Utah Code § 53G-8-301 — Utah Code / Title 53G / Chapter 53G-8 / § 53G-8-301
§ 53G-8-301. Emergency safety interventions -- Appropriate uses -- Penalties.
Status: in_force

7/1/2026 (1) As used in this section: (a) "Corporal punishment" means the intentional infliction of physical pain upon the body of a student as a disciplinary measure. (b) "Emergency safety intervention" means the use of seclusion or physical restraint when a student presents an immediate danger to self or others. (c) "Physical escort" means a temporary touching or holding of the hand, wrist, arm, shoulder, or back for the purpose of guiding a student to another location. (d) "Physical restraint" means a personal restriction that immobilizes or significantly reduces the ability of a student to move the student's arms, legs, body, or head freely. (e) "School" means a public or private elementary school, secondary school, or preschool. (f) "Seclusion" means seclusionary time out that is the involuntary confinement of a student alone in a room or area from which the student is physically prevented from leaving, including: (i) placing a student in a locked room; or (ii) placing a student in a room where the door is blocked by furniture or held closed by staff. (g) "Student" means an individual who is: (i) under 19 years old and receiving educational services; or (ii) under 23 years old and receiving educational services as an individual with a disability. (2) (a) A school employee shall first use the least restrictive intervention available to the school employee, including a physical escort, to address circumstances described in Subsection (4). (b) Nothing in this section prohibits a school employee from subsequently using less restrictive interventions to address circumstances described in Subsection (4). (3) (a) In accordance with Title 63G, Chapter 3, Utah Administrative Rulemaking Act, the state board shall make rules to: (i) establish guidelines and best practices that consider individual student needs related to emergency safety interventions described in Subsection (10)(b); (ii) establish intervention reporting requirements; (iii) create school staff training standards that may be included in an existing training; (iv) develop parental notification procedures; (v) implement data collection and review processes; (vi) establish data review protocols; (vii) establish data collection and reporting requirements for an LEA regarding: (A) incidents of seclusion; (B) alternative interventions used; (C) student demographic information, including sex, age, grade in school, and applicable disability status; and (D) incident outcomes; and (viii) establish standards for seclusion rooms as described in Subsection (14). (b) The state board shall include data collected under Subsection (3)(a)(vii) in the State Superintendent's Annual Report described in Section 53E-1-203. (4) A school employee may use reasonable and necessary physical restraint only: (a) in self defense; (b) to obtain possession of a weapon or other dangerous object in the possession or under the control of a student; (c) to protect a student or another individual from physical injury; (d) to remove from a situation a student who is violent; or (e) to protect property from being damaged, when physical safety is at risk. (5) (a) A school employee may not inflict or cause the infliction of corporal punishment upon a student. (b) The reporting and investigation requirements of Title 80, Chapter 2, Part 6, Child Abuse and Neglect Reports, apply to complaints on corporal punishment. (c) Evidence of corporal punishment that would qualify as reasonable discipline under Section 76-2-401 is insufficient to establish liability in a civil or criminal action. (d) Subject to the Rules of Evidence, evidence of corporal punishment that exceeds reasonable discipline under Section 76-2-401 may be used by a court to establish civil or criminal liability. (6) School authorities shall take prompt and appropriate action, including in-service training and other administrative action, upon confirming a violation of this section with respect to corporal punishment violations. (7) The Division of Child and Family Services shall maintain all violation reports made in accordance with this section under the confidentiality requirements of Section 80-2-1005. (8) A school or individual who makes a good faith report or cooperates in an investigation shall receive immunity from civil or criminal liability. (9) A court with jurisdiction under Title 78A, Judiciary and Judicial Administration, may take appropriate action against any employing entity if the court finds that the employing entity has not taken reasonable steps to enforce the provisions of this part. (10) A school: (a) may not: (i) enforce any rule, policy, or directive that permits acts prohibited by this section; (ii) sanction an employee who refuses to commit a prohibited act; or (iii) except as provided in Subsection (10)(b), use seclusion: (A) as a behavior intervention or disciplinary practice; (B) for coercion, retaliation, or humiliation; or (C) due to inadequate staffing or for the staff member's convenience; (b) for a student in grade 1 or higher, may use seclusion as an emergency safety intervention only when: (i) the LEA has developed and implemented written policies and procedures that: (A) describe the circumstances under which a staff member may use seclusion, including compliance with Subsection (14); (B) describe which staff members are authorized to use seclusion; (C) describe procedures for monitoring a student that is in seclusion; (D) describe time limitations on the use of seclusion; (E) require immediate and continuous review of the decision to use seclusion; (F) require documenting the use of seclusion; (G) describe record keeping requirements for records related to the use of seclusion; and (H) require debriefing of all witnesses, involved staff members, the student who was secluded, and the parent of the student who was secluded; (ii) a student poses an immediate and significant threat to the student or others; (iii) less restrictive interventions have failed; (iv) a staff member who is familiar to the student is actively supervising the student for the duration of the seclusion; and (v) the use is time-limited to a maximum time of 30 minutes and monitored; (c) if seclusion was used, shall document the reason for its use, duration, and any alternative strategies attempted, and whether the room complied with Subsection (14); (d) shall notify parents immediately, and not to exceed 15 minutes after the use, of any emergency safety intervention used on the parent's child, including seclusion or physical restraint; and (e) if a parent or guardian cannot be reached after 15 minutes as required in Subsection (10)(d), and the 30-minute time limit in Subsection (10)(b)(v) has been reached, may: (i) conduct a reassessment of the student's condition; (ii) determine whether the student continues to pose an immediate and significant threat to the student or others; and (iii) if the LEA determines that the threat continues and that less restrictive interventions remain ineffective, place the student back in seclusion for an additional period not to exceed 30 minutes, after which the process described in this Subsection (10)(e) shall be repeated if necessary. (11) An LEA shall collect and report data to the state board annually regarding: (a) an incident; and (b) for each incident, the: (i) duration of an emergency safety intervention used to respond to the incident; (ii) stated purpose for any emergency safety intervention used; (iii) alternative de-escalation strategies attempted; (iv) student demographic information, including sex, age, grade in school, and applicable disability status; and (v) relevant training offered to staff and if the staff involved received the relevant training without revealing the identity of the staff member. (12) This section does not apply to: (a) a law enforcement officer as defined in Section 53-13-103; (b) a parochial or private school that: (i) does not receive state funds; (ii) adopts a policy of exemption from this section; and (iii) notifies the parents of students in the school of the exemption; or (c) behavior support intervention which is in compliance with: (i) Section 76-2-401; and (ii) state and local rules adopted under Section 53E-7-204. (13) (a) A violation of the physical standards for seclusion rooms established in Subsection (14) shall be addressed as follows: (i) by or reported to the LEA, the LEA shall: (A) notify the LEA's local school board or charter school governing board; (B) develop a corrective action plan; and (C) report the violation and corrective action plan to the state board within a timeframe established by the state board in rule; (ii) if a violation is identified by or reported to the state board, the state board shall refer the matter to the LEA for investigation and corrective action under Subsection (13)(a)(i); and (iii) if the LEA fails to develop a corrective action plan or does not achieve compliance within a reasonable timeframe established by the state board, the state board shall take further action. (b) A violation of the use requirements in Subsection (10), including improper use of seclusion or physical restraint, failure to notify parents within the required timeframe, or failure to properly document use, shall result in: (i) investigation by the LEA; (ii) appropriate disciplinary action against involved staff; and (iii) corrective measures to prevent future violations. (c) A violation that constitutes unlawful detention, including use of seclusion or physical restraint that does not meet the requirements of Subsection (10)(b) or involves prohibited conduct under Subsection (10)(a), shall: (i) constitute an act of unlawful detention and is subject to the penalty described in Section 76-5-304; and (ii) result in a referral to: (A) local law enforcement; and (B) the Utah Professional Practices Advisory Commission established in Section 53E-6-501. (14) (a) If an LEA operates a seclusion room, the seclusion room shall comply with the standards described in this Subsection (14) in accordance with the procedures and interim milestones established by the state board under Subsection (14)(i)(iv). (b) All new school construction that includes plans for a seclusion room shall have seclusion rooms that comply with this Subsection (14). (c) A seclusion room shall meet the following physical standards: (i) have a minimum interior area of 60 square feet; (ii) have a minimum distance of six feet between opposing walls; (iii) have a ceiling height that is comparable to other rooms in the building in which the seclusion room is located, but in no case less than eight feet; (iv) be constructed of materials that cannot be used to harm the occupant or others; (v) be free of open electrical outlets and exposed wiring; (vi) be designed so that a student cannot climb the walls; (vii) have walls that are part of the structural integrity of the building and may not consist of free-standing cells or portable units attached to existing walls or floors, except that manufactured safety units that are permanently anchored and bolted to the building structure and that meet all other requirements of this Subsection (14) are permitted; (viii) be free of objects, fixtures, and materials that pose a danger to the occupant; (ix) have ceilings, floors, and walls that are free of loose, torn, or potentially hazardous materials; and (x) contain no free-standing furniture. (d) A seclusion room shall meet the following lighting requirements: (i) be properly lighted at all times; (ii) have light fixtures and electrical receptacles that are recessed or constructed to prevent the occupant from causing harm to the occupant's self; and (iii) have light controls located outside the seclusion room. (e) A seclusion room shall meet the following ventilation and climate requirements: (i) be properly ventilated; (ii) be equipped with heating, cooling, ventilation, and lighting that is comparable to other rooms in the building; (iii) have natural or mechanical ventilation in compliance with state law including relevant administrative rules; and (iv) be maintained at a temperature that is within the normal comfort range and consistent with the rest of the building. (f) A seclusion room shall meet the following safety requirements: (i) if the seclusion room has windows, the windows shall be transparent and made of unbreakable or shatterproof glass or plastic; (ii) the door shall permit continuous visual and auditory monitoring by staff; (iii) the door shall have a vision panel that: (A) consists of clear, one-fourth inch thick, unbreakable material; (B) is flush with the interior face of the door; (C) is positioned to allow staff to continuously observe the student; and (D) is not covered with any material; (iv) the door shall have only a push panel exposed on the interior of the room; and (v) if a locking mechanism is used on the door, the mechanism shall: (A) engage only when a key, handle, knob, or similar device is actively held in position by a person; or (B) be an electrically or electronically controlled mechanism that automatically releases when the building's fire alarm system is triggered. (g) A seclusion room shall be equipped with audio and video recording equipment that: (i) records all activities that occur in the seclusion room during use; (ii) includes audio recording capability; (iii) maintains recordings in accordance with retention requirements established by the state board in rule, which shall balance evidence preservation needs with data storage costs and student privacy protections; (iv) provides immediate access to recordings for administrative review; (v) complies with applicable student privacy requirements, including: (A) the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act, 20 U.S.C. Sec. 1232g; (B) the student data privacy requirements in Title 53E, Chapter 9, Student Data Privacy and Collection; and (C) other applicable state and federal privacy laws; and (vi) ensures that access to recordings is limited to: (A) school administrators conducting investigations; (B) parents or guardians of the student who was secluded; (C) individuals authorized under applicable privacy laws; and (D) law enforcement when required by law or court order. (h) A seclusion room shall comply with: (i) state and local fire codes; (ii) other applicable building codes; and (iii) relevant administrative rules. (i) In accordance with Title 63G, Chapter 3, Utah Administrative Rulemaking Act, the state board shall make rules regarding: (i) additional safety standards for seclusion rooms; (ii) procedures for verifying LEA compliance with this Subsection (14); (iii) requirements for periodic safety inspections of seclusion rooms, which shall be conducted by the LEA, including procedures for the state board to take action against an LEA that fails to conduct required inspections or fails to meet the standards of this Subsection (14); and (iv) procedures and interim milestones for existing seclusion rooms to achieve compliance with this Subsection (14), which procedures shall allow the LEA to determine a reasonable timeline for compliance as described in Subsection (15)(a)(i)(D). (15) (a) An LEA that operates or plans to construct a seclusion room shall: (i) report to the state board by December 31, 2026: (A) the location of each existing seclusion room; (B) the current compliance status of each existing seclusion room with the requirements of Subsection (14); (C) any plans to construct new seclusion rooms; and (D) the LEA's plan and timeline for achieving compliance with Subsection (14) for each existing and planned seclusion room; and (ii) provide updated reports as requested by the state board. (b) This Subsection (15) does not exempt an LEA from compliance with the use requirements in Subsection (10).7/1/2026 (1) As used in this section: (a) "Corporal punishment" means the intentional infliction of physical pain upon the body of a student as a disciplinary measure. (b) "Emergency safety intervention" means the use of seclusion or physical restraint when a student presents an immediate danger to self or others. (c) "Physical escort" means a temporary touching or holding of the hand, wrist, arm, shoulder, or back for the purpose of guiding a student to another location. (d) "Physical restraint" means a personal restriction that immobilizes or significantly reduces the ability of a student to move the student's arms, legs, body, or head freely. (e) "School" means a public or private elementary school, secondary school, or preschool. (f) "Seclusion" means seclusionary time out that is the involuntary confinement of a student alone in a room or area from which the student is physically prevented from leaving, including: (i) placing a student in a locked room; or (ii) placing a student in a room where the door is blocked by furniture or held closed by staff. (g) "Student" means an individual who is: (i) under 19 years old and receiving educational services; or (ii) under 23 years old and receiving educational services as an individual with a disability. (2) (a) A school employee shall first use the least restrictive intervention available to the school employee, including a physical escort, to address circumstances described in Subsection (4). (b) Nothing in this section prohibits a school employee from subsequently using less restrictive interventions to address circumstances described in Subsection (4). (3) (a) In accordance with Title 63G, Chapter 3, Utah Administrative Rulemaking Act, the state board shall make rules to: (i) establish guidelines and best practices that consider individual student needs related to emergency safety interventions described in Subsection (10)(b); (ii) establish intervention reporting requirements; (iii) create school staff training standards that may be included in an existing training; (iv) develop parental notification procedures; (v) implement data collection and review processes; (vi) establish data review protocols; (vii) establish data collection and reporting requirements for an LEA regarding: (A) incidents of seclusion; (B) alternative interventions used; (C) student demographic information, including sex, age, grade in school, and applicable disability status; and (D) incident outcomes; and (viii) establish standards for seclusion rooms as described in Subsection (14). (b) The state board shall include data collected under Subsection (3)(a)(vii) in the State Superintendent's Annual Report described in Section 53E-1-203. (4) A school employee may use reasonable and necessary physical restraint only: (a) in self defense; (b) to obtain possession of a weapon or other dangerous object in the possession or under the control of a student; (c) to protect a student or another individual from physical injury; (d) to remove from a situation a student who is violent; or (e) to protect property from being damaged, when physical safety is at risk. (5) (a) A school employee may not inflict or cause the infliction of corporal punishment upon a student. (b) The reporting and investigation requirements of Title 80, Chapter 2, Part 6, Child Abuse and Neglect Reports, apply to complaints on corporal punishment. (c) Evidence of corporal punishment that would qualify as reasonable discipline under Section 76-2-401 is insufficient to establish liability in a civil or criminal action. (d) Subject to the Rules of Evidence, evidence of corporal punishment that exceeds reasonable discipline under Section 76-2-401 may be used by a court to establish civil or criminal liability. (6) School authorities shall take prompt and appropriate action, including in-service training and other administrative action, upon confirming a violation of this section with respect to corporal punishment violations. (7) The Division of Child and Family Services shall maintain all violation reports made in accordance with this section under the confidentiality requirements of Section 80-2-1005. (8) A school or individual who makes a good faith report or cooperates in an investigation shall receive immunity from civil or criminal liability. (9) A court with jurisdiction under Title 78A, Judiciary and Judicial Administration, may take appropriate action against any employing entity if the court finds that the employing entity has not taken reasonable steps to enforce the provisions of this part. (10) A school: (a) may not: (i) enforce any rule, policy, or directive that permits acts prohibited by this section; (ii) sanction an employee who refuses to commit a prohibited act; or (iii) except as provided in Subsection (10)(b), use seclusion: (A) as a behavior intervention or disciplinary practice; (B) for coercion, retaliation, or humiliation; or (C) due to inadequate staffing or for the staff member's convenience; (b) for a student in grade 1 or higher, may use seclusion as an emergency safety intervention only when: (i) the LEA has developed and implemented written policies and procedures that: (A) describe the circumstances under which a staff member may use seclusion, including compliance with Subsection (14); (B) describe which staff members are authorized to use seclusion; (C) describe procedures for monitoring a student that is in seclusion; (D) describe time limitations on the use of seclusion; (E) require immediate and continuous review of the decision to use seclusion; (F) require documenting the use of seclusion; (G) describe record keeping requirements for records related to the use of seclusion; and (H) require debriefing of all witnesses, involved staff members, the student who was secluded, and the parent of the student who was secluded; (ii) a student poses an immediate and significant threat to the student or others; (iii) less restrictive interventions have failed; (iv) a staff member who is familiar to the student is actively supervising the student for the duration of the seclusion; and (v) the use is time-limited to a maximum time of 30 minutes and monitored; (c) if seclusion was used, shall document the reason for its use, duration, and any alternative strategies attempted, and whether the room complied with Subsection (14); (d) shall notify parents immediately, and not to exceed 15 minutes after the use, of any emergency safety intervention used on the parent's child, including seclusion or physical restraint; and (e) if a parent or guardian cannot be reached after 15 minutes as required in Subsection (10)(d), and the 30-minute time limit in Subsection (10)(b)(v) has been reached, may: (i) conduct a reassessment of the student's condition; (ii) determine whether the student continues to pose an immediate and significant threat to the student or others; and (iii) if the LEA determines that the threat continues and that less restrictive interventions remain ineffective, place the student back in seclusion for an additional period not to exceed 30 minutes, after which the process described in this Subsection (10)(e) shall be repeated if necessary. (11) An LEA shall collect and report data to the state board annually regarding: (a) an incident; and (b) for each incident, the: (i) duration of an emergency safety intervention used to respond to the incident; (ii) stated purpose for any emergency safety intervention used; (iii) alternative de-escalation strategies attempted; (iv) student demographic information, including sex, age, grade in school, and applicable disability status; and (v) relevant training offered to staff and if the staff involved received the relevant training without revealing the identity of the staff member. (12) This section does not apply to: (a) a law enforcement officer as defined in Section 53-13-103; (b) a parochial or private school that: (i) does not receive state funds; (ii) adopts a policy of exemption from this section; and (iii) notifies the parents of students in the school of the exemption; or (c) behavior support intervention which is in compliance with: (i) Section 76-2-401; and (ii) state and local rules adopted under Section 53E-7-204. (13) (a) A violation of the physical standards for seclusion rooms established in Subsection (14) shall be addressed as follows: (i) by or reported to the LEA, the LEA shall: (A) notify the LEA's local school board or charter school governing board; (B) develop a corrective action plan; and (C) report the violation and corrective action plan to the state board within a timeframe established by the state board in rule; (ii) if a violation is identified by or reported to the state board, the state board shall refer the matter to the LEA for investigation and corrective action under Subsection (13)(a)(i); and (iii) if the LEA fails to develop a corrective action plan or does not achieve compliance within a reasonable timeframe established by the state board, the state board shall take further action. (b) A violation of the use requirements in Subsection (10), including improper use of seclusion or physical restraint, failure to notify parents within the required timeframe, or failure to properly document use, shall result in: (i) investigation by the LEA; (ii) appropriate disciplinary action against involved staff; and (iii) corrective measures to prevent future violations. (c) A violation that constitutes unlawful detention, including use of seclusion or physical restraint that does not meet the requirements of Subsection (10)(b) or involves prohibited conduct under Subsection (10)(a), shall: (i) constitute an act of unlawful detention and is subject to the penalty described in Section 76-5-304; and (ii) result in a referral to: (A) local law enforcement; and (B) the Utah Professional Practices Advisory Commission established in Section 53E-6-501. (14) (a) If an LEA operates a seclusion room, the seclusion room shall comply with the standards described in this Subsection (14) in accordance with the procedures and interim milestones established by the state board under Subsection (14)(i)(iv). (b) All new school construction that includes plans for a seclusion room shall have seclusion rooms that comply with this Subsection (14). (c) A seclusion room shall meet the following physical standards: (i) have a minimum interior area of 60 square feet; (ii) have a minimum distance of six feet between opposing walls; (iii) have a ceiling height that is comparable to other rooms in the building in which the seclusion room is located, but in no case less than eight feet; (iv) be constructed of materials that cannot be used to harm the occupant or others; (v) be free of open electrical outlets and exposed wiring; (vi) be designed so that a student cannot climb the walls; (vii) have walls that are part of the structural integrity of the building and may not consist of free-standing cells or portable units attached to existing walls or floors, except that manufactured safety units that are permanently anchored and bolted to the building structure and that meet all other requirements of this Subsection (14) are permitted; (viii) be free of objects, fixtures, and materials that pose a danger to the occupant; (ix) have ceilings, floors, and walls that are free of loose, torn, or potentially hazardous materials; and (x) contain no free-standing furniture. (d) A seclusion room shall meet the following lighting requirements: (i) be properly lighted at all times; (ii) have light fixtures and electrical receptacles that are recessed or constructed to prevent the occupant from causing harm to the occupant's self; and (iii) have light controls located outside the seclusion room. (e) A seclusion room shall meet the following ventilation and climate requirements: (i) be properly ventilated; (ii) be equipped with heating, cooling, ventilation, and lighting that is comparable to other rooms in the building; (iii) have natural or mechanical ventilation in compliance with state law including relevant administrative rules; and (iv) be maintained at a temperature that is within the normal comfort range and consistent with the rest of the building. (f) A seclusion room shall meet the following safety requirements: (i) if the seclusion room has windows, the windows shall be transparent and made of unbreakable or shatterproof glass or plastic; (ii) the door shall permit continuous visual and auditory monitoring by staff; (iii) the door shall have a vision panel that: (A) consists of clear, one-fourth inch thick, unbreakable material; (B) is flush with the interior face of the door; (C) is positioned to allow staff to continuously observe the student; and (D) is not covered with any material; (iv) the door shall have only a push panel exposed on the interior of the room; and (v) if a locking mechanism is used on the door, the mechanism shall: (A) engage only when a key, handle, knob, or similar device is actively held in position by a person; or (B) be an electrically or electronically controlled mechanism that automatically releases when the building's fire alarm system is triggered. (g) A seclusion room shall be equipped with audio and video recording equipment that: (i) records all activities that occur in the seclusion room during use; (ii) includes audio recording capability; (iii) maintains recordings in accordance with retention requirements established by the state board in rule, which shall balance evidence preservation needs with data storage costs and student privacy protections; (iv) provides immediate access to recordings for administrative review; (v) complies with applicable student privacy requirements, including: (A) the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act, 20 U.S.C. Sec. 1232g; (B) the student data privacy requirements in Title 53E, Chapter 9, Student Data Privacy and Collection; and (C) other applicable state and federal privacy laws; and (vi) ensures that access to recordings is limited to: (A) school administrators conducting investigations; (B) parents or guardians of the student who was secluded; (C) individuals authorized under applicable privacy laws; and (D) law enforcement when required by law or court order. (h) A seclusion room shall comply with: (i) state and local fire codes; (ii) other applicable building codes; and (iii) relevant administrative rules. (i) In accordance with Title 63G, Chapter 3, Utah Administrative Rulemaking Act, the state board shall make rules regarding: (i) additional safety standards for seclusion rooms; (ii) procedures for verifying LEA compliance with this Subsection (14); (iii) requirements for periodic safety inspections of seclusion rooms, which shall be conducted by the LEA, including procedures for the state board to take action against an LEA that fails to conduct required inspections or fails to meet the standards of this Subsection (14); and (iv) procedures and interim milestones for existing seclusion rooms to achieve compliance with this Subsection (14), which procedures shall allow the LEA to determine a reasonable timeline for compliance as described in Subsection (15)(a)(i)(D). (15) (a) An LEA that operates or plans to construct a seclusion room shall: (i) report to the state board by December 31, 2026: (A) the location of each existing seclusion room; (B) the current compliance status of each existing seclusion room with the requirements of Subsection (14); (C) any plans to construct new seclusion rooms; and (D) the LEA's plan and timeline for achieving compliance with Subsection (14) for each existing and planned seclusion room; and (ii) provide updated reports as requested by the state board. (b) This Subsection (15) does not exempt an LEA from compliance with the use requirements in Subsection (10).