultural lien that is the subject of the debtor's consent and any subordinate security interest or other subordinate lien; and

(4) terminates any other subordinate interest.

(b) A subordinate interest is discharged or terminated under subsection (a) of this section, whether or not the secured party sends or is required to send its proposal to the holder of the interest. However, any person to which the secured party was required to send, but did not send, its proposal has the remedy provided by subsection 9—625(b) of this title.
9 V.S.A. § 4090 — VT Code / Title 9 / Chapter 108 / Section 4090
§ 4090. Notification of termination; cancellation and nonrenewal
Status: in_force

(a) Notwithstanding the terms, provisions, or conditions of any franchise prior to the termination, cancellation, or nonrenewal of any franchise, the manufacturer shall furnish notification of such termination, cancellation, or nonrenewal to the new motor vehicle dealer as follows:

(1) in the manner described in subsection (b) of this section; and

(2) not less than 90 days prior to the effective date of such termination, cancellation, or nonrenewal, except as follows:

(A) not less than 15 days prior to the effective date of such termination, cancellation, or nonrenewal that occurs as a result of:

(i) insolvency of the new motor vehicle dealer, or filing of any petition by or against the new motor vehicle dealer under any bankruptcy or receivership law;

(ii) failure of the new motor vehicle dealer to conduct its customary sales and service operations during its customary business hours for seven consecutive business days, except for acts of God or circumstances beyond the direct control of the new motor vehicle dealer;

(iii) conviction of the new motor vehicle dealer, or any owner or operator thereof, of any crime that is punishable by imprisonment; or

(iv) revocation of any license that the new motor vehicle dealer is required to have to operate a dealership;

(B) not less than 180 days prior to the effective date of such termination, cancellation, or nonrenewal that occurs as a result of:

(i) any change in ownership, operation, or control of all or any part of the business of the manufacturer, whether by sale or transfer of assets, corporate stock, or other equity interest, assignment, merger, consolidation, combination, joint venture, redemption, operation of law, or otherwise;

(ii) the termination, suspension, or cessation of a part or all of the business operations of the manufacturer; or

(iii) discontinuance of the sale of the product line or a change in distribution system by the manufacturer, whether through a change in distributors or through the manufacturer's decision to cease conducting business through a distributor altogether;

(3) not less than 15 days prior to the effective date of such termination, cancellation, or nonrenewal that occurs as a result of:

(A) insolvency of the new motor vehicle dealer, or filing of any petition by or against the new motor vehicle dealer under any bankruptcy or receivership law;

(B) failure of the new motor vehicle dealer to conduct its customary sales and service operations during its customary business hours for seven consecutive business days, except for acts of God or circumstances beyond the direct control of the new motor vehicle dealer;

(C) conviction of the new motor vehicle dealer, or any owner or operator thereof, of any crime that is punishable by imprisonment; or

(D) revocation of any license that the new motor vehicle dealer is required to have to operate a dealership;

(4) not less than 180 days prior to the effective date of such termination, cancellation, or nonrenewal that occurs as a result of:

(A) any change in ownership, operation, or control of all or any part of the business of the manufacturer, whether by sale or transfer of assets, corporate stock, or other equity interest, assignment, merger, consolidation, combination, joint venture, redemption, operation of law, or otherwise;

(B) the termination, suspension, or cessation of a part or all of the business operations of the manufacturer; or

(C) discontinuance of the sale of the product line or a change in distribution system by the manufacturer, whether through a change in distributors or through the manufacturer's decision to cease conducting business through a distributor altogether.

(b) Notification under this section shall be in writing; shall be by certified mail or personally delivered to the new motor vehicle dealer; and shall contain:

(1) a statement of intention to terminate, cancel, or not to renew the franchise;

(2) a statement of the reasons for the termination, cancellation, or nonrenewal; and

(3) the date on which the termination, cancellation, or nonrenewal takes effect.
9A V.S.A. § 502 — VT Code / Title 9A / Chapter 4 / Section 502
§§ 4-502. Presentment of "on arrival" drafts
Status: in_force

If a draft or the relevant instructions require presentment “on arrival”, “when goods arrive” or the like, the collecting bank need not present until in its judgment a reasonable time for arrival of the goods has expired. Refusal to pay or accept because the goods have not arrived is not dishonor; the bank must notify its transferor of the refusal but need not present the draft again until it is instructed to do so or learns of the arrival of the goods.
9 V.S.A. § 2470aa — VT Code / Title 9 / Chapter 63 / Section 2470aa
§ 2470aa. Definitions
Status: in_force

As used in this subchapter:

(1) “Billing information” means any data that enables a seller of a third-party discount membership program to access a consumer's credit or debit card, bank, or other account, but does not include the consumer's name, e-mail address, telephone number, or mailing address. For credit card and debit card accounts, billing information includes the full account number, card type, and expiration date, and, if necessary, the security code. For accounts at a financial institution, “billing information” includes the full account number and routing number and, if necessary, the name of the financial institution holding the account.

(2) A “third-party discount membership program” is a program that entitles consumers to receive discounts, rebates, rewards, or similar incentives on the purchase of goods or services or both, in whole or in part, from any third party.
9 V.S.A. § 2053 — VT Code / Title 9 / Chapter 51 / Section 2053
§ 2053. Discharge of lien
Status: in_force

When a certificate of discharge of a federal lien is filed in the office of the town clerk, the town clerk shall enter the same, with the date of filing, upon the same page of the record where the notice of the lien is filed, and permanently attach the original certificate of discharge to the original notice of the lien.
9 V.S.A. § 41c — VT Code / Title 9 / Chapter 4 / Section 41c
§ 41c. Rent-to-own; assistive devices
Status: in_force

(a) As used in this section:

(1) “Assistive device” means any item, piece of equipment, or product system, whether acquired commercially off-the-shelf, modified, or customized, that is used or designed to be used to increase, maintain, or improve any functional capability of an individual with disabilities. An assistive device system, that as a whole is within the definition of this term, is itself an assistive device, and, in such cases, this term also applies to each component product of the assistive device system that is itself ordinarily an assistive device. This term includes:

(A) wheelchairs and scooters of any kind, and other aids that enhance the mobility or positioning of an individual, such as motorization, motorized positioning features, and the switches and controls for any motorized features;

(B) computer equipment with voice output, artificial larynges, voice amplification devices, and other alternative and augmentative communication devices or any devices used for the purpose of communication;

(C) computer equipment and reading devices with voice output, optical scanners, talking software, braille printers, and other aids and devices that provide access to text;

(D) hearing aids, telephone communication devices for people who are deaf, and other assistive listening devices;

(E) voice recognition computer equipment, software and hardware accommodations, switches, and other forms of alternative access to computers;

(F) environmental control units;

(G) simple mechanical aids that enhance the functional capabilities of an individual with disabilities; and

(H) durable medical equipment.

(2) “Assistive devise lessee” means an individual with a disability or a person renting or leasing on behalf of an individual with a disability who is renting or leasing an assistive device for the purpose of increasing, maintaining, or improving any functional capability related to the individual's disability.

(b) A person in the business of renting, or renting to own, an assistive device to assistive device lessees who rents an assistive device for more than 60 days or who rents an assistive device to own shall offer such assistive device lessees a purchase option with reasonable terms and conditions. Such a purchase option may be exercised at any time by the assistive device lessees, the reasonable terms and conditions of which shall be included with the consumer's periodic billing.

(1) A person in the business of renting products that may be assistive devices may include the following question in its rental application:

(A) If an assistive device lessee answers “yes” to the question or requests additional information, the business entity shall provide the following statement:

ASSISTIVE DEVICE PURCHASE OPTION RIGHTS

IF YOU ARE RENTING THIS PRODUCT AS AN ACCOMMODATION FOR A DISABILITY OR AS AN ASSISTIVE DEVICE, THE DEALER IS REQUIRED TO OFFER YOU A RENTAL TRANSACTION THAT INCLUDES A PURCHASE OPTION. UNDER THE PURCHASE OPTION YOU MAY ACQUIRE OWNERSHIP OF THE PRODUCT AT ANYTIME BY TENDERING AN AMOUNT EQUAL TO THE CASH PRICE OF THE PRODUCT LESS 50% OF ALL PREVIOUS RENTAL PAYMENTS YOU HAVE MADE. OR, ONCE YOU HAVE MADE RENTAL PAYMENTS EQUAL TO 200% OF THE CASH PRICE YOU MAY ACQUIRE OWNERSHIP OF THE PRODUCT BY PAYING $1.00.

BEFORE YOU DETERMINE WHETHER TO ELECT A TRANSACTION WITH OR WITHOUT A PURCHASE OPTION, THE PERSON IN THE BUSINESS OF RENTING OR RENTING TO OWN THE ASSISTIVE DEVICE MUST FULLY DISCLOSE THE TERMS OF BOTH TRANSACTIONS.

THE VALUE OF A PURCHASE OPTION DEPENDS ON MANY FACTORS, WHICH MAY INCLUDE: (1) HOW LONG YOU INTEND TO USE THE PRODUCT; (2) THE CASH PRICE OF THE PRODUCT; AND (3) THE COST OF MAINTAINING THE PRODUCT.

ASSISTIVE DEVICE PURCHASE OPTION RIGHTS: IF YOU ELECT A RENTAL TRANSACTION WITHOUT A PURCHASE OPTION AND YOU CHANGE YOUR MIND AT A LATER DATE AND DECIDE TO ENTER INTO A PURCHASE OPTION TRANSACTION, PAYMENTS THAT YOU HAVE MADE WILL NOT BE APPLIED TO THE NEW TRANSACTIONS.

(B) The rental dealer may add additional information or explanations to the information required by subdivision (A) of this subdivision (1), as long as the additional information is not stated, utilized, or placed in a manner that will confuse the assistive device lessee or that will contradict, obscure, or distract attention from the required information. The additional information or explanation shall not have the effect of circumventing, evading, or complicating the information required by subdivision (A) of this subdivision (1).

ARE YOU RENTING THIS PRODUCT AS AN ACCOMMODATION FOR A DISABILITY OR AS AN ASSISTIVE DEVICE?

YES ________ NO ________

(2) Failure to comply with this section is not a violation if the assistive device lessee fails to inform the rental dealer that the product is being rented as an assistive device after the rental dealer makes the written inquiry in subdivision (1) of this subsection.

(c)(1) When periodic payments made by an assistive device lessee, exclusive of payments for service, total 200 percent of the bona fide cash price, the person in the business of renting or renting to own the assistive device shall notify the individual with a disability and the assistive device lessee that the individual with a disability and the assistive device lessee have the option of acquiring ownership of the assistive device upon payment of $1.00, at which time the rental or rent-to-own agreement shall terminate.

(2) The term “bona fide cash price” means the price at which a merchant, in the ordinary course of business, and taking into account the value of the merchandise and its retail price in the trade area, would offer to sell the merchandise to consumers for cash.

(d) Under a rent-to-own program, at any time after the initial payment, the assistive device lessee may acquire ownership of the property by tendering an amount equal to the cash price of the merchandise minus 50 percent of all previous rental-purchase payments made.

(e) When an assistive device lessee has acquired ownership of an assistive device under this section, the person in the business of renting or renting to own shall offer, for a reasonable price and term, a contract to maintain and service the device.

(f) This section shall not apply to assistive devices provided pursuant to a Medicare or Medicaid contract that either includes provisions for the acquisition of ownership or prohibits purchase or the acquisition of ownership by an assistive device lessee.

(g) A violation of this section is deemed to be an unfair or deceptive act or practice in commerce and a violation of chapter 63 of this title and all remedies and penalties available to a consumer or the Attorney General under that chapter shall apply, and the Attorney General shall have the same authority to make rules, conduct civil investigations, and enter into assurances of discontinuance as provided under chapter 63, subchapter 1 of this title.
9A V.S.A. § 401 — VT Code / Title 9A / Chapter 2A / Section 401
§§ 2A-401. Insecurity: adequate assurance of performance
Status: in_force

(1) A lease contract imposes an obligation on each party that the other's expectation of receiving due performance will not be impaired.

(2) If reasonable grounds for insecurity arise with respect to the performance of either party, the insecure party may demand in writing adequate assurance of due performance. Until the insecure party receives that assurance, if commercially reasonable the insecure party may suspend any performance for which he or she has not already received the agreed return.

(3) A repudiation of the lease contract occurs if assurance of due performance adequate under the circumstances of the particular case is not provided to the insecure party within a reasonable time, not to exceed 30 days after receipt of a demand by the other party.

(4) Between merchants, the reasonableness of grounds for insecurity and the adequacy of any assurance offered must be determined according to commercial standards.

(5) Acceptance of any nonconforming delivery or payment does not prejudice the aggrieved party's right to demand adequate assurance of future performance.
9A V.S.A. § 502 — VT Code / Title 9A / Chapter 8 / Section 502
§§ 8-502. Assertion of adverse claim against entitlement holder
Status: in_force

An action based on an adverse claim to a financial asset, whether framed in conversion, replevin, constructive trust, equitable lien, or other theory, may not be asserted against a person who acquires a security entitlement under section 8—501 of this title for value and without notice of the adverse claim.
9A V.S.A. § 601 — VT Code / Title 9A / Chapter 3 / Section 601
§§ 3-601. Discharge and effect of discharge
Status: in_force

(a) The obligation of a party to pay the instrument is discharged as stated in this article or by an act or agreement with the party which would discharge an obligation to pay money under a simple contract.

(b) Discharge of the obligation of a party is not effective against a person acquiring rights of a holder in due course of the instrument without notice of the discharge.
9A V.S.A. § 306B — VT Code / Title 9A / Chapter 9 / Section 306B
§§ 9-306B. Law governing perfection and priority of security interests in controllable accounts, controllable electronic records, and controllable payment intangibles
Status: in_force

(a) Except as provided in subsection (b) of this section, the local law of the controllable electronic record's jurisdiction specified in subsections 12—107(c) and (d) of this title governs perfection, the effect of perfection or nonperfection, and the priority of a security interest in a controllable electronic record and a security interest in a controllable account or controllable payment intangible evidenced by the controllable electronic record.

(b) The local law of the jurisdiction in which the debtor is located governs:

(1) perfection of a security interest in a controllable account, controllable electronic record, or controllable payment intangible by filing; and

(2) automatic perfection of a security interest in a controllable payment intangible created by a sale of the controllable payment intangible.
9A V.S.A. § 301 — VT Code / Title 9A / Chapter 3 / Section 301
§§ 3-301. Person entitled to enforce instrument
Status: in_force

“Person entitled to enforce” an instrument means (i) the holder of the instrument, (ii) a nonholder in possession of the instrument who has the rights of a holder, or (iii) a person not in possession of the instrument who is entitled to enforce the instrument pursuant to section 3—309 or 3—418(d) of this title. A person may be a person entitled to enforce the instrument even though the person is not the owner of the instrument or is in wrongful possession of the instrument.
9A V.S.A. § 209 — VT Code / Title 9A / Chapter 2 / Section 209
§§ 2-209. Modification, rescission, and waiver
Status: in_force

(1) An agreement modifying a contract within this article needs no consideration to be binding.

(2) A signed agreement which excludes modification or rescission except by a signed writing or other signed record cannot be otherwise modified or rescinded, but except as between merchants such a requirement on a form supplied by the merchant must be separately signed by the other party.

(3) The requirements of the statute of frauds section of this article (§ 2—201) must be satisfied if the contract as modified is within its provisions.

(4) Although an attempt at modification or rescission does not satisfy the requirements of subsection (2) or (3) of this section it can operate as a waiver.

(5) A party who has made a waiver affecting an executory portion of the contract may retract the waiver by reasonable notification received by the other party that strict performance will be required of any term waived, unless the retraction would be unjust in view of a material change of position in reliance on the waiver.
9A V.S.A. § 511 — VT Code / Title 9A / Chapter 2 / Section 511
§§ 2-511. Tender of payment by buyer; payment by check
Status: in_force

(1) Unless otherwise agreed tender of payment is a condition to the seller's duty to tender and complete any delivery.

(2) Tender of payment is sufficient when made by any means or in any manner current in the ordinary course of business unless the seller demands payment in legal tender and gives any extension of time reasonably necessary to procure it.

(3) Subject to the provisions of this title on the effect of an instrument on an obligation (§ 3—310), payment by check is conditional and is defeated as between the parties by dishonor of the check on due presentment.
9 V.S.A. § 2699 — VT Code / Title 9 / Chapter 73 / Section 2699
§ 2699. Berries and small fruits
Status: in_force

Berries and small fruits shall be offered and exposed for sale and sold by weight, or by measure in open containers having capacities of 1/2 dry pint, 1 dry pint, or 1 dry quart. However, the marking provisions of section 2672 of this title shall not apply to those containers.
9 V.S.A. § 4009 — VT Code / Title 9 / Chapter 102 / Section 4009
§ 4009. Owner exclusion
Status: in_force

This chapter shall not apply to contracts for the purchase of materials by a natural person performing work on his or her own real property.
9 V.S.A. § 2443 — VT Code / Title 9 / Chapter 62 / Section 2443
§ 2443. Definitions
Status: in_force

As used in this subchapter:

(1) “Covered information” means personal information or material, or information that is linked to personal information or material, in any media or format that is:

(A)(i) not publicly available; or

(ii) made publicly available pursuant to the federal Family Educational and Rights and Privacy Act; and

(B)(i) created by or provided to an operator by a student or the student's parent or legal guardian in the course of the student's, parent's, or legal guardian's use of the operator's site, service, or application for PreK-12 school purposes;

(ii) created by or provided to an operator by an employee or agent of a school or school district for PreK-12 school purposes; or

(iii) gathered by an operator through the operation of its site, service, or application for PreK-12 school purposes and personally identifies a student, including information in the student's education record or electronic mail, first and last name, home address, telephone number, electronic mail address or other information that allows physical or online contact, discipline records, test results, special education data, juvenile dependency records, grades, evaluations, criminal records, medical records, health records, Social Security number, biometric information, disability status, socioeconomic information, food purchases, political affiliations, religious information, text messages, documents, student identifiers, search activity, photos, voice recordings, or geolocation information.

(2) “Operator” means, to the extent that an entity is operating in this capacity, the operator of an Internet website, online service, online application, or mobile application with actual knowledge that the site, service, or application is used primarily for PreK-12 school purposes and was designed and marketed for PreK-12 school purposes.

(3) “PreK-12 school purposes” means purposes that are directed by or that customarily take place at the direction of a school, teacher, or school district; aid in the administration of school activities, including instruction in the classroom or at home, administrative activities, and collaboration between students, school personnel, or parents; or are otherwise for the use and benefit of the school.

(4) “School” means:

(A) a public or private preschool, kindergarten, elementary or secondary educational institution, vocational school, special educational agency or institution; and

(B) a person, agency, or institution that maintains school student records from more than one of the entities described in subdivision (6)(A) of this section.

(5) “Targeted advertising” means presenting advertisements to a student where the advertisement is selected based on information obtained or inferred over time from that student's online behavior, usage of applications, or covered information. The term does not include advertising to a student at an online location based upon that student's current visit to that location or in response to that student's request for information or feedback, without the retention of that student's online activities or requests over time for the purpose in whole or in part of targeting subsequent ads.
9A V.S.A. § 611 — VT Code / Title 9A / Chapter 9 / Section 611
§§ 9-611. Notification before disposition of collateral
Status: in_force

(a) In this section, “notification date” means the earlier of the date on which:

(1) a secured party sends to the debtor and any secondary obligor a signed notification of disposition; or

(2) the debtor and any secondary obligor waive the right to notification.

(b) Except as otherwise provided in subsection (d) of this section, a secured party that disposes of collateral under section 9—610 of this title shall send to the persons specified in subsection (c) of this section a reasonable signed notification of disposition.

(c) To comply with subsection (b) of this section, the secured party shall send a signed notification of disposition to:

(1) the debtor;

(2) any secondary obligor; and

(3) if the collateral is other than consumer goods:

(A) any other person from which the secured party has received, before the notification date, a signed notification of a claim of an interest in the collateral;

(B) any other secured party or lienholder that, 10 days before the notification date, held a security interest in or other lien on the collateral perfected by the filing of a financing statement that:

(i) identified the collateral;

(ii) was indexed under the debtor's name as of that date; and

(iii) was filed in the office in which to file a financing statement against the debtor covering the collateral as of that date; and

(C) any other secured party that, 10 days before the notification date, held a security interest in the collateral perfected by compliance with a statute, regulation, or treaty described in subsection 9—311(a) of this title.

(d) Subsection (b) of this section does not apply if the collateral is perishable or threatens to decline speedily in value or is of a type customarily sold on a recognized market.

(e) A secured party complies with the requirement for notification prescribed in subdivision (c)(3)(B) of this section if:

(1) not later than 20 days or earlier than 30 days before the notification date, the secured party requests, in a commercially reasonable manner, information concerning financing statements indexed under the debtor's name in the office indicated in subdivision (c)(3)(B) of this section; and

(2) before the notification date, the secured party:

(A) did not receive a response to the request for information; or

(B) received a response to the request for information and sent a signed notification of disposition to each secured party named in that response whose financing statement covered the collateral.
9 V.S.A. § 5410 — VT Code / Title 9 / Chapter 150 / Section 5410
§ 5410. Filing fees
Status: in_force

(a) A person shall pay a fee of $300.00 when initially filing an application for registration as a broker-dealer and a fee of $300.00 when filing a renewal of registration as a broker-dealer. A separate application in writing for branch office registration or renewal, accompanied by a filing fee of $120.00 per branch office, shall be filed in the Office of the Commissioner in such form as the Commissioner may prescribe by any broker-dealer who transacts business in this State from any place of business located within this State. The fee is nonrefundable.

(b) The fee for an individual is $145.00 when filing an application for registration as an agent, $145.00 when filing a renewal of registration as an agent, and $145.00 when filing for a change of registration as an agent. The fee is nonrefundable.

(c) A person shall pay a fee of $300.00 when filing an application for registration as an investment adviser and a fee of $300.00 when filing a renewal of registration as an investment adviser. A separate application in writing for branch office registration or renewal, accompanied by a filing fee of $120.00 per branch office, shall be filed in the Office of the Commissioner in such form as the Commissioner may prescribe by any investment adviser who transacts business in this State from any place of business located within the State. The fee is nonrefundable.

(d) The fee for an individual is $80.00 when filing an application for registration as an investment adviser representative, $80.00 when filing a renewal of registration as an investment adviser representative, and $80.00 when filing a change of registration as an investment adviser representative. The fee is nonrefundable.

(e) A federal covered investment adviser required to file a notice under section 5405 of this title shall pay an initial fee of $300.00 and an annual notice fee of $300.00. A notice filing may be terminated by filing notice of such termination with the Commissioner. The fee is nonrefundable.

(f) A person required to pay a filing or notice fee under this section may transmit the fee through or to a designee as a rule or order provides under this chapter.

(g) The Commissioner may, as an alternative means of registering branch offices as set forth in subsections (a) and (c) of this section, register branch offices by means of or through the facilities of a national organization that facilitates branch office registration on a nationwide basis, and comply with the terms of any agreement or contract entered into with such national organization. The initial and annual renewal filing fees per branch office specified in subsections (a) and (c) of this section shall apply to any such centralized filing and shall be paid at the time of filing. In the event of conflict between this provision and other pertinent provisions of this chapter, the Commissioner may elect that this provision prevail.

(h) Notwithstanding the provisions of this section, the Commissioner may, upon written request, waive or issue a refund of fees due or paid pursuant to this chapter to military personnel who comply with all the following:

(1) the applicant has been called or recalled to active duty status or to a status similar to active duty;

(2) the applicant's active duty status is expected to remain unchanged for six months or more during the calendar year for which the refund is requested; and

(3) the active duty status will prevent the applicant from acting as an agent, investment adviser representative, or investment adviser during the relevant time period.
9A V.S.A. § 301 — VT Code / Title 9A / Chapter 7 / Section 301
§§ 7-301. Liability for nonreceipt or misdescription; "said to contain"; "shipper's weight, load, and count"; improper handling
Status: in_force

(a) A consignee of a nonnegotiable bill of lading which has given value in good faith, or a holder to which a negotiable bill has been duly negotiated, relying upon the description of the goods in the bill or upon the date shown in the bill, may recover from the issuer damages caused by the misdating of the bill or the nonreceipt or misdescription of the goods, except to the extent that the bill indicates that the issuer does not know whether any part or all of the goods in fact were received or conform to the description, such as in a case in which the description is in terms of marks or labels or kind, quantity, or condition or the receipt or description is qualified by “contents or condition of contents of packages unknown,” “said to contain,” “shipper's weight, load, and count,” or words of similar import, if that indication is true.

(b) If goods are loaded by the issuer of a bill of lading;

(1) the issuer shall count the packages of goods if shipped in packages and ascertain the kind and quantity if shipped in bulk; and

(2) words such as “shipper's weight, load, and count,” or words of similar import indicating that the description was made by the shipper are ineffective except as to goods concealed in packages.

(c) If bulk goods are loaded by a shipper that makes available to the issuer of a bill of lading adequate facilities for weighing those goods, the issuer shall ascertain the kind and quantity within a reasonable time after receiving the shipper's request in a record to do so. In that case, “shipper's weight” or words of similar import are ineffective.

(d) The issuer of a bill of lading, by including in the bill the words “shipper's weight, load, and count,” or words of similar import, may indicate that the goods were loaded by the shipper, and, if that statement is true, the issuer is not liable for damages caused by the improper loading. However, omission of such words does not imply liability for damages caused by improper loading.

(e) A shipper guarantees to an issuer the accuracy at the time of shipment of the description, marks, labels, number, kind, quantity, condition, and weight, as furnished by the shipper, and the shipper shall indemnify the issuer against damage caused by inaccuracies in those particulars. This right of indemnity does not limit the issuer's responsibility or liability under the contract of carriage to any person other than the shipper.
9 V.S.A. § 2480cc — VT Code / Title 9 / Chapter 63 / Section 2480cc
§ 2480cc. Required disclosures to payee
Status: in_force

Not less than 10 days prior to the date on which a payee signs a transfer agreement, the transferee shall provide to the payee a separate disclosure statement in bold type in a size no smaller than 14 points setting forth:

(1) the amounts and due dates of the structured settlement payments to be transferred;

(2) the aggregate amount of such payments;

(3) the discounted present value of the payments to be transferred, which shall be identified as the “calculation of current value of the transferred structured settlement payments under federal standards for valuing annuities,” and the amount of the applicable federal rate used in calculating such discounted present value;

(4) the gross advance amount and the annual discount rate, compounded monthly, used to determine such figure;

(5) an itemized listing of all applicable transfer expenses, other than attorney's fees and related disbursements payable by the payee in connection with the transferee's application for approval of the transfer, and the transferee's best estimate of the amount of any such fees and disbursements;

(6) the net advance amount;

(7) the amount of any penalties or liquidated damages payable by the payee in the event of any breach of the transfer agreement by the payee, as well as a description of any other financial penalties the payee might incur with the transferee as a result of such a breach; and

(8) a statement that the payee has the right to cancel the transfer agreement, without penalty or further obligation, at any time before the date on which a court enters a final order approving the transfer agreement.
9 V.S.A. § 3102 — VT Code / Title 9 / Chapter 83 / Section 3102
§ 3102. False registration; failure to register
Status: in_force

A person shall not write, or cause to be written, or if in charge of the registration record, knowingly permit to be written, in any such registration record of any hotel, inn, lodging house, or roadside camp or cabin any other or different name or designation than the true name in ordinary use of the person registering or causing himself or herself to be registered therein. Nor shall any person occupying such room fail to register or fail to cause himself or herself to be so registered.
9A V.S.A. § 504 — VT Code / Title 9A / Chapter 4 / Section 504
§§ 4-504. Privilege of presenting bank to deal with goods; security interest for expenses
Status: in_force

(a) A presenting bank that, following the dishonor of a documentary draft, has seasonably requested instructions but does not receive them within a reasonable time may store, sell, or otherwise deal with the goods in any reasonable manner.

(b) For its reasonable expenses incurred by action under subsection (a) of this section, the presenting bank has a lien upon the goods or their proceeds, which may be foreclosed in the same manner as an unpaid seller's lien.
9 V.S.A. § 2294 — VT Code / Title 9 / Chapter 57 / Section 2294
§ 2294. Governing law
Status: in_force

(a) In this section, the following rules determine a debtor's location:

(1) A debtor who is an individual is located at the individual's principal residence.

(2) A debtor that is an organization and has only one place of business is located at its place of business.

(3) A debtor that is an organization and has more than one place of business is located at its chief executive office.

(b) A claim for relief in the nature of a claim for relief under this chapter is governed by the local law of the jurisdiction in which the debtor is located when the transfer is made or the obligation is incurred.
9 V.S.A. § 1953 — VT Code / Title 9 / Chapter 51 / Section 1953
§ 1953. Notice of sale
Status: in_force

At least 10 days prior thereto, notice in writing of the time and place of such sale and of the amount claimed to be due shall be given to the owner of such property, either personally, by mail, or by leaving the same at his or her place of abode, if a resident of this State. Otherwise such notice shall be given by publication thereof in some newspaper published in the town or county where such lien accrues, if there is one, and if not, by publication in a newspaper published in an adjoining county.
9A V.S.A. § 507 — VT Code / Title 9A / Chapter 2A / Section 507
§§ 2A-507. Proof of market rent: time and place
Status: in_force

(1) Damages based on market rent (§ 2A—519 or 2A—528) are determined according to the rent for the use of the goods concerned for a lease term identical to the remaining lease term of the original lease agreement and prevailing at the times specified in sections 2A—519 and 2A—528 of this title.

(2) If evidence of rent for the use of the goods concerned for a lease term identical to the remaining lease term of the original lease agreement and prevailing at the times or places described in this article is not readily available, the rent prevailing within any reasonable time before or after the time described or at any other place or for a different lease term which in commercial judgment or under usage of trade would serve as a reasonable substitute for the one described may be used, making any proper allowance for the difference, including the cost of transporting the goods to or from the other place.

(3) Evidence of a relevant rent prevailing at a time or place or for a lease term other than the one described in this article offered by one party is not admissible unless and until he or she has given the other party notice the court finds sufficient to prevent unfair surprise.

(4) If the prevailing rent or value of any goods regularly leased in any established market is in issue, reports in official publications or trade journals or in newspapers or periodicals of general circulation published as the reports of that market are admissible in evidence. The circumstances of the preparation of the report may be shown to affect its weight but not its admissibility.
9 V.S.A. § 2512 — VT Code / Title 9 / Chapter 67 / Section 2512
§ 2512. Chain referral services
Status: in_force

It shall be an unlawful practice for a sponsor to sell or offer for sale pay-per-call services that require a caller to access more than one pay-per-call service in order to receive the full benefit of the service.
9 V.S.A. § 4455 — VT Code / Title 9 / Chapter 137 / Section 4455
§ 4455. Tenant obligations; payment of rent
Status: in_force

(a) Rent is payable without demand or notice at the time and place agreed upon by the parties.

(b) An increase in rent shall take effect on the first day of the rental period following no less than 60 days' actual notice to the tenant.
9A V.S.A. § 103 — VT Code / Title 9A / Chapter 3 / Section 103
§§ 3-103. Definitions
Status: reserved

(a) In this article:

(1) “Acceptor” means a drawee who has accepted a draft.

(2) “Drawee” means a person ordered in a draft to make payment.

(3) “Drawer” means a person who signs or is identified in a draft as a person ordering payment.

(4) [Reserved.]

(5) “Maker” means a person who signs or is identified in a note as a person undertaking to pay.

(6) “Order” means a written instruction to pay money signed by the person giving the instruction. The instruction may be addressed to any person, including the person giving the instruction, or to one or more persons jointly or in the alternative but not in succession. An authorization to pay is not an order unless the person authorized to pay is also instructed to pay.

(7) “Ordinary care” in the case of a person engaged in business means observance of reasonable commercial standards, prevailing in the area in which the person is located, with respect to the business in which the person is engaged. In the case of a bank that takes an instrument for processing for collection or payment by automated means, reasonable commercial standards do not require the bank to examine the instrument if the failure to examine does not violate the bank's prescribed procedures and the bank's procedures do not vary unreasonably from general banking usage not disapproved by this article or Article 4 of this title.

(8) “Party” means a party to an instrument.

(9) “Promise” means a written undertaking to pay money signed by the person undertaking to pay. An acknowledgment of an obligation by the obligor is not a promise unless the obligor also undertakes to pay the obligation.

(10) “Prove” with respect to a fact means to meet the burden of establishing the fact (§ 1—201(b)(8)).

(11) “Remitter” means a person who purchases an instrument from its issuer if the instrument is payable to an identified person other than the purchaser.

(b) Other definitions applying to this article and the sections in which they appear are:

“Acceptance” § 3—409.

“Accommodated party” § 3—419.

“Accommodation party” § 3—419.

“Alteration” § 3—407.

“Anomalous indorsement” § 3—205.

“Blank indorsement” § 3—205.

“Cashier's check” § 3—104.

“Certificate of deposit” § 3—104.

“Certified check” § 3—409.

“Check” § 3—104.

“Consideration” § 3—303.

“Draft” § 3—104.

“Holder in due course” § 3—302.

“Incomplete instrument” § 3—115.

“Indorsement” § 3—204.

“Indorser” § 3—204.

“Instrument” § 3—104.

“Issue” § 3—105.

“Issuer” § 3—105.

“Negotiable instrument” § 3—104.

“Negotiation” § 3—201.

“Note” § 3—104.

“Payable at a definite time” § 3—108.

“Payable on demand” § 3—108.

“Payable to bearer” § 3—109.

“Payable to order” § 3—109.

“Payment” § 3—602.

“Person entitled to enforce” § 3—301.

“Presentment” § 3—501.

“Reacquisition” § 3—207.

“Special indorsement” § 3—205.

“Teller's check” § 3—104.

“Transfer of instrument” § 3—203.

“Traveler's check” § 3—104.

“Value” § 3—303.

(c) The following definitions in other articles apply to this article:

“Bank” § 4—105.

“Banking day” § 4—104.

“Clearing—house” § 4—104.

“Collecting bank” § 4—105.

“Depositary bank” § 4—105.

“Documentary draft” § 4—104.

“Intermediary bank” § 4—105.

“Item” § 4—104.

“Payor bank” § 4—105.

“Suspends payments” § 4—104.

(d) In addition, Article 1 of this title contains general definitions and principles of construction and interpretation applicable throughout this article.
9 V.S.A. § 2494v — VT Code / Title 9 / Chapter 63 / Section 2494v
§ 2494v. Violations [Effective January 1, 2026]
Status: in_force

(a) A violation of this subchapter is deemed to be a violation of section 2453 of this title.

(b) The Attorney General has the same authority to make rules, conduct civil investigations, enter into assurances of discontinuance, and bring civil actions, and private parties have the same rights and remedies, as provided under subchapter 1 of this chapter.
9A V.S.A. § 331 — VT Code / Title 9A / Chapter 9 / Section 331
§§ 9-331. Priority of rights of purchasers of controllable accounts, controllable electronic records, controllable payment intangibles, documents, instruments, and securities under other Articles...
Status: in_force

(a) This article does not limit the rights of a holder in due course of a negotiable instrument, a holder to which a negotiable document of title has been duly negotiated, a protected purchaser of a security, or a qualifying purchaser of a controllable account, controllable electronic record, or controllable payment intangible. These holders or purchasers take priority over an earlier security interest, even if perfected, to the extent provided in Articles 3, 7, 8, and 12 of this title.

(b) This article does not limit the rights of or impose liability on a person to the extent that the person is protected against the assertion of an adverse claim under Article 8 or 12 of this title.

(c) Filing under this article does not constitute notice of a claim or defense to the holders, or purchasers, or persons described in subsections (a) and (b) of this section.
9A V.S.A. § 708 — VT Code / Title 9A / Chapter 2 / Section 708
§§ 2-708. Seller's damages for non-acceptance or repudiation
Status: in_force

(1) Subject to subsection (2) of this section and to the provisions of this article with respect to proof of market price (§ 2—723), the measure of damages for non-acceptance or repudiation by the buyer is the difference between the market price at the time and place for tender and the unpaid contract price together with any incidental damages provided in this article (§ 2—710), but less expenses saved in consequence of the buyer's breach.

(2) If the measure of damages provided in subsection (1) is inadequate to put the seller in as good a position as performance would have done then the measure of damages is the profit (including reasonable overhead) which the seller would have made from full performance by the buyer, together with any incidental damages provided in this article (§ 2—710), due allowance for costs reasonably incurred and due credit for payments or proceeds of resale.
9A V.S.A. § 708 — VT Code / Title 9A / Chapter 9 / Section 708
§§ 9-708. Persons entitled to file initial financing statement or continuation statement
Status: in_force

A person may file an initial financing statement or a continuation statement under this part if:

(1) the secured party of record authorizes the filing; and

(2) the filing is necessary under this part:

(A) to continue the effectiveness of a financing statement filed before July 1, 2001; or

(B) to perfect or continue the perfection of a security interest.
9A V.S.A. § 502 — VT Code / Title 9A / Chapter 7 / Section 502
§§ 7-502. Rights acquired by due negotiation
Status: in_force

(a) Subject to sections 7—205 and 7—503 of this title, a holder to which a negotiable document of title has been duly negotiated acquires thereby:

(1) title to the document;

(2) title to the goods;

(3) all rights accruing under the law of agency or estoppel, including rights to goods delivered to the bailee after the document was issued; and

(4) the direct obligation of the issuer to hold or deliver the goods according to the terms of the document free of any defense or claim by the issuer except those arising under the terms of the document or under this article, but in the case of a delivery order, the bailee's obligation accrues only upon the bailee's acceptance of the delivery order and the obligation acquired by the holder is that the issuer and any indorser will procure the acceptance of the bailee.

(b) Subject to section 7—503 of this title, title and rights acquired by due negotiation are not defeated by any stoppage of the goods represented by the document of title or by surrender of the goods by the bailee and are not impaired even if:

(1) the due negotiation or any prior due negotiation constituted a breach of duty;

(2) any person has been deprived of possession of a negotiable tangible document or control of a negotiable electronic document by misrepresentation, fraud, accident, mistake, duress, loss, theft, or conversion; or

(3) a previous sale or other transfer of the goods or document has been made to a third person.
9 V.S.A. § 4410 — VT Code / Title 9 / Chapter 136 / Section 4410
§ 4410. Campgrounds; removal
Status: in_force

(a) Definition. A recreational campground or camping park is property where transient residence is offered or provided for seasonal or short-term vacation or recreational purposes on which may be located cabins, tents, or lean-tos, or campsites designed for temporary set-up of portable or mobile camping, recreational, or travel dwelling units, including tents, campers, and recreational vehicles such as motor homes, travel trailers, truck campers, and van campers.

(b) An owner, operator, or agent of a recreational campground or camping park may remove or cause to be removed from a recreational campground or camping park any person who does any of the following:

(1) refuses to pay registration or fees;

(2) violates any municipal or State law; or

(3) violates the published or posted rules of the recreational campground or camping park, which may include a rule that requires campers to respect the peace and quiet enjoyment of other campers and the owner, operator, or agent.

(c) A person who refuses to immediately leave the property after he or she has been told to do so by the owner, operator, or agent shall be in violation of 13 V.S.A. § 3705(a) and may be prosecuted for unlawful trespass. If any conduct involves the use of a motor vehicle, the person may be prosecuted for any applicable violation of Title 23. For the purposes of this section, the property on which a campground or camping park is located shall be considered open to the free flow and circulation of traffic. The person may be removed from the premises by a law enforcement officer on request of the owner, operator, or agent.

(d) The owner, operator, or agent shall employ reasonable means to protect any personal property left at a campground or camping park by a person who has left or has been removed. A reasonable storage fee that is published or posted may be charged for any personal property left at the campground or camping park. If the owner does not take possession of the personal property within six months of the date the property has been left at the campground, the owner, operator, or agent may dispose of it in a commercially reasonable manner and then pay to the owner the sale proceeds less any storage and sales fees incurred.
9 V.S.A. § 5501 — VT Code / Title 9 / Chapter 150 / Section 5501
§ 5501. General fraud
Status: in_force

It is unlawful for a person, in connection with the offer to sell, the offer to purchase, the sale, or the purchase of a security, directly or indirectly:

(1) to employ a device, scheme, or artifice to defraud;

(2) to make an untrue statement of a material fact or to omit to state a material fact necessary in order to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading; or

(3) to engage in an act, practice, or course of business that operates or would operate as a fraud or deceit upon another person.
9 V.S.A. § 2677 — VT Code / Title 9 / Chapter 73 / Section 2677
§ 2677. Misrepresentation of price
Status: in_force

Whenever any commodity or service is sold, or is offered, exposed, or advertised for sale, by weight, measure, or count, the price shall not be misrepresented, nor shall the price be represented in any manner calculated or tending to mislead or deceive an actual or prospective purchaser. Whenever an advertised, posted, or labeled price per unit of weight, measure, or count includes a fraction of a cent, all elements of the fraction or decimal shall be prominently displayed and the numeral or numerals expressing the fraction or decimal shall be immediately adjacent to, of the same general design and style as, and at least 40 percent the height and width of, the numerals representing the whole cents.
9 V.S.A. § 3381 — VT Code / Title 9 / Chapter 89 / Section 3381
§ 3381. Labels and color of cans
Status: in_force

(a) A receptacle containing gasoline or benzol of capacity not more than five gallons, except a motor vehicle, motor boat, gasoline engine, gasoline stove or lamp, shall be painted red and be labeled “gasoline” or “benzol,” as the case may be, in letters of a contrasting color and of a height of not less than one-half inch, or shall bear a red label similarly lettered of sufficient size to be conspicuous. A person shall not keep gasoline or benzol in a receptacle not conforming to the requirements of this section.

(b) A person who violates a provision of subsection (a) of this section shall be fined not more than $50.00.
9 V.S.A. § 2032 — VT Code / Title 9 / Chapter 51 / Section 2032
§ 2032. Prerequisites for lien
Status: in_force

Before such lien attaches, such person shall present a claim for his or her services performed or materials furnished and shall demand payment of the same of the owner, agent, contractor, or person in whose care such ship, vessel, or steamboat is. Upon such demand, a payment or tender of the just amount due him or her shall discharge such lien.
9A V.S.A. § 308 — VT Code / Title 9A / Chapter 2A / Section 308
§§ 2A-308. Special rights of creditors
Status: in_force

(1) A creditor of a lessor in possession of goods subject to a lease contract may treat the lease contract as void if as against the creditor retention of possession by the lessor is fraudulent under any statute or rule of law, but retention of possession in good faith and current course of trade by the lessor for a commercially reasonable time after the lease contract becomes enforceable is not fraudulent.

(2) Nothing in this article impairs the rights of creditors of a lessor if the lease contract:

(a) becomes enforceable, not in current course of trade but in satisfaction of or as security for a pre-existing claim for money, security, or the like, and

(b) is made under circumstances which under any statute or rule of law apart from this article would constitute the transaction a fraudulent transfer or voidable preference.

(3) A creditor of a seller may treat a sale or an identification of goods to a contract for sale as void if as against the creditor retention of possession by the seller is fraudulent under any statute or rule of law, but retention of possession of the goods pursuant to a lease contract entered into by the seller as lessee and the buyer as lessor in connection with the sale or identification of the goods is not fraudulent if the buyer bought for value and in good faith.
9A V.S.A. § 106 — VT Code / Title 9A / Chapter 8 / Section 106
§§ 8-106. Control
Status: in_force

(a) A purchaser has “control” of a certificated security in bearer form if the certificated security is delivered to the purchaser.

(b) A purchaser has “control” of a certificated security in registered form if the certificated security is delivered to the purchaser, and:

(1) the certificate is indorsed to the purchaser or in blank by an effective indorsement; or

(2) the certificate is registered in the name of the purchaser, upon original issue or registration of transfer by the issuer.

(c) A purchaser has “control” of an uncertificated security if:

(1) the uncertificated security is delivered to the purchaser; or

(2) the issuer has agreed that it will comply with instructions originated by the purchaser without further consent by the registered owner.

(d) A purchaser has “control” of a security entitlement if:

(1) the purchaser becomes the entitlement holder;

(2) the securities intermediary has agreed that it will comply with entitlement orders originated by the purchaser without further consent by the entitlement holder; or

(3) another person, other than the transferor to the purchaser of an interest in the security entitlement:

(A) has control of the security entitlement and acknowledges that it has control on behalf of the purchaser; or

(B) obtains control of the security entitlement after having acknowledged that it will obtain control of the security entitlement on behalf of the purchaser.

(e) If an interest in a security entitlement is granted by the entitlement holder to the entitlement holder's own securities intermediary, the securities intermediary has control.

(f) A purchaser who has satisfied the requirements of subsection (c) or (d) of this section has control, even if the registered owner in the case of subsection (c) of this section or the entitlement holder in the case of subsection (d) of this section retains the right to make substitutions for the uncertificated security or security entitlement, to originate instructions or entitlement orders to the issuer or securities intermediary, or otherwise to deal with the uncertificated security or security entitlement.

(g) An issuer or a securities intermediary may not enter into an agreement of the kind described in subdivision (c)(2) or (d)(2) of this section without the consent of the registered owner or entitlement holder, but an issuer or a securities intermediary is not required to enter into such an agreement even though the registered owner or entitlement holder so directs. An issuer or securities intermediary that has entered into such an agreement is not required to confirm the existence of the agreement to another party unless requested to do so by the registered owner or entitlement holder.

(h) A person that has control under this section is not required to acknowledge that it has control on behalf of a purchaser.

(i) If a person acknowledges that it has or will obtain control on behalf of a purchaser, unless the person otherwise agrees or law other than this article or Article 9 otherwise provides, the person does not owe any duty to the purchaser and is not required to confirm the acknowledgment to any other person.
9A V.S.A. § 104 — VT Code / Title 9A / Chapter 4A / Section 104
§§ 4A-104. Funds transfer-definitions
Status: in_force

In this article:

(a) “Funds transfer” means the series of transactions, beginning with the originator's payment order, made for the purpose of making payment to the beneficiary of the order. The term includes any payment order issued by the originator's bank or an intermediary bank intended to carry out the originator's payment order. A funds transfer is completed by acceptance by the beneficiary's bank of a payment order for the benefit of the beneficiary of the originator's payment order.

(b) “Intermediary bank” means a receiving bank other than the originator's bank or the beneficiary's bank.

(c) “Originator” means the sender of the first payment order in a funds transfer.

(d) “Originator's bank” means (i) the receiving bank to which the payment order of the originator is issued if the originator is not a bank, or (ii) the originator if the originator is a bank.
9 V.S.A. § 4302 — VT Code / Title 9 / Chapter 133 / Section 4302
§ 4302. Officers and stockholders; disclosure
Status: in_force

Every person who is directly or indirectly the beneficial owner of more than ten percent of any class of any equity security of a domestic stock insurance company, or who is a director or an officer thereof, shall file in the office of the Commissioner of Financial Regulation on or before the first day of July, 1965, or within 10 days after the person becomes the beneficial owner, director, or officer, a statement in such form as the Commissioner may prescribe, of the amount of all equity securities of the company of which the person is the beneficial owner, and within 10 days after the close of each calendar month thereafter, if there has been a change in his or her ownership during the month, shall file in the office of the Commissioner a statement, in such form as the Commissioner may prescribe, indicating his or her ownership at the close of the calendar month and such changes in his or her ownership as have occurred during the calendar month.
9 V.S.A. § 2464c — VT Code / Title 9 / Chapter 63 / Section 2464c
§ 2464c. Private cause of action
Status: in_force

Any person who receives a telephone call in violation of subsection 2464a(b) of this title may bring an action in Superior Court for damages, injunctive relief, punitive damages in the case of a willful violation, and reasonable costs and attorney's fees. The court may issue an award for the person's actual damages or $500.00 for a first violation, or $1,000.00 for each subsequent violation, whichever is greater. In considering the amount of punitive damages, the court may consider, among other relevant factors, the extent to which a telephone solicitor maintained and complied with procedures designed to ensure compliance with the requirements of sections 2464a and 2464b of this title. This section shall not limit any other claims the person may have under applicable law.
9A V.S.A. § 607 — VT Code / Title 9A / Chapter 2 / Section 607
§§ 2-607. Effect of acceptance; notice of breach; burden of establishing breach after acceptance; notice of claim or litigation to person answerable over
Status: in_force

(1) The buyer must pay at the contract rate for any goods accepted.

(2) Acceptance of goods by the buyer precludes rejection of the goods accepted and if made with knowledge of a nonconformity cannot be revoked because of it unless the acceptance was on the reasonable assumption that the nonconformity would be seasonably cured but acceptance does not of itself impair any other remedy provided by this article for nonconformity.

(3) Where a tender has been accepted:

(a) the buyer must within a reasonable time after he or she discovers or should have discovered any breach notify the seller of breach or be barred from any remedy; and

(b) if the claim is one for infringement or the like (§ 2—312(3)) and the buyer is sued as a result of such breach he or she must so notify the seller within a reasonable time after he or she receives notice of the litigation or be barred from any remedy over for liability established by the litigation.

(4) The burden is on the buyer to establish any breach with respect to the goods accepted.

(5) Where the buyer is sued for breach of a warranty or other obligation for which his or her seller is answerable over:

(a) he or she may give his or her seller written notice of the litigation. If the notice states that the seller may come in and defend and that if the seller does not do so he or she will be bound in any action against him or her by his or her buyer by any determination of fact common to the two litigations, then unless the seller after seasonable receipt of the notice does come in and defend he or she is so bound.

(b) if the claim is one for infringement or the like (§ 2—312(3)) the original seller may demand in writing that his or her buyer turn over to him or her control of the litigation including settlement or else be barred from any remedy over and if he or she also agrees to bear all expense and to satisfy any adverse judgment, then unless the buyer after seasonable receipt of the demand does turn over control the buyer is so barred.

(6) The provisions of subsections (3), (4) and (5) of this section apply to any obligation of a buyer to hold the seller harmless against infringement or the like § 2—312(3).
9A V.S.A. § 105 — VT Code / Title 9A / Chapter 9 / Section 105
§§ 9-105. Control of electronic copy of record evidencing chattel paper
Status: in_force

(a) A purchaser has control of an authoritative electronic copy of a record evidencing chattel paper if a system employed for evidencing the assignment of interests in the chattel paper reliably establishes the purchaser as the person to which the authoritative electronic copy was assigned.

(b) A system satisfies subsection (a) of this section if the record or records evidencing the chattel paper are created, stored, and assigned in a manner that:

(1) a single authoritative copy of the record or records exists which is unique, identifiable, and, except as otherwise provided in subdivisions (4), (5), and (6) of this subsection, unalterable;

(2) the authoritative copy identifies the purchaser as the assignee of the record or records;

(3) the authoritative copy is communicated to and maintained by the purchaser or its designated custodian;

(4) copies or amendments that add or change an identified assignee of the authoritative copy can be made only with the consent of the purchaser;

(5) each copy of the authoritative copy and any copy of a copy is readily identifiable as a copy that is not the authoritative copy; and

(6) any amendment of the authoritative copy is readily identifiable as authorized or unauthorized.

(c) A system satisfies subsection (a) of this section, and a purchaser has control of an authoritative electronic copy of a record evidencing chattel paper, if the electronic copy, a record attached to or logically associated with the electronic copy, or a system in which the electronic copy is recorded:

(1) enables the purchaser readily to identify each electronic copy as either an authoritative copy or a nonauthoritative copy;

(2) enables the purchaser readily to identify itself in any way, including by name, identifying number, cryptographic key, office, or account number, as the assignee of the authoritative electronic copy; and

(3) gives the purchaser exclusive power, subject to subsection (d) of this section, to:

(A) prevent others from adding or changing an identified assignee of the authoritative electronic copy; and

(B) transfer control of the authoritative electronic copy.

(d) Subject to subsection (e) of this section, a power is exclusive under subdivisions (c)(3)(A) and (B) of this section even if:

(1) the authoritative electronic copy, a record attached to or logically associated with the authoritative electronic copy, or a system in which the authoritative electronic copy is recorded limits the use of the authoritative electronic copy or has a protocol programmed to cause a change, including a transfer or loss of control; or

(2) the power is shared with another person.

(e) A power of a purchaser is not shared with another person under subdivision (d)(2) of this section and the purchaser's power is not exclusive if:

(1) the purchaser can exercise the power only if the power also is exercised by the other person; and

(2) the other person:

(A) can exercise the power without exercise of the power by the purchaser; or

(B) is the transferor to the purchaser of an interest in the chattel paper.

(f) If a purchaser has the powers specified in subdivisions (c)(3)(A) and (B) of this section, the powers are presumed to be exclusive.

(g) A purchaser has control of an authoritative electronic copy of a record evidencing chattel paper if another person, other than the transferor to the purchaser of an interest in the chattel paper:

(1) has control of the authoritative electronic copy and acknowledges that it has control on behalf of the purchaser; or

(2) obtains control of the authoritative electronic copy after having acknowledged that it will obtain control of the electronic copy on behalf of the purchaser.
9 V.S.A. § 2431 — VT Code / Title 9 / Chapter 62 / Section 2431
§ 2431. Acquisition of brokered personal information; prohibitions
Status: in_force

(a) Prohibited acquisition and use.

(1) A person shall not acquire brokered personal information through fraudulent means.

(2) A person shall not acquire or use brokered personal information for the purpose of:

(A) stalking or harassing another person;

(B) committing a fraud, including identity theft, financial fraud, or e-mail fraud; or

(C) engaging in unlawful discrimination, including employment discrimination and housing discrimination.

(b) Enforcement.

(1) A person who violates a provision of this section commits an unfair and deceptive act in commerce in violation of section 2453 of this title.

(2) The Attorney General has the same authority to adopt rules to implement the provisions of this section and to conduct civil investigations, enter into assurances of discontinuance, bring civil actions, and take other enforcement actions as provided under chapter 63, subchapter 1 of this title.
9 V.S.A. § 2477 — VT Code / Title 9 / Chapter 63 / Section 2477
§ 2477. Financial report
Status: in_force

(a) No later than 90 days after a fundraising campaign has been completed, and no later than 90 days after the anniversary of the commencement of a fundraising campaign lasting more than one year, a paid fundraiser that has solicited contributions in this State shall file a financial report with the Attorney General on a form prescribed by the Attorney General. The information required by this section shall pertain to the entire fundraising campaign, or, in the case of a campaign lasting more than one year, to the 12 months ending on the most recent anniversary of the commencement of the campaign.

(b) The financial report shall contain the following:

(1) Total gross receipts.

(2) A description of how the gross receipts were distributed, including an itemized list of all expenses, commissions, and other costs of the fundraising campaign, and the net amount paid to the charitable organization for its charitable purposes, after payment of all fundraising expenses, commissions, and other costs.

(3) The percentage of gross receipts represented by the total of fundraising expenses, commissions, and other costs.

(4) The percentage of gross receipts represented by the net amount paid to the charitable organization for its charitable purposes, after payment of all fundraising expenses, commissions, and other costs.

(5) The signature of the charitable organization.

(6) Such other information as the Attorney General may by rule require.

(c) The Attorney General may adopt rules requiring that the financial report be filed electronically, with proper verification.
9 V.S.A. § 2463a — VT Code / Title 9 / Chapter 63 / Section 2463a
§ 2463a. Choice of law in computer information agreement
Status: in_force

A choice of law provision in a computer information agreement that provides that the contract is to be interpreted pursuant to the laws of a state that has enacted the Uniform Computer Information Transactions Act, as proposed by the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws or any substantially similar law, is voidable, and the agreement shall be interpreted pursuant to the laws of this State if the party against whom enforcement of the choice of law provisions is sought is a resident of this State or has its principal place of business located in this State. For purposes of this section, a “computer information agreement” means an agreement that would be governed by the Uniform Computer Information Transactions Act or substantially similar law as enacted in the state specified in the choice of law provisions if that state's law were applied to the agreement. This section may not be varied by agreement of the parties. This section shall remain in force until such time as the General Assembly enacts the Uniform Computer Information Transactions Act or any substantially similar law and that law becomes effective.
9A V.S.A. § 105 — VT Code / Title 9A / Chapter 7 / Section 105
§§ 7-105. Reissuance in alternative medium
Status: in_force

(a) Upon request of a person entitled under an electronic document of title, the issuer of the electronic document may issue a tangible document of title as a substitute for the electronic document if:

(1) the person entitled under the electronic document surrenders control of the document to the issuer; and

(2) the tangible document when issued contains a statement that it is issued in substitution for the electronic document.

(b) Upon issuance of a tangible document of title in substitution for an electronic document of title in accordance with subsection (a) of this section:

(1) the electronic document ceases to have any effect or validity; and

(2) the person that procured issuance of the tangible document warrants to all subsequent persons entitled under the tangible document that the warrantor was a person entitled under the electronic document when the warrantor surrendered control of the electronic document to the issuer.

(c) Upon request of a person entitled under a tangible document of title, the issuer of the tangible document may issue an electronic document of title as a substitute for the tangible document if:

(1) the person entitled under the tangible document surrenders possession of the document to the issuer; and

(2) the electronic document when issued contains a statement that it is issued in substitution for the tangible document.

(d) Upon issuance of an electronic document of title in substitution for a tangible document of title in accordance with subsection (c) of this section:

(1) the tangible document ceases to have any effect or validity; and

(2) the person that procured issuance of the electronic document warrants to all subsequent persons entitled under the electronic document that the warrantor was a person entitled under the tangible document when the warrantor surrendered possession of the tangible document to the issuer.
9A V.S.A. § 407 — VT Code / Title 9A / Chapter 3 / Section 407
§§ 3-407. Alteration
Status: in_force

(a) “Alteration” means (i) an unauthorized change in an instrument that purports to modify in any respect the obligation of a party, or (ii) an unauthorized addition of words or numbers or other change to an incomplete instrument relating to the obligation of a party.

(b) Except as provided in subsection (c) of this section, an alteration fraudulently made discharges a party whose obligation is affected by the alteration unless that party assents or is precluded from asserting the alteration. No other alteration discharges a party, and the instrument may be enforced according to its original terms.

(c) A payor bank or drawee paying a fraudulently altered instrument or a person taking it for value, in good faith and without notice of the alteration, may enforce rights with respect to the instrument (i) according to its original terms, or (ii) in the case of an incomplete instrument altered by unauthorized completion, according to its terms as completed.
9 V.S.A. § 2461 — VT Code / Title 9 / Chapter 63 / Section 2461
§ 2461. Civil penalty
Status: in_force

(a) Any person who violates the terms of an injunction issued under section 2458 of this title shall forfeit and pay to the State a civil penalty of not more than $10,000.00 for each violation. For the purposes of this section, the court issuing such injunction shall retain jurisdiction, and the cause shall be continued, and in such cases the Attorney General or a State's Attorney acting in the name of the State may petition for recovery of such civil penalty.

(b) Any consumer who contracts for goods or services in reliance upon false or fraudulent representations or practices prohibited by section 2453 of this title, or who sustains damages or injury as a result of any false or fraudulent representations or practices prohibited by section 2453 of this title, or prohibited by any rule or regulation made pursuant to section 2453 of this title, may sue for appropriate equitable relief and may sue and recover from the seller, solicitor, or other violator the amount of his or her damages, or the consideration or the value of the consideration given by the consumer, reasonable attorney's fees, and exemplary damages not exceeding three times the value of the consideration given by the consumer. Any language, written or oral, used by a seller or solicitor, that attempts to exclude or modify recovery of the penalty or reasonable attorney's fees shall be unenforceable.

(c) Any person alleged to have violated the terms of subsection (b) of this section shall be entitled to a trial by jury, unless waived according to law.
9A V.S.A. § 336 — VT Code / Title 9A / Chapter 9 / Section 336
§§ 9-336. Commingled goods
Status: in_force

(a) In this section, “commingled goods” means goods that are physically united with other goods in such a manner that their identity is lost in a product or mass.

(b) A security interest does not exist in commingled goods as such. However, a security interest may attach to a product or mass that results when goods become commingled goods.

(c) If collateral becomes commingled goods, a security interest attaches to the product or mass.

(d) If a security interest in collateral is perfected before the collateral becomes commingled goods, the security interest that attaches to the product or mass under subsection (c) of this section is perfected.

(e) Except as otherwise provided in subsection (f) of this section, the other provisions of this part determine the priority of a security interest that attaches to the product or mass under subsection (c) of this section.

(f) If more than one security interest attaches to the product or mass under subsection (c) of this section, the following rules determine priority:

(1) A security interest that is perfected under subsection (d) of this section has priority over a security interest that is unperfected at the time the collateral becomes commingled goods.

(2) If more than one security interest is perfected under subsection (d) of this section, the security interests rank equally in proportion to value of the collateral at the time it became commingled goods.
9 V.S.A. § 3042 — VT Code / Title 9 / Chapter 82A / Section 3042
§ 3042. Definitions
Status: in_force

As used in this chapter:

(1) “Consumer” has the same meaning as in subdivision 2451a(1) of this title.

(2) “Enzyme” means a protein that catalyzes chemical reactions of other substances without itself being destroyed or altered upon completion of the reactions.

(3) “Food” means food intended for human consumption.

(4) “Genetic engineering” is a process by which a food is produced from an organism or organisms in which the genetic material has been changed through the application of:

(A) in vitro nucleic acid techniques, including recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) techniques and the direct injection of nucleic acid into cells or organelles; or

(B) fusion of cells, including protoplast fusion, or hybridization techniques that overcome natural physiological, reproductive, or recombination barriers, where the donor cells or protoplasts do not fall within the same taxonomic group, in a way that does not occur by natural multiplication or natural recombination.

(5) “In vitro nucleic acid techniques” means techniques, including recombinant DNA or ribonucleic acid techniques, that use vector systems and techniques involving the direct introduction into the organisms of hereditary materials prepared outside the organisms such as micro-injection, chemoporation, electroporation, micro-encapsulation, and liposome fusion.

(6) “Manufacturer” means a person who:

(A) produces a processed food or raw agricultural commodity under its own brand or label for sale in or into the State;

(B) sells in or into the State under its own brand or label a processed food or raw agricultural commodity produced by another supplier;

(C) owns a brand that it licenses or licensed to another person for use on a processed food or raw commodity sold in or into the State;

(D) sells in, sells into, or distributes in the State a processed food or raw agricultural commodity that it packaged under a brand or label owned by another person;

(E) imports into the United States for sale in or into the State a processed food or raw agricultural commodity produced by a person without a presence in the United States; or

(F) produces a processed food or raw agricultural commodity for sale in or into the State without affixing a brand name.

(7) “Organism” means any biological entity capable of replication, reproduction, or transferring of genetic material.

(8) “Processed food” means any food other than a raw agricultural commodity and includes any food produced from a raw agricultural commodity that has been subjected to processing such as canning, smoking, pressing, cooking, freezing, dehydration, fermentation, or milling.

(9) “Processing aid” means:

(A) a substance that is added to a food during the processing of the food but that is removed in some manner from the food before the food is packaged in its finished form;

(B) a substance that is added to a food during processing, is converted into constituents normally present in the food, and does not significantly increase the amount of the constituents naturally found in the food; or

(C) a substance that is added to a food for its technical or functional effect in the processing but is present in the finished food at levels that do not have any technical or functional effect in that finished food.

(10) “Raw agricultural commodity” means any food in its raw or natural state, including any fruit or vegetable that is washed, colored, or otherwise treated in its unpeeled natural form prior to marketing.
9A V.S.A. § 208 — VT Code / Title 9A / Chapter 2A / Section 208
§§ 2A-208. Modification, rescission and waiver
Status: in_force

(1) An agreement modifying a lease contract needs no consideration to be binding.

(2) A signed lease agreement that excludes modification or rescission except by a signed record may not be otherwise modified or rescinded, but, except as between merchants, such a requirement on a form supplied by a merchant must be separately signed by the other party.

(3) Although an attempt at modification or rescission does not satisfy the requirements of subsection (2) of this section, it may operate as a waiver.

(4) A party who has made a waiver affecting an executory portion of a lease contract may retract the waiver by reasonable notification received by the other party that strict performance will be required of any term waived, unless the retraction would be unjust in view of a material change of position in reliance on the waiver.
9A V.S.A. § 206 — VT Code / Title 9A / Chapter 4 / Section 206
§§ 4-206. Transfer between banks
Status: in_force

Any agreed method that identifies the transferor bank is sufficient for the item's further transfer to another bank.
9A V.S.A. § 108 — VT Code / Title 9A / Chapter 1 / Section 108
§§ 1-108. Relation to electronic signatures in Global and National Commerce Act
Status: in_force

This title modifies, limits, and supersedes the Federal Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act (15 U.S.C. section 7001 et seq.), but does not modify, limit, or supersede section 101(c) of that act (15 U.S.C. section 7001(c)) or authorize electronic delivery of any of the notices described in section 103(b) of that act (15 U.S.C. section 7003(b)).
9 V.S.A. § 3870 — VT Code / Title 9 / Chapter 97 / Section 3870
§ 3870. Pawning property of persons under eighteen
Status: in_force

A person carrying on the business of pawnbroker in this State shall not accept a pledge or article of personal property offered by a person under 18 years of age without written authority of the parents or guardians of such minor.
9A V.S.A. § 341 — VT Code / Title 9A / Chapter 9 / Section 341
§§ 9-341. Bank's rights and duties with respect to deposit account
Status: in_force

Except as otherwise provided in subsection 9—340(c) of this title, and unless the bank otherwise agrees in a signed record, a bank's rights and duties with respect to a deposit account maintained with the bank are not terminated, suspended, or modified by:

(1) the creation, attachment, or perfection of a security interest in the deposit account;

(2) the bank's knowledge of the security interest; or

(3) the bank's receipt of instructions from the secured party.
9A V.S.A. § 106 — VT Code / Title 9A / Chapter 2 / Section 106
§§ 2-106. Definitions: "contract"; "agreement"; "contract for sale"; "sale"; "present sale"; "conforming" to contract; "termination"; "cancellation"; "hybrid transaction"
Status: in_force

(1) In this article unless the context otherwise requires “contract” and “agreement” are limited to those relating to the present or future sale of goods. “Contract for sale” includes both a present sale of goods and a contract to sell goods at a future time. A “sale” consists in the passing of title from the seller to the buyer for a price (§ 2—401). A “present sale” means a sale which is accomplished by the making of the contract.

(2) Goods or conduct including any part of a performance are “conforming” or conform to the contract when they are in accordance with the obligations under the contract.

(3) “Termination” occurs when either party pursuant to a power created by agreement or law puts an end to the contract otherwise than for its breach. On “termination” all obligations which are still executory on both sides are discharged but any right based on prior breach or performance survives.

(4) “Cancellation” occurs when either party puts an end to the contract for breach by the other and its effect is the same as that of “termination” except that the cancelling party also retains any remedy for breach of the whole contract or any unperformed balance.

(5) “Hybrid transaction” means a single transaction involving a sale of goods and:

(A) the provision of services;

(B) a lease of other goods; or

(C) a sale, lease, or license of property other than goods.
9A V.S.A. § 508 — VT Code / Title 9A / Chapter 2A / Section 508
§§ 2A-508. Lessee's remedies
Status: in_force

(1) If a lessor fails to deliver the goods in conformity to the lease contract (§ 2A—509) or repudiates the lease contract (§ 2A—402), or a lessee rightfully rejects the goods (§ 2A—509) or justifiably revokes acceptance of the goods (§ 2A—517), then with respect to any goods involved, and with respect to all of the goods if under an installment lease contract the value of the whole lease contract is substantially impaired (§ 2A—510), the lessor is in default under the lease contract and the lessee may:

(a) cancel the lease contract (§ 2A—505(1));

(b) recover so much of the rent and security as has been paid and is just under the circumstances;

(c) cover and recover damages as to all goods affected whether or not they have been identified to the lease contract (§§ 2A—518 and 2A—520), or recover damages for nondelivery (§§ 2A—519 and 2A—520); and

(d) exercise any other rights or pursue any other remedies provided in the lease contract.

(2) If a lessor fails to deliver the goods in conformity to the lease contract or repudiates the lease contract, the lessee may also:

(a) if the goods have been identified, recover them (§ 2A—522); or

(b) in a proper case, obtain specific performance or replevy the goods (§ 2A—521).

(3) If a lessor is otherwise in default under a lease contract, the lessee may exercise the rights and pursue the remedies provided in the lease contract, which may include a right to cancel the lease, and in section 2A—519(3) of this title.

(4) If a lessor has breached a warranty, whether express or implied, the lessee may recover damages (§ 2A—519(4)).

(5) On rightful rejection or justifiable revocation of acceptance, a lessee has a security interest in goods in the lessee's possession or control for any rent and security that has been paid and any expenses reasonably incurred in their inspection, receipt, transportation, and care and custody and may hold those goods and dispose of them in good faith and in a commercially reasonable manner, subject to section 2A—527(5) of this title.

(6) Subject to the provisions of section 2A—407 of this title, a lessee, on notifying the lessor of the lessee's intention to do so, may deduct all or any part of the damages resulting from any default under the lease contract from any part of the rent still due under the same lease contract.
9A V.S.A. § 404 — VT Code / Title 9A / Chapter 8 / Section 404
§§ 8-404. Wrongful registration
Status: in_force

(a) Except as otherwise provided in section 8—406 of this title, an issuer is liable for wrongful registration of transfer if the issuer has registered a transfer of a security to a person not entitled to it, and the transfer was registered:

(1) pursuant to an ineffective indorsement or instruction;

(2) after a demand that the issuer not register transfer became effective under subsection 8—403(a) of this title and the issuer did not comply with subsection 8—403(b) of this title;

(3) after the issuer had been served with an injunction, restraining order, or other legal process enjoining it from registering the transfer, issued by a court of competent jurisdiction, and the issuer had a reasonable opportunity to act on the injunction, restraining order, or other legal process; or

(4) by an issuer acting in collusion with the wrongdoer.

(b) An issuer that is liable for wrongful registration of transfer under subsection (a) of this section on demand shall provide the person entitled to the security with a like certificated or uncertificated security, and any payments or distributions that the person did not receive as a result of the wrongful registration. If an overissue would result, the issuer's liability to provide the person with a like security is governed by section 8—210 of this title.

(c) Except as otherwise provided in subsection (a) of this section or in a law relating to the collection of taxes, an issuer is not liable to an owner or other person suffering loss as a result of the registration of a transfer of a security if registration was made pursuant to an effective indorsement or instruction.
9 V.S.A. § 2976 — VT Code / Title 9 / Chapter 80 / Section 2976
§ 2976. Replacement of regulated flame retardants
Status: in_force

A manufacturer shall not replace decaBDE, TCEP, or TDCPP with a chemical that is:

(1) classified as “known to be a human carcinogen” or “reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen” in the most recent report on carcinogens by the National Toxicology Program in the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services;

(2) classified as “carcinogenic to humans” or “likely to be carcinogenic to humans” in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's most recent list of chemicals evaluated for carcinogenic potential; or

(3) identified by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency or National Institutes of Health as causing birth defects, hormone disruption, neurotoxicity, or harm to reproduction or development.
9A V.S.A. § 106 — VT Code / Title 9A / Chapter 4 / Section 106
§§ 4-106. Payable through or payable at bank; collecting bank
Status: in_force

(a) If an item states that it is “payable through” a bank identified in the item, (i) the item designates the bank as a collecting bank and does not by itself authorize the bank to pay the item, and (ii) the item may be presented for payment only by or through the bank.

(b) If an item states that it is “payable at” a bank identified in the item, the item is equivalent to a draft drawn on the bank.

(c) If a draft names a nonbank drawee and it is unclear whether a bank named in the draft is a co-drawee or a collecting bank, the bank is a collecting bank.
9A V.S.A. § 517 — VT Code / Title 9A / Chapter 9 / Section 517
§§ 9-517. Effect of indexing errors
Status: in_force

The failure of the filing office to index a record correctly does not affect the effectiveness of the filed record.
9 V.S.A. § 4094 — VT Code / Title 9 / Chapter 108 / Section 4094
§ 4094. Refusal to honor succession to ownership; notice required
Status: in_force

(a) If a manufacturer or distributor believes that good cause exists for refusing to honor the succession to the ownership of a new motor vehicle dealer by a family member of a deceased or incapacitated owner of a new motor vehicle dealer under the existing franchise agreement, the manufacturer or distributor may, not more than 60 days following receipt of notice of the designated family member's intent to succeed to the ownership of the new motor vehicle dealer, or any personal or financial data that it has requested, serve upon the designated family member notice of its refusal to honor the succession and of its intent to discontinue the existing franchise with the dealer no sooner than 90 days from the date the notice is served.

(b) The notice must state the specific grounds for the refusal to honor the succession and of its intent to discontinue the existing franchise with the new motor vehicle dealer no sooner than 90 days from the date the notice is served.

(c) If notice of refusal and discontinuance is not timely served upon the family member, the franchise shall continue in effect subject to termination only as otherwise permitted by this chapter.

(d) In the event of a conflict between the written instrument filed by the motor vehicle dealer with the manufacturer designating a certain person as his or her successor and the provisions of this section, the written instrument filed with the manufacturer shall govern.
9 V.S.A. § 2633 — VT Code / Title 9 / Chapter 73 / Section 2633
§ 2633. Specific powers and duties of Secretary; rules
Status: in_force

(a) The Secretary shall issue from time to time reasonable rules for the enforcement of this chapter, which rules shall have the force and effect of law. The rules may include (1) standards of net weight, measure, or count, and reasonable standards of fill, for any commodity in package form, (2) rules governing the technical and reporting procedures to be followed and the report and record forms and marks of approval and rejection to be used by inspectors of weights and measures in the discharge of their official duties, (3) exemptions from the sealing or marking requirements of section 2639 of this title with respect to weights and measures of such character or size that such sealing or marking would be inappropriate, impracticable, or damaging to the apparatus in question. These rules shall include specifications, tolerances, and other technical requirements for weights and measures of the character of those specified in section 2635 of this title, designed to eliminate from use, without prejudice to apparatus that conforms as closely as practicable to the official standards, those (1) that are not accurate, (2) that are of such construction that they are faulty, that is, that are not reasonably permanent in their adjustment or will not repeat their indications correctly, or (3) that facilitate the perpetration of fraud.

(b) The specifications, tolerances, and other technical requirements for commercial, law enforcement, data gathering, and other weighing and measuring devices, as adopted by the National Conference on Weights and Measures and published in National Institute of Standards and Technology Handbook 44, “Specifications, Tolerances, and other Technical Requirements for Weighing and Measuring Devices,” and supplements thereto, or revisions thereof, shall apply to weighing and measuring devices in the State, except insofar as modified or rejected by regulation.

(c) The uniform regulation for packaging and labeling, the uniform regulation for unit pricing, the uniform regulation for national type evaluation, and the uniform regulation for the method of sale of commodities, except for bread, as adopted by the National Conference on Weights and Measures, and published by the National Institute of Standards and Technology Handbook 130, “Uniform Laws and Regulations,” together with amendments, supplements, and revisions thereto, are adopted as part of this chapter except as modified or rejected by rule.
9A V.S.A. § 527 — VT Code / Title 9A / Chapter 2A / Section 527
§§ 2A-527. Lessor's rights to dispose of goods
Status: in_force

(1) After a default by a lessee under the lease contract of the type described in section 2A—523(1) or 2A—523(3)(a) of this title or after the lessor refuses to deliver or takes possession of goods (§ 2A—525 or 2A—526), or, if agreed, after other default by a lessee, the lessor may dispose of the goods concerned or the undelivered balance thereof by lease, sale, or otherwise.

(2) Except as otherwise provided with respect to damages liquidated in the lease agreement (§ 2A—504) or otherwise determined pursuant to agreement of the parties (§§ 1—302 and 2A—503), if the disposition is by lease agreement substantially similar to the original lease agreement and the new lease agreement is made in good faith and in a commercially reasonable manner, the lessor may recover from the lessee as damages (i) accrued and unpaid rent as of the date of the commencement of the term of the new lease agreement, (ii) the present value, as of the same date, of the total rent for the then remaining lease term of the original lease agreement minus the present value, as of the same date, of the rent under the new lease agreement applicable to that period of the new lease term which is comparable to the then remaining term of the original lease agreement, and (iii) any incidental damages allowed under section 2A—530 of this title, less expenses saved in consequence of the lessee's default.

(3) If the lessor's disposition is by lease agreement that for any reason does not qualify for treatment under subsection (2) of this section, or is by sale or otherwise, the lessor may recover from the lessee as if the lessor had elected not to dispose of the goods and section 2A—528 of this title governs.

(4) A subsequent buyer or lessee who buys or leases from the lessor in good faith for value as a result of a disposition under this section takes the goods free of the original lease contract and any rights of the original lessee even though the lessor fails to comply with one or more of the requirements of this article.

(5) The lessor is not accountable to the lessee for any profit made on any disposition. A lessee who has rightfully rejected or justifiably revoked acceptance shall account to the lessor for any excess over the amount of the lessee's security interest (§ 2A—508(5)).
9 V.S.A. § 4170 — VT Code / Title 9 / Chapter 115 / Section 4170
§ 4170. Legislative intent
Status: in_force

The Legislature finds and declares that manufacturers, distributors, and importers of new motor vehicles should be obligated to provide speedy and less costly resolution of automobile warranty problems. Manufacturers should be required to provide in as expeditious a manner as possible a refund of the consumer's purchase price or payments to a lessor and lessee or a replacement vehicle that is acceptable to the consumer whenever the manufacturer is unable to make the vehicle conform with its applicable warranty. New motor vehicle dealers and used motor vehicle dealers cannot be sued under this chapter.
9A V.S.A. § 514 — VT Code / Title 9A / Chapter 2A / Section 514
§§ 2A-514. Waiver of lessee's objections
Status: in_force

(1) In rejecting goods, a lessee's failure to state a particular defect that is ascertainable by reasonable inspection precludes the lessee from relying on the defect to justify rejection or to establish default:

(a) if, stated seasonably, the lessor or the supplier could have cured it (§ 2A—513); or

(b) between merchants if the lessor or the supplier after rejection has made a request in writing for a full and final written statement of all defects on which the lessee proposes to rely.

(2) A lessee's failure to reserve rights when paying rent or other consideration against documents precludes recovery of the payment for defects apparent in the documents.
9 V.S.A. § 2449g — VT Code / Title 9 / Chapter 62 / Section 2449g
§ 2449g. Age assurance privacy [Effective January 1, 2027]
Status: in_force

[Subsection (a) effective January 1, 2027.]

(a) Privacy protections for age assurance data. During the process of conducting age assurance, covered businesses and processors shall:

(1) only collect personal data of a user that is strictly necessary for age assurance;

(2) immediately upon determining whether a user is a covered minor, delete any personal data collected of that user for age assurance, except the determination of the user's age range;

(3) not use any personal data of a user collected for age assurance for any other purpose;

(4) not combine personal data of a user collected for age assurance, except the determination of the user's age range, with any other personal data of the user;

(5) not disclose personal data of a user collected for age assurance to a third party that is not a processor; and

(6) implement a review process to allow users to appeal their age determination.

(b) Rulemaking.

(1) Subject to subdivision (2) of this subsection, the Attorney General shall, on or before January 1, 2027, adopt rules identifying commercially reasonable and technically feasible methods for covered businesses and processors to determine if a user is a covered minor, describing appropriate review processes for users appealing their age designations, and providing any additional privacy protections for age assurance data. The Attorney General shall periodically review and update these rules as necessary to keep pace with emerging technology.

(2) In adopting these rules, the Attorney General shall:

(A) prioritize user privacy and accessibility over the accuracy of age assurance methods; and

(B) consider:

(i) the size, financial resources, and technical capabilities of covered businesses and processors;

(ii) the costs and effectiveness of available age assurance methods;

(iii) the impact of age assurance methods on users' safety, utility, and experience;

(iv) whether and to what extent transparency measures would increase consumer trust in an age assurance method; and

(v) the efficacy of requiring covered businesses and processors to:

(I) use previously collected data to determine user age;

(II) adopt interoperable age assurance methods; and

(III) provide users with multiple options for age assurance.
9 V.S.A. § 5612 — VT Code / Title 9 / Chapter 150 / Section 5612
§ 5612. Severability clause
Status: in_force

If any provision of this chapter or its application to any person or circumstances is held invalid, the invalidity does not affect other provisions or applications of this chapter that can be given effect without the invalid provision or application, and to this end, the provisions of this chapter are severable.
9 V.S.A. § 3868 — VT Code / Title 9 / Chapter 97 / Section 3868
§ 3868. Sale of pawned property
Status: in_force

A pawnbroker shall not sell pawned or pledged property until the same has remained six months in his or her possession without redemption, and upon such sale, shall keep a record of the date of such sale, the name and address of the purchaser, and the price paid, and such record shall be subject to inspection as other records of such pawnbroker.
9 V.S.A. § 2762 — VT Code / Title 9 / Chapter 73 / Section 2762
§ 2762. Hindering or obstructing officer
Status: in_force

Any person who hinders or obstructs in any way the Secretary, the Deputy Secretary, or any one of the inspectors, or a sealer or deputy sealer, in the performance of his or her official duties shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof shall be punished by a fine of not less than $20.00 or more than $200.00, or by imprisonment for not more than three months, or by both.
9A V.S.A. § 215 — VT Code / Title 9A / Chapter 2A / Section 215
§§ 2A-215. Cumulation and conflict of warranties express or implied
Status: in_force

Warranties, whether express or implied, must be construed as consistent with each other and as cumulative, but if that construction is unreasonable, the intention of the parties determines which warranty is dominant. In ascertaining that intention the following rules apply:

(a) Exact or technical specifications displace an inconsistent sample or model or general language of description.

(b) A sample from an existing bulk displaces inconsistent general language of description.

(c) Express warranties displace inconsistent implied warranties other than an implied warranty of fitness for a particular purpose.
9 V.S.A. § 2476 — VT Code / Title 9 / Chapter 63 / Section 2476
§ 2476. Bank accounts
Status: in_force

(a) All checks and money orders contributed in response to a solicitation shall be made out to the name of the charitable organization.

(b) A paid fundraiser shall immediately deposit, in a bank account in the name of the charitable organization with which the paid fundraiser has contracted, all contributions received by the paid fundraiser. The signature of the treasurer or other agent designated by the charitable organization shall be required to remove any funds from the account.

(c) Within 60 days after a solicitation campaign has been completed, the paid fundraiser shall file with the charitable organization a closing statement for the campaign, including the name and address of each contributor and the amount of the contribution; the amount of gross receipts; and an itemized list of all expenses, commissions, and other costs incurred in the campaign.
9A V.S.A. § 113 — VT Code / Title 9A / Chapter 5 / Section 113
§§ 5-113. Transfer by operation of law
Status: in_force

(a) A successor of a beneficiary may consent to amendments, sign and present documents, and receive payment or other items of value in the name of the beneficiary without disclosing its status as a successor.

(b) A successor of a beneficiary may consent to amendments, sign and present documents, and receive payment or other items of value in its own name as the disclosed successor of the beneficiary. Except as otherwise provided in subsection (e) of this section, an issuer shall recognize a disclosed successor of a beneficiary as beneficiary in full substitution for its predecessor upon compliance with the requirements for recognition by the issuer of a transfer of drawing rights by operation of law under the standard practice referred to in subsection 5—108(e) of this title or, in the absence of such a practice, compliance with other reasonable procedures sufficient to protect the issuer.

(c) An issuer is not obliged to determine whether a purported successor is a successor of a beneficiary or whether the signature of a purported successor is genuine or authorized.

(d) Honor of a purported successor's apparently complying presentation under subsection (a) or (b) of this section has the consequences specified in subsection 5—108(i) of this title even if the purported successor is not the successor of a beneficiary. Documents signed in the name of the beneficiary or of a disclosed successor by a person who is neither the beneficiary nor the successor of the beneficiary are forged documents for the purposes of section 5—109 of this title.

(e) An issuer whose rights of reimbursement are not covered by subsection (d) of this section or substantially similar law and any confirmer or nominated person may decline to recognize a presentation under subsection (b) of this section.

(f) A beneficiary whose name is changed after the issuance of a letter of credit has the same rights and obligations as a successor of a beneficiary under this section.
9A V.S.A. § 516 — VT Code / Title 9A / Chapter 2A / Section 516
§§ 2A-516. Effect of acceptance of goods; notice of default; burden of establishing default after acceptance; notice of claim or litigation to person answerable over
Status: in_force

(1) A lessee must pay rent for any goods accepted in accordance with the lease contract, with due allowance for goods rightfully rejected or not delivered.

(2) A lessee's acceptance of goods precludes rejection of the goods accepted. In the case of a finance lease, if made with knowledge of a nonconformity, acceptance cannot be revoked because of it. In any other case, if made with knowledge of a nonconformity, acceptance cannot be revoked because of it unless the acceptance was on the reasonable assumption that the nonconformity would be seasonably cured. Acceptance does not of itself impair any other remedy provided by this article or the lease agreement for nonconformity.

(3) If a tender has been accepted:

(a) within a reasonable time after the lessee discovers or should have discovered any default, the lessee shall notify the lessor and the supplier, if any, or be barred from any remedy against the party not notified;

(b) except in the case of a consumer lease, within a reasonable time after the lessee receives notice of litigation for infringement or the like (§ 2A—211) the lessee shall notify the lessor or be barred from any remedy over for liability established by the litigation; and

(c) the burden is on the lessee to establish any default.

(4) If a lessee is sued for breach of a warranty or other obligation for which a lessor or a supplier is answerable over the following apply:

(a) The lessee may give the lessor or the supplier, or both, written notice of the litigation. If the notice states that the person notified may come in and defend and that if the person notified does not do so that person will be bound in any action against that person by the lessee by any determination of fact common to the two litigations, then unless the person notified after seasonable receipt of the notice does come in and defend that person is so bound.

(b) The lessor or the supplier may demand in writing that the lessee turn over control of the litigation including settlement if the claim is one for infringement or the like (§ 2A—211) or else be barred from any remedy over. If the demand states that the lessor or the supplier agrees to bear all expense and to satisfy any adverse judgment, then unless the lessee after seasonable receipt of the demand does turn over control the lessee is so barred.

(5) Subsections (3) and (4) of this section apply to any obligation of a lessee to hold the lessor or the supplier harmless against infringement or the like (§ 2A—211).
9 V.S.A. § 2765 — VT Code / Title 9 / Chapter 73 / Section 2765
§ 2765. Malfeasance
Status: in_force

Any licensed public weighmaster who falsifies a weight certificate, or who delegates his or her authority to any person not licensed as a licensed public weighmaster, shall be fined not less than $50.00 or more than $500.00, or be imprisoned not less than 30 days or more than 90 days, or both.
9A V.S.A. § 107 — VT Code / Title 9A / Chapter 1 / Section 107
§§ 1-107. Section captions
Status: in_force

Section captions are parts of this title.
9A V.S.A. § 210 — VT Code / Title 9A / Chapter 2A / Section 210
§§ 2A-210. Express warranties
Status: in_force

(1) Express warranties by the lessor are created as follows:

(a) Any affirmation of fact or promise made by the lessor to the lessee which relates to the goods and becomes part of the basis of the bargain creates an express warranty that the goods will conform to the affirmation or promise.

(b) Any description of the goods which is made part of the basis of the bargain creates an express warranty that the goods will conform to the description.

(c) Any sample or model that is made part of the basis of the bargain creates an express warranty that the whole of the goods will conform to the sample or model.

(2) It is not necessary to the creation of an express warranty that the lessor use formal words, such as “warrant” or “guarantee,” or that the lessor have a specific intention to make a warranty, but an affirmation merely of the value of the goods or a statement purporting to be merely the lessor's opinion or commendation of the goods does not create a warranty.
9 V.S.A. § 2290 — VT Code / Title 9 / Chapter 57 / Section 2290
§ 2290. When transfer is made or obligation is incurred
Status: in_force

For the purposes of this chapter:

(1) a transfer is made:

(A) with respect to an asset that is real property other than a fixture, but including the interest of a seller or purchaser under a contract for the sale of the asset, when the transfer is so far perfected that a good-faith purchaser of the asset from the debtor against whom applicable law permits the transfer to be perfected cannot acquire an interest in the asset that is superior to the interest of the transferee; and

(B) with respect to an asset that is not real property or that is a fixture, when the transfer is so far perfected that a creditor on a simple contract cannot acquire a judicial lien otherwise than under this chapter that is superior to the interest of the transferee;

(2) if applicable law permits the transfer to be perfected as provided in subdivision (1) of this section and the transfer is not so perfected before the commencement of an action for relief under this chapter, the transfer is deemed made immediately before the commencement of the action;

(3) if applicable law does not permit the transfer to be perfected as provided in subdivision (1) of this section, the transfer is made when it becomes effective between the debtor and the transferee;

(4) a transfer is not made until the debtor has acquired rights in the asset transferred;

(5) an obligation is incurred:

(A) if oral, when it becomes effective between parties; or

(B) if evidenced by a record, when the record signed by the obligor is delivered to or for the benefit of the obligee.
9 V.S.A. § 2312 — VT Code / Title 9 / Chapter 57 / Section 2312
§ 2312. Prima facie evidence of knowledge
Status: in_force

As against the maker or drawer thereof, the making, drawing, uttering, or delivery of such check, draft, or order, the payment of which is refused by the drawee for the reason that the maker or drawer has not sufficient funds in or credit with such bank or other depository for the payment of such check, draft, or order in full upon its presentation, shall be prima facie evidence of knowledge at the time of such making, drawing, uttering, or delivery that the maker or drawer did not have sufficient funds in or credit with such bank or other depository for the payment of such check, draft, or order in full upon its presentation, unless such maker or drawer shall pay such check, draft, or order, with all costs and protest fees, within eight days after receiving notice that the same has not been paid by the drawee.
9A V.S.A. § 105 — VT Code / Title 9A / Chapter 3 / Section 105
§§ 3-105. Issue of instrument
Status: in_force

(a) “Issue” means:

(1) the first delivery of an instrument by the maker or drawer, whether to a holder or nonholder, for the purpose of giving rights on the instrument to any person; or

(2) if agreed by the payee, the first transmission by the drawer to the payee of an image of an item and information derived from the item that enables the depositary bank to collect the item by transferring or presenting under federal law an electronic check.

(b) An unissued instrument, or an unissued incomplete instrument that is completed, is binding on the maker or drawer, but nonissuance is a defense. An instrument that is conditionally issued or is issued for a special purpose is binding on the maker or drawer, but failure of the condition or special purpose to be fulfilled is a defense.

(c) “Issuer” applies to issued and unissued instruments and means a maker or drawer of an instrument.
9 V.S.A. § 3901 — VT Code / Title 9 / Chapter 98 / Section 3901
§ 3901. Definitions
Status: in_force

As used in this chapter:

(1) “Default” means the violation or failure to perform a duty or obligation created in this chapter or in a rental agreement.

(2) “Electronic mail” means the transmission of information through computer or other electronic means or a communication sent to a person identified by a unique electronic address.

(3) “Last known address” means the mailing address, and the email address if applicable, provided by the occupant in a rental agreement or in a subsequent written notice of a change of address.

(4)(A) “Late fee” means a fee or charge assessed for an occupant's failure to pay rent or other fees, charges, or expenses when due.

(B) “Late fee” does not include:

(i) interest on a debt;

(ii) reasonable expenses, fees, or charges incurred in the collection of unpaid rent or expenses; or

(iii) fees or charges associated with the enforcement of any other remedy provided by law or a rental agreement.

(5) “Occupant” means a person, successor, assignee, agent, or representative entitled to use storage space under a rental agreement to the exclusion of others.

(6) “Owner” means the owner, operator, lessor, or sublessor of a self- storage facility, an agent, or any other person authorized by the owner to manage the facility or to receive rent from an occupant under a rental agreement.

(7) “Personal information” means written information about a person that is not publicly available and that readily identifies that person or is closely associated with that person, including a Social Security number, credit or debit card information, a bank account number, medical information, or passport information.

(8) “Personal property” means movable property not affixed to land, and includes goods, merchandise, and household items.

(9) “Rental agreement” means a written agreement that establishes or modifies the terms, conditions, rules, or any other provision concerning the use and occupancy of storage space.

(10)(A) “Self-storage facility” means real property designed and used for the purpose of renting or leasing individual storage space to an occupant.

(B) A self-storage facility is not a “warehouse” as defined in 9A V.S.A. § 7-102.

(11) “Storage space” means the individual space at a self-storage facility that is rented to an occupant under a rental agreement.
9A V.S.A. § 118 — VT Code / Title 9A / Chapter 5 / Section 118
§§ 5-118. Security interest of issuer or nominated person
Status: in_force

(a) An issuer or nominated person has a security interest in a document presented under a letter of credit to the extent that the issuer or nominated person honors or gives value for the presentation.

(b) So long as and to the extent that an issuer or nominated person has not been reimbursed or has not otherwise recovered the value given with respect to a security interest in a document under subsection (a) of this section, the security interest continues and is subject to Article 9 of this title, but:

(1) a security agreement is not necessary to make the security interest enforceable under subdivision 9—203(b)(3) of this title;

(2) if the document is presented in a medium other than a written or other tangible medium, the security interest is perfected; and

(3) if the document is presented in a written or other tangible medium and is not a certificated security, chattel paper, a document of title, an instrument, or a letter of credit, the security interest is perfected and has priority over a conflicting security interest in the document so long as the debtor does not have possession of the document.
9A V.S.A. § 602 — VT Code / Title 9A / Chapter 7 / Section 602
§§ 7-602. Judicial process against goods covered by negotiable document of title
Status: in_force

Unless a document of title was originally issued upon delivery of the goods by a person that did not have power to dispose of them, a lien does not attach by virtue of any judicial process to goods in the possession of a bailee for which a negotiable document of title is outstanding unless possession or control of the document is first surrendered to the bailee or the document's negotiation is enjoined. The bailee may not be compelled to deliver the goods pursuant to process until possession or control of the document is surrendered to the bailee or to the court. A purchaser of the document for value without notice of the process or injunction takes free of the lien imposed by judicial process.
9 V.S.A. § 2725 — VT Code / Title 9 / Chapter 73 / Section 2725
§ 2725. Dealers and service persons of weighing and measuring devices; registration certificate; hand seal
Status: in_force

(a) Any person wishing to be registered as a dealer or service person shall apply to the Secretary upon forms provided by the Agency, and each application shall be accompanied by a fee of $60.00. Upon approval, the Secretary shall issue to the applicant a registration certificate that shall expire on June 30 unless sooner suspended or revoked under section 2726 of this title. Any service person who applies for a registration certificate must have obtained a hand seal that has a number registered with the Secretary. Any service person who has been granted a registration certificate shall, with the hand seal, seal all meters with a lead and wire seal at the time as he or she installs, repairs, or adjusts the meters.

(b) Any person who installs bulk milk tanks for remuneration or as a term of the sale of such tank shall be registered as a dealer of weighing and measuring devices, prior to the installation of the tank. Such person shall follow the procedure set forth in subsection (a) of this section in applying for the registration certificate and shall comply with all applicable laws.
9A V.S.A. § 316 — VT Code / Title 9A / Chapter 2 / Section 316
§§ 2-316. Exclusion or modification of warranties
Status: in_force

(1) Words or conduct relevant to the creation of an express warranty and words or conduct tending to negate or limit warranty shall be construed wherever reasonable as consistent with each other; but subject to the provisions of this article on parol or extrinsic evidence (§ 2—202) negation or limitation is inoperative to the extent that such construction is unreasonable.

(2) Subject to subsection (3) of this section, to exclude or modify the implied warranty or merchantability or any part of it the language must mention merchantability and in case of a writing must be conspicuous, and to exclude or modify any implied warranty of fitness the exclusion must be by a writing and conspicuous. Language to exclude all implied warranties of fitness is sufficient if it states, for example, that “There are no warranties which extend beyond the description on the face hereof.”

(3) Notwithstanding subsection (2) of this section:

(a) unless the circumstances indicate otherwise, all implied warranties of fitness may be excluded by expressions like “as is”, “with all faults” or other language which in common understanding calls the buyer's attention to the exclusion of warranties and makes plain that there is no implied warranty; and

(b) when the buyer before entering into the contract has examined the goods or the sample or model as fully as he or she desired or has refused to examine the goods there is no implied warranty with regard to defects which an examination ought in the circumstances to have revealed to him or her; and

(c) an implied warranty can also be excluded or modified by course of dealing or course of performance or usage of trade.

(4) Remedies for breach of warranty can be limited in accordance with the provisions of this article on liquidation or limitation of damages and on contractual modification of remedy (§§ 2—718 and 2—719).

(5) The provisions of subsections (2), (3) and (4) of this section shall not apply to sales of new or unused consumer goods or services. Any language, oral or written, used by a seller or manufacturer of consumer goods and services, which attempts to exclude or modify any implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose or to exclude or modify the consumer's remedies for breach of those warranties, shall be unenforceable. For the purposes of this section, “consumer” means consumer as defined in 9 V.S.A. chapter 63.
9A V.S.A. § 503 — VT Code / Title 9A / Chapter 3 / Section 503
§§ 3-503. Notice of dishonor
Status: in_force

(a) The obligation of an indorser stated in section 3—415(a) of this title and the obligation of a drawer stated in section 3—414(d) of this title may not be enforced unless (i) the indorser or drawer is given notice of dishonor of the instrument complying with this section or (ii) notice of dishonor is excused under section 3—504(b) of this title.

(b) Notice of dishonor may be given by any person; may be given by any commercially reasonable means, including an oral, written, or electronic communication; and is sufficient if it reasonably identifies the instrument and indicates that the instrument has been dishonored or has not been paid or accepted. Return of an instrument given to a bank for collection is sufficient notice of dishonor.

(c) Subject to section 3—504(c) of this title, with respect to an instrument taken for collection by a collecting bank, notice of dishonor must be given (i) by the bank before midnight of the next banking day following the banking day on which the bank receives notice of dishonor of the instrument, or (ii) by any other person within 30 days following the day on which the person receives notice of dishonor. With respect to any other instrument, notice of dishonor must be given within 30 days following the day on which dishonor occurs.
9A V.S.A. § 506 — VT Code / Title 9A / Chapter 2 / Section 506
§§ 2-506. Rights of financing agency
Status: in_force

(1) A financing agency by paying or purchasing for value a draft which relates to a shipment of goods acquires to the extent of the payment or purchase and in addition to its own rights under the draft and any document of title securing it any rights of the shipper in the goods including the right to stop delivery and the shipper's right to have the draft honored by the buyer.

(2) The right to reimbursement of a financing agency which has in good faith honored or purchased the draft under commitment to or authority from the buyer is not impaired by subsequent discovery of defects with reference to any relevant document which was apparently regular.
9 V.S.A. § 3863 — VT Code / Title 9 / Chapter 97 / Section 3863
§ 3863. Fees; bond; revocation of license
Status: in_force

A person receiving such license shall pay therefor the sum of $15.00 annually for the use of the town. Such license shall expire one year from the date thereof, and may be renewed on payment of the same sum. At the time of receiving such license, a licensee shall file a bond to the selectboard members or aldermen of such town or city, to be executed by the person so licensed, and by two responsible sureties or a bonding company in the penal sum of $500.00, which bond shall be conditioned for the faithful performance of the duties and obligations pertaining to the business so licensed, and the selectboard members or aldermen may revoke such license for cause.
9A V.S.A. § 405 — VT Code / Title 9A / Chapter 2A / Section 405
§§ 2A-405. Excused performance
Status: in_force

Subject to section 2A—404 of this title on substituted performance, the following rules apply:

(a) Delay in delivery or nondelivery in whole or in part by a lessor or a supplier who complies with paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section is not a default under the lease contract if performance as agreed has been made impracticable by the occurrence of a contingency the nonoccurrence of which was a basic assumption on which the lease contract was made or by compliance in good faith with any applicable foreign or domestic governmental regulation or order, whether or not the regulation or order later proves to be invalid.

(b) If the causes mentioned in paragraph (a) of this section affect only part of the lessor's or the supplier's capacity to perform, he or she shall allocate production and deliveries among his or her customers but at his or her option may include regular customers not then under contract for sale or lease as well as his or her own requirements for further manufacture. He or she may so allocate in any manner that is fair and reasonable.

(c) The lessor seasonably shall notify the lessee and in the case of a finance lease the supplier seasonably shall notify the lessor and the lessee, if known, that there will be delay or nondelivery and, if allocation is required under paragraph (b) of this section, of the estimated quota thus made available for the lessee.
9A V.S.A. § 501 — VT Code / Title 9A / Chapter 4 / Section 501
§§ 4-501. Handling of documentary drafts; duty to send for presentment and to notify customer of dishonor
Status: in_force

A bank that takes a documentary draft for collection shall present or send the draft and accompanying documents for presentment and, upon learning that the draft has not been paid or accepted in due course, shall seasonably notify its customer of the fact even though it may have discounted or bought the draft or extended credit available for withdrawal as of right.
9 V.S.A. § 2051 — VT Code / Title 9 / Chapter 51 / Section 2051
§ 2051. Filing in town clerk's office
Status: in_force

Notices of liens upon real or personal property for taxes or other obligations payable to the United States of America, certificates and notices affecting the liens, and certificates discharging the liens shall be filed in the office of the town clerk of the town in this State within which the property subject to the lien is situated.
9 V.S.A. § 2482j — VT Code / Title 9 / Chapter 63 / Section 2482j
§ 2482j. Violations
Status: in_force

A person who violates this subchapter commits an unfair and deceptive act in trade and commerce in violation of section 2453 of this title.
9A V.S.A. § 406 — VT Code / Title 9A / Chapter 4 / Section 406
§§ 4-406. Customer's duty to discover and report unauthorized signature or alteration
Status: in_force

(a) Upon the request of a customer, the bank shall return to a customer items shown as paid on a statement of accounts, or copies thereof. If the customer does not request that the items, or copies thereof, be returned, the bank shall provide information in the statement of account sufficient to allow the customer to reasonably identify the items that have been paid. The statement of account provides sufficient information if the item is described by item number, amount, and date of payment.

(b) If the items are not returned to the customer, the person retaining the items shall either retain the items or, if the items are destroyed, maintain the capacity to furnish legible copies of the items until the expiration of seven years after receipt of the items. A customer may request an item from the bank that paid the item, and that bank must provide in a reasonable time either the item or, if the item has been destroyed or is not otherwise obtainable, a legible copy of the item.

(c) If a bank sends or makes available a statement of account or items pursuant to subsection (a) of this section, the customer must exercise reasonable promptness in examining the statement or the items to determine whether any payment was not authorized because of an alteration of an item or because a purported signature by or on behalf of the customer was not authorized. If, based on the statement or items provided, the customer should reasonably have discovered the unauthorized payment, the customer must promptly notify the bank of the relevant facts.

(d) If the bank proves that the customer failed, with respect to an item, to comply with the duties imposed on the customer by subsection (c) of this section, the customer is precluded from asserting against the bank:

(1) the customer's unauthorized signature or any alteration on the item, if the bank also proves that it suffered a loss by reason of the failure; and

(2) the customer's unauthorized signature or alteration by the same wrongdoer on any other item paid in good faith by the bank if the payment was made before the bank received notice from the customer of the unauthorized signature or alteration and after the customer had been afforded a reasonable period of time, not exceeding 30 days, in which to examine the item or statement of account and notify the bank.

(e) If subsection (d) of this section applies and the customer proves that the bank failed to exercise ordinary care in paying the item and that the failure substantially contributed to loss, the loss is allocated between the customer precluded and the bank asserting the preclusion according to the extent to which the failure of the customer to comply with subsection (c) of this section and the failure of the bank to exercise ordinary care contributed to the loss. If the customer proves that the bank did not pay the item in good faith, the preclusion under subsection (d) of this section does not apply.

(f) Without regard to care or lack of care of either the customer or the bank, a customer who does not within one year after the statement or items are made available to the customer (subsection (a)) discover and report the customer's unauthorized signature on or any alteration on the item is precluded from asserting against the bank the unauthorized signature or the alteration. If there is a preclusion under this subsection, the payor bank may not recover for breach of warranty under section 4—208 of this title with respect to the unauthorized signature or alteration to which the preclusion applies.
9 V.S.A. § 2721 — VT Code / Title 9 / Chapter 73 / Section 2721
§ 2721. Licensed public weighmaster-license
Status: in_force

Any person who is 18 years of age or older wishing to be a licensed public weighmaster shall apply to the Secretary upon forms provided by the Agency and remit a fee of $25.00. Upon approval, the Secretary shall issue to the applicant a license certificate that shall expire on June 30 unless sooner suspended or revoked under section 2723 of this title. Renewal applications shall be in such form as the Secretary shall prescribe.
9 V.S.A. § 2823 — VT Code / Title 9 / Chapter 75 / Section 2823
§ 2823. Enforcement by Commissioner of Health; registration of brands and labels
Status: in_force

The Commissioner of Health shall enforce the provisions of this chapter, and may approve and register such brands and labels intended for use under the provisions of this chapter as may be submitted to the Commissioner for that purpose and as may in the Commissioner's judgment conform to the requirements of this chapter. However, in any prosecution under this chapter, the fact that any brand or label involved in such prosecution has not been submitted to the Commissioner of Health for approval, or if submitted, has not been approved by the Commissioner, shall be immaterial.
9 V.S.A. § 2465 — VT Code / Title 9 / Chapter 63 / Section 2465
§ 2465. Antitrust remedies
Status: in_force

(a) Any person who sustains damages or injury as a result of any violation of State antitrust laws, including section 2453 of this title, may sue and recover from the violator the amount of his or her damages, or the consideration or the value of the consideration given by the aggrieved person, reasonable attorney's fees, and exemplary damages, not exceeding three times the value of the consideration given or damages sustained by the aggrieved person.

(b) In any action for damages or injury sustained as a result of any violation of State antitrust laws, pursuant to section 2453 of this title, the fact that the State, any public agency, political subdivision, or any other person has not dealt directly with a defendant shall not bar or otherwise limit recovery. The court shall take all necessary steps to avoid duplicate liability, including the transfer or consolidation of all related actions.
9A V.S.A. § 506 — VT Code / Title 9A / Chapter 2A / Section 506
§§ 2A-506. Statute of limitations
Status: in_force

(1) An action for default under a lease contract, including breach of warranty or indemnity, must be commenced within four years after the cause of action accrued. By the original lease contract the parties may reduce the period of limitation to not less than one year.

(2) A cause of action for default accrues when the act or omission on which the default or breach of warranty is based is or should have been discovered by the aggrieved party, or when the default occurs, whichever is later. A cause of action for indemnity accrues when the act or omission on which the claim for indemnity is based is or should have been discovered by the indemnified party, whichever is later.

(3) If an action commenced within the time limited by subsection (1) of this section is so terminated as to leave available a remedy by another action for the same default or breach of warranty or indemnity, the other action may be commenced after the expiration of the time limited and within six months after the termination of the first action unless the termination resulted from voluntary discontinuance or from dismissal for failure or neglect to prosecute.

(4) This section does not alter the law on tolling of the statute of limitations nor does it apply to causes of action that have accrued before this article becomes effective.
9A V.S.A. § 112 — VT Code / Title 9A / Chapter 5 / Section 112
§§ 5-112. Transfer of letter of credit
Status: in_force

(a) Except as otherwise provided in section 5—113 of this title, unless a letter of credit provides that it is transferable, the right of a beneficiary to draw or otherwise demand performance under a letter of credit may not be transferred.

(b) Even if a letter of credit provides that it is transferable, the issuer may refuse to recognize or carry out a transfer if:

(1) the transfer would violate applicable law; or

(2) the transferor or transferee has failed to comply with any requirement stated in the letter of credit or any other requirement relating to transfer imposed by the issuer which is within the standard practice referred to in subsection 5—108(e) of this title or is otherwise reasonable under the circumstances.
9A V.S.A. § 107 — VT Code / Title 9A / Chapter 2 / Section 107
§§ 2-107. Goods to be severed from realty: recording
Status: in_force

(1) A contract for the sale of minerals or the like (including oil and gas) or a structure or its materials to be removed from realty is a contract for the sale of goods within this article if they are to be severed by the seller but until severance a purported present sale thereof which is not effective as a transfer of an interest in land is effective only as a contract to sell.

(2) A contract for the sale apart from the land of growing crops or other things attached to realty and capable of severance without material harm thereto but not described in subsection (1) of this section or of timber to be cut is a contract for the sale of goods within this article whether the subject matter is to be severed by the buyer or by the seller even though it forms part of the realty at the time of contracting, and the parties can by identification effect a present sale before severance.

(3) The provisions of this section are subject to any third party rights provided by the law relating to realty records, and the contract for sale may be executed and recorded as a document transferring an interest in land and shall then constitute notice to third parties of the buyer's rights under the contract for sale.
9A V.S.A. § 101 — VT Code / Title 9A / Chapter 7 / Section 101
§§ 7-101. Short title
Status: in_force

This article may be cited as Uniform Commercial Code-Documents of Title.