27A V.S.A. § 201 — VT Code / Title 27A / Chapter 1 / Section 201
§ 1-201. New common interest communities
Status: in_force

(a) Except as otherwise provided in subsection (b) of this section and sections 1-203 and 1-204 of this title, this title applies to all condominiums in this State after January 1, 1999 that may be used for residential purposes and to all other common interest communities that contain 12 or more units that may be used for residential purposes and are created within this State after January 1, 1999. The provisions of 27 V.S.A. chapter 15, subchapter 1 shall not apply to common interest communities created after December 31, 1998. Amendments to this title apply to all common interest communities that contain 12 or more units that may be used for residential purposes and are created after January 1, 2011, or are subject to this title by amendment of their declaration, regardless of when the amendment to this title is adopted in this State.

(b) A mobile home park, as defined in 10 V.S.A. chapter 153, existing before June 30, 1990, shall not be converted through the use of any device, directly or indirectly, into a common interest community pursuant to this title. Any person who offers for transfer ownership interests in a residential condominium unit in a mobile home park shall be subject to the provisions of 27 V.S.A. chapter 15, subchapter 3 and other applicable laws.

(c) Common interest communities created under this title shall be subject to 27 V.S.A. chapter 15, subchapter 2.
27 V.S.A. § 1318 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 15 / Section 1318
§ 1318. Bylaws
Status: in_force

The administration of every property shall be governed by bylaws, a true copy of which shall be annexed to the declaration and made a part thereof. No modification of or amendment to the bylaws shall be valid unless set forth in an amendment to the declaration and such amendment is duly recorded.
27 V.S.A. § 1614 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 18 / Section 1614
§ 1614. Confidentiality agreement
Status: in_force

A person to be examined under section 1562 of this title may require, as a condition of disclosure of the records of the person to be examined, that each person having access to the records disclosed in the examination execute and deliver to the person to be examined a confidentiality agreement that:

(1) is in a form that is reasonably satisfactory to the Administrator; and

(2) requires the person having access to the records to comply with the provisions of this subchapter applicable to the person.
27 V.S.A. § 1156 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 12 / Section 1156
§ 1156. Property vested in museums
Status: in_force

(a) If no written assertion of title has been presented by the owner to the museum within 180 days after the date of the third published notice, title to the property shall vest in the museum free of all claims of the owner and any other person claiming under the owner.

(b) A person who purchases or otherwise acquires property from a museum acquires good title to the property if the museum has acquired title to the property under this chapter.
27A V.S.A. § 209 — VT Code / Title 27A / Chapter 1 / Section 209
§ 1-209. Small condominiums; exception; access to mixed funding sources
Status: in_force

Subsection 2-101(b), subdivisions 2-109(b)(2) and (11), subsection 2-109(g), section 2-115, and Article 4 of this title shall not apply to a condominium if the declaration:

(1) creates fewer than 10 units; and

(2) restricts ownership of a unit to entities that are controlled by, affiliated with, or managed by the declarant.
27A V.S.A. § 102 — VT Code / Title 27A / Chapter 3 / Section 102
§ 3-102. Powers of unit owners' association
Status: repealed

(a) Except as otherwise provided in subsection (b) of this section and other provisions of this title, the association:

(1) shall adopt and may amend bylaws and may adopt and amend rules;

(2) shall adopt and may amend budgets for revenues, expenditures, and reserves under section 3-123 of this title, may collect assessments for common expenses from unit owners, and may invest funds of the association;

(3) may hire and discharge managing agents and other employees, agents, and independent contractors;

(4) may initiate, defend, or intervene in litigation, arbitration, mediation, or administrative proceedings in its name on behalf of itself or two or more unit owners on matters affecting the common interest community, subject to section 3-124 of this title;

(5) may make contracts and incur liabilities;

(6) may regulate the use, maintenance, repair, replacement, and modification of common elements;

(7) may make additional improvements to the common elements;

(8) may acquire, hold, encumber, and convey in its name any right, title, or interest to real estate or personal property, except as provided by section 3-112 of this title;

(9) may grant easements, leases, licenses, and concessions through or over the common elements;

(10) may impose and receive payments, fees, or charges:

(A) for the use, rental, or operation of the common elements, other than limited common elements described in subdivisions 2-102(2) and (4) of this title; and

(B) for services provided to unit owners;

(11) may impose charges for late payment of assessments and, after notice and a hearing, may impose reasonable fines for violations of the declaration, bylaws, and rules of the association;

(12) may impose reasonable charges for the preparation and recordation of amendments to the declaration, resale certificates required by section 4-109 of this title, or statements of unpaid assessments;

(13) may provide indemnification for its officers and executive board and maintain directors' and officers' liability insurance;

(14) except to the extent limited by the declaration, may assign its right to future income, including the right to receive assessments;

(15) may exercise any other power conferred by the declaration or bylaws or that is legally provided for similar entities or that is necessary and proper to govern and operate the association;

(16) may require that disputes between the executive board and unit owners or between two or more unit owners regarding the common interest community must be submitted to nonbinding alternative dispute resolution as a prerequisite to commencement of a judicial proceeding;

(17) may exercise all other powers that may be exercised in this State by organizations of the same type as the association; and

(18) may suspend any right or privilege of a unit owner that fails to pay an assessment, but may not:

(A) except as otherwise provided in subsection 3-116(q) of this title, deny a unit owner or other occupant access to the owner's unit;

(B) suspend a unit owner's right to vote;

(C) prevent a unit owner from seeking election as a director or officer of the association; or

(D) withhold services provided to a unit or a unit owner by the association if the effect of withholding the service would be to endanger the health, safety, or property of any person.

(b) The declaration may not limit the power of the association beyond the limit authorized in subdivision (a)(18) of this section to:

(1) deal with the declarant if the limit is more restrictive than the limit imposed on the power of the association to deal with other persons; or

(2) institute litigation or an arbitration, mediation, or administrative proceeding against any person, subject to the following:

(A) the association shall comply with section 3-124 of this title, if applicable, before instituting any proceeding described in subsection 3-124(a) of this title in connection with construction defects; and

(B) the executive board promptly shall provide notice to the unit owners of any legal proceeding in which the association is a party other than proceedings involving enforcement of rules or to recover unpaid assessments or other sums due the association.

(c) [Repealed.]

(d) If a tenant of a unit owner violates the declaration, bylaws, or rules of the association, in addition to exercising any of its powers against the unit owner, the association may:

(1) exercise directly against the tenant the powers described in subdivision (a)(11) of this section;

(2) after giving notice to the tenant and the unit owner and an opportunity to be heard, levy reasonable fines against the tenant for the violation; and

(3) enforce any other rights against the tenant for the violation that the unit owner as landlord could lawfully have exercised under the lease or that the association could lawfully have exercised directly against the unit owner, or both.

(e) The rights referred to in subdivision (d)(3) of this section may be exercised only if the tenant or unit owner fails to cure the violation within 10 days after the association notifies the tenant and unit owner of that violation.

(f) Unless a lease otherwise provides, this section does not:

(1) affect rights that the unit owner has to enforce the lease or that the association has under other law; or

(2) permit the association to enforce a lease to which it is not a party in the absence of a violation of the declaration, bylaws, or rules.

(g) The executive board may determine whether to take enforcement action by exercising the association's power to impose sanctions or commencing an action for a violation of the declaration, bylaws, and rules, including whether to compromise any claim for unpaid assessments or other claim made by or against it. The executive board does not have a duty to take enforcement action if it determines that, under the facts and circumstances presented:

(1) the association's legal position does not justify taking any or further enforcement action;

(2) the covenant, restriction, or rule being enforced is or is likely to be construed as inconsistent with law;

(3) although a violation may exist or may have occurred, it is not so material as to be objectionable to a reasonable person or to justify expending the association's resources; or

(4) it is not in the association's best interests to pursue an enforcement action.

(h) The executive board's decision under subsection (g) of this section not to pursue enforcement under one set of circumstances does not prevent the executive board from taking enforcement action under another set of circumstances, but the executive board may not be arbitrary or capricious in taking enforcement action.

(i) The executive board shall establish a reasonable method for unit owners to communicate among themselves and with the executive board on matters concerning the association.
27A V.S.A. § 103 — VT Code / Title 27A / Chapter 1 / Section 103
§ 1-103. Definitions
Status: reserved

In this title:

(1) “Affiliate of a declarant” means any person who controls, is controlled by, or is under common control with a declarant.

(A) A person “controls” a declarant if the person:

(i) is a general partner, officer, director, or employer of the declarant;

(ii) directly or indirectly or acting in concert with one or more other persons, or through one or more subsidiaries, owns, controls, holds with power to vote, or holds proxies representing more than 20 percent of the voting interest in the declarant;

(iii) controls in any manner the election of a majority of the directors of the declarant; or

(iv) has contributed more than 20 percent of the capital of the declarant.

(B) A person “is controlled by” a declarant if the declarant:

(i) is a general partner, officer, director, or employer of the person;

(ii) directly or indirectly or acting in concert with one or more other persons, or through one or more subsidiaries, owns, controls, holds with power to vote, or holds proxies representing more than 20 percent of the voting interest in the person;

(iii) controls in any manner the election of a majority of the directors of the person; or

(iv) has contributed more than 20 percent of the capital of the person.

(C) Control does not exist if the powers described in this subdivision (1) are held solely as security for an obligation and are not exercised.

(2) “Allocated interests” mean the following interests allocated to each unit:

(A) In a condominium, the undivided interest in the common elements, the common expense liability, and votes in the association.

(B) In a planned community, the common expense liability and votes in the association.

(3) “Association” or “unit owners' association” means the unit owners' association organized under section 3-101 of this title.

(4) “Common elements” means:

(A) In a condominium, all portions of the common interest community other than the units.

(B) In a planned community, any real estate within a planned community owned or leased by the association, other than a unit.

(5) “Common expenses” means expenditures made by or financial liabilities of the association together with any allocations to reserves.

(6) “Common expense liability” means the liability for common expenses allocated to each unit pursuant to section 2-107 of this title.

(7) “Common interest community” means real estate described in a declaration with respect to which a person, by virtue of the person's ownership of a unit, is obligated to pay for a share of real estate taxes on, insurance premiums, maintenance, or improvement of, or services or other expenses related to common elements, other units, or other real estate other than that unit described in the declaration. The term does not include an arrangement described in section 1-207 of this title. For purposes of this subdivision, ownership of a unit does not include holding a leasehold interest of less than five years in a unit, including renewal options.

(8) “Condominium” means a common interest community in which portions of the real estate are designated for separate ownership and the remainder of the real estate is designated for common ownership solely by the owners of those portions. A common interest community is not a condominium unless the undivided interests in the common elements are vested in the unit owners.

(9) “Conversion building” means a building that at any time before creation of the common interest community was occupied wholly or partially by persons other than purchasers and persons who occupy with the consent of purchasers.

(10) “Cooperative” means a regime created pursuant to 11 V.S.A. chapter 14; a cooperative is not a common interest community for the purposes of this title.

(11) “Dealer” means a person in the business of selling units for his or her own account.

(12) “Declarant” means a person or group of persons acting in concert that:

(A) as a part of a common promotional plan, offers to dispose of the interest of the person or group of persons in a unit not previously disposed of; or

(B) reserves or succeeds to any special declarant right.

(13) “Declaration” means any instruments, however denominated, that create a common interest community and any amendments to those instruments.

(14) “Development rights” means any right or combination of rights reserved by a declarant in the declaration to:

(A) add real estate to a common interest community;

(B) create units, common elements, or limited common elements within a common interest community;

(C) subdivide units or convert units into common elements; or

(D) withdraw real estate from a common interest community.

(15) “Dispose” or “disposition” means a voluntary transfer to a purchaser of any legal or equitable interest in a unit but does not include the transfer or release of a security interest.

(16) “Executive board” means the body, regardless of name, designated in the declaration or bylaws, which has the power to act on behalf of the association.

(17) “Identifying number” means a symbol or address that identifies only one unit in a common interest community.

(18) “Leasehold common interest community” means a common interest community in which all or a portion of the real estate is subject to a lease the expiration or termination of which will terminate the common interest community or reduce its size.

(19) “Limited common element” means a portion of the common elements allocated by the declaration or by operation of subdivision 2-102(2) or (4) of this title for the exclusive use of one or more but fewer than all of the units.

(20) “Master association” means an organization described in section 2-120 of this title, whether or not it is also an association described in section 3-101 of this title.

(21) “Offer” or “Offering” means any advertisement, inducement, solicitation, or attempt to encourage any person to acquire any interest in a unit, other than as security for an obligation. An advertisement in a newspaper or other periodical of general circulation or in any broadcast medium to the general public of a common interest community not located in this State is not an offering if the advertisement states that an offering may be made only in compliance with the law of the jurisdiction in which the common interest community is located.

(22) “Person” means an individual, corporation, limited liability company, limited liability partnership, business trust, estate, trust, partnership, association, joint venture, government, governmental subdivision or agency, or other legal or commercial entity. In the case of a land trust, “person” means the beneficiary of the trust rather than the trust or trustee.

(23) “Planned community” means a common interest community that is not a condominium or cooperative. A condominium or cooperative may be part of a planned community.

(24) “Purchaser” means any person, other than a declarant or a dealer, who by means of a voluntary transfer acquires a legal or equitable interest in a unit other than:

(A) a leasehold interest, including renewal options, of less than 20 years; or

(B) as security for an obligation.

(25) “Real estate” means any leasehold or other estate or interest in, over or under land, including structures, fixtures, and other improvements and interests that by custom, usage, or law pass with a conveyance of land though not described in the contract of sale or instrument of conveyance. “Real estate” includes parcels with or without upper or lower boundaries and spaces that may be filled with air or water.

(26) “Residential purposes” means use for dwelling or recreational purposes, or both.

(27) “Security interest” means an interest in real estate or personal property, created by contract or conveyance, which secures payment or performance of an obligation. “Security interest” includes a lien created by a mortgage, deed of trust, trust deed, security deed, contract for deed, land sales contract, lease intended as security, assignment of lease or rents intended as security, pledge of an ownership interest in an association, and any other consensual lien or title retention contract intended as security for an obligation.

(28) “Special declarant rights” means rights reserved for the benefit of a declarant to:

(A) complete improvements indicated on plats and plans filed with the declaration as provided in section 2-109 of this title or to complete improvements described in the public offering statement pursuant to subdivision 4-103(a)(2) of this title;

(B) exercise any declarant right pursuant to section 2-110 of this title;

(C) maintain sales offices, management offices, signs advertising the common interest community, and models (section 2-115);

(D) use easements through the common elements for the purpose of making improvements within the common interest community or within real estate that may be added to the common interest community (section 2-116);

(E) make the common interest community subject to a master association (section 2-120);

(F) merge or consolidate a common interest community with another common interest community of the same form of ownership (section 2-121);

(G) appoint or remove any officer of the association or any master association or any executive board member during any period of declarant control (section 3-103);

(H) control any construction, design review, or aesthetic standards committee or process;

(I) attend meetings of the unit owners and, except during an executive session, the executive board; and

(J) have access to the records of the association to the same extent as a unit owner.

(29) “Time share” means a time share estate as defined by 32 V.S.A. § 3619(a).

(30) “Unit” means a physical portion of the common interest community designated for separate ownership or occupancy.

(31) “Unit owner” means a declarant or other person that owns a unit.

(32) “Assessment” means the sum attributable to each unit and due to the association pursuant to the budget adopted under section 3-123 of this title.

(33) “Association” means the unit owners association.

(34) “Bylaws” means the instruments, however denominated, that contain the procedures for conduct of the affairs of the association, regardless of the form in which the association is organized, including any amendments to the instruments.

(35) “Record,” used as a noun, means information that is inscribed on a tangible medium or that is stored in an electronic or other medium and is retrievable in perceivable form.

(36) “Residential purposes” means use for dwelling or recreational purposes, or both.

(37) “Rule” means a policy, guideline, restriction, procedure, or regulation of an association, however denominated, which is not set forth in the declaration or bylaws and which governs the conduct of persons or the use or appearance of property.
27A V.S.A. § 104 — VT Code / Title 27A / Chapter 4 / Section 104
§ 4-104. Common interest communities subject to development rights
Status: reserved

If the declaration provides that a common interest community is subject to any development rights, the public offering statement shall disclose, in addition to the information required by section 4-103 of this title:

(1) the maximum number of units and the maximum number of units per acre that may be created;

(2) how many or what percentage of the units that may be created will be restricted exclusively to residential use, or a statement that no representations are made regarding use restrictions;

(3) if any of the units that may be built within real estate subject to development rights are not to be restricted exclusively to residential use, a statement, with respect to each portion of that real estate, of the maximum percentage of the real estate areas and the maximum percentage of the floor areas of all units that may be created therein, that are not restricted exclusively to residential use;

(4) a brief narrative description of any development rights reserved by a declarant and of any conditions or limitations upon the exercise of development rights;

(5) the maximum extent to which each unit's allocated interest may be changed by the exercise of any development right described in subdivision (3) of this section;

(6) the extent to which any buildings or other improvements that may be erected pursuant to any development right in any part of the common interest community will be compatible with existing buildings and improvements in the common interest community in terms of architectural style, quality of construction and size, or a statement that no assurances are made regarding compatibility;

(7) description of all other improvements that may be made and limited common elements that may be created within any part of the common interest community pursuant to any development right reserved by the declarant, or a statement that no assurances are made in that regard;

(8) limitations on the location of any building or other improvement that may be made within any part of the common interest community pursuant to any development right reserved by the declarant, or a statement that no assurances are made in that regard;

(9) a statement that any limited common elements created pursuant to any development right reserved by the declarant will be of the same general types and sizes as the limited common elements within other parts of the common interest community, or a statement of the types and sizes planned, or a statement that no assurances are made in that regard;

(10) a statement that the proportion of limited common elements to units created pursuant to any development right reserved by the declarant will be approximately equal to the proportion existing within other parts of the common interest community, or a statement of any other assurances in that regard, or a statement that no assurances are made in that regard; and

(11) the extent to which any assurances made pursuant to this section apply or do not apply in the event that any development right is not exercised by the declarant.
27 V.S.A. § 501 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 5 / Section 501
§ 501. Reformation of interests violating rule against perpetuities
Status: in_force

Any interest in real or personal property which would violate the rule against perpetuities shall be reformed, within the limits of that rule, to approximate most closely the intention of the creator of the interest. In determining whether an interest would violate said rule and in reforming an interest the period of perpetuities shall be measured by actual rather than possible events.
27 V.S.A. § 1554 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 18 / Section 1554
§ 1554. When Administrator must honor claim for property
Status: in_force

(a) The Administrator shall pay or deliver property to a claimant under subsection 1553(a) of this title if the Administrator receives evidence sufficient to establish to the satisfaction of the Administrator that the claimant is the owner of the property.

(b) Not later than 90 days after a claim is filed under subsection 903(a), the Administrator shall allow or deny the claim and give the claimant notice in a record of the decision.

(c) If the claim is denied under subsection (b) of this section:

(1) the Administrator shall inform the claimant of the reason for the denial and specify what additional evidence, if any, is required for the claim to be allowed;

(2) the claimant may file an amended claim with the Administrator or commence an action under section 1556 of this title; and

(3) the Administrator shall consider an amended claim filed under subdivision (2) of this subsection as an initial claim.

(d) If the Administrator does not take action on a claim during the 90-day period following the filing of a claim under subsection 1553(a) of this title, the claim is deemed denied.
27 V.S.A. § 1364 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 15 / Section 1364
§ 1364. Protection against harassment
Status: in_force

(a) No park owner or site owner may willfully cause, directly or indirectly, the interruption or termination of any utility service being supplied to a resident, except for temporary interruptions for emergency repairs.

(b) No park owner or site owner may directly or indirectly deny a resident access to and possession of the resident's rented or leased premises, except through proper judicial process.

(c) No park owner or site owner may directly or indirectly deny a resident access to and possession of the resident's property, except through proper judicial process.

(d) Any resident who sustains damage or injury as a result of an illegal eviction may bring an action for injunctive relief, damages, costs, and reasonable attorney's fees.

(e) A court may award reasonable attorney's fees to the park owner or site owner if, upon motion and hearing, it is determined that the action was not brought in good faith and was frivolous or intended for harassment only.

(f) A park owner or site owner may not retaliate by establishing or changing terms of a rental agreement or by bringing or threatening to bring an action against a resident who has not elected to become a purchasing leaseholder or who has organized or become a member of a resident's association or similar organization.

(g) If a park owner or site owner acts in violation of this section, the resident is entitled to recover damages and reasonable attorney's fees and has a defense in any retaliatory action for possession.
27 V.S.A. § 1108 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 11 / Section 1108
§ 1108. Failure of finder to comply with chapter
Status: in_force

If a person finds money or goods, or takes up a stray beast and does not thus advertise or perform the duties required of him or her by this chapter, he or she shall not receive pay for keeping, or for other proceedings relating to such property, and shall forfeit to the use of the town in which the same is found, the value of such money, goods, or stray beast, to be recovered in an action on this statute.
27 V.S.A. § 1604 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 18 / Section 1604
§ 1604. Asset locators
Status: in_force

(a) All asset locators seeking to interact with the Administrator on behalf of apparent owners shall first register with Administrator on forms prescribed by the Administrator. Registration information shall include an asset locator's previous business experience and whether the asset locator has a criminal record. In order to obtain and maintain registered status, all asset locators shall post a performance bond of not less than $10,000.00 to insure the Administrator against any fraudulent or mistaken claims that may arise as a result of an asset locator's representation of an apparent owner. A copy of any agreement, or contract, between an asset locator and an apparent owner shall be filed with the Administrator, together with a signed by the apparent owner and notarized “notice to claimant” form, as prescribed by the Administrator, describing the rights of the apparent owner under this subchapter.

(b) An owner may not assign his or her rights, or property interests, under this chapter to an asset locator. No power of attorney containing provisions contrary to this section shall be enforceable.
27 V.S.A. § 1615 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 18 / Section 1615
§ 1615. No confidential information in notice
Status: in_force

Except as otherwise provided in sections 1501 and 1502 of this title, a holder is not required under this chapter to include confidential information in a notice the holder is required to provide to an apparent owner under this chapter.
27 V.S.A. § 469 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 5 / Section 469
§ 469. Mortgagee corporation whose charter has expired
Status: in_force

When it appears from the record of a mortgage on real estate that the mortgage is undischarged, and the mortgagee, or the assignee of the mortgage, is a private corporation whose charter has expired by its own limitation, or has been dissolved by operation of law, forfeiture, or for any other reason, a complaint may be brought to the presiding judge of the Superior Court of the county where the mortgage is recorded and, after such hearing as the presiding judge may direct, if the judge is satisfied that the conditions of the mortgage have been complied with, and have no force in law, and is further satisfied that there is no person within the State having authority to discharge the mortgage, the judge may direct an order discharging the mortgage. The proceedings shall be without taxation of costs except that the moving party shall bear the costs of the notice as the presiding judge may order.
27 V.S.A. § 1485 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 18 / Section 1485
§ 1485. Custody if transaction took place in this State
Status: in_force

Except as in section 1482, 1483, or 1484 of this title, the Administrator may take custody of property presumed abandoned whether located in this State or another state if:

(1) the transaction out of which the property arose took place in this State;

(2) the holder is domiciled in a state that does not provide for the custodial taking of the property, except that if the property is specifically exempt from custodial taking under the law of the state of the holder's domicile, the property is not subject to the custody of the Administrator; and

(3) the last-known address of the apparent owner or other person entitled to the property is unknown or in a state that does not provide for the custodial taking of the property, except that if the property is specifically exempt from custodial taking under the law of the state of the last-known address, the property is not subject to the custody of the Administrator.
27 V.S.A. § 1405 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 17 / Section 1405
§ 1405. Applicability
Status: in_force

This chapter does not apply to layout plats of highways or other transportation facilities prepared by or for the agency of transportation, other than plats of individual parcels, before that agency issues a right-of-way clearance certificate for a transportation project. When the agency of transportation issues a right-of-way clearance certificate for a transportation project, it also shall file with the appropriate municipal clerk one set of plans that conforms to the requirements of this chapter, with instructions to the clerk to dispose of all previously filed plats for that particular project.
27 V.S.A. § 1354 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 15 / Section 1354
§ 1354. Election period
Status: in_force

(a) The declarant shall provide leaseholders an election period of at least six months from the date that notice of intent to convert a mobile home park is given, to allow leaseholders to consider their options to either purchase their site, or to vote against conversion.

(b) During the election period, the declarant, representatives of the leaseholders, members of the department of housing and community affairs, and advocates of the leaseholders shall have access to the mobile home park and the leaseholders to facilitate meetings and informational sessions so that the leaseholders may evaluate their options prior to voting on the proposed conversion.

(c) Leaseholders shall vote either to pursue a conversion or not to pursue a conversion before the end of the election period. Each leaseholder shall have one vote per leasehold, except that no leaseholder shall have more than 30 percent of the aggregate park vote. The commissioner shall assist the leaseholders to hold an election using secret ballots.

(d) If leaseholders representing at least 70 percent of the leaseholds elect to pursue a conversion, the declarant may proceed toward conversion by following the requirements under sections 1355-1362 of this subchapter.

(e) If leaseholders representing less than 70 percent of the leaseholds elect to pursue a conversion, a conversion shall not take place without providing additional notice pursuant to section 1353 of this title.
27A V.S.A. § 111 — VT Code / Title 27A / Chapter 1 / Section 111
§ 1-111. Severability
Status: in_force

If any provision of this title or the application of it to any person or circumstances is held invalid, the invalidity shall not affect other provisions or applications of this title that can be given effect without the invalid provision or applications; the provisions of this title are severable.
27 V.S.A. § 609 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 5 / Section 609
§ 609. Conveyance of standing timber
Status: in_force

If standing timber is conveyed by deed or other instrument, with a clause limiting the time for removal, title to any uncut timber remaining on the land at the expiration of the time for removal shall revert to the owner of the fee.
27 V.S.A. § 1307 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 15 / Section 1307
§ 1307. Compliance with covenants, bylaws, and administrative provisions
Status: in_force

Each apartment or site owner shall comply strictly with the bylaws and with the administrative rules adopted under them, as either may be lawfully amended from time to time, and with the covenants, conditions, and restrictions set forth in the declaration or in the deed to his or her apartment or site. Failure to comply with them shall be grounds for an action to recover sums due, for damages or injunctive relief or both maintainable by the manager or boards of directors on behalf of the association of owners or, in a proper case, by an aggrieved apartment or site owner.
27 V.S.A. § 821 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 7 / Section 821
§§ 821-829. Repealed. 2023, No. 161 (Adj. Sess.), § 31, eff. June 6, 2024.
Status: repealed

(Repealed by 2023, No. 161 (Adj. Sess.), § 31, eff. June 6, 2024.)
27 V.S.A. § 544 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 5 / Section 544
§ 544. Energy devices based on renewable resources
Status: in_force

(a) No deed restrictions, covenants, or similar binding agreements running with the land shall prohibit or have the effect of prohibiting solar collectors, clotheslines, or other energy devices based on renewable resources from being installed on buildings erected on the lots or parcels covered by the deed restrictions, covenants, or binding agreements. A property owner may not be denied permission to install solar collectors or other energy devices based on renewable resources by any entity granted the power or right in any deed restriction, covenant, or similar binding agreement to approve, forbid, control, or direct alteration of property with respect to residential dwellings. For purposes of this subsection, that entity may determine the specific location where solar collectors may be installed on the roof within an orientation to the south or within 45° east or west of due south, provided that this determination does not impair the effective operation of the solar collectors.

(b) In any litigation arising under the provisions of this section, the prevailing party shall be entitled to costs and reasonable attorney's fees.

(c) The legislative intent in enacting this section is to protect the public health, safety, and welfare by encouraging the development and use of renewable resources in order to conserve and protect the value of land, buildings, and resources by preventing measures that will have the ultimate effect, whether or not intended, of driving the costs of owning and operating commercial or residential property beyond the capacity of private owners to maintain. This section shall not apply to patio railings in condominiums, cooperatives, or apartments.
27 V.S.A. § 304 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 5 / Section 304
§ 304. Assignment of lease to be by deed
Status: in_force

The assignment of a lease of lands, if the lease is for a longer term than one year, shall be by deed, signed, sealed, witnessed, acknowledged, and recorded as provided for deeds in this chapter. An assignment otherwise executed shall be void as against all persons but the assignor, his or her heirs, or his or her devisees.
27 V.S.A. § 1154 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 12 / Section 1154
§ 1154. Notice requirements by museums for loaned property
Status: in_force

(a) A museum required to provide notice pursuant to this chapter shall mail by certified mail, return receipt requested, written notice to the last known owner at the most recent address. If the museum has no record of the owner's address or the museum has not received written proof of receipt of the mailed notice within 30 days after mailing, the museum shall publish at least one notice each month for three consecutive months in the principal newspaper of general circulation in each of the following:

(1) The county of the last known address of the owner, if known.

(2) The county in which the museum is located. For the purposes of this subdivision, if property is loaned to a branch of a museum, the museum shall be considered to be located in the county in which the branch is located, otherwise a museum shall be located in the county in which it has its principal place of business.

(b) The published notice shall contain all the following:

(1) The notice shall be entitled: “Notice of Abandonment.”

(2) A clear description of the unclaimed property.

(3) The last known name and address of the owner.

(4) A request that any person who has any knowledge of the whereabouts of the owner provide written notice to the museum.

(5) The name and address of the museum.

(6) The name, address, and contact information of the person to be contacted regarding the property.

(7) A statement that if written assertion of title is not presented by the owner to the museum within 180 days after the date of the final published notice, the property shall be considered abandoned or donated and shall become the property of the museum.

(c) A copy of all notices required in this chapter relating to property in the form of identifiable works of art that changed hands in Europe between the years 1933 and 1945 shall be sent to The Art Loss Register or any successor organization having similar purposes on or before the date on which the notices are mailed or first published.
27 V.S.A. § 1320 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 15 / Section 1320
§ 1320. Books of receipts and expenditures; availability for examination
Status: in_force

The manager or board of directors, as the case may be, shall keep or see to keeping of detailed, accurate records in chronological order, of the receipts and expenditures affecting the common areas and facilities, specifying and itemizing the maintenance and repair expenses of the common areas and facilities and any other expenses incurred. Those records and the vouchers authorizing the payments shall be available for examination by the apartment or site owners at convenient hours of week days.
27 V.S.A. § 543 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 5 / Section 543
§ 543. Highways as encumbrances
Status: in_force

When real estate is conveyed by deed, the existence of a highway over or upon any part of such estate shall not be treated as a breach of the covenant of seisin or warranty or any covenant against encumbrances contained in such deed unless the parties to such deed expressly refer to and covenant against such highway.
27 V.S.A. § 615 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 5 / Section 615
§ 615. Wetland permit
Status: in_force

No encumbrance on record title to real estate or effect on marketability shall be created by failure to obtain or comply with a permit of the Secretary of Natural Resources pursuant to 10 V.S.A. chapter 37.
27 V.S.A. § 1313 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 15 / Section 1313
§ 1313. Copy of the floor plans to be filed
Status: in_force

(a) Simultaneously with the recording of the declaration there shall be filed in the office of the recording officer a lot plan and, in the case of an apartment building, a set of the floor plans of the building showing the layout, location, apartment or site numbers, and dimensions of the apartments or sites, stating the name of the building or that it has no name. In the case of a mobile home park, there shall be filed in the office of the recording officer a site plan showing the layout, location, site numbers, and dimensions of the sites, and the layout, location, and materials of all utilities, including underground utilities. Each set of building or site plans shall bear the verified statement of a licensed architect, licensed professional engineer, or licensed land surveyor certifying that it is an accurate copy of portions of the plans of the building or site as filed with and approved by the municipal or other governmental subdivision having jurisdiction over the issuance of permits for the construction of buildings or mobile home parks. If the plans do not include a verified statement by the licensed architect, licensed professional engineer, or licensed land surveyor that they fully and accurately depict the layout, location, apartment or site numbers, and dimensions of the apartments or sites as built, there shall be recorded before the first conveyance of any apartment or site an amendment to the declaration, to which shall be attached a verified statement of a licensed architect, licensed professional engineer, or licensed land surveyor certifying that the plans previously filed, or being filed simultaneously with the amendment, fully and accurately depict the layout, location, apartment or site numbers, and dimensions of the apartments or sites as built. Plans shall be kept by the recording officer in a separate file for each building or park, indexed in the same manner as conveyance entitled to record, numbered serially in the order of receipt, each designated “apartment ownership” or “site ownership,” with the name of the building or park, if any, each containing a reference to the book, page, and date of recording of the declaration. Correspondingly, the record of the declaration shall contain a reference to the file number of the floor plans of the building or of the site plans of the parks affected.

(b) If the declaration has been of record for 15 or more years, no effect on marketability of title shall be created by failure to file or record floor plans.
27 V.S.A. § 1461 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 18 / Section 1461
§ 1461. When property presumed abandoned
Status: in_force

Subject to section 1469 of this title, the following property is presumed abandoned if it is unclaimed by the apparent owner during the period specified below:

(1) a traveler's check, 15 years after issuance;

(2) a money order, seven years after issuance;

(3) a state or municipal bond, bearer bond, or original-issue-discount bond, three years after the earliest of the date the bond matures or is called or the obligation to pay the principal of the bond arises;

(4) a debt of a business association, three years after the obligation to pay arises;

(5) a payroll card or demand, savings, or time deposit, including a deposit that is automatically renewable, three years after the maturity of the deposit, except a deposit that is automatically renewable is deemed matured on its initial date of maturity unless the apparent owner consented in a record on file with the holder to renewal at or about the time of the renewal;

(6) money or a credit owed to a customer as a result of a retail business transaction, three years after the obligation arose;

(7) an amount owed by an insurance company on a life or endowment insurance policy or an annuity contract that has matured or terminated, three years after the obligation to pay arose under the terms of the policy or contract or, if a policy or contract for which an amount is owed on proof of death has not matured by proof of the death of the insured or annuitant, as follows:

(A) with respect to an amount owed on a life or endowment insurance policy, three years after the earlier of the date:

(i) the insurance company has knowledge of the death of the insured; or

(ii) the insured has attained, or would have attained if living, the limiting age under the mortality table on which the reserve for the policy is based; and

(B) with respect to an amount owed on an annuity contract, three years after the date the insurance company has knowledge of the death of the annuitant;

(8) property distributable by a business association in the course of dissolution, one year after the property becomes distributable;

(9) property held by a court, including property received as proceeds of a class action, one year after the property becomes distributable;

(10) property held by a government or governmental subdivision, agency, or instrumentality, including municipal bond interest and unredeemed principal under the administration of a paying agent or indenture trustee, one year after the property becomes distributable;

(11) wages, commissions, bonuses, or reimbursements to which an employee is entitled, or other compensation for personal services, other than amounts held in a payroll card, one year after the amount becomes payable;

(12) a deposit or refund owed to a subscriber by a utility, one year after the deposit or refund becomes payable; and

(13) property not specified in this section or section 1462, 1463, 1464, 1465, 1466, or 1467 of this title, the earlier of three years after the owner first has a right to demand the property or the obligation to pay or distribute the property arises.
27 V.S.A. § 621 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 5 / Section 621
§ 621. Short title
Status: in_force

This subchapter may be cited as the Uniform Real Property Electronic Recording Act.
27A V.S.A. § 123 — VT Code / Title 27A / Chapter 2 / Section 123
§ 2-123. Master planned communities
Status: reserved

(a) The declaration for a common interest community may state that it is a master planned community if the declarant has reserved the development right to create at least 500 units that may be used for residential purposes and at the time of the reservation that declarant owns or controls more than 500 acres on which the units may be built.

(b) If the requirements of subsection (a) of this section are satisfied, the declaration for the master planned community need not state a maximum number of units and need not contain any of the information required by subdivisions 2-105(a)(3) through (14) of this title until the declaration is amended under subsection (c) of this section.

(c) When each unit in a master planned community is conveyed to a purchaser, the declaration must contain:

(1) a sufficient legal description of the unit and all portions of the master planned community in which any other units have been conveyed to a purchaser; and

(2) all the information required by subdivisions 2-105(a)(3) through (14) of this title with respect to that real estate.

(d) The only real estate in a master planned community that is subject to this title is units that have been declared or that are being offered for sale and any other real estate described pursuant to subsection (c) of this section. Other real estate that is or may become part of the master planned community is only subject to other law and to any other restrictions and limitations that appear as encumbrances duly recorded and indexed in the town clerk's office.

(e) If the public offering statement conspicuously identifies the fact that the community is a master planned community, the disclosure requirements contained in Article 4 of this title apply only with respect to units that have been declared or are being offered for sale in connection with the public offering statement and to the real estate described pursuant to subsection (c) of this section.

(f) Limitations in this title on the addition of unspecified real estate (section 2-122 of this title) do not apply to a master planned community.

(g) The period of declarant control of the association for a master planned community terminates in accordance with any conditions specified in the declaration or otherwise at the time the declarant, in a recorded instrument and after giving notice in a record to all the unit owners, voluntarily surrenders all rights to control the activities of the association.
27A V.S.A. § 102 — VT Code / Title 27A / Chapter 2 / Section 102
§ 2-102. Unit boundaries
Status: in_force

Except as provided by the declaration in a common interest community:

(1) if walls, floors, or ceilings are designated as boundaries of a unit, all wallboard, plasterboard, plaster, paneling, tiles, wallpaper, paint, finished flooring, and any other materials constituting any part of the finished surfaces of the unit are part of the unit, and all other portions of the walls, floors, or ceilings are part of the common elements;

(2) if any chute, flue, duct, wire, conduit, bearing wall, bearing column, or any other fixture lies partially within and partially outside the designated boundaries of a unit, any portion of it serving only that unit is a limited common element allocated solely to that unit, and any portion of it serving more than one unit or any portion of the common elements is a part of the common elements;

(3) subject to the provisions of subdivision (2) of this section, all spaces, interior partitions, and other fixtures and improvements within the boundaries of a unit are part of the unit; and

(4) any shutters, awnings, window boxes, doorsteps, stoops, porches, balconies, patios, and all exterior doors and windows or other fixtures designed to serve a single unit but located outside the unit's boundaries are limited common elements allocated exclusively to that unit.
27 V.S.A. § 1454 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 18 / Section 1454
§ 1454. Rulemaking
Status: in_force

The Administrator may adopt rules pursuant to 3 V.S.A. chapter 25, to implement and administer this chapter.
27 V.S.A. § 903 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 7 / Section 903
§ 903. Rights of parish conveying property
Status: in_force

A parish making such a conveyance to the Trustees of the Diocese of Vermont shall have no right or authority to charge the real or personal estate with any debts of the parish incurred subsequent to the making of the conveyance. Real and personal estate previously conveyed by a parish to the Trustees of the Diocese of Vermont shall not be liable for the debts of the parish incurred subsequent to November 15, 1898.
27 V.S.A. § 1356 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 15 / Section 1356
§ 1356. Leaseholder conversion period
Status: in_force

(a) Each leaseholder shall have a conversion period of six months from the date of notice of conversion to elect to become either a purchasing or a nonpurchasing leaseholder.

(b) During the conversion period, the declarant shall offer to convey each site to the leaseholder at the price, terms and conditions stated in the notice of conversion. Unless the leaseholder provides written notice that the leaseholder will not purchase the site, the declarant may not offer the site for sale to any other person within the conversion period.

(c) A leaseholder may elect to become a purchasing leaseholder by negotiating a purchase and sale agreement with the declarant within the conversion period. Such agreement shall be on terms at least as favorable to the leaseholder as those stated in the notice of conversion. A leaseholder may assign the purchase and sale agreement to any site purchaser.

(d) Failure to elect under this section within the conversion period shall be deemed to be an election to become a nonpurchasing leaseholder.
27 V.S.A. § 1406 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 17 / Section 1406
§ 1406. Prohibition
Status: in_force

A town clerk shall not accept any survey plat for filing unless it is in compliance with the requirements of this chapter.
27 V.S.A. § 1511 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 18 / Section 1511
§ 1511. Definition of good faith
Status: in_force

In this subchapter, payment or delivery of property is made in good faith if a holder:

(1) had a reasonable basis for believing, based on the facts then known, that the property was required or permitted to be paid or delivered to the Administrator under this chapter; or

(2) made payment or delivery:

(A) in response to a demand by the Administrator or Administrator's agent; or

(B) under a guidance or ruling issued by the Administrator that the holder reasonably believed required or permitted the property to be paid or delivered.
27 V.S.A. § 1612 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 18 / Section 1612
§ 1612. Confidential information
Status: in_force

(a) Except as otherwise provided in this chapter, the following are confidential and exempt from public inspection or disclosure:

(1) records of the Administrator and the Administrator's agent related to the administration of this chapter;

(2) reports and records of a holder in the possession of the Administrator or the Administrator's agent; and

(3) personal information and other information derived or otherwise obtained by or communicated to the Administrator or the Administrator's agent from an examination under this chapter of the records of a person.

(b) A record or other information that is confidential under law of this State other than this chapter, another state, or the United States continues to be confidential when disclosed or delivered under this chapter to the Administrator or Administrator's agent.

(c) Notwithstanding any other provision of this chapter, or of 1 V.S.A. chapter 5, subchapter 3, the Administrator may withhold information concerning an individual, or specific abandoned property, when in the Administrator's judgment it is necessary to ensure that abandoned property is returned to the rightful owner or to otherwise protect the owner. In addition, the Administrator may withhold information concerning individuals and abandoned property until notice has been provided in accordance with section 1503 of this title, deny requests for lists of apparent owners in any format for 24 months after the date the property is paid or delivered to the Administrator, and withhold information concerning uncashed checks and other similar payment information prior to the property being presumed abandoned as set forth in subchapter 2 of this chapter.
27 V.S.A. § 1496 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 18 / Section 1496
§ 1496. Electric utility cooperatives
Status: in_force

(a) Electric utility cooperatives organized under or otherwise subject to 30 V.S.A. chapter 81 shall report capital credits that have been retired and declared payable by the cooperative's board of directors, but that have not been claimed by the owner in accordance with the provisions of this chapter. Electric utility cooperatives shall not pay or deliver the unclaimed capital credits to the Administrator. As used in this section, “capital credits” means those credits to a capital account of a member of an electric utility cooperative that the cooperative is obliged to pay after operating costs and expenses have been paid.

(b) The Administrator shall provide notice of unclaimed capital credit properties reported by electric utilities in accordance with the provisions of section 1503 of this title. In the event of a claim for a capital credit property, the Administrator shall refer the claimant to the appropriate electric utility cooperative who shall evaluate the claim and upon provision of satisfactory proof of ownership shall pay the claimant.

(c) The electric utility cooperative shall notify the Administrator of the resolution of all claims for unclaimed property.
27 V.S.A. § 1153 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 12 / Section 1153
§ 1153. Property held pursuant to a loan agreement
Status: in_force

(a) Property in the possession of a museum subject to a loan agreement shall be deemed to be donated to the museum, provided:

(1) No claim is made or action filed to recover the property after termination of the loan.

(2) The museum provided notice as required pursuant to section 1154 of this title.

(3) No assertion of title has been filed within 180 days following the date of the third published notice.

(b) A museum may terminate a loan of property if the loan was for an indefinite term and the property has been held by the museum for 10 years or more by providing notice pursuant to section 1154 of this title. For the purposes of this chapter, property on permanent loan shall be considered property loaned for an indefinite term.

(c) A museum may terminate a loan of property loaned for a specified term by providing notice pursuant to section 1154 of this title any time after the expiration of the specified term or earlier if permitted by the loan agreement.

(d) The owner of property on loan to a museum shall notify the museum promptly of any transfer of ownership or change in address of the owner.

(e) Prior to acceptance of a loan of property, a museum shall provide to the owner of the property written notice of the provisions of this chapter.
27 V.S.A. § 902 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 7 / Section 902
§ 902. Conveyance of property
Status: in_force

Such rector, wardens, and members of the vestry may by majority vote give, sell, and convey real or personal estate belonging to the parish when empowered to do so by a majority vote at an annual meeting of the parish or one called for that purpose, and by vote duly recorded may authorize one of their number to execute all proper conveyances. In like manner, they may give, sell, and convey real or personal estate belonging to the parish to the Trustees of the Diocese of Vermont to receive and hold the same for the purpose specified in its act of incorporation and amendments thereto. Provided, however, that the rector, wardens, and members of the vestry shall not encumber or alienate any real or personal estate belonging to the parish or alienate any part thereof, save for refinancing of an existing loan, without the written consent of the bishop and standing committee of the Diocese of Vermont.
27 V.S.A. § 1470 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 18 / Section 1470
§ 1470. Knowledge of death of insured or annuitant
Status: in_force

(a) As used in this section, “Death Master File” means the U.S. Social Security Administration Death Master File or other database or service that is at least as comprehensive as the U.S. Social Security Administration Death Master File for determining that an individual reportedly has died.

(b) With respect to a life or endowment insurance policy or annuity contract for which an amount is owed on proof of death, but which has not matured by proof of death of the insured or annuitant, the company has knowledge of the death of an insured or annuitant when:

(1) the company receives a death certificate or court order determining that the insured or annuitant has died;

(2) due diligence, performed as required pursuant to 8 V.S.A. part 3, to maintain contact with the insured or annuitant or determine whether the insured or annuitant has died, validates the death of the insured or annuitant;

(3) the company conducts a comparison for any purpose between a Death Master File and the names of some or all of the company's insureds or annuitants, finds a match that provides notice that the insured or annuitant has died, and validates the death;

(4) the Administrator or the Administrator's agent conducts a comparison for the purpose of finding matches during an examination conducted under subchapter 10 of this chapter between a Death Master File and the names of some or all of the company's insureds or annuitants, finds a match that provides notice that the insured or annuitant has died, and the company validates the death; or

(5) the company:

(A) receives notice of the death of the insured or annuitant from an administrator, beneficiary, policy owner, relative of the insured, or trustee or from a personal representative, guardian, executor, or other legal representative of the insured's or annuitant's estate; and

(B) validates the death of the insured or annuitant.

(c) The following rules apply under this section:

(1) A Death Master File match under subdivision (b)(3) or (4) of this section occurs if the criteria for an exact or partial match are satisfied as provided by:

(A) law of this State other than this chapter;

(B) a rule or policy adopted by the Commissioner of the Vermont Department of Financial Regulation pursuant to 3 V.S.A. chapter 25; or

(C) section 1472 of this title.

(2) The Death Master File match does not constitute proof of death for the purpose of submission to an insurance company of a claim by a beneficiary, annuitant, or owner of the policy or contract for an amount due under an insurance policy or annuity contract.

(3) The Death Master File match or validation of the insured's or annuitant's death does not alter the requirements for a beneficiary, annuitant, or owner of the policy or contract to make a claim to receive proceeds under the terms of the policy or contract.

(4) If no provision in 8 V.S.A. part 3 establishes a time for validation of a death of an insured or annuitant, the insurance company shall make a good faith effort using other available records and information to validate the death and document the effort taken not later than 90 days after the insurance company has notice of the death.

(d) This chapter does not affect the determination of the extent to which an insurance company before January 1, 2021, had knowledge of the death of an insured or annuitant or was required to conduct a Death Master File comparison to determine whether amounts owed by the company on a life or endowment insurance policy or annuity contract were presumed abandoned or unclaimed.
27A V.S.A. § 119 — VT Code / Title 27A / Chapter 4 / Section 119
§ 4-119. Declarant's obligation to complete and restore
Status: reserved

(a) Unless an improvement is labeled “need not be built,” the declarant shall complete all improvements depicted on any site plan or other graphic representation if the site plan or other graphic representation is contained in the public offering statement or in any promotional material distributed by or for the declarant.

(b) The declarant is subject to liability for the prompt repair and restoration, to a condition compatible with the remainder of the common interest community, of any portion of the common interest community affected by the exercise of rights reserved pursuant to or created by section 2-110, 2-111, 2-112, 2-113, 2-115, or 2-116 of this title.
27A V.S.A. § 109 — VT Code / Title 27A / Chapter 3 / Section 109
§ 3-109. Quorum
Status: in_force

(a) Unless the bylaws provide otherwise, a quorum is present throughout any meeting of the unit owners if persons entitled to cast 20 percent of the votes in the association:

(1) are present in person or by proxy at the beginning of the meeting;

(2) have cast absentee ballots solicited in accordance with subdivision 3-110(c)(4) of this title that have been delivered to the secretary in a timely manner; or

(3) are present by any combination of subdivisions (1) and (2) of this subsection.

(b) Unless the bylaws specify a larger number, a quorum of the executive board is present for purposes of determining the validity of any action taken at a meeting of the executive board only if individuals entitled to cast 50 percent of the votes on that board are present at the time a vote regarding that action is taken. If a quorum is present when a vote is taken, the affirmative vote of a majority of the board members present is the act of the executive board unless a greater vote is required by the declaration or bylaws.

(c) Except as otherwise provided in the bylaws, meetings of the association shall be conducted in accordance with the most recent edition of Roberts' Rules of Order Newly Revised.
27 V.S.A. § 1158 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 12 / Section 1158
§ 1158. Record of acquisition
Status: in_force

The museum shall maintain or continue to maintain to the extent such information is available a record of acquisition whether by purchase, bequest, gift, loan, or otherwise of property for display or collection and of deaccessioning or loan of property currently held or thereafter acquired for display or collection.
27 V.S.A. § 503 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 5 / Section 503
§ 503. Effect on prior interests
Status: in_force

This subchapter shall not be construed to invalidate or modify the terms of any interest which would have been valid prior to its enactment.
27 V.S.A. § 654 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 6 / Section 654
§ 654. Execution and recording of an enhanced life estate deed
Status: reserved

(a) Subject to the rights expressly reserved in the deed, a validly executed and recorded ELE deed does not:

(1) affect the ownership rights of the grantor or the grantor's creditors;

(2) transfer or convey any present right, title, or interest in the property or create any present legal or equitable interest in the grantee; or

(3) subject the grantor's property to process from the grantee's creditors.

(b) The grantor may convey the property described in an ELE deed, or any portion thereof, without the need for joinder by, consent from, agreement of, or notice to the grantee.

(c) If not previously conveyed during the lifetime of the grantor, upon the death of the grantor, subject to encumbrances of record, the interest stated in an ELE deed vests in the grantee or, for a deceased grantee, the interest passes pursuant to section 658 of this title.

(d) An executed and recorded ELE deed shall be subject to the property transfer tax under 32 V.S.A. chapter 231.
27A V.S.A. § 106 — VT Code / Title 27A / Chapter 2 / Section 106
§ 2-106. Leasehold common interest communities
Status: in_force

(a) Any lease the expiration or termination of which may terminate the common interest community or reduce its size shall be recorded. Every lessor of those leases in a condominium or planned community shall sign the declaration. The declaration shall state all the following:

(1) The volume and page in which the lease is recorded or a statement of where the complete lease may be inspected.

(2) The date on which the lease is scheduled to expire.

(3) A legally sufficient description of the real estate subject to the lease.

(4) Any right of the unit owners to redeem the reversion and the manner in which those rights may be exercised, or a statement that the owners do not have those rights.

(5) Any right of the unit owners to remove any improvements within a reasonable time after the expiration or termination of the lease, or a statement that the owners do not have those rights.

(6) Any rights of the unit owners to renew the lease and the conditions of any renewal, or a statement that the owners do not have those rights.

(b) After the declaration for a leasehold condominium or leasehold planned community is recorded, neither the lessor nor the lessor's successor in interest may terminate the leasehold interest of a unit owner who makes timely payment of his or her share of the rent and otherwise complies with all covenants that if violated would entitle the lessor to terminate the lease. A unit owner's leasehold interest in a condominium or planned community is not affected by failure of any other person to pay rent or fulfill any other covenant.

(c) Acquisition of the leasehold interest of any unit owner by the owner of the reversion or remainder does not merge the leasehold and reversionary or remainder interests unless the leasehold interests of all unit owners subject to that reversion or remainder are acquired.

(d) If the expiration or termination of a lease decreases the number of units in a common interest community, the allocated interests shall be reallocated proportionately in accordance with section 1-107 of this title. Reallocations shall be confirmed by an amendment to the declaration prepared, executed, and recorded by the association.
27 V.S.A. § 351 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 5 / Section 351
§ 351. Estates and trusts; conveyances, satisfactions, grants, and releases
Status: in_force

(a) A conveyance or grant of an interest in real or personal property made to the estate of a decedent, to the estate of a ward, to the ward's guardian, or to a trust, including a trust in the form of a pension or profit-sharing plan, that names the estate, the guardian, or the trust as the grantee of the interest is a valid and effective conveyance or grant to the personal representative, to the ward, or to the trustee of the trust, in like manner and effect as if the ward, or the personal representative or trustee in his or her fiduciary capacity, had been named the grantee of the conveyance or grant.

(b) A discharge, mortgage discharge, release, conveyance, grant, or satisfaction of an interest in real or personal property that is made by an estate, a guardian, or a trust described in subsection (a) of this section that names the estate, the guardian, or the trust as the holder or grantor of the interest and that is executed by the personal representative or trustee authorized to execute the instrument is valid in like manner and effect as if the personal representative, guardian, or trustee had been named the holder or the grantor in the instrument.
27 V.S.A. § 1520 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 18 / Section 1520
§ 1520. Periods of limitation and repose
Status: in_force

(a) Expiration, before, on, or after January 1, 2021, of a period of limitation on an owner's right to receive or recover property, whether specified by contract, statute, or court order, does not prevent the property from being presumed abandoned or affect the duty of a holder under this chapter to file a report or pay or deliver property to the Administrator.

(b) The Administrator may not commence an action or proceeding to enforce this chapter with respect to the reporting, payment, or delivery of property more than five years after the holder filed a non-fraudulent report under section 1491 of this title with the Administrator. The parties may agree in a record to extend the limitation in this subsection.

(c) The Administrator may not commence an action, proceeding, or examination with respect to a duty of a holder under this chapter more than 10 years after the duty arose.
27A V.S.A. § 122 — VT Code / Title 27A / Chapter 2 / Section 122
§ 2-122. Addition of unspecified real estate
Status: reserved

If the right to add unspecified real estate is reserved in the declaration of a planned community, the declarant, in addition to any other development right, may amend the declaration at any time during the time specified in the declaration to add additional real estate to the planned community without describing that real estate in the original declaration, provided the amount of real estate added to the planned community does not exceed 10 percent of the real estate described in subdivision 2-105(a)(3) of this title and the number of units is not increased beyond the number stated in the original declaration.
27 V.S.A. § 1403 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 17 / Section 1403
§ 1403. Composition of survey plats
Status: in_force

(a) Plats filed in accordance with this chapter shall be on sheets 11 inches by 17 inches or 18 inches by 24 inches in size or 24 inches by 36 inches if the town or city has appropriate storage facilities as determined by the town or city clerk.

(b) Plats filed in accordance with this chapter shall also conform with the following requirements:

(1) Each survey plat shall contain an inset locus map clearly indicating the location of the land depicted and a legend of symbols used.

(2) All lettering and data shall be clearly legible.

(3) Plat scale ratios shall be sufficient to allow all pertinent survey data to be shown, and each plat shall contain a graphic scale graduated in units of measure used in the body of the plat.

(4) Each plat sheet shall have a minimum one-half inch margin, except the binder side, which shall have a minimum one and one-half inch margin.

(5) Each plat sheet shall contain a title area in the lower right-hand corner of the sheet stating the location of the land, scale expressed in engineering units, date of compilation, the name of the record owner as of that date, the land surveyor's certification as outlined in 26 V.S.A. § 2596, and a certification that the plat conforms with requirements of this section. These certifications shall be accompanied by the responsible land surveyor's seal, name and number, and signature.

(6) Each survey plat shall contain a graphical indication of the reference meridian used on the survey plat and a statement describing the basis of bearings referenced on the survey plat.

(7) When the plat sheet is produced by a reproduction process, the process shall be identified and certified to by the producer in the margin of the plat sheet. Original plat sheets shall be so identified and certified to by the same process.

(8) The recordable plat materials shall be composed in one of the following processes:

(A) fixed-line photographic process on stable base polyester film; or

(B) pigment ink on stable base polyester film or linen tracing cloth.

(c) Survey plats prepared and dated before July 1, 1992 shall be exempt from the requirements of subdivisions (b)(1)-(6) and (8) of this section, but shall comply with requirements in State law in effect when the plats were prepared and dated.

(d) Survey plats prepared and dated before any statutory regulation of land plats shall comply with subsection (a) and subdivision (b)(7) of this section.

(e) Any survey plat exempted by subsection (c) or (d) of this section and revised after July 1, 1992 shall meet all the requirements of this chapter.

(f) A digital copy of a survey plat filed with the Center pursuant to section 1401 of this chapter shall be submitted in portable document format (PDF). The Board of Land Surveyors, in consultation with the Center, shall have the authority to establish a digital survey standard for digital copies of survey plats.
27A V.S.A. § 120 — VT Code / Title 27A / Chapter 4 / Section 120
§ 4-120. Substantial completion of units
Status: in_force

If delivery of a public offering statement is required for the sale of a unit, a contract of sale may be executed, but interest in that unit shall be conveyed only after the declaration is recorded and the unit is substantially completed, as evidenced by a recorded certificate of substantial completion executed by an independent architect, professional surveyor, or engineer, or by issuance of a certificate of occupancy.
27 V.S.A. § 409 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 5 / Section 409
§ 409. Record of assignment by landlord
Status: in_force

An assignment of or any agreement affecting the rights or interest of a landlord or owner of real property occupied by a tenant or sharecropper shall be recorded in the land records of the town in which the property is situated. If not so recorded, the same shall bind only the parties to the assignment.
27 V.S.A. § 701 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 7 / Section 701
§ 701. Corporate powers
Status: in_force

The worshipful master, senior warden, and junior warden of a lodge of ancient, free, and accepted masons, and the trustees of fraternal, religious, or charitable organizations, elected according to the constitution and bylaws of such lodge or organization, shall have corporate powers, with perpetuity, for the purpose of taking and holding real and personal estate for the use and benefit of such lodge or organization and for other charitable purposes.
27 V.S.A. § 4 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 1 / Section 4
§ 4. Right of entry for survey
Status: in_force

In cases where the title to lands, tenements, or hereditaments may come in question, or in order to establish boundaries between abutting parcels, a licensed surveyor with the necessary assistants employed by any of the parties to the disputed title may enter upon the lands or real estate or other lands for the purpose of running doubtful or disputed lines and locating or searching for monuments, establishing temporary monuments and ascertaining and deciding the location of the lines and monuments of a survey, doing as little damage as possible to the owners of the lands.
27 V.S.A. § 309 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 5 / Section 309
§ 309. Proration of taxes
Status: in_force

(a) Unless otherwise expressly stated or agreed, in any offer or contract for the purchase and sale of real property, real property taxes assessed and payable shall be prorated as follows so that as between the parties, but not otherwise:

(1) In municipalities where the municipal tax and the school tax fiscal periods are July 1 to June 30, the seller shall bear the burden of real estate taxes allocable to the period beginning July 1 of that fiscal year and ending on the day before closing. The buyer shall bear the burden of real estate taxes allocable to the period beginning with the day of closing and ending on June 30.

(2) In municipalities where the municipal tax fiscal period is other than July 1 to June 30, the seller shall bear the burden of real estate taxes allocable to municipal taxes for the period beginning on the first day of the municipality's fiscal year and ending on the day before closing. The seller shall also bear the burden for real estate taxes allocable to school taxes for the period beginning July 1 of that fiscal year and ending on the day before closing. The buyer shall bear the burden of real estate taxes allocable to both school and municipal taxes for the period beginning with the day of closing and ending with the last day of the respective fiscal year.

(b) This section shall not abridge or affect any other provision of 32 V.S.A. part 2 relating to assessment of property taxes.
27 V.S.A. § 1107 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 11 / Section 1107
§ 1107. Owner may have property before sale
Status: in_force

If, previous to the sale, the owner appears and proves his or her title to the property, he or she shall be entitled to the same on paying the expenses of keeping, and of the proceedings required by this chapter.
27 V.S.A. § 545 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 5 / Section 545
§ 545. Covenants, conditions, and restrictions of substantial public interest
Status: in_force

(a) Deed restrictions, covenants, or similar binding agreements added after March 1, 2021 that prohibit or have the effect of prohibiting land development allowed under 24 V.S.A. § 4412(1)(E) and (2)(A) shall not be valid.

(b) Deed restrictions or covenants added after July 1, 2023 shall not be valid if they require a minimum dwelling unit size on the property or more than one parking space per dwelling unit if the property is located in an area served by municipal sewer and water infrastructure as defined in 24 V.S.A. § 4303 that allows residential uses or more than 1.5 parking spaces for duplexes and multiunit dwellings in areas not served by sewer and water and in areas that are located more than one-quarter mile away from public parking rounded up to the nearest whole number when calculating the total number of spaces.

(c) This section shall not affect the enforceability of any property interest held in whole or in part by a qualified organization or State agency as defined in 10 V.S.A. § 6301a, including any restrictive easements, such as conservation easements and historic preservation rights and interests defined in 10 V.S.A. § 822. This section shall not affect the enforceability of any property interest that is restricted by a housing subsidy covenant as defined by section 610 of this title and held in whole or in part by an eligible applicant as defined in 10 V.S.A. § 303(4) or the Vermont Housing Finance Agency.
27 V.S.A. § 502 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 5 / Section 502
§ 502. Application of subchapter
Status: in_force

This subchapter shall apply only to inter vivos instruments and wills taking effect after the subchapter becomes operative and to appointments made after the subchapter becomes operative including appointments by inter vivos instrument or will under powers created before the subchapter becomes operative. This subchapter shall apply to both legal and equitable interests.
27A V.S.A. § 106 — VT Code / Title 27A / Chapter 1 / Section 106
§ 1-106. Local ordinances, regulations, and building codes
Status: in_force

(a) A building code may not impose any requirement upon any structure in a common interest community that it would not impose upon a physically identical development under a different form of ownership.

(b) No zoning, building codes, subdivision ordinance, or other real property use law, ordinance, or regulation may prohibit the conversion of any building to the common interest community form of ownership.

(c) Except as provided in subsections (a) and (b) of this section, no provision of this title invalidates or modifies any provision of any zoning, subdivision, building code, or other real estate use law, ordinance, or regulation.
27 V.S.A. § 1325 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 15 / Section 1325
§ 1325. Insurance
Status: in_force

The manager or the board of directors, if required by the declaration, bylaws or by a majority of the apartment or site owners, or at the request of a mortgagee having a first mortgage of record covering an apartment or site, shall have the authority to, and shall, obtain insurance for the property against loss or damage by fire and such other hazards under such terms and for such amounts as shall be required or requested. Such insurance coverage shall be written on the property in the name of such manager or of the board of directors of the association of owners, as trustee for each of the apartment or site owners in the percentages established in the declaration. Premiums shall be common expenses. Provision for such insurance shall be without prejudice to the right of each apartment or site owner to insure his or her own apartment or site for his or her benefit.
27 V.S.A. § 1328 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 15 / Section 1328
§ 1328. Personal application
Status: in_force

(a) All apartment or site owners, their tenants, employees of owners and tenants, or any other persons that may in any manner use property or any part thereof made subject to the provisions of this chapter shall be subject to this chapter and to the declaration and bylaws of the association of owners adopted under this chapter.

(b) All agreements, decisions, and determinations lawfully made by the association of owners in accordance with the voting percentages established in the act, declaration, or bylaws shall be binding on all apartment or site owners.
27A V.S.A. § 116 — VT Code / Title 27A / Chapter 4 / Section 116
§ 4-116. Statute of limitations for warranties
Status: in_force

(a) Unless a period of limitation is tolled under section 3-111 of this title or affected by subsection (d) of this section, a judicial proceeding for breach of any obligation arising under section 4-113 or 4-114 of this title shall be commenced within six years after the cause of action accrues, but the parties may agree to reduce the period of limitation to not less than two years. An agreement to reduce the six-year period shall be evidenced by a separate instrument executed by the purchaser.

(b) Subject to subsection (c) of this section, a cause of action for breach of warranty of quality, regardless of the purchaser's lack of knowledge of the breach, accrues:

(1) as to a unit, at the time the purchaser to whom the warranty is first made enters into possession if a possessory interest was conveyed or at the time of acceptance of the instrument of conveyance if a nonpossessory interest was conveyed; and

(2) as to each common element, at the time the common element is completed or, if later, as to:

(A) a common element that may be added to the common interest community or portion of it, at the time the first unit is conveyed to a bona fide purchaser; or

(B) a common element within any other portion of the common interest community, at the time the first unit is conveyed to a bona fide purchaser.

(c) If a warranty of quality explicitly extends to future performance or duration of any improvement or component of the common interest community, the cause of action accrues at the time the breach is discovered or at the end of the period for which the warranty explicitly extends, whichever is earlier.

(d) During the period of declarant control, the association may authorize an independent committee of the executive board to evaluate and enforce by any lawful means warranty claims involving the common elements, and to compromise those claims. Only members of the executive board elected by unit owners other than the declarant and other persons appointed by those independent members may serve on the committee, and the committee's decision must be free of any control by the declarant or any member of the executive board or officer appointed by the declarant. All costs reasonably incurred by the committee, including attorney's fees, are common expenses, and must be added to the budget annually adopted by the association under section 3-115 of this title. If the committee is so created, the period of limitation for a warranty claim considered by the committee begins to run from the date of the first meeting of the committee.
27 V.S.A. § 1533 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 18 / Section 1533
§ 1533. Recovery of securities or value by owner
Status: in_force

(a) If the Administrator sells a security before the expiration of six years after delivery of the security to the Administrator, an apparent owner that files a valid claim under this chapter of ownership of the security before the six-year period expires is entitled, at the option of the Administrator, to receive:

(1) replacement of the security; or

(2) the market value of the security at the time the claim is filed, plus dividends, interest, and other increments on the security up to the time the claim is paid.

(b) Replacement of the security or calculation of market value under subsection (a) of this section must take into account a stock split, reverse stock split, stock dividend, or similar corporate action.

(c) A person that makes a valid claim under this chapter of ownership of a security after expiration of six years after delivery of the security to the Administrator is entitled to receive:

(1) the security the holder delivered to the Administrator, if it is in the custody of the Administrator, plus dividends, interest, and other increments on the security up to the time the Administrator delivers the security to the person; or

(2) the net proceeds of the sale of the security, plus dividends, interest, and other increments on the security up to the time the security was sold.
27 V.S.A. § 1365 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 15 / Section 1365
§ 1365. Violations
Status: in_force

A violation of this subchapter is deemed to be a violation of 9 V.S.A. § 2453, and is subject to all rights, obligations, and penalties provided under 9 V.S.A. chapter 63.
27 V.S.A. § 101 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 3 / Section 101
§ 101. Definition; exemption from attachment and execution
Status: in_force

The homestead of a natural person consisting of a dwelling house, outbuildings, and the land used in connection therewith, not exceeding $125,000.00 in value, and owned and used or kept by the person as a homestead together with the rents, issues, profits, and products thereof, shall be exempt from attachment and execution except as otherwise provided in this chapter.
27 V.S.A. § 1562 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 18 / Section 1562
§ 1562. Examination of records to determine compliance
Status: in_force

The Administrator, at reasonable times and on reasonable notice, may:

(1) examine the records of a person, including examination of appropriate records in the possession of an agent of the person under examination, if the records are reasonably necessary to determine whether the person has complied with this chapter;

(2) issue an administrative subpoena requiring the person or agent of the person to make records available for examination; and

(3) bring an action seeking judicial enforcement of the subpoena.
27 V.S.A. § 1473 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 18 / Section 1473
§ 1473. When abandonment period is accelerated
Status: in_force

Notwithstanding sections 1461 through 1469 of this title, and subject to section 1469 of this title:

(1) If the holder has imposed a charge against property for reason of owner inactivity or the failure of the owner to claim the property within a specified period of time, and the abandonment period for the property as specified in sections 1461 through 1469 of this chapter is greater than two years, the property shall instead be presumed abandoned two years from the date of the owner's last indication of interest in the property.

(2) A deceased owner cannot indicate interest in his or her property. If the holder has reason to believe that the owner's deceased, and the abandonment period for the owner's property in sections 1461 through 1469 of this title is greater than two years, the property shall instead be presumed abandoned two years from the date of the owner's last indication of interest in the property. If the owner's property is subject to section 1462 or 1463 of this title, the two-year presumption of abandonment shall run from the earliest of the date of distribution or attempted distribution of the property, the date of the required distribution as stated in the plan or trust agreement governing the plan, or the date, if determinable by the holder, specified in the income tax laws of the United States by which distribution of the property must begin in order to avoid a tax penalty.
27A V.S.A. § 103 — VT Code / Title 27A / Chapter 4 / Section 103
§ 4-103. Public offering statement; general provisions
Status: reserved

(a) Except as otherwise provided in subsection (b) of this section, a public offering statement shall contain or fully and accurately disclose all the following:

(1) The name and principal address of the declarant and of the common interest community, and a statement that the common interest community is either a condominium or planned community.

(2) A general description of the common interest community, including to the extent known, the types, number, and declarant's schedule of commencement and completion of construction of buildings, and amenities that the declarant anticipates including in the common interest community.

(3) The number of units in the common interest community.

(4) Copies and a brief narrative description of the significant features of the declaration, other than any plats and plans, and any other recorded covenants, conditions, restrictions, and reservations affecting the common interest community; the bylaws and any rules or regulations of the association; copies of any contracts and leases to be signed by purchasers at closing; and a brief narrative description of any contracts or leases that will or may be subject to cancellation by the association or managing entity under section 3-105 of this title.

(5) The financial information required by subsection (d) of this section.

(6) Any services not reflected in the budget that the declarant provides, or expenses that the declarant pays, and that the declarant expects may become a common expense of the association and the projected common expense assessment attributable to each of those services or expenses for the association and for each type of unit.

(7) Any initial or special fee due from the purchaser or seller at the time of sale and a description of the purpose and method of calculating the fee.

(8) A description of any liens, defects or encumbrances on or affecting the title to the common interest community.

(9) A description of any financing offered or arranged by the declarant.

(10) The terms and significant limitations of any warranties provided by the declarant, including statutory warranties and limitations on the enforcement thereof or on damages.

(11) A statement of any unsatisfied judgments or pending suits against the association and the status of any pending suits material to the common interest community of which a declarant has actual knowledge.

(12) Any restraints on alienation of any portion of the common interest community and any restrictions:

(A) on use, occupancy, and alienation of the units, and

(B) on the amount for which a unit may be sold or on the amount that may be received by a unit owner on sale, condemnation, or casualty loss to the unit or to the common interest community, or on termination of the common interest community.

(13) A description of the insurance coverage provided for the benefit of unit owners.

(14) Any current or expected fees or charges to be paid by unit owners for the use of the common elements and other facilities related to the common interest community.

(15) The extent to which financial arrangements have been provided for completion of all improvements that the declarant is obligated to build pursuant to section 4-119 of this title.

(16) A brief narrative description of any zoning and other land use requirements affecting the common interest community.

(17) All unusual and material circumstances, features, and characteristics of the common interest community and the units.

(18) A description of any arrangement described in section 1-209 of this title that binds the association.

(b) If a common interest community composed of not more than four units is not subject to any development rights and no power is reserved to a declarant to make the common interest community part of a larger common interest community, group of common interest communities or other real estate, a public offering statement need not include the information otherwise required by subdivisions (a)(4), (9), (10), (15), (16), and (17) of this section.

(c) A declarant shall promptly amend the public offering statement to report any material change in the information required by this section.

(d) The public offering statement must contain any current balance sheet and a projected budget for the association, either within or as an exhibit to the public offering statement, for one year after the date of the first conveyance to a purchaser, and thereafter the current budget of the association, a statement of who prepared the budget, and a statement of the budget's assumptions concerning occupancy and inflation factors. The budget must include:

(1) a statement of the amount, or a statement that there is no amount, included in the budget as a reserve for repairs and replacement;

(2) a statement of any other reserves;

(3) the projected common expense assessment by category of expenditures for the association; and

(4) the projected monthly common expense assessment for each type of unit.
27A V.S.A. § 118 — VT Code / Title 27A / Chapter 3 / Section 118
§ 3-118. Association records
Status: in_force

(a) An association shall retain the following:

(1) detailed records of receipts and expenditures affecting the operation and administration of the association and other appropriate accounting records;

(2) minutes of all meetings of its unit owners and executive board other than executive sessions, a record of all actions taken by the unit owners or executive board without a meeting, and a record of all actions taken by a committee in place of the executive board on behalf of the association;

(3) the names of unit owners in a form that permits preparation of a list of the names of all owners and the addresses at which the association communicates with them, in alphabetical order showing the number of votes each owner is entitled to cast;

(4) its original or restated organizational documents, if required by law other than this title, bylaws and all amendments to them, and all rules currently in effect;

(5) all financial statements and tax returns of the association for the past three years;

(6) a list of the names and addresses of its current executive board members and officers;

(7) its most recent annual report delivered to the secretary of state;

(8) financial and other records sufficiently detailed to enable the association to comply with section 4-109 of this title;

(9) copies of current contracts to which it is a party;

(10) records of executive board or committee actions to approve or deny any requests for design or architectural approval from unit owners; and

(11) ballots, proxies, and other records related to voting by unit owners for one year after the election, action, or vote to which they relate.

(b) Subject to subsections (c) and (d) of this section, all records retained by an association must be available for examination and copying by a unit owner or the owner's authorized agent:

(1) during reasonable business hours or at a mutually convenient time and location; and

(2) upon five days' notice in a record reasonably identifying the specific records of the association requested.

(c) Records retained by an association may be withheld from inspection and copying to the extent that they concern:

(1) personnel, salary, and medical records relating to specific individuals;

(2) contracts, leases, and other commercial transactions to purchase or provide goods or services currently being negotiated;

(3) existing or potential litigation or mediation, arbitration, or administrative proceedings;

(4) existing or potential matters involving federal, State, or local administrative or other formal proceedings before a governmental tribunal for enforcement of the declaration, bylaws, or rules;

(5) communications with the association's attorney that are otherwise protected by the attorney-client privilege or the attorney work-product doctrine;

(6) information the disclosure of which would violate law other than this title;

(7) records of an executive session of the executive board; or

(8) individual unit files other than those of the requesting owner.

(d) An association may charge a reasonable fee for providing copies of any records under this section and for supervising the unit owner's inspection.

(e) A right to copy records under this section includes the right to receive copies by photocopying or other means, including copies through an electronic transmission if available upon request by the unit owner.

(f) An association is not obligated to compile or synthesize information.

(g) Information provided pursuant to this section may not be used for commercial purposes.
27A V.S.A. § 119 — VT Code / Title 27A / Chapter 2 / Section 119
§ 2-119. Rights of secured lenders
Status: in_force

(a) The declaration may require that all or a specified number or percentage of the lenders who hold security interests in the units or common elements approve specified actions of the unit owners or the association as a condition to the effectiveness of those actions, but lack of approval will not have the effect of:

(1) denying or delegating control over the general administrative affairs of the association by the unit owners or the executive board;

(2) preventing the association or the executive board from participating in any litigation or proceeding; or

(3) preventing an insurance trustee or the association from receiving and distributing insurance proceeds except pursuant to section 3-113 of this title.

(b) A lender who has extended credit to an association secured by an assignment of income (subdivision 3-102(a)(14) of this title) or an encumbrance on the common elements (section 3-112) may enforce its security agreement in accordance with its terms, subject to the requirements of this title and other law. Requirements that the association must deposit its periodic common charges before default with the lender to which the association's income has been assigned, or increase its common charges at the lender's direction by amounts reasonably necessary to amortize the loan in accordance with its terms, do not violate the prohibitions on lender approval contained in subsection (a) of this section.
27 V.S.A. § 442 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 5 / Section 442
§ 442. Attachment and sale of machinery mortgaged with real estate
Status: in_force

If machinery is mortgaged with real estate, the equity of redemption in such machinery and real estate may be attached and sold on execution as real estate is sold.
27 V.S.A. § 942 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 7 / Section 942
§ 942. Transferred property held in trust
Status: in_force

Any Universalist church of this State affiliated with the Vermont and Quebec Universalist Unitarian Convention, which has ceased or failed to maintain religious worship or services, or to use the property for religious worship or services, for the space of two consecutive years immediately prior thereto, or whose membership has so diminished in numbers or financial strength as to render it impossible or impractical for the church to maintain religious worship or services, or to protect its property from exposure to waste and dilapidation, or to fulfill the purpose for which it was incorporated, by an order of the Superior Court, may be declared extinct or dissolved, and the property of the church or property which may be held in trust for such church, be transferred to and the title and possession vested in the Vermont and Quebec Universalist Unitarian Convention. The avails of the property so transferred shall be held in trust and added to the permanent fund of the convention, and the income from it employed for its usual work until a local Universalist church is again organized in the same neighborhood, when the income shall be used to aid the local church as needed.
27 V.S.A. § 1453 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 18 / Section 1453
§ 1453. Inapplicability to foreign transaction
Status: in_force

This chapter does not apply to property held, due, and owing in a foreign country if the transaction out of which the property arose was a foreign transaction.
27A V.S.A. § 105 — VT Code / Title 27A / Chapter 1 / Section 105
§ 1-105. Separate titles and taxation
Status: reserved

(a) In a condominium or planned community:

(1) if there is any unit owner other than a declarant, each unit that has been created, together with its interest in the common elements, constitutes for all purposes a separate parcel of real estate; and

(2) if there is any unit owner other than a declarant, each unit shall be separately taxed and assessed, and no separate tax or assessment may be rendered against any common elements for which a declarant has reserved no development rights; provided, however, that if a portion of the common elements is located in a town other than the town in which the unit is located, the town in which the common elements are located may designate that portion of the common elements within its boundaries as a parcel for property tax assessment purposes and may tax each unit owner at an appraisal value pursuant to 32 V.S.A. § 3481.

(b) Any portion of the common elements for which the declarant has reserved any development right shall be separately taxed and assessed against the declarant, and the declarant alone is liable for payment of those taxes.

(c) If there is no unit owner other than a declarant, the real estate comprising a common interest community may be taxed and assessed in any manner provided by law.
27 V.S.A. § 1593 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 18 / Section 1593
§ 1593. Action involving another state or foreign country
Status: in_force

(a) The Administrator may join another state or foreign country to examine and seek enforcement of this chapter against a putative holder.

(b) On request of another state or foreign country, the Vermont Attorney General may commence an action on behalf of the other state or country to enforce, in this State, the law of the other state or country against a putative holder subject to a claim by the other state or country, if the other state or country agrees to pay costs incurred by the Attorney General in the action.

(c) The Administrator may request the official authorized to enforce the unclaimed property law of another state or foreign country to commence an action to recover property in the other state or country on behalf of the Administrator. This State shall pay the costs, including reasonable attorney's fees and expenses, incurred by the other state or foreign country in an action under this subsection.

(d) The Administrator may pursue an action on behalf of this State to recover property subject to this chapter but delivered to the custody of another state if the Administrator believes the property is subject to the custody of the Administrator.

(e) The Administrator may retain an attorney in this State, another state, or a foreign country to commence an action to recover property on behalf of the Administrator and may agree to pay attorney's fees based in whole or in part on a fixed fee, hourly fee, or a percentage of the amount or value of property recovered in the action.

(f) Expenses incurred by this State in an action under this section may be paid from property received under this chapter or the net proceeds of the property. Expenses paid to recover property may not be deducted from the amount that is subject to a claim under this chapter by the owner.
27 V.S.A. § 1519 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 18 / Section 1519
§ 1519. Disposition of property having no substantial value; immunity from liability
Status: in_force

(a) If the Administrator takes custody of property delivered under this chapter and later determines that the property has no substantial commercial value or that the cost of disposing of the property will exceed the value of the property, the Administrator may return the property to the holder or destroy or otherwise dispose of the property.

(b) An action or proceeding may not be commenced against the State, an agency of the State, the Administrator, another officer, employee, or agent of the State, or a holder for or because of an act of the Administrator under this section, except for intentional misconduct or malfeasance.
27 V.S.A. § 1621 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 18 / Section 1621
§ 1621. Uniformity of application and construction
Status: in_force

In applying and construing this uniform chapter, consideration must be given to the need to promote uniformity of the law with respect to its subject matter among states that enact it.
27 V.S.A. § 462 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 5 / Section 462
§ 462. By acknowledgment of payment
Status: in_force

Mortgages may also be discharged by the mortgagee or by his or her executor, administrator, assignee, attorney at law, or attorney acting under a duly executed and recorded power of attorney, acknowledging payment thereof by an entry on the mortgage deed, signing the same in the presence of one or more witnesses, which entry, upon being recorded on the margin of the record of such mortgage in the record of deeds, shall discharge such mortgage and bar all actions brought thereon.
27 V.S.A. § 1513 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 18 / Section 1513
§ 1513. Payment or delivery of property to Administrator
Status: in_force

(a) Except as otherwise provided in this section, on filing a report under section 1491 of this title, the holder shall pay or deliver to the Administrator the property described in the report.

(b) If property in a report under section 1491 of this title is an automatically renewable deposit and a penalty or forfeiture in the payment of interest would result from paying the deposit to the Administrator at the time of the report, the date for payment of the property to the Administrator is extended until a penalty or forfeiture no longer would result from payment, if the holder informs the Administrator of the extended date.

(c) Tangible property in a safe-deposit box may not be delivered to the Administrator until 120 days after filing the report under section 1491 of this title.

(d) If property reported to the Administrator under section 1491 of this title is a security, the Administrator may:

(1) make an endorsement, instruction, or entitlement order on behalf of the apparent owner to invoke the duty of the issuer, its transfer agent, or the securities intermediary to transfer the security; or

(2) dispose of the security under section 1532 of this title.

(e) If the holder of property reported to the Administrator under section 1491 of this title is the issuer of a certificated security, the Administrator may obtain a replacement certificate in physical or book-entry form under 9A V.S.A. § 8-405. An indemnity bond is not required.

(f) If property reported to the Administrator under section 1491 of this title is virtual currency, the holder shall liquidate the virtual currency and remit the proceeds to the Administrator. The liquidation shall occur anytime within 30 days prior to the remittance. The owner of the property shall not have recourse against the holder or the Administrator to recover any gain in value that occurs after the liquidation of the virtual currency for property properly reported as set forth in this chapter.

(g) The Administrator shall establish procedures for the registration, issuance, method of delivery, transfer, and maintenance of securities delivered to the Administrator by a holder.

(h) An issuer, holder, and transfer agent or other person acting under this section under instructions of and on behalf of the issuer or holder is not liable to the apparent owner for, and must be indemnified by the State against, a claim arising with respect to property after the property has been delivered to the Administrator.

(i) A holder is not required to deliver to the Administrator a security identified by the holder as a nonfreely transferable security. If the Administrator or holder determines that a security is no longer a nonfreely transferable security, the holder shall deliver the security on the next regular date prescribed for delivery of securities under this chapter. The holder shall make a determination annually whether a security identified in a report filed under section 1491 of this title as a nonfreely transferable security is no longer a nonfreely transferable security.
27 V.S.A. § 1581 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 18 / Section 1581
§ 1581. Informal conference
Status: in_force

(a) Not later than 30 days after receipt of a notice under section 1572 of this title, the putative holder may request an informal conference with the Administrator to review the determination. Except as otherwise provided in this section, the Administrator may designate an employee to act on behalf of the Administrator.

(b) If a putative holder makes a timely request under subsection (a) for an informal conference:

(1) not later than 20 days after the date of the request, the Administrator shall set the time and place of the conference;

(2) the Administrator shall give the putative holder notice in a record of the time and place of the conference;

(3) the conference may be held in person, by telephone, or by electronic means, as determined by the Administrator;

(4) the request tolls the 90-day period under sections 1583 and 1584 of this title until notice of a decision under subdivision (7) of this subsection has been given to the putative holder or the putative holder withdraws the request for the conference;

(5) the conference may be postponed, adjourned, and reconvened as the Administrator determines appropriate;

(6) the Administrator or Administrator's designee with the approval of the Administrator may modify a determination made under section 1012 of this title or withdraw it; and

(7) the Administrator shall issue a decision in a record and provide a copy of the record to the putative holder and examiner not later than 20 days after the conference ends.

(c) A conference under subsection (b) of this section is not an administrative remedy and is not a contested case subject to 3 V.S.A. § 809. An oath is not required and rules of evidence do not apply in the conference.

(d) At a conference under subsection (b) of this section, the putative holder must be given an opportunity to confer informally with the Administrator and the person that examined the records of the putative holder to:

(1) discuss the determination made under section 1572 of this title; and

(2) present any issue concerning the validity of the determination.

(e) If the Administrator fails to act within the period prescribed in subdivision (b)(1) or (7) of this section, the failure does not affect a right of the Administrator, except that interest does not accrue on the amount for which the putative holder was determined to be liable under section 1572 of this title during the period in which the Administrator failed to act until the earlier of:

(1) the date under section 1583 of this title the putative holder initiates administrative review or files an action under section 1584 of this title; or

(2) 90 days after the putative holder received notice of the Administrator's determination under section 1572 of this title if no review was initiated under section 1583 of this title and no action was filed under section 1584 of this title.

(f) The Administrator may hold an informal conference with a putative holder about a determination under section 1572 of this title without a request at any time before the putative holder initiates administrative review under section 1583 of this title or files an action under section 1584 of this title.

(g) Interest and penalties under section 1594 of this title continue to accrue on property not reported, paid, or delivered as required by this chapter after the initiation, and during the pendency, of an informal conference under this section.
27 V.S.A. § 1572 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 18 / Section 1572
§ 1572. Determination of liability for unreported reportable property
Status: in_force

If the Administrator determines from an examination conducted under section 1562 of this title that a putative holder failed or refused to pay or deliver to the Administrator property that is reportable under this chapter, the Administrator shall issue a determination of the putative holder's liability to pay or deliver and give notice in a record to the putative holder of the determination.
27 V.S.A. § 407 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 5 / Section 407
§ 407. Commitment of vendor for refusal
Status: in_force

When such person does not show sufficient cause for omitting to procure his or her deed to be recorded, the judge shall sentence him or her to jail, there to remain until he or she procures it to be recorded and pays the costs of the complaint and commitment. Either party may appeal from the decision of such judge as provided in this chapter. Such person shall also be further liable for damages to the party whose right or title is affected in an action on this statute.
27 V.S.A. § 703 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 7 / Section 703
§ 703. Estate or interest not vested in person in office or successor
Status: in_force

A grant, conveyance, devise, or lease of real or personal estate to, or a trust of such real or personal estate for the benefit of, a person or the person's successors in an ecclesiastical office shall not vest an estate or interest in the person or the person's successor. Such a grant, conveyance, devise, or lease to or for the person, by the designation of the office, shall not vest an estate or interest in a successor of the person. This section shall not be deemed to admit the validity of such grant, conveyance, devise, or lease heretofore made.
27 V.S.A. § 863 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 7 / Section 863
§ 863. Powers as to campgrounds
Status: in_force

Such trustees and their successors in office may erect within their respective circuits, upon grounds used for camp meetings under the usages of such church, boarding tents for such persons as attend and furnish board and lodging during such meetings.
27A V.S.A. § 113 — VT Code / Title 27A / Chapter 3 / Section 113
§ 3-113. Insurance
Status: in_force

(a) After no later than the date of the first conveyance of a unit to a person other than a declarant, to the extent reasonably available and subject to reasonable deductibles, the association shall maintain the following insurance coverage:

(1) Property insurance on the common elements and, in a planned community, also on property that will become common elements, to insure against risks of direct physical loss commonly insured against, which insurance, after application of any deductibles, shall be not less than 80 percent of the actual cash value of the insured property at the time the insurance is purchased and at each renewal date, exclusive of items normally excluded from property policies.

(2) Commercial general liability insurance, including medical payments insurance, in an amount determined by the executive board but not less than any amount specified in the declaration, covering all occurrences commonly insured against for bodily injury or property damage arising out of or in connection with the use, ownership, or maintenance of the common elements.

(3) Fidelity insurance.

(b) In the case of a building that contains units divided by horizontal boundaries described in the declaration, or vertical boundaries that comprise common walls between units, to the extent reasonably available, the insurance maintained under subdivision (a)(1) of this section shall include the units but need not include improvements and betterments installed by unit owners.

(c) If insurance described in subsections (a) and (b) of this section is not reasonably available, the association shall promptly so notify all unit owners by U.S. mail or hand delivery. The declaration may require the association to carry any other insurance, and the association may carry any other insurance it deems appropriate to protect the association or the unit owners.

(d) Insurance policies carried pursuant to subsections (a) and (b) of this section shall provide all the following:

(1) Liability coverage for each unit owner arising out of his or her interest in the common elements or membership in the association.

(2) Waiver by the insurer of its right to subrogation under the policy against any unit owner or member of the owner's household.

(3) That no act or omission by any unit owner, unless acting within the scope of his or her authority on behalf of the association, will void the policy or be a condition to recovery under the policy.

(4) Primary coverage by the association policy in the event other insurance in the name of the unit owner is in effect to cover the same risk.

(e) Any loss covered by the property policy under subdivision (a)(1) and subsection (b) of this section shall be adjusted with the association, but the insurance proceeds for that loss are payable to any insurance trustee designated for that purpose, or otherwise to the association, and not to a holder of a security interest. The insurance trustee or the association shall hold insurance proceeds in trust for the association, unit owners and lien holders as their interests may appear. Subject to the provisions of subsection (g) of this section, the proceeds shall be spent first for the repair or restoration of the damaged property. The association, unit owners, and lienholders are not entitled to payment of any portion of the proceeds unless there is a surplus after the property has been completely repaired or restored or the common interest community is terminated.

(f) An insurance policy issued to the association does not prevent a unit owner from insuring for his or her own benefit.

(g) An insurer that has issued an insurance policy under this section shall issue certificates or memoranda of insurance to the association and, upon written request, to any unit owner or holder of a security interest. All insurance notices shall be mailed to the association, each unit owner, and each holder of a security interest to whom a certificate or memorandum of insurance has been issued at their respective last known addresses.

(h)(1) Any portion of the common interest community for which insurance is required under this section that is damaged or destroyed shall be repaired or replaced promptly by the association unless:

(A) the common interest community is terminated, in which case section 2-118 of this title shall apply;

(B) the repair or replacement is illegal under State or municipal law; or

(C) 80 percent or more of the unit owners, including the affected owners of units or units allocated limited common elements vote not to rebuild. The cost of repair or replacement in excess of insurance proceeds and reserves is a common expense.

(2) If the entire common interest community is not repaired or replaced:

(A) the insurance proceeds attributable to the damaged common elements shall be used to restore the damaged area to a condition compatible with the remainder of the common interest community; and

(B) except to the extent that other persons will be distributees:

(i) the insurance proceeds attributable to units and limited common elements that are not rebuilt must be distributed to the owners of those units and the owners of the units to which those limited common elements were allocated, or to lienholders, as their interests may appear in proportion to the common expense liabilities of all the units; and

(ii) the remainder of the proceeds shall be distributed to all the unit owners or lienholders, as their interests may appear, in proportion to the common expense liabilities of those units.

(3) If the unit owners vote not to rebuild any unit, that unit's allocated interests are automatically reallocated upon the vote, and the association promptly shall prepare, execute, and record an amendment to the declaration reflecting the reallocations.

(i) The provisions of this section may be varied or waived in the case of a common interest community in which all units are restricted to nonresidential use.
27 V.S.A. § 373 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 5 / Section 373
§ 373. Notice
Status: in_force

When the summons is served by leaving a copy at the usual place of abode of the grantor or lessor, and it does not appear that actual notice was given, the judge shall continue the hearing from time to time, not exceeding 90 days, and direct that actual notice be given if the party resides in the State. When such notice cannot be given, the judge shall proceed in the examination as provided in section 374 of this title, and the judge's certificate of the execution of the deed shall have the same effect as provided in that section.
27A V.S.A. § 111 — VT Code / Title 27A / Chapter 4 / Section 111
§ 4-111. Release of liens
Status: in_force

(a) In the case of a sale of a unit where delivery of a public offering statement is required pursuant to subsection 4-102(c) of this title, before conveying a unit, a seller shall:

(1) record or furnish to the purchaser releases of all liens, except liens on real estate that a declarant has the right to withdraw from the common interest community, that the purchaser does not expressly agree to take subject to or assume and that encumber:

(A) in a condominium, that unit and its common element interest; and

(B) in a planned community, that unit and any limited common elements assigned to it; or

(2) provide a surety bond or substitute collateral for or insurance against the lien.

(b) Before conveying real estate to the association, the declarant shall have that real estate released from:

(1) all liens the foreclosure of which would deprive unit owners of any right of access to or easement of support of their units; and

(2) all other liens on that real estate unless the public offering statement describes certain real estate that may be conveyed subject to liens in specified amounts.
27 V.S.A. § 1314 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 15 / Section 1314
§ 1314. Blanket mortgages and other blanket liens affecting an apartment or site at time of first conveyance
Status: in_force

At the time of the first conveyance of each apartment or site, every mortgage and other lien affecting the apartment or site, including the percentage of undivided interest of the apartment or site in the common areas and facilities, shall be paid and satisfied of record, or the apartment or site being conveyed and its percentage of undivided interest in the common areas and facilities shall be released therefrom by partial release duly recorded.
27A V.S.A. § 116 — VT Code / Title 27A / Chapter 1 / Section 116
§ 1-116. Relation to Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act
Status: in_force

This title modifies, limits, and supercedes the federal Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act, 15 U.S.C. Section 7001 et seq., but does not modify, limit, or supercede Section 101(c) of that act, 15 U.S.C. Section 7001(c), or authorize electronic delivery of any of the notices described in Section 103(b) of that act, 15 U.S.C. Section 7003(b).
27 V.S.A. § 182 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 3 / Section 182
§ 182. Application to Superior Court for relief
Status: in_force

When a dwelling house, outbuildings, and lands in which a homestead right exists exceed in value $125,000.00 and a severance of the homestead would greatly depreciate the value of the residue of the premises or be of great inconvenience to the parties interested either in the residue or in the homestead, either party may apply for relief to the Superior Court by a complaint setting forth the facts.
27 V.S.A. § 611 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 5 / Section 611
§ 611. Remediation certificates
Status: in_force

A remediation certificate issued under the provisions of 18 V.S.A. § 1221a, and duly recorded under the provisions of 18 V.S.A. § 1221b, shall correct any title deficiencies under this subchapter that were caused by the absence of a subdivision permit required under the provisions of 18 V.S.A. chapter 23.
27 V.S.A. § 626 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 5 / Section 626
§ 626. Relation to Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act
Status: in_force

This subchapter modifies, limits, and supersedes the federal Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act (15 U.S.C. § 7001, et seq.) but does not modify, limit, or supersede Section 101(c) of that act (15 U.S.C. § 7001(c)) or authorize electronic delivery of any of the notices described in Section 103(b) of that act (15 U.S.C. § 7003(b)).
27A V.S.A. § 107 — VT Code / Title 27A / Chapter 2 / Section 107
§ 2-107. Allocation of allocated interests
Status: in_force

(a) The declaration shall allocate to each unit:

(1) in a condominium, a fraction or percentage of undivided interests in the common elements and in the common expenses of the association pursuant to subsection 3-115(a) of this title and a portion of the votes in the association; and

(2) in a planned community, a fraction or percentage of the common expenses of the association pursuant to subsection 3-115(a) of this title and a portion of the votes in the association.

(b) The declaration shall state the formulas used to establish allocations of interests. Those allocations may not discriminate in favor of units owned by the declarant or an affiliate of the declarant.

(c) If units may be added to or withdrawn from the common interest community, the declaration shall state the formulas to be used to reallocate the allocated interests among all units included in the common interest community after the addition or withdrawal.

(d) The declaration may provide:

(1) different allocations of votes to the units on particular matters specified in the declaration;

(2) cumulative voting only for the purpose of electing members of the executive board; and

(3) class voting on specified issues affecting the class if necessary to protect valid interests of the class.

A declarant may not utilize cumulative or class voting for the purpose of evading any limitation imposed on declarants by this title nor may units constitute a class because they are owned by a declarant.

(e) Except for minor variations due to rounding, the sum of the common expense liabilities and, in a condominium, the sum of the undivided interests in the common elements allocated at any time to all the units shall each equal one if stated as a fraction or 100 percent if stated as a percentage. In the event of discrepancy between an allocated interest and the result derived from application of the pertinent formula, the allocated interest prevails.

(f) In a condominium, the common elements are not subject to partition, and any purported conveyance, encumbrance, judicial sale, or other voluntary or involuntary transfer of an undivided interest in the common elements made without the unit to which that interest is allocated, is void.
27 V.S.A. § 1557 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 18 / Section 1557
§ 1557. Deceased owners; multiple claimants
Status: in_force

(a) If the Administrator holds unclaimed property in the name of a deceased owner, the Administrator may deliver the property as follows:

(1) In the case of an open estate, to the Administrator or executor.

(2) In the case of a closed estate and the unclaimed property is valued at less than $5,000.00, in accordance with the Probate Division of the Superior Court decree of distribution.

(3) In the absence of an open estate or Probate Division of the Superior Court decree of distribution, and the unclaimed property is valued at less than $5,000.00 to the surviving spouse of the deceased owner, or, if there is no surviving spouse, then to the next of kin according to 14 V.S.A. § 314.

(4) In all other cases where the Administrator holds property in the name of a deceased owner, a probate estate shall be opened by the claimant, or other interested party, in order to determine the appropriate distribution of the unclaimed property. Where an estate is opened solely to distribute unclaimed property under this section, the Probate Division of the Superior Court may waive any filing fees.

(b) If the Administrator holds unclaimed property valued at $250.00 or less that more than one person owns, the Administrator may deliver the property as follows:

(1) If the property has been listed on the Administrator's website for less than one year, a proportionate share to each of the persons who owns the property and who files a claim.

(2) If the property has been listed on the Administrator's website for a year or more, to the first person who files a claim and who owns at least a share of the property.
27 V.S.A. § 904 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 7 / Section 904
§ 904. Transfer of property of extinct parishes and missions
Status: in_force

All property of any kind belonging to or held in trust for a parish or mission of the Protestant Episcopal Church, which, under the canons and usages of the Protestant Episcopal Diocese of Vermont, ceases to exist as a parish or mission, shall vest in and become the property of the Trustees of the Diocese of Vermont, a corporation organized and existing under the laws of the state of Vermont, the property, or the avails thereof, to be used by said trustees for the aid, benefit or advancement of the Protestant Episcopal Diocese of Vermont in the manner authorized by the corporation charter of November 19, 1880 as amended.
27 V.S.A. § 1514 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 18 / Section 1514
§ 1514. Effect of payment or delivery of property to Administrator
Status: in_force

On payment or delivery of property to the Administrator under this chapter, the Administrator as agent for the State assumes custody and responsibility for safekeeping the property. A holder that pays or delivers property to the Administrator in good faith and substantially complies with sections 1501 and 1502 of this title is relieved of liability arising thereafter with respect to payment or delivery of the property to the Administrator.
27 V.S.A. § 784 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 7 / Section 784
§ 784. Construction with other laws
Status: in_force

In case of conflict between the provisions of sections 781-783 of this title and special acts of the General Assembly relating to the Vermont Baptist State Convention, the provisions of such sections shall control.
27A V.S.A. § 101 — VT Code / Title 27A / Chapter 2 / Section 101
§ 2-101. Creation of common interest communities
Status: in_force

(a) A common interest community may be created pursuant to this title only by recording a declaration executed in the same manner as a deed. The declaration shall be recorded in each town in which any portion of the common interest community is located and shall be indexed in the grantee's index in the name of the common interest community and the association and in the grantor's index in the name of each person executing the declaration.

(b) In a condominium, a declaration or an amendment to a declaration to add units may not be recorded unless all structural components and mechanical systems of all building containing or comprising any units created by the declaration are substantially completed in accordance with the plans as evidenced by a recorded certificate of completion executed by an independent professional engineer, surveyor, or architect, as appropriate and if authorized by the respective practice acts of each profession in 26 V.S.A. chapters 3, 20, and 45.
27 V.S.A. § 1329 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 15 / Section 1329
§ 1329. Severability
Status: in_force

If any provision of this chapter or the application thereof in any circumstance is held invalid, the validity of the remainder of the chapter and of its application shall not be affected thereby.
27 V.S.A. § 1622 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 18 / Section 1622
§ 1622. Relation to Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act
Status: in_force

This chapter modifies, limits, or supersedes the Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act, 15 U.S.C. § 7001 et seq., but does not modify, limit, or supersede Section 101(c) of that act, 15 U.S.C. § 7001(c), or authorize electronic delivery of any of the notices described in Section 103(b) of that act, 15 U.S.C. § 7003(b).
27 V.S.A. § 1308 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 15 / Section 1308
§ 1308. Certain work prohibited
Status: in_force

No apartment or site owner may do any work that would jeopardize the soundness or safety of the property, reduce the value thereof, or impair an easement or hereditament without the unanimous consent of all the other apartment or site owners being first obtained.
27 V.S.A. § 346 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 5 / Section 346
§ 346. Conveyances by corporation
Status: in_force

A public or private corporation authorized to hold real estate may convey the same by an agent appointed by vote for that purpose.
27A V.S.A. § 106 — VT Code / Title 27A / Chapter 3 / Section 106
§ 3-106. Bylaws
Status: in_force

(a) The bylaws of the association shall:

(1) provide the number of members of the executive board and the titles of the officers of the association;

(2) provide for election by the executive board or, if the declaration requires, by the unit owners, of a president, treasurer, secretary, and any other officers the bylaws specify;

(3) specify the qualifications, powers and duties, terms of office, and manner of electing and removing executive board members and officers and filling vacancies;

(4) specify the powers that the executive board or officers may delegate to other persons or to a managing agent;

(5) specify the officers who may prepare, execute, certify, and record amendments to the declaration on behalf of the association;

(6) establish the frequency of association meetings, which in no case shall be less than one per year;

(7) establish the number of voters constituting a quorum, which shall not be less than 20 percent of the persons entitled to vote for the executive board. Proxy votes may be included for a quorum;

(8) specify a method for the unit owners to amend the bylaws;

(9) contain any other provisions necessary to satisfy requirements of this title or the declaration concerning meetings, voting, quorums, and other activities of the association; and

(10) provide for any matter required by the laws of this state other than this title that is required to appear in the bylaws of organizations of the same type as the association.

(b) Subject to the declaration and this title, the bylaws may provide for any other necessary or appropriate matters, including matters that could be adopted as rules.
27 V.S.A. § 141 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 3 / Section 141
§ 141. Execution and acknowledgment of conveyance
Status: in_force

(a) A homestead or an interest therein shall not be conveyed by the owner thereof, if married, except by way of mortgage for the purchase money thereof given at the time of such purchase, unless the wife or husband joins in the execution and acknowledgment of such conveyance. A conveyance thereof, or of an interest therein, not so made and acknowledged, shall be inoperative so far only as relates to the homestead provided for in this chapter.

(b) When a mortgagee takes an accruing mortgage, the only debt which shall be secured thereby or become a lien upon the property described therein shall be the debt described in the mortgage and existing at the time of its execution and any subsequent direct indebtedness of the mortgagor to such mortgagee; provided, that when the mortgage includes a homestead, the written consent of the wife or husband of the mortgagor to the creation of such subsequent direct indebtedness shall be required.

(c) If a mortgaged property includes a homestead, any amendment to the mortgage which increases the amount of the indebtedness secured thereby or extends the date of maturity thereof shall be executed and acknowledged by both spouses. The failure to obtain the written spousal consent shall not affect the validity or priority of such amendment, but the lien created thereby shall be inoperative so far only as relates to the rights of homestead of such spouse in the mortgaged premises under chapter 3 of this title, provided the amendment is challenged by such spouse before his or her homestead interest is otherwise extinguished.

(d) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this section, a spouse or civil union partner may convey his or her respective homestead interest to the other spouse or civil union partner prior to the time the homestead right vests, thereby divesting the grantor of any homestead interest in the property. A conveyance of homestead property between spouses or civil union partners shall be deemed to include a conveyance of any homestead interest. This section shall apply retroactively, except that it shall not affect a suit begun or pending as of July 1, 2008.
27 V.S.A. § 785 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 7 / Section 785
§ 785. Application to nonaffiliated church
Status: in_force

The provisions of sections 781-784 of this title shall apply to any Free Will Baptist church or society not affiliated with the Vermont Baptist State Convention. However, the Superior Court shall not make any order of transfer under section 783 of this title if objection is made by a member of such church or society. Such court in making an order under that section may direct that the property of such church or society be sold and the proceeds shall be paid to such convention, after deducting necessary expenses.
27 V.S.A. § 406 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 5 / Section 406
§ 406. Proceedings upon vendor's refusal
Status: in_force

When such person, after being so requested and after the expiration of said six months, has not procured the person's deed to be recorded, a judge, on the complaint of the party whose right or title is liable to be affected by such neglect, may issue a warrant to immediately bring the person before the judge to be examined in the premises.
27 V.S.A. § 660 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 6 / Section 660
§ 660. Optional form for enhanced life estate deed
Status: reserved

The following form may be used to create an enhanced life estate deed:

ENHANCED LIFE ESTATE DEED

(Vermont statutory form deed)

KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS, that

I/We, ________ and ________ of ________ , in the County of ________ and State of Vermont, Grantors, without consideration, by these presents, do freely GIVE, GRANT, SELL, CONVEY, AND CONFIRM unto the Grantees, ________ and ________ , of ________ , in the County of ________ and State of Vermont and their heirs and assigns forever as ________ [insert nature of tenancy] a certain piece of land in ________ , in the County of __________ , and State of Vermont, described as follows:

PROPERTY DESCRIPTION:

[Insert property description or attach schedule]

GRANTORS RESERVED RIGHTS:

This is an enhanced life estate deed executed pursuant to, and with the rights and privileges set forth in, 27 V.S.A. chapter 6, the Enhanced Life Estate Deed Act (the “ELED Act”). The Grantors, or the survivor of them, hereby reserve unto themselves: (a) a common law life estate, with the exclusive use, possession, and enjoyment of the property; and (b) the right to convey the property. Reference is hereby made to the aforementioned deeds and records and to the deeds and records contained in those documents, in further aid of this description.

TO HAVE AND TO HOLD said granted premises, with all the privileges and appurtenances thereof, to the said Grantees, _______ and _______ , and their heirs and assigns, to their own use and behoof forever, as _______________ [insert nature of tenancy]. I/We, the said Grantors, for ourselves and our heirs, executors, administrators, and assigns do covenant with the said Grantees, and _______________ , and their heirs and assigns, that until the ensealing of these presents we are the sole owners of the premises and have good right and title to convey the same in the manner aforesaid, that they are FREE FROM EVERY ENCUMBRANCE, except as aforesaid, and the Grantors hereby engage to WARRANT AND DEFEND the same against all lawful claims whatsoever, except as otherwise provided in this deed.

I/WE HAVE HEREUNTO set our hands this ________ , of _______ , 20____ .

_________________________________________

[INSERT NOTARY CLAUSE]
27 V.S.A. § 1353 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 15 / Section 1353
§ 1353. Notice of intent to convert a mobile home park
Status: in_force

(a) A declarant shall give notice of intent to convert a mobile home park at least six months prior to giving formal notice of conversion.

(b) The declarant shall provide notice of intent to convert a mobile home park to all leaseholders and the commissioner of the department of housing and community affairs by certified mail.

(c) The notice shall contain:

(1) the name and principal address of the declarant and of any other persons with an ownership interest in the mobile home park, and a statement that the proposed form of ownership is either a condominium or planned community;

(2) a general description of the mobile home park, including to the extent known, the types, number, and the declarant's schedule of commencement and completion of construction of buildings, and amenities that the declarant anticipates including in the mobile home park;

(3) the number of sites in the mobile home park;

(4) the price of each condominium site;

(5) a statement describing the present condition of the park including all water, sewer and electrical systems, and history of the maintenance and repair of those systems and the status of compliance with all environmental health and safety regulations to the declarant's best knowledge;

(6) the date by which leaseholders must vote to proceed with conversion of the mobile home park.
27A V.S.A. § 109 — VT Code / Title 27A / Chapter 4 / Section 109
§ 4-109. Resales of units
Status: in_force

(a) Except in the case of a sale where delivery of a public offering statement is required or is exempt under subsection 4-101(b) of this title, a unit owner shall furnish to a purchaser before the conveyance or transfer of the right of possession of a unit, whichever is earlier, a copy of the declaration, without any plats and plans, the bylaws, the rules or regulations of the association and a certificate that discloses the following:

(1) The effect on the proposed disposition of any right of first refusal or other restraint on the free alienability of the unit held by the association.

(2) The amount of the periodic common expense assessment and any unpaid common expense or special assessment currently due and payable from or by the seller.

(3) Any other fees payable by the owner of the unit being sold.

(4) The amount of any reserves for capital expenditures and of any portions of those reserves designated by the association for any specified projects.

(5) The most recent regularly prepared balance sheet and income and expense statement, if any, of the association.

(6) The current operating budget of the association.

(7) Any unsatisfied judgments against the association and the status of any pending suits in which the association is a defendant.

(8) The amount of any insurance coverage provided for the benefit of unit owners.

(9) Any alterations or improvements to the unit, or to the limited common elements assigned to it that violate any provision of the declaration within the knowledge of the executive board.

(10) Any violations of the health or building codes with respect to the unit, the limited common elements assigned to it, or any other portion of the common interest community within the knowledge of the executive board or managing entity.

(11) The remaining term of any leasehold estate affecting the common interest community and the provisions governing any extension or renewal of it.

(12) Any restrictions in the declaration affecting the amount that may be received by a unit owner upon sale, condemnation, casualty loss to the unit or the common interest community, or termination of the common interest community.

(b) The association, within 10 days after a request by a unit owner, shall furnish to the unit owner a certificate containing the information necessary to enable the unit owner to comply with this section. A unit owner providing a certificate pursuant to subsection (a) of this section is not liable to the purchaser for any erroneous information provided by the association and included in the certificate.

(c) A purchaser is not liable for any unpaid assessment or fee greater than the amount set forth in the certificate prepared by the association. A unit owner is not liable to a purchaser for the failure or delay of the association to provide the certificate in a timely manner, but the purchase contract is voidable by the purchaser until the certificate has been provided and for five days thereafter.
27 V.S.A. § 2 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 1 / Section 2
§ 2. Estate in common preferred to joint tenancy; joint tenancy with unequal shares
Status: in_force

(a) Conveyances and devises of lands, whether for years, for life or in fee, made to two or more persons, shall be construed to create estates in common and not in joint tenancy, unless it is expressed therein that the grantees or devisees shall take the lands jointly or as joint tenants or in joint tenancy or to them and the survivors of them. This provision shall not apply to devises or conveyances made in trust or made to spouses or to conveyances in which it manifestly appears from the tenor of the instrument that it was intended to create an estate in joint tenancy.

(b)(1) An instrument may create a joint tenancy in which the interests of the joint tenants are equal or unequal.

(2) Unless the instrument creating a joint tenancy contains language indicating a contrary intent:

(A) It shall be presumed that the joint tenants' interests are equal.

(B) Upon the death of a joint tenant, the deceased joint tenant's interest shall be allocated among the surviving joint tenants, as joint tenants, in proportion to their respective joint interests at the time of the deceased joint tenant's death.
27 V.S.A. § 1503 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 18 / Section 1503
§ 1503. Notice by Administrator
Status: in_force

(a) The Administrator shall give notice to an apparent owner that property presumed abandoned and appears to be owned by the apparent owner is held by the Administrator under this chapter.

(b) In providing notice under subsection (a) of this section, the Administrator shall:

(1) except as otherwise provided in subdivision (2) of this subsection, send written notice by first-class U.S. mail to each apparent owner of property valued at $50.00 or more held by the Administrator, unless the Administrator determines that a mailing by first-class U.S. mail would not be received by the apparent owner, and, in the case of a security held in an account for which the apparent owner had consented to receiving electronic mail from the holder, send notice by electronic mail if the electronic-mail address of the apparent owner is known to the Administrator instead of by first-class U.S. mail; or

(2) send the notice to the apparent owner's electronic-mail address if the Administrator does not have a valid U.S. mail address for an apparent owner, but has an electronic-mail address that the Administrator does not know to be invalid.

(c) In addition to the notice under subsection (b) of this section, the Administrator may use any of the following to provide additional notice to the apparent owners:

(1) publication in a newspaper of general circulation:

(A) in the area of the State in which the last known address of a person to be named in the notice is located;

(B) in the area in which the holder has its principal place of business in the State; or

(C) in the area the Administrator deems to provide the best opportunity to reach the apparent owner;

(2) individual contact by regular or electronic mail, or by telephone, if the treasurer has current contact information on file;

(3) any other manner and method that the treasurer considers effective for providing notice and publication.

(d) In addition to the notice under subsection (b) of this section, the Administrator shall maintain a website or database accessible by the public and electronically searchable that contains the names reported to the Administrator of all apparent owners for whom property is being held by the Administrator. The website or database maintained under this subsection must include instructions for filing with the Administrator a claim to property and a printable claim form with instructions for its use.

(e) In addition to giving notice under subsection (b) of this section, publishing the information under subdivision (c)(1) of this section and maintaining the website or database under subdivision (d)(2) of this section, the Administrator may use other printed publication, telecommunication, the Internet, or other media to inform the public of the existence of unclaimed property held by the Administrator.
27A V.S.A. § 107 — VT Code / Title 27A / Chapter 1 / Section 107
§ 1-107. Eminent domain
Status: in_force

(a) If a unit is acquired by eminent domain or if a part of a unit is acquired by eminent domain leaving the unit owner with a remnant that may not practically or lawfully be used for any purpose permitted by the declaration, the award shall include compensation to the unit owner for that unit and its allocated interests, whether or not any common elements are acquired. Upon acquisition, unless the decree provides otherwise, the allocated interests of that unit are automatically reallocated to the remaining units in proportion to the respective allocated interests of those units before the taking, and the association shall promptly prepare, execute, and record an amendment to the declaration reflecting the reallocations. Any remnant of a unit remaining after part of a unit is taken under this subsection is thereafter a common element.

(b) Except as provided in subsection (a) of this section, if part of a unit is acquired by eminent domain, the award shall compensate the unit owner for the reduction in value of the unit and its interest in the common elements, whether or not any common elements are acquired. Unless the decree provides otherwise, upon acquisition:

(1) the allocated interests of that unit shall be reduced in proportion to the reduction in the size of the unit or on any other basis specified in the declaration; and

(2) the portion of the allocated interests divested from the partially acquired unit shall be automatically reallocated to that unit and to the remaining units in proportion to the respective allocated interests of those units before the taking, with the partially acquired unit participating in the reallocation on the basis of its reduced allocated interests.

(c) If part of the common elements is acquired by eminent domain, the portion of the award attributable to the common elements taken shall be paid to the association. Unless the declaration provides otherwise, any portion of the award attributable to the acquisition of a limited common element shall be equally divided among the owners of the units to which that limited common element was allocated at the time of acquisition.

(d) The court decree shall be recorded in every municipality in which any portion of the common interest community is located.
27A V.S.A. § 119 — VT Code / Title 27A / Chapter 3 / Section 119
§ 3-119. Association as trustee
Status: in_force

A third person dealing with the association in the association's capacity as a trustee may assume without inquiry that the association has trust powers and will properly exercise them. A third person, without actual knowledge that the association is exceeding or improperly exercising its powers, is fully protected in dealing with the association as if the association possessed and properly exercised the powers it purports to exercise. A third person is not bound to assure the proper application of trust assets paid or delivered to the association in its capacity as trustee.
27 V.S.A. § 1324 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 15 / Section 1324
§ 1324. Joint and several liability of grantor and grantee for unpaid common expenses
Status: in_force

In a voluntary conveyance, the grantee of an apartment or site shall be jointly and severally liable with the grantor for all unpaid assessments against the latter for the grantor's share of the common expenses up to the time of the grant or conveyance, without prejudice to the grantee's right to recover from the grantor the amounts paid by the grantee. However, the grantee shall be entitled to a statement from the manager or board of directors, as the case may be, setting forth the amount of the unpaid assessments against the grantor and the grantee shall not be liable for, nor shall the apartment or site conveyed be subject to a lien for, any unpaid assessments against the grantor in excess of the amount set forth in the statement.
27 V.S.A. § 1310 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 15 / Section 1310
§ 1310. Common profits and expenses
Status: in_force

Annually, the common profits of the property may be distributed among, and the common expenses shall be charged to, the apartment or site owners according to the percentage of the undivided interest in the common areas and facilities.
27A V.S.A. § 108 — VT Code / Title 27A / Chapter 2 / Section 108
§ 2-108. Limited common elements
Status: reserved

(a) Except for the limited common elements described in subdivisions 2-102(2) and (4) of this title and except to the extent that a right to allocate a limited common element is reserved pursuant to subsection (c) of this section, the declaration shall specify to which unit or units each limited common element is allocated. That allocation may not be altered without the consent of the unit owners whose units are affected.

(b) Except as the declaration otherwise provides, a limited common element may be reallocated by an amendment to the declaration executed by the unit owners between or among whose units the reallocation is made. The persons executing the amendment shall provide a copy thereof to the association, which shall record it. The amendment shall be recorded in the names of the parties and the common interest community.

(c) A common element not previously allocated as a limited common element may be allocated only pursuant to the declaration made in accordance with subdivision 2-105(a)(7) of this title. The allocations shall be made by amendments to the declaration.
27 V.S.A. § 862 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 7 / Section 862
§ 862. Powers of trustees to convey
Status: in_force

Such trustees and their successors in office may convey such real estate, if authorized by a majority vote of the members of a quarterly conference in the circuit or station where such estate is situated, and, by vote duly recorded, may authorize one of their number to convey such property.
27A V.S.A. § 114 — VT Code / Title 27A / Chapter 4 / Section 114
§ 4-114. Implied warranties of quality
Status: in_force

(a) A declarant and any dealer warrant that a unit will be in at least as good condition at the time of the conveyance or delivery of possession, whichever is earlier, as it was at the time of contracting, reasonable wear and tear excepted.

(b) A declarant and any dealer impliedly warrant that a unit and the common elements in the common interest community are suitable for the ordinary uses of real estate of its type and that any improvements made or contracted for by him or her, or made by any person before the creation of the common interest community, will be:

(1) free from defective materials; and

(2) constructed in accordance with applicable law, according to sound engineering and construction standards, and in a workerlike manner.

(c) In addition, a declarant and any dealer warrant to a purchaser of a unit that may be used for residential use that an existing use, continuation of which is contemplated by the parties, does not violate applicable law at the time of conveyance or delivery of possession, whichever is earlier.

(d) Warranties imposed by this section may be excluded or modified as specified in section 4-113 of this title.

(e) For purposes of this section, improvements made or contracted for by an affiliate of a declarant are made or contracted for by the declarant.

(f) A conveyance of a unit transfers to the purchaser all the declarant's implied warranties of quality.
27 V.S.A. § 546 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 5 / Section 546
§ 546. Racially and religiously restrictive covenants in deeds prohibited
Status: in_force

(a) A deed, mortgage, plat, or other recorded device recorded on or after July 1, 2022 shall not contain a covenant, easement, or any other restrictive or reversionary interest purporting to restrict the ownership or use of real property on the basis of race or religion.

(b) A covenant, easement, or any other restrictive or reversionary interest in a deed, mortgage, plat, or other recorded device purporting to restrict the ownership or use of real property on the basis of race or religion is declared contrary to the public policy of the State of Vermont and shall be void and unenforceable. This subsection shall apply to a restrictive covenant executed at any time.
27 V.S.A. § 1466 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 18 / Section 1466
§ 1466. When stored-value card presumed abandoned
Status: in_force

(a) Subject to section 1469 of this title, the net card value of a stored-value card, other than a payroll card, is presumed abandoned on the latest of three years after:

(1) December 31 of the year in which the card is issued or additional funds are deposited into it;

(2) the most recent indication of interest in the card by the apparent owner; or

(3) a verification or review of the balance by or on behalf of the apparent owner.

(b) The amount presumed abandoned in a stored-value card is the net card value at the time it is presumed abandoned.
27 V.S.A. § 542 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 5 / Section 542
§ 542. Fraudulent deeds
Status: in_force

Fraudulent and deceitful deeds, conveyances, and alienations of lands, or of an estate or interest therein, and charges upon lands or upon the rents and profits thereof, procured, made, or suffered with intent to avoid a right, debt, or duty of a person, shall be void as against the person, and the person's heirs or assigns, whose right, debt, or duty is so intended to be avoided.
27 V.S.A. § 142 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 3 / Section 142
§ 142. Homesteader under guardianship
Status: in_force

When the guardian of a married person is licensed to sell the real estate of his or her ward, the wife or husband of the ward may join with the guardian in the conveyance and release his or her right of homestead in the granted premises, as she or he might have done by a conveyance thereof made jointly with the husband or wife if he or she had not been under disability.
27 V.S.A. § 1357 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 15 / Section 1357
§ 1357. Protection of purchasing leaseholders
Status: in_force

(a) Express warranties of quality.

(1) Express warranties made by a declarant to a purchasing leaseholder of a site, if relied upon by the purchasing leaseholder, are created as follows:

(A) Any affirmation of fact or promise that relates to the site, its use or rights appurtenant to it, area improvements to the mobile home park that would directly benefit the site, or the right to use or have the benefit of facilities not located in the mobile home park, warranties conformity of the site and related rights and uses.

(B) Any model or description of the physical characteristics of the mobile home park, including plans and specifications for improvement, warranties conformance of the mobile home park to the model or description.

(C) Any description of the quantity or extent of the real estate comprising the mobile home park, including plats or surveys, warranties conformity of the mobile home park to the description, subject to customary tolerances.

(D) Any provisions that a purchasing leaseholder may put a site only to specified use warranty the legality of the specific use.

(2) Neither the use of “warranty” or “guarantee,” nor a specific intention to make a warranty, are necessary to create an express warranty of quality, but a statement purporting to be merely an opinion or commendation of the real estate or its value does not create a warranty.

(3) A conveyance of a site transfers to the purchasing leaseholder all express warranties of quality made by previous declarants.

(b) Implied warranties of quality.

(1) A declarant and any dealer warrant that a site will be in at least as good condition at the time of the conveyance or delivery of possession, whichever is earlier, as it was at the time of contracting, reasonable wear and tear excepted.

(2) A declarant and any dealer impliedly warrant that a site and the common elements in the mobile home park are suitable for the ordinary uses of real estate of its type and that any improvements made or contracted for by him or her, or made by any person before the creation of the mobile home park, will be:

(A) free from defective materials; and

(B) constructed in accordance with applicable law, according to sound engineering and construction standards, and in a workerlike manner.

(3) In addition, a declarant and any dealer warrant to a purchasing leaseholder of a site that may be used for residential use that an existing use, continuation of which is contemplated by the parties, does not violate applicable law at the time of conveyance or delivery of possession, whichever is earlier.

(4) Warranties imposed by this subsection may be excluded or modified as specified in subsection (c) of this section.

(5) For purposes of this section, improvements made or contracted for by an affiliate of the declarant are made or contracted for by the declarant.

(6) A conveyance of a site transfers to the purchasing leaseholder all the declarant's implied warranties of quality.

(c) Exclusion or modification of implied warranties of quality.

(1) Except as limited by subdivision (2) of this subsection, with respect to a purchasing leaseholder of a site that may be used for residential use, implied warranties of quality:

(A) may be excluded or modified by agreement of the parties; and

(B) are excluded by express disclaimer, such as “as is,” “with all faults,” or other language that implies the exclusion of warranties.

(2) With respect to a purchasing leaseholder of a site that may be occupied for residential use, no general disclaimer of implied warranties of quality is effective, but a declarant and any dealer may disclaim liability in an instrument signed by the purchasing leaseholder for a specified defect or specified failure to comply with applicable law, if the defect or failure was part of the basis of the bargain.

(d) Statute of limitations for warranties.

(1) A judicial proceeding for breach of any obligation arising under subsection (a) or (b) of this section shall be commenced within six years after the cause of action accrues. In the case of a site that may be occupied for residential use, an agreement to reduce the six-year period shall be evidenced by separate instrument executed by the purchasing leaseholder.

(2) Subject to subdivision (3) of this subsection, a cause of action for breach of warranty of quality, regardless of the purchasing leaseholder's lack of knowledge of the breach, accrues:

(A) as to a site, at the time the purchasing leaseholder to whom the warranty is first made enters into possession if a possessory interest was conveyed or at the time of acceptance of the instrument of conveyance if a nonpossessory interest was conveyed; and

(B) as to each common element, at the time the common element is completed or, if later, as to:

(i) a common element that may be added to the mobile home park or portion of it, at the time the first site is conveyed to a bona fide purchasing leaseholder; or

(ii) a common element within any other portion of the common interest community, at the time the first site is conveyed to a bona fide purchasing leaseholder.

(3) If a warranty of quality explicitly extends to future performance or duration of any improvement or component of the mobile home park, the cause of action accrues at the time the breach is discovered or at the end of the period for which the warranty explicitly extends, whichever is earlier.
27 V.S.A. § 1543 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 18 / Section 1543
§ 1543. Expenses and service charges of Administrator
Status: in_force

Before making a deposit of funds received under this chapter to the General Fund, the Administrator may deduct:

(1) expenses of disposition of property delivered to the Administrator under this chapter;

(2) costs of mailing and publication in connection with property delivered to the Administrator under this chapter;

(3) reasonable service charges;

(4) expenses incurred in examining records of or collecting property from a putative holder or holder; and

(5) property valued at $100.00 or less more than 10 years after the abandoned property was received from the holder under subchapter 6 of this chapter shall be paid by the Administrator into the Vermont Higher Education Endowment Trust Fund created by 16 V.S.A. § 2885 under authority of this subdivision. For purposes of this subdivision, the value of the abandoned property shall be that value as of the date the property was received from the holder by the Administrator.
27 V.S.A. § 704 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 7 / Section 704
§ 704. No interest vests unless grantee is a corporation
Status: in_force

A grant, conveyance, devise, or lease of real estate for the purpose of religious worship for the use of a congregation or society shall not vest a right, title or interest in a person to whom such grant, conveyance, devise, or lease is made, unless the same is made to a corporation organized for the support of the gospel and the maintenance of public worship, or to procure, hold and keep in repair a house of public worship according to law.
27 V.S.A. § 1322 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 15 / Section 1322
§ 1322. Separate taxation
Status: in_force

Each apartment or site and its percentage of undivided interest in the common areas and facilities shall be considered to be a parcel and shall be subject to separate assessment and taxation by each assessing unit and special district for all types of taxes authorized by law, including special ad valorem levies and special assessments, except that parcels held in identical ownership may be combined and treated as one parcel for purposes of assessment and taxation at the discretion of the listers. Neither the building, the property, nor any of the common areas and facilities shall be deemed to be a parcel.
27 V.S.A. § 1109 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 11 / Section 1109
§ 1109. Found beast may be worked
Status: in_force

A person who takes up a stray beast may put such beast to reasonable labor, and the magistrate, in allowing the account of the expenses, shall allow the owner a reasonable compensation therefor.
27A V.S.A. § 112 — VT Code / Title 27A / Chapter 1 / Section 112
§ 1-112. Unconscionable agreement or term of contract
Status: in_force

(a) The court, upon finding as a matter of law that a contract or contract clause was unconscionable at the time the contract was made, may refuse to enforce the contract, enforce the remainder of the contract without the unconscionable clause, or limit the application of any unconscionable clause in order to avoid an unconscionable result.

(b) Whenever it is claimed or appears to the court that a contract or any clause of the contract is or may be unconscionable, the parties, in order to aid the court in making the determination shall be afforded a reasonable opportunity to present evidence regarding:

(1) the commercial setting of the negotiations;

(2) whether a party has knowingly taken advantage of the inability of the other party to reasonably protect his or her interests because of physical or mental infirmity, illiteracy, inability to understand the language of the agreement, or similar factors;

(3) the effect and purpose of the contract or clause; and

(4) in the case of a sale, any gross disparity at the time of contracting between the amount charged for the property and the value of the property measured by the price at which similar property was readily obtainable in similar transactions. Such a disparity does not of itself render the contract unconscionable.
27 V.S.A. § 944 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 7 / Section 944
§ 944. Construction with other laws
Status: in_force

In case of conflict between the provisions of this subchapter and special acts of the General Assembly relating to the Vermont and Quebec Universalist Unitarian Convention, the provisions of this subchapter shall control.
27 V.S.A. § 464 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 5 / Section 464
§ 464. Liability of mortgagee for failure to provide payoff statements and refusal to discharge
Status: in_force

(a) Within five business days after the mortgagee's receipt of a written request for a statement of the amount of funds or other obligations required to satisfy a note or other obligation secured by a mortgage, the mortgagee shall provide a written payoff statement to the mortgagor. The mortgagee shall not impose a fee or other charge for providing the payoff statement, unless the request specifically asks for expedited service. A request for a payoff statement shall include the name of the mortgagor, the loan number assigned to the loan, and the address of the property securing the loan. If a written payoff statement is not deposited in the U.S. mail, delivered to a courier service, sent by facsimile, or sent by other method of service customarily used for delivery of messages, within five business days after receiving the request, the holder and any servicer shall be jointly and severally liable to any aggrieved party in a civil action for statutory damages equal to $25.00 per day after the expiration of the five business days, up to an aggregate maximum of $5,000.00 for all aggrieved parties; provided, however, any servicer not authorized to issue a payoff statement shall not be liable as set forth in this subsection.

(b) Within 30 days after full performance of the conditions of the mortgage, the mortgagee of record shall execute and deliver a valid and complete discharge as provided in sections 461-463 of this title, together with any instrument necessary to establish the mortgagee's record ownership of the mortgage and to establish the authority to execute the discharge. As used in this section, the term “mortgagee” shall mean both the holder of the mortgage at the time it is satisfied and any servicer who receives the final payment satisfying the debt. If a discharge is not executed and delivered within 30 days, the holder and any servicer shall be jointly and severally liable to any aggrieved party in a civil action for statutory damages equal to $25.00 per day after the expiration of the 30 days, up to an aggregate maximum of $5,000.00 for all aggrieved parties; provided, however, any servicer not authorized to execute such discharge shall not be liable as set forth in this subsection. With respect to a mortgagee securing an open-end line of credit, the 30-day period to deliver a discharge commences after the mortgagor delivers to the address designated for payments under the line of credit a written request to terminate the line of credit and mortgage, together with payment in full of all amounts secured by the mortgage.

(c) The aggrieved party may file an action under subsection (a) or (b) of this section in Superior Court or, if the action is for monetary damages only and if the ad damnum requested is equal to or less than the maximum jurisdiction of a small claims proceeding, the complaint may be filed as a small claims action.

(d) In addition to any statutory damages, the mortgagee shall also be liable for consequential damages, punitive damages, court costs, and reasonable attorney's fees to any aggrieved party who substantially prevails in an action under this section. An aggrieved party may file an action to recover such damages, costs, and fees in Superior Court. The court shall equitably allocate punitive damages among multiple aggrieved parties and may grant such other relief as the court deems appropriate.
27 V.S.A. § 1623 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 18 / Section 1623
§ 1623. Transitional provision
Status: in_force

(a) An initial report filed under this chapter for property that was not required to be reported before January 1, 2021, but that is required to be reported under this chapter, must include all items of property that would have been presumed abandoned during the 10-year period preceding January 1, 2021, as if this chapter had been in effect during that period.

(b) This chapter does not relieve a holder of a duty that arose before January 1, 2021, to report, pay, or deliver property. Subject to subsections 1520(b) and (c) of this title, a holder that did not comply with the law governing unclaimed property before January 1, 2021, is subject to applicable provisions for enforcement and penalties in effect before January 1, 2021.
27 V.S.A. § 347 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 5 / Section 347
§ 347. Validity of deeds executed under prior law
Status: in_force

Deeds of bargain and sale, mortgages or other conveyances of real estate, previously made and executed according to former laws and usages in this State, shall be valid and effectual.
27 V.S.A. § 1464 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 18 / Section 1464
§ 1464. When custodial account for minor presumed abandoned
Status: in_force

(a) Subject to section 1469 of this title, property held in an account established under a state's Uniform Gifts to Minors Act or Uniform Transfers to Minors Act is presumed abandoned if it is unclaimed by or on behalf of the minor on whose behalf the account was opened three years after the later of:

(1) except as in subdivision (2) of this subsection, the date a second consecutive communication sent by the holder by first-class U.S. mail to the custodian of the minor on whose behalf the account was opened is returned undelivered to the holder by the U.S. Postal Service;

(2) if the second communication is sent later than 30 days after the date the first communication is returned undelivered, the date the first communication was returned undelivered; or

(3) the date on which the custodian is required to transfer the property to the minor or the minor's estate in accordance with the Uniform Gifts to Minors Act or Uniform Transfers to Minors Act of the state in which the account was opened.

(b) If the holder does not send communications to the custodian of the minor on whose behalf an account described in subsection (a) of this section was opened by first-class U.S. mail, the holder shall attempt to confirm the custodian's interest in the property by sending the custodian an electronic-mail communication not later than two years after the custodian's last indication of interest in the property. However, the holder promptly shall attempt to contact the custodian by first-class U.S. mail if:

(1) the holder does not have information needed to send the custodian an electronic-mail communication or the holder believes that the custodian's electronic-mail address in the holder's records is not valid;

(2) the holder receives notification that the electronic-mail communication was not received; or

(3) the custodian does not respond to the electronic-mail communication not later than 30 days after the communication was sent.

(c) If first-class U.S. mail sent under subsection (b) of this section is returned undelivered to the holder by the U.S. Postal Service, the property is presumed abandoned three years after the later of:

(1) the date a second consecutive communication to contact the custodian by first-class U.S. mail is returned to the holder undelivered by the U.S. Postal Service; or

(2) the date established by subdivision (a)(3) of this section.

(d) When the property in the account described in subsection (a) of this section is transferred to the minor on whose behalf an account was opened or to the minor's estate, the property in the account is no longer subject to this section.
27 V.S.A. § 1306 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 15 / Section 1306
§ 1306. Common areas and facilities
Status: in_force

(a) Each apartment or site owner shall be entitled to an undivided interest in the common areas and facilities in the percentage expressed in the declaration. That percentage shall be computed by taking as a basis the value of the apartment or site in relation to the value of the property.

(b) The percentage of the undivided interest of each apartment or site owner in the common areas and facilities as expressed in the declaration shall have a permanent character and shall not be altered without the consent of all of the apartment or site owners expressed in an amended declaration duly recorded. The percentage of the undivided interest in the common areas and facilities shall not be separated from the apartment or site to which it appertains and shall run with the interest conveyed or encumbered even though not expressly mentioned or described.

(c) Common areas and facilities shall remain undivided. No apartment or site owner or any other person may bring any action for partition or division of any part thereof, unless the property has been removed from the provisions of this chapter as provided in sections 1316 and 1326 of this title. Any covenant to the contrary shall be null and void.

(d) Each apartment or site owner may use his or her respective common areas and facilities in accordance with the purpose for which they were intended without hindering or encroaching upon the lawful rights of the other apartment or site owners.

(e) The necessary work of maintenance, repair, and replacement of the common areas and facilities and the making of any additions or improvements thereto shall be carried out only as provided in this section and in the bylaws.

(f) The association of owners shall have the irrevocable right, to be exercised by the manager or board of directors, to have access to each apartment or site from time to time during reasonable hours as may be necessary for the maintenance, repair, or replacement of any of the common areas and facilities therein or accessible therefrom, or for making emergency repairs therein necessary to prevent damage to the common areas and facilities or to another apartment or apartments or sites.
27 V.S.A. § 1358 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 15 / Section 1358
§ 1358. Protection of nonpurchasing leaseholders
Status: in_force

(a) A nonpurchasing leaseholder shall have the right to continue the leasehold interest in the site on which the leaseholder's mobile home is located.

(b) A declarant or site purchaser shall not accept an offer for a site without providing the leaseholder the opportunity to purchase the site at the price, terms and conditions stated in the offer. If the leaseholder accepts the offer, the declarant or site purchaser shall sell the unit to the leaseholder; the leaseholder shall enter into a purchase and sales agreement with the declarant at the same terms stated in the notice of offer within 30 working days after the declarant's notice to the leaseholder of the offer. The declarant's notice of offer shall be delivered by certified mail.

(c) If a nonpurchasing leaseholder elects to move from the mobile home park and gives notice to the declarant during the conversion period, the declarant shall pay the nonpurchasing leaseholder's relocation costs as follows:

(1) The leaseholder shall make a good faith effort to move the mobile home, and shall have the obligation to restore the site to the condition it was in prior to occupation by the leaseholder, reasonable wear and tear excepted.

(2) Subject to the obligations stated in subdivision (1) of this subsection, the declarant shall pay to a nonpurchasing leaseholder who removes a mobile home from the site the actual documented reasonable costs of relocating the household in possession and the mobile home, not to exceed $2,200.00.

(3) Subject to the obligations stated in subdivision (1) of this subsection, in the event the nonpurchasing leaseholder vacates the site but does not move the mobile home from the site, the declarant shall pay to the nonpurchasing leaseholder the actual documented reasonable costs of relocating the household in possession, not to exceed $1,000.00, provided that:

(A) the nonpurchasing leaseholder transfers title to the mobile home to the declarant;

(B) the nonpurchasing leaseholder transfers title to a third party who moves the mobile home within 30 days after the date upon which the nonpurchasing leaseholder vacates the mobile home;

(C) the nonpurchasing leaseholder transfers title to the mobile home to a purchasing leaseholder of the site on which the mobile home is located.

(d) After the date of the notice of conversion, and unless otherwise modified by this subchapter, the provisions of 10 V.S.A. chapter 153 shall apply to all leases within the mobile home park. A leaseholder may not be required to vacate except for failure to comply with the obligation imposed on the leaseholder by this subchapter, or for the reasons specified in 10 V.S.A. § 6237(a), provided that the conversion of the mobile home park shall not constitute a change in use or a termination of the park.

(e) Any rights granted leaseholders under this subchapter against the declarant shall apply against any transferees of a site from the declarant.
27A V.S.A. § 105 — VT Code / Title 27A / Chapter 2 / Section 105
§ 2-105. Contents of declaration for a common interest community
Status: reserved

(a) The declaration shall contain all the following:

(1) The names of the common interest community and the association and a statement that the common interest community is either a condominium or planned community.

(2) The name of each municipality in which any part of the common interest community is located.

(3) A legally sufficient description of the real estate included in the common interest community.

(4) A statement of the maximum number of units that the declarant reserves the right to create.

(5) A description of the boundaries of each unit created by the declaration, including the identifying number of the unit.

(6) A description of any limited common elements other than those specified in subdivisions 2-102(2) and (4) of this title as provided in subdivision 2-109(b)(10) of this title and, in a planned community, any real estate that is or will be common elements.

(7) A description of any real estate, except real estate subject to development rights, that may be subsequently allocated as limited common elements, other than those specified in subdivisions 2-102(2) and (4) of this title and a statement that they may be so allocated.

(8) A description of any declarant rights required by subdivision 1-103(14) of this title and other special declarant rights required by subdivision 1-103(28) of this title reserved by the declarant, and a legally sufficient description of the real estate to which each of those rights applies and a time limit within which each right shall be exercised.

(9) A statement of any development rights that may be exercised with respect to different parcels of real estate at different times, and:

(A) either a statement fixing the boundaries of those portions and regulating the order in which those portions may be subjected to each development right or a statement that no assurances are made in that regard; and

(B) a statement as to whether, if any development right is exercised in any portion of the real estate subject to that development right, that development right must be exercised in all or in any other portion of that real estate.

(10) Any other conditions or limitations on the rights described in subdivision (8) of this subsection.

(11) An allocation to each unit of the allocated interests pursuant to section 2-107 of this title.

(12) Any restrictions:

(A) on alienation of the units, including any restrictions on leasing that exceed the restrictions on leasing units that executive boards may impose pursuant to subdivision 3-102(c)(2) of this title; and

(B) on the amount for which a unit may be sold or on the amount that may be received by a unit owner on sale, condemnation, or casualty loss to the unit or to the common interest community, or on termination of the common interest community.

(13) The volume and page of recorded easements and licenses appurtenant to or included in the common interest community or to which any portion of the common interest community is or may be subject by a reservation in the declaration.

(14) All matters required by sections 2-106, 2-107, 2-108, 2-109, 2-110, 2-111, 2-112, 2-113, 2-114, and 2-116 and subsection 3-103(d) of this title.

(15) Any authorization pursuant to which the association may establish and enforce construction and design criteria and aesthetic standards as provided in sections 3-103 and 3-106 of this title.

(b) The declaration may contain any other matters that the declarant deems appropriate, including any restrictions on the uses of a unit or the number or other qualifications of persons who may occupy units.
27 V.S.A. § 1561 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 18 / Section 1561
§ 1561. Verified report of property
Status: in_force

If a person does not file a report required by section 1491 of this title or the Administrator believes that a person may have filed an inaccurate, incomplete, or false report, the Administrator may require the person to file a verified report in a form prescribed by the Administrator. The verified report must:

(1) state whether the person is holding property reportable under this chapter;

(2) describe property not previously reported or about which the Administrator has inquired;

(3) specifically identify property described under subdivision (2) of this section about which there is a dispute whether it is reportable under this chapter; and

(4) state the amount or value of the property.
27 V.S.A. § 1336 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 15 / Section 1336
§ 1336. Relocation costs
Status: in_force

(a) The declarant shall pay the actual documented cost of relocation, not to exceed $1,000.00, to any tenant entitled to receive notice under section 1333 of this title who does not purchase the unit that he or she occupies or another unit in the same building or buildings.

(b) Relocation costs shall be payable within 10 days after the date the tenant vacates the unit; provided, however, that no tenant is eligible for relocation costs unless:

(1) all rent due and payable has been paid by the tenant prior to the date on which the unit is vacated; and

(2) the tenant has voluntarily vacated the unit on or before the expiration of half the applicable notice period.
27 V.S.A. § 102 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 3 / Section 102
§ 102. Designating homestead in case of levy
Status: in_force

When an execution is levied upon real estate of the person of which a homestead is a part or upon that part of a homestead in excess of the limitation of $125,000.00 in value, that person may designate and choose the part thereof, not exceeding the limited value, to which the exemption created in section 101 of this title shall apply. Upon designation and choice or refusal to designate or choose, the officer levying the execution, if the parties fail to agree upon appraisers, shall appoint three disinterested freeholders of the vicinity who shall be sworn by him or her and who shall fix the location and boundaries of the homestead to the amount of $125,000.00 in value. The officer shall then proceed with the sale of the residue of the real estate on the execution as in other cases, and the doings in respect to the homestead shall be stated in the return upon the execution.
27 V.S.A. § 866 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 7 / Section 866
§ 866. Recording decrees affecting realty
Status: in_force

When any property affected by a decree of the Superior Court as provided for in section 865 of this title is real estate, a copy of such decree duly certified by the clerk of such court shall be recorded in the land records of the town where such property is situated.
27 V.S.A. § 602 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 5 / Section 602
§ 602. Unbroken chain; conditions and suspension
Status: in_force

(a) A person shall be deemed to hold an unbroken chain of title to an interest in real estate for purposes of this subchapter when the official public records disclose:

(1) a conveyance not less than 40 years in the past, properly executed and recorded according to law, which purports to create such interest in such person with nothing appearing of record during the 40-year period purporting to divest the person of the purported interest; or

(2) a conveyance not less than 40 years in the past, executed and recorded according to law, which purports to create such interest in some other person and other conveyances or events of record by which the purported interest has become vested in the person first referred to, with nothing appearing of record during the 40-year period purporting to divest the person first referred to of such interest.

(b) No absence, incapacity, disability, or lack of knowledge of any kind on the part of any person shall suspend the running of the 40-year period.

(c) For purposes of this section, “conveyance” means any deed, lease, decree, or other written instrument proper on its face to transfer title to an interest in real estate under the laws of this State and also includes the transfer of an interest in real estate by inheritance or descent occasioned by death.
27 V.S.A. § 1601 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 18 / Section 1601
§ 1601. When agreement to locate property enforceable
Status: in_force

An agreement by an apparent owner and another person, the primary purpose of which is to locate, deliver, recover, or assist in the location, delivery, or recovery of property held by the Administrator, is enforceable only if the agreement:

(1) is in a record that clearly states the nature of the property and the services to be provided;

(2) is signed by or on behalf of the apparent owner; and

(3) states the amount or value of the property reasonably expected to be recovered, computed before and after a fee or other compensation to be paid to the person has been deducted.
27 V.S.A. § 308 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 5 / Section 308
§ 308. Mines and quarries
Status: in_force

The grantee of a mine, quarry, or of the right of mining and quarrying, in severance from the ownership of the soil, within 30 days after its execution, shall cause his or her deed, lease, or other instrument to be recorded in a book kept for that purpose in the office where by law a deed of the real estate is required to be recorded. A grantee failing to comply with the foregoing provision shall forfeit to the town, or in case such a mine, quarry, or right of mining or quarrying is situated in an unorganized town or gore, to the county, $50.00, to be recovered in an action on this statute.
27A V.S.A. § 120 — VT Code / Title 27A / Chapter 2 / Section 120
§ 2-120. Master associations
Status: in_force

(a) If the declaration provides that any of the powers described in section 3-102 of this title may be exercised by or may be delegated to a corporation or association on behalf of one or more common interest communities or for the benefit of the unit owners of one or more common interest communities, the provisions of this title applicable to unit owners' associations apply to that corporation or unincorporated association, except as modified by this section.

(b) Unless a master association is acting in the capacity of an association described in section 3-101 of this title, it may exercise the powers provided in subdivision 3-102(a)(2) of this title only to the extent permitted in the declaration or described in the delegations of power of those common interest communities to the master association.

(c) If the declaration provides that the executive board may delegate certain powers to a master association, the members of the executive board shall not be liable for acts or omissions of the master association with respect to those powers after the delegation.

(d) The rights and responsibilities of unit owners with respect to the unit owners' association as provided in sections 3-103, 3-106, and 3-109 of this title apply only to the conduct of the affairs of a master association in regard to those persons who elect the board of a master association, whether or not those persons are unit owners.

(e) Even if a master association is also an association under section 3-101 of this title, the instrument creating the master association and the declaration may provide that the executive board of the master association shall be elected after the period of declarant control in any one of the following ways:

(1) All unit owners of all common interest communities subject to the master association may elect all members of that executive board.

(2) All members of the executive boards of all common interest communities subject to the master association may elect all members of that executive board.

(3) All unit owners of each common interest community subject to the master association may elect specified members of that executive board.

(4) All members of the executive board of each common interest community subject to the master association may elect specified members of that executive board.
27 V.S.A. § 1152 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 12 / Section 1152
§ 1152. Property held without a loan agreement
Status: in_force

Any property held by a museum that is not subject to a loan agreement and has been held for 10 or more years and has remained unclaimed shall be deemed to be abandoned. The property shall become the property of the museum, provided the museum has given notice pursuant to section 1154 of this title and no assertion of title has been filed for the property within 180 days from the date of the third published notice.
27 V.S.A. § 1495 — VT Code / Title 27 / Chapter 18 / Section 1495
§ 1495. Property reportable and payable or deliverable absent owner demand
Status: in_force

Property is reportable and payable or deliverable under this chapter even if the owner fails to make demand or present an instrument or document otherwise required to obtain payment.