FrankGoortani/open-us-law huggingface dataset:
Mi. Const. art. VI, § 11 — Article VI / Section 11
Mich. Const. art. VI, § 11
Status: in_force

Circuitcourts;judicialcircuits,sessions,numberofjudges. Sec.11.Thestateshallbedividedintojudicialcircuitsalongcountylinesineachofwhich there shall be elected one or more circuit judges as provided by law. Sessions of the circuit court shall be held at least four times in each year in every county organized for judicial purposes. Each circuit judge shall hold court in the county or counties within the circuit in whichheiselected,andinothercircuitsasmaybeprovidedbyrulesofthesupremecourt.The number of judges may be changed and circuits may be created, altered and discontinued by law and the number of judges shall be changed and circuits shall be created, altered and discontinued on recommendation of the supreme court to reflect changes in judicial activity. No change in the number of judges or alteration or discontinuance of a circuit shall have the effectofremovingajudgefromofficeduringhisterm. History: Const.1963,Art.VI,§11,Eff.Jan.1,1964. FormerConstitution: SeeConst.1908,Art.VII,§8.
Mi. Const. art. II, § 7 — Article II / Section 7
Mich. Const. art. II, § 7
Status: in_force

Boardsofcanvassers. Sec. 7. A board of state canvassers of four members shall be established by law. No candidate for an office to be canvassed nor any inspector of elections shall be eligible to serve as a member of a board of canvassers. A majority of any board of canvassers shall not be composedofmembersofthesamepoliticalparty. History: Const.1963,Art.II,§7,Eff.Jan.1,1964. FormerConstitution: SeeConst.1908,Art.III,§9. Transferofpowers: See§16.128.
Mi. Const. art. III, § 4 — Article III / Section 4
Mich. Const. art. III, § 4
Status: in_force

Militia. Sec.4.Themilitiashallbeorganized,equippedanddisciplinedasprovidedbylaw. History: Const.1963,Art.III,§4,Eff.Jan.1,1964. FormerConstitution: SeeConst.1908,Art.XV,§§1-3.
Mi. Const. art. VI, § 30 — Article VI / Section 30
Mich. Const. art. VI, § 30
Status: in_force

Judicialtenurecommission;selection;terms;duties;powerofsupremecourt. Sec. 30. (1) A judicial tenure commission is established consisting of nine persons selected for three-year terms as follows: Four members shall be judges elected by the judges of the courts in which they serve; one shall be a court of appeals judge, one a circuit judge, one a probatejudgeandoneajudgeofacourtoflimitedjurisdiction.Threeshallbemembersofthe state bar who shall be elected by the members of the state bar of whom one shall be a judge and two shall not be judges. Two shall be appointed by the governor; the members appointed bythegovernorshallnotbejudges,retiredjudgesormembersofthestatebar.Termsshallbe staggeredasprovidedbyruleofthesupremecourt.Vacanciesshallbefilledbytheappointing power. (2)Onrecommendationofthejudicialtenurecommission,thesupremecourtmaycensure, suspendwithorwithoutsalary,retireorremoveajudgeforconvictionofafelony,physicalor mental disability which prevents the performance of judicial duties, misconduct in office, persistent failure to perform his duties, habitual intemperance or conduct that is clearly prejudicialtotheadministrationofjustice.Thesupremecourtshallmakerulesimplementing thissectionandprovidingforconfidentialityandprivilegeofproceedings. History: Add.H.J.R.PP,approvedAug.6,1968,Eff.Sept.21,1968.
Mi. Const. art. IX, § 25 — Article IX / Section 25
Mich. Const. art. IX, § 25
Status: in_force

Voter approval of increased local taxes; prohibitions; emergency conditions; repaymentofbondedindebtednessguaranteed;implementationofsection. Sec. 25. Property taxes and other local taxes and state taxation and spending may not be increased above the limitations specified herein without direct voter approval. The state is prohibited from requiring any new or expanded activities by local governments without full state financing, from reducing the proportion of state spending in the form of aid to local governments, or from shifting the tax burden to local government. A provision for emergency conditionsisestablishedandtherepaymentofvoterapprovedbondedindebtednessisguaranteed. ImplementationofthissectionisspecifiedinSections26through34,inclusive,ofthisArticle. History: Add.Init.,approvedNov.7,1978,Eff.Dec.23,1978. 45 FINANCE AND TAXATION Art.IX,§29
Mi. Const. art. XI, § 37 — Article XI / Section 37
Mich. Const. art. XI, § 37
Status: in_force

Michigan veterans’ trust fund.
Mi. Const. art. XI, § 34 — Article XI / Section 34
Mich. Const. art. XI, § 34
Status: in_force

Implementation of sections 25 to 33. impeachment.
Mi. Const. art. VII, § 34 — Article VII / Section 34
Mich. Const. art. VII, § 34
Status: in_force

Construction of constitution and law concerning counties, townships, cities, villages. Sec. 34. The provisions of this constitution and law concerning counties, townships, cities and villages shall be liberally construed in their favor. Powers granted to counties and townshipsbythisconstitutionandbylawshallincludethosefairlyimpliedandnotprohibited bythisconstitution. History: Const.1963,Art.VII,§34,Eff.Jan.1,1964.
Mi. Const. art. XI, § 25 — Article XI / Section 25
Mich. Const. art. XI, § 25
Status: in_force

Voter approval of increased local taxes; prohibitions; emergency conditions; §4 Custodian of public moneys; eligibility to repayment of bonded indebtedness office, accounting. guaranteed; implementation of section. §5 Classified state civil service; scope;
Mi. Const. art. II, § 10 — Article II / Section 10
Mich. Const. art. II, § 10
Status: in_force

Limitations on terms of office of members of the United States House of RepresentativesandUnitedStatesSenatefromMichigan. Sec.10.NopersonshallbeelectedtoofficeasrepresentativeintheUnitedStatesHouseof Representatives more than three times during any twelve year period. No person shall be elected to office as senator in the United States Senate more than two times during any twenty-fouryearperiod.AnypersonappointedorelectedtofillavacancyintheUnitedStates House of Representatives or the United States Senate for a period greater than one half of a termofsuchoffice,shallbeconsideredtohavebeenelectedtoserveonetimeinthatofficefor purposes of this section. This limitation on the number of times a person shall be elected to officeshallapplytotermsofofficebeginningonorafterJanuary1,1993. The people of Michigan hereby state their support for the aforementioned term limits for membersoftheUnitedStatesHouseofRepresentativesandUnitedStatesSenateandinstruct theirpublicofficialstousetheirbesteffortstoattainsuchalimitnationwide. ThepeopleofMichigandeclarethattheprovisionsofthissectionshallbedeemedseverable fromtheremainderofthisamendmentandthattheirintentionisthatfederalofficialselected from Michigan will continue voluntarily to observe the wishes of the people as stated in this section,intheeventanyprovisionofthissectionisheldinvalid. This section shall be self-executing. Legislation may be enacted to facilitate operation of thissection,butnolawshalllimitorrestricttheapplicationofthissection.Ifanypartofthis 9 GENERAL GOVERNMENT Art.III,§7 sectionisheldtobeinvalidorunconstitutional,theremainingpartsofthissectionshallnotbe affectedbutwillremaininfullforceandeffect. History: Add.Init.approvedNov.3,1992,Eff.Dec.19,1992.
Mi. Const. art. VII, § 6 — Article VII / Section 6
Mich. Const. art. VII, § 6
Status: in_force

Sheriffs;security,responsibilityforacts,ineligibilityforotheroffice. Sec.6.Thesheriffmayberequiredbylawtorenewhissecurityperiodicallyandindefault ofgivingsuchsecurity,hisofficeshallbevacant.Thecountyshallneverberesponsibleforhis acts, except that the board of supervisors may protect him against claims by prisoners for unintentional injuries received while in his custody. He shall not hold any other office except incivildefense. History: Const.1963,Art.VII,§6,Eff.Jan.1,1964. FormerConstitution: SeeConst.1908,Art.VIII,§5.
Mi. Const. art. I, § 23 — Article I / Section 23
Mich. Const. art. I, § 23
Status: in_force

Enumerationofrightsnottodenyothers. Sec. 23. The enumeration in this constitution of certain rights shall not be construed to denyordisparageothersretainedbythepeople. History: Const.1963,Art.I,§23,Eff.Jan.1,1964.
Mi. Const. art. XII, § 1 — Article XII / Section 1
Mich. Const. art. XII, § 1
Status: in_force

Recommendationsbyattorneygeneralforchangesinlaws. Sec.1.Theattorneygeneralshallrecommendtothelegislatureassoonaspracticablesuch changesasmaybenecessarytoadaptexistinglawstothisconstitution. History: Const.1963,Schedule,§1,Eff.Jan.1,1964. FormerConstitution: SeeConst.1908,Schedule,§8.
Mi. Const. art. V, § 6 — Article V / Section 6
Mich. Const. art. V, § 6
Status: in_force

Adviceandconsenttoappointments. Sec. 6. Appointment by and with the advice and consent of the senate when used in this constitutionorlawsineffectorhereafterenactedmeansappointmentsubjecttodisapprovalby Art.V,§6 CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 22 a majority vote of the members elected to and serving in the senate if such action is taken within 60 session days after the date of such appointment. Any appointment not disapproved withinsuchperiodshallstandconfirmed. History: Const.1963,Art.V,§6,Eff.Jan.1,1964.
Mi. Const. art. VII, § 26 — Article VII / Section 26
Mich. Const. art. VII, § 26
Status: in_force

Citiesandvillages,loanofcredit. Sec. 26. Except as otherwise provided in this constitution, no city or village shall have the power to loan its credit for any private purpose or, except as provided by law, for any public purpose. History: Const.1963,Art.VII,§26,Eff.Jan.1,1964.
Mi. Const. art. I, § 16 — Article I / Section 16
Mich. Const. art. I, § 16
Status: in_force

Bail;fines;punishments;detentionofwitnesses. Sec. 16. Excessive bail shall not be required; excessive fines shall not be imposed; cruel or unusualpunishmentshallnotbeinflicted;norshallwitnessesbeunreasonablydetained. History: Const.1963,Art.I,§16,Eff.Jan.1,1964. FormerConstitution: SeeConst.1908,Art.II,§15.
Mi. Const. art. III, § 7 — Article III / Section 7
Mich. Const. art. III, § 7
Status: in_force

Commonlawandstatutes,continuance. Sec.7.Thecommonlawandthestatutelawsnowinforce,notrepugnanttothisconstitution, shall remain in force until they expire by their own limitations, or are changed, amended or repealed. History: Const.1963,Art.III,§7,Eff.Jan.1,1964. FormerConstitution: SeeConst.1908,Schedule,§1. Art.III,§8 CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 10
Mi. Const. art. VII, § 25 — Article VII / Section 25
Mich. Const. art. VII, § 25
Status: in_force

Publicutilities;acquisition,franchises,sale. Sec.25.Nocityorvillageshallacquireanypublicutilityfurnishinglight,heatorpower,or grant any public utility franchise which is not subject to revocation at the will of the city or village, unless the proposition shall first have been approved by three-fifths of the electors voting thereon. No city or village may sell any public utility unless the proposition shall first have been approved by a majority of the electors voting thereon, or a greater number if the chartershallsoprovide. History: Const.1963,Art.VII,§25,Eff.Jan.1,1964. FormerConstitution: SeeConst.1908,Art.VIII,§25.
Mi. Const. art. VII, § 12 — Article VII / Section 12
Mich. Const. art. VII, § 12
Status: in_force

Navigablestreams,permissiontobridgeordam. Sec.12.Anavigablestreamshallnotbebridgedordammedwithoutpermissiongrantedby theboardofsupervisorsofthecountyasprovidedbylaw,whichpermissionshallbesubjectto such reasonable compensation and other conditions as may seem best suited to safeguard the rightsandinterestsofthecountyandpoliticalsubdivisionstherein. History: Const.1963,Art.VII,§12,Eff.Jan.1,1964. FormerConstitution: SeeConst.1908,Art.VIII,§14.
Mi. Const. art. IX, § 7 — Article IX / Section 7
Mich. Const. art. IX, § 7
Status: in_force

Incometax. Sec. 7. No income tax graduated as to rate or base shall be imposed by the state or any of itssubdivisions. History: Const.1963,Art.IX,§7,Eff.Jan.1,1964.
Mi. Const. art. VII, § 7 — Article VII / Section 7
Mich. Const. art. VII, § 7
Status: in_force

Boardsofsupervisors;members. Sec.7.Aboardofsupervisorsshallbeestablishedineachorganizedcountyconsistingofone memberfromeachorganizedtownshipandsuchrepresentationfromcitiesasprovidedbylaw. History: Const.1963,Art.VII,§7,Eff.Jan.1,1964. Constitutionality: Sectionheldinvalidunderfederalconstitution.AdvisoryOpinionreConstitutionalityofP.A.1966,No.261,380 Mich.736,158N.W.2d497(1968);InreApportionmentofOntonagonCountyBoardofSupervisors,11Mich.App.348,157N.W.2d698(1967). FormerConstitution: SeeConst.1908,Art.VIII,§7.
Mi. Const. art. IV, § 51 — Article IV / Section 51
Mich. Const. art. IV, § 51
Status: in_force

Publichealthandgeneralwelfare. Sec.51.Thepublichealthandgeneralwelfareofthepeopleofthestateareherebydeclared tobemattersofprimarypublicconcern.Thelegislatureshallpasssuitablelawsfortheprotection andpromotionofthepublichealth. History: Const.1963,Art.IV,§51,Eff.Jan.1,1964.
Mi. Const. art. XII, § 14 — Article XII / Section 14
Mich. Const. art. XII, § 14
Status: in_force

MackinacBridgeAuthority;refundingofbonds,transferoffunctionstohighway department. Sec. 14. The legislature by a vote of two-thirds of the members elected to and serving in each house may provide that the state may borrow money and may pledge its full faith and credit for refunding any bonds issued by the Mackinac Bridge Authority and at the time of refunding the Mackinac Bridge Authority shall be abolished and the operation of the bridge shall be assumed by the state highway department. The legislature may implement this sectionbylaw. History: Const.1963,Schedule,§14,Eff.Jan.1,1964. Sched.§15 CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 60
Mi. Const. art. III, § 1 — Article III / Section 1
Mich. Const. art. III, § 1
Status: in_force

Seatofgovernment. Sec.1.TheseatofgovernmentshallbeatLansing. History: Const.1963,Art.III,§1,Eff.Jan.1,1964. FormerConstitution: SeeConst.1908,Art.I,§2.
Mi. Const. art. V, § 3 — Article V / Section 3
Mich. Const. art. V, § 3
Status: in_force

Singleheadsofdepartments;appointment,term. Sec. 3. The head of each principal department shall be a single executive unless otherwise provided in this constitution or by law. The single executives heading principal departments shall include a secretary of state, a state treasurer and an attorney general. When a single executive is the head of a principal department, unless elected or appointed as otherwise providedinthisconstitution,heshallbeappointedbythegovernorbyandwiththeadviceand consentofthesenateandheshallserveatthepleasureofthegovernor. Boardsheadingdepartments;appointment,term,removal. When a board or commission is at the head of a principal department, unless elected or appointed as otherwise provided in this constitution, the members thereof shall be appointed by the governor by and with the advice and consent of the senate. The term of office and procedureforremovalofsuchmembersshallbeasprescribedinthisconstitutionorbylaw. Boardsandcommissions,maximumterm. Termsofofficeofanyboardorcommissioncreatedorenlargedaftertheeffectivedateofthis constitutionshallnotexceedfouryearsexceptasotherwiseauthorizedinthisconstitution.The termsofofficeofexistingboardsandcommissionswhicharelongerthanfouryearsshallnotbe furtherextendedexceptasprovidedinthisconstitution. History: Const.1963,Art.V,§3,Eff.Jan.1,1964.
Mi. Const. art. VIII, § 5 — Article VIII / Section 5
Mich. Const. art. VIII, § 5
Status: in_force

University of Michigan, Michigan State University, Wayne State University; controllingboards. Sec.5.TheregentsoftheUniversityofMichiganandtheirsuccessorsinofficeshallconstitute abodycorporateknownastheRegentsoftheUniversityofMichigan;thetrusteesofMichigan State University and their successors in office shall constitute a body corporate known as the BoardofTrusteesofMichiganStateUniversity;thegovernorsofWayneStateUniversityand theirsuccessorsinofficeshallconstituteabodycorporateknownastheBoardofGovernorsof Wayne State University. Each board shall have general supervision of its institution and the controlanddirectionofallexpendituresfromtheinstitution’sfunds.Eachboardshall,asoften asnecessary,electapresidentoftheinstitutionunderitssupervision.Heshallbetheprincipal executiveofficeroftheinstitution,beex-officioamemberoftheboardwithouttherighttovote and preside at meetings of the board. The board of each institution shall consist of eight memberswhoshallholdofficefortermsofeightyearsandwhoshallbeelectedasprovidedby law. The governor shall fill board vacancies by appointment. Each appointee shall hold office untilasuccessorhasbeennominatedandelectedasprovidedbylaw. History: Const.1963,Art.VIII,§5,Eff.Jan.1,1964. FormerConstitution: SeeConst.1908,Art.XI,§§3,4,5,7,8,16.
Mi. Const. art. IX, § 3 — Article IX / Section 3
Mich. Const. art. IX, § 3
Status: in_force

Property taxation; uniformity; assessments; limitations; classes; approval of legislature. Sec.3.Thelegislatureshallprovidefortheuniformgeneraladvaloremtaxationofrealand tangible personal property not exempt by law except for taxes levied for school operating purposes. The legislature shall provide for the determination of true cash value of such property;theproportionoftruecashvalueatwhichsuchpropertyshallbeuniformlyassessed, which shall not, after January 1, 1966, exceed 50 percent; and for a system of equalization of assessments. For taxes levied in 1995 and each year thereafter, the legislature shall provide that the taxable value of each parcel of property adjusted for additions and losses, shall not increaseeachyearbymorethantheincreaseintheimmediatelyprecedingyearinthegeneral price level, as defined in section 33 of this article, or 5 percent, whichever is less until ownershipoftheparcelofpropertyistransferred.Whenownershipoftheparcelofpropertyis transferred as defined by law, the parcel shall be assessed at the applicable proportion of current true cash value. The legislature may provide for alternative means of taxation of designated real and tangible personal property in lieu of general ad valorem taxation. Every tax other than the general ad valorem property tax shall be uniform upon the class or classes onwhichitoperates.AlawthatincreasesthestatutorylimitsineffectasofFebruary1,1994 on the maximum amount of ad valorem property taxes that may be levied for school district operating purposes requires the approval of 3/4 of the members elected to and serving in the SenateandintheHouseofRepresentatives. History: Const.1963,Art.IX,§3,Eff.Jan.1,1964;—Am.S.J.R.S,approvedMar.15,1994,Eff.Apr.30,1994. FormerConstitution: SeeConst.1908,Art.X,§§3,4,7,8.
Mi. Const. art. I, § 25 — Article I / Section 25
Mich. Const. art. I, § 25
Status: in_force

Marriage. Sec. 25. To secure and preserve the benefits of marriage for our society and for future generations of children, the union of one man and one woman in marriage shall be the only agreementrecognizedasamarriageorsimilarunionforanypurpose. History: Add.Init.,approvedNov.2,2004,Eff.Dec.18,2004.
Mi. Const. art. II, § 4 — Article II / Section 4
Mich. Const. art. II, § 4
Status: in_force

Placeandmannerofelections. Sec. 4. The legislature shall enact laws to regulate the time, place and manner of all nominationsandelections,exceptasotherwiseprovidedinthisconstitutionorintheconstitution and laws of the United States. The legislature shall enact laws to preserve the purity of elections,topreservethesecrecyoftheballot,toguardagainstabusesoftheelectivefranchise, and to provide for a system of voter registration and absentee voting. No law shall be enacted which permits a candidate in any partisan primary or partisan election to have a ballot 7 ELECTIONS Art.II,§9 designationexceptwhenrequiredforidentificationofcandidatesforthesameofficewhohave thesameorsimilarsurnames. History: Const.1963,Art.II,§4,Eff.Jan.1,1964. FormerConstitution: SeeConst.1908,Art.III,§§1,8.
Mi. Const. art. IV, § 17 — Article IV / Section 17
Mich. Const. art. IV, § 17
Status: in_force

Committees;recordofvotes,publicinspection,noticeofhearings. Sec. 17. Each house of the legislature may establish the committees necessary for the efficientconductofitsbusinessandthelegislaturemaycreatejointcommittees.Onallactions on bills and resolutions in each committee, names and votes of members shall be recorded. Suchvoteshallbeavailableforpublicinspection.Noticeofallcommitteehearingsandaclear statement of all subjects to be considered at each hearing shall be published in the journal in advanceofthehearing. History: Const.1963,Art.IV,§17,Eff.Jan.1,1964.
Mi. Const. art. XII, § 9 — Article XII / Section 9
Mich. Const. art. XII, § 9
Status: in_force

Stateboardofeducation;firstelection,terms. Sec.9.ThemembersofthestateboardofeducationprovidedforinSection3ofArticleVIII of this constitution shall first be elected at the first general election after the effective date of thisconstitutionforthefollowingterms:twoshallbeelectedfortwoyears,twoforfouryears, twoforsixyears,andtwoforeightyearsasprescribedbylaw. 59 SCHEDULE AND TEMPORARY PROVISIONS Sched.§14 Abolitionofexistingstateboardofeducation. Thestateboardofeducationprovidedforintheconstitutionof1908isabolishedattwelve o’clock noon January 1 of the year following the first general election under this constitution andthetermsofmembersthereofshallthenexpire. History: Const.1963,Schedule,§9,Eff.Jan.1,1964.
Mi. Const. art. IX, § 22 — Article IX / Section 22
Mich. Const. art. IX, § 22
Status: in_force

Examinationandadjustmentofclaimsagainststate. Sec.22.Proceduresfortheexaminationandadjustmentofclaimsagainstthestateshallbe prescribedbylaw. History: Const.1963,Art.IX,§22,Eff.Jan.1,1964. FormerConstitution: SeeConst.1908,Art.VI,§20.
Mi. Const. art. X, § 3 — Article X / Section 3
Mich. Const. art. X, § 3
Status: in_force

Homesteadandpersonalty,exemptionfromprocess. Sec. 3. A homestead in the amount of not less than $3,500 and personal property of every resident of this state in the amount of not less than $750, as defined by law, shall be exempt from forced sale on execution or other process of any court. Such exemptions shall not extend toanylienthereonexcludedfromexemptionbylaw. History: Const.1963,Art.X,§3,Eff.Jan.1,1964. FormerConstitution: SeeConst.1908,Art.XIV,§§1-4.
Mi. Const. art. IV, § 22 — Article IV / Section 22
Mich. Const. art. IV, § 22
Status: in_force

Bills. Sec.22.Alllegislationshallbebybillandmayoriginateineitherhouse. History: Const.1963,Art.IV,§22,Eff.Jan.1,1964. FormerConstitution: SeeConst.1908,Art.V,§19.
Mi. Const. art. I, § 21 — Article I / Section 21
Mich. Const. art. I, § 21
Status: in_force

Imprisonmentfordebt. Sec.21.Nopersonshallbeimprisonedfordebtarisingoutoforfoundedoncontract,express orimplied,exceptincasesoffraudorbreachoftrust. History: Const.1963,Art.I,§21,Eff.Jan.1,1964. FormerConstitution: SeeConst.1908,Art.II,§20.
Mi. Const. art. VIII, § 4 — Article VIII / Section 4
Mich. Const. art. VIII, § 4
Status: in_force

Higher education institutions; appropriations, accounting, public sessions of boards. Sec. 4. The legislature shall appropriate moneys to maintain the University of Michigan, Michigan State University, Wayne State University, Eastern Michigan University, Michigan CollegeofScienceandTechnology,CentralMichiganUniversity,NorthernMichiganUniversity, Western Michigan University, Ferris Institute, Grand Valley State College, by whatever names suchinstitutionsmayhereafterbeknown,andotherinstitutionsofhighereducationestablished by law. The legislature shall be given an annual accounting of all income and expenditures by each of these educational institutions. Formal sessions of governing boards of such institutions shallbeopentothepublic. History: Const.1963,Art.VIII,§4,Eff.Jan.1,1964. FormerConstitution: SeeConst.1908,Art.XI,§10. Art.VIII,§5 CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 38