Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-496 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 42.1 / Section 59.1-496
Acceptance and distribution of electronic records by public bodies; electronic filing of information permitted
Status: in_force

(a) Except as otherwise provided in subsection (f) of § 59.1-490 , and upon providing protection to preserve security and confidentiality, public bodies of the Commonwealth may (i) accept the electronic filing of any information required or permitted to be filed with such public body and (ii) prescribe the methods of executing, recording, reproducing, and certifying electronically filed information pursuant to subsection (b). Unless otherwise provided for in the Code of Virginia, electronic filing in the courts of this Commonwealth shall be governed by the Rules adopted by the Supreme Court of Virginia.

(b) To the extent that public bodies of the Commonwealth use electronic records and electronic signatures and accept electronic filings under subsection (a), the following rules apply:

(1) Public bodies of the Commonwealth may specify the manner and format in which the electronic records must be created, generated, sent, communicated, received, and stored and the systems established for those purposes;

(2) Public bodies of the Commonwealth may specify the type of electronic signature required, the manner and format in which the electronic signature must be affixed to the electronic record, and the identity of, or criteria that must be met by, any third party used by a person filing a document to facilitate the process;

(3) Public bodies of the Commonwealth may specify control processes and procedures as appropriate to ensure adequate preservation, disposition, integrity, security, confidentiality, and auditability of electronic records; and

(4) Public bodies of the Commonwealth may establish other criteria to ensure the authenticity and validity of electronic signatures.

(c) Except as otherwise provided in § 59.1-490 (f), this chapter does not require public bodies of the Commonwealth to use or permit the use of electronic records or signatures.

2000, c. 995 .
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-506.12 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 43 / Article 6 / Section 59.1-506.12
Correction and support contracts
Status: in_force

(a) If a person agrees to provide services regarding the correction of performance problems in computer information, other than an agreement to cure its own existing breach of contract, the following rules apply:

(1) If the services are provided by a licensor of the information as part of a limited remedy, the licensor undertakes that its performance will provide the licensee with information that conforms to the agreement to which the limited remedy applies.

(2) In all other cases, the person:

(A) shall perform at a time and place and in a manner consistent with the express terms of the agreement and, to the extent not stated in the express terms, at a time and place and in a manner that is reasonable in light of ordinary standards of the business, trade, or industry; and

(B) does not undertake that its services will correct performance problems unless the agreement expressly so provides.

(b) Unless required to do so by an express or implied warranty, a licensor is not required to provide instruction or other support for the licensee's use of information or access. A person that agrees to provide support shall make the support available in a manner and with a quality consistent with express terms of the support agreement and, to the extent not stated in the express terms, at a time and place and in a manner that is reasonable in light of ordinary standards of the business, trade, or industry.

2000, cc. 101 , 996 .
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-92.4 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 6.1 / Section 59.1-92.4
Application for registration
Status: in_force

Subject to the limitations set forth in this chapter, any person who uses a mark may file with the Commission, in a manner complying with the requirements of the Commission, an application for registration of that mark setting forth, but not limited to, the following information:

1. The name and business address of the person applying for such registration; and, if a corporation, limited liability company, partnership, limited liability partnership, or any other legal entity, the state or other jurisdiction of incorporation, formation, or organization, as the case may be;

2. The goods or services on or in connection with which the mark is used and the manner in which the mark is used on or in connection with such goods or services and the class in which such goods or services fall;

3. The date when the mark was first used anywhere and the date when it was first used in this Commonwealth by the applicant or a predecessor in interest; and

4. A statement that the applicant is the owner of the mark, that the mark is in use in this Commonwealth, and that, to the knowledge of the person verifying the application, no other person has registered the mark in this Commonwealth, or has the right to use such mark in this Commonwealth either in the identical form thereof or in such near resemblance thereto as to be likely, when applied to the goods or services of such other person, to cause confusion or mistake, or to deceive.

The Commission may also require that a drawing of the mark, complying with such requirements as the Commission may specify, accompany the application.

The application shall be signed and verified (by oath, affirmation or declaration subject to perjury laws) by the applicant or by a person authorized by the applicant to make the application.

The application shall be accompanied by a specimen showing the mark as actually used.

The application shall be accompanied by a nonrefundable application fee.

1998, c. 819 .
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-562 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 51 / Section 59.1-562
Repealed
Status: repealed

Repealed by Acts 2026, cc. 565 , 566 , cl. 6, effective July 1, 2026.
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-508.12 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 43 / Article 8 / Section 59.1-508.12
Completing performance
Status: in_force

(a) On breach of contract by a licensee, the licensor may:

(1) identify to the contract any conforming copy not already identified if, at the time the licensor learned of the breach, the copy was in its possession;

(2) in the exercise of reasonable commercial judgment for purposes of avoiding loss and effective realization on effort or investment, complete the information and identify it to the contract, cease work on it, relicense or dispose of it, or proceed in any other commercially reasonable manner; and

(3) pursue any remedy for breach that has not been waived.

(b) On breach by a licensee, both parties remain bound by all contractual use terms, but the contractual use terms do not apply to information or copies properly received or obtained from another source.

2000, cc. 101 , 996 .
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-455 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 37 / Section 59.1-455
Definitions
Status: in_force

As used in this chapter, unless the context requires a different meaning:

"Commission" means compensation accruing to a sales representative for payment by a principal, the rate of which is expressed as a percentage of the total dollar amount of orders or sales or as a specified amount per order or per sale.

"Principal" means a person who manufactures, produces, imports or distributes a product for wholesale and who contracts with a sales representative to solicit orders or sales for such product and compensates the sales representative, in whole or in part, by commission.

"Sales representative" means a person other than an employee who contracts with a principal to solicit wholesale orders or sales and who is compensated, in whole or in part, by commission, but shall not include a person who purchases exclusively for his own account for resale.

1993, c. 736.
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-508.10 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 43 / Article 8 / Section 59.1-508.10
Recoupment
Status: in_force

(a) Except as otherwise provided in subsection (b), an aggrieved party, upon notifying the party in breach of contract of its intention to do so, may deduct all or any part of the damages resulting from the breach from any payments still due under the same contract.

(b) If a breach of contract is not material with reference to the particular performance, an aggrieved party may exercise its rights under subsection (a) only if the agreement does not require further affirmative performance by the other party and the amount of damages deducted can be readily liquidated under the agreement.

2000, cc. 101 , 996 .
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-518.2 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 44.1 / Section 59.1-518.2
When automatic dialing-announcing devices prohibited
Status: in_force

A caller shall not use an automatic dialing-announcing device in connection with making a commercial telephone solicitation unless:

1. The subscriber has knowingly or voluntarily requested, consented to, permitted, or authorized receipt of the message, or

2. The message is immediately preceded by a live operator who, after disclosing (i) the name of the entity sending the message, (ii) the purpose of the message, (iii) the kinds of goods or services the message is promoting, and (iv), if applicable, the fact that the message intends to solicit payment or the commitment of funds, obtains the subscriber's consent before the commercial telephone solicitation is delivered.

2009, c. 699 .
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-434.3 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 33.1 / Section 59.1-434.3
Bond or letter of credit required
Status: in_force

A. Every provider shall maintain a funded reserve account for its obligations under its home service contracts issued and outstanding in the Commonwealth. The reserves shall not be less than 40 percent of gross consideration received, less claims paid, on the sale of the home service contract for all in-force home service contracts sold in the Commonwealth.

B. Each provider, before it is registered under § 59.1-434.2 , shall file and maintain with the Commissioner, in form and substance satisfactory to him, a bond with corporate surety, from a company authorized to transact business in the Commonwealth or a letter of credit from a bank insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, in the amount of $10,000. Additional bond or letter of credit amounts shall be similarly filed with the Commissioner and shall be adjusted from time to time, in accordance with the following schedule:

The total amount of unexpired home service contracts shall be the total consideration paid by all purchasers to the provider for all home service contracts currently in effect. The bond or letter of credit required by this subsection shall be in favor of the Commonwealth for the benefit of purchasers of home service contracts for property in the event that the provider does not fulfill its obligations under such home service contracts for any reason, including insolvency or bankruptcy.

C. The aggregate liability of the bond or letter of credit to all persons for all breaches of the conditions of the bond or letter of credit shall in no event exceed the amount of the bond or letter of credit. The bond or letter of credit shall not be cancelled or terminated except with the consent of the Commissioner.

D. In lieu of compliance with subsections A and B, a provider may demonstrate financial responsibility by filing with the Commissioner a copy of a liability insurance policy issued by an insurer authorized to transact business in the Commonwealth and that covers 100 percent of the provider's home service contract liabilities, including the administration of claims and the cost for such administration. Reimbursement insurance policies filed pursuant to this section may not be canceled by either the provider or the issuing insurer without providing 60 days' notice to the Commissioner.

2017, c. 727 .
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-307 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 24 / Section 59.1-307
Bond or letter of credit; persons protected
Status: in_force

A. The bond or letter of credit required by § 59.1-306 shall be in favor of the Commonwealth for the benefit of (i) any buyer injured by having paid money for health club services in a facility that fails to open by the date provided by the contract, which date shall not be in excess of 12 months from the signing of the contract; (ii) any buyer injured by having paid money for health club services in a facility which goes out of business prior to the expiration of the buyer's health club contract; or (iii) any buyer injured as a result of a violation of this chapter.

B. The aggregate liability of the bond or letter of credit to all persons for all breaches of the conditions of the bond or letter of credit shall in no event exceed the amount of the bond or letter of credit. The bond or letter of credit shall not be cancelled or terminated except with the consent of the Commissioner.

1984, c. 738; 1987, c. 547; 2014, c. 459 .
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-136.2 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 9 / Article 4 / Section 59.1-136.2
Purchases of ferrous scrap
Status: in_force

Except as provided in § 59.1-136.4 , scrap metal processors may purchase ferrous scrap directly from any person.

2007, c. 917 .
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-338.1 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 26 / Section 59.1-338.1
Attorneys' fees
Status: in_force

If the court determines that (i) a claim of misappropriation is made in bad faith, or (ii) willful and malicious misappropriation exists, the court may award reasonable attorneys' fees to the prevailing party.

1990, c. 344.
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-267 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 21 / Section 59.1-267
Contracts required to be in writing; contents
Status: in_force

A. Every business opportunity sales contract shall be in writing and a copy shall be given to the purchaser at the time he signs the contract.

B. Every contract for the sale of a business opportunity shall include the following:

1. The terms and conditions of payment;

2. A full and detailed description of the acts or services that the business opportunity seller undertakes to perform for the purchaser;

3. The seller's principal business address and the name and address of its agent in the Commonwealth of Virginia authorized to receive service of process;

4. A full and detailed description of any product, products, equipment or supplies the business opportunity seller is to deliver to the purchaser;

5. The approximate delivery date of any product, products, equipment, or supplies the business opportunity seller is to deliver to the purchaser.

1979, c. 523.
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-129 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 9 / Article 2 / Section 59.1-129
Requirements when articles mentioned in § 59.1-128 are bought, exchanged, etc
Status: in_force

A. Any person, firm or corporation which shall barter, purchase, exchange, buy or accept any of the articles mentioned in § 59.1-128 , shall comply with the provisions of § 59.1-126 and shall, in addition, tag each lot of said articles with the name of the seller and the date of receipt and shall retain each such lot in his possession so tagged for 30 days in such manner that its separate identity shall be preserved; provided that the requirements of this section for tagging said articles and retaining them in possession shall not be applicable if the receipt or bill of sale required by § 59.1-126 shall contain an authorization naming the agent who delivers the articles and signed by an officer, or by the proprietor, of the manufacturer, or coal mining, industrial, manufacturing, public utility company, governmental agency, licensed junk dealer, licensed scrap metal dealer, licensed electrical contractor or licensed merchant, giving such authorization.

B. Notwithstanding anything in subsection A to the contrary, the provisions of this article shall not apply to scrap metal processors as provided in Article 4 (§ 59.1-136.1 et seq.).

Code 1950, § 59-155.2; 1958, c. 614; 1968, c. 439; 2007, c. 917 .
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-476.1 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 41 / Section 59.1-476.1
Effects of transfer of structured settlement payment rights
Status: in_force

Following issuance of a court order approving a transfer of structured settlement payment rights under this chapter:

1. The structured settlement obligor and the annuity issuer may rely on the court order in redirecting periodic payments to an assignee or transferee in accordance with the order and shall, as to all parties except the transferee or an assignee designated by the transferee, be discharged and released from any and all liability for the redirected payments, and such discharge and release shall not be affected by the failure of any party to the transfer to comply with this chapter or with the order of the court approving the transfer;

2. The transferee shall be liable to the structured settlement obligor and the annuity issuer:

a. If the transfer contravenes the terms of the structured settlement, for any taxes incurred by such parties as a consequence of the transfer; and

b. For any other liabilities or costs, including reasonable costs and attorney fees, arising from compliance by the structured settlement obligor or annuity issuer with the order of the court or from the failure of any party to the transfer to comply with this chapter;

3. Neither the annuity issuer nor the structured settlement obligor may be required to divide any periodic payment between the payee and any transferee or assignee or between two or more transferees or assignees; and

4. Any further transfer of structured settlement payment rights by the payee may be made only after compliance with all of the requirements of this chapter.

2001, c. 537 ; 2016, cc. 273 , 739 .
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-177 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 14 / Section 59.1-177
Repealed
Status: repealed

Repealed by Acts 1983, c. 209.
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-100 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 7 / Section 59.1-100
Trial on appeal
Status: in_force

The appeal shall be tried without formal pleadings in writing, and the accused shall be entitled to trial by jury in the same manner as if he had been indicted for the offense in such court.

Code 1950, § 59-197; 1968, c. 439.
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-335.10 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 25.1 / Section 59.1-335.10
Liability to consumer
Status: in_force

A. Any credit services business which willfully fails to comply with any requirement imposed under this chapter with respect to any consumer is liable to that consumer in an amount equal to the sum of:

1. Any actual damages sustained by the consumer as a result of the failure; and

2. Such amount of punitive damages as the court may allow.

B. Any credit services business which is negligent in failing to comply with any requirement imposed under this chapter with respect to any consumer is liable to that consumer in an amount equal to the sum of any actual damages sustained by the consumer as a result of the failure.

1989, cc. 651, 655.
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-460 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 38 / Section 59.1-460
Definitions
Status: in_force

As used in this chapter:

"Copyright owner" means the owner of a copyright of a nondramatic musical or similar work recognized and enforceable under the copyright laws of the United States pursuant to Title 17 of the United States Code, P.L. 94-553 (17 U.S.C. § 101 et seq.).

"Performing rights society" means an association or corporation that licenses the public performance of nondramatic musical works on behalf of copyright owners, such as the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP), Broadcast Music, Inc. (BMI), and SESAC, Inc.

"Proprietor" means the owner of a retail establishment, restaurant, inn, bar, tavern, sports or entertainment facility or any other similar place of business or professional office located in the Commonwealth in which the public may assemble and in which nondramatic musical works or similar copyrighted works may be performed, broadcast, or otherwise transmitted for the enjoyment of members of the public there assembled.

"Royalty" or "royalties" means the fees payable to a copyright owner or performing rights society for the public performance of nondramatic musical or other similar works.

1995, c. 648 .
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-506.10 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 43 / Article 6 / Section 59.1-506.10
Copy; effect of acceptance; burden of establishing; notice of claims
Status: in_force

(a) A party accepting a copy shall pay or render the consideration required by the agreement for the copy it accepts. Acceptance of a copy precludes refusal and, if made with knowledge of a nonconformity in a tender, may not be revoked because of the nonconformity unless acceptance was on the reasonable assumption that the nonconformity would be seasonably cured. Acceptance by itself does not impair any other remedy for nonconformity.

(b) A party accepting a copy has the burden of establishing a breach of contract with respect to the copy.

(c) If a copy has been accepted, the accepting party shall:

(1) except with respect to claims of a type described in § 59.1-508.5 (d) (1), within a reasonable time after it discovers or should have discovered a breach of contract, notify the other party of the breach or be barred from any remedy for the breach; and

(2) if the claim is for breach of a warranty regarding noninfringement and the accepting party is sued by a third party because of the breach, notify the warrantor within a reasonable time after receiving notice of the litigation or be precluded from any remedy for the liability established by the litigation.

2000, cc. 101 , 996 .
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-162.1 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 12 / Section 59.1-162.1
Direct fueling of commercial vehicles authorized; conditions
Status: in_force

Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the dispensing of diesel fuel from a tank vehicle into the fuel tank of any highway vehicle on the premises of a commercial, industrial, governmental or manufacturing establishment is permitted, provided the following conditions are met:

1. The highway vehicle is used in connection with the business or function of the establishment;

2. The owner or operator of the tank vehicle complies with all requirements pertaining to the collection and payment of taxes on diesel fuel pursuant to Title 58.1 and fees pursuant to Title 62.1;

3. The owner or operator of the tank vehicle complies with all requirements pertaining to Chapter 56 (§ 3.2-5600 et seq.) of Title 3.2;

4. Each delivery shall be metered and recorded and the customer shall be provided an invoice or delivery ticket plainly indicating the quantity of fuel dispensed, the price per gallon, the amount of tax and the total price of the fuel dispensed;

5. The tank vehicle is designed, equipped and operated to prevent spills during fueling operations and to minimize spillage in the event of operator error or equipment malfunction;

6. The owner of the tank vehicle has established and maintains in place a contingency plan for the cleanup of spills occurring during fueling operations, and the operator has been trained in the prevention of spills, and containment of spills should they occur, and in compliance with such spill plan; and

7. The owner is licensed in Virginia as a distributor.

2000, c. 943 .
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-395 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 29 / Article 6 / Section 59.1-395
Unlawful conduct of wagering
Status: in_force

Any person not licensed under subdivision 5 of § 59.1-369 or under Article 2 (§ 59.1-375 et seq.) of this chapter who conducts pari-mutuel wagering, or horse racing on which wagering is conducted with his knowledge or consent, shall be guilty of a Class 4 felony.

1988, c. 855; 2003, c. 682 .
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-76 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 5 / Section 59.1-76
Effect of failure to file certificate on right of action
Status: in_force

The failure of any person or corporation to comply with the provisions of this chapter shall not prevent a recovery by or against such person or corporation, in any of the courts in this Commonwealth on any cause of action heretofore or hereafter arising, but no action shall be maintained in any of the courts in this Commonwealth by any such person, corporation or his or its assignee or successor in title unless and until the certificate required by this chapter has been filed.

Code 1950, § 59-176; 1968, c. 439.
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-330 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 25 / Article 3 / Section 59.1-330
Repealed
Status: repealed

Repealed by Acts 1992, c. 545.
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-190 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 15 / Section 59.1-190
Rebuilt batteries
Status: in_force

To every storage battery which has been rebuilt and offered for sale in this Commonwealth, there shall be, in addition to the label or stamp required by § 59.1-189 , permanently affixed to the container and above label or stamp required by § 59.1-189 , the word "rebuilt," together with the name and address of the person, firm or corporation rebuilding such battery.

Code 1950, § 59-163; 1968, c. 439.
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-68.3 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 4.1 / Section 59.1-68.3
Action for damages or penalty for violation of Article 8, Chapter 6 of Title 18.2 or Chapter 2.1 of Title 59.1; attorney's fees
Status: in_force

Any person who suffers loss as the result of a violation of Article 8 (§ 18.2-214 et seq.), Chapter 6 of Title 18.2 or Chapter 2.1 (§ 59.1-21.1 et seq.) of Title 59.1 shall be entitled to bring an individual action to recover damages, or $100, whichever is greater. Certified copies of the transcript and exhibits in evidence in any final proceeding in which the Attorney General has obtained a permanent injunction for a violation of Article 8, Chapter 6 of Title 18.2 or Chapter 2.1 of Title 59.1 shall be admissible in evidence in any action brought pursuant to this section by any person claiming damage as a result of the enjoined conduct. Notwithstanding any other provision of law to the contrary, in addition to the damages recovered by the aggrieved party, such person may be awarded reasonable attorney's fees.

1973, c. 537; 1975, c. 43; 1976, c. 87.
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-212 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 18 / Section 59.1-212
Reports to customer required
Status: in_force

With respect to every contract for invention development services, the invention developer shall deliver to the customer at the address specified in the contract at least at quarterly intervals throughout the term of the contract a written report which identifies the contract and which includes:

1. A full, clear and concise description of the services performed to the date of the report and of the services yet to be performed; and

2. A full accounting of the application of the proceeds of the fee referred to in subdivision 6 of § 59.1-213 to the date of the report; and

3. The name and address of each and every person, firm or corporation to whom the subject matter of the contract has been disclosed, the reason for each and every disclosure, and copies of all responses received as a result of such disclosures.

1977, c. 649.
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-284.01 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 22 / Section 59.1-284.01
Expiration of chapter; exceptions
Status: in_force

A. All provisions of this chapter except §§ 59.1-279 , 59.1-280 , 59.1-280.1 , 59.1-282.1 , 59.1-282.2 and this section shall expire on July 1, 2005, unless extended by an act of the General Assembly.

B. All enterprise zones designated pursuant to §§ 59.1-274 , 59.1-274.1 , and 59.1-274.2 as those were in effect prior to July 1, 2005 shall continue in effect until the end of their 20-year designation period. Such zones shall be governed by the provisions of Chapter 49 (§ 59.1-538 et seq.).

1995, c. 792 ; 2005, cc. 863 , 884 .
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-506.7 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 43 / Article 6 / Section 59.1-506.7
Copy; performance related to delivery; payment
Status: in_force

(a) If performance requires delivery of a copy, the following rules apply:

(1) The party required to deliver need not complete a tendered delivery until the receiving party tenders any performance then due.

(2) Tender of delivery is a condition of the other party's duty to accept the copy and entitles the tendering party to acceptance of the copy.

(b) If payment is due on delivery of a copy, the following rules apply:

(1) Tender of delivery is a condition of the receiving party's duty to pay and entitles the tendering party to payment according to the contract.

(2) All copies required by the contract must be tendered in a single delivery, and payment is due only on tender.

(c) If the circumstances give either party the right to make or demand delivery in lots, the contract fee, if it can be apportioned, may be demanded for each lot.

(d) If payment is due and demanded on delivery of a copy or on delivery of a document of title, the right of the party receiving tender to retain or dispose of the copy or document, as against the tendering party, is conditioned on making the payment due.

2000, cc. 101 , 996 .
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-615 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 60 / Section 59.1-615
Prohibited practices; required disclosure
Status: in_force

A. No person shall receive compensation for referring any individual to another person to prepare, present, prosecute, advise, consult, or assist such individual regarding any veterans' benefits matter.

B. No person shall receive compensation for any services rendered in connection to a veterans' benefits matter involving a claim filed within one year of a veteran's release from active duty unless such veteran signs a waiver stating that the veteran opts to deny the free services available during such one-year period.

C. A person seeking to receive compensation for preparing, presenting, prosecuting, advising, consulting, or assisting any individual regarding any veterans' benefits matter shall, before rendering any services, memorialize the specific terms by which the compensation amount will be determined in a written agreement signed by both parties. Such compensation shall be contingent on an increase in benefits awarded, and if such increase occurs, such compensation shall not exceed five times the amount of the monthly increase in benefits awarded based on the claim. In the event that an award of benefits is reversed, such person shall refund any compensation collected from the veteran, except that this requirement shall not apply to decisions to lower benefits based on improving functionality. No such person shall charge any initial or nonrefundable fee for the purpose of rendering any such services.

D. No person shall guarantee, directly or by implication, a successful outcome or that any individual is certain to receive a particular outcome regarding any veterans' benefits matter.

E. Any person preparing, presenting, prosecuting, advising, consulting, or assisting any individual regarding any veterans' benefits matter for compensation shall provide the following written disclosure at the outset of the business relationship:

"This business is not sponsored by, or affiliated with, the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, the Department of Veterans Services, or any other federally chartered veterans service organization. Other organizations, including the Department of Veterans Services, a local veterans service organization, or other federally chartered veterans service organizations, may be able to provide you with this service free of charge. Products or services offered by this business are not necessarily endorsed by any of these organizations. You may qualify for other veterans' benefits beyond the benefits for which you are receiving services here."

Such written disclosure shall appear in at least 12-point font in a conspicuous place in the person's agreement with the individual seeking services. The individual shall sign such written disclosure to verify receipt and understanding of its contents. The person offering services shall retain a copy of the signed written disclosure until at least one year after such services end.

F. No person preparing, presenting, prosecuting, advising, consulting, or assisting any individual regarding any veterans' benefits matter for compensation shall:

1. Utilize international call centers to process veterans' personal information;

2. Use a veteran's personal login, username, or password information to access such veteran's medical, financial, or government benefits information; or

3. Permit any individual to access a veteran's medical or financial information without undergoing a background check conducted by a reputable source, including identity verification and a criminal records check.

G. Nothing in this chapter shall be construed to apply to, limit, or expand the requirements imposed on agents, attorneys, or other representatives accredited and regulated by the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs.

2026, cc. 602 , 603 .
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-510 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 44 / Section 59.1-510
Definitions
Status: in_force

As used in this chapter, unless the context requires a different meaning:

"Established business relationship" means a relationship between the contactedperson and the person on whose behalf the telephone solicitation is being made or initiated based on (i) the contactedperson's purchase from, or transaction with, the person on whose behalf the telephone solicitation is being made or initiated within the 18 months immediately preceding the date of the solicitationor (ii) the contactedperson's inquiry or application regarding any property, good, or service offered by the person on whose behalf the telephone solicitation is being made or initiated within the three months immediately preceding the date of the solicitation.

"Personal relationship" means the relationship between a telephone solicitor making or initiating a telephone solicitation and any family member, friend, or acquaintance of that telephone solicitor.

"Responsible person" means either or both of (i) a telephone solicitor or (ii) a seller if the telephone solicitation offering or advertising the seller's property, goods, or services is presumed to have been made or initiated on behalf of or for the benefit of the seller and the presumption is not rebutted as provided in subsection B of § 59.1-514.1 .

"Seller" means any person on whose behalf or for whose benefit a telephone solicitation offering or advertising the person's property, goods, or services is made or initiated.

"Telephone solicitation" means (i) any telephone call made or initiated to any natural person's residence in the Commonwealth, to any landline or wireless telephone with a Virginia area code, or to a landline or wireless telephone registered to any natural person who is a resident of the Commonwealth or (ii) any text message sent to any wireless telephone with a Virginia area code or to a wireless telephone registered to any natural person who is a resident of the Commonwealth, for the purpose of offering or advertising any property, goods, or services for sale, lease, license, or investment, including offering or advertising an extension of credit or for the purpose of fraudulent activity, including engaging in any conduct that results in the display of false or misleading caller identification information on the contactedperson's telephone.

"Telephone solicitor" means any person who makes or initiates, or causes another person to make or initiate, a telephone solicitation on its own behalf or for its own benefit or on behalf of or for the benefit of a seller.

2001, cc. 528 , 553 ; 2004, cc. 202 , 224 ; 2019, cc. 256 , 264 ; 2020, cc. 263 , 607 ; 2025, c. 626 .
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-587 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 54 / Section 59.1-587
Food delivery platform; agreements required; disclosure of price and fees
Status: in_force

A. No food delivery platform shall submit an order on behalf of a consumer to a restaurant or arrange for the delivery of an order from a restaurant without first obtaining an agreement with the restaurant expressly authorizing the food delivery platform to submit orders to and deliver food prepared by the restaurant.

B. A food delivery platform shall:

1. At the point when a consumer views and selects a vendor or items for purchase, include a clear and conspicuous disclosure of any additional fee or percentage charged; and

2. Prior to checkout, display a subtotal page that itemizes the price of the selected items for purchase and any additional fee or percentage included in the total cost.

C. It shall not be a violation of this chapter for a food delivery platform to (i) reduce the total cost that was previously advertised or displayed, (ii) display a promotion or discount, including an offer to waive one or more mandatory fees, or (iii) advertise or display a price for goods and services in compliance with specific state or federal laws applicable to food delivery platforms.

D. A food delivery platform that is a price-variable supplier, as defined in § 59.1-607 , is compliant with subdivision B 1 if such supplier includes a disclosure at the point when a consumer selects items for purchase (i) of the factors determining the final price; (ii) of any mandatory fees or surcharges, as defined in § 59.1-607 , associated with the transaction; and (iii) that the total cost of services may vary.

2021, Sp. Sess. I, c. 485 ; 2025, cc. 685 , 686 .
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-606 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 57 / Section 59.1-606
Civil liability
Status: in_force

A customer who suffers loss as the result of an act or omission by a retail establishment or an employee of a retail establishment that violates this chapter shall be entitled to bring an individual action to recover damages, not to exceed $100, resulting from such violation.

2024, c. 640 .
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-413 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 30 / Section 59.1-413
Exemptions
Status: in_force

This chapter shall not apply to the construction, reconstruction, operation, and maintenance of overhead electrical or communication circuits or conductors and their supporting structures and associated equipment of (i) rail transportation systems, (ii) electrical generating, transmission or distribution systems, (iii) communication systems, including cable television, or (iv) any other publicly or privately owned system provided that such work on any of the foregoing systems is performed by the employees of the owner or operator of the systems or independent contractors engaged on behalf of the owner or operator of the system to perform the work.

This chapter also shall not apply to electrical or communications circuits or conductors on the premises of coal or other mines which are subject to the provisions of the Federal Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977 (30 U.S.C. § 801 et seq.) and regulations adopted pursuant to that Act by the Mine Safety and Health Administration.

1989, c. 341.
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-447 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 36 / Section 59.1-447
Bond or letter of credit required
Status: in_force

A. Every travel club, before entering into a travel services agreement with a purchaser of travel services, shall file and maintain with the Commissioner, in a form and substance satisfactory to him, a bond with corporate surety from a company authorized to transact business in the Commonwealth, or a letter of credit from a bank insured by the Federal Insurance Deposit Corporation, or cash in the amounts indicated below:

B. The bond or letter of credit required by subsection A of this section shall be in favor of the Commonwealth of Virginia for the benefit of any purchaser who is damaged by any violation of this chapter.

C. The aggregate liability of the bond or letter of credit to all persons for all breaches of the conditions of the bond or letter of credit shall in no event exceed the amount of the bond or letter of credit. The bond or letter of credit shall not be canceled or terminated except with the consent of the Commissioner. Bonds may be withdrawn by giving sixty-day advance written notice to the Commissioner, thereby releasing the surety from accruing future liability beyond the effective date of withdrawal. Such withdrawal shall not release the surety or otherwise cancel or terminate any liability existing at the time of the effective date of the withdrawal.

1993, c. 760; 1994, c. 482 .
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-92.3 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 6.1 / Section 59.1-92.3
Registrability
Status: in_force

A mark by which the goods or services of any applicant for registration may be distinguished from the goods or services of others shall not be registered if it consists of or comprises:

1. Any immoral, deceptive or scandalous matter;

2. Any matter which may falsely suggest a connection with persons, living or dead, institutions, beliefs, or national symbols, or bring them into contempt or disrepute;

3. The flag or coat of arms or other insignia of the United States, or of any state or municipality, or of any foreign nation, or any simulation thereof;

4. The name, signature or portrait identifying a particular living individual, except by the individual's written consent;

5. A mark which (i) when used on or in connection with the goods or services of the applicant, is merely descriptive or deceptively misdescriptive of them; (ii) when used on or in connection with the goods or services of the applicant, is primarily geographically descriptive or deceptively misdescriptive of them; or (iii) is primarily merely a surname; however, nothing in this subdivision shall prevent the registration of a mark used by the applicant which has become distinctive in this Commonwealth of the applicant's goods or services. The Commission may accept as prima facie evidence that the mark has become distinctive, as used on or in connection with the applicant's goods or services, proof of continuous use thereof as a mark by the applicant in this Commonwealth for the five years before the date of the application for registration; or

6. A mark which so resembles a mark registered in this Commonwealth or a trademark, service mark or trade name previously used in this Commonwealth by another and not abandoned, as to be likely, when used on or in connection with the goods or services of the applicant, to cause confusion or mistake, or to deceive.

1998, c. 819 .
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-21.11:1 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 2.2 / Section 59.1-21.11:1
Waiver of constitutional rights prohibited
Status: in_force

Any provision in any agreement or franchise subject to the provisions of this chapter purporting to waive or to directly or indirectly limit the constitutional rights of a dealer (i) to petition any governmental authority or body or (ii) lawfully to seek or oppose any governmental or regulatory action with respect to any matter, notwithstanding any contrary position taken by the franchisor thereon, shall be null and void.

1994, c. 170 .
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-437 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 34 / Section 59.1-437
Third party obligors; proof of financial stability
Status: in_force

A. In order to ensure the faithful performance of a third party obligor's obligations to its contract holders, each third party obligor shall furnish proof of its financial stability by complying with either of the following:

1. The third party obligor shall show that it has a net worth of at least $100 million by providing the Commissioner with a copy of the third party obligor's most recent annual audited financial statement; or

2. The third party obligor shall show a net worth of the third party obligor or its parent company of at least $100 million by providing the Commissioner with a copy of the third party obligor's, or if the third party obligor's financial statements are consolidated with those of its parent company, the third party obligor's parent company's, most recent Form 10-K or Form 20-F filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, provided the Form 10-K or Form 20-F was filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within the last calendar year. If the third party obligor's parent company's Form 10-K or Form 20-F is filed to meet the third party obligor's financial stability requirement, then the parent company shall agree to guarantee the obligations of the third party obligor relating to service contracts sold by the third party obligor in this Commonwealth.

B. In lieu of compliance with subsection A, a third party obligor may demonstrate financial responsibility by filing with the Commissioner a copy of a liability insurance policy issued by an insurer authorized to transact business in this Commonwealth and which covers 100 percent of the obligor's service contract liabilities, including the administration of claims and the cost for such administration. Reimbursement insurance policies filed pursuant to this section may not be cancelled by either the third party obligor or the issuing insurer without providing 60 days' notice to the Commissioner.

C. Each service contract shall include a disclosure in substantially the form as follows or in such other form as the Commissioner directs:

"If any promise made in the contract has been denied or has not been honored within 60 days after your request, you may contact the Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Office of Charitable and Regulatory Programs to file a complaint."

D. Upon receipt of a complaint by a purchaser against an obligor asserting that a promise made in a contract has been denied or has not been honored within 60 days after the purchaser's request, the Commissioner may conduct an investigation as authorized by § 59.1-439 to determine if the obligor or its insurance company, if complying with subsection B, has improperly denied or failed to honor a purchaser's request. If the Commissioner determines that a purchaser's request was improperly denied or failed to be honored by an obligor or its insurance company, if complying with subsection B, the Commissioner may issue an order requiring the obligor to rectify or justify the denial or failure. In addition to the penalties provided in § 59.1-441 , if the denial or failure is not rectified or sufficiently justified by the obligor, the Commissioner may (i) issue a cease and desist order requiring the obligor to cease operations in the Commonwealth until the denial or failure has been rectified; (ii) deny, suspend, or revoke the obligor's registration; or (iii) assess a civil penalty of up to $1,000 per violation not to exceed $10,000 in the aggregate for all similar violations. Any civil penalties collected pursuant to this subsection shall be payable to the State Treasurer for deposit to the general fund. If the Commissioner elects to assess such a civil penalty and an obligor does not pay the civil penalty within 60 days of its assessment, the Commissioner may (a) issue a cease and desist order requiring the obligor to cease operations in the Commonwealth until the civil penalty has been paid or (b) deny, suspend, or revoke the obligor's registration.

1991, c. 654; 1996, c. 966 ; 2003, c. 411 ; 2019, cc. 396 , 558 .
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-502.16 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 43 / Article 2 / Section 59.1-502.16
Idea or information submission
Status: in_force

(a) The following rules apply to a submission of an idea or information for the creation, development, or enhancement of computer information which is not made pursuant to an existing agreement requiring the submission:

(1) A contract is not formed and is not implied from the mere receipt of an unsolicited submission.

(2) Engaging in a business, trade, or industry that by custom or practice regularly acquires ideas is not in itself an express or implied solicitation of the information.

(3) If the recipient seasonably notifies the person making the submission that the recipient maintains a procedure to receive and review submissions, a contract is formed only if:

(A) the submission is made and accepted pursuant to that procedure; or

(B) the recipient expressly agrees to terms concerning the submission.

(b) An agreement to disclose an idea creates a contract enforceable against the receiving party only if the idea as disclosed is confidential, concrete, and novel to the business, trade, or industry or the party receiving the disclosure otherwise expressly agreed.

2000, cc. 101 , 996 .
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-359 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 28 / Section 59.1-359
Management
Status: in_force

No supplier shall require or prohibit any change in management or personnel of any dealer unless the current or potential management or personnel fails to meet reasonable qualifications and standards required by the supplier for its dealers.

1988, c. 73.
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-502.6 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 43 / Article 2 / Section 59.1-502.6
Offer and acceptance; electronic agents
Status: in_force

(a) A contract may be formed by the interaction of electronic agents. If the interaction results in the electronic agents' engaging in operations that under the circumstances indicate acceptance of an offer, a contract is formed, but a court may grant appropriate relief if the operations resulted from fraud, electronic mistake, or the like.

(b) A contract may be formed by the interaction of an electronic agent and an individual acting on the individual's own behalf or for another person. A contract is formed if the individual takes an action or makes a statement that the individual can refuse to take or say and that the individual has reason to know will:

(1) cause the electronic agent to perform, provide benefits, or allow the use or access that is the subject of the contract, or send instructions to do so; or

(2) indicate acceptance, regardless of other expressions or actions by the individual to which the individual has reason to know the electronic agent cannot react.

(c) The terms of a contract formed under subsection (b) are determined under § 59.1-502.8 or § 59.1-502.9 but do not include a term provided by the individual if the individual had reason to know that the electronic agent could not react to the term.

2000, cc. 101 , 996 .
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-41.5 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 3.1 / Section 59.1-41.5
Confiscation of nonconforming recorded devices
Status: in_force

Ninety days after July 1, 1972, it shall be the duty of all law-enforcement officers, upon discovery, to confiscate all recorded devices that do not conform to the provisions of § 59.1-41.4 . The nonconforming recorded devices shall be delivered to the attorney for the Commonwealth of the county in which the confiscation was made. The attorney for the Commonwealth by court order may give the same to a charitable or educational organization. The provisions of this section shall apply to any nonconforming recorded device, regardless of the requirement in § 59.1-41.3 of knowledge or intent of a retail seller.

1972, c. 618.
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-405 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 29 / Article 6 / Section 59.1-405
Conspiracies and attempts to commit violations
Status: in_force

A. Any person who conspires, confederates or combines with another, either within or without this Commonwealth, to commit a felony prohibited by this chapter shall be guilty of a Class 4 felony.

B. Any person who attempts to commit any act prohibited by this article shall be guilty of a criminal offense and punished as provided in either §§ 18.2-26 , 18.2-27 or § 18.2-28 , as appropriate.

1988, c. 855; 1991, c. 591.
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-434 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 33 / Section 59.1-434
Enforcement; penalties
Status: in_force

Any violation of this chapter shall constitute a prohibited practice under the provisions of § 59.1-200 and shall be subject to any and all of the enforcement provisions of the Virginia Consumer Protection Act (§ 59.1-196 et seq.) of this title.

1991, cc. 608, 630.
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-92.1 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 6.1 / Section 59.1-92.1
Short title
Status: in_force

This chapter shall be known as the "Virginia Trademark and Service Mark Act (1998)."

1998, c. 819 .
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-415 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 31 / Section 59.1-415
Definitions
Status: in_force

As used in this chapter, which shall be known and may be cited as the "Prizes and Gifts Act":

"Anything of value," "item of value" or "item" means any item or service with monetary value.

"Handling charge" means any charge, fee or sum of money which is paid by a consumer to receive a prize, gift or any item of value including, but not limited to, promotional fees, redemption fees, registration fees or delivery costs.

"Pay-per-call service" means any passive, interactive, polling, conference, or other similar audiotext service that is accessed through a 900 number exchange or otherwise, and generates a service-related fee billed to a telephone customer.

"Person" means any natural person, corporation, trust, partnership, association and any other legal entity.

1989, c. 689; 1991, c. 154.
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-335.8 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 25.1 / Section 59.1-335.8
Contents of contracts
Status: in_force

A. Every contract between a consumer and a credit services business for the purchase of the services of the credit services business shall be in writing, dated, signed by the consumer, and shall include all of the following:

1. A conspicuous statement in size equal to at least ten-point bold type, in immediate proximity to the space reserved for the signature of the consumer as follows:

"You, the buyer, may cancel this contract at any time prior to midnight of the third business day after the date of the transaction. See the attached notice of cancellation form for an explanation of this right.";

2. The terms and conditions of payment, including the total of all payments to be made by the consumer, whether to the credit services business or to some other person;

3. A complete and detailed description of the services to be performed and the results to be achieved by the credit services business for or on behalf of the consumer, including all guarantees and all promises of full or partial refunds and a list of the adverse information appearing on the consumer's credit report that the credit services business expects to have modified;

4. The principal business address of the credit services business and the name and address of its agent in this Commonwealth authorized to receive service of process;

5. A statement asserting the buyer's right to proceed against the bond or letter of credit required under § 59.1-335.4 ; and

6. The name and address of the surety company which issued the bond, or the name and address of the bank which issued the letter of credit.

B. 1. The contract shall be accompanied by a completed form in duplicate, captioned "NOTICE OF CANCELLATION," which shall be attached to the contract and easily detachable, and which shall contain in at least ten-point bold type the following statement:

"NOTICE OF CANCELLATION

You may cancel this contract, without any penalty or obligation, at any time prior to midnight of the third business day after the date the contract is signed.

If you cancel, any payment made by you under this contract will be returned within ten days following receipt by the seller of your cancellation notice.

To cancel this contract, mail or deliver a signed and dated copy of this cancellation notice, or any other written notice, to

________________________________________ (Name of Seller)

At ________________________________________ (Address of Seller)

________________________________________ (Place of Business)

Not later than midnight____________________ (Date)

I HEREBY CANCEL THIS TRANSACTION.

_______________ (Date)

________________________________________ (Buyer's Signature)"

2. A copy of the fully completed contract and all other documents the credit services business requires the consumer to sign shall be given by the credit services business to the consumer at the time they are signed.

1989, cc. 651, 655.
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-581 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 53 / Section 59.1-581
Processing de-identified data; exemptions
Status: in_force

A. The controller in possession of de-identified data shall:

1. Take reasonable measures to ensure that the data cannot be associated with a natural person;

2. Publicly commit to maintaining and using de-identified data without attempting to re-identify the data; and

3. Contractually obligate any recipients of the de-identified data to comply with all provisions of this chapter.

B. Nothing in this chapter shall be construed to (i) require a controller or processor to re-identify de-identified data or pseudonymous data or (ii) maintain data in identifiable form, or collect, obtain, retain, or access any data or technology, in order to be capable of associating an authenticated consumer request with personal data.

C. Nothing in this chapter shall be construed to require a controller or processor to comply with an authenticated consumer rights request, pursuant to § 59.1-577 , if all of the following are true:

1. The controller is not reasonably capable of associating the request with the personal data or it would be unreasonably burdensome for the controller to associate the request with the personal data;

2. The controller does not use the personal data to recognize or respond to the specific consumer who is the subject of the personal data, or associate the personal data with other personal data about the same specific consumer; and

3. The controller does not sell the personal data to any third party or otherwise voluntarily disclose the personal data to any third party other than a processor, except as otherwise permitted in this section.

D. The consumer rights contained in subdivisions A 1 through 4 of § 59.1-577 and § 59.1-578 shall not apply to pseudonymous data in cases where the controller is able to demonstrate any information necessary to identify the consumer is kept separately and is subject to effective technical and organizational controls that prevent the controller from accessing such information.

E. A controller that discloses pseudonymous data or de-identified data shall exercise reasonable oversight to monitor compliance with any contractual commitments to which the pseudonymous data or de-identified data is subject and shall take appropriate steps to address any breaches of those contractual commitments.

2021, Sp. Sess. I, cc. 35 , 36 .
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-9.8 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 1.1 / Section 59.1-9.8
Forum; restraining orders and injunctions; penalties
Status: in_force

Actions and proceedings for violations of this chapter shall be brought in the circuit courts of this Commonwealth. Those courts may issue temporary restraining orders and injunctions to prevent and restrain violations of this chapter, and may award the damages and impose the civil penalties provided herein. They may also grant mandatory injunctions reasonably necessary to eliminate violations of this chapter.

1974, c. 545.
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-68.8 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 4.2 / Section 59.1-68.8
Enforcement
Status: in_force

The Attorney General of Virginia, with respect to state agencies only, shall have concurrent power and authority to investigate and prosecute any violation of § 59.1-68.7 . In addition, the attorneys for the Commonwealth of the several counties and cities shall retain the power and authority to prosecute any and all violations of § 59.1-68.7 occurring within their jurisdiction.

1980, c. 471.
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-9.6 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 1.1 / Section 59.1-9.6
Monopolies unlawful
Status: in_force

Every conspiracy, combination, or attempt to monopolize, or monopolization of, trade or commerce of this Commonwealth is unlawful.

1974, c. 545.
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-506.11 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 43 / Article 6 / Section 59.1-506.11
Access contracts
Status: in_force

(a) If an access contract provides for access over a period of time, the following rules apply:

(1) The licensee's rights of access are to the information as modified and made commercially available by the licensor from time to time during that period.

(2) A change in the content of the information is a breach of contract only if the change conflicts with an express term of the agreement.

(3) Unless it is subject to a contractual use term, information obtained by the licensee is free of any use restriction other than a restriction resulting from the informational rights of another person or other law.

(4) Access must be available:

(A) at times and in a manner conforming to the express terms of the agreement; and

(B) to the extent not expressly stated in the agreement, at times and in a manner reasonable for the particular type of contract in light of the ordinary standards of the business, trade, or industry.

(b) In an access contract that gives the licensee a right of access at times substantially of its own choosing during agreed periods, an occasional failure to have access available during those times is not a breach of contract if it is:

(1) consistent with ordinary standards of the business, trade, or industry for the particular type of contract; or

(2) caused by:

(A) scheduled downtime;

(B) reasonable needs for maintenance;

(C) reasonable periods of failure of equipment, computer programs, or communications; or

(D) events reasonably beyond the licensor's control, and the licensor exercises such commercially reasonable efforts as the circumstances require.

2000, cc. 101 , 996 .
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-623 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 62 / Section 59.1-623
Enforcement; civil penalties
Status: in_force

Any violation of the provisions of this chapter shall constitute a prohibited practice in accordance with § 59.1-200 and shall be subject to the enforcement and penalty provisions of the Virginia Consumer Protection Act (§ 59.1-196 et seq.).

2026, c. 947 .
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-416 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 31 / Section 59.1-416
Representation of having won a prize, gift or any item of value
Status: in_force

A. No person shall, in connection with the sale or lease or solicitation for the sale or lease of goods, property, or service, represent that another person has won anything of value or is the winner of a contest, unless all of the following conditions are met:

1. The recipient of the prize, gift or item of value shall be given the prize, gift or item of value without obligation; and

2. The prize, gift or item of value shall be delivered to the recipient at no expense to him, within ten days of the representation.

B. The use of language that may lead a reasonable person to believe he has won a contest or anything of value, including, but not limited to, "Congratulations," or "You have won," or "You are the winner of," shall be considered a representation of the type governed by this section.

1989, c. 689.
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-464 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 38 / Section 59.1-464
Remedies; injunction
Status: in_force

Any person who suffers a violation of this chapter may bring an action to recover actual damages and reasonable attorney's fees and seek an injunction or any other remedy available at law or in equity.

1995, c. 648 .
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-193 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 16 / Section 59.1-193
Record to be kept by purchaser of livestock delivered by motor vehicle
Status: in_force

It shall be unlawful for any dealer in or slaughterer of livestock to purchase any cattle, sheep, swine or other livestock from any person who is not personally known by the purchaser and who delivers such livestock to the purchaser by means of a motor truck or other motor vehicle, unless such purchaser shall first record the name and address of the person from whom such purchase is made, the date of the purchase, the license plate numbers of such truck or vehicle, the state where the same is registered, and a general description of the livestock purchased, including the kind purchased, whether cattle, sheep, swine or other livestock, the number purchased and the approximate weight of the livestock in each lot purchased.

Code 1950, § 59-166; 1968, c. 439.
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-148.4 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 11.1 / Section 59.1-148.4
Sale of firearms by law-enforcement agencies prohibited; exception
Status: in_force

A law-enforcement agency of this Commonwealth shall not sell or trade any firearm owned and used or otherwise lawfully in its possession except (i) to another law-enforcement agency of the Commonwealth, (ii) to a licensed firearms dealer, (iii) to the persons as provided in § 59.1-148.3 or (iv) as authorized by a court in accordance with § 19.2-386.29 .

1994, c. 467 ; 2004, c. 995 .
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-503.1 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 43 / Article 3 / Section 59.1-503.1
Parol or extrinsic evidence
Status: in_force

Terms with respect to which confirmatory records of the parties agree or which are otherwise set forth in a record intended by the parties as a final expression of their agreement with respect to terms included therein may not be contradicted by evidence of any previous agreement or of a contemporaneous oral agreement but may be explained or supplemented by:

(1) course of performance, course of dealing, or usage of trade; and

(2) evidence of consistent additional terms, unless the court finds the record to have been intended as a complete and exclusive statement of the terms of the agreement.

2000, cc. 101 , 996 .
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-96 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 7 / Section 59.1-96
Offenses and punishments
Status: in_force

It shall be unlawful for any person to fill with soda waters, mineral or aerated waters, cider, ginger ale, milk, or soft drinks, or other beverages or with medicine, medical preparations, perfumery, oils, compounds or mixtures, any bottle, box, crate, tin or keg so marked or distinguished as provided in § 59.1-94 with or by any name, mark or device, of which a description shall have been filed and published, as provided in such section, or to deface, erase, obliterate, cover up or otherwise remove, or conceal, any such name, mark or device thereon, or to sell, buy, give, take, receive, or otherwise dispose of or traffic in the same without the written consent of, or unless the same shall have been purchased by an agreement in writing from, the person whose mark or device shall be or shall have been in or upon the bottle, siphon, siphon head, crate, tin or keg so filled, trafficked in, used or handled as aforesaid. It shall also be unlawful for any person to sell, buy, rent, or otherwise traffic in any clean laundered or soiled articles mentioned in this chapter so marked or designated as provided in § 59.1-94 with or by any name, mark or device, of which a description shall have been filed and published, as provided in such section, or to deface, erase, obliterate, cover up or otherwise remove or conceal, any such name, mark or device thereon, or to sell, buy, give, take, receive or otherwise dispose of or traffic in the same without the written consent of, or unless the same shall have been purchased by an agreement in writing from, the person whose mark or device shall be or shall have been in or upon any such clean laundered or soiled article. Any person offending against the provisions of this section shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall be punished for the first offense by imprisonment for not less than ten days, nor more than one year, or by a fine of $5, and in addition thereto fifty cents for each and every such bottle, box, siphon, siphon head, crate, tin, or keg, sold, disposed of, received, bought or trafficked in, or by both such fine and imprisonment, and for each subsequent offense by imprisonment for not less than twenty days nor more than one year, or by a fine of not less than $50, and in addition thereto $1 for each and every bottle, box, siphon, crate, tin or keg filled, sold, used, disposed of, received, bought or trafficked in, or by both such fine and imprisonment, in the discretion of the judge or jury before whom the offense shall be tried; provided that in the case of any person offending against the provisions of this section relating to clean laundered or soiled articles such fine for the first offense shall be not less than $25 nor more than $200 and for each subsequent offense, the fine shall be not less than $50 nor more than $400.

Code 1950, § 59-193; 1958, c. 579; 1968, c. 439.
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-70.1 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 5 / Section 59.1-70.1
Certificate of release
Status: in_force

A. When a person is no longer conducting business in the Commonwealth under an assumed or fictitious name on file with the clerk of the Commission, the name may be released by filing a certificate of release of an assumed or fictitious name in the office of the clerk of the Commission that is signed (i) by the individual who conducted business under the assumed or fictitious name, (ii) on behalf of the person who conducted business under the assumed or fictitious name when the person is not an individual, (iii) by a court-appointed fiduciary of the person, or (iv) by the person's successor in interest when the person is not an individual.

B. When a person is no longer conducting business in the Commonwealth under an assumed or fictitious name on file with a circuit court, the name may be released by filing a certificate of release of an assumed or fictitious name with the clerk of the court that is signed and acknowledged by the person, a court-appointed fiduciary of the person, or, when the person is not an individual, the person's successor in interest.

C. The certificate of release of an assumed or fictitious name shall be on a form prescribed by the Commission. The fee to file a certificate of release of an assumed or fictitious name with the clerk of the Commission or with the clerk of the court shall be $10.

2017, c. 594 .
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-134 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 9 / Article 3 / Section 59.1-134
Advertisement or display
Status: in_force

Any person, firm, partnership, association or corporation, or any agent or servant thereof, who advertises or displays in any manner a secondhand watch for sale or exchange shall state clearly in such advertisement or display that the watch is a secondhand watch.

Code 1950, § 59-159; 1968, c. 439.
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-279.1 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 22 / Section 59.1-279.1
Repealed
Status: repealed

Repealed by Acts 2005, cc. 863 and 884 , cl. 2.
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-68.2 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 4.1 / Section 59.1-68.2
Authority of Attorney General
Status: in_force

Notwithstanding any other provisions of the law to the contrary, the Attorney General may investigate and bring an action in the name of the Commonwealth to enjoin any violation of Chapters 2.1 (§ 59.1-21.1 et seq.) through 3.1 (§ 59.1-41.1 et seq.) and of Article 8 (§ 18.2-214 et seq.), Chapter 6 of Title 18.2.

1970, c. 780; 1973, c. 537; 1975, c. 43; 1984, c. 582.
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-565 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 51 / Section 59.1-565
Repealed
Status: repealed

Repealed by Acts 2026, cc. 565 , 566 , cl. 6, effective July 1, 2026.
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-110 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 8 / Section 59.1-110
Using recorded brand or trademark without authority
Status: in_force

Every brand or trademark so adopted shall, from the date of its recordation be the exclusive brand or trademark of the person, firm or corporation adopting it, and any other person, firm or corporation knowingly using or attempting to use the same, without authority in writing from the owner thereof, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and fined for each offense in so using the same not less than $20 nor more than $200, and shall be liable to the owner of such brand or trademark for all the damages sustained by such owner by reason of such unauthorized use.

Code 1950, § 59-207; 1968, c. 439.
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-207.16:1 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 17.3 / Section 59.1-207.16:1
Disclosure of returned vehicles; penalty
Status: in_force

A. If a motor vehicle that is returned to the manufacturer or distributor either under this chapter or by judgment, decree, or arbitration award in this or any other state and is then transferred by a manufacturer or distributor to a dealer, licensed under Chapter 15 (§ 46.2-1500 et seq.) of Title 46.2, in Virginia, the manufacturer or distributor shall disclose this information to the Virginia dealer.

B. If the returned vehicle is then made available for resale or for another lease, the manufacturer shall, prior to sale or lease, disclose in writing in a clear and conspicuous manner, on a separate piece of paper in ten-point capital type, to the Virginia dealer that this motor vehicle was returned to the manufacturer, distributor or factory branch, the nature of the defect which resulted in the return, and the condition of the motor vehicle at the time of transfer to the Virginia dealer. It shall be the responsibility of the dealer that receives this disclosure to give notice of its contents to any prospective purchaser or lessee prior to sale or lease, and to transfer the disclosure, or a copy thereof, to the next purchaser or lessee. A dealer's responsibility under this section shall cease upon the sale or lease of the affected motor vehicle to the first purchaser or lessee not for resale or lease.

C. Any manufacturer or distributor who violates this section of the Motor Vehicle Warranty Enforcement Act shall be guilty of a Class 3 misdemeanor.

1994, c. 578 ; 1998, c. 671 .
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-502.4 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 43 / Article 2 / Section 59.1-502.4
Acceptance with varying terms
Status: in_force

(a) In this section, an acceptance materially alters an offer if it contains a term that materially conflicts with or varies a term of the offer or that adds a material term not contained in the offer.

(b) Except as otherwise provided in § 59.1-502.5 , a definite and seasonable expression of acceptance operates as an acceptance, even if the acceptance contains terms that vary from the terms of the offer, unless the acceptance materially alters the offer.

(c) If an acceptance materially alters the offer, the following rules apply:

(1) A contract is not formed unless (A) a party agrees, such as by manifesting assent, to the other party's offer or acceptance or (B) all the other circumstances, including the conduct of the parties, establish a contract.

(2) If a contract is formed by the conduct of both parties, the terms of the contract are determined under § 59.1-502.10 .

(d) If an acceptance varies from but does not materially alter the offer, a contract is formed based on the terms of the offer. In addition, the following rules apply:

(1) Terms in the acceptance which conflict with terms in the offer are not part of the contract.

(2) An additional nonmaterial term in the acceptance is a proposal for an additional term. Between merchants, the proposed additional term becomes part of the contract unless the offeror gives notice of objection before, or within a reasonable time after, it receives the proposed terms.

2000, cc. 101 , 996 .
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-95 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 7 / Section 59.1-95
Certified copy as evidence; fees of the State Corporation Commission
Status: in_force

A certified copy of the description of the names, marks or devices referred to in this chapter, and filed with the State Corporation Commission, shall be prima facie evidence of the ownership of such bottles, siphons, boxes, crates, tins, kegs or clean laundered or soiled articles mentioned in this chapter in the trial of any case arising under the provisions of this chapter. For filing such paper or giving such copy, the State Corporation Commission may make a reasonable charge not exceeding five dollars.

Code 1950, § 59-192; 1958, c. 579; 1968, c. 439.
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-265 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 21 / Section 59.1-265
Seller required to obtain bond or establish escrow account; action for damages against bond or account; limitation on liability of surety or escrow agent
Status: in_force

Before the business opportunity seller makes any of the representations set forth in § 59.1-263 , the seller shall either have obtained a surety bond issued by a surety company authorized to do business in this Commonwealth or have established an escrow account with any credit union or any licensed and insured commercial bank or savings institution located in the Commonwealth of Virginia. The amount of the bond or escrow account shall be an amount not less than $50,000. Any person who is damaged by any violation of this chapter or by the business opportunity seller's breach of the contract for the business opportunity sale or of any obligation arising therefrom may bring an action against the bond or escrow account to recover damages suffered; provided, however, that the aggregate escrow liability of the surety or escrow agents under any such bond or escrow account shall be only for actual damages and in no event shall exceed the amount of the bond or escrow account.

1979, c. 523; 1996, c. 77 .
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-313.1 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 25 / Article 1 / Section 59.1-313.1
Certified mail; subsequent mail or notices may be sent by regular mail
Status: in_force

Whenever in this chapter the Board, the Commissioner, or the Department is required to send any mail or notice by certified mail and such mail or notice is sent certified mail, return receipt requested, then any subsequent, identical mail or notice that is sent by the Board, the Commissioner, or the Department may be sent by regular mail.

2011, c. 566 .
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-148.6 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 11.2 / Section 59.1-148.6
Firearm industry standards of responsible conduct; civil liability
Status: in_force

A. A firearm industry member, by conduct unlawful in itself or unreasonable under all the circumstances, may not knowingly create, maintain, or contribute to a public nuisance through the sale, manufacture, importation, or marketing of a firearm-related product.

B. A firearm industry member shall establish and implement reasonable controls regarding the manufacture, sale, distribution, use, and marketing of the firearm industry member's firearm-related products.

C. A violation of subsection A or B is a public nuisance.

D. Whenever it appears to the Attorney General or the local county, city, or town attorney that a firearm industry member has engaged in or is engaging in conduct in violation of this section, the Attorney General or local county, city, or town attorney may commence an action to seek and obtain (i) an injunction prohibiting the firearm industry member from continuing the conduct, engaging in the conduct, or doing any acts in furtherance of the conduct; (ii) an order providing for abatement of the public nuisance at the expense of the firearm industry member; (iii) an order of restitution; (iv) an award of compensatory and punitive damages; (v) an award of reasonable attorney fees and costs of the action; and (vi) any other appropriate relief that may be awarded by the court.

E. Any person that has been injured as a result of a firearm industry member's acts or omissions in violation of this section may commence an action to seek and obtain (i) an injunction prohibiting the firearm industry member from continuing the conduct, engaging in the conduct, or doing any acts in furtherance of the conduct; (ii) an award of compensatory and punitive damages; and (iii) an award of reasonable attorney fees and costs of the action.

F. To prevail in an action under this section, the party seeking relief is not required to demonstrate that the firearm industry member acted with the intent to engage in a public nuisance or otherwise cause harm to the public.

G. This section shall not be construed or implied to limit or impair in any way (i) the right of a person to pursue a legal action under any other law or (ii) an obligation or requirement placed on a firearm industry member by any other law.

Nothing in this section is intended to restrict or alter the availability of an action for relief from or to remedy a public nuisance at common law.

2026, cc. 529 , 530 .
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-438 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 34 / Section 59.1-438
Regulations
Status: in_force

A. The Board is authorized to adopt reasonable regulations in order to implement provisions in this chapter relating to extended service contracts. These regulations shall be adopted, amended, or repealed in accordance with the Administrative Process Act (§ 2.2-4000 et seq.).

B. Without limiting the authority of the Board under subsection A, the Board is authorized to adopt reasonable regulations that designate services, in addition to those enumerated in the definition of extended service contract in § 59.1-435 , that may be provided under an extended service contract, provided that the designation of the additional services is not inconsistent with the provisions of this chapter.

1991, c. 654; 2014, c. 193 .
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-136.5 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 9 / Article 4 / Section 59.1-136.5
Reports of purchases by scrap metal purchasers
Status: in_force

If requested by the chief law-enforcement officer of the locality in which the scrap metal purchaser conducts business, every scrap metal purchaser conducting business in the locality shall furnish to the chief law-enforcement officer of the locality in which the scrap metal purchaser conducts business a report of all of the scrap metal purchaser's purchases of nonferrous scrap, metal articles, and proprietary articles, excluding aluminum cans and interior household items. Each report shall (i) be submitted on the next business day following the date of a purchase; (ii) include the seller's name, date of birth, identification number, address, height, and weight and the license number of any motor vehicle in which the goods or things were delivered; and (iii) be submitted in an electronic format if required by the locality in which the scrap metal purchaser conducts business. The form of the report shall be prescribed by the Virginia State Police.

2007, c. 917 ; 2013, c. 414 .
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-353 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 28 / Section 59.1-353
Chapter title; definitions
Status: in_force

This chapter may be cited as the "Heavy Equipment Dealer Act." As used in this chapter unless the context requires otherwise:

"Agreement" means a commercial relationship, not required to be evidenced in writing, of definite or indefinite duration, between a supplier and a dealer pursuant to which the dealer has been authorized to distribute one or more of the supplier's heavy equipment products, and attachments and repair parts therefor, and in connection therewith to use a trade name, trademark, service mark, logo type, or advertising or other commercial symbol.

"Dealer" means a person in Virginia (i) engaged in the business of selling or leasing heavy equipment at retail, (ii) who customarily maintains a total inventory, valued at over $250,000, of new heavy equipment and attachments and repair parts therefor, and (iii) who provides repair services for the heavy equipment sold.

"Heavy equipment" means self-propelled, self-powered or pull-type equipment and machinery, including engines, weighing 5000 pounds or more, primarily employed for construction, industrial, maritime, mining and forestry uses, as such terms are commonly used and understood as a usage of trade in accordance with § 8.1A-303 (c). The term "heavy equipment" shall not include (i) motor vehicles requiring registration and certificates of title in accordance with § 46.2-600 , (ii) farm machinery, equipment and implements sold or leased pursuant to dealer agreements with suppliers subject to the provisions of Chapter 27.1 (§ 59.1-352.1 et seq.) of this title, or (iii) equipment that is "consumer goods" within the meaning of § 8.9A-102 .

"Person" means a natural person, corporation, partnership, trust, agency or other entity as well as the individual officers, directors or other persons in active control of the activities of each such entity. "Person" also includes heirs, assigns, personal representatives, guardians and conservators.

"Supplier" means every person, including any agent of such person, or any authorized broker acting on behalf of that person, that enters into an "agreement" with a dealer.

1988, c. 73; 1997, c. 801 ; 2002, c. 898 ; 2003, c. 353 .
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-157 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 12 / Section 59.1-157
Complaints to Commissioner
Status: in_force

The Commissioner shall investigate complaints made to him concerning alleged violations of the provisions of this chapter or regulation adopted thereunder, and shall, upon his own initiative, conduct such investigations as he deems appropriate and advisable.

Code 1950, § 59-50; 1968, c. 439; 1992, c. 885.
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-294 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 24 / Section 59.1-294
Short title
Status: in_force

This chapter shall be known and may be cited as the "Virginia Health Club Act."

1984, c. 738; 2014, c. 459 .
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-558 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 51 / Section 59.1-558
Repealed
Status: repealed

Repealed by Acts 2026, cc. 565 , 566 , cl. 6, effective July 1, 2026.
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-363 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 28 / Section 59.1-363
Exclusions
Status: in_force

Agreements subject to the provisions of this chapter shall not be subject to any requirement contained in Chapter 8 (§ 13.1-557 et seq.) of Title 13.1 or Chapter 27.1 (§ 59.1-352.1 et seq.) of this title.

1988, c. 73; 2002, c. 898 .
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-312 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 25 / Article 1 / Section 59.1-312
Applicability
Status: in_force

This chapter shall apply to each membership camping contract executed at least in part in this Commonwealth after July 1, 1985, regardless of the whereabouts of the membership camping operator's principal office or his campground or recreational facilities.

1985, c. 409.
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-92.12 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 6.1 / Section 59.1-92.12
Infringement
Status: in_force

Subject to the provisions of § 59.1-92.15 , any person who (i) uses in a manner likely to cause a consumer confusion, mistake, or deception as to the source or origin of any goods or services, without the consent of the owner of a registered mark, any reproduction, counterfeit, copy, or colorable imitation of a registered mark in connection with the sale, offering for sale, distribution, or advertising of such goods or services or (ii) reproduces, counterfeits, copies or colorably imitates a registered mark and applies such reproduction, counterfeit, copy, or colorable imitation to labels, signs, prints, packages, wrappers, receptacles, advertisements, or any item intended to be used in a manner likely to cause a consumer confusion, mistake, or deception as to the source or origin of any goods or services in connection with the sale, offering for sale, distribution, or advertising of such goods or services shall be liable in a civil action by the owner of a registered mark for any and all of the remedies provided in § 59.1-92.13 , except that under this subdivision the owner shall not be entitled to recover profits, damages, or attorney fees unless the acts have been committed with knowledge that such mark is intended to be used to cause confusion or mistake or to deceive.

1998, c. 819 ; 2008, cc. 759 , 800 ; 2011, c. 801 .
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-457 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 37 / Section 59.1-457
Payment of sales commission
Status: in_force

A. Every sales representative shall be paid the earned commission and all other compensation earned or payable in accordance with the terms of the contract.

B. When a contract between a principal and a sales representative is terminated, for any reason, except by mutual agreement, all earned commissions shall be paid within a period specified in the contract, but in no event shall such period exceed thirty days from the date of termination or, in the case of orders processed subsequent to termination, thirty days from shipment. Such commission and other compensation shall be paid to the sales representative at the usual place of payment unless the sales representative requests that the commission be sent to him through regular mail. If the commission is sent through regular mail, it is deemed to have been paid for purposes of this subsection on the date that it is postmarked.

1993, c. 736.
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-580 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 53 / Section 59.1-580
Data protection assessments
Status: in_force

A. A controller shall conduct and document a data protection assessment of each of the following processing activities involving personal data:

1. The processing of personal data for purposes of targeted advertising;

2. The sale of personal data;

3. The processing of personal data for purposes of profiling, where such profiling presents a reasonably foreseeable risk of (i) unfair or deceptive treatment of, or unlawful disparate impact on, consumers; (ii) financial, physical, or reputational injury to consumers; (iii) a physical or other intrusion upon the solitude or seclusion, or the private affairs or concerns, of consumers, where such intrusion would be offensive to a reasonable person; or (iv) other substantial injury to consumers;

4. The processing of sensitive data; and

5. Any processing activities involving personal data that present a heightened risk of harm to consumers.

B. Each controller that offers any online service, product, or feature directed to consumers whom such controller has actual knowledge are children shall conduct a data protection assessment for such online service, product, or feature that addresses (i) the purpose of such online service, product, or feature; (ii) the categories of known children's personal data that such online service, product, or feature processes; and (iii) the purposes for which such controller processes known children's personal data with respect to such online service, product, or feature.

C. Data protection assessments conducted pursuant to this section shall identify and weigh the benefits that may flow, directly and indirectly, from the processing to the controller, the consumer, other stakeholders, and the public against the potential risks to the rights of the consumer associated with such processing, as mitigated by safeguards that can be employed by the controller to reduce such risks. The use of de-identified data and the reasonable expectations of consumers, as well as the context of the processing and the relationship between the controller and the consumer whose personal data will be processed, shall be factored into this assessment by the controller.

D. The Attorney General may request, pursuant to a civil investigative demand, that a controller disclose any data protection assessment that is relevant to an investigation conducted by the Attorney General, and the controller shall make the data protection assessment available to the Attorney General. The Attorney General may evaluate the data protection assessment for compliance with the responsibilities set forth in § 59.1-578 . Data protection assessments shall be confidential and exempt from public inspection and copying under the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (§ 2.2-3700 et seq.). The disclosure of a data protection assessment pursuant to a request from the Attorney General shall not constitute a waiver of attorney-client privilege or work product protection with respect to the assessment and any information contained in the assessment.

E. A single data protection assessment may address a comparable set of processing operations that include similar activities.

F. Data protection assessments conducted by a controller for the purpose of compliance with other laws or regulations may comply under this section if the assessments have a reasonably comparable scope and effect.

G. Data protection assessment requirements shall apply to processing activities created or generated after January 1, 2023, and are not retroactive.

2021, Sp. Sess. I, cc. 35 , 36 ; 2024, cc. 840 , 844 .
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-207.20 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 17.4 / Section 59.1-207.20
General requirements of disclosure
Status: in_force

A. The lessor shall disclose to the consumer the information required by this chapter. In a transaction involving more than one lessor, only one lessor need make the disclosures, but all lessors shall be bound by such disclosures.

B. The disclosures shall be made at or before consummation of the lease-purchase agreement.

C. The disclosures shall be made clearly and conspicuously in writing and a copy of the lease-purchase agreement provided to the consumer. The disclosures required under subsection A of § 59.1-207.19 shall be made on the face of the contract above the line for the consumer's signature.

D. If a disclosure becomes inaccurate as the result of any act, occurrence, or agreement by the consumer after delivery of the required disclosures, the resulting inaccuracy is not a violation of this chapter.

1988, c. 24.
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-574.2 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 52 / Article 2 / Section 59.1-574.2
Prohibited conduct
Status: in_force

A. No person shall manufacture, sell, deliver, offer for sale, or use in connection with a consumer transaction any cosmetic product that contains any of the following intentionally added ingredients:

1. Dibutyl phthalate (CAS NO. 84–74–2);

2. Diethylhexyl phthalate (CAS NO. 117–81–7);

3. Formaldehyde (CAS NO. 50–00–0);

4. Paraformaldehyde (CAS NO. 30525–89–4);

5. Methylene glycol (CAS NO. 463–57–0);

6. Quaternium–15 (CAS NO. 51229–78–8);

7. Mercury (CAS NO. 7439–97–6);

8. Isobutylparaben (CAS NO. 4247–02–3);

9. Isopropylparaben (CAS NO. 4191–73–5);

10. M–phenylenediamine and its salts (CAS NO. 108–45–2);

11. O–phenylenediamine and its salts (CAS NO. 95–54–5); or

12. The following perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and their salts:

a. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) or heptadecafluorooctane–1–sulfonic acid (CAS NO. 1763–23–1);

b. Potassium perfluorooctanesulfonate or potassium heptadecafluorooctane–1–sulfonate (CAS NO. 2795–39–3);

c. Diethanolamine perfluorooctane sulfonate (CAS NO. 70225–14–8);

d. Ammonium perfluorooctane sulfonate or ammonium heptadecafluorooctanesulfonate (CAS NO. 29081–56–9);

e. Lithium perfluorooctane sulfonate or lithium heptadecafluorooctanesulfonate (CAS NO. 29457–72–5);

f. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) (CAS NO. 335–67–1);

g. Ammonium pentadecafluorooctanoate (CAS NO. 3825–26–1);

h. Nonadecafluorodecanoic acid (CAS NO. 335–76–2);

i. Ammonium nonadecafluorodecanoate (CAS NO. 3108–42–7);

j. Sodium nonadecafluorodecanoate (CAS NO. 3830–45–3);

k. Perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) (CAS NO. 375–95–1);

l. Sodium heptadecafluorononanoate (CAS NO. 21049–39–8); or

m. Ammonium perfluorononanoate (CAS NO. 4149–60–4).

B. No person shall be in violation of this section for manufacturing, selling, delivering, offering for sale, or using in connection with a consumer transaction a cosmetic product that:

1. Was manufactured through a process intended to comply with the provisions of this section; and

2. Contains a technically unavoidable trace quantity of an ingredient listed in subsection A due to (i) an impurity of a natural or synthetic ingredient, (ii) the manufacturing process, (iii) storage, or (iv) migrations from packaging.

C. Notwithstanding the provisions of subsections A and B, the provisions of this section shall not apply to a retailer that does not (i) manufacture cosmetics containing ingredients prohibited in this section or (ii) knowingly sell or offer for sale cosmetics containing ingredients prohibited in this section.

2026, c. 910 .
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-506.5 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 43 / Article 6 / Section 59.1-506.5
Electronic regulation of performance
Status: in_force

(a) In this section, "automatic restraint" means a program, code, device, or similar electronic or physical limitation the intended purpose of which is to prevent use of information contrary to the contract or applicable law.

(b) A party entitled to enforce a limitation on use of information may include an automatic restraint in the information or a copy of it and use that restraint if:

(1) a term of the agreement authorizes use of the restraint;

(2) the restraint prevents a use that is inconsistent with the agreement;

(3) the restraint prevents use after expiration of the stated duration of the contract or a stated number of uses; or

(4) the restraint prevents use after the contract terminates, other than on expiration of a stated duration or number of uses, and the licensor gives reasonable notice to the licensee before further use is prevented.

(c) This section does not authorize an automatic restraint that affirmatively prevents or makes impracticable a licensee's access to its own information or information of a third party, other than the licensor, if that information is in the possession of the licensee or a third party.

(d) A party that includes or uses an automatic restraint consistent with subsection (b) or (c) is not liable for any loss caused by the use of the restraint.

(e) This section does not preclude electronic replacement or disabling of an earlier copy of information by the licensor in connection with delivery of a new copy or version under an agreement to replace or disable the earlier copy by electronic means with an upgrade or other new information.

(f) This section does not authorize use of an automatic restraint to enforce remedies because of breach of contract or for cancellation for breach. If a right to cancel for breach of contract and a right to exercise restraint under subdivision (b) (4) exist simultaneously, affirmative acts constituting electronic self-help must be taken pursuant to § 59.1-508.16 , including its prohibition on mass-market transactions, instead of this section. Affirmative acts under this subsection do not include (i) use of a program, code, device, or similar electronic or physical limitation that operates automatically without regard to breach or (ii) a refusal to prevent the operation of a restraint authorized by this section or to reverse its effect.

2000, cc. 101 , 996 ; 2001, c. 763 .
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-610 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 58 / Section 59.1-610
Enforcement; penalties
Status: in_force

Any violation of this chapter shall constitute a prohibited practice under the provisions of § 59.1-200 and shall be subject to any and all of the enforcement provisions of the Virginia Consumer Protection Act (§ 59.1-196 et seq.).

2025, cc. 685 , 686 .
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-402 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 29 / Article 6 / Section 59.1-402
Racing under false name; penalty
Status: in_force

Any person who knowingly enters or races any horse in any running or harness race under any name or designation other than the name or designation assigned to such horse by and registered with the Jockey Club, the United States Trotting Association, the American Quarter Horse Association, or other applicable association or who knowingly instigates, engages in, or in any way furthers any act by which any horse is entered or raced in any running or trotting race under any name or designation other than the name or designation duly assigned by and registered with the Jockey Club, the United States Trotting Association, the American Quarter Horse Association, or other applicable association, is guilty of a Class 4 felony.

1988, c. 855; 1990, c. 351.
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-210 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 18 / Section 59.1-210
Standard provisions for cover notice
Status: in_force

Every contract for invention development services shall have a conspicuous and legible cover sheet attached with the following notice imprinted thereon in boldface type of not less than 10-point size:

1. "This contract between you and an invention developer is regulated by Chapter 18 (§ 59.1-208 et seq.) of Title 59.1. You are not permitted or required to make any payments under this contract until four working days after you sign this contract and receive a completed copy of it."

2. A statement that the contract is a fee-for-service contract and that the invention developer makes no guarantees as to the success of the invention.

3. Information as to how a customer who feels that his rights have been violated pursuant to this chapter may lodge a complaint with the Consumer Protection Division at the Office of the Attorney General, including the Division's telephone number and directions as to how to file an online consumer complaint.

Such cover sheet shall contain only the notice required by this section.

1977, c. 649; 2014, c. 759 .
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-534 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 48 / Section 59.1-534
Proclamation of influenza vaccine shortage
Status: in_force

In the event of an existing or threatened influenza vaccine shortage due to an abnormal market disruption or other extraordinary adverse circumstance, the Governor may issue an executive order proclaiming that an influenza vaccine shortage exists. Prior to issuing such a proclamation, the Governor shall consult with the State Health Commissioner. An executive order proclaiming that an influenza vaccine shortage exists shall not be issued unless the Governor determines that:

1. The amount of influenza vaccine available for administration in the Commonwealth is not reasonably sufficient to provide influenza vaccinations to those persons residing in the Commonwealth who are in primary target groups recommended for annual influenza vaccination in accordance with the most recently available recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices of the federal Department of Health and Human Services' Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; and

2. Price gouging with respect to influenza vaccine is occurring or is likely to occur as the proximate result of the influenza vaccine shortage.

2005, c. 861 .
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-207.6:1 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 17.1:1 / Section 59.1-207.6:1
Title of chapter
Status: in_force

This chapter may be cited as the Motor Vehicle Glass Act.

2026, cc. 1027 , 1045 .
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-114 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 8 / Section 59.1-114
Unlawful cutting down, possessing or converting branded timber
Status: in_force

Any person who shall cut down a tree or shall knowingly have in his possession a log or other timber that has been so branded, without the written consent of its owner, and claiming it as his own, or who shall convert it to his own use or offer to sell same, shall be guilty of a felony and punished by confinement in the penitentiary for not less than one nor more than two years for each offense, unless the defendant in such case show a bona fide adverse claim or color of title to the timber or logs in question obtained before such branding.

Code 1950, § 59-211; 1968, c. 439.
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-308.1 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 24 / Section 59.1-308.1
Production of records
Status: in_force

Every health club, upon the written request of the Commissioner, shall make available to the Commissioner its prepayment bank account records and all membership contracts for inspection and copying, to enable the Commissioner reasonably to determine compliance with this chapter. Every health club shall maintain a true copy of each health club contract executed between the health club and a buyer. Each contract shall be maintained for its term, including any renewal. Every health club shall maintain the executed health club contracts at a designated location where the contracts may be inspected by the Commissioner. If the location designated by the health club is outside Virginia, the health club shall pay the reasonable travel costs of an inspection by the Commissioner.

1985, c. 585; 1990, cc. 392, 433; 2014, c. 459 .
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-107 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 8 / Section 59.1-107
Fraudulent use of mark or claim of ownership; defacement of mark, etc.; destruction or conversion of timber, etc
Status: in_force

If any person shall fraudulently or willfully use any such registered mark, or shall fraudulently claim to be the owner of any such marked sawlog, pile, square or hewn timber found or being in any of the aforesaid streams or waters, whether floating or aground or tied up to any wharf or other object, either as part of a raft or not, or shall take and carry away any such marked sawlog, pile or piece of square or hewn timber without the authority of the owner thereof, or shall willfully deface or obliterate any such mark, name, figure, letter, or other designation thereon, or shall fraudulently saw, split, consume, destroy, or injure any such marked sawlog, pile, square or hewn timber or shall without the consent of the owner thereof sell or convert the same to his own use unless it shall have been duly forfeited according to the provisions of this chapter or according to other provisions of law, he shall for every such offense upon conviction be confined in jail not less than sixty days and not exceeding twelve months.

Code 1950, § 59-204; 1968, c. 439.
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-364 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 29 / Article 1 / Section 59.1-364
Control of racing with pari-mutuel wagering
Status: in_force

A. Horse racing with pari-mutuel wagering as licensed herein shall be permitted in the Commonwealth for the promotion, sustenance and growth of a native industry, in a manner consistent with the health, safety and welfare of the people. The Virginia Racing Commission is vested with control of all horse racing with pari-mutuel wagering in the Commonwealth, with plenary power to prescribe regulations and conditions under which such racing and wagering shall be conducted, so as to maintain horse racing in the Commonwealth of the highest quality and free of any corrupt, incompetent, dishonest or unprincipled practices and to maintain in such racing complete honesty and integrity. The Virginia Racing Commission shall encourage participation by local individuals and businesses in those activities associated with horse racing.

B. The conduct of any horse racing with pari-mutuel wagering participation in such racing or wagering and entrance to any place where such racing or wagering is conducted is a privilege which may be granted or denied by the Commission or its duly authorized representatives in its discretion in order to effectuate the purposes set forth in this chapter.

C. The award of any prize money for any pari-mutuel wager placed at a racetrack or satellite facility licensed by the Commission shall not be deemed to be a part of any gaming contract within the purview of § 11-14 .

D. This section shall not apply to any sports betting or related activity that is lawful under Chapter 41 (§ 58.1-4100 et seq.) of Title 58.1.

E. This section shall not apply to any sports betting or related activity that is lawful under Article 2 (§ 58.1-4030 et seq.) of Chapter 40 of Title 58.1, which shall be regulated pursuant to such chapter.

1988, c. 855; 1992, c. 820; 1998, c. 619 ; 2020, cc. 1197 , 1218 , 1248 , 1256 .
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-501.9 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 43 / Article 1 / Section 59.1-501.9
Choice of law
Status: in_force

(a) The parties in their agreement may choose the applicable law. However, the choice is not enforceable in a consumer contract to the extent it would vary a statute, administrative rule, or regulation that may not be varied by agreement under the law of Virginia.

(b) In the absence of an enforceable agreement on choice of law, the contract is governed by the law of Virginia.

2000, cc. 101 , 996 ; 2001, cc. 762 , 763 .
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-352.7 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 27.1 / Section 59.1-352.7
Uniform commercial practice
Status: in_force

A. This chapter does not affect a security interest of the supplier in the inventory of the dealer.

B. The dealer and supplier shall furnish representatives to inspect all parts and certify their acceptability when packed for shipment. Failure of the supplier to provide a representative within sixty days shall result in automatic acceptance by the supplier of all returned items.

2002, c. 898 ; 2011, c. 369 .
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-266 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 21 / Section 59.1-266
Prohibited acts
Status: in_force

No business opportunity seller shall:

1. Represent that the business opportunity provides income or earning potential of any kind unless the seller has documented data to substantiate the claims of income or earning potential and discloses such data to the prospective purchaser at the time such representations are made; or

2. Use the trademark, service mark, trade names, logotype, advertising or other commercial symbol of any business which does not either control the ownership interest in the seller or is not legally obligated for all representations made by the seller in regard to the business opportunity, unless it is clear from the circumstances that the owner of the commercial symbol is not involved in the sale of the business opportunity; or

3. Make or authorize the making of any reference to its compliance with this chapter in any advertisement or other contact with prospective purchasers.

1979, c. 523.
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-622 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 62 / Section 59.1-622
Service disconnection requirements
Status: in_force

Within 14 days after receiving a customer's request to discontinue liquefied petroleum gas delivery service, a liquefied petroleum gas fitter shall offer in writing to remove any remaining liquefied petroleum gas from such customer's storage tank and reimburse the customer for the cost of the removed liquefied petroleum gas at the prevailing rate. If a customer accepts such offer, the liquefied petroleum gas fitter shall carry out such removal and reimbursement within 30 days after such acceptance.

2026, c. 947 .
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-507.6 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 43 / Article 7 / Section 59.1-507.6
Copy; duties upon rightful refusal
Status: in_force

(a) Except as otherwise provided in this section, after rightful refusal or revocation of acceptance of a copy, the following rules apply:

(1) If the refusing party rightfully cancels the contract, § 59.1-508.2 applies and all contractual use terms continue.

(2) If the contract is not canceled, the parties remain bound by all contractual obligations.

(b) On rightful refusal or revocation of acceptance of a copy, the following rules apply to the extent consistent with § 59.1-508.2 :

(1) Any use, sale, display, performance, or transfer of the copy or information it contains, or any failure to comply with a contractual use term, is a breach of contract. The licensee shall pay the licensor the reasonable value of any use. However, use for a limited time within contractual use terms is not a breach, and is not an acceptance under § 59.1-506.9 (a) (5), if it:

(A) occurs after the tendering party is seasonably notified of refusal;

(B) is not for distribution and is solely part of measures reasonable under the circumstances to avoid or reduce loss; and

(C) is not contrary to instructions concerning disposition of the copy received from the party in breach.

(2) A party that refuses a copy shall:

(A) deliver the copy and all copies made of it, all access materials, and documentation pertaining to the refused information to the tendering party or hold them with reasonable care for a reasonable time for disposal at that party's instructions; and

(B) follow reasonable instructions of the tendering party for returning or delivering copies, access material, and documentation, but instructions are not reasonable if the tendering party does not arrange for payment of or reimbursement for reasonable expenses of complying with the instructions.

(3) If the tendering party does not give instructions within a reasonable time after being notified of refusal, the refusing party, in a reasonable manner to reduce or avoid loss, may store the copies, access material, and documentation for the tendering party's account or ship them to the tendering party and is entitled to reimbursement for reasonable costs of storage and shipment.

(4) Both parties remain bound by all contractual use terms that would have been enforceable had the performance not been refused.

(5) In complying with this section, the refusing party shall act in good faith. Conduct in good faith under this section is not acceptance or conversion and may not be a ground for an action for damages under the contract.

2000, cc. 101 , 996 .
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-9.18 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 1.1 / Section 59.1-9.18
Repealed
Status: repealed

Repealed by Acts 2015, c. 709 , cl. 2.
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-407 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 30 / Section 59.1-407
Definitions
Status: in_force

As used in this chapter:

"Covered equipment" means any mechanical equipment or hoisting equipment, any part of which is capable of vertical, lateral or swinging motion that could cause the equipment to be operated within ten feet of an overhead high voltage line, including but not limited to cranes, derricks, power shovels, drilling rigs, excavating equipment, hay loaders, hay stackers, combines, grain augers and mechanical cotton pickers.

"Notice" means actual notification in the manner prescribed in § 59.1-411 .

"Overhead high voltage line" means all above ground bare or insulated electrical conductors of voltage in excess of 600 volts measured between conductors or measured between a conductor and the ground, except those conductors that are de-energized and grounded or that are enclosed in rigid metallic conduit or flexible armored conduit.

"Person" means natural person, firm, business association, company, partnership, corporation or other legal entity.

"Person responsible for the work" means the person performing or controlling the work.

"Warning sign" means a weather-resistant sign of not less than five inches by seven inches with a yellow background and black lettering reading as follows: "WARNING -- UNLAWFUL TO OPERATE THIS EQUIPMENT WITHIN 10 FEET OF OVERHEAD HIGH VOLTAGE LINES" or such other equally effective warning signs as may be approved for use by the Virginia Safety and Health Codes Board or the Commissioner of Labor and Industry.

"Work" means the physical act of performing or preparing to perform any activity under, over, by, or near overhead high voltage lines, including, but not limited to, the operation, erection, handling, storage, or transportation of any tools, machinery, ladders, antennas, equipment, covered equipment, supplies, materials, or apparatus, or the moving of any house or other structure, whenever such activity is done by a person or entity in pursuit of his trade or business.

"Working day" means every day except Saturdays, Sundays, and legal state and federal holidays.

1989, c. 341; 2003, c. 364 .
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-511 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 44 / Section 59.1-511
Solicitation time restrictions
Status: in_force

No telephone solicitor shall initiate, or cause to be initiated, a telephone solicitation at any time other than between 8:00 a.m. and 9:00 p.m. local time at the contacted person's location, unless the telephone solicitor has obtained the prior consent of the contacted person.

2001, cc. 528 , 553 ; 2004, cc. 202 , 224 ; 2025, c. 626 .
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-9.14 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 1.1 / Section 59.1-9.14
Limitation of actions
Status: in_force

A. An action under subsection A of § 59.1-9.15 to recover a civil penalty is barred if it is not commenced within four years after the cause of action accrues.

B. An action under subsection B of § 59.1-9.12 or subsection B of § 59.1-9.15 to recover damages is barred if it is not commenced within four years after the cause of action accrues, or within one year after the conclusion of any action or proceeding under subsection A of § 59.1-9.15 commenced within or before that time based in whole or in part on any matter complained of in the action for damages, whichever is later.

1974, c. 545; 2023, c. 522 .
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-480 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 42.1 / Section 59.1-480
Definitions
Status: in_force

As used in this chapter:

(1) "Agreement" means the bargain of the parties in fact, as found in their language or inferred from other circumstances and from rules, regulations, and procedures given the effect of agreements under laws otherwise applicable to a particular transaction.

(2) "Automated transaction" means a transaction conducted or performed, in whole or in part, by electronic means or electronic records, in which the acts or records of one or both parties are not reviewed by an individual in the ordinary course in forming a contract, performing under an existing contract, or fulfilling an obligation required by the transaction.

(3) "Computer program" means a set of statements or instructions to be used directly or indirectly in an information processing system in order to bring about a certain result.

(4) "Contract" means the total legal obligation resulting from the parties' agreement as affected by this chapter and other applicable law.

(5) "Electronic" means relating to technology having electrical, digital, magnetic, wireless, optical, electromagnetic, or similar capabilities.

(6) "Electronic agent" means a computer program or an electronic or other automated means used independently to initiate an action or respond to electronic records or performances in whole or in part, without review or action by an individual.

(7) "Electronic record" means a record created, generated, sent, communicated, received, or stored by electronic means.

(8) "Electronic signature" means an electronic sound, symbol, or process attached to or logically associated with a record and executed or adopted by a person with the intent to sign the record.

(9) "Information" means data, text, images, sounds, codes, computer programs, software, databases, or the like.

(10) "Information processing system" means an electronic system for creating, generating, sending, receiving, storing, displaying, or processing information.

(11) "Person" means an individual, corporation, business trust, estate, trust, partnership, limited liability company, association, joint venture, public body, public corporation, or any other legal or commercial entity.

(12) "Public body" shall have the same meaning as defined in § 2.2-3701 and shall also include locally elected constitutional officers, and anyone performing the duties of locally elected constitutional officers.

(13) "Record" means information that is inscribed on a tangible medium or that is stored in an electronic or other medium and is retrievable in perceivable form.

(14) "Security procedure" means a procedure employed for the purpose of verifying that an electronic signature, record, or performance is that of a specific person or for detecting changes or errors in the information in an electronic record. The term includes a procedure that requires the use of algorithms or other codes, identifying words or numbers, encryption, or callback or other acknowledgment procedures.

(15) "State" means a state of the United States, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the United States Virgin Islands, or any territory or insular possession subject to the jurisdiction of the United States. The term includes an Indian tribe or band, or an Alaskan native village, which is recognized by federal law or formally acknowledged by a state.

(16) "Transaction" means an action or set of actions occurring between two or more persons relating to the conduct of business, commercial, or governmental affairs.

2000, c. 995 ; 2005, c. 417 .
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-506.3 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 43 / Article 6 / Section 59.1-506.3
Submissions of information to satisfaction of party
Status: in_force

If an agreement requires that submitted information be to the satisfaction of the recipient, the following rules apply:

(1) Sections 59.1-506.6 through 59.1-506.10 and 59.1-507.4 through 59.1-507.7 do not apply to the submission.

(2) If the information is not satisfactory to the recipient and the parties engage in efforts to correct the deficiencies in a manner and over a time consistent with the ordinary standards of the business, trade, or industry, neither the efforts nor the passage of time required for the efforts is an acceptance or a refusal of the submission.

(3) Except as otherwise provided in paragraph (4), neither refusal nor acceptance occurs unless the recipient expressly refuses or accepts the submitted information, but the recipient may not use the submitted information before acceptance.

(4) Silence and a failure to act in reference to a submission beyond a commercially reasonable time to respond entitle the submitting party to demand, in a record delivered to the recipient, a decision on the submission. If the recipient fails to respond within a reasonable time after receipt of the demand, the submission is deemed to have been refused.

2000, cc. 101 , 996 .
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-207.34 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 17.6 / Section 59.1-207.34
Definitions
Status: in_force

As used in this chapter, unless the context requires a different meaning:

"Adjustment program" means any extended policy program under which a manufacturer undertakes to pay for all or any part of the cost of repairing, or to reimburse purchasers for all or any part of the cost of repairing, any condition that may substantially affect vehicle durability, reliability or performance, other than service provided under a safety or emission-related recall program. This term shall not include ad hoc adjustments made by a manufacturer on a case-by-case basis.

"Consumer" means the purchaser, other than for purposes of resale, or the lessee of a motor vehicle and shall also include any person to whom such motor vehicle is transferred and any other person entitled by the terms of adjustment program to enforce its obligations.

"Dealer" means any motor vehicle dealer as defined in § 46.2-1500 .

"Division" means the Division of Consumer Counsel in the Department of Law.

"Manufacturer" means any person, whether resident or nonresident, who manufactures, assembles, or imports motor vehicles for sale or distribution in this Commonwealth.

"Motor vehicle" means any motor vehicle as defined in § 46.2-100 , but shall not include any motorcycle or motor home.

1991, c. 300; 2012, cc. 803 , 835 .
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-621 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 62 / Section 59.1-621
Definitions
Status: in_force

As used in this chapter, unless the context requires a different meaning:

"Customer" means an individual who contracts with a liquefied petroleum gas fitter for liquefied petroleum gas delivery service to such individual's storage tank.

"Liquefied petroleum gas delivery service" means the delivery of liquefied petroleum gas to a customer's storage tank.

"Liquefied petroleum gas fitter" means the same as that term is defined in § 54.1-1128 .

"Prevailing rate" means the rate charged for liquefied petroleum gas by the liquefied petroleum gas fitter at the time a customer requests to discontinue service.

"Storage tank" means a tank, whether underground or aboveground, with a capacity exceeding 100 gallons that is used primarily for the storage of liquefied petroleum gas.

2026, c. 947 .
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-441.5 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 34.1 / Section 59.1-441.5
Production of records
Status: in_force

Every legal services plan seller shall, upon written request of the Commissioner, make available to the Commissioner its legal services plan contract records for inspection and copying to enable the Commissioner to reasonably determine compliance with this chapter. Every legal services plan seller shall maintain a true copy of each subscription contract executed between the subscriber and the legal services plan, and each contract shall be maintained for its term.

2004, c. 784 .
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-200.1 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 17 / Section 59.1-200.1
Prohibited practices; foreclosure rescue
Status: in_force

A. In addition to the provisions of § 59.1-200 , the following fraudulent acts or practices committed by a supplier, as defined in § 59.1-198 , in a consumer transaction involving residential real property owned and occupied as the primary dwelling unit of the owner, are prohibited:

1. The supplier of service to avoid or prevent foreclosure charges or receives a fee (i) prior to the full and complete performance of the services it has agreed to perform, if the transaction does not involve the sale or transfer of residential real property, or (ii) prior to the settlement on the sale or transfer of residential real property, if the transaction involves the sale or transfer of such residential real property;

2. The supplier of such services (i) fails to make payments under the mortgage or deed of trust that is a lien on such residential real property as the payments become due, where the supplier has agreed to do so, regardless of whether the purchaser is obligated on the loan, and (ii) applies rents received from such dwellings for his own use;

3. The supplier of such services represents to the seller of such residential real property that the seller has an option to repurchase such residential real property, after the supplier of such services takes legal or equitable title to such residential real property, unless there is a written contract providing such option to repurchase on terms and at a price stated in such contract; or

4. The supplier advertises or offers such services as are prohibited by this section.

B. This section shall not apply to any mortgage lender or servicer regularly engaged in making or servicing mortgage loans that is subject to the supervisory authority of the State Corporation Commission, a comparable regulatory authority of another state, or a federal banking agency.

C. In connection with any consumer transaction covered by subsection A, any provision in an agreement between the supplier of such services and the owner of such residential real property that requires the owner to submit to mandatory arbitration shall be null and void, and notwithstanding any such provisions, the owner of such residential real property shall have the rights and remedies under this chapter.

2008, c. 485 ; 2009, cc. 203 , 272 .
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-21.18:2 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 2.2:1 / Section 59.1-21.18:2
Definitions
Status: in_force

As used in this chapter, unless the context requires otherwise, the following terms and phrases shall have the following meanings:

1. "Petroleum products" shall mean kerosene and number one and two heating oils;

2. "Supplier" shall mean any person, partnership, company, corporation or association engaged in the refining and subsequent sale of petroleum products to any distributor in the Commonwealth;

3. "Distributor" shall mean any distributor, wholesaler, jobber, consignee or commission agent who purchases or otherwise acquires possession of or an interest in petroleum products under a contract of supply in the Commonwealth from a supplier for redistribution or wholesale sale;

4. "Monthly allocation" shall mean the monthly amount of petroleum products sold or otherwise supplied to a distributor under applicable U.S. Department of Energy regulations and rules, or which the supplier may otherwise be allocating to its distributors;

5. "To discontinue" shall mean the failure or refusal to sell a monthly allocation as defined herein to a distributor for a period of six consecutive months unless such failure or refusal is the direct and proximate result of force majeure;

6. "To reduce" shall mean the failure or refusal of a supplier to deliver at least seventy-five per centum of a monthly allocation to a distributor for a period of two consecutive months unless such failure or refusal is the direct and proximate result of an allocation percentage factor applied by the supplier to all its distributors or force majeure;

7. "Force majeure" means an act of God or any other cause not reasonably within the control of the supplier.

1980, c. 457.
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-335.5 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 25.1 / Section 59.1-335.5
Prohibited practices
Status: in_force

A credit services business, and its salespersons, agents and representatives, and independent contractors who sell or attempt to sell the services of a credit services business, shall not do any of the following:

1. Charge or receive any money or other valuable consideration prior to full and complete performance of the services that the credit services business has agreed to perform for or on behalf of the consumer, unless the consumer has agreed to pay for such services during the term of a written subscription agreement that provides for the consumer to make periodic payments during the agreement's term in consideration for the credit services business's ongoing performance of services for or on behalf of the consumer, provided that such subscription agreement may be cancelled at any time by the consumer;

2. Charge or receive any money or other valuable consideration solely for referral of the consumer to a retail seller or to any other credit grantor who will or may extend to the consumer, if the credit that is or will be extended to the consumer is upon substantially the same terms as those available to the general public;

3. Make, or counsel or advise any consumer to make, any statement that is untrue or misleading and which is known, or which by the exercise of reasonable care should be known, to be untrue or misleading, to a consumer reporting agency or to any person who has extended credit to a consumer or to whom a consumer is applying for an extension of credit, with respect to a consumer's creditworthiness, credit standing, or credit capacity;

4. Make or use any untrue or misleading representations in the offer or sale of the services of a credit services business or engage, directly or indirectly, in any act, practice, or course of business which operates or would operate as a fraud or deception upon any person in connection with the offer or sale of the services of a credit services business; or

5. Advertise, offer, sell, provide, or perform any of the services of a credit services business in connection with an extension of credit that meets any of the following conditions:

a. The amount of credit is less than $5,000;

b. The repayment term is one year or less;

c. The credit is provided under an open-end credit plan; or

d. The annual percentage rate exceeds 36 percent. For purposes of this section, "annual percentage rate" has the same meaning as in the federal Truth in Lending Act (15 U.S.C. § 1601 et seq.) and its implementing regulations, as they may be amended from time to time.

1989, cc. 651, 655; 2010, c. 421 ; 2020, cc. 1215 , 1258 .
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-207.26 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 17.4 / Section 59.1-207.26
Advertising
Status: in_force

A. If an advertisement for a lease-purchase agreement refers to or states the dollar amount of any payment and the right to acquire ownership for any one specific item, the advertisement shall also clearly and conspicuously state the following items, as applicable:

1. That the transaction advertised is a lease-purchase agreement;

2. The total of payments necessary to acquire ownership; and

3. That the consumer acquires no ownership rights if the total amount necessary to acquire ownership is not paid.

B. Any owner or personnel of any medium in which an advertisement appears or through which it is disseminated shall not be liable under this section.

C. The provisions of subsection A of this section shall not apply to an advertisement which does not refer to or state the amount of any payment, or which is published in the yellow pages of a telephone directory or in any similar directory of business.

1988, c. 24.
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-142 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 11 / Section 59.1-142
Repealed
Status: repealed

Repealed by Acts 2002, c. 856 , effective July 1, 2002.
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-556 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 51 / Section 59.1-556
Repealed
Status: repealed

Repealed by Acts 2026, cc. 565 , 566 , cl. 6, effective July 1, 2026.
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-507.9 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 43 / Article 7 / Section 59.1-507.9
Anticipatory repudiation
Status: in_force

(a) If a party to a contract repudiates a performance not yet due and the loss of performance will substantially impair the value of the contract to the other party, the aggrieved party may:

(1) await performance by the repudiating party for a commercially reasonable time or resort to any remedy for breach of contract, even if it has urged the repudiating party to retract the repudiation or has notified the repudiating party that it would await its performance; and

(2) in either case, suspend its own performance or proceed in accordance with § 59.1-508.12 or § 59.1-508.13 , as applicable.

(b) Repudiation includes language that one party will not or cannot make a performance still due under the contract or voluntary, affirmative conduct that reasonably appears to the other party to make a future performance impossible.

2000, cc. 101 , 996 .
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-310.10 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 24.2 / Section 59.1-310.10
Penalty for violation
Status: in_force

No person shall use the title "authorized septic system inspector" or perform a septic system inspection in connection with any real estate transaction unless he meets the requirements of this chapter. Any person who violates the provisions of this chapter is guilty of a Class 3 misdemeanor.

2001, c. 52 ; 2020, c. 521 ; 2025, c. 103 .
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-406 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 30 / Section 59.1-406
Scope
Status: in_force

This chapter (§ 59.1-406 et seq.) is enacted to promote the safety and protection of persons engaged in work or activity in the vicinity of overhead high voltage lines. The chapter defines the conditions under which work may be carried on safely and provides for the safety arrangements to be taken when any person engages in work or other activity in proximity to overhead high voltage lines.

1989, c. 341.
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-310.6 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 24.1 / Section 59.1-310.6
Violations of chapter; penalty
Status: in_force

Any person other than a customer, who knowingly and willfully violates any statute pertaining to the operation of tanning facilities shall be guilty of a Class 3 misdemeanor.

1990, c. 776.
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-116.1 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 9 / Article 1 / Section 59.1-116.1
Definitions
Status: in_force

As used in this article, unless the context requires a different meaning:

"Authorized scrap metal purchaser" has the same meaning as provided for the term "scrap metal purchaser" in § 59.1-136.1 .

"Authorized scrap seller" means any licensed plumber, electrical contractor, HVAC contractor, or building and construction contractor.

"Building material" means any secondhand heating or plumbing fixture or supplies, electric fixtures, or any wiring, gas fixtures or appliances, water faucets, pipes, locks, or any other secondhand fixtures of any kind or description used in the construction of a building.

"Junk dealer" means a person who regularly engages in the business of purchasing, acquiring, or canvassing secondhand building material, including all nonferrous scrap metal, proprietary articles, or both, for the purpose of resale and has conducted transactions involving, or has offered for sale, more than 600 pounds combined weight of secondhand building material or enters into more than 26 combined transactions annually. "Junk dealer" does not include a "scrap metal purchaser" as defined in § 59.1-136.1 .

"Person" means any individual, corporation, partnership, association, cooperative, limited liability company, trust, joint venture, or other private commercial entity.

"Regularly engaged" with respect to purchasing or acquiring secondhand building material means having conducted transactions involving, or having offered for sale, more than 600 pounds combined weight of secondhand building material or enters into more than 26 combined transactions annually.

2011, c. 836 ; 2013, c. 414 .
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-92.17 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 6.1 / Section 59.1-92.17
Commission may consider final judgments
Status: in_force

In any proceeding before the Commission involving the right to registration, or the cancellation of registration, in whole or in part, the final judgment of a court of record involving the right to use the mark, in whole or in part, may be offered in evidence to the Commission or filed with the Commission by any party to the registration or cancellation proceeding before the Commission. The Commission may consider the judgment of the court in determining what action it should take with respect to the registration or cancellation involved.

1998, c. 819 .
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-611 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 59 / Section 59.1-611
Definitions
Status: in_force

As used in this chapter, unless the context requires a different meaning:

"Consumer reporting agency" has the same meaning as provided in § 59.1-444.1 .

"Emergency services" has the same meaning as provided in § 38.2-3438 .

"Extraordinary collection action" means any action taken to obtain payment of a medical debt that:

1. Involves selling an individual's medical debt to another party;

2. Involves reporting adverse information about an individual to consumer reporting agencies;

3. Involves deferring, denying, or requiring a payment before providing emergency services or urgent services because of an individual's nonpayment of medical debt; or

4. Requires a legal or judicial process, including placing a lien on an individual's property, foreclosing on an individual's real property, attaching or seizing an individual's bank account or any other personal property, commencing a civil action against an individual, causing an individual's arrest, causing an individual to be subject to a writ of body attachment, or garnishing an individual's wages.

"Financial assistance policy" means a written policy made pursuant to 26 C.F.R. § 1.501(r)-1 or § 32.1-137.01 0 or other written policy for providing financial assistance to patients adopted by a large health care facility or medical creditor voluntarily or otherwise as required by applicable federal or state law or regulation.

"Health care services" has the same meaning as provided in § 59.1-444.1 .

"Large health care facility" includes:

1. Any hospital licensed by the Department of Health pursuant to Chapter 5 (§ 32.1-123 et seq.) of Title 32.1 and any outpatient clinic or facility operating under the license of such a hospital; and

2. Any practice that provides outpatient medical, surgical, behavioral, optical, radiology, laboratory, dental, or other health care services with revenues of at least $20 million annually.

"Medical creditor" means any entity that provides health care services for which a consumer (i) owes medical debt or (ii) if such medical debt has been sold, previously owed medical debt.

"Medical debt" has the same meaning as provided in § 59.1-444.1 .

"Medical debt buyer" means a person that is engaged in the business of purchasing medical debt or collecting medical debt on behalf of another entity, whether such person collects the medical debt directly or hires an attorney or other third party to collect such medical debt.

"Medical debt collector" means any person that regularly collects or attempts to collect, directly or indirectly, medical debts originally owed, due, or asserted to be owed or due to another. "Medical debt collector" includes a medical debt buyer.

"Patient" means the individual who received health care services and includes a parent if the patient is a minor or a legal guardian if the patient is an adult under guardianship.

"Urgent services" means health care services the delay of which could seriously jeopardize an individual's life, health, or ability to regain maximum function.

2025, c. 692 .
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-333 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 25 / Article 3 / Section 59.1-333
Nondisturbance provisions
Status: in_force

With respect to any property in this Commonwealth acquired and put into operation by a membership camping operator after July 1, 1985, the membership camping operator shall neither offer nor execute a membership camping contract in this Commonwealth granting the right to use such property until:

1. Each person holding an interest in a blanket encumbrance shall have executed and delivered a nondisturbance agreement which includes the following provisions: (i) that the rights of the owner or owners of the blanket encumbrance in the affected campground are subordinate to the rights of purchasers, and (ii) that any person who acquires the affected campground or any portion thereof by the exercise of any right of sale or foreclosure contained in such agreement shall take the same subject to the rights of the purchasers, and (iii) that the owner or owners of the blanket encumbrance shall not use or cause the property to be used in any manner which interferes with the right of the purchasers to use the campground and its facilities in accordance with the terms and conditions of the membership camping contract. Such agreement shall be recorded in the clerk's office of the circuit court in which the property is located; and

2. Every financial institution providing a major hypothecation loan to the membership camping operator (the "hypothecation lender") which has a lien on, or security interest in the membership camping operator's ownership interest in the campground shall have executed and delivered a nondisturbance agreement and recorded such agreement in the clerk's office of the circuit court in which the campground is located. In addition, each person holding an interest in a blanket encumbrance superior to the interest held by the hypothecation lender shall have executed, delivered and recorded an instrument stating that such person shall give the hypothecation lender notice of, and at least thirty days to cure, any default under the blanket encumbrance before such person commences any foreclosure action affecting the campground. For the purposes of this provision, a major hypothecation loan to a membership camping operator is a loan or line of credit secured by substantially all of the contracts receivable arising from the membership camping operator's sale of membership camping contracts; or

3. There shall have been delivered to and accepted by the Commissioner a surety bond or letter of credit satisfying the following requirements: The surety bond or letter of credit shall be issued to the Commissioner for the benefit of purchasers and shall be in an amount which is not less than 105 percent of the remaining principal balance of every indebtedness secured by a blanket encumbrance affecting the campground. Such bond shall be issued by a surety authorized to do business in this Commonwealth and having sufficient net worth to satisfy the indebtedness. Such letter of credit shall be irrevocable and shall be drawn upon a bank, savings and loan, or financial institution and shall be in form and content acceptable to the Commissioner. The bond or letter of credit shall provide for payment of all amounts secured by the blanket encumbrance, including costs, expenses, and legal fees of the lien holder, if for any reason the blanket encumbrance is enforced. The bond or letter of credit may be reduced at the option of the membership camping operator periodically in proportion to the reductions of the amounts secured by the blanket encumbrance.

4. The nondisturbance agreement may be amended provided the provisions of this section are not diminished or altered by the amendment.

1985, c. 409.
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-41.3 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 3.1 / Section 59.1-41.3
Selling or renting, etc., of certain recorded devices unlawful
Status: in_force

It shall be unlawful for any person to knowingly sell, rent, cause to be sold or rented, or possess for the purpose of selling or renting any recorded device that has been produced, manufactured, distributed, or acquired in violation of any provision of this chapter.

1972, c. 618; 1989, c. 240.
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-522 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 45 / Section 59.1-522
Owner or operator duty to post
Status: in_force

A. The owner or operator shall post signs stating "State law requires riders to obey all warnings and directions and behave in a manner that will not cause or contribute to injuring themselves or others. Riders shall report all injuries before leaving."

B. Such signs shall be posted at (i) any station designated for reporting an injury, (ii) any first aid station, and (iii) every entrance or exit to or from the premises designated for riders or any area or structure at which riders may purchase admission or obtain authority to use an amusement device.

2002, c. 788 .
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-41.2 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 3.1 / Section 59.1-41.2
Recording of live concerts or recorded sounds and distribution, etc., of such recordings unlawful in certain circumstances
Status: in_force

It shall be unlawful for any person to:

1. Knowingly transfer or cause to be transferred, directly or indirectly by any means, any sounds at a live concert or any sounds recorded on a phonograph record, disc, wire, tape, film, videocassette, or other article now known or later developed on which sounds are recorded, with the intent to sell, rent or cause to be sold or rented, or to be used for profit through public performance, such article on which sounds are so transferred, without consent of the owner; or

2. For commercial advantage or private financial gain, manufacture, distribute, transport or wholesale, or cause to be manufactured, distributed, transported or sold as wholesale, or possess for such purposes any article with the knowledge that the sounds are so transferred, without consent of the owner.

This section shall not apply to any person engaged in radio or television broadcasting who transfers, or causes to be transferred, any such sounds other than from the sound track of a motion picture intended for, or in connection with broadcast or telecast transmission or related uses, or for archival purposes.

1972, c. 618; 1989, c. 240.
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-315 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 25 / Article 1 / Section 59.1-315
Repealed
Status: repealed

Repealed by Acts 2015, c. 709 , cl. 2.
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-502.11 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 43 / Article 2 / Section 59.1-502.11
Repealed
Status: repealed

Repealed by Acts 2004, c. 794 .
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-98 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 7 / Section 59.1-98
Procedure when violation charged; awarding possession of property to owner
Status: in_force

Whenever any person mentioned in § 59.1-94 or his agent shall make oath before any magistrate, or other officer empowered to issue criminal warrants, that he has reason to believe, and does believe, that within the city, town or county served by such magistrate or other officer, any of his bottles, boxes, siphons, siphon heads, crates, tins, kegs, or clean laundered or soiled articles mentioned in this chapter a description of the names, marks or devices whereon has been filed and published as aforesaid, are being unlawfully used or filled or had, by any person manufacturing or selling soda, mineral or aerated waters, cider, ginger ale, milk, cream, soft drinks or other beverages or medicines, medical preparations, perfumery, oils, compounds or mixtures, or that any junk dealer or dealer in secondhand articles, vendor of bottles, or any other person has any such bottles, boxes, siphons, siphon heads, crates, tins, kegs or clean laundered or soiled articles mentioned in this chapter in his possession or secreted in any place, the magistrate or other officer, before whom such oath is made must thereupon issue a search warrant to discover and obtain the same, and may also issue his warrant stating the offense charged, and cause to be brought before any general district court having jurisdiction the person in whose possession such bottles, boxes, siphons, siphon heads, crates, tins, kegs or clean laundered or soiled articles mentioned in this chapter may be found, and shall then inquire into the circumstances of such possession and if such general district court finds such person has been guilty of a violation of § 59.1-96 , it must impose the punishment therein prescribed, and it shall award possession of the property taken upon such warrant to the owner thereof.

Code 1950, § 59-195; 1958, c. 579; 1968, c. 439; 2008, cc. 551 , 691 .
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-309 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 24 / Section 59.1-309
Enforcement; penalties
Status: in_force

Any violation of the provisions of this chapter shall constitute a prohibited practice pursuant to the provisions of § 59.1-200 and shall be subject to any and all of the enforcement provisions of the Virginia Consumer Protection Act (§ 59.1-196 et seq.) of this title.

1984, c. 738.
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-502.10 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 43 / Article 2 / Section 59.1-502.10
Terms of contract formed by conduct
Status: in_force

(a) Except as otherwise provided in subsection (b) and subject to § 59.1-503.1 , if a contract is formed by conduct of the parties, the terms of the contract are determined by consideration of the terms and conditions to which the parties expressly agreed, course of performance, course of dealing, usage of trade, the nature of the parties' conduct, the records exchanged, the information or informational rights involved, and all other relevant circumstances. If a court cannot determine the terms of the contract from the foregoing factors, the supplementary principles of this chapter apply.

(b) This section does not apply if the parties authenticate a record of the contract or a party agrees, such as by manifesting assent, to the record containing the terms of the other party.

2000, cc. 101 , 996 .
Va. Code Ann. § 59.1-566 — Virginia Code / Title 59.1 / Chapter 51 / Section 59.1-566
Repealed
Status: repealed

Repealed by Acts 2026, cc. 565 , 566 , cl. 6, effective July 1, 2026.