FrankGoortani/open-us-law huggingface dataset:
Mi. Const. art. IV, § 12 — Article IV / Section 12
Mich. Const. art. IV, § 12
Status: in_force

Stateofficerscompensationcommission. Sec.12.Thestateofficerscompensationcommissioniscreatedwhichsubjecttothissection shall determine the salaries and expense allowances of the members of the legislature, the governor,thelieutenantgovernor,theattorneygeneral,thesecretaryofstate,andthejustices of the supreme court. The commission shall consist of 7 members appointed by the governor whose qualifications may be determined by law. Subject to the legislature’s ability to amend Art.IV,§12 CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 14 the commission’s determinations as provided in this section, the commission shall determine the salaries and expense allowances of the members of the legislature, the governor, the lieutenant governor, the attorney general, the secretary of state, and the justices of the supreme court which determinations shall be the salaries and expense allowances only if the legislature by concurrent resolution adopted by a majority of the members elected to and servingineachhouseofthelegislatureapprovethem.Thesenateandhouseofrepresentatives shallalternateonwhichhouseofthelegislatureshalloriginatetheconcurrentresolution,with thesenateoriginatingthefirstconcurrentresolution. The concurrent resolution may amend the salary and expense determinations of the state officers compensation commission to reduce the salary and expense determinations by the same proportion for members of the legislature, the governor, the lieutenant governor, the attorney general, the secretary of state, and the justices of the supreme court. The legislature shallnotamendthesalaryandexpensedeterminationstoreducethemtobelowthesalaryand expense level that members of the legislature, the governor, the lieutenant governor, the attorney general, the secretary of state, and the justices of the supreme court receive on the datethesalaryandexpensedeterminationsaremade.Ifthesalaryandexpensedeterminations are approved or amended as provided in this section, the salary and expense determinations shallbecomeeffectiveforthelegislativesessionimmediatelyfollowingthenextgeneralelection. The commission shall meet each 2 years for no more than 15 session days. The legislature shallimplementthissectionbylaw. History: Const.1963,Art.IV,§12,Eff.Jan.1,1964;—Am.H.J.R.AAA,approvedAug.6,1968,Eff.Sept.21,1968;—Am.H.J.R.E, approvedAug.6,2002,Eff.Sept.21,2002.
Mi. Const. art. IV, § 14 — Article IV / Section 14
Mich. Const. art. IV, § 14
Status: in_force

Quorum;powersoflessthanquorum. Sec. 14. A majority of the members elected to and serving in each house shall constitute a quorum to do business. A smaller number in each house may adjourn from day to day, and may compel the attendance of absent members in the manner and with penalties as each housemayprescribe. History: Const.1963,Art.IV,§14,Eff.Jan.1,1964. FormerConstitution: SeeConst.1908,Art.V,§14.
Mi. Const. art. V, § 4 — Article V / Section 4
Mich. Const. art. V, § 4
Status: in_force

Commissionsoragenciesforlessthan2years. Sec.4.Temporarycommissionsoragenciesforspecialpurposeswithalifeofnomorethan twoyearsmaybeestablishedbylawandneednotbeallocatedwithinaprincipaldepartment. History: Const.1963,Art.V,§4,Eff.Jan.1,1964.
Mi. Const. art. II, § 6 — Article II / Section 6
Mich. Const. art. II, § 6
Status: in_force

Votersontaxlimitincreasesorbondissues. Sec. 6. Whenever any question is required to be submitted by a political subdivision to the electorsfortheincreaseoftheadvaloremtaxratelimitationimposedbySection6ofArticleIX for a period of more than five years, or for the issue of bonds, only electors in, and who have propertyassessedforanyadvaloremtaxesin,anypartofthedistrictorterritorytobeaffected bytheresultofsuchelectionorelectorswhoarethelawfulhusbandsorwivesofsuchpersons shallbeentitledtovotethereon.Allelectorsinthedistrictorterritoryaffectedmayvoteonall otherquestions. History: Const.1963,Art.II,§6,Eff.Jan.1,1964. FormerConstitution: SeeConst.1908,Art.III,§4.
Mi. Const. art. VII, § 4 — Article VII / Section 4
Mich. Const. art. VII, § 4
Status: in_force

Countyofficers;terms,combination. Sec. 4. There shall be elected for four-year terms in each organized county a sheriff, a county clerk, a county treasurer, a register of deeds and a prosecuting attorney, whose duties andpowersshallbeprovidedbylaw.Theboardofsupervisorsinanycountymaycombinethe officesofcountyclerkandregisterofdeedsinoneofficeorseparatethesameatpleasure. History: Const.1963,Art.VII,§4,Eff.Jan.1,1964. FormerConstitution: SeeConst.1908,Art.VIII,§3.
Mi. Const. art. IX, § 32 — Article IX / Section 32
Mich. Const. art. IX, § 32
Status: in_force

Suittoenforcesections25to31. Sec. 32. Any taxpayer of the state shall have standing to bring suit in the Michigan State Court of Appeals to enforce the provisions of Sections 25 through 31, inclusive, of this Article and, if the suit is sustained, shall receive from the applicable unit of government his costs incurredinmaintainingsuchsuit. History: Add.Init.,approvedNov.7,1978,Eff.Dec.23,1978.
Mi. Const. art. V, § 15 — Article V / Section 15
Mich. Const. art. V, § 15
Status: in_force

Extrasessionsoflegislature. Sec.15.Thegovernormayconvenethelegislatureonextraordinaryoccasions. History: Const.1963,Art.V,§15,Eff.Jan.1,1964. FormerConstitution: SeeConst.1908,Art.VI,§7.
Mi. Const. art. VI, § 10 — Article VI / Section 10
Mich. Const. art. VI, § 10
Status: in_force

Jurisdiction,practiceandprocedureofcourtofappeals. Sec. 10. The jurisdiction of the court of appeals shall be provided by law and the practice andprocedurethereinshallbeprescribedbyrulesofthesupremecourt. History: Const.1963,Art.VI,§10,Eff.Jan.1,1964.
Mi. Const. art. IX, § 23 — Article IX / Section 23
Mich. Const. art. IX, § 23
Status: in_force

Financialrecords;statementofrevenuesandexpenditures. Sec.23.Allfinancialrecords,accountings,auditreportsandotherreportsofpublicmoneys shallbepublicrecordsandopentoinspection.Astatementofallrevenuesandexpendituresof publicmoneysshallbepublishedanddistributedannually,asprovidedbylaw. History: Const.1963,Art.IX,§23,Eff.Jan.1,1964. FormerConstitution: SeeConst.1908,Art.X,§17.
Mi. Const. art. VII, § 2 — Article VII / Section 2
Mich. Const. art. VII, § 2
Status: in_force

Countycharters. Sec. 2. Any county may frame, adopt, amend or repeal a county charter in a manner and with powers and limitations to be provided by general law, which shall among other things provide for the election of a charter commission. The law may permit the organization of countygovernmentinformdifferentfromthatsetforthinthisconstitutionandshalllimitthe rate of ad valorem property taxation for county purposes, and restrict the powers of charter Art.VII,§2 CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 32 counties to borrow money and contract debts. Each charter county is hereby granted power to levy other taxes for county purposes subject to limitations and prohibitions set forth in this constitution or law. Subject to law, a county charter may authorize the county through its regularlyconstitutedauthoritytoadoptresolutionsandordinancesrelatingtoitsconcerns. Electionofchartercommissions. The board of supervisors by a majority vote of its members may, and upon petition of five percent of the electors shall, place upon the ballot the question of electing a commission to frameacharter. Approvalofelectors. No county charter shall be adopted, amended or repealed until approved by a majority of electorsvotingonthequestion. History: Const.1963,Art.VII,§2,Eff.Jan.1,1964.
Mi. Const. art. IV, § 2 — Article IV / Section 2
Mich. Const. art. IV, § 2
Status: in_force

Senators,number,term. Sec.2.Thesenateshallconsistof38memberstobeelectedfromsinglememberdistrictsat thesameelectionasthegovernorforfour-yeartermsconcurrentwiththetermofofficeofthe governor. Senatorialdistricts,apportionmentfactors. In districting the state for the purpose of electing senators after the official publication of the total population count of each federal decennial census, each county shall be assigned apportionmentfactorsequaltothesumofitspercentageofthestate’spopulationasshownby the last regular federal decennial census computed to the nearest one-one hundredth of one percent multiplied by four and its percentage of the state’s land area computed to the nearest one-onehundredthofonepercent. Apportionmentrules. In arranging the state into senatorial districts, the apportionment commission shall be governedbythefollowingrules: (1) Counties with 13 or more apportionment factors shall be entitled as a class to senators in the proportion that the total apportionment factors of such counties bear to the total apportionment factors of the state computed to the nearest whole number. After each such countyhasbeenallocatedonesenator,theremainingsenatorstowhichthisclassofcountiesis entitled shall be distributed among such counties by the method of equal proportions applied totheapportionmentfactors. (2) Counties having less than 13 apportionment factors shall be entitled as a class to senators in the proportion that the total apportionment factors of such counties bear to the totalapportionmentfactorsofthestatecomputedtothenearestwholenumber.Suchcounties shall thereafter be arranged into senatorial districts that are compact, convenient, and contiguous by land, as rectangular in shape as possible, and having as nearly as possible 13 apportionment factors, but in no event less than 10 or more than 16. Insofar as possible, existingsenatorialdistrictsatthetimeofreapportionmentshallnotbealteredunlessthereis afailuretocomplywiththeabovestandards. (3)Countiesentitledtotwoormoresenatorsshallbedividedintosinglememberdistricts. The population of such districts shall be as nearly equal as possible but shall not be less than 75 percent nor more than 125 percent of a number determined by dividing the population of the county by the number of senators to which it is entitled. Each such district shall follow incorporated city or township boundary lines to the extent possible and shall be compact, contiguous,andasnearlyuniforminshapeaspossible. History: Const.1963,Art.IV,§2,Eff.Jan.1,1964. FormerConstitution: SeeConst.1908,Art.V,§2. 11 LEGISLATIVE BRANCH Art.IV,§6
Mi. Const. art. I, § 26 — Article I / Section 26
Mich. Const. art. I, § 26
Status: in_force

Affirmativeactionprograms. Sec.26.(1)TheUniversityofMichigan,MichiganStateUniversity,WayneStateUniversity, and any other public college or university, community college, or school district shall not discriminate against, or grant preferential treatment to, any individual or group on the basis of race, sex, color, ethnicity, or national origin in the operation of public employment, public education,orpubliccontracting. (2)Thestateshallnotdiscriminateagainst,orgrantpreferentialtreatmentto,anyindividual or group on the basis of race, sex, color, ethnicity, or national origin in the operation of public employment,publiceducation,orpubliccontracting. (3) For the purposes of this section “state” includes, but is not necessarily limited to, the stateitself,anycity,county,anypubliccollege,university,orcommunitycollege,schooldistrict, orotherpoliticalsubdivisionorgovernmentalinstrumentalityoforwithintheStateofMichigan notincludedinsubsection1. (4)Thissectiondoesnotprohibitactionthatmustbetakentoestablishormaintaineligibility foranyfederalprogram,ifineligibilitywouldresultinalossoffederalfundstothestate. (5)Nothinginthissectionshallbeinterpretedasprohibitingbonafidequalificationsbased on sex that are reasonably necessary to the normal operation of public employment, public education,orpubliccontracting. (6)Theremediesavailableforviolationsofthissectionshallbethesame,regardlessofthe injured party’s race, sex, color, ethnicity, or national origin, as are otherwise available for violationsofMichigananti-discriminationlaw. (7)Thissectionshallbeself-executing.Ifanypartorpartsofthissectionarefoundtobein conflictwiththeUnitedStatesConstitutionorfederallaw,thesectionshallbeimplementedto themaximumextentthattheUnitedStatesConstitutionandfederallawpermit.Anyprovision heldinvalidshallbeseverablefromtheremainingportionsofthissection. (8)Thissectionappliesonlytoactiontakenaftertheeffectivedateofthissection. (9) This section does not invalidate any court order or consent decree that is in force as of theeffectivedateofthissection. History: Add.Init.,approvedNov.7,2006,Eff.Dec.23,2006.
Mi. Const. art. IV, § 49 — Article IV / Section 49
Mich. Const. art. IV, § 49
Status: in_force

Hoursandconditionsofemployment. Sec.49.Thelegislaturemayenactlawsrelativetothehoursandconditionsofemployment. History: Const.1963,Art.IV,§49,Eff.Jan.1,1964. FormerConstitution: SeeConst.1908,Art.V,§29.
Mi. Const. art. VII, § 33 — Article VII / Section 33
Mich. Const. art. VII, § 33
Status: in_force

Removalofelectedofficers. Sec. 33. Any elected officer of a political subdivision may be removed from office in the mannerandforthecausesprovidedbylaw. History: Const.1963,Art.VII,§33,Eff.Jan.1,1964. FormerConstitution: SeeConst.1908,Art.IX,§8.
Mi. Const. art. VI, § 8 — Article VI / Section 8
Mich. Const. art. VI, § 8
Status: in_force

Courtofappeals;electionofjudges,divisions. Sec. 8. The court of appeals shall consist initially of nine judges who shall be nominated and elected at non-partisan elections from districts drawn on county lines and as nearly as possibleofequalpopulation,asprovidedbylaw.Thesupremecourtmayprescribebyrulethat thecourtofappealssitindivisionsandforthetermsofcourtandthetimesandplacesthereof. Eachsuchdivisionshallconsistofnotfewerthanthreejudges.Thenumberofjudgescomprising the court of appeals may be increased, and the districts from which they are elected may be changedbylaw. History: Const.1963,Art.VI,§8,Eff.Jan.1,1964.
Mi. Const. art. I, § 5 — Article I / Section 5
Mich. Const. art. I, § 5
Status: in_force

Freedomofspeechandofpress. Sec.5.Everypersonmayfreelyspeak,write,expressandpublishhisviewsonallsubjects, beingresponsiblefortheabuseofsuchright;andnolawshallbeenactedtorestrainorabridge thelibertyofspeechorofthepress. History: Const.1963,Art.I,§5,Eff.Jan.1,1964. FormerConstitution: SeeConst.1908,Art.II,§4.
Mi. Const. art. VI, § 19 — Article VI / Section 19
Mich. Const. art. VI, § 19
Status: in_force

Courtsofrecord;seal,qualificationsofjudges. Sec.19.(1)Thesupremecourt,thecourtofappeals,thecircuitcourt,theprobatecourtand othercourtsdesignatedassuchbythelegislatureshallbecourtsofrecordandeachshallhave a common seal. Justices and judges of courts of record must be persons who are licensed to practicelawinthisstate. (2) To be qualified to serve as a judge of a trial court, a judge of the court of appeals, or a justice of the supreme court, a person shall have been admitted to the practice of law for at least 5 years. This subsection shall not apply to any judge or justice appointed or elected to judicialofficepriortothedateonwhichthissubsectionbecomespartoftheconstitution. (3) No person shall be elected or appointed to a judicial office after reaching the age of 70years. History: Const.1963,Art.VI,§19,Eff.Jan.1,1964;—Am.S.J.R.D,approvedNov.5,1996,Eff.Dec.21,1996. FormerConstitution: SeeConst.1908,Art.VII,§17.
Mi. Const. art. VII, § 21 — Article VII / Section 21
Mich. Const. art. VII, § 21
Status: in_force

Citiesandvillages;incorporation,taxes,indebtedness. Sec. 21. The legislature shall provide by general laws for the incorporation of cities and villages. Such laws shall limit their rate of ad valorem property taxation for municipal purposes, and restrict the powers of cities and villages to borrow money and contract debts. Each city and village is granted power to levy other taxes for public purposes, subject to limitationsandprohibitionsprovidedbythisconstitutionorbylaw. History: Const.1963,Art.VII,§21,Eff.Jan.1,1964. FormerConstitution: SeeConst.1908,Art.VIII,§20.
Mi. Const. art. II, § 8 — Article II / Section 8
Mich. Const. art. II, § 8
Status: in_force

Recalls. Sec.8.Lawsshallbeenactedtoprovidefortherecallofallelectiveofficersexceptjudgesof courts of record upon petition of electors equal in number to 25 percent of the number of personsvotinginthelastprecedingelectionfortheofficeofgovernorintheelectoraldistrictof the officer sought to be recalled. The sufficiency of any statement of reasons or grounds procedurallyrequiredshallbeapoliticalratherthanajudicialquestion. History: Const.1963,Art.II,§8,Eff.Jan.1,1964. FormerConstitution: SeeConst.1908,Art.III,§8.
Mi. Const. art. XI, § 42 — Article XI / Section 42
Mich. Const. art. XI, § 42
Status: in_force

Michigan nongame fish and wildlife trust submission of question, convention fund. delegates and meeting. CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 Convention officers, rules, membership, §9 State board of education; first election, personnel, publications. terms. Submission of proposed constitution or Abolition of existing state board of amendment. education.
Mi. Const. art. IV, § 28 — Article IV / Section 28
Mich. Const. art. IV, § 28
Status: in_force

Bills,subjectsatspecialsession. Sec. 28. When the legislature is convened on extraordinary occasions in special session no bill shall be passed on any subjects other than those expressly stated in the governor’s proclamationorsubmittedbyspecialmessage. History: Const.1963,Art.IV,§28,Eff.Jan.1,1964. FormerConstitution: SeeConst.1908,Art.V,§22.
Mi. Const. art. IV, § 20 — Article IV / Section 20
Mich. Const. art. IV, § 20
Status: in_force

Openmeetings. Sec.20.Thedoorsofeachhouseshallbeopenunlessthepublicsecurityotherwiserequires. History: Const.1963,Art.IV,§20,Eff.Jan.1,1964. FormerConstitution: SeeConst.1908,Art.V,§18.
Mi. Const. art. XII, § 15 — Article XII / Section 15
Mich. Const. art. XII, § 15
Status: in_force

Submissionofconstitution;time,notice. Sec.15.Thisconstitutionshallbesubmittedtothepeoplefortheiradoptionorrejectionat the general election to be held on the first Monday in April, 1963. It shall be the duty of the secretary of state forthwith to give notice of such submission to all other officers required to give or publish any notice in regard to a general election. He shall give notice that this constitutionwillbedulysubmittedtotheelectorsatsuchelection.Thenoticeshallbegivenin themannerrequiredfortheelectionofgovernor. History: Const.1963,Schedule,§15,Eff.Jan.1,1964. FormerConstitution: SeeConst.1908,Schedule,§10.
Mi. Const. art. VII, § 18 — Article VII / Section 18
Mich. Const. art. VII, § 18
Status: in_force

Townshipofficers;term,powersandduties. Sec.18.Ineachorganizedtownshipthereshallbeelectedfortermsofnotlessthantwonor morethanfouryearsasprescribedbylawasupervisor,aclerk,atreasurer,andnottoexceed fourtrustees,whoselegislativeandadministrativepowersanddutiesshallbeprovidedbylaw. History: Const.1963,Art.VII,§18,Eff.Jan.1,1964. FormerConstitution: SeeConst.1908,Art.VIII,§18.
Mi. Const. art. XII, § 2 — Article XII / Section 2
Mich. Const. art. XII, § 2
Status: in_force

Existingpublicandprivaterights,continuance. Sec. 2. All writs, actions, suits, proceedings, civil or criminal liabilities, prosecutions, judgments, sentences, orders, decrees, appeals, causes of action, contracts, claims, demands, titles and rights existing on the effective date of this constitution shall continue unaffected exceptasmodifiedinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthisconstitution. History: Const.1963,Schedule,§2,Eff.Jan.1,1964. FormerConstitution: SeeConst.1908,Schedule,§2. Sched.§3 CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 58
Mi. Const. art. IV, § 36 — Article IV / Section 36
Mich. Const. art. IV, § 36
Status: in_force

Generalrevisionoflaws;compilationoflaws. Sec. 36. No general revision of the laws shall be made. The legislature may provide for a compilationofthelawsinforce,arrangedwithoutalteration,underappropriateheadsandtitles. History: Const.1963,Art.IV,§36,Eff.Jan.1,1964. FormerConstitution: SeeConst.1908,Art.V,§40.
Mi. Const. art. VII, § 28 — Article VII / Section 28
Mich. Const. art. VII, § 28
Status: in_force

Governmental functions and powers; joint administration,costs and credits, transfers. Sec. 28. The legislature by general law shall authorize two or more counties, townships, cities, villages or districts, or any combination thereof among other things to: enter into contractual undertakings or agreements with one another or with the state or with any combination thereof for the joint administration of any of the functions or powers which each would have the power to perform separately; share the costs and responsibilities of functions and services with one another or with the state or with any combination thereof which each would have the power to perform separately; transfer functions or responsibilities to one anotheroranycombinationthereofupontheconsentofeachunitinvolved;cooperatewithone another and with state government; lend their credit to one another or any combination thereofasprovidedbylawinconnectionwithanyauthorizedpubliclyownedundertaking. Officers,eligibility. Anyotherprovisionofthisconstitutionnotwithstanding,anofficeroremployeeofthestate or any such unit of government or subdivision or agency thereof, except members of the legislature,mayserveonorwithanygovernmentalbodyestablishedforthepurposessetforth in this section and shall not be required to relinquish his office or employment by reason of suchservice. History: Const.1963,Art.VII,§28,Eff.Jan.1,1964. Art.VII,§29 CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 36
Mi. Const. art. IX, § 26 — Article IX / Section 26
Mich. Const. art. IX, § 26
Status: in_force

Limitationontaxes;revenuelimit;refundingortransferringexcessrevenues; exceptionstorevenuelimitation;adjustmentofstaterevenueandspendinglimits. Sec. 26. There is hereby established a limit on the total amount of taxes which may be imposedbythelegislatureinanyfiscalyearonthetaxpayersofthisstate.Thislimitshallnot be changed without approval of the majority of the qualified electors voting thereon, as providedforinArticle12oftheConstitution.Effectivewithfiscalyear1979-1980,andforeach fiscal year thereafter, the legislature shall not impose taxes of any kind which, together with allotherrevenuesofthestate,federalaidexcluded,exceedtherevenuelimitestablishedinthis section.TherevenuelimitshallbeequaltotheproductoftheratioofTotalStateRevenuesin fiscalyear1978-79dividedbythePersonalIncomeofMichiganincalendaryear1977multiplied bythePersonalIncomeofMichiganineitherthepriorcalendaryearortheaverageofPersonal IncomeofMichiganinthepreviousthreecalendaryears,whicheverisgreater. For any fiscal year in the event that Total State Revenues exceed the revenue limit establishedinthissectionby1%ormore,theexcessrevenuesshallberefundedproratabased on the liability reported on the Michigan income tax and single business tax (or its successor tax or taxes) annual returns filed following the close of such fiscal year. If the excess is less than1%,thisexcessmaybetransferredtotheStateBudgetStabilizationFund. The revenue limitation established in this section shall not apply to taxes imposed for the payment of principal and interest on bonds, approved by the voters and authorized under Section 15 of this Article, and loans to school districts authorized under Section 16 of this Article. Ifresponsibilityforfundingaprogramorprogramsistransferredfromonelevelofgovernment toanother,asaconsequenceofconstitutionalamendment,thestaterevenueandspendinglimits may be adjusted to accommodate such change, provided that the total revenue authorized for collectionbybothstateandlocalgovernmentsdoesnotexceedthatamountwhichwouldhave beenauthorizedwithoutsuchchange. History: Add.Init.,approvedNov.7,1978,Eff.Dec.23,1978.
Mi. Const. art. VIII, § 1 — Article VIII / Section 1
Mich. Const. art. VIII, § 1
Status: in_force

Encouragementofeducation. Sec. 1. Religion, morality and knowledge being necessary to good government and the happinessofmankind,schoolsandthemeansofeducationshallforeverbeencouraged. History: Const.1963,Art.VIII,§1,Eff.Jan.1,1964. FormerConstitution: SeeConst.1908,Art.XI,§1.
Mi. Const. art. VI, § 20 — Article VI / Section 20
Mich. Const. art. VI, § 20
Status: in_force

Removalofdomicileofjudge. Sec.20.Wheneverajusticeorjudgeremoveshisdomicilebeyondthelimitsoftheterritory fromwhichhewaselectedorappointed,heshallhavevacatedhisoffice. History: Const.1963,Art.VI,§20,Eff.Jan.1,1964;—Am.H.J.R.F,approvedAug.6,1968,Eff.Sept.21,1968. FormerConstitution: SeeConst.1908,Art.VII,§19.