FrankGoortani/open-us-law huggingface dataset:
Mi. Const. art. XI, § 33 — Article XI / Section 33
Mich. Const. art. XI, § 33
Status: in_force

Definitions applicable to sections 25 to32. Judicial officers, functions after
Mi. Const. art. IX, § 36 — Article IX / Section 36
Mich. Const. art. IX, § 36
Status: in_force

Taxontobaccoproducts;dedicationofproceeds. Sec. 36. Six percent of the proceeds of the tax on tobacco products shall be dedicated to improvingthequalityofhealthcareoftheresidentsofthisstate. History: Add.S.J.R.S,approvedMar.15,1994,Eff.Apr.30,1994.
Mi. Const. art. X, § 1 — Article X / Section 1
Mich. Const. art. X, § 1
Status: in_force

Disabilitiesofcovertureabolished;separatepropertyofwife;dower. Sec. 1. The disabilities of coverture as to property are abolished. The real and personal estate of every woman acquired before marriage and all real and personal property to which she may afterwards become entitled shall be and remain the estate and property of such woman, and shall not be liable for the debts, obligations or engagements of her husband, and maybedealtwithanddisposedofbyherasifshewereunmarried.Dowermayberelinquished orconveyedasprovidedbylaw. History: Const.1963,Art.X,§1,Eff.Jan.1,1964. FormerConstitution: SeeConst.1908,Art.XVI,§8.
Mi. Const. art. VIII, § 3 — Article VIII / Section 3
Mich. Const. art. VIII, § 3
Status: in_force

Stateboardofeducation;duties. Sec.3.Leadershipandgeneralsupervisionoverallpubliceducation,includingadulteducation and instructional programs in state institutions, except as to institutions of higher education granting baccalaureate degrees, is vested in a state board of education. It shall serve as the generalplanningandcoordinatingbodyforallpubliceducation,includinghighereducation, and shalladvisethelegislatureastothefinancialrequirementsinconnectiontherewith. Superintendentofpublicinstruction;appointment,powers,duties. The state board of education shall appoint a superintendent of public instruction whose termofofficeshallbedeterminedbytheboard.Heshallbethechairmanoftheboardwithout the right to vote, and shall be responsible for the execution of its policies. He shall be the principal executive officer of a state department of education which shall have powers and dutiesprovidedbylaw. Stateboardofeducation;members,nomination,election,term. The state board of education shall consist of eight members who shall be nominated by party conventions and elected at large for terms of eight years as prescribed by law. The governor shall fill any vacancy by appointment for the unexpired term. The governor shall be ex-officioamemberofthestateboardofeducationwithouttherighttovote. Boardsofinstitutionsofhighereducation,limitation. The power of the boards of institutions of higher education provided in this constitution to supervisetheirrespectiveinstitutionsandcontrolanddirecttheexpenditureoftheinstitutions’ fundsshallnotbelimitedbythissection. History: Const.1963,Art.VIII,§3,Eff.Jan.1,1964. FormerConstitution: SeeConst.1908,Art.XI,§§2,6.
Mi. Const. art. IV, § 23 — Article IV / Section 23
Mich. Const. art. IV, § 23
Status: in_force

Styleoflaws. Sec.23.Thestyleofthelawsshallbe:ThePeopleoftheStateofMichiganenact. History: Const.1963,Art.IV,§23,Eff.Jan.1,1964. FormerConstitution: SeeConst.1908,Art.V,§20.
Mi. Const. art. IX, § 11 — Article IX / Section 11
Mich. Const. art. IX, § 11
Status: in_force

Stateschoolaidfund;source;distribution;guaranteetolocalschooldistrict. Sec. 11. There shall be established a state school aid fund which shall be used exclusively for aid to school districts, higher education, and school employees’ retirement systems, as providedbylaw.Sixtypercentofalltaxesimposedatarateof4%onretailersontaxablesales atretailoftangiblepersonalproperty,100%oftheproceedsofthesalesandusetaxesimposed at the additional rate of 2% provided for in section 8 of this article, and other tax revenues providedbylaw,shallbededicatedtothisfund.Paymentsfromthisfundshallbemadeinfull on a scheduled basis, as provided by law. Beginning in the 1995-96 state fiscal year and each statefiscalyearafter1995-96,thestateshallguaranteethatthetotalstateandlocalperpupil revenue for school operating purposes for each local school district shall not be less than the 1994-95 total state and local per pupil revenue for school operating purposes for that local schooldistrict,asadjustedforconsolidations,annexations,orotherboundarychanges.However, this guarantee does not apply in a year in which the local school district levies a millage rate forschooldistrictoperatingpurposeslessthanitleviedin1994. History: Const.1963,Art.IX,§11,Eff.Jan.1,1964—Am.S.J.R.S,approvedMar.15,1994,Eff.Apr.30,1994. Art.IX,§12 CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 42
Mi. Const. art. I, § 19 — Article I / Section 19
Mich. Const. art. I, § 19
Status: in_force

Libels,truthasdefense. Sec.19.Inallprosecutionsforlibelsthetruthmaybegiveninevidencetothejury;and,if itappearstothejurythatthematterchargedaslibelousistrueandwaspublishedwithgood motivesandforjustifiableends,theaccusedshallbeacquitted. History: Const.1963,Art.I,§19,Eff.Jan1.1964. FormerConstitution: SeeConst.1908,Art.II,§18.
Mi. Const. art. VII, § 20 — Article VII / Section 20
Mich. Const. art. VII, § 20
Status: in_force

Townships,dissolution;villagesascities. Sec. 20. The legislature shall provide by law for the dissolution of township government whenever all the territory of an organized township is included within the boundaries of a villageorvillagesnotwithstandingthatavillagemayincludeterritorywithinanotherorganized townshipandprovidebylawfortheclassificationofsuchvillageorvillagesascities. History: Const.1963,Art.VII,§20,Eff.Jan.1,1964.
Mi. Const. art. V, § 14 — Article V / Section 14
Mich. Const. art. V, § 14
Status: in_force

Reprieves,commutationsandpardons. Sec.14.Thegovernorshallhavepowertograntreprieves,commutationsandpardonsafter convictionsforalloffenses,exceptcasesofimpeachment,uponsuchconditionsandlimitations ashemaydirect,subjecttoproceduresandregulationsprescribedbylaw.Heshallinformthe legislature annually of each reprieve, commutation and pardon granted, stating reasons therefor. History: Const.1963,Art.V,§14,Eff.Jan.1,1964. FormerConstitution: SeeConst.1908,Art.VI,§9.
Mi. Const. art. VIII, § 19 — Article VIII / Section 19
Mich. Const. art. VIII, § 19
Status: in_force

Subscription to or interest in stock by state prohibited; exceptions. §2 Eminent domain; compensation.
Mi. Const. art. V, § 19 — Article V / Section 19
Mich. Const. art. V, § 19
Status: in_force

Disapprovalofitemsinappropriationbills. Sec. 19. The governor may disapprove any distinct item or items appropriating moneys in any appropriation bill. The part or parts approved shall become law, and the item or items Art.V,§19 CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 24 disapprovedshallbevoidunlessre-passedaccordingtothemethodprescribedforthepassage ofotherbillsovertheexecutiveveto. History: Const.1963,Art.V,§19,Eff.Jan.1,1964. FormerConstitution: SeeConst.1908,Art.V,§37.
Mi. Const. art. VI, § 34 — Article VI / Section 34
Mich. Const. art. VI, § 34
Status: in_force

Construction of constitution and law concerning counties, townships, cities, §16 State loans to school districts. villages. Amount of loans. Qualified bonds.
Mi. Const. art. I, § 14 — Article I / Section 14
Mich. Const. art. I, § 14
Status: in_force

Jurytrials. Sec.14.Therightoftrialbyjuryshallremain,butshallbewaivedinallcivilcasesunless demanded by one of the parties in the manner prescribed by law. In all civil cases tried by 12jurorsaverdictshallbereceivedwhen10jurorsagree. History: Const.1963,Art.I,§14,Eff.Jan.1,1964. FormerConstitution: SeeConst.1908,Art.II,§13. 3 DECLARATION OF RIGHTS Art.I,§18
Mi. Const. art. VII, § 27 — Article VII / Section 27
Mich. Const. art. VII, § 27
Status: in_force

Metropolitangovernmentsandauthorities. Sec. 27. Notwithstanding any other provision of this constitution the legislature may establish in metropolitan areas additional forms of government or authorities with powers, duties and jurisdictions as the legislature shall provide. Wherever possible, such additional formsofgovernmentorauthoritiesshallbedesignedtoperformmultipurposefunctionsrather thanasinglefunction. History: Const.1963,Art.VII,§27,Eff.Jan.1,1964. FormerConstitution: SeeConst.1908,Art.VIII,§31.
Mi. Const. art. V, § 11 — Article V / Section 11
Mich. Const. art. V, § 11
Status: in_force

Provisionalappointmentstofillvacanciesduetosuspension. Sec. 11. The governor may make a provisional appointment to fill a vacancy occasioned by the suspension of an appointed or elected officer, other than a legislative or judicial officer, until he is reinstated or until the vacancy is filled in the manner prescribed by law or this constitution. History: Const.1963,Art.V,§11,Eff.Jan.1,1964. FormerConstitution: SeeConst.1908,Art.IX,§5. 23 EXECUTIVE BRANCH Art.V,§19
Mi. Const. art. VII, § 11 — Article VII / Section 11
Mich. Const. art. VII, § 11
Status: in_force

Indebtedness,limitation. Sec. 11. No county shall incur any indebtedness which shall increase its total debt beyond 10percentofitsassessedvaluation. History: Const.1963,Art.VII,§11,Eff.Jan.1,1964. FormerConstitution: SeeConst.1908,Art.VIII,§12.
Mi. Const. art. VII, § 31 — Article VII / Section 31
Mich. Const. art. VII, § 31
Status: in_force

Vacationoralterationofroads,streets,alleys,publicplaces. Sec.31.Thelegislatureshallnotvacateoralteranyroad,street,alleyorpublicplaceunder thejurisdictionofanycounty,township,cityorvillage. History: Const.1963,Art.VII,§31,Eff.Jan.1,1964. FormerConstitution: SeeConst.1908,Art.VIII,§27.
Mi. Const. art. IV, § 54 — Article IV / Section 54
Mich. Const. art. IV, § 54
Status: in_force

Limitationsontermsofofficeofstatelegislators. Sec. 54. No person shall be elected to the office of state representative more than three times.Nopersonshallbeelectedtotheofficeofstatesenatemorethantwotimes.Anyperson appointed or elected to fill a vacancy in the house of representatives or the state senate for a periodgreaterthanonehalfofatermofsuchoffice,shallbeconsideredtohavebeenelectedto serveonetimeinthatofficeforpurposesofthissection.Thislimitationonthenumberoftimes apersonshallbeelectedtoofficeshallapplytotermsofofficebeginningonorafterJanuary1, 1993. This section shall be self-executing. Legislation may be enacted to facilitate operation of thissection,butnolawshalllimitorrestricttheapplicationofthissection.Ifanypartofthis sectionisheldtobeinvalidorunconstitutional,theremainingpartsofthissectionshallnotbe affectedbutwillremaininfullforceandeffect. History: Add.Init.approvedNov.3,1992,Eff.Dec.19,1992.
Mi. Const. art. IV, § 18 — Article IV / Section 18
Mich. Const. art. IV, § 18
Status: in_force

Journalofproceedings;recordofvotes,dissents. Sec.18.Eachhouseshallkeepajournalofitsproceedings,andpublishthesameunlessthe public security otherwise requires. The record of the vote and name of the members of either house voting on any question shall be entered in the journal at the request of one-fifth of the members present. Any member of either house may dissent from and protest against any act, proceeding or resolution which he deems injurious to any person or the public, and have the reasonforhisdissententeredinthejournal. History: Const.1963,Art.IV,§18,Eff.Jan.1,1964. FormerConstitution: SeeConst.1908,Art.V,§16.
Mi. Const. art. VI, § 31 — Article VI / Section 31
Mich. Const. art. VI, § 31
Status: in_force

Vacation or alteration of roads, streets,
Mi. Const. art. III, § 3 — Article III / Section 3
Mich. Const. art. III, § 3
Status: in_force

Greatseal. Sec.3.ThereshallbeagreatsealoftheStateofMichigananditsuseshallbeprovidedby law. History: Const.1963,Art.III,§3,Eff.Jan.1,1964. FormerConstitution: SeeConst.1908,Art.VI,§§11,12.
Mi. Const. art. VII, § 14 — Article VII / Section 14
Mich. Const. art. VII, § 14
Status: in_force

Organizationandconsolidationoftownships. Sec. 14. The board of supervisors of each organized county may organize and consolidate townshipsunderrestrictionsandlimitationsprovidedbylaw. History: Const.1963,Art.VII,§14,Eff.Jan.1,1964. FormerConstitution: SeeConst.1908,Art.VIII,§15.
Mi. Const. art. XII, § 7 — Article XII / Section 7
Mich. Const. art. XII, § 7
Status: in_force

Judgesofprobate,eligibilityforre-election. Sec.7.Anyjudgeofprobateservingontheeffectivedateofthisconstitutionmayservethe remainder of the term and be eligible to succeed himself for election regardless of other provisionsinthisconstitutionrequiringhimtobelicensedtopracticelawinthisstate. History: Const.1963,Schedule,§7,Eff.Jan.1,1964.
Mi. Const. art. XI, § 6 — Article XI / Section 6
Mich. Const. art. XI, § 6
Status: in_force

Meritsystemsforlocalgovernments. Sec. 6. By ordinance or resolution of its governing body which shall not take effect until approved by a majority of the electors voting thereon, unless otherwise provided by charter, each county, township, city, village, school district and other governmental unit or authority may establish, modify or discontinue a merit system for its employees other than teachers under contract or tenure. The state civil service commission may on request furnish technical servicestoanysuchunitonareimbursablebasis. History: Const.1963,Art.XI,§6,Eff.Jan.1,1964.
Mi. Const. art. V, § 17 — Article V / Section 17
Mich. Const. art. V, § 17
Status: in_force

Messagesandrecommendationstolegislature. Sec. 17. The governor shall communicate by message to the legislature at the beginning of each session and may at other times present to the legislature information as to the affairs of thestateandrecommendmeasuresheconsidersnecessaryordesirable. History: Const.1963,Art.V,§17,Eff.Jan.1,1964. FormerConstitution: SeeConst.1908,Art.VI,§5.
Mi. Const. art. V, § 10 — Article V / Section 10
Mich. Const. art. V, § 10
Status: in_force

Removalorsuspensionofofficers;grounds,report. Sec.10.Thegovernorshallhavepoweranditshallbehisdutytoinquireintothecondition andadministrationofanypublicofficeandtheactsofanypublicofficer,electiveorappointive. Hemayremoveorsuspendfromofficeforgrossneglectofdutyorforcorruptconductinoffice, or for any other misfeasance or malfeasance therein, any elective or appointive state officer, exceptlegislativeorjudicial,andshallreportthereasonsforsuchremovalorsuspensiontothe legislature. History: Const.1963,Art.V,§10,Eff.Jan.1,1964. FormerConstitution: SeeConst.1908,Art.IX,§7.
Mi. Const. art. XI, § 39 — Article XI / Section 39
Mich. Const. art. XI, § 39
Status: in_force

Michigan veterans’ trust fund board of electors. trustees; administration of trust fund. Submission of proposal; publication.
Mi. Const. art. VIII, § 8 — Article VIII / Section 8
Mich. Const. art. VIII, § 8
Status: in_force

Servicesfordisabledpersons. Sec. 8. Institutions, programs, and services for the care, treatment, education, or rehabil- itation of those inhabitants who are physically, mentally, or otherwise seriously disabled shall alwaysbefosteredandsupported. History: Const.1963,Art.VIII,§8,Eff.Jan.1,1964;—Am.S.J.R.I,approvedNov.3,1998,Eff.Dec.19,1998. FormerConstitution: SeeConst.1908,Art.XI,§15.
Mi. Const. art. VII, § 29 — Article VII / Section 29
Mich. Const. art. VII, § 29
Status: in_force

Highways,streets,alleys,publicplaces;control,usebypublicutilities. Sec. 29. No person, partnership, association or corporation, public or private, operating a public utility shall have the right to the use of the highways, streets, alleys or other public places of any county, township, city or village for wires, poles, pipes, tracks, conduits or other utilityfacilities,withouttheconsentofthedulyconstitutedauthorityofthecounty,township, cityorvillage;ortotransactlocalbusinessthereinwithoutfirstobtainingafranchisefromthe township, city or village. Except as otherwise provided in this constitution the right of all counties, townships, cities and villages to the reasonable control of their highways, streets, alleysandpublicplacesisherebyreservedtosuchlocalunitsofgovernment. History: Const.1963,Art.VII,§29,Eff.Jan.1,1964. FormerConstitution: SeeConst.1908,Art.VIII,§28.
Mi. Const. art. IX, § 34 — Article IX / Section 34
Mich. Const. art. IX, § 34
Status: in_force

Implementationofsections25to33. Sec.34.TheLegislatureshallimplementtheprovisionsofSections25through33,inclusive, ofthisArticle. History: Add.Init.,approvedNov.7,1978,Eff.Dec.23,1978. 47 FINANCE AND TAXATION Art.IX,§35a
Mi. Const. art. VI, § 15 — Article VI / Section 15
Mich. Const. art. VI, § 15
Status: in_force

Probatecourts;districts,jurisdiction. Sec. 15. In each county organized for judicial purposes there shall be a probate court. The legislature may create or alter probate court districts of more than one county if approved in each affected county by a majority of the electors voting on the question. The legislature may provide for the combination of the office of probate judge with any judicial office of limited jurisdiction within a county with supplemental salary as provided by law. The jurisdiction, powersanddutiesoftheprobatecourtandofthejudgesthereofshallbeprovidedbylaw.They shall have original jurisdiction in all cases of juvenile delinquents and dependents, except as otherwiseprovidedbylaw. History: Const.1963,Art.VI,§15,Eff.Jan.1,1964. FormerConstitution: SeeConst.1908,Art.VII,§13. 29 JUDICIAL BRANCH Art.VI,§21
Mi. Const. art. I, § 2 — Article I / Section 2
Mich. Const. art. I, § 2
Status: in_force

Equalprotection;discrimination. Sec. 2. No person shall be denied the equal protection of the laws; nor shall any person be denied the enjoyment of his civil or political rights or be discriminated against in the exercise thereof because of religion, race, color or national origin. The legislature shall implement this sectionbyappropriatelegislation. History: Const.1963,Art.I,§2,Eff.Jan.1,1964.
Mi. Const. art. IV, § 26 — Article IV / Section 26
Mich. Const. art. IV, § 26
Status: in_force

Bills;printing,possession,reading,voteonpassage. Sec.26.Nobillshallbepassedorbecomealawatanyregularsessionofthelegislatureuntil it has been printed or reproduced and in the possession of each house for at least five days. Everybillshallbereadthreetimesineachhousebeforethefinalpassagethereof.Nobillshall become a law without the concurrence of a majority of the members elected to and serving in each house. On the final passage of bills, the votes and names of the members voting thereon shallbeenteredinthejournal. History: Const.1963,Art.IV,§26,Eff.Jan.1,1964. Compiler’snote: InAdvisoryOpiniononConstitutionalityof1978PA426,403Mich.631,272N.W.2d495(1978),theMichigan supremecourtheldthatthelieutenantgovernormaycastatie-breakingvoteduringthefinalconsiderationofabillwhenthesenateis equallydivided,and1978PA426wasconstitutionallyenacted. FormerConstitution: SeeConst.1908,Art.V,§§22,23.
Mi. Const. art. X, § 2 — Article X / Section 2
Mich. Const. art. X, § 2
Status: in_force

Eminentdomain;compensation. Sec.2.Privatepropertyshallnotbetakenforpublicusewithoutjustcompensationtherefore beingfirstmadeorsecuredinamannerprescribedbylaw.Ifprivatepropertyconsistingofan individual’sprincipalresidenceistakenforpublicuse,theamountofcompensationmadeand determinedforthattakingshallbenotlessthan125%ofthatproperty’sfairmarketvalue,in addition to any other reimbursement allowed by law. Compensation shall be determined in proceedingsinacourtofrecord. “Public use” does not include the taking of private property for transfer to a private entity for the purpose of economic development or enhancement of tax revenues. Private property otherwise may be taken for reasons of public use as that term is understood on the effective dateoftheamendmenttothisconstitutionthataddedthisparagraph. Inacondemnationaction,theburdenofproofisonthecondemningauthoritytodemonstrate, bythepreponderanceoftheevidence,thatthetakingofaprivatepropertyisforapublicuse, unless the condemnation action involves a taking for the eradication of blight, in which case the burden of proof is on the condemning authority to demonstrate, by clear and convincing evidence,thatthetakingofthatpropertyisforapublicuse. Any existing right, grant, or benefit afforded to property owners as of November 1, 2005, whetherprovidedbythissection,bystatute,orotherwise,shallbepreservedandshallnotbe abrogatedorimpairedbytheconstitutionalamendmentthataddedthisparagraph. History: Const.1963,Art.X,§2,Eff.Jan.1,1964;—Am.S.J.R.E,approvedNov.7,2006,Eff.Dec.23,2006. FormerConstitution: SeeConst.1908,Art.XIII,§§1-5.
Mi. Const. art. XI, § 35 — Article XI / Section 35
Mich. Const. art. XI, § 35
Status: in_force

Michigan natural resources trust fund. §8 Convictions for certain felonies; eligibility for elective office or certain positions of
Mi. Const. art. IV, § 39 — Article IV / Section 39
Mich. Const. art. IV, § 39
Status: in_force

Continuityofgovernmentinemergencies. Sec.39.Inordertoinsurecontinuityofstateandlocalgovernmentaloperationsinperiods of emergency only, resulting from disasters occurring in this state caused by enemy attack on theUnitedStates,thelegislaturemayprovidebylawforpromptandtemporarysuccessionto the powers and duties of public offices, of whatever nature and whether filled by election or appointment,theincumbentsofwhichmaybecomeunavailableforcarryingonthepowersand dutiesofsuchoffices;andenactotherlawsnecessaryandproperforinsuringthecontinuityof governmentaloperations.Notwithstandingthepowerconferredbythissection,electionsshall alwaysbecalledassoonaspossibletofillanyvacanciesinelectiveofficestemporarilyoccupied byoperationofanylegislationenactedpursuanttotheprovisionsofthissection. History: Const.1963,Art.IV,§39,Eff.Jan.1,1964. FormerConstitution: SeeConst.1908,Art.XVI,§5.
Mi. Const. art. VI, § 23 — Article VI / Section 23
Mich. Const. art. VI, § 23
Status: in_force

Judicialvacancies,filling;appointee,term;successor;newoffices. Sec. 23. A vacancy shall occur in the office of judge of any court of record or in the district court by death, removal, resignation or vacating of the office, and such vacancy shall be filled by appointment by the governor. The person appointed by the governor shall hold office until 12 noon of the first day of January next succeeding the first general election held after the vacancy occurs, at which election a successor shall be elected for the remainder of the unexpired term. Whenever a new office of judge in a court of record, or the district court, is created by law, it shall be filled by election as provided by law. The supreme court may authorize persons who have been elected and served as judges to perform judicial duties for limitedperiodsorspecificassignments. History: Const.1963,Art.VI,§23,Eff.Jan.1,1964;—Am.H.J.R.F,approvedAug.6,1968,Eff.Sept.21,1968. FormerConstitution: SeeConst.1908,Art.VII,§20.
Mi. Const. art. XII, § 12 — Article XII / Section 12
Mich. Const. art. XII, § 12
Status: in_force

Initialallocationofdepartmentsbylaworexecutiveorder. Sec. 12. The initial allocation of departments by law pursuant to Section 2 of Article V of thisconstitution,shallbecompletedwithintwoyearsaftertheeffectivedateofthisconstitution. If such allocation shall not have been completed within such period, the governor, within one yearthereafter,byexecutiveorder,shallmaketheinitialallocation. History: Const.1963,Schedule,§12,Eff.Jan.1,1964.